^  v\^     .  Sat 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


lA^IM    125 

lit   liii 

IS   |£&    12.0 

u 


m 


IL25  IHU 


i.6 


6" 


fliotographic 

Sciences 

Corporalion 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRIET 

WnSTER.N.Y.  MSIO 

(716)S72-4!»03 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/iCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliograpKiiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographlcally  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


□    Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I      I   Covars  damagad/ 


D 


Couvartura  andommagia 


Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurAa  at/ou  palliculte 


I      I    Covar  titia  missing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manque 


I      I    Colourad  maps/ 


D 


Cartas  g6ographiquas  an  coulaur 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I      I   Colourad  platas  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
0 


D 


D 


Planchas  at/ou  illustrations  Bn  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  material/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autras  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  tha  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutias 
lors  d'une  restauration  appuraissent  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  it6  filmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mantaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  la  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6ti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normala  de  filmaga 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


r~~1    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^as 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurias  at/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  dicolories,  tachetdes  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  inigaia  da  I'impression 

Includes  suppfomentary  materia 
Comprend  du  material  suppl^mentaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I — I   Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I      Images  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

Lbirp, 

I      I    Pages  detached/ 
I      ]/Showthrough/ 

L±a  T 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  suppfomentary  material/ 

I     I   Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  una  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  fllmdes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  ft 
obtenir  la  mailleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  da  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

««K 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

Tha  copy  fiimad  hara  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library  of  tha  Public 
Archivas  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
gAnAroaitA  da: 

La  bibliothiqua  das  Archivas 
publiquas  du  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^(moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  y  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Laa  imagaa  auivantaa  ont  AtA  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  l'axamplaira  filmA,  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Las  axamplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  imprimAa  sont  filmte  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darniira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha,  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — ►  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
aymbola  V  signifia  "FIN". 


Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrams  iliustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Laa  cartas,  planchas,  tablaaux,  ate,  pauvant  Atra 
filmte  A  daa  taux  da  reduction  diffArants. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clichA,  il  ast  f  limA  A  partir 
da  I'angia  supAriaur  gaucha,  da  gaucha  A  droita, 
at  da  haut  an  bas,  an  pranant  la  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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A  DICTIONARY, 

PRACTICAI^  THEORETICAL,  AND  HISTORICAL, 


or 


i    <  V 


COMMERCE  AND  COMMERCIAL  MVIGATION. 


■p'.- 


BY  J.  R.  M'CULLOCH,  Esq. 


■-HiX  ■•■ 


Edited  by  HENRY  VETHAKE,  LL.  D. 

0X>  OF  THB  PKOrastOBD  IN  THX  ONIVKXtlTT  OF  PMNtTLVANLA.  J    MBMBKX  OF  TRK  AlOmiCAN 
PHILOSOPHICAL  tOCIITT;    AUTHOR  OF  A  TBBATItl  Oil  POLITICAL  BCONOMT,  XTO.  ^ 


WITH  AN  APPENDIX,  CONTAININO 

THE  NEW  TARIFF  OF  1846, 

TOBBTHEB  WITH 

THE  TARIFF  OF   1842, 

BBDUCBD  TO  AD  VALOREM  RATES  AS  FAR  AS  PRACTICABLE. 


THE   SUB-TREASURY,   WAREHOUSIXG,   AND   THB   CANADIAN 

TRANSIT  BILLS,  OF  1846. 

LIKEWISB, 

THE  NEW  BRITISH  TARIFF, 

AS  AMENDED  BY  THE  PASSAGE  OF  THE  NEW  CORN  LAW  AND  SUGAR  DUTIES. 

'"  WITH 

A  TABLE  OF  ALL  FOREIGN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  COIN, 
REDUCED  TO  FEDERAL  CURRENCY,  &o.  &c.  &c. 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES.— VOL.  I. 


■'^•'H'   ri»    I     »i  "i  '    V    Prt 


^         "       PHILADELPHIA: 

A.  HART,  LATE  CAREY  and  HART, 

126  CHESTNUT   STREET. 
1852. 


gr^' 


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jMnMiu  MvmMA'i u/:A  ■! !ii:iKp-) 


''Though  hnmediately  and  primarily  written  ftir  thfl  merchant!,  thli  Commercial  Dictionary  will  b« 
of  use  to  every  man  of  bnalneia  or  of  ciirloHity.  There  li  no  mnn  who  li  nut  In  come  degree  n  mer- 
chant ;  who  hill  not  iomi>tliing  to  buy  and  something  to  aell,  and  who  doea  not  therefore  want  auch 
Inatructiona  as  miiy  tracli  him  the  true  vaino  of  poaseasiona  or  coniiiioditiea.  The  deacriptiona  of  the 
productlona  of  the  earth  and  water  which  thia  volume  contalna,  may  be  equally  pleaaing  and  uaefut 
to  the  apecniatial  with  any  other  Natural  Illatory.  The  deacriptiona  of  porta  and  citiea  may  instruct 
the  geographer  as  well  na  if  they  were  found  in  booka  appropriated  only  to  bis  own  science ;  and  the 
doctrine*  of  fiinds,  Inaurancea,  currency,  monopolies,  exchangee,  and  tlutlea,  la  to  necesaary  to  the 
politician,  that  without  it  he  can  be  of  no  use  either  in  the  council  or  the  senate,  nor  can  speak  or 
think  Juatly  either  on  war  or  trade. 

"  We,  therefore,  hope  that  we  aha',  not  repent  the  labour  of  compiling  thia  work,  nor  flatter  our- 
tnivos  unreasonably,  in  predicting  a  favournble  reception  to  a  hook  which  no  condition  of  life  can 
render  uaelesa,  which  niiiy  contribute  to  the  advantage  of  all  that  make  or  receive  laws,  of  all  that 
uiiy  or  sell,  of  all  that  wish  to  keep  or  improve  their  poMessions,  of  all  that  desire  to  be  rich,  and  all 
that  desire  to  be  wise." 

\i      f|     t    I  ,^>    ^     i!        'J  JoHriBOtl,rrtfa€tt»RoU'tDict. 


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.■>.      I     •■•■■■  .'•,       .       (  ,;,.-,   .  , 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1839,  by 

Tromai  Waroi.e, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  Diatrict  Court  of  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennaylvnnia. 


^^^^^«^^m^i^^>^iMA«w 


Friated  by  T.  K  &  F.  Q.  Collina. 


/?6V^ 


PREFACE 


Off 


THE   AMERICAN   EDITOR. 


In  ofTering  to  the  public  an  American  edition  of  Mr.  M'CulIoch's  valuable 
Commercial  Dictionary,  it  is  unnecessary  to  add  any  thing,  concerning  the  object 
and  plan  of  the  work,  to  what  will  be  found  in  the  subjoined  extracts  from  the 
author's  prefaces  to  the  several  editions  of  it  which  have  appeared  in  England. 

AVith  respect  to  the  labours  of  the  present  editor,  he  has  for  the  most  part  con- 
fined himself  to  matters  relating  to  his  own  country,  or  of  especial  interest  to  its 
citizens.  Considerable  information  of  this  nature  will  be  found  appended  to  the 
articles  Aliens,  Banking,  Coal,  Coins,  Cotton,  importation  and  Exportation, 
Imports  and  Exports,  Iron,  Roads,  Silk,  and  Tariff,  as  well  as  others.  A  few 
articles  have  been  inserted  on  subjects  not  treated  by  the  authoi ;  such  as  Admi- 
ralty Courts,  Liverpool,  London,  &c. 

There  is,  generally  speaking,  an  extreme  difficulty  in  the  United  States  of 
procuring  statistical  information,  which  may  be  depended  upon  for  its  accuracy. 
Besides  the  reports,  from  time  to  time  made  to  Congress,  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  by  committees  of  that  body,  the  principal  sources  that  have  been 
consulted  for  the  purpose  are  the  commercial  newspapers  published  in  some  of 
our  large  cities,  particularly  the  Philadelphia  Commercial  List, — Mr.  Raguet's 
"  Financial  Register, — and  the  "  United  States  Commercial  and  Statistical  Re- 
gister," edited  by  Samuel  Hazard.  The  former  of  the  two  works  just  mentioned 
contains  a  greater  mass  of  facts,  mingled  with  much  valuable  disquisition,  respect- 
ing the  subjects  to  which  it  is  devoted,  than  is  to  be  found  elsewhere.  Mr. 
Hazard's  work  has  just  reached  the  close  of  its 'first  volume.  It  is  published  in 
weekly  numbers,  abounds  in  useful  information,  and  is  deserving  of  extensive 
patronage. 

It  is  proper  to  mention  that  this  American  has  been  reprinted  from  the  last 
English  edition.  The  supplement  to  this,  however,  not  having  been  received  in 
time,  a  page  or  two  was  unavoidably  omitted  to  be  incorporated  with  the  rest  of  it 
in  the  body  of  the  work,  but  will  be  found  in  a  supplement  at  the  end  of  the 
second  volume.  In  the  same  supplement,  too,  the  reader  will  find  further  addi- 
tions by  the  American  editor ;  some  of  which,  relating  to  the  United  States,  I'the 
article  Fish,  for  example,)  could  not  be  prepared  for  an  earlier  insertion;  and 
others,  agam,  consist  of  the  statistics  of  the  commerce  of  certain  foreign  ports, 
brought  down  to  a  later  date  than  is  given  by  the  author. 

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EXTRACTS 


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PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION 


It  has  been  the  wish  of  the  Author  and  Publuhera  of  this  Work,  that  it  shouM  be  aa 
extensively  useful  as  possible.  If  they  be  not  deceived  in  their  expectations,  it  may  be 
advantageously  employed,  aa  a  sort  of  vade  meeum,  by  merchants,  traders,  ship-owners,  and 
ship-masters,  in  conducting  the  details  of  their  respective  businesses.  It  is  hoped,  however, 
that  this  object  has  been  attained  without  omitting  the  consideration  of  any  topic,  incident 
to  the  subject,  that  seemed  calculated  to  make  the  book  generally  serviceable,  and  to  recom- 
mend it  to  the  attention  of  all  classes. 

Had  our  object  been  merely  to  consider  commerce  as  a  science,  or  to  investigate  its  prin- 
ciples, we  should  not  have  adopted  the  form  of  a  Dictionary.  Dut  commerce  is  not  a 
science  only,  but  also  an  art  of  the  utmost  practicable  importance,  and  in  the  prosecution 
of  which  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  population  of  every  civilised  country  is  actively 
engag^ed.  Hence,  to  be  generally  useful,  a  work  on  commerce  should  combine  practice, 
theory,  and  history.  Different  readers  may  resort  to  it  for  different  purposes ;  and  every 
one  should  be  able  to  find  in  it  clear  and  accurate  information,  whether  his  object  be  to  make 
himself  familiar  with  details,  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  principles,  or  to  learn  the  revolu- 
tions that  have  taken  place  in  the  various  departments  of  trade. 

The  following  short  outline  of  what  this  Work  contains  may  enable  the  reader  to  estimate 
the  probability  of  its  fulfilling  the  objects  for  which  it  has  been  intended : — 

I.  It  contains  accounts  of  the  various  articles  which  form  the  subject  matter  of  com- 
mercial transactions.  To  their  English  names  are,  for  the  most  part,  subjoined  their  synony 
mous  appellations  in  French,  German,  Italian,  Russian,  Spanish,  &c. ;  and  sometimes,  also 
in  Arabic,  Hindoo,  Chinese,  and  other  Eastern  languages.  We  have  endeavoured,  by  con- 
sulting the  best  authorities,  to  make  the  descriptions  of  commodities  as  accurate  as  possible ; 
and  have  pomted  out  the  testa  or  marks  by  which  their  goodness  may  bo  ascertained.  The 
places  where  they  are  produced  are  also  specified ;  the  quantities  exported  from  such  places; 
and  the  different  regulations,  duties,  &c.  affecting  their  importation  and  exportation,  have 
been  carefully  stated,  and  their  influence  examined.  The  prices  of  most  articles  have  been 
given,  sometimes  for  a  lengthened  period.  Historical  notices  are  inserted  illustrative  of  the 
rise  and  progress  of  the  trade  in  the  most  imp 'i-'ant  articles ;  and  it  is  hoped,  that  the  in- 
formation embodied  in  these  notices  will  be  fof: '.  '.  <  be  as  authentic  as  it  is  interesting. 

II.  The  Work  contains  a  general  article  on  Co  ^mbrcs,  explanatory  of  its  nature,  prin- 
ciples, and  objects,  and  embracing  an  inquiry  into  the  policy  of  restrictions  intended  to  pro- 
mote industry  at  home,  or  to  advance  the  public  interests  by  excluding  or  restraining  foreign 
competition.  Exclusive,  however,  of  this  general  article,  we  have  separately  examined  the 
operation  of  the  existing  restrictions  on  the  trade  in  particular  articles,  and  with  particular 
countries,  in  the  accounts  of  those  articles,  and  of  the  great  sea-port  towns  belonging  to  the 
countries  referred  to.  There  must  of  course,  be  more  or  less  of  sameness  in  the  discussion 
of  such  points,  the  principle  which  runs  through  them  being  identical.  But  in  a  Dictionary 
this  is  of  no  consequence.  The  reader  seldom  consults  more  than  one  or  two  articles  at  a 
time ;  and  it  is  of  infinitely  more  importance  to  bring  the  whole  subject  at  once  before  him, 
tlian  to  seek  to  avoid  the  appearance  of  repetition  by  referring  from  one  article  to  another. 
In  this  Work  such  references  are  made  as  seldom  as  possible. 

III.  The  articles  which  more  particularly  refer  to  commercial  navigation  are  AvEnAOE, 
Bills  or  Ladiko,  Bottomrt,  CHARTERPARTr,  Fheidut,  Master,  Navioatio:n'  Laws, 
Owners,  Keoistrt,  Salvage,  Seamen,  Ships,  Wreck,  &c.  These  articles  embrace  a 
pretty  full  exposition  of  the  law  as  to  shipping :  we  have  particularly  endeavoured  to  exhibit 
the  privileges  enjoyed  by  British  ships ;  the  conditions  and  formalities,  the  observance  of 
which  is  necessary  to  the  acquisition  and  preservation  of  such  privileges,  and  to  the  trans- 
ference of  property  in  ships ;  the  responsibilities  incurred  by  the  masters  and  owners  in 
their  capacity  of  public  carriers ;  and  the  reciprocal  duties  and  obligations  of  owners,  ma&> 

a2  V 


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▼I  PREFACE. 

ton  111*1  Msmen.  In  thii  deptrtment,  we  have  made  cnniideralile  um  of  the  traatiM  of 
Lord  Tenterden  on  the  Law  of  Bhipping, — a  work  (hat  reflect*  very  great  crrdit  on  th« 
learning  and  talcnta  of  ita  noblo  author.  The  Kegintry  Act  and  the  Navigation  Act  are 
given  with  very  little  abridgment  To  thia  head  may  also  be  referred  the  articlea  on  the 
Cod,  Hriikino,  Pilchard,  and  Whali  flaheriea. 

IV.  The  principlea  and  practice  of  commercial  arithmMic  and  accounta  are  unfolded  in 
the  articlea  Book-kbbpino,  DiacocNT,  ExcHAiroi,  IifTiBKST  and  Arnvitikh,  &c.  The 
article  Book-kicpiho  haa  been  furniahed  by  one  of  the  official  aaaigneea  under  the  new 
bankrupt  act  It  exhibita  a  view  of  thia  important  art  aa  actually  practined  in  the  moat 
extensive  mercantile  houtea  in  town.  The  tablea  for  calculating  interest  and  annuities  ore 
believed  to  be  more  complete  than  any  hitherto  given  in  any  work  not  treating  professedly 
of  auch  subjects. 

V.  A  considerable  claaa  of  articlea  may  be  regarded  as  descriptive  of  the  various  means 
and  devices  that  have  been  fallen  upon  for  extending  and  facilitating  commerce  and  naviga- 
tion.   Of  these,  taking  them  in  their  order,  the  articlea  Banks,  Broksrs,  Buots,  Canals, 

CARATAIfIt,  CARnlKRH,  CoiIfB,  CoLONIES,  CoMPAITIKN,  CoNIDLS,  CoNVOT,  DoCKS,  FAC- 
TORS, Fairs  and  Markits,  Lioht-hovscs,  Monxt,  Partnirbhip,  Pilotaox,  Post- 
OrpicB,  Rail-roads,  Roads,  Trxat'cs  (Commercial'),  Wriorts  ard  Mrasurib,  dec 
arc  among  the  most  important  In  the  article  Banks,  the  reader  will  And,  besides  an  ex- 
position of  the  principlea  of  banking,  a  pretty  full  account  (derived  principally  from  oiHcial 
sources),  of  the  Bank  of  England,  the  private  banks  of  London,  and  the  Engliah  provincial 
banks ;  the  Scotch  and  Irish  banks ;  and  the  moat  celebrated  foreign  banks :  to  complete 
this  department,  an  account  of  Savings'  Banks  is  subjoined,  with  a  set  of  rules  which  may 
be  taken  as  a  mod<jl  for  such  institutions.  There  is  added  to  the  article  Coins  a  Table  of 
the  assay,  weight,  and  steriing  value  of  the  principal  fonign  gold  and  ailver  coins,  deduced 
from  assays  made  at  the  London  and  Paris  mints,  taken,  by  permiasion,  from  the  last  edition 
of  Dr.  Kelly's  Cambitt.  The  article  Colonirs  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  work : 
it  contains  a  aketch  of  the  ancient  and  modem  aystcms  of  colonisation ;  an  examination  of 
the  principles  of  colonial  policy ;  and  a  view  of  the  extent,  trade,  population,  and  resources 
of  the  colonies  of  this  and  other  countries.  In  this  article,  and  in  the  articlea  Capk  ot 
Good  Hope,  Halifax,  Quebec,  Stdnet,  and  Van  Dibmbr's  Land,  recent  and  authentic 
information  is  given,  which  those  intending  to  emigrate  will  find  worthy  of  their  attention. 
*  *  *  The  statements  in  the  articlea  Lioht-housrs  and'PiLOTAOE  have  been  mostly  fur- 
nished by  the  Trinity  Houae,  or  derived  from  Parliamentary  papers,  and  may  be  implicitly 
relied  upon.  In  the  article  Wbiortb  and  MEASuRsa  the  reader  will  find  tablea  of  the 
equivalents  of  wine,  ale,  and  Winchester  measures,  in  Imperial  measure. 

VI.  Besides  a  genorol  article  on  the  constitution,  advantages,  and  disadvantages  of  Com- 
panies, accounts  are  given  of  the  principal  associations  existing  in  Great  Britain  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  commercial  undertakings,  or  undertakinga  aubordinate  to  and  con- 
nected with  commerce.  Among  others  (exclusive  of  the  Banking  and  Dock  Companies 
already  referred  to)  may  be  mentioned  tiie  East  India  Company,  the  Gas  Companies, 
the  Inscrance  Companies,  the  Minino  Companies,  the  Water  Coxpavibs,  &c.  The 
article  on  the  East  India  Company  is  of  considerable  length ;  it  contains  a  pretty  complete 
sketch  of  the  rise,  progress,  and  present  state  of  the  British  triule  with  India ;  a  view  of  the 
revenue,  population,  &c.  of  our  Indian  dominions ;  and  an  estimate  of  the  influence  of  the 
Company's  monopoly.  We  have  endeavoured,  in  treating  of  Insurance,  to  aupply  what  we 
think  a  desideratum,  by  giving  a  distinct  and  plain  statement  of  its  principles,  and  a  brief 
notice  of  its  history ;  with  an  account  of  th^  rules  and  practices  followed  by  individuals 
and  companies  in  transacting  the  more  important  departments  of  the  business ;  and  of  the 
terms  on  which  houses,  lives,  &c  are  commonly  insured.  The  part  of  the  article  which 
peculiarly  respects  marine  insurance  has  been  contributed  by  a  practical  gentleman  of  much 
luiowledge  and  experience  in  that  branch. 

VII.  In  addition  to  the  notices  of  the  Excise  snd  Customs  regulations  affecting  particular 
commodities  given  under  their  names,  the  reader  will  find  articles  under  the  heads  of  Gos- 
toms.  Excise,  Importation  and  Exportation,  Licenses,  Smcablino,  Warehocsixo, 
&c.  which  comprise  most  of  the  practical  details  as  to  the  business  of  the  Excise  and  Cus- 
toms, particularly  the  latter.  The  most  important  Customs'  Acta  are  given  with  very  little 
abridgment  and  being  printed  in  small  letter,  they  occupy  comparatively  little  space.  The 
article  Tariff  contains  an  account  of  the  various  duties,  drawbacks,  and  bounties,  on  the 
importation  and  exportation  of  all  sorts  of  commodities  into  and  from  this  country.— (See 
Preface  to  Second  Edition.)  We  once  intended  to  give  the  tariffii  of  some  of  the  principal 
Continental  states ;  but  from  the  frequency  of  the  changes  made  in  them,  they  would  very 
soon  have  become  obsolete,  and  would  have  tended  rather  to  mislead  than  to  instruct  But 
the  reader  will  notwithstanding  find  a  good  deal  of  information  as  to  foreign  dutiea  under 
the  articles  Cadiz,  Danteic,  Havre,  Naples,  New  York,  Trieste,  dec. 

Vni.  Among  the  articles  of  a  miscellaneous  description,  may  be  specified  Aliens,  A? 
nxNTiCE,  Auctioneer,  Balance  or  Trade,  Banilbvvtgt,  Cortbarand,  Cbuix 


PREFACE. 


m 


HAKRiii      LiAACBt  iNPomn  Awn  ExroR-n,  iNruBstii iitt,  Iohiaw  IitAima,  Mabitimb 
I,AW,  Patbbts,  Pawbbboeiii«,  Pibact,  PorDLATioir,  Paiciout  Mbtalm,  Pbiorh,  Pbi- 

TATRBBt,    PVBLICABB,    QOABABTIVB,    RbVBBCB    AXD    ExrBXDITDBB,    TaLLT    TbAUB, 

Tbock  Stbtbx,  Acc. 

IX.  AocounU  are  given,  under  their  proper  hesde,  of  the  principel  emporiumi  with  which 
thii  country  hai  any  immediate  intcrcouraa ;  of  the  commoditiea  usually  exported  from  and 
ini|)<)rtMl  into  them ;  of  their  moniea,  weighta,  and  meaaurea ;  and  of  such  of  their  iiutitu- 
tinni),  customs,  and  regulations,  with  reapect  to  comnMrce  and  navigation,  as  seemed  to  do- 
serve  notice.  There  are  occasionally  subjoined  to  these  accounts  of  the  great  sea-ports, 
pretty  full  statements  of  the  trade  of  the  countries  in  which  they  are  situated,  as  in  the  in- 
stances of  ALBXAiinBiA,  Anstbbvam,  Bobobaux,  CAnix,  Calcutta,  Caktoit,  Coriif- 
HAUKN,  Dantxio,  Hatahnar,  Hatbb,  NArLXR,  New  Yubk,  Palkbno,  Pstebsboboii, 
Rio  db  Jabeibo,  Smtbba,  Tbiebte,  Vbba  Cbcb,  Ac  To  have  attem|)ted  to  do  this 
qrstematically  would  have  increased  the  sise  of  the  work  beyond  all  reanonable  limits,  and 
embarrassed  it  with  details  nowise  interesting  to  the  English  reader.  The  plan  we  hnve 
adopted  has  enabled  us  to  treat  of  such  matters  as  might  be  supposed  of  importance  in  Eng- 
land, and  to  reject  the  rest  We  believe,  however,  that,  notwithstanding  this  selection,  those 
who  compare  this  work  with  others,  will  find  that  it  contains  a  much  larger  mass  of  au- 
thentic information  respecting  the  trade  and  navigation  of  foreign  countries  than  is  to  be 
found  in  any  other  English  publication. 

The  reader  may  be  inclined,  perhaps,  to  think  that  it  must  bo  impossible  to  embrace  the 
discusiiun  of  so  many  subjects  in  a  single  octavo  volume,  without  treating  a  large  propor- 
tion in  a  very  brief  and  unsatisfactory  manner.  But,  in  point  of  fact,  this  ainglo  octavo 
contains  about  as  much  letter-press  as  is  contained  in  two  ordinary  folio  volumes,  and  more 
than  is  contained  in  Maepherson's  Annals  of  Commerce,  in  four  large  volumes  quarto,  pub- 
lished at  8/.  8«.!  This  extraordinary  condensation  has  been  pifoct«d  without  any  sacrifice 
either  of  beauty  or  distinctness.  Could  we  suppose  that  the  substance  of  the  bonk  is  ai  all 
equal  to  its  form,  there  would  be  little  room  for  doubt  as  to  its  success. 

Aware  that,  in  a  work  of  this  nature,  accuracy  in  mattera  of  fact  is  of  primary  import- 
ance, we  have  rarely  made  any  statement  without  mentioning  our  authority.  Except,  too, 
in  the  case  of  books  in  every  one's  hands,  or  Dictionaries,  the  page  or  chapter  of  the  works 
referred  to  is  generally  specified  ;  experience  having  taught  us  that  the  convenient  practice 
of  stringing  together  a  list  of  authorities  at  the  end  of  an  article  is  much  oflener  a  cloak  for 
ignorance  than  an  evidence  of  research. 

Our  object  being  to  describe  articles  in  the  state  in  which  they  are  offered  for  sale,  we 
have  not  entered,  except  when  it  waa  necessary  to  give  precision  or  clearness  to  their  de- 
scription, into  any  details  as  to  the  processes  followed  in  their  manufacture.    •     •     • 

Such  is  a  rough  outline  of  what  the  reader  may  expect  to  meet  with  in  this  Dictionary. 
We  do  not,  however,  flatter  ourselves  with  the  notion  that  ho  will  consider  that  ill  that  has 
been  attempted  has  been  properly  executed.  In  a  work  emliractng  such  an  extreme  range  and 
diversity  of  subjects,  as  to  many  of  which  it  is  exceedingly  difficult,  if  not  quite  impossible, 
to  obtain  accurate  information,  no  one  will  be  offended  should  he  detect  a  few  errors.  At  the 
same  time  we  can  honestly  say  that  neither  labour  nor  expenae  has  been  spared  to  render  tho 
work  worthy  of  the  public  confidence  and  patronage.  The  author  has  been  almost  incessantly 
engaged  upon  it  for  upwards  of  three  years ;  and  he  may  tie  said  to  have  spent  the  previous 
part  of  his  life  in  preparing  for  the  undertaking.  He  has  derived  valuable  assistance  from 
some  distinguished  official  gentlemen,  and  from  many  eminent  merchants;  and  has  en- 
deavoured, wherever  it  was  practicable,  to  build  his  conclusions  upon  official  documents. 
But  in  very  many  instances  he  has  l>een  obliged  to  adopt  less  authentic  data;  and  he  does 
not  suppose  that  he  has  had  sagacity  enough  always  to  resort  to  the  best  authorities,  or  that, 
amidst  conflicting  and  contradictory  statements,  he  has  uniformly  selected  those  moat  worthy 
of  being  relied  upon,  or  that  the  inferences  he  has  drawn  are  always  auch  as  the  real  circum- 
stances of  the  case  would  warrant  But  he  has  done  his  best  not  to  be  wanting  in  these 
respects.  Not  being  engaged  in  any  sort  of  business,  nor  being  under  any  description  of 
obligation  to  any  political  party,  there  was  nothing  to  induce  us,  in  any  instance,  to  conceal 
or  pervert  the  truth.  We  have,  therefore,  censured  freely  and  openly  whatever  wo  consi- 
dered wrong ;  but  the  grounds  of  our  opinion  are  uniformly  assigned  ;  so  that  the  reader 
may  always  judge  for  himself  as  to  its  correctness.  Our  sole  object  has  been  to  produce  a 
work  that  should  be  generally  useful,  particularly  to  merchants  and  traders,  and  which  should 
be  creditable  to  ourselves.  Whether  we  have  succeeded,  the  award  of  the  public  will  show ; 
and  to  it  we  submit  our  labours,  not  with  "  frigid  indifference,"  but  with  an  anxious  hope 
that  it  may  be  found  we  have  not  misemployed  our  time,  and  engaged  in  an  undertaking 
too  vast  for  our  limited  means. 

The  following  notices  of  some  of  the  most  celebrated  Commercial  Dictionaries  may  not, 
perhaps,  be  unacceptable.  At  all  events,  they  will  show  that  there  is  at  least  room  for  the 
present  attempt. 

The  Grand  DUtionnairt  de  Commerce,  begun  and  principally  executed  by  M.  Savary, 


viii 


PREFACE. 


1   " 


Inipoctor  of  Ciutomi  it  Parii,  and  eompletad  by  hit  brother,  tha  Abbi  Savary,  (  anon  of 
8l.  Maur,  was  publUhiHl  at  Paris  in  1723,  in  two  volunwa  folio :  a  aupplemental  vuluma 
being  added  in  1730.  Thia  waa  the  firit  work  of  the  t(ind  that  appeared  in  modern  Europe; 
and  haa  furriiiihed  the  principal  part  of  the  matoriuli  for  mont  of  tnoio  by  which  it  hae  been 
followed.  The  undertaking  was  liberally  patronised  by  the  French  government,  who  Justly 
considervd  that  a  Commercial  Dictionary,  if  well  executed,  would  be  of  national  importance. 
Hence  a  comidoruble,  and,  indeed,  the  most  valuable,  portion  of  M.  Savarv'a  work  is  com- 
piled  from  Memoirs  sent  him,  by  order  of  government,  by  the  inspectora  of  manufacturea  in 
France,  anil  by  the  French  consuls  in  foreign  countries.  An  enlarged  and  improved  edition 
of  the  Didionnaire  was  published  at  Geneva  in  1760,  in  six  folio  volumes.  But  the  best 
edition  is  that  of  Copenhagen,  in  five  voluniea  folio;  the  first  of  which  appeared  in  1759, 
and  the  last  in  i  760. 

More  than  the  half  of  thia  work  consists  of  matter  altogether  foreign  to  ita  proper  object 
It  is,  in  fact,  a  sort  of  Dictionary  of  Manuidctures  as  well  as  of  Commerce;  descriptions  being 
given,  which  are,  necessarily  perhaps,  in  most  instances  exceedingly  incomplete,  and  which 
tlie  want  of  plates  often  renders  unintelligible,  of  the  methods  followed  in  the  manufacture 
of  the  commodities  described.  It  ia  also  filled  with  lengthened  articles  on  aubjecta  of  natural 
history,  on  the  bye  lawa  and  privileges  of  ditferent  corporations,  and  a  variety  of  subjects 
nowise  connected  with  commercial  pursuits.  No  one,  however,  need  look  into  it  fur  any 
dcvelopnient  of  sound  principles,  or  fur  enlarged  views.  It  is  valuable  as  a  re|iertory  of  facts 
reliiling  to  commerce  and  manufactures  at  the  commencement  of  last  century,  collected  with 
laudal>lo  care  and  industry  ;  but  the  spirit  which  pervades  it  is  that  of  a  customs  oflicer,  and 
not  that  of  a  merchant  or  a  philosopher.  "SouveiU  dunt  nei  r^Jkxiotu,  il  tend  plutdt  t\  igarer 
Ml  Iceteurs  qu'd  lea  ennduire,  et  dee  miiximeM  nuisibke  au  progrit  du  cummtree  et  de 
tinduilrie  oblitnnmt  preigue  toujoura  let  ehges  et  son  approoudon" 

The  preceding  extract  ia  from  tha  Prospecius,  in  one  volume  octavo,  published  by  the 
Abbe  Morellet,  in  1709,  of  a  new  Commercial  Dictionary,  In  be  completed  in  five  or  pro- 
bably nx  volumes  folio.  This  Prospectus  is  a  wurk  of  sterling  merit;  and  from  the  ac- 
knowU-dged  learning,  talents,  and  capacity  of  its  author  for  lulwrious  exertion,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that,  hod  the  projected  Dictionary  been  completed,  it  would  have  been  infinitely 
superior  to  that  of  Savary.  It  appears  (Prospectus,  pp.  303^—373.)  that  Morellnt  had  been 
engagrd  for  a  number  of  years  in  preparations  for  thiH  great  work ;  and  that  he  had  amassed 
a  largo  collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  relative  to  the  commerce,  navigation,  colonies, 
arts,  iScc.  of  France  and  other  countries.  The  enterprise  was  liegun  under  the  auspices  of 
M.  Truduine,  Iiitendant  of  Finance,  and  waa  patronised  by  Messrs.  L'Averdy  and  Bertin, 
Comptrollers  General.  But  whether  it  were  owing  to  the  gigantic  nature  of  the  under- 
taking, to  the  author  having  become  too  much  engrossed  with  other  |>urKuits,  the  want  of 
sulFicieut  encouragement,  or  some  other  cause,  no  part  of  the  proposed  Dictionary  ever  ap- 
peared. We  are  ignorant  of  the  fate  of  tlu-  valuable  collection  of  manuscripts  mode  by  Uie 
Abbe  Morellet.    His  books  were  sold  at  Paris  within  these  few  years. 

A  Commercial  Dictionary,  in  three  volumes  4to,  forming  part  of  the  Encyclopidie 
Mithodique,  was  publinhed  at  Paris  in  1783.  It  is  very  unequally  executed,  and  contains 
numerous  articles  that  might  have  been  advantageously  left  out.  The  editors  acknowledge 
in  their  Preface  that  they  hove,  in  must  iiistanres,  been  obliged  to  borrow  from  Savaiy.  The 
best  parts  of  the  work  are  copied  from  the  edition  of  the  Tiiuti  Giniral  de  Commerce  of 
Ricard,  published  at  Amsterdam  in  1781,  in  two  volumes  4to. 

'I'he  earliest  ('ommercial  Dictionary  publiHhed  in  England,  was  compiled  by  Malachy 
Postlethwayt,  Esq,,  a  diligent  and  indefatigable  writer.  The  first  part  of  the  first  edition 
appeared  in  1751.  The  last  edition,  in  two  enormous  fulio  volumes,  was  publiiihed  in  1774. 
it  is  chargeable  with  the  same  defects  as  that  of  M.  Savary,  of  which,  indeed,  it  ia  for  the 
most  part  a  literal  translation,  'i'he  author  has  made  no  eflurt  to  condense  or  combine  tho 
atatemrnls  under  different  articles,  which  are  frequently  not  a  little  contradictory ;  at  tho 
same  lime  that  many  of  them  are  totally  unconnected  willi  commerce. 

in  1761,  Richard  liolt,  Esq.  published  a  Commercial  Dictionary  in  one  pretty  .large  folio 
volume.  The  best  part  of  this  work  is  its  Preface,  which  was  contributed  by  l)r.  Johnson. 
Il  is  for  the  most  part  abridged  from  Postlethwayt;  but  it  contains  sume  useful  original  ar- 
ticles, mixed,  however,  with  many  alien  to  tho  subject. 

In  1706,  a  Commercial  Dictionary  was  published,  in  two  rather  thin  folio  volumes,  by 
Thomas  Mortimer,  Esq.,  at  that  time  Vice-Consul  for  the  Netheilartds.  This  is  a  more 
commodious  and  better  arranged,  but  not  a  more  valuable  work  than  that  of  Postlethwayt. 
The  plan  of  the  author  embraces,  like  that  of  his  predecessors,  too  great  a  variety  of  objects; 
raoro  than  half  the  work  being  filled  whli  geographical  articles  and  articles  describing  the 
processes  carried  on  in  difToreiit  departments  of  manufacturing  industry  ;  there  are  also  ar- 
ticles on  very  many  subjects,  such  as  architecture,  the  natural  history  of  the  ocean,  the  land- 
tax,  the  (|iialiticatioiis  of  surgeons,  &c.,  the  relation  of  which  to  commerce,  navigation,  or 
inanufacturrH,  it  Kcems  iiifficult  to  discover. 
.    In  1810,  a  Cuminercial  Dictionary  was  published,  in  one  thick  octavo  volume,  purporting 


PREFACE.  It 

In  b«  by  Mr.  MortioMr.  W«  unJenland,  howerer,  that  he  had  but  liUla,  if  any  thing,  to 
do  with  ila  eompilation.  It  in  quita  unworthy  of  tha  luliject,  and  of  the  epoch  when  il 
■ppeand.  It  baa  aU  die  faulu  of  thoae  bv  which  it  wa«  preceded,  with  but  few  jpeculiar 
merita.  Beinii  not  only  a  Dictionary  of  Commerce  and  Navigation,  but  of  Manulacturea, 
it  rontaint  accounU  of  the  difftrent  arU :  but  to  deacribe  tbeee  in  a  aa'iafactory  and  really 
uncful  manner,  would  require  aeveral  volumea,  and  the  co-operation  of  many  individuala  t 
M  that,  while  tha  accounU  referred  to  are  worth  ver^  little,  they  occupy  ao  largo  a  apao* 
that  room  haa  not  beea  left  for  the  proper  diaouaaion  of  thoaa  aubjecta  from  which  alone  tha 
work  derive*  whatever  value  it  poeaeaaea.  Thua,  there  ia  an  article  of  twenty-two  pagea 
technically  deacribing  the  variuua  proceeaea  of  the  art  of  painting,  while  the  general  article 
on  commerce  ia  eompriasd  in  laaa  than  two  pagea.  Tha  artiolee  on  coin  and  money  do  not 
together  occupy  four  pAgee,  being  considerably  leaa  than  the  apaca  allotted  to  the  articlea  on 
en^aving  nnil  etching.  There  ia  not  a  word  laid  aa  to  the  circumstancea  which  determine 
the  courae  of  exchange ;  and  tha  important  aubject  of  credit  ia  diipoaed  of  in  leaa  than  two 
lintM  I  Perhapa,  however,  the  greateat  defect  in  the  work  ia  iU  total  want  of  any  thing 
like  acience.  No  attempt  ia  ever  made  to  explain  the  principlea  on  which  an^  operation 
dcponda.  Every  thing  ia  treated  M  if  it  wore  empirical  and  arbitrary.  Except  in  the  legal 
articlea,  no  authoritiea  are  quot«d,  ao  that  very  little  dependence  can  be  placed  on  the  atate« 
monta  advanced. 

In  another  Commercial  Dictionary,  republinhed  within  theae  few  yeara,  the  general  article 
on  commerce  couaista  of  a  diacuiaion  with  respect  to  simple  and  compound  demand,  and 
limple  and  double  competition :  luckily  the  article  doee  not  fill  quite  a  page ;  being  conal- 
derably  shorter  than  the  description  of  the  kaieidoscopo. 

Under  these  circumstancea,  we  do  think  that  there  i*  room  for  a  new  Dictionary  of  Com* 
merce  and  Commercial  Navigation :  and  whatever  may  be  thought  of  our  work,  it  cannot 
be  aaid  that  in  bringing  it  into  the  field  we  are  encroaching  on  ground  already  fully  occupied.  - 


EXTRACTS 

"     "        .-i   !  -■■  IBOK  TBI 

PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


■.I,..  ■ '  ', 


Thx  first  impression  of  this  Dictionary,  consisting  of  2,000  copies,  was  entirely  sold  oiT 
in  leaa  than  nine  montha  from  the  date  of  ita  publication.  We  feel  very  deeply  indebted  to 
the  public  for  this  unequivocal  pnwf  of  ita  approbation ;  and  we  have  endeavoured  to  evince 
our  gratitude,  by  labouring  to  render  the  work  less  undeserving  a  continuance  of  the  favour 
with  which  il  haa  been  honoured.  In  the  prosecution  of  thia  object,  we  can  truly  affirm  wc 
have  grudged  neither  labour  nor  expense.  We  have  subjected  every  part  of  the  work  to  a 
careful  revision ;  have  endeavoured  to  eradicate  the  erri/rs  that  had  crept  into  it ;  to  improve 
thoae  parta  that  were  incomplete  or  defective ;  and  to  supply  such  articles  aa  had  been 
omitted.  We  dare  not  flatter  ourselves  with  the  idea  that  we  have  fully  auccecdtd  in  these 
objects.  The  want  of  recent  and  accurate  detaila  as  to  several  important  aubjecta,  haa  been 
an  obstacle  we  have  not,  in  all  cases,  been  able  to  overcome ;  bu^.  those  in  any  degree  familiar 
with  such  investigations  will  not,  perhaps,  be  disposed  severely  to  censure  our  doficienciea  in 
this  respect. 

The  changes  in  the  law  bearing  upon  commercial  transactions  have  been  carefully  speci- 
fied. Copious  abstracts  of  all  the  Into  Customs  Acts  are  contained  in  the  articles  Coloniks 
Airu  CoLONT  Tradk,  Imfobtatiost  and  ExpoBTATioir,  NAVioATion  Laws,  Rkoistrt, 
Smuoolino,  Warihocsino,  &c. 

The  abolition  of  the  East  India  Company's  commercial  monopoly,  and  the  great  and 
growing  interest  that  has  in  consequence  been  excited  amongst  all  classes  as  to  the  com- 
mercial capabilitiea  and  practices  of  India,  China,  and  other  Eastern  countries,  have  made 
us  bestow  peculiar  attention  to  this  department.  The  articlea  Bangkok,  Batayia,  Bom- 
bat,  BcsuiBK,  BcsaoRA,  Calcutta,  Caxton,  Coluubo,  East  India  Compant  and 
Ea8T  Indies,  Indioo,  Macao,  Madras,  Manilla,  Mocha,  Muscat,  Nanoasacki,  Ran- 
600N,  SiNOAPoBB,  Tatta,  Tea,  &c.  Contain,  it  is  believed,  a  greater  masa  of  recent  and 
well-authenticated  details  aa  to  Uie  commerce  of  the  vast  countries  stretching  from  the 
Arabic  Gulf  to  the  Chinese  Sea,  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  English  publication. 


PREFACE. 


!.  i' 


Tn  comptUng  these  and  other  articles,  we  derived  much  ralnable  aastdtance  from  Soit 
Crawfurd,  Esq. 

The  article  Bakkiito  is  mostly  new.  Besides  embodying  the  late  act  prolonging  the 
charter  of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  the  more  important  details  given  in  the  Report  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  the.  Renewal  of  the  Bank  Charter,  this  article  contains  some  novel 
and  important  information  not  elsewhere  to  be  met  with.  No  account  of  the  issues  of  the 
Bank  of  England  has  hitherto  been  published,  that  extends  farther  back  than  1777.  But 
this  deficiency  is  now,  for  the  first  time,  supplied ;  the  Directors  having  obligingly  furnished 
us  with  an  account  of  the  issues  of  the  JSank  on  the  38th  of  February  and  the  31st  of 
August  of  each  year,  from  1698,  within  four  years  of  its  establishment,  down  to  the  present 
time.  We  hav«  also  procured  a  statement,  from  authority,  of  the  mode  of  transacting  busi- 
ness in  the  Bank  of  Scotland ;  and  have  been  able  to  supply  several  additional  particulars, 
both  with  respect  to  British  and  to  foreign  banks. 

We  have  made  many  additions  to,  and  alterations  in,  the  numerous  articles  descriptive 
of  the  various  commodities  that  form  the  materials  of  commerce,  and  the  historical  notices 
by  which  some  of  them  are  accompanied.  We  hope  they  will  be  found  more  accurate  and 
com[)lete  than  formcriy. 

The  Gazetteer  department,  or  that  embracing  accounts  of  the  principnl  foreign  emporiums 
with  which  this  country  maintains  a  direct  intercourse,  was,  perhaps,  the  most  defective  in 
the  old  edition.  If  it  be  no  longer  in  this  predicament,  the  improvement  has  been  princi- 
pally owing  to  oflficial  co-operation.  The  sort  of  information  we  desired  ns  to  the  great  sea- 
port towns  could  not  be  derived  from  books,  nor  from  any  sources  accessible  to  tlie  public ; 
and  it  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  set  about  exploring  others.  In  this  view  we  drew  up  a 
series  of  queries,  embracing  an  investigation  of  imports  and  exports,  commercial  and  ship- 
ping regulations,  port  charges,  duties,  &c.,  that  might  be  transmitted  to  any  port  in  any  part 
of  the  world.  There  would,  however,  in  many  instances,  have  been  much  ditliculty  in 
getting  them  answered  with  the  requisite  care  and  attention  by  private  individuals ;  and  the 
scheme  would  have  had  but  a  very  partial  success,  had  it  not  been  for  the  friendly  and 
cflt^ctual  interference  of  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson.  Alive  to  the  importance  of  having  the 
queries  properly  answered,  he  voluntarily  undertook  to  use  his  influence  with  Lord  Palincr- 
Bton  to  get  them  transmitted  to  the  Consuls,  This  the  Noble  Lord  most  readily  did  ;  and 
answers  have  been  received  from  the  greater  number  of  these  functionaries.  There  is,  of 
course,  a  considerable  inequality  amongst  them  ;  but  they  almost  all  embody  n  great  deal  of 
valuable  information,  and  some  of  them  are  drawn  up  with  a  degree  of  sliill  and  sagacity, 
and  display  an  extent  of  research  and  a  capacity  of  observation,  that  reflect  tite  highest 
credit  on  their  authors. 

The  information  thus  obtained,  added  to  what  we  received  through  other,  but  not  less 
authentic  channels,  supplied  us  with  the  means  of  describing  twice  the  number  of  foreign 
sea-ports  noticed  in  our  former  edition ;  and  of  enlarging,  amending,  and  correcting  tho 
accounts  of  such  as  were  noticed.  Besides  much  fuller  details  than  have  ever  been  previ- 
ously published  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  trade  of  many  of  these  places,  the  reader 
will,  in  most  instances,  find  a  minute  account  of  the  regulations  to  be  observed  respecting 
the  entry  and  clearing  of  ships  and  goods,  with  statements  of  the  different  public  charges 
laid  on  shipping,  the  rates  of  commi^ion  and  brokerage,  the  duties  on  the  principal  goods 
imported  and  exported,  the  prices  of  provisions,  the  regulations  as  to  quarantine,  the  practice 
as  to  credit,  banking,  &c.,  with  a  variety  of  other  particulars.  We  have  also  described  the 
ports ;  and  have  specified  their  depth  of  water,  the  course  to  be  steered  by  vessels  on  entering, 
with  the  rules  as  to  pilotage,,  and  the  fees  on  accounts  of  pilots,  light-houses,  &c.  As  it  is 
very  difRcult  to  convey  a  sufTiciently  distinct  idea  of  a  sea-port  by  any  description,  we  have 
given  plans,  taken  from  the  latest  and  best  authorities,  of  about  a  dozen  of  the  principal 
foreign  ports.  Whether  we  have  succeeded,  is  more  than  we  can  venture  (o  say  ;  but  -ve 
hope  we  have  said  enough  to  satisfy  the  reader,  that  we  have  spared  no  pains  to  furni:<U 
him  with  authentic  information  on  this  important  department. 

The  Tariff,  or  Table  of  Duties  on  Imports,  &c.,  in  this  edition,  is  highly  important  and 
valuable.  It  is  divided  into  three  columns :  the  first  containing  an  account  of  the  existini^ 
duties  payable  on  the  importation  of  foreign  products  for  home  use,  as  the  same  were  fixed 
by  the  act  of  last  year,  3  &  4  Will.  IV.  cap.  66.  The  next  column  exhibits  the  duties  pay- 
able on  the  same  articles  in  1819,  as  fixed  by  the  Act  59  Geo.  III.  cap.  52. ;  and  the  third 
and  last  column  exhibits  the  duties  as  they  were  fixed  in  1787  by  Mr.  Pitt's  Conaolidaiioii 
Act,  the  27  Geo.  III.  cap.  13.  The  duties  are  rated  throughout  in  Imperial  weights  and 
measures ;  and  allowances  have  been  made  for  differences  in  the  mode  of  charging,  &c. 
The  reader  has,  therefore,  before  him,  and  may  compare  together,  the  present  customs' 
duties  with  the  duties  as  they  stood  at  the  end  of  tlie  late  war,  and  at  its  commencement 
No  similar  Table  is  to  be  met  with  in  any  other  work.  We  are  indebted  for  it  to  J.  D. 
Hume,  Esq.,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  at  whose  suggestion,  and  under  whose  direction,  it  has 
been  prepared.    Its  compilation  was  a  work  of  great  labour  and  difllculty ;  and  could  not 


1     ii 

'    i; 


PREFACE. 


XI 


tave  been  accompliRhed  by  any  one  not  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  customs  acts,  and 
the  various  changes  in  the  mode  of  assessing  the  duties.    Its  accuracy  may  be  relied  on. 

The  article  Slaybs  and  Slate  Tmadi  contains  a  full  abstract  of  the  late  important 
statute  for  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

Among  the  new  articles  of  a  miaoellaneous  description,  may  be  specified  those  on  Alieits, 
loifiAN  IsLAirns,  PoruLATioir,  Tallt  Trade,  Truck  Ststem,  &;c. 

On  the  whole,  we  trust  it  will  be  found,  that  the  work  has  been  improved  throughout, 
either  by  the  correction  of  mistakes,  or  by  the  addition  of  new  and  useful  matter.  Still, 
however,  we  are  well  aware  that  it  is  in  various  respects  defective ;  but  we  are  not  without 
hopes  that  those  who  look  into  it  will  be  indulgent  enough  to  believe  that  this  has  been 
owing  a>  much  to  the  extreme  difficulty,  or  rather,  perhaps,  the  impossibility,  of  obtaining 
accurate  information  respecting  some  of  the  subjects  treated  of,  as  to  the  want  of  care  and 
attention  on  our  part.  Even  as  regards  many  important  topics  connected  with  the  commerce 
and  manufactures  of  Great  Britain,  we  have  had  to  regret  the  want  of  authentic  details, 
and  been  obliged  to  grope  our  way  in  the  dark.  Nothing,  indeed,  can  exceed  the  accuracy 
and  luminous  arrangement  of  the  customs  accounts  furnidied  by  the  Inspector  General  of 
Imports  and  Exports.  But,  owing  to  the  want  of  any  details  aa  to  the  cross-channel  trade 
between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  value  of  these  accounts  is  much  diminished.  Ths 
condition  and  habits  of  the  people  of  Ireland  and  of  Great  Britain  are  so  very  different,  that 
conclusions  deduced  from  considering  the  trade  or  consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom  en 
maase,  are  generally  of  very  little  value ;  and  may,  indeed,  unless  carefully  sifted,  be  the 
most  fallacious  imaginable ;  while,  owing  to  the  want  of  any  account  of  the  trade  between 
the  two  great  divisions  of  the  empire,  it  is  not  possible  accurately  to  estimate  the  consump- 
tion of  either,  or  to  obtain  any  sure  means  of  judging  of  their  respective  progress  in  wealth 
and  industry.  As  respects  manufactures,  there  is  a  still  greater  deficiency  of  trustworthy, 
comprehensive  details.  We  submitted  the  articles  relating  to  them  in  this  work,  to  the 
highest  practical  authorities ;  so  that  we  incUne  to  think  they  are  about  as  accurate  as  th^y 
can  well  be  rendered  in  the  absence  of  official  returns.  It  is  far,  however,  from  creditable 
to  the  country,  that  we  should  be  obliged,  in  matters  of  such  importance,  to  resort  to  private 
and  irresponsible  individuals  for  the  means  of  coming  at  the  truth.  Statistical  science  in 
Great  Britain  is,  indeed,  at  a  very  low  ebb :  and  we  are  not  of  the  number  of  those  who 
suppose  that  it  will  ever  be  materially  improved,  unless  government  become  more  sensible, 
than  it  has  hitherto  shown  itself  to  be,  of  its  importance,  and  set  machinery  in  motion, 
adequate  to  procuie  correct  and  comprehensive  returns. 

The  statistical  Tables  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade  embrace  the  substance  of  hun- 
dreds of  accounts,  scattered  over  a  vast  mass  of  Pariiamentaty  papers.  They  seem  to  be 
compiled  with  great  care  and  judgment,  and  are  a  very  valuable  acquisition.  We  have  fre- 
quently been  largely  indebted  to  them.  But  their  arrangement,  and  their  constantly  in- 
creasing number  and  bulk,  make  them  quite  unfit  for  being  readily  or  advantageously 
consulted  by  practical  men.  Most  part  of  the  returns  relating  to  the  principal  articles  given 
in  this  work,  go  back  to  a  much  more  distant  period  than  tliose  published  by  the  Board  of 
Trade. 

We  have  seen  no  reason  to  modify  or  alter  any  PRTirciPi.x  of  commbroiai  policy  ad- 
vanced in  our  former  edition.  In  some  instances,  we  have  varied  the  exposition  a  little,  but 
that  is  alL  In  every  case,  however,  we  have  separated  the  practical,  legal,  and  historical 
statements  from  those  of  a  speculative  nature ;  so  that  those  most  disposed  to  dissent  from 
our  theoretical  notions  will,  we  hope,  be  ready  to  admit  that  they  have  not  been  allowed  to 
detract  from  the  practical  utility  of  the  work.    •     •     • 

The  important  service  done  to  us,  or  rather  to  the  public,  by  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson,  in  the 
obtaining  of  the  Consular  Returns,  is  a  part  only  of  what  we  owe  to  that  gentleman.  We 
never  applied  to  him  for  any  sort  of  information  which  it  was  in  his  power  to  supply,  that  he 
did  not  forthwith  place  at  our  free  disposal.  That  system  of  commercial  policy,  of  which 
the  Right  Honourable  gentleman  is  the  enlightened  and  eloquent  defender,  has  nothing  to 
fear  from  publicity.  On  the  contrary,  the  better  informed  the  public  become,  the  more  fully 
the  real  facts  and  circumstances  relating  to  it  are  brought  before  them,  the  more  will  they 
be  satisfied  of  the  soundness  of  the  measures  advocated  by  Mr.  Thomson,  and  of  their  being 
eminently  well  fitted  to  promote  and  consolidate  the  commercial  greatness  and  prosperity 
of  the  empire. 

It  is  proper,  also,  to  state,  that  besidea  the  Board  of  Trade,  all  the  other  departments  of 
government  to  which  we  had  occasion  to  apply,  discovered  every  anxiety  to  be  of  use  to  us. 
We  have  been  particularly  indebted  to  Mr.  Spring  Rice;  Sir  Henry  Pamell;  Mr.  Wood, 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Stamps  and  Taxes ;  Mr.  ViUiers,  Ambassador  at  Madrid  *  and 
Mr.  Mayer,  of  the  Colonial  Office. 


m 


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{{,<  t     it  >< 


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..'4;V(»  -4*is»«i  ««•«! 


'f    -    ;   ■'^•-■^  ■••:  ■': 

ADVERTISEMENT 

TO  THB 

LAST  ENGLISH  EDITION. 


Iv  thia  edition  all  the  more  important  retama  and  accounta  aa  to  the  Tbahs,  Natisa 
TioK,  and  CosacxPTioir  of  Great  Britain  and  other  countries,  have  been  brought  down 
to  the  lateat  peiiod.  In  aome  inatancea,  too,  the  form  of  the  returns  has  been  changed,  and 
naw  ones,  drawn  up  on  a  mora  comprehensive  plan,  and  embracing  various  additional  parti- 
culars, have  been  aubstituted  for  those  previously  embodied  in  the  work.  In  illustration  of 
this,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  tables  now  given  under  the  article  Imposts  and  Expobts  ; 
they  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  contair,  within  a  brief  space,  the  completest  view 
hitherto  laid  before  the  public  of  the  recent  trade  of  the  empire.  A  few  articles  have  also 
been  rewritten,  among  which  may  be  apecified  those  on  LisKTHotrsEs,  Bombay,  Malta, 
Stdicst,  &c 

The  SoppLixBiTT  given  with  thia  edition  has  been  greatly  enlarged,  and,  it  is  hoped, 
materially  improved.  It  contains  aa  much  matter  as  would  fill,  if  printed  with  types  of 
medium  size,  a  large  octavo  volume,  and  eoribraces  a  good  deal  of  important  information 
not  elsewhere  to  be  met  with.  Neither  labour  nor  expense  has  been  spared  to  render  it  in- 
atructive  and  trustworthy.  It  embodies  the  principal  part  of  the  Supplement  bsued  in  De- 
cember, 1836,  and  has,  among  others,  articles  on  the  following  subjects;  viz.  Austrian 
Tabifp,  and  Comxbbciai.  Tbbatt  with  Aobtbia  ;  Joint-Stock  Banks,  embracing  a 
complete  list  of  these  establishments,  with  an  examination  of  the  principles  on  which  they 
should  be  founded ;  Nbw  Customs  Act  for  Bbnoal;  New  Coinaob  of  America  and 
India  ;  State  of  the  British  Cotton  Manupacturb  from  1816  to  1838,  both  inclusive; 
Tables  showing  the  extent  of  the  Forbion  Tradb  of  the  Country  during  each  of  the  ten 
years  ending  with  1838,  with  remarks;  Trade  with  Prussia,  Prussian  Commbrcial 
Lbasue  and  Taripp-  Raiiwats  and  Railway  Lbsislation;  Classification  of 
Ships  ;  State  of  the  Sugar  Trade  ;  Alterations  in  the  British  and  Russian  Tariffs  ; 
Cokmercial  Treaty  with  Turkey  ;  with  notices  of  Citita  Vbcohia,  Galacz,  Guat- 
AauiL,  Port  Lamar,  Montevideo,  Moulmbin,  Rostock,  Ae. 

The  author  has  been  able  to  avail  himself,  in  preparing  this  edition,  of  some  very 
valuable  communications.  In  this  respect,  he  is  under  especial  obligations  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Prussia.  With  a  liberality  of  which  there  are  a  few  (if  any)  examples,  it  has  not 
merely  taken  pains  to  supply  him  with  ample  and  authentic  details  aa  to  the  Commerce, 
Population,  Finances,  &c,  of  that  flourishing  kingdom,  but  has  authorised  him  to  make 
any  use  he  pleased  of  the  information  so  communicated,  without  stipulation  or  condition 
of  any  kind. 

We  have  also  been  indebted  to  various  private  and  official  gentlemen,  at  home  and  abroad, 
for  many  useful  hints  and  valuable  statements.  Mr.  Porter,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  allowed 
us  the  use  of  several  unpublished  returns  belonging  to  his  department ;  Mr.  Wood,  Chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Excise,  and  Mr.  Mayer,  of  the  Colonial  Office,  gave  us  every  assist- 
ance in  their  power ;  the  intervention  of  Mr.  Hall,  late  vice-consul  for  the  repub'iic  of 
Uruguay,  at  Liverpool,  and  of  Mr.  Kreeft,  consul  for  Mecklenburg,  has  enabled  us  to  furnish 
the  commercial  world  with  accurate  details  as  to  the  ports  of  Montevideo,  Rostock,  &,c, ; 
and  gentlemen  resident  in  Bombay,  Calcutta,  Malta,  Singapore,  &c.,  have  supplied  im- 
portant information.  We  are  sorry  that  our  limits  will  not  permit  of  our  specifying  the 
different  parties  to  whom  we  have  been  indebted ;  but  we  beg  them  to  accept  our  best 
thanks  for  their  attentions.  We  are  most  anxious  to  have  the  means  of  correcting  the 
erron  into  which  we  may  have  fallen,  and  of  rendering  our  book  as  accurate  as  possible. 
This,  however,  can  only  bo  effected  by  gentlemen  opprising  us  of  the  changes  that  are  con- 
stantly taking  place  in  the  regulations  under  whicli  commerce  is  conducted,  and  in  thd 
channels  in  which  it  is  carried  on.  This  information,  so  important  to  the  mercantile  world 
might,  sometimes,  be  communicated  without  much  trouble,  and  will  always  be  most  grate 
fiilly  received  by  ua. 

■      »tt'      - 


;r>^::i 


DICTIONARY 


<ajt  ;" 


•f 


COMMERCE 


Am 


COMMERCIAL  NAVIGATION. 


I 

V 

i 
II 


XS.AM,  AuM,  or  Arm,  a  measure  for  Uquids,  used  at  Amsterdam,  Antwerp,  Hamburgh, 
Frankfort,  Ac.  At  Amsterdam  it  is  nearly  equal  tn  41  English  wine  gallonu,  at  Antwerp 
to  36^  ditto,  at  Hamburgh  to  38^  ditto,  and  at  Frankfort  to  39  ditto. 

ABANDONMENT,  in  commerce  and  naviiration,  is  used  to  express  the  abandoning  or 
surrendering  of  the  ship  or  goods  insured  to  the  insurer. 

It  is  held,  by  the  law  of  England,  that  the  insured  has  the  right  to  abandon,  and  to  compel 
the  insurers  to  pay  the  whole  value  of  the  thing  insured,  in  every  case  "  where,  by  the 
happening  of  any  of  the  misfortunes  or  perils  insurrd  against,  the  voyage  is  Inst  or  not  worth 
pursuing,  and  the  projected  adventure  is  frustrated ;  or  where  the  thing  insured  is  so  damaged 
and  spoiled  as  to  be  of  little  or  no  value  to  the  owner ;  or  where  the  salvage  is  very  high ; 
or  where  what  is  saved  is  of  less  value  than  the  freight;  or  where  further  expense  is 
necessary,  and  the  insurer  will  not  undertake  to  pay  that  expense,"  &c. — {Marsfiall,  book  L 
cap.  13.  §  1.) 

Abandonment  very  frequently  takes  place  in  cases  of  capture ;  the  loss  is  then  total,  and 
no  question  can  arise  in  respect  to  it.  In  cases,  however,  in  which  a  ship  and  cargo  are 
recaptured  within  such  a  time  tlutt  the  object  of  the  voyage  is  not  lo»t,  the  insured  is  not 
entitled  to  abandon.  The  mere  ttranding  of  a  ship  is  not  deemed  of  itself  such  a  loss  as 
will  justify  an  abandonment.  If  by  some  fortunate  accident,  by  the  exertions  of  the  crew, 
or  by  any  borrowed  assistance,  the  ship  be  got  off  and  rendered  capable  of  continuing  her 
voyage,  it  is  not  a  total  loss,  and  the  insurers  are  only  liable  for  the  expenses  occasioned  by 
the  stranding.  It  is  only  where  the  stranding  is  followed  by  shipwreck,  or  in  any  other  way 
renders  the  ship  incapable  of  prosecuting  her  voyage,  that  the  insured  can  abandon. 

It  has  been  decided,  that  damage  sustained  in  a  voyage  to  the  extent  of  forty-eight  per 
cent  of  the  value  of  the  ship,  did  not  entitle  the  insured  to  abandon.  If  a  cargo  be  damaged 
in  the  course  of  a  voyage,  and  it  appears  that  what  has  been  saved  is  less  tlian  the  amount 
of  freight,  it  is  held  to  be  a  total  loss. — (Park  on  Inturanee,  cap.  9.) 

When  by  the  occurrence  of  any  of  the  perils  insured  against,  the  insured  has  acquired  a 
right  to  abandon,  he  is  at  liberty  either  to  abandon  or  not,  as  he  thinks  proper.  He  is  in  no 
case  bound  to  abandon ;  but  if  he  make  an  election,  and  resolve  to  abandon,  he  must  abide 
by  his  resolution,  and  has  no  longer  the  power  to  claim  for  a  partial  loss.  In  some  foreign 
countries  specific  periods  are  fixed  by  law  within  which  the  insured,  afler  being  informed  of 
the  loss,  must  elect  either  to  abandon  or  not.  In  this  country,  however,  no  particular  period 
is  fixed  for  this  purpose;  but  the  rule  is,  that  if  tlie  insured  determine  to  abandon,  he  must 
intimate  such  determination  to  the  insurers  within  a  reasonable  period  after  he  has  got  intelli- 
gence of  the  loss, — and  unnecessary  delay  in  making  this  intimation  being  interpreted  to 
mean  that  he  has  decided  not  to  abuidon. 

No  particular  form  or  solemnity  is  required  in  giving  notice  of  an  abandonment.  It  may 
be  given  either  to  the  underwriter  himself,  or  the  agent  who  subscribed  for  him. 

The  etiect  of  an  abandonment  is  to  vest  all  the  rights  of  the  insured  in  the  insurers.  The 
latter  become  the  legal  owners  of  the  ship,  and  as  such  are  liable  for  all  her  future  outgoings, 
and  entitled  to  her  future  earnings.     An  abandonment,  when  once  made,  is  irrevocable. 

In  case  of  a  shipwreck  or  other  misfortune,  the  captain  and  crew  are  bound  to  exert  them> 
■elves  to  the  utmost  to  save  as  much  property  as  possible :  and  to  enable  them  to  do  this  without 
prejudice  to  thr  right  of  abandonment,  our  policies  provide  that, "  in  case  of  any  loss  or  xaur 

Vol.  I.— A  I 


ABATEMENT. 


m 


^  n 


i     !i 


fortune,  the  insured,  their  factors,  servants,  and  assigns,  shall  be  nt  lil)crty  to  sue  and  labour 
about  the  defence,  safeguard,  and  recovery  of  the  goods,  and  merchandises,  and  ship,  Ac, 
without  prejudice  to  the  insurance;  to  thwcharges  whereof  the  insurers  agpree  to  contribute, 
each  according  to  the  rate  and  quantity  of  his  sabscription." 

"  From  the  nature  of  his  situation,  says  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall, "  the  captain  has  an  im- 
plied authority,  not  only  from  the  insured,  but  also  from  the  insurers  and  all  others  interested 
in  the  ship  or  cargo,  in  case  of  misfortune,  to  do  whatever  he  thinks  most  conducive  to  the 
general  interest  of  all  concerned ;  and  they  are  all  bound  by  his  acts.  Therefore,  if  the  ship 
be  disabled  by  stress  of  weather,  or  any  ouer  peril  of  the  sea,  the  captain  may  hire  another 
vessel  for  the  transport  of  the  goods  to  their  port  of  destination,  if  he  think  it  for  tht  interest 
of  ail  concerned  that  he  shovld'do  so :  or  he  may,  upon  a  capture,  appeal  againrt  a  aentcnee 
of  condemnation,  or  carry  on  an)  ther  proceedings  for  the  recovery  of  the  ship  and  cargo, 
provided  he  has  a  probable  grouuJ  for  doing  so;  or  he  may,  upon  the  loss  of  the  ship, 
invest  the  produce  of  the  goods  saved  in  other  goods,  which  he  may  ship  for  his  original 
port  of  destination  ;  for  whatever  is  recovered  of  the  effects  insured,  the  captain  is  accountable 
to  the  insurers.  If  the  insured  neglect  to  abandon  when  he  has  it  in  his  power  to  do  so,  he 
adopts  the  acts  of  the  captain,  and  he  is  bound  by  them.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  insurers, 
aflcr  notice  of  abandonment,  suffer  the  captain  to  continue  in  the  management,  he  becomes 
their  agent,  and  they  are  bound  by  his  acts." 

As  to  the  sailors,  when  a  misfortune  happens,  they  are  bound  to  save  and  preserve  the 
merchandise  to  the  best  of  their  power ;  and  while  they  are  so  employed,  they  are  entitled  to 
wages,  so  far,  at  least,  as  what  is  saved  will  allow :  but  if  they  refuse  to  assist  in  this,  they 
shall  have  neither  wages  nor  reward.  In  this  the  Rhodian  law,  and  the  laws  of  Oleron, 
Wisby,  and  the  Hanse  Towna,  agree. 

The  policy  of  the  practice  of  atiandonment  seems  very  questionable.  The  object  of  an 
insurance  is  to  render  the  insurer  liable  for  whatever  loss  or  damage  may  be  incurred.  But 
this  object  does  not  seem  to  be  promoted  by  compelling  him  to  pay  as  for  a  total  loss,  when, 
in  fact,  the  loss  is  only  partial.  The  captain  and  crew  of  the  ship  are  selected  by  the  owners^ 
aiv  their  servants,  and  are  responsible  to  them  for  their  proceedings.  But  in  the  event  of  a 
ship  being  stranded,  and  so  damaged  that  the  owners  are  entitled  to  abandon,  the  captain 
and  crew  become  the  servants  of  the  underwriters,  who  had  nothing  to  do  with  their  ap- 
pointment, and  to  whom  they  are  most  probably  altogether  unknown.  It  is  admitted  that  a 
regulation  of  this  sort  can  hardly  fail  of  leading,  and  has  indeed  frequently  led,  to  very  great 
abuses.  We,  therefore,  are  inclined  to  think  that  abandonment  ought  not  to  be  allowed 
where  any  property  is  known  to  exist ;  but  that  such  property  should  continue  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  owners  and  their  agenta,  and  that  the  underwriters  should  be  liable  only  for  the 
damage  really  incurred.  The  first  case  that  came  before  the  British  courts  with  respect  to  an 
abandorunent  was  decided  by  Lord  Hardwicke,  in  1744.  Mr.  Justice  Buller  appears  to  have 
concurred  in  the  opinion  now  staled,  that  abandonment  should  not  have  been  allowed  incases 
where  the  loss  is  not  totaL 

For  further  information  as  to  this  subject,  see  the  excellent  works  of  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall 
(book  i.  cap.  13)  ;  and  of  Mr.  Justice  Park  (cap.  9)  on  the  Law  of  Insurance. 

[  The  law  of  abandonment  has  been  pronounced  by  Lord  Eldon  to  be  one  of  the  most 
uncertain  branches  of  the  law;  and  Mr.  Benecke,  in  his  work  on  Indemnity,  expresses  the 
opinion — an  opinion  sanctioned  by  Chancellor  Kent — that  little  reliance  is  to  be  put  on  any 
general  principles  in  determining  what  that  law  is  in  a  particular  case,  but  that  recourse 
must  be  had,  for  this  purpose,  to  actual  decisions.  See  Kent's  CommentarieM,  Lecture  48. 
—Am.  Ed.] 

ABATEMENT,  or  Rxbatb,  is  the  name  sometimes  given  to  a  discount  allowed  for  prompt 
payment ;  it  is  also  used  to  express  the  deduction  that  is  sometimes  made  at  the  customhouse 
from  the  duties  chargeable  upon  such  goods  as  are  damag^.  This  allowance  is  regulated 
by  the  6  Gea  4  c.  107.  §  88.  No  abatement  is  made  from  the  duties  charged  on  coffee, 
currants,  figs,  lemons,  oranges,  raisins,  tobacco,  and  wine. 

(  No  abatement  is  to  be  made,  on  account  of  damage  on  the  voyage,  from  the  duties  pay- 
able on  the  following  drugs,  viz :  cantharides,  cocculus  Indicus,  Guinea  grains,  ipecacuanha, 
jalap,  nux  vomica,  opium,  rhubarb,  sarsaparilla,  and  senna. — 4  &  5  WilL  4.  c.  89,  §  S.— 
Sup.) 

[  In  the  United  SUttes,  in  respect  to  all  articles  imported,  that  have  been  damaged  during  the 
voyage,  whether  subject  to  a  duty  ad  valorem,  or  which  are  chargeable  with  a  specific  duty, 
either  by  number,  weight  or  measure,  the  appraineri  (appointed  for  the  purpose)  shall  as- 
certain and  certify  to  what  rate  or  per  centage  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  are 
damaged,  and  the  rate  or  per  centage  of  damage,  so  ascertained  and  certified,  shall  be  deducted 
from  the  original  amount  subject  to  a  duty  ad  valorem,  or  from  the  actual  or  original  number, 
weight,  or  measure,  on  which  specific  duties  would  have  been  computed :  Provided  iha.t  no  al- 
lowance for  the  damage  on  any  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  that  have  been  entered,  and  on 
wliich  the  duties  have  been  paid,  or  secured  to  be  paid,  and  for  which  a  permit  has  been 
granltxl  to  the  owner  or  consignee  thereof^  and  which  may,  on  examiuing  the  some,  prove  to 


ACACIA— ACIDS. 


i 


tw  damaged,  ahall  be  made,  unleaa  proof,  to  ascertain  roch  damage,  ahall  be  lodged  in  the 
eaatomhouae  of  the  port  or  place  where  such  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  have  been  landed, 
within  ten  days  after  the  landing  of  such  merchandise.  And  everj  person  who  shall  be  ap- 
pointed to  ascertain  the  damage,  during  the  voyage,  of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandifie, 
shall  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  or  affirmation  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties 
assigned  him.  See  Act  2d  March,  1709,  "  to  regulate  the  collection  id  duties  on  imports 
and  tonnage,"  sec.  52,  where  the  form  of  the  oath  or  affirmation  juat  mentioned  may  be 
found. 

The  mode  of  appraisement  is  pointed  out  in  the  act  of  March  1st,  1828,  supplementary  to 
that  of  March  Sd,  1799.— itm.  Ed.] 

ACACIA.    Bee  Gdk  Ababic. 

ACAPULCO,  a  celebrated  seaport  on  the  western  coast  of  Mexico,  in  lat  16°  60^'  N., 
long.  99°  46^  W.  Population  uncertain,  but  said  to  be  fh>m  4,000  to  5,000.  The  harbour 
of  Acapulco  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  ami  is  capable  oi  containing  any  number  of 
ships  in  the  moat  perfect  safety.  Previously  to  the  emancipation  of  Spanirii  America,  a  galleon 
or  large  ship,  richly  laden,  was  annually  sent  from  Acapulco  to  Manilla,  in  the  Philippine 
Islands :  and  at  her  return  a  fair  was  held,  which  was  much  resorted  to  by  strangers.  But 
this  sort  of  intercourse  is  no  longer  carried  on,  the  trade  to  Manilla  and  all  other  places  being 
now  conducted  by  private  individuals.  The  exports  consist  of  bullion,  cochineal,  cocoa, 
wool,  indigo,  &c.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  cotton  goods,  hardware,  articles  of 
jewellery,  raw  and  wrought  silks,  spices,  and  aromatics.  Acapulco  is  extremely  unhealthy ; 
and  though  it  be  the  principal  port  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  its  commerce  is  not  very 
considerate.  The  navigation  from  Acapulco  to  Guayaquil  and  Callao  is  exceedingly  tedious 
and  difficult,  so  that  there  is  but  little  intercourse  beUveen  Mexico  and  Peru.  The  moneys, 
weights,  and  measures,  are  the  same  as  those  of  Spain ;  for  which  see  Cadiz. 

[Ruschenberger,  who  visited  Acapulco  in  1836,  states  its  population  to  be  about  3000  ; 
and  this  he  asserts  to  be  greater  than  it  ever  was  previous  to  the  separation  of  Mexico  from 
Spnin. — Am.  Ed.] 

ACIDS  are  a  class  of  compounds  which  are  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the  following 
properties.  They  are  generally  possessed  of  a  very  sharp  and  sour  taste ;  redden  the  infu- 
siiins  of  blue  vegetable  colours ;  ar»  oflen  highly  corrosive,  and  enter  into  combination  with 
the  alkalies,  earths,  and  metallic  oxides ;  forming  compounds  in  which  the  characters  of  the 
constituents  are  entirely  destroyed,  and  new  ones  produced  diflfering  in  every  respect  from 
those  previously  existing.  The  quality  or  strength  of  an  acid  is  g^enerally  ascertained,  either 
by  its  specific  gravity,  which  is  found  by  means  of  the  hydrometer,  if  the  acid  be  liquid,  or 
by  the  quantity  of  pure  and  dry  subcarbonate  of  potass  or  soda,  or  of  carbonate  of  lime 
(marble)  which  a  given  weight  of  the  acid  requires  for  its  exact  neutralization.  This  latter 
process  is  tenne<1  Acidimetry,  or  the  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  recU  acid  existing  in  any  of 
the  liquid  or  crystallized  acids. 

The  principal  apids  at  present  known  are,  the  Acetic,  Benzoic,  Boracic,  Bromic,  Carbonic, 
Citric,  Chloric,  Cyanic,  Fluoric,  Ferroprussic,  Gallic,  Hydrobromic,  Hydriodic,  Iodic,  Lactic, 
Malic,  Margaric,  Meconic,  Muriatic  or  Hydrochloric,  Nitrous,  Nitric,  Oleic,  Oxalic,  Phospo- 
ric,  Pruseic  or  Hydrocyanic,  Purpuric,  Saccholactic,  Sulwric,  Sulphurous,  Sulphuric,  Tartaric, 
Uric,  and  many  others  which  it  would  be  superfluous  to  detail.  It  is  the  most  important 
only  of  these,  however,  tiiat  will  be  here  treated  of,  and  more  particularly  those  employed  in 
the  arts  and  manufactures. 

Aettie  or  pyroligniovf  ncid. — This  acid,  in  its  pure  and  concentrate:!  form.  Is  obtained  frnm  tlie  fluid 
mntter  which  passes  ovi  r  in  distillation,  when  wood  is  exposed  to  heat  in  close  iron  cylinders.  This 
fluid  is  a  mixture  of  acetic  acid,  tar,  and  a  very  volatile  ether ;  from  these  the  acid  may  be  separuted, 
after  a  second  distillation,  by  saturating  with  chalk,  and  evaporatinit  to  dryness ;  an  acetate  of  lime 
is  thus  procured,  which,  by  mixture  with  sulphate  of  soda,  (Glauber's  salt,)  is  decomposed,  the  re- 
(ultiMft  compounds  being  an  insoluble  sulphate  of  lime,  ond  a  veryanluble  acetate  of  soda  ;  tliesc  aro 
easily  separated  from  each  other  by  solution  in  water  and  filtration ;  the  acetate  of  soda  being  ob- 
tained  in  the  crystalline  form  by  evaporation.  From  this,  or  the  acetate  of  lime,  some  manufacturers 
employing  the  former,  others  the  latter,  the  acetic  acid  is  obtained  by  distillation  with  sulphuric  acid ; 
(oil  of  vitriol ;)  as  thus  procured,  it  is  a  colourless,  volatile  fluid,  having  a  very  pungent  and  refresh- 
ing odour,  and  a  strong  acid  taste.  Its  strength  should  be  ascertained  by  tho  quantity  of  marble  re- 
quired for  its  neutralization,  as  its  specific  gravity  does  not  give  a  correct  indication.  It  is  employed 
in  the  preparation  of  the  acetate  of  lead  (sugar  of  lead)  in  many  of  the  pharmaceutical  compounds, 
and  also  as  an  antiseptic. 

Vinegar  is  an  impure  and  very  dilute  acetic  acid,  obtained  by  exposing  either  weak  wines  or  in- 
fusions of  malt  to  the  air  and  a  slow  fermentation;  it  contains,  besides  the  pure  acid,  a  large  quantity 
of  colouring  matter,  some  mucilage,  and  a  little  spirit ;  tiom  these  it  is  readily  separated  by  distilla- 
tion. The  impurities  with  which  this  distilled  vinegar  is  sometimes  adulterated,  or  with  which  it  is 
accidentally  contaminated,  are  oil  of  vitriol,  added  to  increase  the  acidity,  and  oxides  of  tin  or  copper, 
arising  from  the  vinegar  having  been  distilled  through  tin  or  copper  worms.  These  may  be  easily 
detected :  the  oil  of  vitriol  by  the  addition  of  a  little  solution  of  muriate  of  barytes  to  the  distilled 
vinegar,  which,  should  the  acid  be  present,  will  cause  a  dense  white  precipitate ;  and  the  oxides  of  tin 
or  copper  by  the  addition  of  water  impregnated  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  Vinegar  is  employed  in 
many  culinary  and  domestic  operations,  and  also  very  largely  in  the  manufooture  of  the  carbonate  of 
lead,  (white  lead.) 

Benioie  acid— exists  naturally,  formed  in  the  gum  bensoin,  and  may  be  procured  either,  by  sub. 
mitting  the  bensoin  in  fine  powder  to  repeated  subUnrntions,  or  by  digesting  it  with  lime  and  water. 


toi:^v 


.fk.l 


'•  i'a: 


!!'il 


■ii!^ 


i( 


i  Ml   ACIDS.       A 

Mralningofrihe  clear  inlution,  and  adding  muriatic  acid,  which  entera  into  comblnnlinn  withlht 
lime,  and  the  benanie  acid,  being  nearly  itiioliilile  In  water,  flilli  ai  a  white  powder  i  Ihia  maybe 
flirther  purified  by  a  iiibllmation.  Benaolc  acid  If  of  a  heautlftil  pearlv  white  robiur  when  piiri!,  bna 
n  very  peculiar  aromatic  odour,  and  an  acrid,  acid,  and  bitter  taite ;  it  la  uied  in  maklnR  pniitillea  nnd 
iierfiiined  incenae.  Thla  add  alau  occura  in  the  balaama  of  Tolu  and  Peru,  and  in  the  iirinu  of  the 
iinrao  and  cnw. 

Bonicie  acid— in  (bund  In  an  tineombined  atate  in  many  of  tlie  hot  aprlnga  of  Tuicony,  aa  alao  at 
8e«eo  in  the  Florentine  territory,  flrom  whence  it  baa  received  the  name  of  Heiaolln.  In  Tliihet,  Per- 
aia,  nnd  South  America,  it  occura  In  combination  with  aoda,  and  la  imported  fVom  the  former  pliire 
into  ihia  country  in  It  cryatalline  form,  under  the  name  of  Tincal.  Theie  cryatBli  are  crated  with  a 
rancid,  fatty  aufialnncc,  and  require  to  be  purified  by  repeated  aolutioni  and  cryotallixntionB;  afker 
which  it  la  lold  under  the  appellation  of  borax  |(bl-bor8te  of  aoda;)  from  a  hot  aolution  of  thla  aalt  the 
liiirni:ir.  ncld  ia  readily  obtained,  by  the  addition  of  aulphuric  acid  In  alight  exceia ;  aulphate  of  aoda  ii 
fnrniRil,  nnd  the  borncic  acid  cryitallicea  aa  the  aolution  coola.  When  pure,  theie  cryatnla  are  white, 
nnd  have  an  unctuoue  greasy  reel;  they  are  aolubie  In  alcohol,  communicating  a  green  tinge  to  Iti 
flame ;  when  ftiaed  it  fbrma  a  tranapareni  glaaa,  and  haa  been  found  by  Mr.  Faraday  to  unite  with  the 
oxide  of  lead,  producing  a  very  uniform  glaaa,  flree  from  all  defects,  and  well  adapted  for  the  purpose 
of  telescopes  and  other  astronomical  instruments.  Borax  ia  much  employed  In  the  nrta,  partkuiurly 
in  metallnrgic  operatlona  aa  a  flux  t  alao  in  enamelling,  and  in  pharmacy. 

Carhonie  acU.— Thla  acid  occura  very  abundantly  in  nature,  combined  with  lime,  magnesia,  barytcs, 
aerial  acid,  fixed  air,  mephltlc  acid;  fk'om  any  of  these  it  Is  easily  tcparntod  by  the  addition  of  nenrly 
any  of  the  other  ncids.  In  its  unrombined  form,  it  is  a  transparent,  gaseous  fluid,  huving  n  density 
of  rS3,  atmospheric  air  being  unity ;  It  is  absorbed  to  a  ronaiderable  extent  by  water,  nnd  when  the 
water  is  rendered  slightly  alkaline  by  the  addition  of  carbonate  of  soda,  and  a  lar|;e  qunntity  of  fins 
fdi'ced  into  it  by  pressure,  it  forms  the  well-known  relYeshing  beverage,  soda  water.  Tliis  uns  ia  also 
formed  in  very  large  quantities  during  combustion,  respiration,  and  f^rnientntion.  Carlionic  arid  gas 
i«  destructive  of  animal  life  nnd  combustion,  and  from  ita  great  weight  nccumuiates  in  the  hotlnnis  of 
deep  wells,  cellars,  caves,  tec,  which  have  been  closed  for  a  long  period,  nnd  numerous  f\ttal  accidents 
arise  frequently  to  persons  entering  such  placea  Incautiously ;  the  iirci-autiun  should  al  uys  lie  taken 
of  introducing  n  liehted  candle  prior  to  the  descent  or  entrance  of  any  one ;  for  should  the  candle  be 
extinguished,  it  would  bo  dangerous  to  enter  until  properly  ventilated.  The  combinations  of  carbonic 
acid  with  the  alkalies,  earths,  and  metallic  oxides  are  termed  carbonates. 

Citric  arid — exiuta  in  a  free  Htate,  in  the  juice  of  the  lemon,  lime,  and  other  fruits,  combined  how- 
ever with  mucilage,  nnd  sometimes  a  little  sugar,  which  renders  it,  if  required  to  be  preserved  for  a 
long  period,  very  liable  to  ferment ;  on  this  account,  the  crystallized  citric  acid  is  to  he  preferred.  It 
is  prepared  by  saturating  the  lemon  Juice  with  chalk ;  the  citric  acid  couibines  with  the  lime,  forming 
nn  insoliihle  compound,  while  the  carbonic  acid  is  liberated  ;  the  insoluble  citrate,  af\cr  being  well 
washed,  in  to  be  acted  upim  by  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  which  forms  sulphate  of  liniu,  and  the  citric  acid 
enter!)  into  solution  in  the  water;  by  filtration  and  evaporation  the  citric  acid  is  obtained  incolonrli'ss 
traiwparent  cryvtalH.  The  chief  uses  to  which  it  is  applied  are  as  n  preventive  of  sea  scurvy,  and  in 
making  refreshing  acidulous  or  effervescing  drinks ;  for  whicli  latter  purpose  it  is  peculiarly  filled 
from  hs  very  pleasant  flavour. 

Fluorie  and — is  found  in  the  well-known  mineral  flunr  spnr  in  combination  with  lime ;  from  which  it 
is  procured  in  the  liquid  form,  by  distillation  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid  in  a  leaden  or  silver  retort;  the 
receiver  should  be  of  the  same  material  as  the  retort,  nnd  kept  cool  by  ice  or  snow. 

This  acid  is  gaseous  In  its  pure  form,  highly  corrosive,  and  intensely  acid  ;  it  is  rapidly  absorbed  by 
water,  cnmmunicnting  its  properties  to  tbat  fluid.  Its  chief  use  is  for  etching  on  glass,  whicli  it  cor- 
rodes with  great  rapidity.  For  this  puriiose  a  thin  coating  of  wax  is  to  be  melted  on  the  surface  of  tlie 
glass,  and  the  sketch  drawn  by  a  fine  hard-pointed  Instrument  through  the  wax ;  the  liquid  acid  is 
then  poured  on  it,  and  after  a  short  time,  on  the  removal  of  the  acid  nnd  coating,  an  etching  will  be 
found  in  the  substance  of  the  glass.  A  very  excellent  application  of  this  properly,  possessed  by  fluorie 
ncid,  is  in  the  roughing  the  shadea  for  table  lamps.  All  the  metals,  except  silver,  lead,  and  plaliiia,  are 
acted  upon  by  this  acid. 

Oallie  arid.— The  source  from  which  this  acid  is  generally  obtained  is  the  nut  fall,  a  hard  protube- 
rance produced  on  the  oak  by  the  puncture  of  insects.  The  most  simple  method  of  procuring  the  acid 
in  its  pure  form,  is  to  submit  the  galls  in  fine  powder  to  sublimation  in  a  retort,  taking  care  timt  the 
heat  he  applied  slowly  and  with  cnutlon;  the  other  processes  require  a  very  long  period  for  their 
completion.  When  pure,  gallic  acid  has  a  white  and  silky  appenrnnce,  nnd  a  highly  astringent  and 
slightlv  ncid  taste.  The  nut  galls,  which  owe  their  properties  to  the  gallic  acid  they  contain,  are  em- 
ployed very  extensively  in  the  arts,  for  dyeing  and  staining  silks,  cloths, and  woods  of  n  black  colour; 
this  is  owing  to  its  forming  with  the  oxide  of  iron  an  intense  black  precipitate.  Writing  ink  is  made 
on  tlie  same  principle ;  a  very  excellent  receipt  of  tlie  late  Dr.  Black's  is,  to  take  3  oz.  of  the  best 
Aleppo  ealls  in  fine  powder,  1  oz.  sulphate  of  iron,  (green  vitriol,)  I  oz.  logwood  finely  rasped,  1  oz. 
gum  arable,  one  pint  of  the  best  vinegar,  one  pint  of  soft  water,  and  8  or  10  cloves ;  in  this  case  the 
black  precipitate  is  kept  suspended  by  the  gum. 

//ift/rtni/ic  arid,— a  compound  of  iodineandhydrogen,  in  its  separate  form  is  of  very  little  Importance 
In  the  arts ;  its  combinations  with  potass,  aoda,  and  other  of  the  metallic  oxides,  will  be  treated  of 
hereafter. 

Malic  acid— exists  in  the  Juices  of  many  fhiits,  particularly  the  apple,  aa  also  in  the  berries  of  the 
service  and  mountain  ash. 

Meeonie  acid — is  found  in  opium,  in  combination  with  morphia,  forming  the  meconate  of  morphia,  on 
which  the  action  of  opium  principally  depends. 

Muriatic  arid,  or  npiriti  »/«a{r*.— This  acid  (the  hydrochloric  of  the  French  chemists)  is  manufactured 
from  the  chloride  of  sodium  (dry  sea  salt)  by  the  nction  of  sulphuric  acid,  (oil  of  vitriol.)  The  most 
economical  proportions  are  20  pounds  of  fused  salt,  and  SO  pounds  of  oil  of  vitriol  previously  mixed 
with  an  equal  weight  of  water ;  these  are  placed  in  an  iron  or  earthen  pot,  to  which  an  earthen  head 
and  receiver  are  adapted,  and  submitted  to  distillation  ;  the  muriatic  acid  passes  over  in  the  vaprrous 
form,  and  may  be  easily  condensed.  The  liquid  acid  thus  obtained  should  have  a  specific  gravity  of 
ri7,  wnter  being  equal  to  100;  It  has  a  strong  acid  taste,  and  a  slight  yellow  colour ;  this  is  owing  lo 
a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of  iron.  By  redistillation  in  a  glass  retort  at  n  low  temperature,  it  may  be 
obtained  perfectly  pure  and  colourless.  It  sometimes  contains  a  little  sulphuric  acid ;  this  is  detected 
by  a  solution  of  muriate  of  barytes.  Muriatic  acid,  in  ita  uncombiiied  state,  is  an  invisiihlo  elastic  gas, 
having  a  very  strong  atlinity  for  wnter ;  thnt  fluid  absorbing,  at  a  temperature  of  40°  Fnlirenheit,  4N) 
times  its  volume,  and  the  resulting  liquid  acid  has  a  density  of  121.  So  great  is  this  attrai:ti<in  for  water, 
that  when  the  gas  is  liberated  into  the  air,  it  combines  with  the  moisture  always  present  in  that  me- 
dium, forming  dense  white  vapours.  Its  combinations  with  the  alkalies,  &c.  nre  termed  muriates  ;thse 
of  the  greatest  importance  are,  the  muriates  of  tin,  ammonia,  barytes,  and  sen  salt.  The  test  tor  the 
presence  of  muriatic  acid  in  any  liquid  is  the  nitrate  of  silver,  (lunar  caiiBtic,)  which  causes  a  curdy 
white  precipitate. 

^ntrie  acid,  sr  aqttnforti$.—Tbi»,  which  la  one  of  the  moat  aieful  aclda  with  which  the  chemist  It 


.l^iHk      ACIDS.   Amnt. 


# 


■eqnalntml,  to  prepared  hy  acting  tipnn  inltpHtre  (nllrn  or  nitrate  ct  potain)  with  nil  t)t  vitriol ;  the 
proportlone  beit  lulted  for  thin  piirpnie  arc,  three  pnrta  by  weltflit  of  nitre  anil  two  of  nil  of  vitriol  j 
or  100  nitre,  and  60  nil  of  vitriol  prtsvioualy  diluted  with  !al  of  wiiter;  either  nf  iii«8e  pro|Kirlinni  wlU 


or  ffliiAa  veaaelii,  the  nitric  ncid  paiaci  over  in  the  form  of  vapour,  and  a  blaulpbate  of  potaii  (lal 
mixiiin)  riunuina  in  the  retort. 

Nitric  acid  of  comincrco  hna  uiually  a  darK  orange-red  colour,  giving  oflT  coplnua  fumca,  and  having 
a  Hpei'ific  gravity  of  150,  wnter  being  100.  It  ia  atronKly  acidundhiiililyeorrnalve.  It  may  be  ohtainea 
p'rIVrlly  cnlourleai  by  n  aecnnil  diHtillitlnn,  rcJectlnK  the  fir^t  portion  that  paaeea  over.  It  ia  much 
emplnyud  In  the  arta,  fur  etchingon  copper-plitea  fur  engraving  iiilao.fiir  the  aep.iratinn  of  ailvur  from 
gold,  in  the  prncoaa  of  quiirtatiDn.  In  pliiirrnacy  nnii  anrgery  it  ia  extenaively  uaud,  and  ia  etnplDyed 
fur  deatrnying  contiiglnua  effliivlA.  Cnuibined  with  inurinticncid,  it  forma  aqua  reKiii,(iiitrn-niurlntie 
acid,)  naed  aa  a  anivent  fur  gold,  pliitina,  &.c.  Thia  acid  ia  frequently  contaminated  with  tiie  miiriatio 
and  Hiilphnric  Bcida;  theao  may  li<*  detected  by  the  following  inetlioda. — A  portion  fif  the  anappctetl 
ncid  Hliould  be  dilutei  wltli  tliree  or  f.iiir  tlmea  its  volume  nf  diKlilied  water,  and  divided  intn  two 
gluasea  ;  to  one  of  wMlcli  nltriitn  of  silver  (lunar  cuuatic  In  anlution)  la  to  be  added,  and  tn  the  other, 
nitrate  of  baryteH;  If  niiiriittic  aciill)epreaent,  a  white  curdy  precipitate  will  betlirnwndownby  th« 
firmer:  and  If  auiphuric,  a  white  gr;iiiular  precipitate  by  the  latter. 

Ojiilh  aeiil — occura  in  comliination  with  pottiai  as  binoxulate  of  potasa  in  the  different  varieties 
nf  anrrel,  from  whence  the  binoxalate  of  potaai  hna  been  termed  salt  of  sorrel.  This  arid  is 
uaiially  prepared  by  the  actinn  of  nitric  acid  upon  sugar,  evaporiitiiiK  the  solution,  after  the  actloi^  has 
ceased,  to  the  conalatenco  of  a  syrup,  and  redkaolving  and  recrystallizlng  the  crystals  which  are  thus 
procured. 

It  is  aold  in  small  white  nelcular  crystals,  of  a  strongly  acid  taste  and  highly  poifionnns,  and  some- 
times in  Its  externnl  apjmarance  bears  a  strong  similarity  to  Epsom  snlta,(aulphute  ofmngnesiu,)  whicli 
ft  has  been  unfDrtunately  frequently  miatitken  for.  It  is  Instantly  diatinguiahed  from  Epaom  aalta  by 
plnrins  n  amall  cryntiil  lipnn  the  tongue;  when  Its  strong  acid  tnate,  compared  with  the  nauKeniis 
bitter  of  the  auipliate  nf  magnesia,  will  be  quite  •  nufficient  criterion.  In  cases  ofpoiaonini;,  however, 
by  this  acid,  lime,  or  clialk,  mixed  with  water  to  form  a  cream,  aliould  be  ImDiediatuiy  adiiiiniatered, 
the  comhinationa  of  oxalic  ncid  with  these  auhatances  being  perfectly  Inert,  It  ia  employed  in  removing 
Ink  stains,  iron  moiilda,  &c, from  linen  and  leather;  the  best  proportions  for  thenc  purposes  are,  I  nz. 
of  the  acid  tn  a  pint  nf  water.  The  moat  delicate  test  of  the  presence  of  oxalic  acid  ia,  a  salt  of  limn 
or  lime-water,  with  eitlier  of  which  it  forms  a  white  precipitate,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  iu 
acids.    Its  comhinatinns  are  termed  oxalates. 

Phofphorie  aeid — Is  of  very  little  lni[iortanee  In  a  commercial  point  nf  view,  except  as  forming 
with  lime  the  earth  of  bones,  (phwphate  of  lime.)  It  is  prepared  by  heating  hones  tn  whiteneas  in  a 
furnace  ;  from  this  phoaphoric  acid  ia  obtained  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  arid,  still  comliined.  iinw- 
ever,  with  a  small  quantity  of  lime.  The  action  of  nitric  acid  U|Min  phosphorus,  tlie  latter  being  added 
gradually  and  in  small  pieces,  yields  this  acid  in  a  state  of  purity ;  its  combinations  are  termed 
phosphates. 

VrusKie  arid,  nr  hyAror.yanic  ncid. — Thia  acid,  which  la  the  moat  viriile;:t  and  poisonous  ncid  known, 
is  contained  in  peach  hlooannia,  bay  leaves,  and  many  other  vegetable  prndiictions,  which  owe  their 
peculiar  odour  to  the  presence  of  prnasic  acid.  For  the  purpoaea  of  medicine  und  clieinistry,  thia  acid 
is  prepared  either  by  diatilling  one  part  of  the  cyanuret  ofmercury.one  part  of  muriatic  acid  of  specifle 
gravity  1'15,  and  six  parts  of  water,  six  parts  of  prusaic  ncid  being  collected;  or,  hy  dissolving  u 
certain  weiffht  of  cynnnret  of  mercury,  and  passing  a  curtent  of  sulphuretted  hydroeen  thrnushthn 
solution,  until  the  wliole  of  the  mercury  shall  be  precipitated  ;  if  an  excess  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen 
should  be  present,  a  little  carbonate  of  l«kd  (wliite  lead)  will  remove  it;  on  Altering,  a  colourless 
pruasic  ncid  will  be  obtained.  By  the  first  process,  whicli  is  the  one  followed  at  Apothecaries'  Hall, 
the  acid  has  a  density  905,  water  being  eqiml  tn  1,000;  hy  the  latter,  it  may  be  procuredof  any  required 
strentrth,  depending;  on  the  quantity  of  cyanuret  of  mercury  diaaolved.  The  lieat  teat  for  Die  presence 
of  tills  acid  is,  flrst  to  add  a  sm.til  quantity  of  the  protosulphatc  of  iron  (solution  of  green  vitriol,) 
then  a  little  solution  of  potass,  and  lastly  dduted  sulphuric  acid  ;  if  prussic  acid  be  present,  prusaian 
blue  will  be  formed.  Its  combinations  are  called  pruasiates  or  hydroryanatea ;  when  in  its  concentrated 
form.  It  ia  so  rapid  in  its  effects  that  lame  animals  have  been  killed  in  the  abort  space  of  80  seconds, 
or  from  a  minute  to  a  minute  and  a  half. 

Sulphurous  .^eid—it  flirined  whenever  sulphur  Is  burnt  in  ntmnspherlc  air:  It  Is  a  suffocating  and 
puneent  gas,  strongly  ncid,  nieachea  vegetable  colours  with  great  rapidity,  and  arreata  the  process  of 
vinoua  fermentation.  Kor  these  purposes  It  Is  therefore  very  much  eniploye<l,  especially  in  hleacbiug 
woollen  gor)da  and  straws.  Fermentation  may  he  immediately  arrested  hy  burning  a  small  quantity 
of  sulphur  In  casks,  and  then  racking  off  the  wine  while  still  fermenting  Intn  them  ;  this  frequently 
gives  the  wine  a  very  unpleasant  taste  of  sulphur,  which  is  avoided  Ity  the  use  of  sulphate  of  potass, 
made  hy  impregnating  a  solution  of  potass  with  sulphurous  acid  gas. 

Sulphurir.  arid,  ur  ail  uf  vitriol — called  oil  of  vitriiil  from  its  having  been  formerly  manufactured  from 
green  vitriid, (sulphate  of  iron.)  In  some  parts  of  the  Continent  this  prncefis  Is  still  followed.  The 
method  generally  adopted  in  this  country,  is  to  introduce  nine  parts  of  sulphur,  intimately  mixed  with 
one  part  of  nitre,  in  n  state  of  active  combustion,  into  large  leaden  chambers,  the  bottoms  of  whicli 
are  covered  witli  a  stratum  of  water.  Sulphurous  and  nitrous  acid  gases  are  generated,  which  enter- 
ing into  combination  form  a  white  crystalline  solid,  which  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  chamber ;  the 
instant  that  the  water  comes  in  contact  with  it,  this  solid  is  decomposed  with  a  hissing  noisu  and  ef- 
fervescence, auiphuric  acid  combinea  with  the  water,  and  nitroua  gas  ia  liberated,  which  combining 
with  oxygen  fVom  tlie  air  nf  the  chamber,  la  cnnverted  intn  nitrous  ncid  gas,  again  combines  with  sul- 
phurous ncid  eas,  and  again  flills  to  the  bottom  of  the  chamber :  this  process  continues  as  long  na  the 
combustion  of  the  sulphur  is  kept  up,  or  as  long  as  atmospheric  air  remains  in  the  chamber;  the  nitrous 
acid  merely  serving  as  a  means  for  the  transference  of  oxygen  from  the  ntmospliere  to  the  sulplnirnus 
acid,  tn  convert  it  into  auiphuric  acid.  The  water  Is  removed  from  the  chamber  when  of  a  certain 
strength,  and  replaced  by  fresh.  These  acid  waters  are  then  evaporated  iu  leaden  Imiiera,  ami  finally 
concentrated  in  glass  or  pl.itina  vessels.  As  thus  manufactured,  sulphuric  acid  ia  a  dense  oily  fluid, 
colourless,  intensely  aiid,  and  higlily  corrosive,  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of  l,8lti,  water  being  equal 
to  1,000.  This  aci'I  is  the  must  im|Mirtant  with  which  we  are  acquainted  ;  it  is  employed  In  the  inanu- 
fhcture  nf  the  nitric,  nmriatic,  acetic,  phnsphoric,  citric,  tartaric,  and  many  other  ai'ida;  also  in  the 
preparation  of  chlorine,  for  the  nianufucture  of  the  bleaching  powder,(oxymuriate  of  liiue  ur  chloride 
of  lime,)  for  the  preparation  of  sulpiiate  of  mercury,  in  the  manufacture  of  calomel  and  corrosive  sub- 
limate, and  ill  innumeralde  other  chemical  maniif;irturcs.  In  the  practice  of  pliysic  It  is  also  very 
much  employed.  It  usually  contains  a  little  oxide  of  load,  which  is  readily  detected  hy  dilntins  the 
acid  with  about  four  times  its  vnlumoof  water,  and  allowing  the  sulphate  of  lead  to  subside.  Its  com- 
binations are  denominated  sulphates.  The  fuming  sulphuric  acid,  as  manufactured  at  Nordliauseu. 
contains  only  one-half  the  quantity  of  water  In  Its  composition. 

Tartaric  acid. — Tills  acid  is  procured  from  the  cream  of  tartar,  (bitartrate  of  potass,)  obtained  by 
purifying  the  crust  which  separates  during  the  fermentation  of  wines  by  solution  and  cvstallixation 
a2 


!-!<•!■ 


V^^ 


'!;'''[" 


«: 


-.'l' 


;     i; 


•  I 


!!)!! 


I  ACORNS— ADJUSTMENT. 

Wlinn  tlila  piirlflpH  bltdrtrate  li  dliiolved.  nnd  llmti  nr  earbnnate  nf  lime  added,  an  InioIuMe  lartrato 
or  lime  fill*,  which  after  waiMnf  ihnula  be  acted  upnn  hj  milphiiric  acid ;  lulphale  nf  lime  li  thui 
Airinnd,  and  the  tartaric  acid  enteri  into  lolutlon,  and  may  be  obtained  bjr  evaporatlnn  and  cryitalll- 
xnl  Inn.  It  ii  employed  very  much  In  the  arte,  In  calico-printing,  aa  alio  in  making  etlbrveaclD|  draughta 
and  powdnra  In  phnrmary. 

Uric  aeiil—i»  an  animal  acid  of  very  little  importance,  eieept  In  a  iclentlfle  point  of  view  t  it  exiala 
in  the  excrementi  of  lerpenti ,  to  the  amount  of  99  per  cent.,  and  forma  the  baali  of  many  of  the  urinary 
calculi  and  grnvel. 

N.  B.  Thin  arlkU,  and  tkat  en  alkaH$g,  kavt  kxen  furn\$h»i  hy  im  abhpraetieal  ehmitt. 

ACORNS  (Ger.  Eieheln,  Echtmi  Fr.  Glands  i  It.  Ghiande  ,•  8p.  Belhtaa  t  Rtu. 
Schedudiif  LaL  Glundet),  the  seed  or  fhiitof  the  oak.  Acoma  formed  a  part  of  the  food  of 
man  in  early  agea,  and  frequent  allusion  ia  made  in  the  claaaica  to  thia  circumatant^.  (  Virgil, 
Georg.  lib.  i.  tin.  8. ;  Ovid.  Met.  lib.  i.  tin.  106,  &c.)  In  aome  countriea  they  are  auU  uaed, 
in  periods  of  acarcity,  aa  a  aubslitute  fur  bread.  With  ua  they  are  now  rarely  uaed  exrept  for 
fattening  hog«  and  poultry.  They  are  aaid  to  make,  when  toaated,  with  the  addition  of  a  lit- 
tle freeh  butter,  one  of  the  beat  aubatitulM  for  coffee.    Their  taate  b  astringent  and  bitter. 

ACORUS  (  Cttlamun  aromaiieut),  aweet  flag,  or  aweet  ruah,  a  red  or  knotty  root,  about 
the  thickness  of  the  little  finger,  and  several  inches  long.  "The  root  of  the  aweet  flag  has  a 
pleasant  aromatic  odour,  similar  to  that  of  a  mixture  of  cinnamon  and  allspice.  Tlie  taste  is 
warm,  pungent,  bitterish,  and  aromatic." — ( Thom»(>n'»  DlKpetnatory.)  The  root,  which  is 
used  in  medicine,  was  formerly  imported  from  the  Levant,  but  it  is  now  obtained  of  an  equally 
good  quality  from  Norfolk. 

ACRE,  a  measure  of  land.  The  Imperial  or  standard  English  acre  contains  4  roods,  each 
rood  40  poles  or  perches,  each  pole  S72^  square  feet;  and  conseuuently  each  acre— 43,660 
square  feet  Previotisly  to  the  introduction  of  the  new  system  of  weights  and  measures  by 
the  act  5  Geo.  IV.  cap.  74,  the  acres  in  use  in  different  parts  of  England  varied  considerably 
from  each  other  and  from  the  standard  acre ;  but  these  customary  measures  are  now  abolish- 
ed. The  Scotch  acre  contains  four  roods,  each  rood  40  falls,  and  each  fail  36  elU ;  the  ell 
being  equal  to  37-06  Imperial  inches.  Hence  the  Imperial  is  to  the  Scotch  acre  nearly  as  1 
to  l|,  one  Scotch  acre  being  equal  to  1-261  Imperial  acres.  The  Irish  acre  is  equal  to  1  acre 
S  roods  and  10A\poIea;  30^  Irish  being  equal  to  49  Imperial  acres. 

[The  standard  English  acre  is  the  acre  in  use  in  the  United  States, — Am.  Ed.] 

ADAMANTINE  SPAR  (Hind.  Corundum),  a  stone  so  called  from  its  hardness,  found 
in  India,  Ava,  China,  &c.,  crystallized,  or  in  a  mass.  It  is  ascertained  to  be  a  speciei)  of  sap- 
phire. The  Indian  variety  is  the  best  Colour  grey,  with  shades  of  green  and  light  brown ; 
fracture  foliated  and  sparry,  sometimes  vitreous.  It  is  brittle,  and  so  hard  as  to  cut  rock  crystal 
and  most  of  the  gems.  Specific  gravity  from  :)'71  to  4-18.  The  Chinese  variety  differs  f'jia 
the  Indian  in  containing  grains  of  magnetic  iron  ore  dissrminated  through  it,  in  being  gene- 
rally of  a  darker  colour,  and  having  externally  a  chatoyant  lustre ;  its  specific  gravity  is 
greater,  and  its  hardness  somewhat  inferior.     It  is  employed  to  polish  gems. 

ADJUSTMENT,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  settlement  of  a  loss  incurred  by  the 
insured. 

In  the  case  of  a  total  loss,  if  the  policy  be  an  ttpm  one,  the  insurer  is  obliged  to  pay  the 
goods  according  to  their ;7ri me  toBt,  that  is,  the  invoice  price,  and  all  duties  and  expenses  in- 
curred till  they  are  put  on  board,  including  the  premium  of  insiurance.  Whether  they  might 
have  arrived  at  a  good  or  a  bad  market,  b  held  by  the  law  of  England  to  be  immaterial.  The 
insurer  is  supposed  to  have  insured  a  constant  and  not  a  variable  sum ;  and  in  the  event  of  a 
loss  occurring,  the  insured  b  merely  to  be  put  into  the  same  situation  in  which  he  stood  be- 
fore the  transaction  began.  If  the  policy  bie  a  valued  one,  the  practice  is  to  adopt  the  valua- 
tion fixed  in  it  in  case  of  a  total  loss,  unless  the  insurers  can  show  that  the  insured  had  a 
colourable  interest  only,  or  that  the  goods  were  greatly  overvalued.  In  the  case  of  all  partial 
losses,  the  value  of  the  goods  must  be  proved. 

*'  The  nature  of  the  contract  between  the  insured  and  insurer  is,"  says  Mr.  Justice  Park, 
"  that  the  goods  shall  come  safe  to  the  port  of  delivery  ;  or,  if  they  do  not,  that  the  insurer 
will  indemnify  the  owner  to  the  amount  of  the  value  of  the  goods  stated  in  the  policy.  Wher- 
ever then  the  property  instured  is  lessened  in  value  by  damage  received  at  sea,  justice  is  done 
by  putting  the  merchant  in  the  same  condition  (relation  being  had  to  the  prime  cost  or  value 
in  the  policy)  in  which  he  would  have  been  had  the  goods  arrived  free  from  damage ;  that 
is,  by  paying  him  such  proportion  of  the  prime  cost  or  value  in  the  policy  as  corresponds 
with  the  proportion  of  the  diminution  in  value  occasioned  by  the  damage.  The  question 
then  is,  how  is  the  proportion  of  the  damage  to  be  ascertained  ?  It  certainly  cannot  be  by 
any  measure  taken  from  the  prime  cost ;  but  it  may  be  done  in  this  way : — Where  any  thing, 
as  a  hogshead  of  sugar,  happens  to  be  spoiled,  if  you  can  fix  whether  it  be  a  third,  a  fourth, 
or  a  fiiVh  worse,  than  the  damage  is  ascertained  to  a  mathematical  certainty.  How  is  tliis  to  be 
found  out  1  Not  by  any  price  at  the  port  of  shipment,  but  it  must  be  at  the  port  of  delivery, 
when  the  voyage  b  completed  and  the  whole  damage  known.  Whether  the  price  at  the  lat- 
jex  be  high  or  low,  it  is  the  same  thing ;  for  in  either  case  it  equally  shows  whether  the 
damaged  goods  are  a  third,  a  fourth,  or  a  fifth  worse  than  if  they  had  come  sound ;  conse- 
quently, whether  the  injury  sustained  be  a  third,  fourth,  or  fifth  of  the  value  of  the  thing. 


ADMEASUREMENT— ADMIRALTY  COURTS. 


And  M  the  inaurer  payi  the  whale  prime  coDt  if  the  thing  be  wholly  lout,  ao  if  it  be  only  a 
thiril,  fourth,  or  fifth  worse,  he  |iityt  •  third,  fourth,  or  fifth,  not  of  the  value  for  which  it  it 
lold,  but  of  the  value  ttuled  in  the  poliry.  And  when  no  valuation  ia  itateJ  in  the  policy, 
the  invoice  of  the  covt,  with  the  addition  of  all  charge,  and  the  premium  of  insurance,  shull  be 
the  foundation  upon  which  the  Ions  shall  be  computed." 

Thus,  su[ipose  a  policy  to  be  eflectcd  on  goods,  the  prime  coat  of  which,  all  ex{>cnse«  in< 
eluded,  amountjt  to  1,000/.;  and  suppone  further,  that  these  gotxls  would,  had  thty  safely 
renrhed  the  port  of  delivery,  have  brought  1,200/.,  but  that,  owing  to  damage  they  have  met 
with  in  the  voyage,  they  only  fetch  800/. ;  in  this  case  it  is  plain,  inanmuch  as  goods  that 
would  otherwise  have  b>r«n  worth  1,200/.  are  only  worth  800/.;  that  they  have  been  dcterior* 
ated  one-third,  and  hence  it  follows,  conformably  to  what  has  been  stated  above,  that  the  in- 
surer must  pay  one-third  of  their  ori'me  coit  (1,000/.),  or  393/.  6.«.  8</.to  the  insured. 

In  estimating  the  value  of  giKMs  at  the  port  of  delivery,  the  gruu  and  not  tlie  nett  proceeds 
of  the  sales  are  to  be  taken  as  the  standard. 

A  ship  is  valued  at  the  sum  she  ia  worth  at  the  time  she  sails  on  the  voyage  insured,  in- 
cluding the  ex|ienses  of  repairs,  the  value  of  her  furniture,  proviainns,  and  stores,  the  money 
advanced  to  the  sailors,  and,  in  general,  every  expense  of  the  outfit,  to  which  is  added  the  pre- 
mium of  insurance. 

When  an  adjustment  is  made,  it  is  usual  for  the  insurer  to  endorse  upon  the  policy  "ad- 
justed this  loss  at  (so  much)  per  cent,'*  payable  in  a  given  time,  generally  a  month,  and  to 
sign  it  with  the  initials  of  his  name.  This  is  considered  as  a  note  of  hand,  and  as  such  is 
priniA  fueie  evidence  of  the  debt,  not  to  be  shaken,  but  by  proving  that  fraud  was  used  in  ob- 
taining it,  or  that  there  was  some  misconception  of  the  law  or  the  fact  upon  which  it  was 
made.  See,  for  a  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  the  article  Marihb  Imburamcs,  Park 
on  the  Lnw  of  Insurance  (cap.  6.),  and  Marthalt  (book  i.  cap.  l4.).  ' 

[See  also  Kent's  Commen'arief,  Lecture  48. — Am.  Edt] 

ADMEASUREMENT.  See  Tonnaak. 

[ADMIRALTY  COURTS  have  authority  to  try  and  determine  all  maritime  causes,  or 
luch  injuries,  which,  though  they  are  in  thoir  nature  of  common  law  cognizance,  yet,  being 
committed  on  the  high  eeas,  out  of  the  reach  of  the  onlinary  courts  of  justice,  are  therefore  to 
be  remedied  in  a  peculiar  court  of  their  own.  When  the  court  of  admiralty  has  not  original 
jurisdiction  of  the  cause,  though  there  should  arise  in  it  a  question  that  is  pro[)cr  for  the 
cognizance  of  that  court,  yet  this  does  not  alter  or  take  away  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinary  courts  of  law.  And  so,  vice  versa,  if  it  has  jurisdiction  of  (he  original,  it  has  also 
jurisdiction  of  all  consequential  questions,  though  properly  determinable  nt  common  law. 

If  part  of  any  contract,  or  other  cause  of  action,  arises  upon  the  sea,  and  part  upon  the  land, 
the  common  law  excludes  the  admiralty  court  from  its  jurisdiction.  Seamen's  wages,  how- 
ever, though  the  contract  fur  them  be  made  upon  land,  as  is  nearly  always  the  ca^e,  are  re- 
garded as  a  proper  object  of  the  admiralty  jurisdiction ;  that  is,  provided  the  contract  be  to 
receive  their  wages  in  the  usual  manner,  and  be  not  under  seal. 

The  criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  admiralty  courts,  as  well  in  England  as  in  the  Uniltd 
States,  has  l>cen  conferred  upon  them  by  statute;  in  the  former  country  by  the  act  of  the  28th 
of  Henry  VIII.  c.  15.;  and  in  the  latter  by  the  judiciary  act  of  1789,  and  other  subsequent 
acts,  explaining  or  enlarging  its  provisions.  By  one  of  these  additional  acts  (that  of  182.')), 
the  jurisdiction  in  question  ia  made  to  comprehend  all  offences  which  "  shall  bie  committed  on 
board  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  to  any  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  United  States,  while 
lying  in  a  port  or  plac3  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  foreign  state  or  sovereign,"  by  any  per- 
son whose  offence,  if  committed  on  board  of  such  ship  or  vessel  on  the  high  seas  would  \>e 
cognizable  by  the  courtii  of  the  United  States ;  provided,  "  that  if  such  oflendcr  shall  bo  tried 
for  such  offence,  and  acquitted  or  convicted  thereof,  in  any  competent  court  of  such  foreign 
state  or  sovereign,  he  shall  not  i-:  subject  to  another  trial."  This  act  also  provides  that  the 
admiralty  jurisdiction  shall  extend,  or  it  is  perhaps  more  proper  to  say  that  it  assumes  that  such 
jurisdiction  does  actually  extend,  to  certain  crimes  committed  "  in  any  arm  of  the  sea,  or  in 
any  river,  haven,  creek,  basin,  or  bay  "  of  the  United  States,  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  any 
particular  state. 

In  case  of  prizes  in  time  of  war  between  our  own  nation  and  another,  or  between  two 
other  nations,  which  are  taken  at  sea  and  brought  into  our  ports,  the  courts  of  admiralty  have 
an  exclusive  jurisdiction  to  determine  the  same  according  to  the  law  of  nations.  I'he  prize 
jurisdiction  extends  also  to  captures  made  in  foreign  ports,  and  to  all  captures  mode  on  land 
by  any  force  or  armament,  should  a  portion  of  it  partake  of  a  naval  character. 

The  court  of  admiralty  in  England  is  held  before  the  lord  high  admiral,  or  his  deputy, 
who  is  called  the  judge  of  the  court,  for  the  trial  of  civil  causes,  which  are  determined  by  the 
judge  without  the  aid  of  a  jury.  The  proceedings  bear  much  resemblance  to  those  of  the 
civil  law,  but  are  not  entirely  founded  thereon ;  and  the  court  likewise  adopte  and  makes  use 
of  other  laws,  as  occasion  requires ;  such  as  the  Rhodian  laws  and  the  laws  of  Olcron ;  the 
whole  being  corrected,  altered,  and  amended,  by  acts  of  parliament  and  common  usage,  and 
a  body  of  jurisprudence  being  thus  formed,  which  owes  its  authority  only  to  its  reception  by 
consent  of  the  crown  and  people. 


i|    ' 


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t  ,!     V  > 


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■'Ml  "I 


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1  ■! 


t  ADVANCE— AGIO. 

For  tlin  trini  of  pmnns  chari^Hl  with  the  roinmisHioii  of  rrimn«,  thrcn  or  four  commiMionert 
(amonit  whom  two  common  law  jiul|{i>«  are  uiunlly  a|>)iohite(l)  aro  added  to  the  admiral  or 
hia  di*(intv ;  and  nn  iiwlictmont  being  Ant  found  l)y  a  grand  jury  of  twelve  men,  tliey  aro  to 
be  tried  liy  a  [M*tit  jury.    The  procucdinun  ihould  l>e  according  to  the  luwii  of  the  land. 

Admiralty  jurimliftii...  in  tlie  United  Htatcs  in  vented  in  the  federni  court*,  and  i»  cxerciaed 
by  them  on  principica  altot^thor  analoi^oun  to  those  by  which  the  EiiKliah  courti  of  admiralty 
are  glided.  Uy  tlie  act  of  1789,  IwfDn;  referred  to,  the  trial  of  all  cuuhci  shall  Ihj  by  jury, 
cxceptini;  civil  cauMw  of  admiralty  or  maritimfl  juriHdiction.  Bee  Uldckslime'a  Ctimmenla- 
rie;  book  3.  c.  fi  and  7.  and  book  4.  c  19.  Altto  Kent's  Coinmenlaries,  Lecture  17. — Am, 
Ell.] 

ADVANCE  implies  money  paid  before  Koods  are  drliverctl,  or  upon  consif^nment.  It  is 
Usual  with  merchants  to  advonco  from  a  half  to  two-thirdii  of  the  value  of  goods  consignttd 
to  them,  on  being  required,  on  their  receiving  invoice,  bill  of  lading,  orders  to  insure  them 
from  sen  rink,  &c. 

ADVERTISEMENT,  in  its  general  sense,  is  any  information  as  to  any  fact  or  circum- 
stance  that  has  occurred,  or  is  expected  to  occur;  but,  in  a  commercial  sense,  it  is  under- 
stood to  relate  only  to  specific  intimations  with  respect  to  the  sale  of  articles,  the  foriimtion 
and  dissolution  of  partnrrtihipM,  bankruptcies,  meetings  of  creditors,  &c.  Until  liiHt  year,  a 
duty  of  34, 6(/,  was  charged  upon  every  advertisement,  long  or  short,  inserted  in  the  VtvijaHe, 
or  m  any  newspaper,  or  literary  work  published  in  parts  or  nuinbem.  This  duty  addctl 
about  100  per  cent  to  the  cost  of  advertising,  for  the  charge  (exclusive  of  the  duty)  for 
inserting  an  advertisement  of  the  ordinary  length  in  the  newspa|N>rH  rarely  exi-.<!<<ds  3«, 
or  4«.     In  1832,  the  duty  produced  155,401/.  in  Ureut  Britain,  and  15,!249/.  in  In^land. 

Lfiit  your  (1633)  the  duty  nn  sdvertfiiements  was  redurnil  to  Xn.tid.;  snd  tlilii,  we  Imvr  iiDilmilit,  will 
occnvinn  ■iicli  an  incrcnie  of  ndvertliing  ns  to  pruvent  tli«  revvntiu  (Viini  Im-Iiik  niiiteriiilly  iiijoti-d  hy 
the  reduction,  Uut,  innteitd  of  being  modified  merely,  this  \»  n  duty  thiit  niiciit  tn  he  wlmlly  ropealvd. 
Its  nperiitlon  is  necca^iurily  must  unequal,  and,  in  mnny  inntuncen,  nintit  iipiiri'iiKlve.  (.'nn  luiy  thinf 
l)R  miirc  glnriiisly  unjiiat  thnn  to  inipnie  the  ■nnie  duty  nn  n  niitire  of  the  puhllriitlon  nf  :i  sixpenny 
piiniphlet,  or  ol'a  nvrviint  huing  nut  of  pince,  us  on  nn  iiiliumtlonnf  tliRs.il'  of  a  vnliiiililu  eiiliiKt  I  B:it 
as  it  is  iilt(i|!uth<;r  impossible  In  Impose  the  duty  on  nn  ad  valorrm  principle,  tliis  iiiJiiHlici!  ciiiinnt  be 
obviated  so  lona:  ns  it  is  maintained.  In  a  cnnmierciul  country,  a  duty  nn  iiilverliseriients  l«  perulinrly 
nhJectionnhlR,  ihnsmuch  ns  it  chocks  the  circulntinn  nf  Infnrnmlion  of  much  iniportniice  l«  mercniitiiu 
men.  Wo,  therefore,  hope  Hint  this  unjust  und  imixilitic  liix  m:iy  be  speedily  Klvun  up.  lis  alinnilori- 
iiient  wnuld  not  cause  uny  diminution  nf  revenue  ;  for  it  is  iibuiidnntly  certiiin  t'liit  its  Iiihs  wuiiiil  be 
more  thnn  made  up  by  the  increased  productiveness  nf  the  duties  on  paper  unU  newspaper  stumps 
For  an  account  of  the  operation  of  the  stamp  duty  on  literature,  sea  Uouks. 

ADVICE  is  usually  given  by  one  merchant  or  banker  to  another  hi/  kller,  informing 
him  of  the  bills  or  drafls  drawn  <  n  him,  with  all  particulars  of  date,  or  sight,  the  sum,  to 
whom  miule  payable,  &c  Where  bills  appear  for  acce[itanco  or  payment,  they  are 
frequently  refused  to  be  honoured  for  want  of  advice.  It  i.s  also  necessary  to  give  advice, 
aa  it  prevents  forgeries :  if  a  merchant  accept  or  pay  a  bill  for  the  honour  of  any  other 
person,  ho  is  bound  to  adviae  him  thereof,  and  this  should  always  be  done  under  an  act  of 
fwnonr  by  a  notary  public 

AGARIC,  a  fungus  growing  on  the  trunks  of  trec.4.  That  produced  in  the  Levant  from 
the  larch  is  accounted  the  best  It  is  brought  into  the  shop;)  in  irregular  pieces  of  different 
magnitudes,  of  a  chalky  whiteness,  and  very  light.  Th':;  licst  is  easily  cut  with  a  knife,  is 
friable  between  the  fingers,  and  has  no  hard,  gritty,  or  coloured  veins^  It  is  used  in  medicine 
and  dyeing. — (Lewi.i,  Mat.  Med.) 

AGATE  (popularly  CoRNKLi&ir),  (Oer.  ^IcW,-  T>\i.  Achaaf,-  Tr.A'^iite,-  It.  Af^atii; 
Rus.  Agati  Lat.  Achate*).  A  genus  of  semi-pellucid  gems,  so  called  from  tho  Greek 
a^t-Tf,  becauiie  originally  found  on  the  banks  of  the  river  of  thnt  name  in  Italy.  It  is  never 
wholly  opaijuo  like  jasper,  nor  transparent  as  quartz-crystal ;  it  takes  a  very  high  polish, 
and  its  opaque  parts  usually  present  the  appearance  of  dots,  eyes,  veins,  zones,  or  band^. 
Its  colours  aro  yellowish,  reddish,  bluish,  milk-white,  honey-orange,  or  ocrire-ycllow.  Ilesh- 
blood,  or  brick-red,  reddish-brown,  violet-blue,  ami  brownish-green.  It  is  found  in  irregular 
rounded  nodules,  from  tho  size  of  a  pin's  head  to  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter.  The 
lapidaries  distinguish  agates  according  to  the  colour  of  their  ground;  the  finer  semi-trans- 
parent kinds  being  termt^  oriental.  The  most  beautiful  a^iilci  found  in  Great  Britain  are 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Scotch  peb'iku,  and  arc  met  with  in  different  parts  of 
Scotland,  but  principally  on  the  mountain  of  Cairngarm;  whence  they  are  sometimes 
termed  Cairngorms.  The  German  agates  are  the  largest  Some  very  fine  ones  have  been 
brought  from  Siberia  and  Ceylon.  They  are  found  in  great  plenty  at  tho  eastern  extremity 
of  the  settlement  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  and  are  still  met  with  in  Italy.  But  the 
principal  mines  of  agate  are  situated  in  the  little  principality  of  Rajpepla,  in  the  province  of 
Gujrat,  fourteen  miles  distant  from  the  city  of  Broach,  where  they  are  cut  into  beads, 
crosses,  snuff-boxes,  &c.  They  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities  to  other  parts  of 
India,  and  to  this  countr";  and  hence,  perhaps,  the  jewellers'  term  "  broach." 

AGENT.    See  Fact'ob. 

AGIO,  a  term  used  to  express  the  difference,  in  point  of  value,  between  metallic  and 
paper  money;  or  between  one  sort  of  metallic  money  and  another. 


ALABA8TB 

Aliihmlritet), 
founded  two  mi 
from  each  other 
The  former,  wh« 
of  receiving  a  p 
siisreptible  of  a  ] 
it  is  not  so  hard 
used  in  statuary 
oriental.  Spain 
papal  states,  is  ir 
Franco  and  Gerr 

ALCOHOL ( 
Splrilii  di  Vino, 
and  subse(|uent  i 
and  from  none  1 
sharp,  pcnetratin 
whether  obtained 
The  specific  gra^ 
1,000;  but  tho  St 
shops  is  about  '6 
boils  at  174°.  It 
in  medicine  and 

ALDER,  the 
parts  of  Europe, 
attains  to  a  very 
hence  it  is  mud 
purposes  where  i 
damp;  and  whe 
yellow,  of  differe 
of  tho  same  coloi 
Carpentry.) 

ALE  and  BEl 
which  is  extracte 
undergone  the  pr 

1.  Hislorieai  1 
antiquity.  Heroi 
fermented  firom  bi 
into  Greece  and  I 
these  countries, 
the  North  of  Eu 
of  Tacitus  (Mori 
West  of  Europe 
water  (frtige  ma 
Spain,  and  other 
perties  are  everyi 
well  that  it  will  k 
gratifying  their  \ 
itself  intoxicate." 
atcly  fond  of  beer 
raents  of  the  hen 
&c.)  The  man 
the  laws  of  Ina, '. 
for  a  royal  banqui 
of  the  Norman  pi 
in  1272,  that  a  bi 
three  or  four  galh 

Tho  use  of  hi 
iivention.  Thej 
fourteenth  centur 
years  afterwards, 
enjoined  brewers 
nttentinn  was  paii 
(B'^ckiniinn's  Hi. 
ale  more  palatalili 
being  kept  much 
a  much  larger  qua 


ALABASTER—ALE  AND  DEER. 


ALABASTER  (Ger.  Abbatler,  It  Alabiulro,  Fr.  AMtret  Rua.  Ahhruin  L%\. 
Alnhantrite*),  A  kind  of  ttone  reMmbling  marlile,  but  lonor.  Under  thia  name  are  con> 
founded  two  ininerala,  tlie  gypuoui  and  ealeareim*  olabnatera ;  thny  are  wholly  (iiktincl 
from  each  other  when  pure,  but  in  aome  of  the  varieliei  are  occaaionally  mixed  togother. 
The  former,  when  of  a  white,  or  yellowiah,  or  greeniah  colour,  aemi-tranapnrcnt,  and  capable 
of  receiving  a  polish,  ia  employed  by  atatuariea.  It  ia  very  easily  worke<1,  but  it  ia  not 
fuarcptible  of  a  polish  equal  to  marble.  Calcareoua  alabaster  ia  heavier  than  the  former ; 
it  ia  not  so  hard  as  marble,  but  ia  notwithatandiniK  ausccptible  of  a  good  poliHh,  and  is  more 
UM>il  in  statuary.  The  statuaries  distinguish  alabaster  into  two  sorts,  the  common  and 
orirntul.  Spain  and  Italy  yield  the  best  alabaster.  That  produced  at  Montania,  in  tha 
pnpiil  states,  is  in  the  highest  esteem  for  ita  beautiful  whiteness.  Inferior  sorts  are  found  in 
Fninoo  and  Germany.    Alabaster  is  wrought  into  tables,  vases,  statues,  chimney-pieces,  t/,c. 

AF.COHOL  (ahubiit  bpiiiit),  (Fr.  Ei^pril  de  Vin ;  Ger.  Wviitgtinl ;  It.  S/iirilo  nrdenle, 
Spirlto  di  Vino,  Acjuarxente),  the  name  given  to  the  pure  tpirit  obtainable  by  distilliition, 
and  Hubse(iuent  rectification,  from  all  liquors  that  have  undergone  the  vinous  fermentation, 
and  from  none  but  such  as  are  susceptible  of  it  It  is  light  transparent  colourless,  of  a 
sharp,  penetrating,  agreeable  amell,  and  a  warm  stimulating  tasU).  It  is  quite  the  same, 
whether  obtained  from  brandy,  wine,  whiskey,  or  any  other  fluid  which  has  been  fermented. 
The  specific  gravity  of  alcohol  when  perfectly  pure  is  from  -YQS  to  -800,  that  of  water  being 
1,000;  but  the  strongest  spirit  afforded  by  more  distillation  is  abi<ut-8S0;  alcohol  of  the 
(hops  is  about  '835  or  '840.  Alcohol  cannot  be  frozen  by  any  known  degree  of  cold.  It 
boils  at  174°.  It  is  the  only  dissolvent  of  many  resinous  substancca ;  and  is  extcntiivuiy  used 
in  medicine  and  the  arta. — (Dri,  A,  T.  Thomgun,  Ure,  ^r,) 

ALDER,  the  Betnla  alnun  of  botanists,  a  forest  tree  abundant  in  England  and  most 
parts  of  Europe.  It  thrives  best  in  marshy  grounds,  and  on  the  banks  of  rivers.  It  rarely 
attains  to  a  very  great  size ;  ita  wood  ia  extremely  durable  in  water  or  in  wet  grouml ;  and 
hence  it  is  much  used  for  piles,  planking,  pumps,  pipes,  sluices,  and  generally  for  all 
purposes  where  it  is  kept  conHtantly  wet  It  soon  rots  when  exposed  to  the  weather  or  to 
damp ;  and  when  dry,  it  is  much  subject  to  worms.  The  colour  of  the  wood  is  reddish 
yellow,  of  diflerent  shades,  and  nearly  uniform.  Texture  very  uniform,  with  larger  septa 
of  the  same  colour  as  the  wood.  It  ia  soft,  and  works  easily. — (Tredguld'a  Principlea  of 
Carpentry.'^ 

ALE  and  BEER,  well-known  and  extensively  used  fermented  liquors,  the  principle  of 
which  is  extracted  from  several  sorts  of  grain,  but  most  commonly  from  barley,  after  it  has 
undergone  tho  process  termed  malting. 

I.  Historical  Notice  of  Ak  and  Beer. — ^The  manufacture  of  ale  or  beer  is  of  very  high 
antiquity.  Herodotus  tells  us,  that  owing  to  tho  want  of  wine,  the  Egyptians  drank  a  liquor 
fermented  from  barley  (lib.  iL  cap.  77.).  The  use  of  it  was  also  very  anciently  introduced 
into  Greece  and  Italy,  though  it  does  not  appear  to  have  ever  been  very  extensively  used  in 
these  countries.  Mead,  or  metheglin,was  probably  the  earliest  intoxicating  liquor  known  in 
tho  North  of  Europe.  Ale  or  beer  was,  however,  in  common  use  in  Germany  in  the  time 
of  Tacitus  {Marib.  Germ,  cap.  23.).  *'  All  the  nations,"  says  Pliny,  "  who  inhabit  the 
West  of  Europe  have  a  liquor  with  which  they  intoxicate  themselves,  made  of  com  and 
water  (frtige  madida).  The  manner  of  making  this  liquor  is  somewhat  diflerent  in  Gaul, 
Spain,  and  other  countries,  and  it  is  called  by  many  various  names ;  but  its  nature  and  pro* 
perties  are  everywhere  tho  same.  The  people  of  Spain,  in  particular,  brew  Uiis  liquor  ao 
well  that  it  will  keep  good  for  a  long  time.  So  exquixite  is  the  ingenuity  of  mankind  in 
gratifying  their  vicious  appetites,  that  they  have  thus  invented  a  method  to  make  water 
itself  intoxicate." — {Hi»t.  Nat,  lib.  xiv.  cap.  82.)  The  Saxons  and  Danes  were  passion- 
ately fond  of  beer ;  and  the  drinking  of  it  was  supposed  to  form  one  of  the  principal  enjoy- 
ments of  the  heroes  admitted  to  the  hall  of  Odin. — (Mallei's  Northern  Antiquities,  cap.  6, 
&c.)  The  manufacture  of  alo  was  early  introduced  into  England.  It  is  mentioned  in 
the  laws  of  Ina,  King  of  Wessex ;  and  is  particularly  specified  among  the  liquors  provided 
for  a  royal  banquet  in  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  It  was  customary  in  the  reigns 
of  the  Norman  princes  to  regulate  the  price  of  ale ;  and  it  was  enacted,  by  a  statute  passed 
in  1272,  that  a  brewer  should  be  allowed  to  sell  two  gallons  of  ale  for  a  penny  in  cities,  and 
three  or  four  gallons  for  the  same  price  in  the  country. 

Tho  use  of  hops  in  the  manufacture  of  ale  and  beer  seems  to  have  been  a  German 
iivention.  They  were  used  in  the  breweries  of  the  Netherlands,  in  tho  beginning  of  tho 
fourteenth  century  ;  but  they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  introduced  into  England  till  200 
years  afterwards,  or  till  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  In  1530,  Henry  VIII. 
enjoined  brewers  not  to  put  hops  into  their  ale.  It  would,  however,  a])pear  that  but  little 
attrntinn  was  paid  to  this  order;  for  in  1552  hop  plantations  had  begun  to  be  formed. — 
{B''ckmann's  Hist.  Invevl.  vol.  iv.  pp.  336 — 341.  Eng.  ed.)  The  addition  of  hops  renders 
alo  more  palatable,  by  giving  it  an  a>^reeable  bitter  taste,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  fits  it  for 
being  kept  much  longer  without  injury.  Generally  speaking,  »he  English  brewers  employ 
a  much  larger  quantity  of  hops  than  the  Scotch.    The  latter  are  in  the  hal  it  of  ubmg,  ia  brew 


'•'.;!• 


M: 


r  ; 


A 


111**!!) 


f  f, 


11 


V 


!      I 


10 


MiHf  ^LE  AND  BEER.  •"•  "' 


inir  tlio  fine  Edinburgh  ale,  t'rora  •  pound  to  •  pound  snd  >  b«lf  of  hopi  fur  every  builifl  of 
Utah. 

9.  D'mtinttion  httwttn  Alt  and  Rttr,  or  Purler,r—TM»  dbtinetion  Hm  bc«n  My  eluci* 
(Utad  by  Dr.  Thomu  Thumaon,  in  hi*  Taluabl*  artiula  on  Brewing,  in  Uie  Ouppletnciil  to 
lh«  E  icyrlo|NB)lia  Uritannira :— "  Both  ala  and  bear  ara  in  Great  Britain  obtaininl  by  fer- 
mrntotiim  from  the  malt  of  barley  ;  but  th«y  dlfler  IVom  each  other  in  aevpral  (tarticulara. 
Ale  iif  lii{ht-4-olourfd,  brisk,  and  aweetiah.  or  at  Ivoat  firaa  from  bill<iri  while  bevr  in  dark* 
<H>liiuri>d,  bitter,  and  much  leva  hri«k.  What  ia  called  porler  in  KnKland  i*  a  »\)tvW»  of 
br«<r;  and  tbn  t«rm  "porter"  at  proaent  •ifnillee  what  wan  formerly  called  $lrtmn  ttetr. 
'i'he  oriitinal  dillnrcnce  between  ale  and  brer  wo*  owinK  to  the  malt  from  which  thoy  wvro 
|irrimri'd.  Ale  malt  waa  dried  at  a  very  low  hfat,  and  conMt|uently  waa  of  a  pule  ctttoiir; 
whdo  btMir  or  imrter  malt  waa  dried  at  a  higher  temperature,  and  had  of  cotiiei|ui'nci<  acquired 
a  brown  colour,  Thii  iiici|iiciit  charring  hiid  dovolopeil  a  peculiar  and  aKrrcnIilo  billvr 
tUNte,  which  waa  communicated  to  the  beer  abmR  with  the  dark  colour.  'I'lii*  bitter 
tiute  rendered  l«or  mure  aureeabla  to  the  palate,  and  leaa  injurioua  to  the  conatitution  titan 
ale.  It  waa  consequently  manufactured  in  greater  quantities,  and  ooon  became  the  common 
drink  of  tlie  lower  ranks  in  England.  When  malt  became  high  jiriced,  in  coniwquenco  of 
the  heavy  tuxea  laid  upon  it,  and  the  great  increase  in  the  price  of  barley  which  took  place 
during  the  war  of  the  Prencit  revolution,  the  brewers  found  out  that  a  greater  quantity  of  wort 
of  a  given  strength  could  be  prepared  from  pale  malt  thon  from  brown  malt.  'I'he  conse- 
quen(«  wus  that  pale  malt  was- substituted  for  brown  malt  in  the  brewing  of  porter  and  lieer. 
We  lilt  imt  rntan  that  the  whole  malt  employed  was  pole,  but  a  comiidoralile  proportion  of 
it.  The  wort,  ot°cuurw\  waa  much  paler  than  before;  and  it  wanted  that  agreeable  bittor 
flavour  wliii'h  characterized  porter,  and  made  it  so  much  relished  by  muat  palutea.  'i'he 
porter  brewers  endeavoured  to  remedy  these  defecta  by  several  artificial  ailditiuiis.  At  the 
anme  tiine  various  substitutra  were  tried  to  supply  the  plare  of  the  agrecublo  bitter  com- 
municated to  porter  by  the  use  of  brown  malt  (juossia,  cucrulua  indiciis.and  we  believo 
even  o|iiuin,  were  einfiloyed  in  succession :  but  none  of  them  waii  found  to  answer  the 
purpose  Hiiinciently.  Whether  the  use  of  these  substances  be  still  p'rwvered  in  we  do  n6t 
know  ;  but  we  rather  believe  thot  they  are  not,  at  least  by  the  London  porter  brewers." 

3.  Aifultf.rution  of  Ale  and  Bttr—i^ubHlHulwn  of  Raw  Uruinfw  Mall, — The  use  of  the 
articles  other  thitn  mult,  referred  to  by  Dr.  Thoiniton.  has  been  expressly  forbidden,  under  heavy 
penalties,  by  repeated  acts  of  parliament  The  act  66  Geo.  3.  o.  68,  ha*  tiie  following  clauses : — 

"  Nn  hrowiT  or  ilHiilcr  In  or  rrtnili>r  iirbwar  »hall  receive  nr  liiive  In  his  noisnMiiin, nr  makii,  or  use, 
nr  mix  willi,  nr  |>iil  iiilci  iiny  wortH  or  lioi-r,  iiiiy  liiiuor,  extract,  ciilx,  or  otliur  iiiiitnriul  or  |)ri)|)iiriitioii 
I'or  till*  piir|io«f  ol'durkmliii  llm  ciiloiir  of  «vortii  or  beert  nr  any  lli\iior,  extriicl,  calx,  or  oiIht  niate- 
rliil  nr  prii|iarulon  oihor  tliun  brown  malt,  crnunil  or  nngroiinit,  an  commonly  iidhiI  in  hrewlnxi  ur 
shnll  roci'ivi',  or  hiivi>  In  hli  pnisamlon,  or  u«h,  or  mix  with,  or  put  into  uny  worts  nr  bet^r,  any  nio- 
IntSHi,  lionny.  lli|iiorice,  vUrlol,  quaom.  em-culus  iiidicuR.  Kriilna  of  piiruillsi!,  (iiilnni  pnppcr,  or  opium, 
or  nny  I'Mriirt  or  prii|mr:itlon  of  nioliminii,  lionuy,  lli|iiorii'«,  vllrlnl,  qiiiiHulH,  rnccuhis  imliriii,  grains 
of  pariiiliHH,  nitlnitii  pi'ppcr,  or  nplnm,  or  any  artirU  or  preparntion  uliiitiotoer  fur  or  lu  n  tubiiilule  fur 
mall  or  hupt,  upon  |iulu  tltnt  nil  suvh  liquor,  extrnct,  cnix,  nuilimes,  hiniey,  vltrlul,  qunsalu,  roiculus 
inilli'ui4,  !ir:iinii  of  p.iruilUu,  (•iiiiiHit  P'MM*''',  o|iliun,  extrnct  urliilu,  nnil  prcpurutlon  us  nforc^mild,  nnil 
alsio  tliH  »nM  «voriri  iiiiil  liecr,  ohiill  bu  forfi'ltiMl,  toxethi-r  wltli  the  caska,  v«Kai!tn,  nr  othi^r  pnrkitircs, 
ami  innv  Iih  «i-I>'.iiiI  Iiv  nnyoincnrnf  i-xcis<i  t  and  iiicli  brewer  of,  deuler  in,  or  reiniler  nf  beer,  so  ofl'enU- 
int,  sIinII  for  eich  mTnce  flirfeit  atXM. 

"  No  drux^jHt,  or  vender  of  or  dealer  In  drufs,  or  chomitt,  orotller  person  whatever,  shnll  soil,  send 
or  deliver  lonny  licensed  hriiwnr  of,  or  deiili-r  in.  or  retailer  of  beer,  knowing  him  to  lie  so  licenied,  nr 
fpputi'd  III  bi>  »n  llivysed,  or  to  nny  nthnr  p'-mon  for,  nr  nn  ncrimnt  of,  nr  In  trust  (ur,  or  for  the  ui*e  nf 
such  brewiir,  dcnli^r,  or  retailer,  any  colunrin;,  I'roni  whJitevur  muteriul  made,  or  any  other  inaturial 
nr  prep'iration  oihisr  Ihun  ungrouni  braipn  null,  for  the  purpose  of  darkening  the  rnloiir  of  worls  or 
hi!i>r  ;  or  nny  liquor  or  prepurntion  heretoforn  ur  hereafier  ninde  use  nf  for  durkenlnj;  tlie  cnlnnr  nf 
worts  or  liecr,  or  any  moloafiuK  nr  other  art It'led,  ns  mentioned  In  the  Arst  section,  for  or  asn  ■uhatilute 
fnr  mall  or  hopa  reiipectiviily  ;  and  If  any  (lriii;i;lHt,  or  vender  of  nr  doiiler  in  druxx,  or  any  choinim,  or 
nther  prrann  wliatflver,  shtill  so  do,  nil  such  liquor  cnlli-d  colouring,  and  amierlul  nr  preparation  fur 
the  purpiiflii  nfiiri'snid,  and  liquor  and  preparntinn  used  for  darkening  the  ctdnnr  nf  worts  or  beer,  ino> 
In^iHes,  and  nrticle  nr  preparntlim  to  be  used  an  a  sniMtltiita  fhr  mitll  or  liop*,  shall  be  forfeited,  nnd  may 
he  iiei'/.eil  bv  any  olllcer  of  excise  ;  and  the  drugcist,  vender,  dealer,  cliomlst,  or  othui  person  so  unend- 
ing, slinll  forfi'it  MK)/." 

Ry  the  net  I  Will.  4.  e.  M,  (hr  the  repeal  of  the  nie  nnd  beer  duties.  It  Is  enacted  ()I"),  "  that  no 
brewer  shnll  have  In  his  brewery,  nr  In  any  part  of  Ills  entered  premises,  or  in  any  mill  connected  with 
such  browery,  any  raw  or  unm»ltrid  corn  ur  grain  t  nnd  ull  unuiultud  corn  or  grain  which  shnll  be 
found  in  suili  brewing  prcmiiiefi  or  mill,  and  nil  malted  corn  nr  grain  with  which  such  uninaltcd  rnrn 
nr  grain  may  have  hnen  mixed,  ahnll  be  forfeited,  and  may  he  seized  by  any  officer,  tngether  with  all 
veHaelH  or  pricknirxa  in  wliich  aurh  raw  or  unnialled  corn  or  grain  ahali  he  contained,  ur  in  which  aiictl 
iinninlted  corn  or  grain,  and  the  malted  corn  nr  grain  with  which  the  same  may  have  been  mixed,  shall 
be  contained ;  and  every  brewer  shall  for  every  auch  offence  Airfeit  200{." 

4.  DfKcrlplioni  of  Ale  and  Be.er, — Previously  to  1823,  there  were  only  two  sort*  of  beer 
allowed  to  be  brewed  in  England,  viz.  strong  beer,  that  is,  beer  of  the  value  of  1&>.  and  up- 
wards the  barrel,  exclusive  of  the  duty  ;  and  small  beer,  or  beer  of  the  value  of  loss  than 
16x.  a  barrel,  exclusive  of  the  duty.  In  1823,  however,  an  act  was  passed  (4  Geo.  4.  c.  61,) 
authorizing  the  brewing,  under  certain  conditions,  of  an  intermediate  beer.  But  this  sort 
of  beer  was  either  not  suited  to  the  public  taste,  or,  which  is  more  probable,  the  restrictions 

aid  on  the  brewers  deterred  them  from  engaging  extensively  in  it*  manufacture. 
This  limitation  and  classification  of  the  dUTerent  aorts  of  ale  and  beer,  according  to  their 


strength,  originati 
•d,  ale  and  l<cer  n 

ft.  keifittulioni 
d.ities  these  rrgul 
iiitering  the  pren 
pre iNtration  of  the 
without  having  m 
300/. ;  and  all  th 
lun,  are  forfeiti'd, 
every  such  olli'ijc 

A.  License  Dm 
and  licer,  under  t 
year*  18211  and  1 


Onmmnn  brewers 
Exceeding    30  am 

—  SO 

—  100 

—  1,000 

—  9,(NI0 

—  A.INNI 

—  7,500 

—  lO.IMK) 

—  ai.lKN) 

—  nii.uoo 

Rxriii'dlug 
llrrwerH  oflnhlM  I 
Kxceeding^l)  mid 

—  W) 
Exrnerling 
Hetail  iirewera  of 

The  great  Increns 
altolilionof  tile  huei 

N.  II.    The  harre 
(I  Will.  4.  r.  51.  «  7. 
cording  to  ilie  malt 
«H«  barrel  of  beer  fo 

Arconiit  nf  the  Niioi 
drunk  on  and  off! 
land,  Mcolland,  ai 


OillKtiom. 

1 

Kngland 
Scotland 
Irelnud 

2,0»< 
91-J 
919 

{.'nitwl  Kinc<loin. 

'i,58t1 

It  is  enacted,  (t  V 
than  four  nnd  a  hnll 
preinlscH  where  soli 

7.  Proffrestive 
classes  of  Englan 
necessary  of  life  a 
no  means  by  whic 
to  the  reign  of  CI 
a  barrel  on  small  i 
farmed  until  1081 
oscertaining  the  p 
duty  cannot  be  s[i 
ployed  by  govern 
iieer  on  which  du 
that,  at  an  averag 
charged  with  dutj 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


II 


ttrcngth,  nriginatcil  In  the  iluliM  laid  upon  them ;  •ml  now  that  thrfw  ilutlciihivA  biwn  rrpt'uU 
•cl,  air  ami  licer  may  bt  tiraweJ  of  any  degrM  of  atrangth.    Thia  ia  an  imnirnMi  ailvantni{r. 

ft.  lirifutulioni  at  to  Ihe  Manufuelurt  uf  Ak  and  Bttr. — binco  tho  aliolition  of  ihv  ht-iT 
ili.tira  thaae  rrgulationa  ara  vary  few  and  aimple;  and  conaiat  only  in  lakinK  out  a  lixn^it, 
iiitt-riiig  the  promiMM,  and  abataining  from  the  ua«  of  any  article,  other  than  ninll,  in  Ihe 
|iri<)>aration  oftho  lieer.  A  brewer  uaing  any  place  or  miwh-tun,  for  the  |iur|>(iM!  of  lir«'wiiii{, 
without  hnving  nmde  an  miry  thereof  at  the  neareat  exciite  oflice,  1<)rft>itii  fur  every  miuIi  uH'i  mo 
300/. ;  anil  all  the  worta,  beer,  and  materiala  for  making  the  aame,  t0K«>iher  with  the  inaHli- 
tun,  are  forffited,  and  may  Iw  aeized  hy  any  officer.  Drewera  tibatrueting  otAcera  ahull,  lor 
evury  aiich  olR'ncc,  forfeit  lO"/.— (1  Will.  ■<   c  ftl.  S  S  !»,  160 

0.  lAeeiise  IMitt. — Number  of  Brnotn, — The  liccnae  dtitlee  payable  by  bnwera  of  nl« 


and  licer,  under  the  ai '  0  Geo.  4.  O  I 
yeara  18UU  and  Wi'i  m    m  followa  :- 


and  the  nuinbera  of  auch  lieenaea  granted  durini^  the 


Niimlii-ro 

ri.li'iinii'ii 

fli(r(»  rharged 
fur  l.lcriii»i'«. 

rrnii(tid.           1 

IKto. 

1839. 

£      :    d. 

Cnmmnn  brewer*  nf  itrong  iMcr,  not  oicRPdlni  90  barrela 

n   10  « 

9.SM 

S.flOS 

ExcKtiitliig    90  and  not  niceedinr  M  harrela     - 

1      0    0 

4.H7I 

((."(f 

—        sn           —           imi  —        .      . 

1     10    0 

fi,(IM7 

U,l«9 

—           UK)                 —              l,()0()    —            .         . 

3      U    0 

11, .Ills 

10,^«* 

—       I.IWIO               —            S,000    — 

S      0    0 

9!i7 

nio 

—       9,{KI0                —            8,(100    —            .        - 

7     10    0 

9IU 

4HH 

—      A.tNNI              —            7, MM    —           .        . 

11      5    0 

0.1 

191 

—       7,5(10                —           l(»,(MIO    —            .        . 

15      (t    0 

91 

71 

—     1<I,(MI0                —          9n,(HKl    —            .        . 

30      0    0 

39 

N» 

—     S(),(IO0                —           80,(KI0    —            .        . 

4A      0    0 

9 

93 

—    ni),(joo           —       4n.iNio  — 

fiO      0    0 

3 

0 

ExriH'dlim        -        .         -         4U,IMH)    — 

7S      0    0 

19 

in 

llrrwiTH  DrinlilH  lifttr  only,  iint  i-xt'iM'tlliiK  30  barrel* 

0     10    0 

m 

91 

KxcKedlnit  90  mid  iKit  HXCKHdlng  fiO  iNirrcl* 

1       0    0 

H 

l» 

—         £pO                 —               IlKt      —            -        . 

1     10    0 

13 

Vi 

E\reoilin|t      ..•-100—           •• 

3      0    0 

III 

97 

Ki-tiill  lircwcm  of  RlrniiRliei'r    .       -       .       .       . 

9      3    0 

l.'JTO 

.Ml 

Till-  cri'iil  liicri<niui  in  the  ntiiiilu'r  oi'lirewcr*  In  1H39,  ni  cnnipiirnd  nllli  Ib'W,  In  (n  l>i> iipi ribud  to  the 
alinllliiiiiortlii-  beer  diitii.'i  In  1H30.    The  liicnmiiH  alncn  Ih39  hiiH  not  been  vi-rv  iiiiiti'rial. 

N.  11.  Thi!  hurrri  I'oiitiilnii  30  iriillniiii,  or  4nrkliiiioru  irnlloiia  ciicb,  lin|M:rii'f  Mt'iiiiiiri'.  Il  Ih  tiiiiii'tid 
(I  Will.  4.  r.  91.  (  '.),  thnt,  froni  tlin  lOtli  ofOiinhi'r,  IMK),  briMvcra  nrf  in  pny  tlitilr  litt'iitr  duty  nc- 
cnriliii;r  to  iliu  iiiiilt  iiHi!d  by  thi'in  In  lirKwIng,  iind  tliat  t'Vi-ry  lirt^tvtir  iilinll  lit;  ilfciiivil  to  Imvc  liri.'Wi>d 
<iK$  Imrrul  ot'lHier  for  every  two  buahii*  of  mult  uied  by  inch  hrcwLT. 

Arcoiint  nfthe  Niiinher  nf  Brrwer*.  l.lceniied  Vlrtimll«r»,  I'umonii  llri'iHrd  fur  tbe  »lilo  of  Hri>r,  to  hg 
drunk  on  nnd  otftlie  Prriiilm-*,  tcci  with  the  UnantllleRof  Mult  iiiomI  Iiv  ihii  h  llrcwcri,  liC.  in  EnK< 
litnd,  Mcollniid,  luiil  Iruiiind,  during  the  Veur  lt)3.'i.— (faW.  f-iiptr,  iNo.  9J0.  Hum.  IhHO.) 


CollKtIom. 

Number  uf 

Number  whf*  t>ntw  Ibeir 
own  n<'or. 

BtMl  (1 

1  lit  Mall  coMuwol  b)  nch 

Cl«. 

1 

1 

> 

Penciii)  llnnHd  to 
Hit  llMr. 

K II  Rnr. 

s 

1 

> 

P»n'  n»   lirtwod  tn 

.fll    II.  IT 

To  be 
drunk  on 

'lie 
l^eiiiiiet. 

.Nnl  lu  Ir 
Urank  on 

Iha 
Hreniim. 

'( 0  !«•       Not  t.i  le 
.Iruak    on  Jrunk  on 

Ilia             Ihe 
rrftiii-tn.  Fniiniwi. 

T..  In 
ilritik   on 

ihf 
Hrtir  inn. 

Ni.l  '1.  b. 

drunk   ni 

llir 
I'r  n.iiii 

Knclnnd 
ciciitliiiid 
Ireland 

9,0I»'( 
919 
319 

94,.V.I 
17,090 

39,936 

4,118 

39,W>9 
339 

14,840 

087 

10,419,410 

i»88,)S(KI 
1,VJ«,9«7 

y,.'i2i,7in 

110,380 

3,709,117 

9t8,(,ll 

t-'nilfyl  Kinfitnm. 

9,980  71,977 

35,.W« 

4,118 

90,91)7 

14,810         087 

10,930,827 

M'.hl'J 

3,709,117  218,«l(i 

It  I*  enacted,  (1  Will.  4.  c.  91.,)  tliiit  every  peiion  who  «hnll  *ell  nny  beer  or  nie  In  Ic**  (|uantilies 
than  four  nnd  ii  hntf  gallon*,  or  two  doxen  reputed  qiiurt  buttle*,  to  be  drunk  uUuubete  tliun  on  the 
preuii*eii  where  *old,  shall  lie  deeniiid  n  deiiler  iu  beer. 

7.  Proffresiive  Canxumption  iifAle  and  lietr, — Mall  liquor  early  became  to  the  lubouring 
clauses  of  England  what  the  inferior  aorta  of  wirto  are  to  the  people  of  France,  at  once  a 
neceaaary  of  life  and  a  luxury  ;  the  taste  for  il  wasuniverimlly  difluned.  There  are,  howevur, 
no  ineana  by  which  an  estimate  con  l)e  formed  of  the  quantity  actually  consumed  previously 
to  the  reign  of  Charles  11.  But  dutiea,  amounting  to  in.  6d.  a  barrel  on  strong,  and  to  (id. 
a  bari«l  on  small  ale  or  beer,  were  imposed,  for  the  first  time,  in  16G0.  TheKe  duties  bciiiti; 
farmed  until  1684,  the  amount  of  the  revenue  only  is  known ;  and  as  tliere  arc  no  means  of 
ascertaining  the  proportion  which  the  strong  Iwre  to  the  smull  beer,  the  quantities  that  |>:iid 
duty  cannot  be  specified.  But,  since  the  collection  of  the  duty  was  intrusted  to  officers  em- 
ployed by  government,  accurate  accounts  have  been  kept  of  the  quoniilies  of  each  sort  of 
l)eer  on  which  duty  was  paid,  as  well  as  the  rate  of  duty  and  its  amount.  Now,  it  a|  ])cars, 
that,  at  an  average  of  the  ten  years  from  1G84  to  1G93  inclusive,  the  amount  of  ale  annually 
rharged  with  duty  was  as  follows ; — Strong  ale        -        -        4,3fi7.2!)3  barrels. 

Small  do.         -        -        S,?  0.278       do 


;'  I 


J; 


i    »  .li 


n 


li 


^1 


, 


•  I 


w 


■:iji  i 
ill'  i 


Ml 


riu; 


12 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


Soon  after  the  Revolution  several  temporary  duties  were  imposed  ow  ale  and  beer ;  but  in 
1 694  they  were  consolidated,  the  established  duties  being  then  fixed  at  4$.  9(f.  a  barrel  on  the 
strong,  and  at  Is,  3d.  on  the  small  beer,  instead  of  2s.  6d,  and  6//.,  which  had  been  the  rates 
previously  to  1690.  This  increase  of  duty  had  an  immediate  eilect  on  the  consumption,  the 
quantity  brewed  during  the  ten  years  from  1694  to  1703  being  as  follows: — 
Strong  ale  ...  3,374,604  barrels. 
Small  do.         ...        2,180,764    do. 

The  whole  of  this  decrease  must  not,  however,  be  ascribed  to  the  increase  of  the  beer  duties 
only  ;  the  duties  on  malt  and  hops  having  been,  at  the  same  time,  considerably  increased, 
operated  partly,  no  doubt,  to  produce  the  etTect 

During  the  five  years  ending  with  1 750,  the  ale  brewed  amounted,  at  an  average,  to  3,80:)- 
580  barrels  of  strong,  and  2,162,640  barrels  of  small. — (Hamilton's  Principles  of  Taxation, 
p.  255.) 

The  ale  brewed  in  private  families  for  their  own  use  has  always  been  exempted  from  any 
duty ;  and  it  may,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  the  falling  off  in  the  consumption,  as  evinced  by 
the  statements  now  given,  was  apparent  only,  and  that  the  decline  in  the  public  brewery 
would  be  balanced  by  a  proportional  extension  of  the  private  brewery.  But,  though  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  quantity  of  beer  brewed  in  private  families  was  increased  in  con- 
sequence of  the  peculiar  taxes  laid  on  the  beer  brewed  for  sale,  it  is  abundantly  certain  that  it 
was  not  increased  in  any  thing  like  the  ratio  in  which  tlie  other  was  diminished.  This  is 
established  beyond  all  dispute,  by  the  fact  of  the  consumption  of  malt  having  continued  very 
nearly  stationary,  notwithstanding  the  vast  increase  of  population  and  wealth,  from  the  be- 
ginning of  last  century  down  to  1750,  and,  indeed,  to  1830! — (See  Malt.)  Had  the  fact, 
as  to  malt,  been  different,  or  had  the  demand  for  it  increased  proportionally  to  the  increase  of 
population,  it  would  have  shpwn  that  the  effect  of  the  malt  and  l)cer  duties  had  not  been  to 
lessen  the  consumption  of  beer,  but  merely  to  cause  it  to  be  brewed  in  private  houses  instead 
}f  public  breweries ;  but  the  long  continued  stationary  demand  for  malt  completely  negatives 
this  supposition,  and  shows  that  the  falling  off  in  the  lieer  manufactured  by  the  public 
brewerb  has  not  been  made  up  by  any  equivalent  increase  in  the  supply  manufactured  at  home. 

I.  An  account  of  the  Quantity  of  the  diflTurcnt  Sorts  of  l!i>rr  made  mi  En^'lnnd  and  Wales,  in  each 
Year  from  1787  to  1825,  both  inclusive,  tliu  Rate  of  Uuly,  and  the  lolal  Produce  of  tlie  Duties 
(Kn^'lish  Ale  Gallons). 


Strong  Deer. 

Table  Ileer. 

Siiuill  Ueer. 

Years 

ended 

5th  July. 

Total  amount  of 
Duty. 

Barrels. 

Rate  uf 
Duty. 

Barrels. 

Rate  (if 
Duty. 

Barrels. 

Rate  of 
Unty. 

1787 

4,426,482 

6s.  Od. 

485,620 

3a.  Od. 

1,312,301 

U.  id. 

£1,9.32,922 

10*.8rf 

1788 

4,304,896 

— 

624,176 

— 

1,.334,947 

— 

1,889,580 

17    4 

1789 

4,437,831 

— 

514,900 

— 

1,244,016 

— 

1,9,15,.303 

16    0 

17!I0 

4,525,950 

— 

546,260 

_ 

1,282,157 

.— 

1,977,796 

8    8 

1791 

4,754,588 

— 

579,748 

— 

1,347,086 

— 

2,078,602 

4    8 

179S 

9,082,293 

— 

625,260 

— 

1,401,870 

— 

2,220,  Ili4 

4    0 

1793 

5,167,850 

— 

620,207 

— 

1,414,255 

— 

2,254,454 

14    4 

1794 

5,011,320 

— 

586,554 

— 

1,446,939 

— 

2,188,973 

14    0 

1795 

5,037,804 

— 

576,464 

— 

1,453,0.W 

— 

2,198,460 

6    4 

1796 

5,504,453 

— 

965,630 

— 

1,479,130 

— 

2,385,234 

7    4 

1797 

5,8.19,627 

— 

584,422 

— 

1,518,518 

— 

2,521,748 

4    8 

1798 

5,781,467 

— 

692,064 

— 

1,547,570 

— 

2,510,267 

14    8 

1799 

5,774,311 

*. 

eiM.'il 

— 

1,597,139 

— . 

2,507,872 

19    8 

1800 

4,824,306 

— 

974,995 

— 

1,360,502 

— 

2,106,671 

15    8 

1801 

4,735,574 

— 

500,025 

— 

1,191,930 

— 

8,018,695 

7    0 

1802 

5,345,884 

9    3 

392,022 

— 

976,787 

— 

2,.321,lfW 

0    4 

1803 

5,582,516 

— 

1,660,828 

— 

2,782,263 

13    4 

1801 

5,265,623 

10    0 

1,779,570 

— 

2,810,768 

10    0 

1805 

5,412,131 

— 

1,776,807 

— . 

'  "       ^"'  ,  ■; 

2,883,7-IH 

4    0 

1806 

5,443,502 

>- 

1,771,754 

— 

2,8((8,y26 

8    0 

1807 

5,577,176 

_ 

1,732,710 

.— 

2,961,859 

0    0 

1808 

5,571,360 

— 

1,710,843 

— 

2,9.')6,70» 

6    0 

1809 

5,513,111 

— 

1,682,899 

— 

- 

2,921,815 

8    0 

1810 

5,753,319 

— 

1,635,588 

— 

3,010,218 

6    0 

Ihll 

5,902,903 

— 

1,649,564 

— 

3,116,407 

18    0 

1SI2 

5,860,869 

— 

1,593,395 

— 

i  '-. 

3,()8!l,774 

0    0 

1813 

5,382,946 

— . 

1,455,759 

— 

■■  .--'    ■ 

2,837,048 

18    0 

18J4 

5,624,015 



1,432,729 

— 

2,955,280 

8    0 

1815 

6,150,544 

— 

1,518,303 

— 

'"  ,  ■     "  ' 

3,227,102 

4    0 

1816 

5,982,379 

— 

1,514,867 

— 

3,1 12,676 

4    0 

1817 

5,236,048 

— 

1,453,960 

— 

2,763,420 

0    0 

1      1818 

5,364,009 

— 

1,434,648 

— 

2,825,468 

14    0 

1819 

5,629,240 

— 

1,460,244 

— 

2,9(i0,(il4 

8    0 

1      1820 

5,296,701 

— 

1,444,890 

— 

2,792,779 

10    0 

1     i.ial 

5,575,a30 

... 

1,439,970 

— 

2,!)3I,912 

0    0 

1       1822 

5,712,937 



l,49i,281 

— 

3,(M)j,6y6 

12    0 

1       1823 

6,177,271 



1,419,589 

— 

3,2,10,,'iUt 

8    0 

1821 

6,188,271 

— " 

1,401,021 

Intermediate 
Beer. 

3,234,237 

12    0 

1825 

6.500,064 

— 

1,485,750 

— 

9,559 

5    0 

3,401,200 

15    0 

It  appears  fton 
public  brewers  hi 
in  1787  was  quit 

ijualily  of  the  b< 
ess,  comparativel 
effects  have  been 

II.  An  account  oft 
from  5th  of  Jai 
Total  Amount 


Ytnn  ended 
6th  Juiuary. 

81 

1826 

1827  i 

1828  1 

1829  .} 
1630    { 

1826 

1827  1 

1828  1 

1829  1 

1830  1 

7,or 

4,1* 
2,.1 
3,Hf 
2,,')( 
3,91 
2,61 
3,5( 

2,.r 

1 
1 
1( 

( 

N.  B.  The  duty  ( 
III.  An  account  of 


Tears  ended  Stii 


It  has  been  coi 
since  the  commei 
and  restrictions  < 
the  consumption 
1830.  But  near 
Wales  during  th( 
the  middle  and  h 
increasing,  as  no 
we  have  seen  tha 
la.it  century,  so  t 
of  the  present  cei 
purchase  beer,  bi 
sumption  have  c( 
southern  countie 
been  introduced, 
ing  generally,  ch 
has  been  remark 
improvement  in  1 
independent  of  tl 
teen  millions  stei 

•  The  ale  gallon 
than  the  former. 
Vol.  I.— B 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


It  appears  from  the  foregoing  table,  that  the  quantity  of  strong  beer  manufactured  by  the 
public  brewers  had  increased  about  a  third  since  1787 ;  but  the  quantity  of  malt  consumed 
in  1787  was  quite  as  great  as  in  1828 ;  a  fact,  which  shows  conclusively,  either  that  the 
quality  of  the  beer  brewed  in  the  public  breweries  has  been  deteriorated  since  1787,  or  that 
less,  comparatively,  \a  now  brewed  in  private  families ;  or,  which  is  most  probable,  that  both 
eiTects  have  been  produced. 

II.  An  iiccniint  of  the  Qunntity  of  nil  the  different  Sorts  of  Beer,  stated  in  Bnrrela,  made  in  each  Year, 
from  5th  of  January  1825,  to  5th  of  January  1830;  the  Uateg  of  Duty  per  Barrel  in  each  Year,  and 
Total  Amount  thereof  in  each  Year  In  England  and  Scotland.— (i'aW.  Paper,  No.  190.  Sees.  1830.) 


Veart  ended 
6th  Jutuary. 


1826 

1827  •[ 

1828  i 

1829  j 
1630  I 


1826 

1827  { 

1823  I 

1829  I 

1830  I 


ENGLAND. 


Number  nTBarreli,  Imperiil  Meisun.* 


StronK' 


7,008,143 
4,177,225 
2,512,767 
3,S0J,22« 
2,3(M),013 
3,941,519 
2,(il7,6!»l 
3,5C<)„'!til 
2,.r«,«30 


Rate  per 

Barrel, 

Table. 

Rale  per 
Barrel. 

>.     d. 

t.     d. 

9    10 

l,f)00,899 

I    IH 

9      0 

1,010,728 

1      9i 

9    10 

562,927 

1    lU 

9      0 

981»,b27 

1    n 

0     10 

612,4t*l 

1    lU 

9      0 

977,962 

1    n 

9    10 

552,1.57 

1    lU 

9      0 

879,879 

1     H 

9    10 

600,590 

1    lU 

Intermediate. 


Rate  per 
Barrel. 


t.    d. 

4    11 


TottI  Amount  of 
Duty. 


£         I.   d. 
3,492,779  10    4 

3,265,441  14  6 
3,128,047  9  0 
3,217,812  8  11 
2,917,828    8    4 


SCOTLAND. 


133,903 

116,591 

5,515 

102,769 

y,2;.o 

101,475 
17,218 
9t,387 
16,566 


».     d. 

s.     d. 

9   in 

261,035 

\     \\\ 

9      0 

219,722 

I      9i 

9     10 

51,013 

1     lU 

9      0 

187,^^73 

1       9i 

9    10 

53,120 

1    lU 

9      0 

178,530 

1       91 

9    10 

68,913 

1    lU 

0      0 

16I,4AS 

1       9i 

9    10 

67,8UB 

1    IH 

}- 


£  8.    d. 

91,731     2    2 
79,931    4    7 

72,855    4    4 

76,685    9  11 

71,733  17    6 


N.  B.  The  duty  on  beer  being  repealed  in  1830,  there  are  no  later  accounts  of  the  quantity  brewed. 

III.  An  account  of  tlie  Number  of  Barrels  of  Strone  Beer  e.Yported  in  each  Year,  from  9th  of  January 

1825  to  5th  of  January  1830. 


"  -,    '             -       '                             n326       - 

1827        - 
Tears  ended  5th  of  January       -         -{1828 

1829        - 
1 1830        - 

Number  of  Barrel*  (Imperial  Measure) 
ejporied  from 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

.5.1,013 
42,602 
59,471 
71,842 
74,902 

1,827 
1,679 
2,509 
3,301 
3,131 

9,855 
10,000 
11,261 
14,499 
15,207 

The  exports  in  1832  were  70,1S0  barrels. 
It  has  been  contended  by  some,  that  the  condition  of  the  bulk  of  the  people  has  declined 
since  the  commencement  of  'ho  late  French  war ;  and  that  this  decline,  and  not  the  duties 
and  restrictions  on  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  malt  and  beer,  has  been  the  real  cause  that 
the  consumption  of  malt  liquors  continued  stationary  durin^^  the  thirty  years  ending  with 
1830.  But  nearly /«Mr  millions  of  persons  were  added  to  the  population  of  England  and 
Wales  during  the  eighteenth  century,  and  it  is  admitted,  on  all  hands,  that  the  condition  of 
the  middle  and  lower  classes  was,  at  the  same  time,  vastly  improved.  Instead,  however,  of 
increasing,  as  no  doubt  it  would  have  done  but  for  some  very  powerful  counteracting  cause, 
we  have  seen  that  the  consumption  nf  malt  liquor  continued  stationary  during  the  whole. of 
lout  century,  so  that  the  fair  presumption  ia,  that  it  continued  stationary  during  that  period 
of  the  present  century  already  referred  to,  not  because  the  people  have  become  less  able  to 
purchase  beer,  but  because  the  same  causes  which  formerly  prevented  the  increase  of  con- 
sumption have  continued  to  operate.  If  we  except  a  portion  of  the  peasantry  in  some  of  the 
southern  counties,  where  tlje  pernicious  practice  of  paying  wages  out  of  the  poor's  rates  has 
been  introdured,  it  will  be  found  that  the  condition  of  the  labouring  classes  has  been,  speak- 
ing generally,  changed  very  much  for  the  better  during  the  last  thirty  years.  Their  health 
has  been  remarkably  improved ;  a  result  which  could  hardly  have  taken  place  without  an 
improvement  in  their  habits  as  to  cleanliness,  and  in  their  ordinary  accommodations ;  and, 
independent  of  this  circumstance,  the  fact  that  the  lower  classes  have  lodged  upwards  o{  Jif- 
teen  millions  sterling  in  Savings'  Banks,  and  that  upwards  of  a  million  of  them  are  members 

•  The  ale  gallon  contains  282  cubic  inr.heH,and  the  Imperial  gallon  277^:  the  latter  being  Ji   pan  i«M 
than  (he  former. 
Vol.  I.— B 


,  ■* 


iA'\'i 


14 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


W  ;i 


of  Friendly  Societies,  ahowa  pretty  clearly  that,  though  they  may  not  be  anywhere  so  com 
fortahle  as  coulil  b6  wished,  and  though,  in  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  some  other  southern  coun- 
ties, they  are  exposed  to  very  great  privations,  their  condition  is,  on  the  whole,  superior  to 
what  it  has  ever  previously  heen.  It  has  further  been  contended,  that  if  the  decline  in  the 
consumption  of  beer  cannot  be  ascribed  to  any  fulling  off  in  the  condition  of  the  people, 
or  in  their  power  to  purchase  malt  liquors,  the  fair  inference  is,  that  it  has  originated  ia  a 
change  of  taste ;  and  the  increased  consumption  of  spirituous  liquors  that  has  taken  place 
of  late  years  has  lieen  appealed  to  in  proof  that  such  is  the  fact  But  this  increase  has  been 
very  greatly  exaggerated :  admitting,  however,  that  the  circumstances  are  really  such  as  have 
been  represented,  the  question  instantly  recurs,  to  what  is  this  chenge  of  taste  owing !  H»w 
comes  it  that  the  people  of  England  should  be  less  partial  than  heretofore  to  that  palatable 
and  nutritious  beverage  to  which  they  have  been  long  accustomed,  and  that  they  should  be 
re.^urting  to  ardent  spirits  and  other  deleterious  compounds,  destructive  alike  of  their  health 
and  murals  ?  If  we  mistake  not,  it  will  be  found  to  be  wholly  owing  to  the  duties  and  rcstric 
tions  that  have  been  laid  on  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  beer. 

8.  Duties  on  Ale  and  Beer;  old  licensing  Sijutem, — The  duty  on  malt  is  20*.  8'/.  a  quar- 
ter; on  hops  2rf.  a  pound ;  and  on  strong  beer,  which  forms  five-tenths  of  the  whole  quantity 
brewed,  the  duty  was  9s.  lOrf.  a  barrel.  It  is  commonly  estimated,  that  from  three  to  three 
and  a  half  barrels  of  beer  are  manufactured  from  a  quarter  of  malt;  and  that  each  (juarter  of 
malt  requires  twelve  pounds  of  hops.  Now,  supposing  that  three  and  a  quarter  barrels  of 
beer  are  produced  from  a  quarter  of  malt,  the  duties  edfecting  it,  down  to  tho  10th  of  October 
18.30,  were  -       ■  ,. 

Duty  laid  directly  on  malt 

Beer  duty  on  three  and  a  quarter  barrels 

Hop  duty  ....        - 


8. 

d. 

20 

9 

31 

11 

2 

0 

54s.  7rf. 

and  dividing  this  sum  of  54*.  7d.  by  3^^,  the  duties  aflfccting  each  barrel  of  beer  will 
be  17.9. 

Such  duties  are  obviously  oppressive.  The  price  of  barley  does  not  at  an  average  exceed 
35,».  per  quarter.  But  the  duties  on  malt  or  liecr  pro<luced  from  a  quarter  of  barley  (exclu- 
sive of  the  hop  duty)  amounted  to  52«.  7rf.,  being  equal  to  150  per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  the 
Ijarloy  employed  !  Need  we  seek  elsewhere  for  the  cause  of  the  stationary  demand  for  malt 
liquors  1  The  taxes  on  wine,  British  spirits,  tea,  and  coffee,  do  not,  in  any  case,  exceed  100 
per  cent  Nor  can  there  be  a  doubt  that  the  disproportionately  heavy  burden  that  has  thus 
been  imposed  on  the  natural  and  healthy  beverage  of  the  lower  classes  has  principally  con- 
tributed to  lessen  its  consumption,  and  to  cause  them  to  resort  to  less  salubrious  substitutes. 

In  another  point  of  view,  the  beer  duties  were  still  more  indefensible.  They  affected  only 
that  description  of  beer  wliich  was  brewed  for  iiale  ;  and  as  all  the  higher  classes  brewed  their 
own  beer,  the  duty  fell  only  on  the  lower  and  middle  ranks  of  the  community,  and  particularly 
the  former.  It  is  singular,  that  a  tax  so  grossly  unequal  and  oppressive  should  have  been  so 
Ion:;  submitted  to.  Should  the  public  necessities  require,  at  any  future  period,  that  an  cffirt 
should  be  made  to  increase  the  revenue  from  beer,  the  fair  and  proiier  method  would  Ite  to 
increase  the  malt  duties.  They  affect  alike  those  who  brew  the  beer  which  they  consume, 
and  those  who  buy  it  from  a  public  brewer.  Their  increase  would  not  require  the  employ- 
ment of  any  additional  officers ;  for  it  is  obvious,  that  the  same  olHcers  and  regulations  that 
serve  to  collect  a  duty  of  20s.  8d.  would  equally  serve  to  collect  a  duty  of  30«. ;  and,  what  is 
most  important,  an  increase  of  this  sort  would  not  require  any  interference  with  the  process 
of  brewing. 

But  besides  the  obstacles  to  the  consumption  of  beer  arising  from  the  oppressive  duties 
with  which  it  was  burdened,  the  system  recently  in  force  of  granting  licences  for  its  sale,  op- 
posed obstacles  that  were  hardly  less  formidable.  Previously  to  1830,  no  one  could  open  a 
house  fur  the  sale  of  beer  without  first  obtaining  a  licence  renewable  annually  from  the  magis- 
trates ;  and  as  these  functionaries  were  accustomed  only  to  grant  licences  to  the  occupiers  of 
particular  houses,  the  brewers  naturally  endeavoured,  in  order  to  ensure  the  sale  of  their  beer, 
either  to  buy  up  those  houses  or  to  lend  money  upon  them:  and  in  many  extensive  districts 
a  few  large  capitalists  succeeded  in  engrossing  most  of  the  public  houses ;  so  that  even  the 
appearance  of  competition  was  destroyed,  and  a  ready  market  and  good  prices  secured  for  the 
very  worst  beer ! 

We,  therefore,  look  upon  the  abolition  of  the  beer  duties,  and  the  granting  permission  to 
all  individuals  to  retail  beer  upon  taking  out  an  excise  licence  costing  2/.  2s..  as  highly  advan- 
tageous measures.  The  repeal  of  the  duty  has  put  an  end  to  the  unjust  distinction  that  previous- 
ly obtained  ;  the  poor  man  is  no  longer  burdened  with  a  heavy  tax,  from  which  the  noble  and 
affluent  of  the  land  were  exempted  ;  but  all  classes  are  placed,  in  so  far  at  least  as  the  duties 
on  beer  are  concerned,  in  the  same  situation.  Tho  fall  of  price  caused  by  the  abolition 
of  the  duty,  by  rendering  beer  more  easily  obtainable,  will  do  much  to  check  the  consump- 
tion of  spirits ;  and  will,  at  the  same  time,  powerfully  contribute  to  the  health  and  comfort  of 


i>: 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


16 


the  poor.  The  change  in  the  mode  of  licensing  houacs  for  the  retail  of  beer  hna  introduced 
into  the  trade  that  ayRtem  of  free  competition  that  is  so  advantngeous.  It  is  no  longer  in 
the  power  of  any  combination  of  brewers  to  maintain  the  price  of  t)ecr  at  an  unnatural  elevo* 
tion ;  and  the  public  may  now  depend  on  being  supplied  with  malt  liquors  at  the  lowest  price 
that  will  serve  to  indemnify  the  brewers. 

9.  Complaints  of  the  increase  of  Beer  Shops. — In  despite,  however,  of  what  has  now 
been  stated,  it  is  strenuously  objected  to  the  late  measure  for  licensing  houFWs  for  the  sale  of 
beer,  that  it  has  led  to  their  excessive  multiplication  in  dilTcrent  parts  of  the  country,  and  has, 
in  consequence,  had  a  most  pernicious  influence  on  the  public  morals:  but  there  do  not  seem 
to  be  any  good  grounds  for  such  statements.  The  whole  number  of  public  houses  licensed 
for  the  sale  of  beer  and  ale  only  in  England  and  Wales,  during  the  year  ended  31st  of 
March  1 833,  was  4,82 1 ;  while  47,286  houses  were  licensed,  during  the  same  year,  for  the  sale 
of  beer,  ale,  and  spirits. — {Pari.  Paper,  No.  426.  Sess.  1833.)  Whatever,  therefore,  may 
be  the  inconveniences  arising  from  the  number  of  the  latter,  it  does  seem  ludicrous  to  imagine 
that  they  can  be  materially  increased  by  the  opening  of  the  l)eer  shops.  On  the  contrary,  we 
should  think  that  every  measure  which  has  a  tendency  to  substitute  beer  shops  for  spirit  must 
be  advantageous ;  and  such  is  the  precise  eifect  of  the  act  I  Will.  4.  cap.  64.  Its  privileges  are 
acquired  by  those  only  who  confino  themselves  to  the  sale  of  beer ;  and  until  it  has  been 
shown  that  the  drinking  of  beer  is  less  advantngeous,  or  more  pernicious,  than  the  drinking 
of  spirits,  we  shall  not  be  inclined  to  lay  much  stress  on  the  complaints  so  frequently  put 
forth  as  to  the  number  of  beer  shops.  In  order,  however,  to  check  their  unnecessary  multi- 
plication,  and  to  ensure  as  far  as  possible  the  maintenance  of  good  order  in  them,  it  might  be 
expedient,  perhaps,  to  increase  the  licence  duty,  and  the  security  required  from  those  apply- 
ing for  a  licence,  and  to  facilitate  the  suppression  of  disorderly  houses  :  but  we  protest  against 
any  attempt  to  lessen  the  number  of  public  houses  by  reviving  the  old  lia^nsing  system,  with 
the  injustice  and  jobbing  inseparable  from  it,  and  from  every  modification  of  it. 

10.  Existing  Regulations  with  respect  to  the  Sale  if  Bter. — The  sale  of  ale,  beer,  &c.  by 
retail  in  England,  is  now  regulated  by  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  64.,  of  which  we  subjoin  a  pretty 
full  abstract. 

Licenses  to  be  granted  by  commisBionera  of  excise,  or  by  persons  autliorised  by  them ;  to  cost  21.  2». 
n  year ;  not  to  authorise  the  sale  of  wine  or  apirits :  not  to  be  granted  to  sherilfn'  otiii-ers,  nor  to  any 
person  executing  the  legal  process  of  any  court  of  Justice,  nor  to  any  person  not  being  a  househulder 
BSHeesed  to  the  parish. — i  2, 

The  party  requiring  such  licence  to  enter  into  a  bond  to  the  commissioners,  with  one  sufficient  surety 
in  the  penalty  of  SOi.,  or  with  two  sufficient  sureties  in  the  penalty  of  lOi.  each,  for  the  payment  of 
any  penalty  or  sum  of  money,  not  exceeding  tlie  amount  of  such  20/.  or  10/.  respectively,  which  shall 
be  incurred  for  any  offence  against  this  act  by  the  party  to  whom  such  licence  shall  be  granted  ;  and 
no  person  licensed  to  sell  beer  by  retail,  or  not  being  a  houseliolder  paying  the  poor  rates,  shall  be 
surety  in  any  such  bond. — i  1)  4,  5. 

Every  person  who  shall  be  licensed  under  this  act,  shall  cause  to  be  painted,  in  letters  three  inches 
nt  least  in  length,  in  white  upon  a  black  ground,  or  in  black  upon  a  white  ground,  publicly  visible  and 
legible,  upon  a  board,  to  be  placed  over  the  door  of  the  house  in  which  such  person  shall  be  licensed, 
the  christian  and  surname  of  the  persons  mentioned  in  such  licence,  at  l\ill  length,  together  with  the 
words  "  Licensed  to  sell  Beer  by  Retail ;"  and  every  such  person  shall  keep  up  such  name  and  words 
during  all  the  time  that  such  person  shall  continue  so  licensed,  upon  pain  of  forfeiting  for  every  omis- 
sion 10/.—}  6. 

No  person  to  sell  any  beer  by  retail,  under  this  act,  after  the  expiration  of  any  licence  granted,  nor 
in  any  house  not  specined  in  such  licence;  and  any  personsellingbeerhy  retail, not  heingduly  licensed, 
as  the  keeper  of  a  common  inn,  ale-house,  or  viclnalling-house  ;  or  if  any  such  person,  so  licensed, 
shall  deal  in  or  retail  any  wine  or  spirits,  he  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  forfeit  Wl.,  half  to  gu  to  the 
informer  and  half  to  the  king ;  such  penalty  to  be  recovered  as  iHher  excise  penalties ;  and  the  powers 
of  the  excise  act  7  &  8  O.  4  c.  53,  &c.  extended  to  this  act.— {  i  7,  8,  9. 

Persons  trading  in  partnership,  and  in  one  house,  shall  not  be  obliged  to  take  out  more  than  one 
licence  in  any  one  year :  provided  also,  that  no  one  licence  shall  authorise  any  jierson  to  sell  beer,  in 
any  other  than  the  house  mentioned  in  such  licence. — }  10. 

In  cases  of  riot  or  expected  riot  or  tumult,  every  person  licensed  under  this  act,  and  keeping  any 
house  situate  withintheir  Jurisdictions,  shall  close  his  house  nt  any  time  which  thejustice  or  justices 
shall  direct ;  and  every  such  person  who  shall  keep  open  hiH  house  at  or  after  any  hour  at  which  such 
Justices  shall  have  so  ordered  or  directed  such  house  to  be  closed,  shall  be  deemed  lo  have  not  niain- 
tuinRd  good  order  and  rule  therein,  and  to  be  guilty  of  an  offence  against  the  tunor  of  his  license. — i  11, 

Every  person  licensed  to  sell  beer  by  retail,  shall  sell  (except  in  quantities  less  llnin  a  half  pint)  by 
the  gallon,  quart,  pint,  or  half  pint  measure,  sized  according  to  the  standard  ;  and  in  default  thereof, 
he  shall  for  every  such  offence  forfeit  the  illegal  measure,  and  pny  not  exceeding  40«.,  toBPther  with 
the  costs  of  the  conviction,  to  he  recovered  within  thirty  days  next  after  that  on  which  such  ofl'ence 
was  committed,  before  two  Justices ;  such  penalty  to  be  over  and  above  all  penalties  to  wliich  the  of- 
fender may  be  liable  under  any  other  net. — i  12. 

Every  seller  of  beer  by  retail,  having  a  licence  under  this  act,  who  shall  permit  any  person  to  be 
guilty  of  drunkenness,  or  disorderly  conduct,  in  the  house  mentioned  in  such  licence,  shall  forfeit  the 
sums  following  :  for  the  first  offence,  not  less  than  40s.  nor  more  than  .V.  as  the  Justices,  before  whom 
such  retailer  shall  be  convicted,  shall  adjudge  ;  and  for  the  second  ollV-nce,  any  sum  not  less  than  S{. 
nor  more  than  10/.;  and  for  the  third  offence,  any  sum  not  less  than  20/.  nor  more  than  .lO/.;  and  it 
shall  be  lawfiil  for  the  Justices,  before  whom  any  such  conviction  for  such  third  offence  shall  take 
place,  to  adjudge,  if  they  shall  think  fit,  that  sucli  offender  shall  be  disqualilied  from  i<elling  beer  by 
retail  for  the  space  of  two  years  next  ensuing  such  conviction,  and  also  that  no  beer  shall  be  sold  by 
retail,  by  any  person  in  the  bouse  mentioned  in  the  licence  of  such  offender;  and  if  any  person  so 
licensed  shall,  knowingly,  sell  any  beer,  nie,  or  porter,  made  otherwise  than  from  malt  and  hops,  or 
shall  mix,  or  cause  to  be  mixed,  any  drugs  or  other  pernicious  ingredients,  with  any  beer  sohl  In  his 
house,  or  shall  fraudulently  dilute,  or  in  any  way  adulterate,  any  such  beer,  such  o.ffender  shall,  for 
the  first  offence,  forfeit  not  less  than  10/.  not  any  more  than  20/.,  and  fur  the  second  such  uffeuce  sur.lt 


t  " 


!      i 


i^'' 


*  lili 


mi- 


ni 


It 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


olftndtr  dhnll  be  ndjiidgtid  to  be  diiqiinllfled  frnm  ■elling  beer,  ale,  or  porter,  by  retail,  fhr  the  term  of 
two  yenrs,  or  tn  forfeit  not  less  than  VU.  nor  more  than  JMM.,  anil  shall  be  subject  to  n  like  penalty  at 
erery  house  where  he  shall  commit  such  oflTunce ;  and  If  any  person  shall,  during  any  term  in  which 
it  shall  not  he  liiwful  for  beer  tn  be  sold  by  retail  on  the  premises  of  any  nfflinder,  sell  any  buf-r  by  re. 
Itil  on  such  premises,  knowing  that  it  was  not  lawful  to  be  sold,  such  offender  shall  forfeit  not  less  than 
10{.  nor  morn  than  SO{.i  every  person  suffuring  the  conditions  of  tbo  licence  to  be  infringed  to  be 
deemed  gnilty  of  disorderly  conduct.—}  13. 

Retailers*  houses  not  to  be  onun  before  fhur  in  the  morning,  nor  after  ten  in  the  evening ;  nor  he> 
tween  the  hours  often  In  the  forenoon  and  one  In  the  afternoon,  nor  at  any  time  between  the  hours 
of  three  and  Ave  in  the  afternoon,  on  any  Sunday,  Good  Friday,  Christmas-day,  or  any  day  appointed 
for  a  public  fast  or  thanksgiving ;  and  any  person  offending  herein  shall  forfeit  40«.  for  every  offence ;    ' 
every  separate  sale  to  be  deemed  a  separate  offbnce. — i  14. 

All  penalties  under  this  act,  except  for  selling  boer  bv  any  person  not  duly  licensed,  shall  be  reco- 
vered,  upon  the  infbrmation  of  any  person  before  two  Justices  in  petty  sessions ;  and  every  such  pe- 
nalty shall  be  prosecuted  for  within  three  calendar  months  next  after  the  offence  ;  and  every  person 
licensed  under  this  act,  who  shall  be  convicted  before  two  Justices,  shall,  unless  proof  be  adduced  to 
the  satisfuction  of  such  Justices,  that  such  person  had  been  theretofore  convicted  before  two  Justices, 
within  the  space  of  twelve  calendar  months  next  preceding,  be  adjudged  by  such  justices  tn  be  guilty 
of  a  first  offence  against  this  act,  and  to  forfeit  and  pay  any  penalty  by  this  act  imposed  for  such  of- 
fence, or  if  no  speciAc  penalty  be  Imposed,  then  any  sum  not  exceeding  51.,  together  with  the  costs  of 
the  conviction;  and  if  proof  be  adduced  to  the  satisfuction  of  such  justicee,  that  such  person  had  been 
previously  convicted,  within  the  space  of  twelve  calendar  mouths  next  preceding,  of  one  such  offence 
only,  such  person  to  be  adjudged  guilty  of  a  second  offence  against  this  act,  and  to  forfeit  and  pay  any 
penalty  by  this  act  imposed  for  such  flff:!nce,  or  if  no  speciHc  penalty  he  sn  imposed,  then  any  sum  not 
exceeding  10{.,  together  with  the  costs  of  conviction  ;  and  if  proof  sliall  he  adduced  that  Ruch  person 
had  been  previiMisly  convicted  within  the  space  of  eighteen  calendar  months  next  preceding,  of  two 
sucli  separate  oflfVnces,  and  if  proof  be  adduced  that  such  perann,  sn  charged,  is  guilty  of  tlie  offence 
charged  against  him,  such  person  shall  be  adjudged  to  be  gniity  of  a  third  offence  against  this  net,  and 
tn  forfeit  and  pay  any  penalty  imposed  by  this  act,  in  respect  of  such  offi-nce,  orlf  no  such  speciflc 
|M>nalty  hIirII  be  imposed,  then  to  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  50^  together  with  the  costs  of  convic- 
tion.—J  l.'i. 

The  party,  convicted  of  any  such  third  offence,  may  appeal  to  the  general  sessions,  or  quaricr  ses- 
sions, then  next  ensuing,  unless  held  within  twelve  (lays  after  conviction,  and  in  that  case,  to  the  then 
next  su'isequent  sessions  ;  and,  in  such  rase,  the  party  convicted  shall  enter  into  a  recosnizanne,  with 
two  sureties,  p.irsonally  tn  appear  at  the  saidgiMieral  or  quarter  sessions,  tn  abiile  the  judgment  ofthe 
court;  and  to  pay  such  costs  as  shall  lie  by  tiie  court  awarded  :  or,  in  failure  of  the  p'irty  convicted 
entering  into  such  recognizance,  such  conviction  shall  remain  good  and  valid ;  and  the  said  justices 
who  shall  take  such  recognizance  are  also  required  to  bind  the  person  who  shall  make  such  charges 
to  appear  at  such  general  or  quarter  sesslnns,  then  and  there  tn  give  evidence  against  the  person 
charsed,  and,  in  like  manner,  to  bind  any  otlier  persnn  who  shall  have  any  knowledge  of  such  offence  ; 
and  it  shall  lie  lawful  for  the  said  general  or  quarter  sessions  tn  adjudge  such  person  to  be  guilty  of 
■uch  third  offtnce  against  this  act,  and  such  adjudication  Khali  be  Anal:  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  eneh 
general  or  quarter  sessions  tn  punish  such  offender  by  flue,  not  exceeding  I00{.,  together  with  the 
coals  of  such  appeal,  or  to  adjudge  the  licence  tn  be  furfeited,  or  that  no  beer  he  sold  by  retail  in  the 
house  for  ttie  term  of  two  years,  and  If  such  licence  shall  he  adjudged  to  he  forfeited,  it  shall  hence- 
forth be  void  ;  and  whenever,  in  such  case,  the  licence  of  such  offender  shall  he  adjudged  to  be  vtdil, 
■uch  offender  shall  be  deemed  incapable  of  selling  beer,  ale,  or  porter,  by  retail,  in  any  house  kept  by 
him,  for  the  space  of  two  years,  to  be  computed  from  the  time  of  such  ailjudication ;  and  any  licence 
granted  tn  such  persnn  during  such  term  shall  be  void. — i  16. 

In  default  of  payment  of  penalties,  proceedines  niny  be  had  against  the  sureties. — }  19. 

Any  person  summoned  as  a  witness,  who  shall  neglect  or  reftise  tn  appear,  and  not  make  such  rea- 
■onable  excuse  for  such  neglect.  See.  as  shall  be  admitted  by  such  Justices  of  sessions,  or  who,  appear- 
ing, shall  refuse  to  be  examined,  shall,  on  conviction,  forfeit  not  exceeding  10<. — i  20. 

Offenders  refusing  or  neglecting,  within  seven  days  after  conviction,  to  pay  the  penalty  impnsed, 
and  anycnstE  a8sessed,such  justices  may  issue  their  warrant,  to  levy  the  amount  by  distress  and  sale, 
together  with  tlie  costs  of  distress  and  sale  ;  and  In  every  such  case,  such  offenders,  if  in  custody,  shall 
be  forthwith  discharged  ;  but  if  the  goods  and  chattels  are  not  8uflicient,such  Justices  may  commit  the 
offender  to  the  common  gaol  or  house  of  correction  for  not  exceeding  nne  calendar  month,  if  the  pe- 
nalty shall  not  he  above  51. ;  for  not  exceeding  t^irce  calendar  months,  if  the  penalty  shall  be  above  5/. 
and  not  more  than  101. ;  and  for  not  exceedii<^  fix  calendar  months,  if  the  penoltv  shall  be  above  lo;.; 
provided,  that  whenever  such  offender  shall  pay  to  the  gaoler  or  keeper,  or  tn  wfionisoever  such  Jiia- 
tices  shall  have  appointed,  the  penalty  and  costs,  together  with  all  the  costs  of  apprehension  and  con- 
veyance to  gaol,  at  any  time  previous  to  the  expiration  ofthe  time  for  wliich  such  offender  shall  have 
been  committed,  such  offender  shall  be  forthwith  discharged. — i  21. 

No  conviction  under  this  act,  nor  any  adjudication  made  upon  appeal  therefrom,  shall  be  quashed 
for  want  of  form,  nor  removed  by  certiorari. — )  97. 

Every  action  against  any  Justice,  constable,  or  other  person,  for  any  thing  done  in  execution  of  his 
duty  under  this  act,  to  be  commenced  within  three  calendar  months,  and  not  afterwards ;  and  if  any 
persnn  be  sued,  he  may  plead  the  general  issue,  and  give  the  special  matter  in  evidence.—}  28 

This  act  nnt  to  affect  the  two  universities,  nor  the  vintners'  company  in  London ;  nor  to  prohibit 
the  sale  of  beer  at  fairs,  as  heretofore.     ■• 

11.  Scotch  Ale  and  Beer  Duties. — ^The  duties  on  ale  and  beer  in  Scotland  have  boen  for 
a  lengthened  period  the  same  as  in  England. 

At  the  union  in  170V,  the  English  duties  on  ale  and  beer  were  introduced  into  Scotland. 
But,  besides  strong  and  small  beer,  the  Scotch  had  an  intermediate  species,  which  they  called 
two-penny,  and  which  was  their  favourite  beverage.  The  duty  on  this  description  of  liccr 
was  fixed,  at  the  union,  at  2».  1  Jrf.  a  barrel.  For  thirli/  years  after  its  imposition,  the  quan- 
tity of  two-penny  that  paid  duty  was  always  above  400,000,  and  sometimes  exceeded 
600,000  barrels  a  year.  But  in  1760  the  duty  on  twivpenny  was  increased  to  3s.  4J(f.  and 
the  consumption  immediately  felt  off  to  between  100,000  and  200,000  barrels !  The  quan- 
tity  that  paid  duty  in  1800  amounted  to  149,803  barrels.  The  manufacture  of  this  species 
of  beer  ceased  entirely  in  1802. 

No  account  has  been  kept  of  the  quantity  of  beer  brewed  in  Ireland  since  1809,  when  it 
•mounted  to  960,300  barrels. — {Mtireimiod  on  Intoxicating  Liquors,  p.  353.)  Perhaps  it 
Buy  now  amount  to  from  1,000,000  to  1,200,000  barruls. 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


17 


for 


12.  Regulatumi  at  to  the  Exportation  of  Beer^ — Ale  or  beer  exported  to  foreign  perti  u 
nerchandUM  ia  allowed  a  drawback  of  6*.  the  barrel  of  36  gallona,  Imp.  meaa.  But  U,fore 
any  debenture  for  the  above  drawback  shall  be  paid,  the  exporter  or  hia  principal  clerk  or 
manager  ahall  make  oath  thereon,  before  the  proper  officer  of  excise,  that  such  ale  or  beer 
was  put  on  board  the  exporting  ship  as  merchandise  to  bt  sent  beyond  seas,  and  no  part 
thereof  for  the  ship's  use ;  and  that,  according  to  the  best  ol  hia  knowledge  and  belief,  the 
lame  has  been  brewed  wholly  from  malt  whidi  haa  been  charged  with  and  paid  the  du^  of 
S«.  7d.  a  bushel,  and  shall  alao  specify  in  such  oath  the  time  when  and  the  place  where ;  and 
the  brewer,  being  an  entered  and  licensed  brewer  for  sale,  by  whom  such  beer  or  ale  was 
brewed,  and  that  the  quantity  of  malt  used  in  brewing  was  not  less  than  two  bushels  (Imp. 
meas.)  for  every  36  gallons  of  such  beer  or  ale.  Persons  making  false  statements  forfeit  th« 
sum  of  iOOL  and  the  debenture  is  void.— (1  Wilt.  4.  cap.  51.  ^  II.) 

In  consequence  of  the  complaints,  whether  well  or  ill  founded,  of  the  inconvenienoea  arising 
from  the  increase  of  beer  ahops— (see  Diet.  p.  14),  a  material  change  has  been  made  in  the 
mode  of  licensing  houaes  for  the  sale  of  beer.  Under  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c  64. — (Diet.  p.  14), 
the  commissionera  of  excise,  or  other  persons  duly  authorised,  were  bound  to  grant  licenses, 
costing  2/.  9s.  a  year,  to  all  persons  not  excepted  in  the  act,  empowering  them  to  sell  ale,  beer, 
porter,  cider,  &c.  to  be  drunk  indifferently  either  on  or  off  the  premiaea.  But  the  act  of 
1834,  4  dc  6  Will.  4.  c  86.  made  the  obtaining  of  a  licence  to  retail  beer  to  be  drunk  on  the 
premises  contingent  on  the  applicant  being  able  to  produce  a  certificate  uf  good  character, 
subscribed  by  certain  persons  rated  at  a  certtdn  amount  to  the  poor :  it  has  also  raised  the 
cost  of  such  licence  to  3/.  3*. ;  and  reduced  the  cost  of  a  licence  to  sell  beer  not  to  be  drunk 
on  the  premises  to  1/.  1«.    We  subjoin  a  full  abstract  of  the  act : — 


Pertmu  applying  for  a  Littnct  to  nil  Bitr  t»  te  drunk  on  the  PremUtt,  to  deporitt  a  tertijltate  of  good 
Character,  jj^c— Every  person  applying  for  a  licence  to  Rell  beer  or  cider  by  retail,  to  be  drunk  in  the 
houne  or  on  the  preniues,  shall,  in  addition  to  the  application  setting  forth  the  particulars  required  by 


the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  64,,  annually  produce  to  and  deposit  witli  the  commiBaionerB  of  excise,  collector,  or 
other  person  authorised  to  grant  such  licence  within  tlie  parish  or  place  in  which  the  person  applying 
intends  to  sell  beer  or  cider  by  retail,  a  certificate  signed  by  6  persons  residing  in  and  being  and  de- 
teribing  themselves  to  be  inhabitants  of  such  parish,  place,  tec.  and  respectively  rated  therein  to  the 
|ioor  at  not  less  than  61.,  or  occupying  a  bouse  therein  rated  to  the  poor  at  not  less  than  61.,  none  of 
whom  shall  be  maltsters,  common  brewers,  or  persons  licensed  to  sell  spirituous  liquors  or  beer  or  ci- 
rier  by  retail,  nor  owners  or  proprietors  of  any  houses  licensed  to  sell  liquors,  beer,  or  cider  by  retail, 
statins  that  the  person  applying  for  the  licence  is  of  good  character ;  nnd  at  the  foot  of  such  certificate 
one  of  the  overseen  of  the  parish,  township,  or  place  shall  certify  (if  the  fact  be  so)  that  such  6  per- 
sons are  inhabitants  respectively  rated  as  aforesaid ;  and  such  certificate  shall  respectively  be  in  the 
form  of  the  schedule  annexed  to  this  act:  provided  always,  that  in  any  parish,  township,  or  district 
maintaining  its  own  poor,  in  which  there  are  not  10  inhabitants  rated  to  their  relief  to  the  amount  of 
tl.  each,  or  not  occupying  houses  respectively  rated  to  the  poor  at  6{.  each  (not  being  maltsters,  com* 
mnn  brewers,  or  persons  licensed  to  sell  spirituous  liquors  or  beer  or  cider  by  retail,)  the  certificate 
of  the  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  such  parish,  township,  or  district  maintaining  ils  own  poor,  as  are 
rated  to  the  amount  of  61.  each,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  a  sufflcient  certificate  for  the  purposes  of  this 
act.—*  «. 

Ptnaltf  on  Ovtrtetr».—Anj  overseer  who  shall,  without  due  cause,  reftise  to  certify  that  the  persons 
who  have  signed  the  certificate  are  respectively  rated  to  the  poor's  rate  as  aforesaid,  to  forfeit  not 
nuire  than  91. — )  3. 

Betr  trunk  in  Bkedo.— Any  person  flee  ised  under  the  act  1  Will.  4.  e.  M.,  to  sell  beer,  cider,  fce.  not 
to  be  consumed  on  the  premises,  who  shall  employ,  permit,  or  cuffier  any  person  or  persons  to  take  or 
carry  any  beer,  tec.  from  his  house  or  pi  emises,  to  he  drunk  or  consumed  for  his  benefit  or  profit,  in 
any  other  house,  tent,  shed,  ke.  belong  ng  to,  or  hired,  u»ed,  or  occupied  by  such  licensed  person,  such 
beer,  &c.  shall  be  held  to  have  been  eo  isumed  on  the  premises,  and  the  person  selling  the  same  shall 
be  subject  to  the  like  forfeitures  and  pjnalties  as  if  it  bad  been  actually  drunk  or  consumed  in  a  house 
or  upon  premises  licensed  only  for  t'.ie  sale  thereof. — f  4, 

AiUMfiitj'.— Provisions  for  billetiing  soldiers  under  mutiny  acts  to  extend  only  to  those  licensed  to 
sell  beer  or  elder  to  be  drunk  in  the  house  or  on  the  premises,  and  not  to  extend  to  those  licensed  to 
Still  beer  not  to  be  consumed  on  the  premises  —i  9. 

Justieet  to  rtg»latt  tkt  Oponing  and  Clonitf  of  /fotMM.— Justices  In  petty  sessions  are  authorised  to 
fix  the  hours  at  which  houses  and  premises  licensed  to  sell  beer  under  this  act  shall  be  opened  and 
closed  i  but  any  person  thinking  himself  aggrieved  by  any  such  order  may  appeal  at  any  time,  within 
4  months  from  its  date,  to  the  Justices  in  quarter  sessions,  on  giving  the  Justices  making  the  order  14 
days'  notice  of  his  Intention  ;  and  the  decision  of  the  Justices  In  quarter  sessions  shall  be  final :  pro- 
vided, however,  that  the  hour  to  be  fixed  for  openina  any  bouse  shall  not  in  any  case  be  earlier  than  9 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  nor  for  closing  the  same  later  than  11  o'clock  at  night,  or  before  1  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon  on  Sunday,  Good  Friday,  Christinas-Day,  or  any  day  appmnted  for  a  public  fast  or 
thanksgiving ;  and  the  hours  so  Axed  by  the  Justices,  with  reference  to  the  districts  within  their  Juris- 
dictions, shall  be  taken  to  be  the  hours  to  be  observed  and  complied  with  under  this  act  as  ftilly  at  if 
the  same  had  been  specially  appointed  by  It.— $  6. 

Con*tMt»,  Ift.  to  titit  lictnstd  Hornet.— M\  constables  and  officers  of  police  are  authorised  to  enter 
into  all  houses  licensed  to  sell  beer  or  spirituous  liquors  to  be  consumed  upon  the  premises  whenever 
they  shall  think  proper ;  and  if  any  person  licensed  ns  aforesaid,  or  any  servant  or  person  in  his  em- 
ploy or  by  his  direction,  shall  reftise  to  admit  such  constables,  ftc.  into  such  house  or  premises,  Ihu 
person  having  the  licence  shall  for  the  first  olTence  forfeit  and  pay  any  sum  not  exceeding  9i.,  together 
with  the  costs  of  conviction,  to  be  recovered  within  30  days  before  one  or  more  Justices ;  and  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  any  two  or  more  Justices,  upon  any  person  being  convicted  ofsuchoffence  for  the  second 
time,  to  adjudge  (if  they  think  fit)  that  such  ofiTender  bo  disqualified  from  selling  beer,  ale,  porter,  ci- 
der, or  perry,  by  retail,  for  9  years  after  such  conviction,  or  for  such  shorter  space  as  they  may  think 
proper. — )  7. 

Penaltii  for  nuMnjf  or  using  false  Certifieatis.—Venont  certifying  any  matter  having  reference  to 
this  act  as  true,  who  know  the  same  to  be  false,  or  using  any  certificate,  knowing  the  same  to  be 
forged,  shall,  on  conviction  of  such  ofliince  before  S  or  more  J  ustices,  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  &0{.  i  and 
every  licence  granted  to  any  person  making  use  of  any  certificate  to  obtain  the  same,  each  person 
knowlnf  such  certificate  to  be  forged,  ur  the  mattera  certified  tlwrein  to  be  <Ulse,  shall  be  void  to  att 
b3  3 


It:'  ''('' 


'1 


•*' 


1 1 


1.1 


I  (■•! 


I    I 


n 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


!     I 


'     ■  |i  ■* 


,i:i;l 


1 1 


III: 


!l 


intenti  nnd  purpnipf ;  and  nny  pnrHon  uilni  inch  certlficaW  iball  be  dbquallfled  for  ever  from  ob> 
taiiiiiig  n  licence  to  sell  lieer  or  cider  tiy  rctnil. — f  8. 

M'o  licence  tit  be  granled  without  a  Certificate.— 'Nn  licence  fhr  the  unlft  of  beer  or  elder  by  retail  to  be 
coneumed  or  dnink  in  the  house  or  on  the  preniioeg  «hnll  be  nnnted,  except  upon  the  enrtillcitle  hereby 
leqiiireil :  providad,  tlint  in  nil  cxtrn-pnrochlnl  placcntJiecertiflciite  required  by  thin  act  may  boulgued 
and  given  by  inhnliilnnts  rated  to  the  poor  at  61.  in  any  adJolnlnK  parish  or  pariiiheg.— J  9. 

Retailem  to  pniditee  their  l.ieenren  on  Reqviirilion  i,f%  Mttgiiitmle.i.—1n  cane  any  complniet  I)B  laid  be. 
A)ru  3  justices  aititinRt  nny  licensed  person  for  an  offence  mtninst  the  tenor  of'his  licence,  or  ngninit 
this  act  or  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  M.,  the  said  Justices  may  require  such  person  to  produce  his  licence  be- 
fire  them  for  their  examination  ;  and  if  he  wilfully  neelert  or  refuse  so  to  do,  he  shall  forfeit  for  such 
offence  any  sum,  not  exceedinfT  S/.,  the  said  Justices  shall  think  proper ;  and  such  person  may  he  con- 
victed,  proreeded  aRainst,  and  dealt  with  for  such  offence  in  the  sumo  manner,  mululis  miilaniliii,  as  is 
directed  by  the  act  1  Will.  1.  c.  81.  with  regard  to  persons  guilty  of  a  first  offunco  againnt  said  act  i 
and  the  penally  imposed  fur  such  oflhnce  is  to  be  applied  In  the  manner  that  a  penalty  for  a  flrst  of- 
fence against  said  net  in  directed  to  be  applied. — I)  10. 

Cuniiniinpce  (if  Powers.  i;c.—T\ie  powers,  provisions,  and  penaltiei  of  1  Will.  4.  c.  64,  to  apply  to 
persons  licensed  under  this  act,  and  to  their  sureties,  &.c. — i  11. 

A<  I  inil.  4.  e.  04,  to  continue  in  force,  except  as  hereby  altered.—)  12. 

Duties  on  Beer  Licence*  mirfer  the  I  fVill.  4.  e.  84.  repealed,  and  new  nutiet  /rrnnted  in  lieu  (ter«»/.— 
From  and  after  the  pasning  of  this  act,  the  duties  pnynble  on  excise  lluences  for  the  sale  of  beer  by  re- 
tail under  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  U4.  shall  cease,  and  in  lieu  of  such  duties  there  shall  he  paid  upon  the 
licences  liereby  authorized  to  be  granted  tlie  duties  following;  viz. : 

For  And  upon  piery  liiTPnce  to  be  takrn  nut  by  aoy  p«nnn  for  the  |  For  anil  upon  every  licence  to  be  lalcen  out  by  sny  penmn  for  tb« 
nie  'if  l>cfr  Ity  retail,  not  to  be  dnntli  or  rnimuuird  in  or  upon  j  lale  nf  beer  by  retiil,  (o  \ie  dnink  or  constmie-f  in  or  upon  )))• 
tbe  bouie  or  premitel  viben  wUI,  the  uiuual  kum  of  If.  1*.  j      houw  or  preoiUei  where  aold,  Uie  aouuftl  luin  of  31.  3i,~:lec.  19. 

The  rttities  to  he  nnder  the  manaeeinent  of  commissioners  n '  excise,  and  to  be  recovered  and  ar- 
eonnted  for  under  the  provisions  of  tlie  net  1  Will.  4.  c.  64.—}  14. 

A"<i«  to  affect  Ihity  on  Lieencen  to  Retail  Cider  and  Perry. — Nothing  in  this  act  shall  affect  the.  amount 
of  duty  payahlB  under  the  I  Will.  4.  c.  04.  on  licenses  to  retail  cider  and  perry  ;  hut  every  such  licence 
shall  specify  whether  it  be  eranted  for  the  sale  of  cider  and  perry  by  reliiil  not  to  ho  drunk  in  the  house 
or  premises  where  sold,  or  for  the  retail  of  the  same  to  be  drunk  in  the  house  or  premises  where  sold. 
-*15. 

Lieencen  underthit  Act  not  to  authorine  Persons  to  sell  Wine. — No  licence  granted  under  the  act  1  Will, 
4.  c.64.  and  this  act  shall  authorise  any  person  to  lulic  out  or  hold  nny  licence  for  the  sale  nf  wine, 
spirits,  or  sweets  or  made  wines,  or  mead  or  nietheulin  ;  and  If  nny  person  licensed  under  the  act  1 
Will.  4.  c.  64.  and  this  act  sliiill  permit  or  eufT.^r  any  wine,  spirits,  &c.  to  be  brought  into  his  house  or 
premises  to  be  drunk  or  cons'imed  there,  or  shall  sutf'jr  them  to  be  drunk  or  consumed  in  his  house  or 
premises,  he  shall,  over  and  above  nny  excise  penallie.i  to  which  he  may  be  subject,  forfeit  2I){. — i  16 
Penaltit  on  unticenacd  Person*.— Such  persons  selling  beer  and  cider  by  retail  to  be  drunk  off  the  pre- 
mises, lO/. ;  to  be  drunk  on  the  premises,  20/. — }  17. 

Board  oner  the  Door. — Every  person  licensed  to  sell  beer,  cider,  or  perry,  by  retail,  under  the  autho- 
rity of  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  61.  and  tliis  act,  shall,  on  the  board  required  by  the  former  act  to  he  placed 
over  his  door,  paint  and  keep  thereon,  after  the  words  "licensed  to  sell  heer  or  cidttr  by  retail,"  the 
additional  words  "not to  be  drunk  on  the  premises,"  or  "to  be  drunk  on  tlie  premises,"  ns  the  case 
raav  he,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  the  penalty  imposed  by  such  act  for  not  having  such  board  over  the  door. 
— }"18. 

What  is  retaUinn  of  Beer,  *e. — Every  sale  of  beer,  or  of  cider  or  perry,  in  any  less  quantity  than  4^ 
gallons,  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  bo  n  sale  by  retail. — }  19. 

Penalties  for  filing  Spirits  or  IVine  without  Licence. — Persons  licensed  to  sell  beer  or  cider  under  the 
act  1  Will.  4.  c.  r>4.  and  litis  act,  wlio  sell  spirits  or  wine,  sweets.  Sec.  without  being  licensed,  are  lia- 
ble to  the  penalties  imposed  by  the  hkws  of  excise  for  gelling  spirits  or  wine,  sweets,  &.c.  without  li- 
cence.— i  20. 

Certificate  not  to  he  required  far  Houses  in  certain  Siliialions,  If  Pnptilnlion  exceed  .'),000. — The  beforo- 
mentinned  certificate  shall  not  he  required  as  to  any  house  situated  within  the  cities  of  London  and 
Westminster,  or  within  any  parish  or  place  within  the  bills  of  mortality,  nor  within  any  city  or  town 
eorporate,  nor  within  the  distance  of  1  mile  from  the  place  used  at  the  last  election  as  the  place  of 
election  or  polling  place  ofany  town  returning  a  member  to  parliament,  provided  tliat  the  population, 
determined  according  to  the  last  prirliamentary  census  taken  in  such  city,  town,  tc.  sliall  exceed 
."ifOOO :  provided,  that  no  licence  for  tiie  sale  of  beer,  ale,  porter,  cider,  or  perry  by  retail  on  the  premi- 
ses in  the  cities  of  London  and  Westminsler,  or  in  any  parish  tvilhin  the  bills  of  mortality,  or  in  any 
such  citv  or  town  cori>orate,  or  town  returning  a  member  to  parliiineiit  as  before  mentioned,  shall  bu 
granted'after  the  5th  day  of  April,  1(^36,  unless  the  house  or  premises  specified  as  those  in  which  beer 
or  cider  is  intended  lobe  sold  shall  be  of  the  value  of  10^  per  annum.— J  21. 

Service  of  Summons. — Summonaei  or  orders  not  legally  served,  unless  by  gome  constable  or  other 
peace  officer. — i  23. 

Commeneement.—Xct,  shall  commence  and  take  effect  from  and  after  the  lOtb  day  of  October,  1831.— 
tS3. 

Form  of  Certificate  referred  (a  in  )  3.  ■■  a  ■!>..  . 

We,  the  unttenlgned,  being  tnhibltinhi  of  the  piriih  {or  township,  om  the  nue  mail  U]  at  tni 

rvwpeetivelv  niled  to  the  poor  at  not  Imi  tli-ip  til.  per  antmin,  and  none  of  us  IwinR  miltaten,  cnmmnn  brewefv,  or  peisoM  llceDwd  to  sell 
ipirituott«  liquoni,  or  beinc  lirenvid  to  leil  beer  or  cider  by  retail,  do  hereby  certify,  ttkit  ^.  U.,  dtvellipg  la  itnei 

[to«  ifttiff  Ihmnsl,  lolH,  4rc-l  in  Um  eaid  pariah  [or  tuwinliip.  &c.l  i>  a  prrwu  of  ^ki.!  character. 
,^.  Airluvr  :       i    '  iBtTtutltrt  thidaj  of  tifniiig Ihtccrt^fictitt.) 

(tjigoed) 


nit^  Hi  hii^aAiii.-.  ■ 

-,   •  'etr\t  f  « 'ist 111 '.  -t;; 


"rfJ    iIVY';  !4M-!H-,i; 


<|J.*, 


E.  F.   -» 

a.  H.  I 

/.  K.     l  IHi 
L.  M.    f     <i 
N.  O.    I 
P.  Q.J     . 


n  flof  e  tlu  Toidmcs  of  eathof  the  pw 
tvta  ligning.} 


I  df>  tier^  entity,  Thtt  alt  Ikt  tborMMnlianeil  perma  whoe  nainn  are  viberrilml  to  thii  eerUficale  tre  InhabitaDts  of  the  puiak 
(«r  Igwwdiip,  kc]  ii  ntad  to  (M.  to  the  mlief  o(  Uie  poor  of  the  aaid  (ariili. 

[Oreraeer  of  the  pariah  or  lownahlp,  fcc] 
•  li'-f     Datu 


t 't;»wi-  j,:  I  i.dun,,';: 


Slip.) 

[Ale,  porter,  and  beer,  are  tnatle  in  the  United  States  in  large  quantities ;  and  their  con* 
mmption  a()peara  to  be  steadily  increasing. 

The  early  emie^rants  from  Great  Britain  brought  with  them  their  tastes  and  habits;  and 
we  find,  at  an  early  period,  that  breweries  were  established  on  a  small  scale  in  all  the  priiici 
pal  seaports.    Their  success  to  the  south  of  tho  Potomac  was  prevented  by  the  beat  of  the 


rlimate,  togethi 

York,  and  BosI 

also  to  be  fount 

vilia>;e  in  it  wh< 

every  town  has 

bany,  the  busin^ 

to  tlie  revolutio, 

which  was  soa 

factured ;  and  b< 

the  business  of 

country.     We  I 

PitUburg,  Whet 

and  the  surroui 

the  Mississippi, 

generally,  where 

The  quality  o 

few  years,  and  w 

dance  and  low  f 

adulterate  them 

beverage. 

Nearly  all  the 
us  from  Great  B 
to  the  island  of  ( 
duciion  are  chief 
classed  together 
made  to  Congrcf 
produrt«  is  chief] 
tish  West  Indies, 
ALEXANDR 
of  Eurypt,on  the 
inoutii  of  the  Nil 
of  this  famous  ci 
by  the  Cape  of  < 
rnstern  and  wcstt 
Egypt  for  an  en 
where  there  is,  a 
ports  of  Rosetta  n 
the  Nile,  are  hot 
dangerous  surf, 
of  an  artificial  na 
for  a  while  at  leat 
cities  referred  to. 
It  may  be  proj 
has  not  always  b< 
of  more  modern 
Mohammed  Ali, 
above  Rosetta. 
1 8  ieet  deep.     It 
to  some  defects  in 
it  iH  difficult  to  let 
jteriod  of  the  inun 
advantage,  not  to 
secured  Iiy  facing 

Ports,  .^•c— Tbe  a 
sm.'ill  island  of  Ph 
Belh,Cirili,\\h.  iii. 
grailiially  joined  l< 
nitin  iiiid  island  liav 
built  on  a  suinll  isle' 
is  still  called  the  Ph 
a  port.    That  on  th 
stretches  from  the  t 
It  is  bounded  on  th 
partially  built,  and 
the  city,  having  17  . 
westward  of  the  tow 
not  thoroughly  acq' 
by  buoys  which  IIl> 
of  .T  mile  wide,  and 
em  hniindnry  withii 
balf  u  luilo  wide,  an 


ALEXANDRIA. 


19 


rlimate,  together  with  the  ahort  duration  of  the  winter.  In  Baltimore,  Philadplphia,  New 
York,  and  Booton,  however,  they  have  succeeded,  and  continue  to  flourish.  Breweries  are 
also  to  be  found  in  large  numl)er8  throughout  the  state  of  New  Yorlc ;  and  there  is  scarcely  a 
village  in  it  where  good  ale  cannot  be  procured.  Along  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  river,  almost 
every  town  has  one  or  more  breweries,  and  some  of  these  are  of  a  considerable  size.  At  Al- 
bany, the  business  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent.  Beer  was  brewed  in  Philndelpliia  previous 
to  the  revolutionary  war.  The  manufacture  of  porter  was  introduced  here  after  the  peace ; 
which  was  soon  followed  by  that  of  ale.  These  two  articles  are  now  generally  manu- 
factured ;  and  beer,  properly  so  called,  is  rapidly  going  into  disuse.  A  continued  extension  of 
the  business  of  brewing  hos  been  taking  place  in  Pennsylvania,  and  throughout  the  western 
country.  We  find  breweries  at  all  the  principal  towns  along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio.  At 
Pittsburg,  Wheeling,  and  Cincinnati,  there  are  a  number,  which  not  only  supply  those  places 
and  the  surrounding  country,  but  furnish  large  quantities  for  export  down  the  Ohio  and 
the  Misijissippi.  And  large  quantities  are  exported  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  states 
generally,  where  their  consumption  is  fast  taking  the  place  of  that  of  ardent  spirits. 

'J'he  quality  of  the  malt  liquors  manufactured  in  the  United  States  has  improved  in  the  last 
few  years,  and  will  now  not  suffer  by  a  comparison  with  the  best  foreign.  From  the  great  abun- 
dance and  low  price  of  the  staple  articles  from  which  they  are  made,  no  temptation  exists  to 
adulterate  them.  The  public,  consequently,  are  furnished  with  a  pure  and  wholesome 
beverage. 

Nearly  all  the  l)cer,  ale,  and  porter,  which  are  imported  in  the  United  States,  is  brought  to 
us  from  Great  Britain.  A  small  portion  of  what  is  iin|>ort('d  is  re-exjwrted,  for  the  most  part 
to  the  island  of  Cnba.  The  countries  to  which  the  cdrresponding  nrticlcs  of  domestic  pro- 
duction are  chiefly  exported,  we  have  no  means  of  stating  with  any  accuracy ;  since  fhey  are 
classed  together  with  cider  in  the  annual  statements  of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States, 
made  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  We  may  mention  that  this  class  of  our 
products  is  chiefly  exported  to  the  British  North  American  Colonics,  Cuba,  Texas,  the  Bri- 
tish West  Indies,  and  Mexico. — Am.  Ed.] 

ALEXANDRIA,  so  called  from  its  founder,  Alexander  the  Great,  the  principal  sea-port 
of  Eu:ypt,on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  situated  about  12  miles  W.  of  the  Canopic 
mouth  of  the  Nile ;  the  Pharos  lieing  in  lat.  31°  12 J  N.,  long.  29°  53J'  E.  The  situation 
of  this  famous  city  was  most  admirably  chfesen.  Until  the  discovery  of  the  route  to  India 
by  the  Ca|)e  of  Good  Hope,  Egypt  fonned  the  natural  seat  of  the  commerce  between  the 
eastern  and  western  worlds;  and  Alexandria  was  placed  in  the  most  favourable  position  in 
Egypt  for  an  emporium.  It  is  the  only  port  on  the  whole  northern  coast  of  that  country 
where  there  is,  at  once,  deep  water,  and  security  for  shipping  throughout  the  year.  The 
ports  (if  Rosetta  and  Damietta,  the  former  on  the  west,  and  the  latter  on  the  eastern  arm  of 
the  Nile,  are  both  diflicult  of  entrance,  each  having  a  bar,  upon  which  there  is  always  a 
dangerous  surf.  Ships  bound  for  Alexandria  avoid  this  serious  inconvenience  ;  and  by  means 
of  an  artificial  navigation,  stretching  from  the  city  to  the  western  branch  of  the  Nile,  it  has 
fur  a  while  at  least,  almost  the  same  facilities  of  internal  navigation  that  arc  enjoyed  by  the 
cities  referred  to. 

It  may  be  proper,  however,  to  mention  that  this  artificial  communication  with  the  Nile 
has  not  always  been  open.  It  existed  in  antiquity,  but  fell  into  decay  during  the  barbarism 
of  more  modern  times.  After  being  shut  up  for  some  centuries,  it  has  been  re-opencd  by 
Mohammed  Ali,  who  has  dug  a  canal  from  Alexandria  to  Foitah  on  the  Nile,  about  27  miles 
above  Rosetta.  This  important  work  is  48  milc!?  in  length,  90  feet  in  breadth,  and  from  }5  to 
18  ieet  deep.  It  was  opened  in  1819  ;  but  owing  partly  to  the  nature  of  the  ground,  partly 
to  some  defects  in  its  construction,  and  partly  to  the  mud  deposited  by  the  water  of  the  Nile, 
it  is  diflicult  to  keep  in  repair;  and  cannot  now,  it  is  said,  be  navigated  excryit  during  tlie 
I^riod  of  the  inundation.  Its  free  navigation  at  all  periods  would,  however,  lie  of  the  greatest 
advantage,  not  to  Alexandria  only,  but  to  all  Egypt;  and  it  is  believed  that  this  might  bo 
secured  by  facing  the  canal  with  brick,  and  putting  it  otherwise  into  good  order. 

Porta.  S;e. — ^Ttie  nmicnt  city  wna  situnffid  a  little  more  inland  than  the  mndern  or  ,  opposite  to  the 
snrill  isliinrt  of  Ph-irog,  on  wliieh  wna  erected  tlie  liplithoii»«,  so  celKhrnt«d  in  iintiqiiily. — (Ctt^ar  rit 
BelluCirili,  lib.  iii.  tup.  lia.)  This  iHland  wns,  partly  by  itrlifiriiil  meiins.nrd  parlly  by  niitiiral  caunes, 
firadiinlly  jninpd  to  the  land  by  a  mound,  and  on  tliis  the  new  town  is  priiiciiially  built.  The  istli- 
nitm  iiiid  island  have  now  the  form  ot'a  T,  its  liend  being  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  A  sriiiiire  rnsllc  or  tower, 
built  on  a  small  islet  or  roelc.nt  Iheextreinity  of  a  mole  projettiiijjfroni  the  north-east  angle  of  the  city. 
Is  still  called  the  Pharos,  nnd  n  liir'it  is  regularly  «)!hil>ited  upon  it.  On  each  side  of  the  city  there  is 
a  port.  That  on  the  western,  or  African  side,  called  the  Old  Port,  Is  by  far  the  largest  and  besit.  It 
itri'tches  from  the  town  westwards  to  Maratmut,  about  six  niileK,  and  is  aliouln  mile  anil  a  half  wide. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north,  partly  by  the  western  ton)!ne  or  angle  of  the  island  on  which  the  city  is 
partially  built,  and  partly  by  rocks  and  sand  bant<s.  It  hag  three  entrances.  The  first,  or  that  nearest 
the  rity,  having  17  fi.'Ct  water.  Is  nliout  two  miles  S.W.from  the  laree  buihlinp,  situated  a  little  to  the 
westward  of  the  town,  called  the  palace  ;  but  it  is  too  narrow  and  dilficult  to  be  attempted  by  any  one 
not  thoroughly  ncq-iainted  withihe  port.  Theeaftem  sideof  the  second  or  middle  entrance  is  marked 
by  buoys  which  lie  about  two  miles  and  three  quarters  S.  W.  from  the  pabice ;  It  is  about  «  quarter 
of  a  mile  wide,  nnd  has,  where  shallowest,  27  feet  water.  The  third  or  western  entrance  has  its  iccat- 
trn  boundary  within  about  three-eight  lis  of  a  mile  fpom  the  east  end  of  Maratmut  island  ;  it  is  about 
balf  a  milo  wide,  and  bos  from  25  to  27  feet  water  in  Us  sballowest  places.    Xiid  Inst  is  tlie  best  eu- 


iM. 


I  \K 


m 


1. 


If  ill 

111  '.'■■( 


I 


k 


/I! 


20 


ALEXANDRIA. 


tranea,  Rhipi,  whnii  In,  mtj  anelior  cIom  to  the  town  In  fVom  ttio  M ttut  water,  and  there  la  food 
•nclioraite  in  deep  water  all  along  the  abore.  Foreifnera  were  formerly  excluded  frnm  thia  port  i  b«| 
thla  prohibition  no  Innfter  exiati. 

The  new  or  Ailatio  harbour  la  on  the  eattern  aide  of  the  town.  A  rock  called  the  Diamond  Nea  « 
little  to  the  eait  nfthe  Pharoi  lower  t  and  ihlpa  enterinf  the  port  ought  to  have  tliii  rock  about  a  ca- 
ble'* lenKth  nn  the  tinht.  Ifthoy  get  much  ftirther  to  the  left,  they  will  cnnie  In  contact  with  a  ihoal 
which  ftretchei  westward  from  the  Pharilion,  or  little  tower,  on  the  eaitiide  of  the  port.  The  water 
immeilintely  within  the  port  fl.  W.  from  the  Pharoi  la  from  SO  to  40  feet  deep ;  but  the  apace  fur  an- 
chorage Is  very  limited,  and  is  exposed  to  the  northerly  gales ;  and  the  ground  being  fbul  and  rocky, 
hempen  cables  are  very  apt  to  chife,  and  several  accidents  have  happened  in  coniei|uence  to  ships  un- 
provided with  iron  calilns.  Ordinary  tidps  rise  3  feet ;  but  during  the  overflow  of  Iha  iMilu  the  riao  la 
4  fiiet.    Variation  13"  west.— (Hee  Plan  of  Alexandria,  by  Lieut.  Falbe.) 

AneUnt  and  Modem  Ci'v— under  the  Ptolemies  and  Ko^nans,  Alexandria  was  the  first  commercial 
t'ity  In  the  world.  It  Huift^rt'il  greatly  by  its  reduction  by  the  Rnracens  In  fl-IOt  but  it  continued  to  be 
n  place  of  cnnsidernhle  roniinnrciul  importance  till  the  despotism  of  the  Mamelukes  andTurks,  and  the 
Hiscovrry  of  the  route  to  India  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Iliipe,  completed  its  ruin.  Under  tlie  Ptolemiea, 
the  piipnlation  Is  believed  to  have  amounted  to  about  300,000,  and  Iho  city  wns  adorned  by  a  vast  num- 
ber of  magnificent  atructuroa.  At  present  the  population  varies  with  the  seasons  of  the  year,  but, 
when  creittest.  it  is  not  Bunposcd  In  exceed  35,000;  and  niny  vary  between  this  aninunt  and  16,000  or 
19,000.  The  npiworance  ofthe  modern  town  is  must  unprnniiaing.  "It  nmy  bo  Justly  said,  that  in  tba 
new  city  of  Al.ixnndria  we  lind  a  poor  orphan,  whose  sole  inheritance  has  been  the  venerable  nam* 
of  its  fhthor.  The  vast  extent  ofthe  ancient  city  is  contracted  in  the  new,  to  a  little  neck  of  land  be- 
tween the  two  ports.  The  most  superb  temples  are  changed  Into  plain  mosques  s  the  nnist  magnificent 
fialaccs  into  houses  of  a  l>ad  structure ;  the  royal  seat  is  become  u  prison  tiiT  slaves  ;  an  opulent  and 
numerous  people  hns  given  way  to  n  sinnll  number  of  f  ireign  traders,  and  to  a  multitude  of  wretches, 
that  are  the  servants  of  those  on  whom  they  depend  :  a  place  formerly  so  fnnious  for  the  extent  of  ita 
rommerce,  is  no  longer  any  thing  more  than  a  mere  place  nf  ciiihiirking,  in  fine,  it  is  not  n  phmnix  that 
revives  from  its  own  ashes,  it  Is,  at  most,  a  reptile,  sprunc  from  the  dirt,  the  dust,  and  corruption  with 
which  the  Alcoran  has  inflicted  the  whole  country."— (A'jn/eH"*  Travelt,  Kng.  trans.  8vo  ed.  p.  87.) 
There  is  reason,  however,  to  think  that  this  striking  description,  though  accnrnte  at  the  time  when  it  waa 
written  (1737),  conveys  too  unfavourable  an  idea  of  the  present  Ftate  of  Alexandria.  The  vigornua  go- 
vernment of  Mohammed  Ali,  by  introducing  comparative  security  and  good  order  into  Egypt,  has  lat- 
terly revived  the  commerce  of  Alexandria,  which  has  again  become  a  place  of  considerable  ijiiportance 
in  the  trading  world. 

Trade  »/  Mexandria.— The  Imports  principallv  consist  of  cotton  stuflii,  timber,  hardware,  iron  and 
tin,  tobacco,  machinery,  ammunition,  silk  gooils,  woollens,  staves,  &c.  The  exports  consist  of  raw 
cotton,  wheat  and  barley,  rice,  linen,  Hax,  Unseed,  sugar,  eotCiie  (from  the  Red  Sea), drugs,  gums,  sal- 
ammoniac,  saffron,  wax,  tec. 

The  principal  articles  of  importation  into  this  country  from  Kgypt  are  cotton,  flax  and  linseed,  senna, 
and  gum.  Of  these,  cotton  is  bv  far  the  most  important.  We  began  to  import  it  in  lti33;  and  aiuea 
then  the  imports  have  been  as  fidlows : — 


Years. 

Bales. 

Years. 

Bales. 

Yeara. 

Bales. 

1834 
183S 
1830 

38,023 

111,0%! 

47,821 

1827 
1^ 
1839 

82,450 
32,889 
34,739 

1830 
1831 
1833 

11,753 
S8,I34 
41,183 

In  1833,  the  French  Imported  35,807  bales  of  Egyptian  cotton ;  the  imports  at  Trieste  during  the  sama 
rear  were  about  50,000  bales ;  and  those  at  Leghorn  and  Genoa  were,  together,  abotit  the  aame  aa  at 
Trieste.  The  bale  of  Egyptian  cotton  weighs  about  820  lbs.  This  important  trade  owes  its  existence 
almost  entirely  to  the  exertions  of  the  Pacha,  by  whom  the  cotton  plantations  have  been  established. 
The  cotton  exported  is  all  long-staple,  but  nf  two  sorts :  one  called  in  Egypt  makko,  and  in  England 
common  Egyptian ;  the  other,  the  produce  of  sea-island  seed,  called  in  Egypt  Sennaar,  and  in  England 
sea-island  Egyptian.  Resides  these  two  descriptions,  Egypt  produces  frnm  15,000  to  30,000  bales  of 
short-staple  cotton,  similar  in  quality  to  that  of  Smyrna,  and  chiefly  consumed  in  the  country.  The 
cotton  brought  from  Egypt  is  found  to  be  amongst  the  most  useful  that  is  grown :  that  raised  fi-om  sea- 
island  ?eed  ranks  next  to  American  sea-island.  The  exports  from  this  country  to  Egypt  principally 
consist  of  cotton  goods  and  twist,  earthenware,  iron  and  steel,  arms  and  ammunition,  i,c.  Their  real 
value  amounted,  in  1831,  to  I33,833<. ;  hut  besides  what  goea  direct,  a  good  deal  of  British  produce 
tinds  Its  way  to  Egypt  at  second-hand  from  Malta,  Smyrna,  Ilc.  Constantinople  and  the  islanos  ofthe 
Archipelago  are  the  great  markets  for  the  wheat  and  other  grain  exported  from  Egypt,  the  quantity 
sent  to  them  being  sometimes  very  large.  The  supplies  are,  however,  extremely  uncertain.  Every 
thing  In  Egypt  depends  on  the  Nile ;  and  when  it  does  not  rise  to  the  usual  height,  the  crops  are  very 
much  below  an  average.  Beans  are  extensively  cultivated,  and  have  sometimes  been  brought  to 
England,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  with  advantage  to  the  importers.  They  are  very  inferior  to  English 
beans,  and  are  peculiarly  sul)ject  to  the  worm.  No  oats  are  raised  in  Egypt,  the  hnrsea  being  entirely 
fed  upon  barley.  Besides  cotton,  the  Pucha  has  turned  his  attention  to  the  culture  of  sugar,  indigo,  &c. 
The  first  has  long  been  raised  in  Egypt,  but  the  exports  are  not  very  considerable.  Bilk  is  grown  to 
some  extent.  The  date-palm  thrives  in  every  part  of  Egypt,  and  the  fVuit  is  largely  exported.  It  ii 
singular,  that  notwithstanding  the  luxuriance  of  many  of  its  vegetable  productions,  Egypt  should  be 
entirely  destitute  of  limber.— (Lords'  Report  o/1837,  on  the  Price  ij  Foreign  Cera,  Min.rf  Evid.p.  130., 
and  prtvate  infarmation.) 

In  1831,  there  entered  the  port  of  Alexandria  1,315  ships,  of  the  burden  of  196,309  tons.  Of  these, 
the  Austrian  were  the  most  numerous;  next,  the  Engliata  and  Ionian}  and  than  the  French,  Sardi- 
nian, Spanish,  Stc. 

Moutg. — Accounts  are  kept  at  Alexandria,  as  at  Cairo,  in  earrciit  piaetret,  each  piastre  being  equal 
to  40  paras,  or  medini,  and  each  medino  to  30  nspers.  The  medino  is  also  divided  into  8  bnrbi,  or  0 
fhrii.  A  purse  contains  35,000  medini.  The  piastres  struck  in  1836  contain  a  great  deal  of  nlluy ;  15| 
»r  lO.piastres  "  1  (Spanish  dnll-ir ;  hence  1  piastre  =■  3)d.  sterling,  very  nearly.  Payraenta  in  transac- 
tions of  any  importance  are  generally  made  in  Spanish  dollars. 

tyeigktt  and  Meaturet.— The  yard,  or  pit,  =  36-8  English  inches;  hence  100  pikB  =  74-438  Englisli 
yards.  The  measures  for  corn  are  the  rAsftsAs,  and  the  f  h<Mo(  orJitstoi;  the  former  =4'364  English 
bushela,  the  latter  =  4'739  ditto.  The  rantaro  or  quintal  =  100  rottali,  but  the  rottolo  haa  dilTerent  namea 
and  weights  :  1  rottolo  forforo=  -9347  lb.  avoirdupois;  1  rottolo  taidino=  1-335  lb.  ditto:  1  rottolo  taura 
or  laro-^S-OT  lbs.  ditto ;  1  rottolo  mina=  1'67  lb.  ditto.— (.tfuausl  Unirereel  it  Jfellunhreehtr.) 

Dutke. — With  thee.xception  ofthe  commercial  monopolies  of  tlie  Pacha,  and  the  arbitrary  principlei 
on  which  he  fixes  the  prices  of  commodities,  there  ia  noihingohjectionable  in  hia  policy  as  to  commerce. 
The  duties  on  imports  are  only  3  per  cent.  We  believe,  however,  that  a  small  increase  ot°  the  customs 
duty  wonld  compensate  the  Pacha  for  the  abolition  of  most  of  hia  monopoUea;  and  there  can  be  little 
doubt  ibat  bie  tumecu  wout4  b4  materially  benefite4  by  tlie  cbange. 


ii 


ALEXANDRIA. 


fll 


PoKcy  of  the  Paeha,—\i  i«  to  \m  regretted  thnt  Mohammed  Ali,  who,  in  many  reapecta, 
b  one  ot  the  moat  extraordinary  pcriona  of  the  age,  abould  have  no  juat  idea  of  the  principlei^ 
by  the  adoption  of  which  hia  plana  of  improvement  might  be  perpetuated,  and  industry  Iw 
rendered  really  flourishing.  He  leavea  nothing  to  the  discretion  and  enterprise  of  individualai 
He  may,  indeed,  be  aaid  to  be  the  sole  proprietor,  manufacturer,  farmer  general,  and  whole* 
Mle  merchant  of  Egypt.  He  haa  monopoliHed  the  entire  foreign  trade  of  the  country ;  and  haa 
Axrd  the  price  to  b«  paid  for  every  article  to  the  cultivator,  and  tbr  '''e  at  which  it  is  to  b« 
sold  to  the  foreigner.  Hence  the  extension  of  cultivation,  and  the  ^  ;th  of  commerce  and 
manufactures,  have  been  of  no  real  advantage  to  the  bulk  of  the  nation ;  and  hence,  alio,  the 
riRk,  in  the  event  of  the  reina  of  government  falling  into  Ichs  vigorous  or  able  hands,  that  ths 
fabric  of  apparent  prosperity  which  the  Pacha  haa  been  attempting  to  raise,  may  fall  to 
pieces:  but  we  would  fain  hope  that  the  influence  of  the  many  intelligent  Europeans  now  in 
Egypt,  and  the  observations  which  the  Egyptians  sent  to  England  and  France  by  the  Paclia 
cannot  fail  to  have  made  upon  the  advantages  resulting  from  the  security  of  property  ond  the 
freedom  of  industry,  may  be  instrumental  in  paving  the  way  for  the  gradual  introduction  of 
a  more  enlarged  and  liberal  system. 

Ancient  Trade  of  Alexandria, — Aa  already  remarked,  Alexandria  was,  for  a  long  series 
of  years, — first  under  the  Greek  succesaora  of  Alexander,  and  subsequently  under  the  Ro- 
mans,— the  principal  enlrepdt  of  the  ancient  world.  Mont  part  of  the  traflTic  between  Asia 
and  Europe  that  had  at  a  more  early  period  centered  at  Tyre,  was  gradually  diverted  to  this 
new  emporium.  An  intercourse  lietween  the  ports  on  the  eastern  roast  of  Egypt,  and  those 
on  the  opposite  coast  of  Arabia,  had  aubsisted  from  a  very  early  period.  That  between 
Egypt  and  India  was  more  recent  It  was  at  first  carried  on  by  ships,  which  having  sailed 
down  the  Red  Sea  from  Myos  Hormos  and  Berenice,  coasted  along  the  Arabian  shores  till 
they  reached  Cope  Rassclgate,  whence  a  short  course  brought  them  to  India  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Indus.  This  was  the  course  followed  during  the  dynasty  of  the  Ptolemies : 
but  about  80  years  afler  Egypt  had  been  annexed  to  the  Roman  empire,  Hippalus,  the  com- 
mander of  an  Egyptian  ship  trading  to  India,  having  observed  the  regular  shilling  of  the  trade 
winds,  ventured  to  sail  with  the  western  monsoon  from  the  Straits  of  Babelmandeb  right 
across  the  Arabian  Ocean;  and  was  fortunate  enough,  ader  a  prosperous  voyage,  to  arrive  at 
Musiris,  in  that  part  of  India  now  known  by  the  name  of  the  Malabar  coast.  Having  taken 
on  board  a  cargo  of  Indian  produce,  Hippalus  returned  in  safety  with  the  eastern  monsoon  to 
Egypt.  This  discovery  waa  deemed  of  so  much  importance,  that  the  name  of  the  discoverer 
waa  given  to  the  wind  which  had  carried  him  across  the  ocean  to  India :  and  how  trifling  so- 
ever this  voyage  may  now  appear,  those  who  consider  that  Hippalus  had  no  compass  by 
which  to  direct  his  course,  and  that  owing  to  thia  circumstance,  and  the  otherwise  imperfect 
state  of  the  art  of  navigation,  the  ancients  seldom  ventured  out  of  sight  of  land,  even  in  seas 
with  which  they  were  well  acquainted,  will  be  forward  to  admit  that  his  enterprise  and  dar- 
ing were  nowise  inferior  to  his  success;  and  that  he  was  well  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  his 
contemporaries  and  the  respect  of  posterity. 

From  the  epoch  of  this  discovery,  fleets  traded  periodically  from  Egypt  to  Musiris,  convey- 
ing the  products  of  Europe  to  India,  and  conversely.  The  Indian  goods  having  i>ecn  landed 
at  Myos  Hormos  and  Berenice,  were  thence  conveyed  by  caravans  to  Coptos  (the  modern 
Kenne),  on  the  Nile,  where  they  were  put  on  board  lighters  and  sent  to  Alexandria,  whence 
they  were  distributed  all  over  the  western  world.  The  goods  sent  to  India  were  conveyed 
to  Myos  Hormos  and  Berenice  by  the  same  route.  Myos  Hormos  was  situated  on  the  shore 
of  tho  Arabian  gulf,  about  a  degree  to  the  north  of  the  modern  port  of  Cosseir.  The  dis- 
tance from  it  to  Coptos,  in  a  straight  line,  is  about  70  English  miies.  Berenice  was  situated 
a  good  way  further  to  the  south,  being  nearly  under  the  tropic.  It  was  built  by  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus.  Its  distance  from  Coptos  is  stated  by  Pliny  at  258  Roman  miles ;  the  dillerent 
resting  places  on  tho  road  were  determined  by  the  wells,  and  the  journey  occupied  about  12 
days.  Ptolomy  seems  to  have  preferred  this  station  to  Myos  Hormos,  though  the  land  car- 
riage to  Coptos  was  so  much  further,  from  iUi  greater  jiroxiniity  to  the  Straits  of  Babelmandeb, 
and  its  lessening  the  voyage  up  the  Red  Sea. 

Pliny  says  that  the  cost  of  the  Indian  commodities  brought  to  Rome  through  Alexandria 
was  increased  a  hundred  fold  (centiipllcato  veneanf)  by  the  expence  of  carriage,  &c.  We 
suspect  that  this  is  a  rhetorical  exaggeration,  meaning  merely  that  their  price  was  very  ma- 
terially enlinnccd.  If  the  increase  was  to  any  thing  like  the  extent  mentioned,  it  must  have 
been  owing  to  the  imposition  of  oppressive  tolls  and  duties,  for  it  could  not  possibly  have 
been  occasioned  by  the  mere  expenses  of  conveyance.* — (Flin.  Hisi,  Nat.  lib.  vi.  cap.  23.; 
Ameilhnn,  Commerce  des  Egyptiens,  pp.  161 — 176.  &c. ;  Robertson^*  Ancient  India,  note 
20.  «&c.) 

Besides  this  important  traflic,  which  supplied  Rome  and  the  western  world  with  the  silka, 

•  In  ttie  16th  century,  ttie  cost  of  Indian  coniinoditleB  tiroiiglit  to  Western  Europe  hy  wny  of  Alex- 
andriii  and  Alnppo  wns  nbnut  three  times  llie  cost  of  tliose  brouglit  by  the  Cnpe  of  Good  Hope.— (See 
poft.  East  India  Company,  Hutoryof.)  But  Eeypt  was  llien  occupied  l>y  the  Mauicluhcs  and  Turl<», 
who  threw  every  sort  of  obstacle  iu  the  way  ot  coiiimerce,  and  loaded  it  with  ibe  most  opprs<<<iva 
exuctionii. 


nVT 


I  '  ! 


>y%m 


m 


'■<  rl 


1^1:;"  <H1 


!  I' 


]f\ 


ALICANT.  •  * 


)     ifl 


illli 


■pirrii,  precious  Btonr*,  and  other  prn<1urtii  of  Arabia  nnd  Iiidii,  ■  great  tradn  In  com  wu 
rarricd  on  from  Aluxandriit  tuKomo.  Hetypt,  fur  a  lenKtlioiio<l  |H<ri<Nl,  conntilutcd  the  griinsry 
from  whirh  Rome,  and  aflorwardM  Coiiitiuntinople,  drew  the  principal  part  of  thuir  aupplieai 
and  its  poueitiion  wan,  on  that  account,  reckoned  of  the  utmoit  conaeepinnce.  Aui;uiitua 
employed  morchontmon  of  a  larger  meo  than  anv  that  had  previously  traded  in  the  Mi^diter* 
ranoan,  to  convey  the  corn  of  Eitypt  to  Uiitia.  They  were  oacorted  by  HJiipi  of  wur.  The 
fleet  received  the  namca  of  sncrn  and  felix  embole  /  and  enjoyed  aeveral  petruliar  priviicgoa. 
The  dhipi  helonginof  to  it  were  the  only  onea  aulhoriHod  to  noiHt  the  ininll  Mail  riilled  Hup- 
parum,  when  they  drew  near  the  coaxtii  of  Ituly.  Borne  of  the  fast-aailing  veiutclH  attached 
to  the  (loet  were  sent  on  iN-fore,  to  i^ivo  notice  of  itit  approach ;  and  a  deputation  of  Hcnatora 
went  down  to  Ostia  to  receive  the  ahipH,  which  anchored  amid  the  occlanmtionH  of  an  im- 
nicnto  number  of  fi|)ectntor*.  Tlio  captaina  were  obliged  to  make  oath  that  the  corn  on 
board  their  Rhi|w  was  that  which  hnd  lieen  delivered  to  them  in  Egypt,  and  that  the  ciirgoea 
were  entire  as  ahipiHxI. — (Hutt,  Commerce  el  Nuvigution  det  Ancitiu,  cap.  xlviii. ;  Saiecw 
Epiit.  cap.  Ixxvii.  &c.) 

IntercoHm  wilh  India  h)f  Atfxnndrin, — These  few  details  will,  perhajM,  serve  to  give  a 
faint  idea  of  the  importance  of  Alexandria  in  the  commerce  of  antiijuity.  It  is  imposHible, 
indeed,  for  any  one  to  glance  at  a  mnp  of  the  world,  or  of  the  ancient  hcmiHohcre,  and  not 
to  perceive  thiit  Egypt  is  the  natural  enlrepdt  of  the  commerce  between  HindoNtiin  and 
Europe.  Nothing  hut  the  I-  irbarisin  in  which  it  has  b<M.<n  so  long  involved,  could  make  the 
intercourse  with  India  and  the  East  bo  wholly  carried  on  by  the  Vtipe  of  Good  Hope.  The 
ditficulty  of  navigating  the  lied  8ea  seems  to  have  betMi  much  exaggerated.  Generally 
speaking,  its  western  side  is  shallow  and  infested  with  coral  <ccfs ;  but  on  the  Arabian  fide 
the  water  is  deep  and  unol)structed ;  and  vessels  availing  titcmselvcs  of  the  pruper  seasons 
for  sailing  up  and  down  the  sea,  may  navigate  it  expeditiously,  and  in  perfect  safety. — (See 
Captain  Cheimei/'»  Rrpnrl  in  I'lipera  relalinff  to  India,  printed  by  order  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  August  16,  1832.)  We  have,  therefore,  little  doubt  that,  in  the  event  of  good 
order  and  civilisation  being  again  estahliHhed  in  Egypt  r<ome  considerable  portion  of  the 
Indian  trade  will  revert  to  ita  ancient  channel.  There  is  n  u,  we  apprehend,  much  reason  to 
think  that  the  project  entertained  by  the  Ft»lemies,  of  culli'i,  a  canul  across  the  Isthmus  of 
8uez,  will  ever  succeed.  The  distance  is  not  great,  but,  notwithstanding  this  circumstance, 
and  the  flatness  of  the  ground,  the  fact  of  its  consisting  at'iiost  wholly  of  moveable  parched 
sand,  presents  obstacles  to  the  undertaking,  that  Volney  (  Fiii/aire  en  Si/rie,  Ac.  cap.  xiv.) 
and  other  good  judges,  have  declared  itisiiperable.  The  route  by  Cosseir  (nearly  the  same 
as  that  by  Myoa  Hormos)  seems,  all  thing4  considered,  to  present  the  fewest  obstacles.  The 
water  in  the  port  of  Ciw.seir  is  deep,  and  tlie  anchorage  pretty  good. — (Cheimey'a  Report.) 
The  diiitanco  from  Cosseir  to  Kenno  (Coptos)  may  be  taken  at  about  7U  English  miles ;  and 
it  would  not  lie  very  diHicult  to  construct  a  road  bt'iween  these  points.  After  reachingKenne, 
the  goods  would,  as  of  old,  Ite  embarked  on  the  Nile  for  Alexandria,  &c  Hence  the  im- 
portance, in  a  general  point  of  view,  of  h"  civilisation  of  Egypt.  Even  were  it  productive 
of  no  other  consequences  than  the  faciuiating  of  the  correspondence  between  Europe  and 
the  East,  it  would  not  be  easy  to  overrate  it!>  importance  ;  but  the  fair  presumption  undoubt- 
edly is,  that  other  results  would  follow  ;  and  that  the  Mediterranean  ports  would  in  future 
derive  the  principal  part  of  their  Indian  commoilities  by  way  of  Alexandria.  The  more 
westerly  Euro|)ean  ports  would  continue,  we  believe,  to  use  the  present  channel  of  inter- 
course with  India. 

Whether  these  anticipations  are  ever  destined  to  lie  realised,  it  is  impossible  to  say;  but 
the  progress  already  made  by  Mohammed  All  in  introducing  r  better  order  of  things  into 
Egypt,  and  the  present  state  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  which  seems  fast  falling  to  pieces,  would 
appear  to  warrant  the  conclusion  that  important  changes  may  l>e  expected  in  the  East  At 
all  events,  the  brief  statements  now  mode,  can  hardly  be  deemed  out  of  place  in  a  work  in- 
tended to  exhibit,  however  imperfectly,  the  history,  principles,  and  channels,  as  well  as  tlie 
details  of  commerce, 

ALICANT,  a  sea-port  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  in  lat  38"  20'  41"  N.,  long.  0"  30' 
W.  Population  about  14,500,  and  declining.  The  port  is  an  open  and  spacious  bay, 
between  Cape  de  la  Huerta  on  the  norlh-cast,  and  Isia  Plana  on  the  south,  distant  from  each 
other  S.  W.  and  N.  E.  about  10  miles.  Ships  may  enter  on  any  course  between  those 
points,  steering  direct  for  the  castle,  which  stands  on  an  eminence  about  400  feet  high. 
Those  of  considerable  burden  moor  N;  and  S.,  distant  from  j-  to  1  mile  from  shore,  in  from 
4  to  8  fathoms  water;  they  are  exposed  to  all  winds  from  E.  N.  E.  to  S.  by  W. ;  but  the 
Holding  ground  is  good,  and  there  is  no  instance  during  the  last  twenty  years  of  a  ship  having 
been  driven  from  her  moorings.  Small  craft  lie  alongside  the  mole,  which  is  already  'i'20 
yarda  in  length,  and  is  to  be  projected  still  further  into  the  sea.  There  are  no  pilots.  The 
trade  of  .Vlicant,  tliough  still  considerable,  has  declined  much  within  the  last  few  years ;  a 
consequence  partly  of  the  emancipation  of  America  from  the  Spanish  yoke,  but  more  of  the 
op[)ressive  duties  laid  on  the  importation  of  most  articles  of  foreign  protluce  in  Spain — (sec 
Baiicelumi),  and  the  extensive  smuggling  carried  on  from  Cadiz  and  Gibraltar.  Its  exports 


•  Tbis  is  tlie  cot 


ALIENS. 


tl 


«on«i«t  principally  of  Iwrilli,  almond*,  wine,  and  raiiin*,  wi^  oni.      u«ni  '■««  of  f    ■*.  oliv* 
oil,  hrmidy,  flK*,  Malt,  wiM>l,  Hilk,  aniae,  &.C.      Tho  liurillu  ot  aIik  U  is  <>        c  t'lneiit 

(juuiity,  irt  almoKt  wlioliy  (ukcn  olF  by  England.    Tlin  expon^  i  lo  liom      i,UUU  to 

90,0(10  quintain.*  The  vfWhrntod  tivitei  vn'uxt,  ieni  (vino  tinln).  .  >  v  |H>rln«1  fr('<  )iia  {mrt, 
priiiripnily  for  Dratil ;  a  liltln  dry  wino  go«?a  to  Oibrnllar.  Almonds,  of  which  ati'iit  '"  ' 
quinlub)  are  exportud,  go  nioHtly  to  Hurnburnh.  'J'lio  rainiuH  are  not  of  ihu  fincNt  |  •  i 
tho!W  hrouitht  to  Kn^lond  nr»  prinripally  UMd  in  conft^ctiimnry.  Oil,  which  wm  forn  <  riy 
•cnt  in  lar|{0  qimntilim  to  Nouth  Ainrricn,  in  now  compnrativcty  nrgldrU'd.  Dnton  arc  ex- 
ported, and  uro  not  unfri  (jurritly  aold  here  an  Darbary  duti'M.  The  iin|>orta  coiwiitt  prim  • 
pally  of  linen,  united  liMh,  tobacco,  ffrnin,  iron,  timber,  lUfinr,  cofleo,  indii(o,  cochineal,  cotton 
and  cotton  Htulfn,  &c.  The  linona,  of  which  from  35U,0U0  to  fiOO,()()0  ynrdit  are  anniiiilly 
imprted.  are  furniiihed  almost  wholly  by  France  and  (jenoa.  In  1831,  tlirrc  entered  the 
port  of  Alicant  167  forciptn  veaaeU,  of  the  burden  of  16,716  tona;  of  iheite  were  Dritish  .64, 
bunlcn  6,719  tonH ;  French  46,  burden  8,080  tona;  Sardinian  4U,  burden  4,106  tona; 
Swedixh  6,  burden  1 ,350  tons,  Ac. 

It  was  atated  in  the  former  edition  of  thia  work,  that  larf^  quantitiex  of  Denicnrlo  wine 
wore  «hipped  at  Alicant  forCette:  but  thia  ia  a  nutitoke ;  alnxMt  nil  the  Benicurlo  bcini; 
ahipped  from  tho  northern  porta  of  Valeiicia,  and  principally  from  Donicarlo,  whence  it  haa 
its  name. — {li^Utn'a  Spain  in  IH.'IO.  f .  'Mi.) 

Shipping  Churirea.—  Thi'KO  viirv  ur'riil  ti(r  to  the  burden  of  the  phlp.  nnd  the  roiintry  to  wlilcli  iilie 
bplongH.  On  a  ulilp  of  30Utoni  uiiUtail.iigond  loading  mixed  cnrguua,  tlivy  would  be,  Including  cuiiiiul- 
agu,  (III  I'olluwii :  — 


HpnrilBti 
llrltitili 
I'reiich 
Uanish 


£    I.    d. 

.    «    9    4 

Ftwedlnh 

11  la  41 

Rimi'inn  • 

-15    7  10 

Dutch 

IS  11)  10} 

Anii'i'icnn 

£  $  d. 
IS  1  JOf 
It  II   10} 

l.t  IM  ('.} 
1.-1  17  lU} 


Cvrtinn-lfoiitt  ltevulntion».—\  nmnifeat  of  the  cnrifo,  IIlb  »hl|i'ii  tnnnnco,  nnd  niinilicr  <if  crew,  mnrt 
be  iiriivcnted  within  ttt  hours  iil'l«r  prntiquo  being  given,  whiin  two  oftici-m  itre  piitun  honrd  to  prevent 
KiiiiiKKliiiK.  I'lio  rdUMipnecH  ilien  niiikii  entry  of  the  HrliclcHcnnHigiied  to  them,  Hiid  olilnin  nn  order  to 
Iniid  inid  lirinir  them  t»  tlii^  (MiHtnni-hiiUHe,  where  they  are  inspected,  nnd  the  duties  UHcerliiini'd ;  lint 
before  ohtnining  this  order,  the  cnnnignees  nitmt  produce  n  eert\firntti  of  origin  from  the  Hpniiinli  cnii»nl 
at  (he  port  of  liidinir.  If  It  be  in  n  foreign  country,  fur  without  thix  tlie  entry  \»  not  allowed,  and  the 
Kiiu(Unru  depovited  in  the  C'nstoni-hoiiRe  until  It  he  olituined.  When  the  dixclinrge  ii  coiiipleted,  the 
veose!  Is  seiirched  by  the  surveyiir,  who  reporlii  Imvinir  dune  no  to  the  collector.  To  load  the  whole 
er  part  of  nn  outward  ciiriro,  the  niiiHler  hnatd  report  liiH  intention  In  tho  colleelnr,  who  gives  his  order 
permitting  goods  to  be  shipped,  nnd  the  shippers  niuku  their  specitic  entries.  When  the  vessel  is 
loaded,  the  waiting  olHcers  mal<e  their  return  to  the  cnllector ;  who,  on  being  presented  v/ith  the 
receipts  of  the  captain  of  tin;  port  .•ind  of  llie  Prnllque  office  for  their  respective  charges,  grants  hia 
clearance,  upon  which  a  bill  of  health  is  obtained,  nnd  the  vessel  is  clear  for  sen. 

lyarehoiiain/r  System. — Goods  thut  niuy  be  legally  iui|M>rted,  may  be  deposited  in  bonded  warehonsea 
fur  twelve  niontlis,  paying,  in  lieu  of  ull  charges,  'i  per  cent,  ml  ruloreiii,  but  ut  theendof  tiieyeartlicy 
must  he  either  tal<eu  fiir  home  consumption  or  re-shipped.    The  i  per  cent,  is  charged,  whether  the 

f:(iods  lie  fur  n  dny  or  the  whole  year.  In  charging  duties,  no  allowance  is  made  for  w"''tc  oi  lianmge 
n  the  warehouses. 

hales  of  Cutiiiiciiiav  nnrn  usually  S|  percent,  on  sales  and  purchases;  }  per  cent,  is  commonly  charged 
nn  the  negntlution  of  bills.  Goods  are  commonly  sold  at  throe  months'  credit.  Ordinary  discount  at 
the  rate  of  6  pur  cent,  per  nnnuni. 

Alicant  is  not  u  favourable  place  for  repnirhig  ships,  and  provisions  of  nil  sorts  are  scarce  nnd  dear. 

Vessels  with  foul  bills  of  health,  or  coming  from  an  infected  or  suspected  place,  though  with  clean 
bills,  are  usually  ordered  to  Port  Mnhon  to  perfiirm  (|unrnntine.  But  vessels  coming  with  cl.'un  billa 
obtain,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  immediate  pratitiue.  ' 

Montij. — Accounts  are  kept  at  Alicant  in  lihras  of  20  sueldos;  each  sueldo  containing  13  dineros; 
the  libra,  also  cuIIhiI  the  peso,-  10  reals  :  nnd  a  real  of  Alicant  =  37 -2  mnravedis  of  plate,  or  Sl'Sma- 
ravedis  vellon.    The  libra  may  be  volued  at  3».  flrf.  sterling,  nnd  the  real  nt  4i(/.  ditto. 

WtifihU  unrf  Mea»nrts.—'Vhe  cargo  =  2^  quintals  =  10  nrrobas.  The  nrroba  consists  either  of  34  large 
pounds,  or  of  36  snuiil  ditto  ;  the  latter  having  12  (:;nstilian  ounces  to  the  pound,  the  former  18.  The 
arrnba  =  27  lbs.  0  oz.  avoirdupois ;  but  at  the  Custom-house  the  arrcibn  -  2.'i  llis.  of  16  oz.  each, 

The  principal  corn  measure  is  the  cahiz  or  cnffise,  containing  12  barchillas,  06  medios,  or  192  quar- 
tillos.    The  cahij!=  7  Winch,  bushels,  nearly. 

The  principal  liquid  measure  is  the  canturo  of  8  medios,  or  16  qunrtiilos.  The  cantaro=  3'OS  Eng- 
lish wine  gallons.    The  tonnelada  or  ton  contains  2  pipes,  80  nrroiias,  or  100  cnntnros. 

The  yard  or  vara,  divided  Into  4  pnlinon,  is  =  29-96,  or  very  nearly  30  English  inches. 

(Conaul'aAnsicerto  Circular  Q,ueriea ;  Ingliaa'a  Spain  in  1830,  vol.  ii.p.  304.&C.;  Kelly' t  Cambiat,Stc.) 

ALIENS.  According  to  tho  strict  sense  of  the  term,  and  the  interpretition  of  the  com- 
mon law,  all  individuals  born  out  of  the  dominions  of  tho  crown  of  England  {alibi  natua) 
are  aliens  or  foreigners. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  that  this  strict  interpretation  could  not  be  maintained  without  very 
great  inconvenience  ;  and  the  necessity  of  making  exceptions  in  favour  of  the  children  born 
of  native  parents  resident  in  foreign  countries  was  early  recognised.  The  25  Edw.  3  stat.  2. 
enacts,  that  all  children  born  abroad,  provided  Loth  the  parents  were  at  the  time  of  their 
birth  in  allegiance  to  the  king,  and  the  mother  had  passed  the  seas  by  her  husband's  con- 
sent, might  inherit  as  if  born  in  England.  And  tliis  relaxation  has  been  carried  still  fur- 
ther by  several  modem  statutes :  so  that  all  children  born  out  of  the  king's  legiance,  whose 
fathers,  or  grandfathers  by  the  father's  side,  were  natural  born  subjects,  are  now  deemed  to 
be  themselves  natural  born  subjects;  unless  their  ancestors  were  outlawed,  or  banished 

*  This  is  the  consul's  statement.    Mr.  Ingliss  represents  the  exports  as  consideiablv  greater. 


m  *;! 


1:    :i 


iM 


\' 


I    ) 


H 


u 


ALIENS. 


bayorut  im  for  hlffh  tmuon,  or  wen  tt  the  birth  of  ■ueh  chiklren,  In  the  Mrvke  of  ■  prinee 
at  enmity  with  Great  DriUin. 


AHtMmNMiftiii)  ii/.4/l*««.— Allcni  mny  he  imtiimlliffil  hy  iirl  nf  pnrllnmnnt.  whkh  ptiti  thrm  In  rxnMlf 

uhjt  ....  

ouncll,  uf  balni  eluclnd  lu  « 
crown. 


thn  iitm*  tnnilltliin  an  natural  born  (uhjxrii,  •(ri>pl  thni  Ihcy  nm  Incapnhia  of  hnlnjr  mmn '•'»  of  thii 
Frivy  Council,  uf  baln|  eluclad  lu  curv*  In  iwrllamenl,  ur  of  huldlng  any  olllc*  or  iruit  undur  Ihe 


A  dnittn  li  nn  nllrn  horn,  who  hut  nhiKlnfil  h'Urn  pnlpnf,  */  (f«iiaf<itii«  r<f<«,  to  mnkit  him  fin  Knt- 
'/l*h  iiihject.  Il«  otrcuplfi  K  kinit  of  nilddiv  iliillon  lM<lw<<rn  n  naliirni  born  •iihjnrl  nnd  an  all«n.  If* 
inny  nci|ulrn  Innda  hy  piirclmix  or  dovico,  hul  not  by  lnh«rllnnc«  i  and  nmy  tran«inll  iiirh  landi  to  lila 
chlfdritn  hornaripr  hln  diinl/.nll»ii,  hut  noltothoau  horn  {u'fi>Te.—(HUirk>lon$'t  C«m.  hcok  l.rnp.  10.) 

An  nllim  may  nliio  be  nnliirnllat^d  hy  •nrvlnt  on  Imnrd  nny  of  hl«  Mn|<>*ty'i  •hip*  of  war,  In  llnif  nf 
wnr,  fnr  ihrfir  year*,  or.  If  a  pruclamallun  baa  bvsn  liaiMii  to  that  ellfaci,  for  two  yonrt.— (0  0$i).  i. 
cup.  100.  t  i  l«,'  IT.) 

Jnjtumet  nf  Ihe  Reiidence  of  AHtni,—T\itn  can  be  no  doubt  that,  ironerally  apealiinir, 
tlie  rpaort  of  foreignora  to  a  country,  an«l  their  roaidonco  in  it,  are  highly  roixlucivo  to  ita 
intereata.  Thoae  who  emigrate  in  order  to  practiao  their  calling  in  an  old  aettlni  country, 
are  pretty  uniformly  diatinguiahod  fur  activity,  cntfrpriac,  and  %aoA  conduct.  The  native 
inhabitanta  have  io  many  odvantagca  on  their  aide,  that  it  would  be  alMurd  to  auppoae  that 
foroignera  ahould  ever  come  into  any  thing  like  succeaaful  competition  with  them,  uiiloaa 
they  were  acquainted  with  aome  branch  of  trade  or  mnnufduturt)  of  which  theuthera  wore 
ignorant,  or  poaacaaed  auperior  akill,  industry,  or  economy.  liut  whether  alieiia  practiae  new 
arta,  or  introduce  more  perfect  pruceaaca  into  tho  old,  or  diaplay  auperior  economy,  Ac, 
their  influx  cannot  fail  to  be  of  the  very  greateat  advantage.  They  practically  inatriict  thoae 
among  whom  they  reaido  in  what  it  moat  concerna  them  to  know,  that  ia,  in  thoae  depart- 
menu  of  art  and  acicnce  in  which  tliey  are  inferior  to  otiiera ;  and  enable  them  to  avail 
themaclvM  of  whatever  foreign  aagacity,  akill,  or  practice  haa  produced  that  ia  moat  perfect. 
It  ia  not  eaay,  indeed,  to  overrate  the  boneflta  conferred  on  moat  countrie*  l)y  tho  rcaort  of 
aliena.  Previoualy  to  the  invention  of  printing  there  waa  hardly  any  other  way  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  foreign  inventinna  and  diacoveriea ;  and  even  now  it  ia  far  eaaicr  to  learn 
any  new  art,  method,  or  proceaa,  from  the  example  and  inatruction  of  thoae  familiar  with  ita 
detaila,  than  from  the  lieat  poBHihle  deacriptiona.  The  experience,  indeed,  of  every  age  and 
country  ahowa  that  the  progress  of  nations  in  the  career  of  arts  and  civiliantion  dependa 
more  on  the  freedom  of  commerce,  and  on  the  liberality  with  which  they  have  treated 
foreignora,  than  on  almost  any  thing  cliie. 

En/fliah  Lfgi»lulion  at  to  Alien.*. — But,  notwithstanding  what  haa  iKscn  stated  above,  an 
antipathy  to  resident  foreigners  accms  to  be  indigenous  to  all  rude  and  uncivilised  nations. 
Whatever  is  done  by  them  appears  to  be  so  much  taken  from  the  employment,  and,  conse- 
quently, from  the  aub.sistence  of  the  citizens ;  while  tho  advantages  resulting  from  the  new 
arta  or  improved  practices  they  introduce,  for  tho  moat  part  manifest  themselves  ordy  by  slow 
degrees,  and  rarely  make  any  impression  on  the  multitude.  Hence  the  jealouay  and  aver- 
sion with  which  foreigners  are  uniformly  regarded  in  all  countries  not  far  advanced  in 
civilisation.  The  early  Greeks  and  Romans  looked  upon  strangers  as  a  species  of  enemiea, 
with  whom,  though  not  actually  at  war,  they  maintained  no  sort  of  friendly  intercourse. 
"  Ho»ti»"  says  Cicero,  "apud  mnjitrea  nontroa  i»  dleebatttr,  quern  nunc  perej^rinum  dici- 
mu»." — (De  Off.  lib,  i.  cap.  12.)  It  may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  a  striking  proof  of 
the  good  sense  and  liberality  of  those  by  whom  it  was  framed,  that  a  clause  is  inserted  in 
Magna  Charta  which  haa  the  encouragement  of  commerce  for  its  object;  being  to  the  effect, 
that  "  all  merchants  (if  not  openly  prohibited  before)  shall  have  safe  and  sure  conduct  to 
depart  out  of  and  to  come  into  Eni^lnnd,  to  reside  in  and  go  through  England,  as  well  by 
land  as  by  water ;  to  buy  and  sell  without  any  manner  of  evil  tolls,  by  the  oltl  and  rightful 
customs,  except  in  time  of  war ;  and  if  they  be  of  a  land  making  war  against  us,  and  such 
be  found  in  our  nation  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  they  shall  be  attached  without  harm  of 
body  or  goods,  until  it  be  known  unto  us,  or  our  chief  justice,  how  our  merchants  be  entreated 
in  the  land  making  war  against  us ;  and  if  our  merchants  bo  well  entreated  there,  shall  be 
■0  likewise  here." 

But  until  tho  era  of  Edward  I.  the  stipulation  in  the  Great  Charter  as  to  foreign  mer- 
ehanta  seems  to  have  been  little  attended  to.  It  ia  doubtful  whether,  previously  to  his  reign, 
they  could  either  hire  houses  of  their  own,  or  deal  except  through  the  medium  of  soma 
Englishman.  But  this  intelligent  prince  saw  the  advantage  that  would  result  to  the  trade 
and  industry  of  his  subjects  from  tlio  residence  and  intercourse  of  Germans,  Flemings, 
Italians,  and  other  foreigners,  who,  at  that  time,  were  very  superior  to  the  English  in  most 
branches  of  manufactures  and  commerce.  He,  therefore,  exerted  himself  to  procure  a  repeal 
of  some  of  the  more  oppressive  restrictions  on  aliens,  and  gave  them  a  charter  which  con- 
veyed considerable  privileges.*  Down,  however,  to  tho  reign  of  Edward  III.,  it  continued 
to  be  customary  to  arrest  one  stranger  for  the  debt,  and  even  to  punish  him  for  the  Crimea 


•  This  charter  was  confirmed  by  Tdwnrd  III.  In  1328.  Amon^;  other  clanaea.  It  haa  the  follnwlne, 
viz :  lat,  That  on  any  trial  between  forelKners  and  Enfilishmen,  the  Jury  shall  he  halt'  fnrelxncra  ;  3d, 
That  a  proppr  person  Bhiill  he  iippolntKd  in  London  to  he  jnstlciiiry  fnr  foreign  iiiurchama ;  and  3d, 
That  there  shall  be  but  one  weight  and  measure  throughout  the  kingdom.— (.4Ni/<r««n,  anno  1302.) 


ALIENS. 


■nd  mlMlrniMnora  of  o  hm !  It  may  >ppmr  ntrtonlinsry  that  the  groM  injuitieo  of  thia 
barliaroui  rrgulation  ever  permitted  it  to  be  aJoptml ;  ani]  yet  it  waa  probably,  at  one  period, 
the  romrtinn  law  of  moat  European  atatea.  Aa  aoon,  however,  aa  the  foundationa  of  good 
onlrr  and  civiliiation  began  to  be  laid,  iti  operation  wa*  aeen  to  be  moat  pemieioun.  In 
133R,  Edward  11.  entered  into  a  convention  with  the  Veneliana,  in  which  it  wa*  expreaaly 
•tipuliiiril  that  they  ihouid  have  ftill  liberty  to  come  to  England  to  buy  and  acll  commoditiea, 
without  tx-ing  liable  for  the  debt*  or  Crimea  of  other*.  Conventiona  to  the  aame  rflfect  were 
rnlrrtMi  into  with  other  foreigneni.  At  length,  in  ISftS,  thia  diagraceful  practice  waa  put  an 
end  to  by  87  Edward  3.  atat.  ii.  cap.  17.;  it  being  provided  in  thia  atatute,  not  only  tliat  no 
itronger  ahall  be  impoachett  for  the  trcapaia  or  debt  of  another,  but  that,  in  the  event  of  a 
wur  lirrnking  out  with  any  foreign  power,  ita  aubjecta,  reaiding  amongut  ua,  ahall  be  warned 
ihrrroC  by  proclamation,  and  be  allowed  forty  day*  to  arrange  their  atfuira,  and  to  depart  out 
of  th>-  kingdom;  and  that,  under  apecial  circumatanrea,  thia  term  may  be  extended.  Thero 
are  fi  v  acta  in  the  atatute-book  that  reflect  more  credit  on  their  propoaera,  or  that  have  been 
murti  advantkgeoua  than  thia. 

In  conaequence  of  the  encouragement  given  by  Edward  III.  to  auch  of  the  woollen 
manufacturera  of  Flandera  aa  choae  to  immigrate  to  England,  a  good  many  came  over ;  and 
it  ia  from  their  immigration  that  we  mny  date  the  improvement  and  importance  of  the 
woollen  manufacture  in  thia  countiy. — (See  Woollkw  MANurACTVRR.)  But  thia  policy, 
however  wiie  and  judicioua,  waa  exceedingly  unpopular.  The  forrignera  wore  opeidy  in« 
luited,  and  their  livea  endangered,  in  London  and  other  large  town* ;  and  a  few  of  them  in 
consequence  nUumcd  to  Flandera.  Edward,  however,  wai  not  to  be  driven  from  his  purpose 
by  an  unfounded  clamour  of  this  sort  A  proclamation  waa  issued,  in  which  every  person 
accused  of  disturbing  or  attacking  the  foreign  wcavcra  was  ordered  to  be  committed  to  Now< 
gate,  and  threotened  with  the  utmost  severity  of  puniahmcnt  In  a  parliament  held  at  York, 
in  133-'>,  an  act  waa  passed  for  the  better  protection  and  security  of  foreign  merchants  an(i 
others,  by  which  penalties  were  inflicted  on  all  who  gave  them  any  disturbance.  Thia  aeema 
to  have  had  the  oiTect,  for  a  while,  at  least,  of  preventing  any  outrages. 

The  corporationa  of  London,  Bristol,  and  other  great  towns,  have  been  at  all  times  the 

frincipal  enemiea  to  the  immigration  of  foreignera.  Perhapa,  indeed,  they  were  not  more 
ostile  to  them  than  to  auch  of  their  own  countrymen,  belonging  to  another  part  of  the  king- 
dora,  aa  should  have  attempted  to  settle  amongst  them  without  Iwing  free  of  their  corporation. 
But  in  denouncing  foreignera  they  hod  tha  national  prejudice  on  their  aide;  and  their 
Bttempta  to  confirm  and  extend  their  monopoliea  by  their  exclusion  were  regarded  as  the 
nobleat  cflbrts  of  patriotism !  Edward  III.  was  fully  aware  of  the  real  motives  by  which 
they  were  actuated,  and  steadily  resisted  their  pretensions.  But  in  the  reigns  of  his  succea- 
■ors  they  succeeded  better :  some  of  those  were  feeble  and  unfortunate,  whilst  othcra  enjoyed 
the  crown  only  by  a  disputed  title,  and  in  defiance  of  powerful  competitors.  The  support 
of  the  great  towns  was  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  such  princes,  who,  whatever  might  be 
their  own  opinion  as  to  its  policy,  could  hardly  venture  to  resist  the  solicitations  of  such 
powerful  bodies  to  exclude  strangers,  and  to  impose  restrictions  on  commerce.  From  the 
death  of  Edward  III.  to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  the  progress  made  by  the  country  wua  not 
inconsiderable,  but  it  waa  little  promoted  by  legislative  enactments.  Throughout  the  whole 
of  thia  perio<l,  thb  influence  of  corporations  seems  to  have  predominated  in  all  matters 
relating  to  trade  and  the  treatment  of  foreignera ;  and  our  legislation  partook  of  the  aelfish, 
monopolizing  character  of  the  source  whence  it  waa  principally  derived.  Were  the  acta 
and  proceedings  as  to  aliena  the  only  memorials  of  our  policy  from  1377  to  1560,  we  should 
certainly  seem  to  have  retrograded  materially  during  the  interval.  Some  of  these  acts  were 
passed  with  so  little  consideration,  and  were  so  very  absurd,  that  they  had  to  he  immediately 
repealed.  Of  this  sort  was  the  statute  of  the  8  Henry  6.  cap.  24.,  to  the  effect  "  that  no 
Englishman  shall  within  this  realm  sell,  or  cause  to  bo  sold,  hereafter,  to  any  merchant  alien, 
any  manner  of  merehandises,  but  only  for  ready  payment  in  hand,  or  else  in  merchandises 
for  merchandises,  to  be  paid  and  contented  in  hand,  upon  pain  of  forfeiture  of  the  same." 
But  as  an  enactment  of  this  sort  was  very  speedily  found  to  be  more  injurious  to  ourselves 
than  to  the  foreigner,  it  was  repealed  in  the  following  sessions. 

The  more  tyrannical  their  conduct  in  other  respects,  the  more  were  our  princes  disposed 
to  humour  the  national  prejudice  against  foreigners.  If  not  a  cheap,  it  was,  at  leitst,  an  easy 
method  of  acquiring  popularity.  In  the  very  first  parliament  after  the  accession  of  Richard  III., 
a  statute  was  passed  full  of  the  most  ridiculous,  contradictory,  and  unfounded  allegations  as 
to  the  injury  sustained  by  the  influx  of  foreigners,  and  laying  them  under  the  most  oppressive 
restraints.  Considering,  indeed,  the  sort  of  treatment  to  which  aliens  were  then  exposed,  it 
may  excite  surprise  that  they  should  ever  have  thought  of  visiting  the  country ;  and,  in  point 
of  fact,  it  appears  that  the  resort  of  foreign  merchants  to  our  ports  waa  materially  impaired 
by  the  statutes  referred  to,  and  othera  of  the  same  description.  Thia  is  evident  from  the  act 
19  Henry  7.  cap.  6.,  where  it  is  stated  that  "  woollen  cloth  is  not  sold  or  uttered  as  it  hath 
been  in  divers  parts,"  and  that  "  foreign  commodities  and  merchandises  are  at  so  dear  and 
exceudiuK  iiigh  price,  that  the  buyer  cannot  Uve  thereon."  But  in  despite  of  this  authorita 
Vol.  I  -C  4 


>:M'. 


t    !i. 


ALIENS. 


tire  exposition  of  tho  mischiefs  arising  from  the  restraints  on  aliens,  and  on  trade,  they  were 
hoth  increased  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  And  it  was  not  till  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  thct 
the  pretensions  of  the  corporations  seem  to  have  been  disregarded,  and  an  attempt  made  to 
act,  not  by  starts,  but  consistently,  on  the  policy  of  Edward  III. 

The  influx  of  foreigners  during  tlie  reign  of  Elizabeth  was  occasioned  chiefly  by  the  per- 
secutions of  the  Duke  of  Alva  and  the  Spaniards  in  the  Low  Countries.  The  friends  of 
the  reformed  religion,  which,  at  the  time,  was  far  from  lieing  firmly  established,  and  the 
government,  were  glad  to  receive  such  an  accession  of  strength ;  and  from  the  superiority 
of  tho  Flemings  in  commerce  and  manufactures,  the  immigrants  contributed  materially  to 
the  improvement  of  the  arts  in  England.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  the  ministcM  of 
Elizabeth  contented  themselves,  perhaps  that  they  might  not  excite  the  public  prejudice, 
with  declining  to  enforce  the  laws  against  aliens,  without  taking  any  very  active  steps  in 
their  favour. 

In  the  reign  of  James  I,  the  corporation  of  London  renewed  with  increased  earnestness 
Iheir  complaints  of  aliens.  In  1622,  a  proclamation  was  issued,  evidently  written  by  James 
himself,  in  which,  under  pretence  of  keeping  "  a  due  temperament"  between  the  interests  of 
the  complainants  and  those  of  the  foreigners,  he  subjects  the  latter  to  fresh  disabilities. 

Since  the  revolution,  more  enlarged  and  liberal  views  as  to  conduct  to  be  followed  with 
respect  to  aliens  have  continued  to  gain  ground :  several  of  the  restraining  statutes  have 
fallen  into  disuse,  while  others  have  been  so  much  modified  by  the  interference  of  the  courts, 
which  have  generally  been  inclined  to  soften  their  severity,  that  their  more  offensive  provi- 
sions are  become  inoperative.  In  1708,  an  act  was  passed,  notwithstanding  the  strenuous 
opposition  of  the  corporations,  for  the  general  naturalisation  of  all  foreign  protestants ;  but 
the  prejudice  against  them  was  still  so  powerful  that  it  was  repealed  within  about  three  years. 
Some  unsuccessful  attempts  have  since  been  made  to  carry  a  similar  measure.  One  of  these, 
about  the  middle  of  last  century,  occasioned  the  publication  by  Dr.  Tucker  of  two  excellent 
pamphlets,  in  which  the  policy  of  the  naturalisation  act  is  most  ably  vindicated,  and  the  argu- 
ments against  it  successfully  exposed.*  But  no  such  statute  has  hitherto  been  passed,  and 
aliens  still  continue  subject  to  various  disabilities. 

DinabUiiiea  of  jlliens. — The  principnl  of  these  re^nrds  the  possesHion  of  fixed  property.  It  is  ruled 
tliiit  liinds  purchased  by  an  alien  for  his  own  use,  nmy  be  seized  by  the  kinp.  "  If,"  siiys  Blackstone, 
"  he  could  ncquire  n  permnnont  property  in  hinds,  he  mnst  owe  an  nlleeianc  ;,  equally  permanent  with 
that  pi'operty,  to  the  king  of  Eneland  ;  which  would  probably  be  inconsistent  with  that  which  he  owes 
to  his  own  natural  liefie  lord  ;  besides  that,  thereby  the  nation  misht  in  him  be  subject  to  foreign 
influence,  and  feel  many  otiier  inconveniences.  Wlierefore  by  the  civil  b.w  such  contracts  were  made 
void,  but  the  prince  had  no  such  advantage  of  forfeiture  thereby  as  with  us  in  England." — (Commen- 
taries, book  i.  cap.  10.) 

An  aliim  cannot  take  a  benefice  without  the  kin?'*  consent,  nor  can  he  enjoy  n  place  of  trust,  or 
take  a  grant  of  lands  from  the  crown.  Aliens  may,  however,  acquire  property  in  money,  goods,  or 
other  personal  estate,  and  may  have  houses  for  the  purpose  of  their  habitation,  and  for  carrying  on 
their  business.  They  may  bring  actions  us  to  their  personal  effects,  and  may  dispose  of  them  by  will. 
The  druit  d'auhaine  (jus  albiiuUiig,  i.  e.  alibi  nutus),  or  tlie  right  of  the  crown  to  succeed  to  the  etTeclg 
of  an  alien  at  his  death,  so  long  the  custom  in  France,  never  obtained  in  England.  If  an  alien  abroad 
die  intestate,  his  whole  property  here  is  distributed  according  to  the  law  of  the  country  where  he 
resided ;  but  such  residence  must  have  been  stationary,  and  not  occasional,  othurwise  the  foreign 
luunicipal  reeul.'itions  will  not  tpply  to  the  property. 

Aliens  may  trade  as  freely  as  natives;  and  for  these  many  years  past,  the  dntles  of  package  and 
neaviiffe  in  the  port  of  London,  repealed  in  \ii3'i,  were  the  only  p<!culiar  duties  with  which  they  were 
burdened.  The  statutes  of  Henry  VIII.  restraining  alien  nrtiticeis  from  working  for  themselves,  are 
understood  to  have  been  repealed  by  the  Stat.  S  Eliz.  cap. 7.;  and  they  are  quite  at  liberty  to  employ 
themselves  as  they  please. 

Aliens  indicted  for  felony  or  misdemeanor  are  tried  by  n  Jury  of  which  half  are  foreigners;  a 
privilege  they  have  enjoyed,  as  already  seen,  with  some  partial  interruptions,  from  the  reign  of 
Edward  I. 

Conditions  of  Residence. — During  the  late  war,  aliens  were  placed  under  the  surveillance  of  the 
police;  they  were  obliged  to  send  frequent  reports  of  their  residence,  and  of  the  mode  in  which  tliey 
were  employed  ;  and  were  liable  to  be  sent  out  of  the  kingdom  at  any  moment  by  an  order  from  the 
secretary  nt  state.  The  conditions  under  which  they  now  reside  amongst  us  are  embodied  in  the  7 
Oeo.  4.  cap.  54. 

This  act  requires  every  master  of  a  vessel  arriving  from  foreign  parts  to  declare  in  writing  the  names, 
rank,  occupations,  ice.  of  all  aliens  on  board  such  vctssel,  or  who  have  l)een  landed  from  it  any  where 
within  the  realm.  Such  declaration  to  he  made  iminediatcly  on  arrival;  neglecting  or  refusing  to 
make  it,  or  making  a  false  one,  is  pnnished  by  the  forfeiture  of  2fl/.,  nnd  a  further  sum  of  I0{,  for  each 
alien  in  snrli  vi'K'^i'i,  or  landed  from  it  within'the  realm.  Aliens  bona  fide  emi>\oyed  in  the  navigation 
of  the  vessel  arc  excepted.—}  1. 

The  act  then  goes  on  to  lay  down  the  conditions  of  residence,  which  are  merely  that  every  alien  is 
required  to  make  a  decliration  and  registry,  renewed  half  yearly,  or  oftener  if  required  by  the  secre- 
tary of  state,  of  his  name,  abode,  nnd  occupation.  Aliens  neglecting  to  make  such  declaration,  or 
making  a  false  one,  are,  for  every  such  offence,  to  forfeit  any  sum  not  exceeding  501.,  or  be  imprisoned 
any  time  not  exceeding  six  months,  at  the  discretion  of  two  justices. 

Policy  of  the  Laws  as  to  Aliens. — The  reasons  assigned  by  Mr.  Justice  Blackstone  and 
others  for  preventing  aliens  from  acquiring  fixed  property  seem  to  be  very  unsatisfactory. 
In  small  states  there  might  be  grounds,  perhaps,  for  fearing  le.-it  the  easy  admission  of  aliens 
to  the  rights  of  citizenship  should  give  them  an  improper  bias;  but  in  a  country  like  Eng- 
land, such  apprehensions  would  be  quite  futile.     In  this  respect  the  example  of  Holland  seems 

•  Historical  remarks  on  the  late  Naturalization  Dill,  1751 ;  Queries  occasioned  by  the  late  N'aturall- 
tation  Bill,  1753. 


quite  decisive.  N 
was  "the  constant 
asylum  for  all  pet 
nor  solicitation  of 
or  make  the  state 
and  soif-preservatio 
ty.    Lend.  17C1.) 

A  short  resident 
quired  in  Plolland  I 
importance  to  rema 
was  in  any  instaiic 
authorities  considci 
republic  in  wealth  i 
out  the  whole  coui 
countries,  the  stead 
that  many  people  h 
and  their  most  vali 
manufactures,  arts, 
said  fabrics  and  ma 
at  a  pTTfat  expense 

With  such  an  en 
more  ridiculous  tha 
ever  come  to  Engla 
nience ;  and  in  all  o 
ralisation  act  wouli 
be  enacted,  that  the 
proofs  of  their  peac 

(Some  parts  of  thi( 
Society  for  the  Oiffus 

(The  act  7  Geo. 
the  act  6  Will.  4.  c 
principal  are,  that— 

Every  master  of  a  i 
Immediately  declare, 
he.  of  any  iilien  or  al 
tlie  realm,  under  a  pe 
In  the  declaration:  t 
vessel. — }  a. 

On  arrival  in  this  c 
port ;  which  dcclarati 
the  alien.  A  copy  of 
or  (if  the  alien  land  ii 
given  to  the  alien  is  t 
tiliiates  to  be  grantee 
certificates,  or  falsely 
or  by  tine,  not  exceed 

[There  are  no  dc 
citizen  or  an  alien. 

Citizens  are  eitht 
laws  which  have  be 

Native  citizens  at 
United  States  since 
secondly,  every  pert 
date,  provided  he  re 

Naturalized  citiz 
ditions  prescril)ed  ir 
1813,  1816,  1824,1 
turalized  be  a  free  v 
or  affirmation,  befc 
to  his  application  t 
less  he  has  been  a 
of  June,  1812,  the 
has  resided  here  dt 
last  three  years  of  h 
in  the  United  Statei 
which  he  applies  is 
in  no  case,  be  allov 
satisfaction  of  the  co 
moral  character,  att 
disposed  to  the  gooi 


ALIENS. 


99^ 


quite  (leciaivo.  Notwithstanding  the  comparatively  limited  population  of  that  country,  it 
was  "  the  constant  policy  of  the  republic  to  mako  Holland  a  perpetual,  safe,  and  secure 
asylum  for  all  perstHSUted  and  oppressed  strangers;  no  alliance,  no  treaty,  no  regard  for, 
nor  tiolicitation  of  any  potentate  whatever,  has  at  any  lime  been  able  to  weaken  or  destroy, 
or  make  the  state  recede  from  protecting  those  who  have  fled  to  it  for  their  own  security 
and  self-preservation." — {Proposals  fur  amending  the  Trade  of  Holland,  printed  by  authori- 
ty.   Lond.  17C1.) 

A  short  residence  in  the  country,  and  a  small  payment  to  the  state,  was  all  that  was  re- 
quired in  Plolland  to  entitle  a  foreigner  to  every  privilege  enjoyed  by  a  native.  And  it  is  of 
iniporiSnce  to  remark,  that  it  has  not  been  so  much  as  insinuated  that  this  liberal  conduct 
was  in  any  instaiiro  productive  of  a  mischievous  result.  On  the  contrary,  all  the  highest 
authorities  consider  it  as  one  of  the  main  causes  of  the  extraordinary  progress  made  by  the 
republic  in  wealth  and  commerce.  It  is  said  in  the  oflicial  paper  just  quoted,  tliat "  Through- 
out the  whole  course  of  all  the  persecutions  and  oppressions  that  have  occurred  in  other 
countries,  the  steady  adherence  of  the  republic  to  this  fundamental  law  has  been  the  cause 
that  many  people  have  not  only  fled  hither  for  refuge,  with  their  whole  stock  in  ready  cash, 
and  their  most  valuable  effects,  but  have  also  settled  and  established  many  trades,  fabrics, 
manufactures,  arts,  and  sciences,  in  this  country ;  notwithstanding  the  first  materials  for  the 
said  fabrics  and  manufactures  were  almost  wholly  wanting  in  it,  and  not  to  be  procured  but 
at  a  great  expense  from  foreign  parts."  (Ibid.) 

With  such  an  example  to  a|)peal  to,  v<re  are  warranted  in  aflirming  that  nothing  can  be 
more  ridiculous  than  to  suppose  that  any  number  of  foreigners  which  it  is  at  all  likely  should 
ever  come  to  England  under  the  most  liberal  system,  could  occasion  any  political  inconve- 
nience ;  and  in  all  other  respects  their  immigration  would  be  advantageous.  A  general  natu- 
ralisation act  would,  therefore,  as  it  appears  to  us,  be  a  wise  and  poUtic  measure.  It  might 
be  enacted,  that  those  only  who  had  resided  three  or  four  years  in  the  country,  and  givea 
proofs  of  their  peaceable  conduct,  should  be  entitled  to  participate  in  its  advantages. 

(Some  parts  of  this  article  have  hcHn  borrowed  from  the  Treatite  on  Commerce  written  for  the 
Society  for  the  DilTusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  by  the  uiitlior  of  this  Work.) 

(The  act  7  Geo.  4  cap.  54.  referred  to  in  the  Dictionary  (p.  26.),  has  been  repealed  by 

the  act  6  Will.  4.  cap.  11.,  which  enacts  in  its  stead  some  new  regulations  of  which  tlie 

principal  are,  that — 

Every  nmatcr  of  a  ship  arriving  fi'om  foreign  pnrts  shall,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief. 
Immediately  declare,  in  writing,  to  the  chief  otticer  of  cnHtoms,  the  name  or  names,  rank,  occupation, 
^c.  of  any  alien  or  aliens  on  board  liis  ship,  or  who  may  have  landed  therefrom  at  any  place  within 
llie  realm,  under  a  penalty  oCiOl.  for  omission  orfalse  declaration  ;  and  of  Wl,  for  every  alien  omitted 
ill  tile  declaration :  this  regulation  does  not,  however,  extend  to  foreign  mariners  navigating  the 
vessel. — >  a. 

On  arrival  in  this  country,  the  alien  is  to  declare  his  name,  description,  &c.  and  to  produce  his  pass- 
port ;  wliich  declaration  Is  to  be  registered  by  the  officer  of  customs,  who  is  to  deliver  a  certiflcute  to 
the  alien.  A  copy  of  this  declaration  is  to  be  transmitted,  within  two  days,  to  tlic  secretary  of  state, 
or  (if  tlie  alien  land  in  Ireland)  to  tlie  chief  secretary  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  The  original  certificate 
given  to  the  alien  is  to  be  transmitted  to  the  secretary  of  state  on  his  leaving  the  country.  New  cer- 
tilirates  to  be  granted  in  lieu  of  such  as  may  he  lost,  without  fee,  under  a  penalty  of  aO^  Forging 
certificates,  or  tiilsely  personating  aliens,  punishable  by  imprisonment,  not  exceeding  three  mouths, 
or  by  line,  not  exceeding  100/.— i  i  3,  4, 5,  tc— Sup.) 

[There  are  no  denizens  in  the  United  States.  Every  inhabitant  of  the  country  is  either  a 
citizen  or  an  alien. 

Citizens  are  either  natives,  or  such  persons  as  have  become  citizens  in  accordance  with  the 
laws  which  have  been  enacted  by  Congress  on  the  subject  of  naturalization. 

Native  citizens  again  are,  first,  all  persons  who  have  been  born  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States  since  the  declaration  of  American  Independence,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776 ;  and 
secondly,  every  person  who  was  a  native  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  previous  to  that 
date,  provided  he  remained  in  the  country  afterwards. 

Naturalized  citizens  are,  in  the  first  place,  all  persons  who  fulfil  or  comply  with  the  con- 
ditions prescrilied  in  the  acts  of  Congress,  concerning  naturalization,  of  the  years  1802,  1804, 
1813,  1816,  1H24,  and  1828.  These  conditions  are,  first,  that  the  person  applying  to  bu  na- 
turalized be  a  free  white  person,  of  the  oge  of  21  years  or  more.  Secondly,  he  must,  on  oath 
or  affirmation,  before  some  federal  or  state  court,  or  its  clerk,  two  years  at  least  previous 
to  his  application  to  become  a  citizen,  have  declared  his  intention  to  take  this  step ;  un- 
less he  has  been  a  resident  in  the  Unitt^d  States  before  and  ever  since  the  1 8th  day 
of  June,  1312,  the  date  of  the  declaration  of  war  against  Great  Britain;  or  unless  he 
has  resided  here  during  the  last  three  years  of  his  minority,  with  the  intention,  during  the 
last  three  years  of  his  residettce,  of  becommg  a  citizen.  Thirdly,  he  must  have  resided  with- 
in the  United  States  five  years  at  least,  and  within  the  state  or  territory,  where  the  court  to 
which  he  applies  is  at  the  time  held,  one  year  at  least ;  but  the  oath  of  the  applicant  shall, 
in  no  case,  lie  allowed  to  prove  his  residence.  Fourthly,  he  must  cau.'te  it  to  appear  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  court  that,  during  the  time  of  his  residence,  he  has  behaved  asamanofagood 
moral  character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  well 
disposed  to  the  good  order  aud  happiness  of  the  same.  Fiftldy,  he  must  renounce  every  title  or 


r^" 


i    ■>! 


mm 


urn 

i  r  ''If  ■11! s-'^'  ■  '•  ^ 


I !  ■•.■^ 


9i 


n 


n-.  ,;.• 


k  mi 


h4 


i    •   i 


'km 

if  ■■rifr. 


I  ' 


I 
hi 


u%li 


S8  ALKALIES. 

order  of  nobility  which  he  may  have  held  in  the  kingdom  or  state  from  which  he  came. 
Sixthly,  he  must  make  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will  support  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  renounce  and  abjure  all  allegiance  to  any  foreign  sovereign  or  state.  No  alien, 
however,  who  shall  be  a  native  citizen,  denizen,  or  subject,  of  any  sovereign  or  state,  with 
whom  the  United  States  shall  be  at  war,  at  the  time  of  his  application,  shall  be  then  admit- 
ted to  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Besides  the  persons  who  may  have  complied  with  or  fulfilled  the  conditions  above  enume- 
rated, their  children,  as  also  the  children  of  such  persons  as,  previous  to  the  passing  of  any 
law  on  the  subject  by  the  government  of  the  United  Stales,  may  have  become  citizens  of  any 
one  of  the  said  states,  under  the  laws  thereof,  being  under  the  age  of  21  years,  at  the  nme  of 
their  parents  being  so  naturalized  or  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship,  shall,  if  dwelling  in 
the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens  of  the  United  States ;  and  the  children  of  persons 
who,  on  or  before  the  14th  day  of  April  1802,  were  citizens  of  the  United  States,  shall, 
though  born  out  of  the  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens 
of  the  United  States. 

And  again,  it  is  enacted  that  if  any  person,  who  shall  have  made  the  preliminary  declara- 
tion of  intention  to  become  a  citizen  as  required  by  law,  shall  die  before  he  is  actually  natu- 
ralized, his  widow  and  children  shall  be  considered  as  citizens  of  the  United  States ;  and  they 
shall  be  entitled  to  all  rights  and  privileges  as  such,  upon  taking  the  oatlis  which  the  law  pre- 
scribes. 

Every  citizen  of  the  United  States  enjoys  the  same  rights  and  privileges ;  excepting  only 
that  a  naturalized  citizen  must  have  been  such  for  seven  years  to  be  eligible  as  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  for  a  period  of  nine  years  to  be  eligible  as  a  member  of 
the  Senate  of  the  Union,  and  that  none  but  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  at  the  time  of 
the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution,  can  be  elected  to  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  Governor  in  some  of  the  states. 

Aliens  cannot  act  as  jurors ;  they  have  not  the  right  of  voting  at  elections ;  and  they  are 
disabled  from  holding  any  office,  either  in  the  states,  or  under  the  government  of  the  United 
States.  In  many  of  the  states  (chiefly  the  older  ones)  they  are  incapable  of  acquiring  and 
holding  any  real  Estate.  If  an  alien  purchase  land,  or  take  it  by  devise,  it  is  at  once  liable  to  be 
forfeited  to  the  state.  His  rights  to  and  power  over  personal  or  moveable  property  are  the 
same  precisely  as  those  of  citizens.  (See  Kent's  Commentariea,  Lecture  25.)  The  general 
reader  may  also,  for  an  abstract  of  the  law  relating  to  aliens,  as  it  regards  their  right  of  holding 
and  conveying  property  in  the  different  states  of  the  Union,  consult  the  "  American  Almanac" 
for  1838.— ^«.  Ed.] 

ALKALIES.  The  distinguishing  characters  of  these  bodies  are,  a  strong  acrid  and  power- 
fully caustic  taste ;  a  corrosive  action  upon  all  animal  matter,  destroying  its  texture  with  con- 
siderable rapidity ;  exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  when  in  their  caustic  state,  they  absorb  car- 
bonic acid  with  great  rapidity,  and  become  carbonated  (or  mild).  Their  action  upon  vegeta- 
ble colours  also  affords  us  means  by  which  the  presence  of  an  uncombined  or  carbonated 
alkali  may  be  detected ;  the  yellow  colour  of  turmeric  is  changed  to  a  red-brown  tint  when 
immersed  into  solutions  containing  them ;  the  blue  colour  of  the  litmus,  after  being  reddened 
by  an  acid,  is  again  restored;  the  infusions  of  the  red  cabbage,  the  violet,  and  many  other 
purple  vegetable  colours,  are  converted  to  green.  Litmus  paper  reddened  by  carbonic  acid 
is,  however,  the  most  delicate  test  of  the  presence  of  an  alkali.  With  the  various  acids  they 
also  combine,  forming  the  very  important  and  extensive  class  of  compounds  generally  called 
salts ;  a  salt  being  any  compound  formed  by  the  union  of  an  acid  with  an  alkali  or  a  metallic 
oxide. 

Mkalimelry. — ^The  methnd  by  whicli  the  vnliie  ofthe  n1kaUes,nr  carhonnted  alkalies,  is  determined, 
beinit  of  cnnsidernble  importance  in  a  cnnimercini  point  of  view,  wfi  shnll  here  treat  it  somewhat  in 
dctiill.  It  is  an  estnhll8hed  fact,  that  49  parts  by  weight  of  oil  of  vitriol  of  the  opeciflc  gravity  1'848S, 
are  exactly  equivalent  to  the  neutralisation  of  70  parts  by  weight  of  pure  carbonate  of  potash,  or  48 
of  pure  potass,  or  54  of  carbonate  of  soda,  or  33  of  soda  ;  nnd  that  TO  parts  of  oil  of  vitriol  will  there- 
fore be  necessary  to  neutralise  100  parts  of  carbonate  of  potass ;  hence,  by  employing  a  glass  tube 
of  about  two  ounces'  capacity,  and  accurately  divided  into  100  equal  parts,  taking  TO  grains  of  oil  of 
vitriol,  and  diluting  it  with  water,  to  make  the  100  measures  complete,  every  measure  of  this  dilute 
acid  must  bo  equal  to  a  grain  of  pure  carbonate  of  potass.  The  per  centage  of  real  carbonate  of 
potass  existing  in  any  sample  of  pearlash  may  be  at  once  ascertained  by  taking  100  grains  of  the  sam- 
ple, dissolving  it  in  hot  water,  straining,  and  adding  by  degrees  100  measures  of  the  test  acid  above 
mentioned ;  the  point  of  neutralisation  (when  it  ceases  to  affect  litmus  paper  or  reddened  litmusi) 
being  accurately  ascertained,  the  residual  acid  will  give  the  per  centage  of  impurities  :  for  instance, 
say  that  TS  measures  of  the  dilute  acid  have  been  employed  to  render  lOO  grains  of  a  sample  of  pearl- 
ash  perfectly  neutral,  then  we  have  ascertained  that  it  contains  35  per  cent,  impurities.  The  same 
process  of  course  must  be  followed  in  examining  samples  of  barilla  or  kelp,  except  that  the  alkali 
contained  in  them,  being  carbonate  of  soda,  90-75  of  oil  of  vitriol  must  be  employed  instead  of  70. 
The  process  recommended  by  Mr.  Faraday,  and  in  which  he  uses  only  one  test  acid,  is  as  follows  :— 
Into  a  tube  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  nine  and  n  half  long,  and  as  cylindricnl 
as  possible  throughout  its  whole  length,  1,000  grains  of  wutei  nre  to  he  weighed,  nnd  the  space  occu- 
pied marked  on  the  tube  by  a  flne  file  ;  this  space  is  then  divined  from  above  downwards  into  100 
equal  parts.  At  33'44,  or  7'0'5G  parts  from  the  bott-  n,  an  extra  line  should  be  made,  and  soda  marked 
opposite  to  it ;  at  4H'9C  potass  should  be  marked  in  '  '<e  nf.mu  wa;' ;  at  54'A3,  carbonate  of  soda  ;  and 
at  6,%  carbonate  of  potass.  A  diluted  acid  is  now  to  bi?  p.:  pared,  which  shall  have  n  specific  griwily 
1'137 ;  and  this  Is  made  by  mixing  intimately  together  10  parts  by  weigiU  of  oil  of  vitriol,  and  81  of 


water.  The  mctho 
to  be  measured  in  tl 
which  contains  carl 
up  by  the  addition  o 
The  alkalies  are  f 
(oda  (or  mineral  all 
bete. 

The  combination! 
importance,  will  he 
Ammonia,  or  Spin 
body,  having  a  ver} 
merle  paper  to  a  brc 
its  original  colour, 
its  volume,  forming 
whenever  any  of  tt 
alkaline  eartlis.  LI 
lions  fbr  its  prepara 
limo.  When  these 
form,  and  is  conduc 
absorbed.  Muriate 
distilled.  As  thus  c 
Dioat  concentrated  s 
Carbonate  of  Ami\ 
employed  in  varinui 
of  lime)  upon  niuri; 
nia  are  sublimed  in 
cess  is,  however,  nc 
coal  gas ;  these  are 
of  ammonia  is  form 
former  process. 

Its  uses  are  princ 
wise  employed  rati 
volatile  carbonate  c 
tirely  dissipated  dm 
Both  this  compou 
Muriate  of  ,4mmoi 
was  procured  by  si 
closed  vessdis  ;  it  it 
variety  of  ways.  1 
intimately  with  mui 
which  consists  chie 
ioda  is  formed,  nnd 
condensed  In  the  co 
salts)  results.  It  is 
fectured :  it  is  also 
•emi-trnnsparent,  t 
of  hemispherical  m 
lain,  the  United  8ti 
nitons. 

Sulphate  of  Jtmrno 

ammonia ;  ft  is  emp 

Acetate  of  Ammom 

nia  by  acetic  acid ; 

formed :  it  is  empl:') 

All  these  salts  of ' 

fixed  alkalies  deeom 

When  combined  \ 

monia  alone  being  \ 

fure  pkotphorie  acid 

Pntaae,  or  fegetab 

is  derived  its  name 

boiled,  strained,  am 

by  the  name  of  pota 

verberntory  nirnnce 

and  other  impuritie 

Care  should  be  take 

destroy  the  full  elTei 

Pearlanhes. — Peari 

potass.    Its  uses  in 

of  whichit  constitut 

softer  kinds  of  loap 

rectification  of  spiri 

with  the  spirit. 

Subearbonate  of  P 
Pharmacnpoiia  (carl 
spring  waters  soft,  i 
wood.  When  made 
black  flux,  and  is  us 
From  the  subcarb( 
weight  of  fVesh  bun 
this  process  the  lime 
state ;  by  boiling  th« 
fused  potass. 

If  it  be  required  p 
and  dissolve  in  stroi 
bonate  that  may  not 
potass  fused  at  a  rei 
white,  brittle  mass, 
phere.  When  evap 
<  tu,  when  disiolvei 
g3 


m. 


ALKALIES. 


20 


water.  The  method  to  br  followed  In  the  employment  of  thia  acid  li  at  fnllowi  -.—The  dilute  acid  It 
to  be  measured  in  the  tuh'  up  to  the  line  opposite  to  which  the- alkali  sought  for  is  marked  ;  If  barilla, 
which  contains  carbonate  of  soda,  54'63  measures  arc  to  he  talien.  The  100  measures  are  then  mada 
up  by  the  addition  of  water,  and  is  then  ready  for  use,  following  the  method  before  stated. 

Tlie  alkalies  are  four  in  number,  namely,  ammonia  (or  volatile  alkali),  potass  (or  vegetable  alkali), 
loda  (or  mineral  alkali),  and  lithia ;  which  last  is  of  so  little  importance  that  we  shall  not  treat  of  it 
bere. 

The  comblnationi  of  these  alkalies  with  the  varioui  acids,  whenever  they  form  compounds  of  any 
importance,  will  hn  noticed. 

jimmonia,  or  Spirite  of  Jfartthom,  or  Volatile  Alkali, — In  its  uncomhined  form,  is  an  elastic  gaseous 
body,  having  a  very  pungent  and  Buffncating  odour,  destroyn  animal  life,  converts  the  yellow  of  tur- 
meric paper  to  a  brown,  which,  from  the  vnlatility  of  the  alkali,  in  again  restored  by  a  gentle  heat  to 
its  original  colour.  This  gas  is  rapidly  absorbed  by  water,  which  takes  into  solution  about  780  tiines 
its  volume,  forming  the  liquid  aminnnia,  or  what  is  commonly  called  hartshorn.  Ammonia  is  liberated 
whenever  any  of  the  compounds  of  this  alkali  are  acted  upon  by  potufis,  soda,  lime,  and  many  other 
alkaline  earths.  Lime,  from  its  being  the  most  economical,  is  generally  employed  :  the  best  propor- 
tions for  its  preparations  are  equal  weights  of  sal  ammoniac  (muriate  of  ammonia),  and  fresh  slaked 
lime.  When  these  are  introduced  into  a  retort,  and  heat  applied,  ammonia  is  liberated  in  the  gaseous 
form,  and  is  conducted  by  a  Wetter's  safety  tube  into  a  vessel  of  water,  by  which  the  gas  is  instantly 
absorbed.  Muriate  of  lime  remains  in  the  retort :  sometimes  water  is  added  to  the  mixture,  and  then 
distilled.  As  thus  obtained,  it  has  a  speciflc  gravity  of  930  or  -940,  water  being  equal  to  I'OOO.  The 
roost  concentrated  solution  of  ammonia  has  the  specific  gravity  '875. 

Carbtnata  of  Ammonia,  or  yohtile  Salt,  or  Subcarbonate  of  Ammonia. — This  salt,  which  Is  very  much 
employed  in  various  processes  of  the  arts,  was  formerly  obtained  by  the  action  of  chalk  (carbonate 
of  lime)  upon  muriate  of  ammonia ;  a  double  deconcpnsitinn  takes  place.  Oarhonic  acid  and  ninmo- 
nia  are  sublimed  in  vapour,  and  muriate  of  lime  remains  in  the  vessel,  A  much  less  e.xpensive  pro- 
cess is,  however,  now  followed,  namely,  from  the  waste  gas  liquors  obtained  in  the  piirificatioM  of 
coal  gas ;  these  are  evaporated,  and  the  black  impure  sulphuric  acid  added.  By  this  means  a  sulphate 
of  ammonia  is  formed,  and  tiii  carbonate  procured  from  it  by  the  action  of  powdered  chalk,  as  in  the 
former  process. 

Its  uses  are  principally  in  forming  other  compounds  of  ammonia,  as  smelling  salts ;  and  it  is  like- 
wise employed  rather  extensively  by  pastry-cooks  for  making  light  pastry,  which  is  caused  by  the 
volatile  carbonate  of  ammonia  escaping  and  raising  up  the  pastry  by  the  heat  of  the  oven.  It  la  en- 
tirely dissipated  during  the  baking,  so  that  no  ill  effect  can  arise  from  its  use. 
Both  this  compound  and  the  preceding  act  as  violent  stimulants  on  the  animal  system. 
Muriate  of  Ammonia,  or  Sal  Ammoniae — was  formerly  brought  to  this  country  from  Egypt,  where  it 
was  procured  by  submitting  the  soot  of  camels'  dung  (there  employed  for  l^uel)  to  sublimation  in 
closed  vessbis  ;  it  is,  however,  at  present  manufactured  in  very  large  quantities  in  this  country  in  a 
variety  of  ways.  The  most  economical  processes  are  either  submitting  sulphate  of  ammonia  mixed 
intimately  with  muriate  of  soda  (sea  salt)  to  sublimation,  or  by  substituting  the  bittern  of  sea  water, 
which  consists  chiefly  of  muriate  of  magnesia,  for  the  sea  salt.  In  the  first  process  a  sulphate  of 
soda  is  formed,  and  the  muriate  of  ammonia,  which,  being  volatile,  rises  in  the  vaporous  form,  and  is 
condensed  in  the  cool  parts  of  the  apparatus :  in  the  latter  process,  a  suiithate  of  magnesia  (Epsom 
salts)  results.  It  is  generally  from  this  salt  (muriate  of  ammonia)  that  the  liquid  ammonia  is  manu- 
factured :  it  is  also  employed  in  tinning  and  soldering,  to  preserve  the  metals  from  oxidation.  It  is  a 
•emi-transparent,  tough  salt,  having  an  acrid  and  cool  taste,  and  is  usually  met  with  in  the  form 
of  hemispherical  masses.  Bal  ammoniac  is  made  at  Calcutta,  and  is  thence  exported  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, the  United  States,  and  the  Arabian  and  Persian  gulfs.  In  1834-25,  the  exports  amounted  to 
nitons. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia. — The  preparation  of  the  sulphate  has  been  already  given  under  the  head  of 
ammonia ;  ft  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  both  of  the  carbonate  and  nuiriate. 

Acetate  of  Ammonia. — The  spirit  of  Mindererus  is  obtained  by  acting  upon  the  carbonate  of  ammo- 
nia by  acetic  acid ;  the  carbonic  acid  escapes  with  effervescence,  and  an  acetate  of  ammonia  ia 
formed :  it  is  empl:>yed  in  medicine  as  a  febrifuge. 

All  these  salts  of  ammonia  have  the  following  properties ; — they  are  volatile  at  a  low  red  heat ;  the 
fixed  alkalies  decompose  them,  combining  with  their  acid,  and  the  ammonia  is  liberated. 

When  combined  with  a  fixed  acid,  such  as  the  boracic  or  phosphoric,  they  are  decomposed,  the  am- 
monia alone  being  volatilised,  and  the  acid  remaining  pure.  Thit  proeeti  teat  described  fur  obtaining 
fwre  pkosphoric  acid. 

Potass,  or  Vegetable  Alkali. — ^The  original  source  of  this  alkali  Is  In  the  vegetable  kingdom,  whence 
is  derived  its  name  of  vegetable  alkali.  When  wood  is  burnt,  and  the  ashes  lixiviated  with  water, 
boiled,  strained,  and  evaporated  to  dryness,  an  intensely  alkaline  mass  is  obtained,  which  is  known 
by  the  name  of  potash,  from  this  process  being  conducted  in  iron  pots.  It  is  then  removed  to  a  re- 
verberatory  nirnace,  and  submitted  to  heat,  and  a  current  of  air.  This  burns  out  extractive  matter 
and  other  impurities,  and  the  salt  assumes  a  pearly  white  colour,  and  is  hence  called  pearlashes. 
Care  should  be  taken,  during  this  process,  that  the  potashes  do  not  enter  into  fusion,  as  this  would 
destroy  the  full  effect  of  the  operation. 

Pearlashes.— PtatlMhea  generally  contain  about  from  60  to  83  or  84  per  cent,  of  pure  carbonate  of 
potass.  Its  uses  in  maniiftictures  are  numerous  and  important.  It  is  employed  in  making  flint-glass, 
of  which  it  constitutes  about  one-sixth  of  the  materials  employed ;  in  soap-making,  especially  for  the 
softer  kinds  of  soap :  for  this  purpose,  however,  it  is  first  /endered  caustic  by  means  of  lime.  In  the 
rectification  of  spirits,  large  quantities  are  employed  to  combine  with  the  water  previously  in  union 
with  the  spirit. 

Subcarbonate  of  Potass,  or  Salt  of  Tlirtar— is  used  in  preparing  the  subcarbonBte  of  potflsa  of  the 
Pharmacopoila  (carbonate  of  potass  of  the  chemical  nomenclature),  and  likewise  in  rendering  hard 
spring  waters  soft,  and  in  cleansing  substances  from  grease ;  it  is  sometimes  called  salt  of  worm- 
wood. When  made  by  the  deflagration  of  two  parts  of  tartar  of  argol  and  one  of  nitre,  it  ia  called 
black  flux,  and  is  used  extensively  in  metallurgic  nperaliona. 

From  the  subcarbonate  of  potash  the  pure  and  uncnmbined  potass  ia  obtained,  by  adding  an  equal 
weight  of  fresh  burnt  lime,  previously  slaked,  and  boiling  them  with  half  their  weight  of  water.  By 
this  process  the  lime  combines  with  the  carbonic  acid,  and  the  potass  remains  in  solution  in  its  caustic 
state ;  by  boiling  the  clear  solution  rapidly  in  iron  vessels,  and  submitting  it  to  fusion,  we  obtain  the 
fused  potass. 

If  it  be  required  perfectly  pure  for  chemical  purposes,  it  is  necessary  to  evaporate  in  silver  veaaela, 
and  dissolve  in  strong  alco'hol.  This  takes  up  the  nure  potass,  and  leaves  any  portion  of  the  aubL^r- 
bonate  that  may  not  have  been  acted  upon  by  the  lime ;  then  the  alcohol  ia  to  be  distilled  off,  and  the 
potass  fused  at  a  red  heat,  and  poured  out  in  its  liquid  state  on  a  cold  slab.  As  thus  procured,  it  ia  a 
white,  brittle  mass,  highly  deliquescent,  absorbing  moisture  and  carbonic  acid  rapidly  from  the  atmos- 
phere. When  evaporated  in  iron  vessels  it  has  a  dirty  colour,  and  lets  fall  a  quantity  of  oxide  of 
<  in,  when  dissolved  in  water,  from  ita  having  acted  upon  the  iron  boilera. 
c3 


I  I 


mi 


h 


,  ti 


' 


i  tj*. 


h 


•  '. 


t  ' 


i  V  i 


30 


ALKAtlES: 


Potass  act!  with  great  rapidity  upon  animnl  substnriccs,  destroying  their  texture,  and  is  on  this  ac- 
count employed  ns  a  caustic,  nnd  was  formerly  called  lapU  ivferiMlL<i. 

Carbonate  (or,  in  the  clieinical  iiomenclaturts  Birarbuviile)  of  Putam — is  prepared  hy  passing  car- 
bonic acid  (!»s  throiii;!!  a  solution  of  tiie  subcarbnnate  :  an<l  evuporntinK  iit  a  tcMipe rnture  below  212°, 
and  crystaillAin;.  It  is  used  in  mnkinir  clfervescinir  drauKlits.  It  luaes  one  proportion  of  its  carbonic 
acid  w"lion  h;  :it(Ml,  and  is  converted  into  the  subcarlmnate. 

Sulphate  uf  Potass,  or  Sal  Polyrhreat,  or  Vitriolated  Tartar — is  obtained  by  siibniitting  the  salt, 
whicli  ri-miilns  after  the  manufiictiire  of  nitric  acid  from  nitre  nnd  sulphuric  acid,  to  a  red  Fieat,  or  by 
nculr!ili:iing  the  excess  of  arid  contained  in  that  salt  by  subciirbonate  of  potass. 

Bisiilpliale  vf  Potass,  or  Sal  Enizum. — This  is  the  salt  mentioned  above,  as  the  residue  from  tne 
process  for  ohtitinine  nitric  acid.  It  is  employed,  in  very  large  quantities,  in  the  manufacture  of 
alum  ;  also  hi  tiiming  iron,  for  pickling,  ns  it  is  termed  ;  it  H  soniellnies  also  used  as  a  flux. 

JVUntte  of  Potash,  JVitrr,  or  Saltpetre. — This  salt,  -vhich  is  of  so  much  importance  in  i^vcry  branch 
of  the  arts,  is  found  native  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  especially  in  the  F.ast  Indies.  It  is  obtained 
from  soils  composed  of  decomposing  granite,  the  felspar  of  which  gives  rise,  as  is  supposed,  to  the 
potass.  The  nitric  acid  is  not  so  easily  accounted  for,  except  it  is  by  a  uuicm  of  the  nitrogen  and 
oxygen  gases  in  the  atmosphere  taking  place  in  those  liot  climates ;  for,  from  authenticated  accounts, 
no  dec.'iying  animal  or  vegi'tabie  matter  exists  in  the  nitre  districts  of  India.  By  lixivintion  with 
water  the  nitre  is  dissolved  from  tlie  soil,  wliich  is  again  thrown  out  into  tlio  air,  to  be  washed  the 
following  year;  so  that  it  is  formed  continually.  These  lixiviations  are  then  evaporated  ;  and  when 
of  a  ccrtuin  strength,  a  quantity  of  common  salt  separates,  which  is  removed  as  it  falls  ;  and  the 
nitre  is  then  crystallised  and  imported  to  this  country,  always  containing  a  certain  quantity  of  im- 
purities, which  are  deducted  in  the  purchase  of  large  quantities  of  the  article,  being  ternntd  its  refrac- 
tion. It  is  generally  used  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder  and  pure  nitric  acid,  rellned  or  recryg- 
tallised. 

Nilre  may  l)e  also  made  artificially,  in  beds  of  decaying  vegetable  or  animal  substances,  mixed  with 
old  mortar,  or  other  refuse  calcareous  earth;  these  are  watered  occasionally,  too  much  moisture  beinif 
hurtful;  after  a  certain  period,  depending  on  the  rapidity  with  which  the  process  has  gone  on,  thu 
whole  is  submitted  to  li>:iviation  together  with  wood-ashes,  which  contain  subcnrbonnlo  of  potans, 
andwhicii  decoaiposes  any  nitrate  oflime  formed,  of  which  there  is  geuerally  a  considerublequantit). 
After  the  iixivialion  is  complete,  which  takes  some  time,  tli>>  solution  is  separated  and  boiled  down  ; 
the  salt  separates  ns  in  the  other  process,  nnd  the  nitre  is  then  crystallised.  It  was  from  this  souhh 
that  the  \vhole  of  the  nitre,  nearly,  employed  by  the  French  during  the  long  protracted  war  with  tha 
continental  powers,  was  obtained. 

Niirc  lias  a  cold,  penetrating,  and  nauseous  taste  ;  enters  into  igneous  fusion  at  a  arentle  heat,  and 
b  then  nioulded  into  round  cakes  called  sal  prunella.  It  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  niti  n 
ncid  ;  of  gunpowder,  which  is  composed  of  75  perls  by  weight  of  nitre.  Hi  of  charcoal,  and  9  of  shj . 
phur  (the  nitre  for  this  purpose  should  be  of  great  purity);  and  in  the  manufacture  of  oil  of  vitrii  I . 
as  a  iUiK  it  is  one  of  th  •■  most  powerful  we  possess ;  it  is  also  used  for  the  preservation  of  animal 
food,  and  in  making  frigorific  nii.xtures  :  1  oz.  of  nitre  dissolved  in  5  oz.  of  water  lowers  its  tenipeia  • 
ture  15  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.— ()!!ec  Saltpkthe.) 

Oialatc  and  Binoxahite  of  Potass. — The  binoxalate  of  potass,  or  suit  of  lemon,  or  sorrel,  by  Imtli 
which  last  names  it  is  very  couunonly  known,  is  procured  from  the  juice  of  the  common  sorrel  (Uo- 
inci  Acetosa),  orthe  wood  sorrel  (Oxalis  Acetoselia),  by  cryslnllisation,  after  tlic  feculent  matter  bat 
been  seiiarated  by  standing  a  few  days.  Its  chief  uses  are,  in  removing  ink  spots  or  iron  moulds  ; 
and  also  as  a  refreshing  beverage  when  mixed  with  sugar  and  water. 

Th<!  neutral  oxalate  is  obtained  from  tlie  salt  by  combining  the  excess  of  acid  which  it  contains  wit  It 
a  solation  of  subcarbonate  of  potass.  Is  very  much  used  in  chemistry,  as  the  best  test  of  the  presciire 
of  iiiiie. 

Tartrate  and  Bitartrate  of  Pofns.?.— Bitarfrate  of  potass,  or  cream  of  tartar,  is,  when  in  its  crud  !  nn  J 
impure  state,  called  argol,  and  is  deposited  in  the  interior  of  wine  casks  during  fermentation,  and  f^'iiu 
this  source  the  whole  of  the  cream  of  tartar  is  obtained.  It  is  generally  of  a  very  dark  brown  culoir, 
but  maybe  purified  and  rendered  perfectly  while  by  solution  and  crystallisation.  It  is  employe.l  very 
extenslv.'.ly  in  dyeing,  hut-making,  and  in  the  preparation  of  tartaric  acid,  and  many  of  the  conipouinU 
of  tartaric  acid,  ns  tartar  emetic,  soluble  tartar  (tartrate  of  potass) :  when  heated  to  redness  it  s  con- 
verted into  carbon.tte  of  potass  and  charcoal ;  mixed  with  half  its  weight  of  nilre  and  thrown  into  i 
red  hot  crucible  it  forms  the  black  flux,  and  with  its  own  weight  of  nitre  the  white  flux,  both  of  whic!» 
are  very  much  employed  in  metallurgic  operations.  The  tartrate  is  made  by  the  addition  of  s.ibcai- 
bonate  of  potass  to  a  sulutionof  the  bitartrate  until  perfectly  neutral :  it  is  used  in  luedicinu  as  a  mdj 
purgative. 

Ferrocyanate  or  Prnssiate  of  Potass. — This  salt  is  obtained  by  the  action  of  subcarbonate  of  potaKj, 
at  a  low  red  heat,  upon  refuse  animal  matter,  such  as  hoofs,  horns,  skin,  ifcc,  in  the  proportion  of  two 
of  Bubcarixinate,  to  four  or  live  of  the  animal  matter.  But  tlie  process  recommended  hy  M.  (iautiur 
is  preferable  ;  lie  finds,  thatwhen  animal  matteris  heated  with  nitre,  it  yields  n  much  larger  qinntiiv 
of  the  I'erroprussiate  than  when  either  potass  or  subcarbonate  of  potass  are  employed  ;  the  proportions 
he  finds  mi'st  economical  are,  I  part  by  weight  of  nitre,  3  parts  of  dry  blood,  and  iron  scales  ot  fiiinga 
•qiial  to  a  filUeth  of  the  blood  employed. 

The  coagulum  of  blood  is  mixed  intimately  with  the  nitre  and  iron  filings,  and  dried  by  expo-iuro  ti» 
the  air;  they  are  then  submitted  to  a  very  low  red  heat,  in  d-^ep  iron  cyliniters,  as  long  as  vipoum 
continue  to  be  liberated;  when  cold,  the  contents  are  dissolved  in  12 or  15  times  their  weight  and 
slrainnil.  On  evaporation,  tUi  of  the  specific  gravity  1-284,  nnd  aUowing  it  to  cool,  a  large  quuntityr  >t 
bicarbonate  of  potass  c.-ystallises,  and  by  further  evaporation  till  of  the  specific  gravity  1'3U0,  t!ie  f.•r« 
r<>pnl^!--iate  o  '  potass  crystallises  on  cooling.  This  is  to  lie  recrystallised.  It  is  a  beautiful  vcll<  w 
lalt,  vi;ry  tough,  having  a  tenacity  similar  to  spermaceti,  and  is  dscoinposed  at  a  red  heat.  It  is  em- 
ployed very  extensively  in  dyeing  blues,  nnd  in  calico  printing;  also  in  the  manufacture  of  Prussian 
blue,  which  is  a  compound  of  the  ferropriissic  acid  and  oxide  of  iron,  prepared  by  adding  1  part  of 
the  fiirniprussiatc  of^  potass  dissolved  in  water,  to  one  part  of  copperas,  and  4  parts  of  alum  in  'so- 
lution. 

Chromate  of  Potass. — This  salt  is  obtained  fVom  the  native  chrnmate  of  iron  by  the  action  ofniiro  ac 
a  full  red  lieat  in  equal  proportions.  By  solution,  filtration,  and  evaporation,  a  beautiful  lemon  }el- 
low  coloured  salt  results.  It  is  very  much  employed  in  dyeing,  calico  printing,  and  calico  making, 
from  its  producing  bright  yellow  precipitates  with  solutions  of  lead. 

Bicltromale  of  Potass— i»  prepared  f'om  the  above-mentioned  salt,  by  the  addition  of  nitric  acid  to 
the  yellow  solution  obtained  from  the  heated  mass  by  the  action  of  water;  on  evaporating  this,  a 
dark  red  coloured  salt  crystallises,  which  is  the  bichromate.  This  is  also  very  largely  eniploysd  hy 
the  cali<ui  printers,  and  when  mixed  in  solution  with  nitric  acid,  possesses  the  property  of  destio)  ini| 
vegetable  colours ;  on  this  account  it  is  of  great  importance,  ns  it  at  the  same  time  removes  a  v<'gi  ta- 
ble colour,  and  forms  a  base  for  a  yellow  dye. 

Chlorate  or  Ifyperoxymuriatt  tf  Potass.—The  preparation  of  this  salt  is  attended  with  somu  I'lt'e 
dilflculty,  and  requires  a  great  deal  of  nicety.    It  is  obtained  by  passing  a  current  of  chlorine  fit 


thronirh  a  solntlon  of 
the  chlorate  of  pota 
■linking  matches  for  i 
(ul|ihiir,  nnd  then  in 
vermilion ;  witli  sni 
cussion  caps  of  fowl! 

Sutla,  or  Mineral  Ji 
nnlion  with  carbonic 
tnlned  are  called  bnri 
surface  of  the  earth 
America.  Trona  is  i 
nntion  with  muriatic 
or  nniriate  of  soda, 
from  its  curlionate,  n 
solution,  nnd  evapori 
comes  converted  into 
portance.  In  soap-n 
procured  from  barill 
cniislic  soda  ley  ;  tbi; 
ponl/icniion  of  the  fa 
drawn  from  beneath, 
to  dry.  Soda  is  also 
purpose  it  is  generall 

Subcarbonate  of  Soi 

firepared  from  barilla 
nL'  llie  sttlsola  soda, 
Kilji  ir"  another  impi 
aslies  obtained  from 
From  these,  the  crysl 
the  addition  of  a  sma 
Dinn  salt  as  it  forms  r 
tbod  is  by  heating  th( 
the  s<ilnble  carbonate 
salt.— (See  Barilla  i 

Bicarbonate  of  Soda 
cni'lionate,  and  then  ( 
mnkinir  soda  water  p 
tion  of  a  red  heat  It  h 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  or 
coverer,  is  I  lie  residii 
acted  upon  by  oil  of  \ 
manut'acture  of  the  cl 
result ;  the  materials 
pnncse  ;  also, in  the  f 
rinte  of  ammonia  fr( 
parent  salt,  eflloresci 
it  has  a  cold,  bitter  ta 
is  found  native  in  soi 
rescence  upon  new  w 

J\ritrate  of  Soda.—T 
square  form,  cubic  nil 

Muriate  of  Soda,  or 
called  from  this  circi 
country,  nnd  Ihose  in 
this  compound.  It  is 
for  the  purpose,  nnd  i 
is  made  liy  placing  th 
solution  of  salt,  whic 
not  become  moist  by  i 
ration  of  muriatic  nci 
glazing  stone-ware,  p 
servation  of  animal  fi 

Borate  of  Soda,  or  t 
called  tincai,  and  is  in 
which  the  tincai  is  al 
principal  uses  are  as  > 

.\LKANET,  on 

eusa  ;  Sp.  Arcanett 
vBted  irt  Etigland ; 
in  the  sotith  of  Frai 
parts  that  are  made 
having  n  tliick  bark 
woody  pitli,  imparts 
water  it  gives  only  i 
unguents,  wax  usei 
hogany,  rose-wood, 
but  less  permanent  i 
des  Productions.) 

The  duty,  which  wi 
produced  1,787/.  is.  Si 
suinpti<in  of  17,872  cw 

ALI-OWANCE 

tain  deductions  arc 
whicli  they  arc  en< 


J    I 


ALKANET,  ALLOWANCES. 


«l 


thronirh  a  solntlon  of  cauttie  pntni* ;  then  bnilinir  and  evapnrntin); ;  the  first  gnlt  that  leparateB  H 

thr  chlorate  of  pntusii ;   and  hy  further  cvaporntinn,  mnriiite  of  potnfiB  is  obtained.    It  ia  uaed  tii 

innkin),MimtcheB  frr  instantaneous  light  boxes,  whicli  are  prepared  by  first  dipping  Hie  wood  in  melted 

■ul|ibiir,  and  then  into  a  thin  paste,  formed  of  3  parts  rhinrnte  of  potatts  2  piirts  starch,  and  a  little 
vermilion  ;  with  sidpliiir  it  forms  a  very  explosive  compound,  generally  employed  fur  fdling  the  per* 
ciinsinn  caps  of  fowllng-pieres. 

Smia,  or  JUiverul  Alkali.— The  sonrres  of  this  alkali  In  nature  are  various.  It  is  obtained  in  comW- 
ratioii  wiih  carbonic  acid,  when  plants  which  grow  by  the  sea-side  arc  burnt.  The  ashes  thus  ob- 
tained are  called  barilla  and  k«lp;  and  also  in  sonje  countries  it  is  found  as  an  efflorescence  upon  the 
eiirfiice  of  the  earth,  and  is  called  nitrum  or  natron;  this  occurs  particularly  in  Kfiypt  and  South 
America.  Trona  is  also  another  native  carbonate  of  soda,  and  Is  exported  from  Tripoli.  In  combl- 
niition  with  muriatic  acid  it  is  also  fo\ind  in  immense  aliiiiiduiice,  forming  the  rock  salt,  and  sea  salt, 
or  niiirinte  of  soda.  It  is  obtained  from  the  carbnnnfe  exactly  in  the  siime  way  as  potass  is  obtained 
from  its  carbonate,  namely,  by  boiling  it  with  fresh  burnt  lime  previously  slaked,  decanting  the  clear 
snliitinn,  and  evaporatinc  and  fiising.  It  is  a  white  brittle  suhHtance,  and  by  exposure  to  the  air  be- 
comes converted  into  a  dry  carbonate.  Its  uses  in  the  arts  and  inai^ufiictures  are  of  considerable  im- 
portance. In  soap-niaking  it  is  employed  in  very  larpe  quanilies,  and  for  this  purpose  is  generally 
procured  from  barilla  or  kelp,  by  niixing  them  with  lime,  and  by  the  inl\i»ion  of  water  procuring  a 
caustic  soda  ley  ;  this  is  mixed  with  oil  and  fatty  matters  in  various  proportions,  and  boiled  j  the  sa- 
ponificniion  of  the  fatty  matter  takes  place,  and  the  soap  formed  rises  to  the  surface  ;  the  ley  is  then 
(Iriiwu  from  beneath,  and  fresh  leys  added,  until  the  soap  is  completely  free  from  oil ;  it  is  then  allowed 
to  dry.  Soda  Is  also  employed  ni  the  manufacture  of  plate,  crown,  and  bottle  glass,  though  for  this 
purpose  it  is  generally  In  the  form  of  carbonate  or  sulphate. 

Stibcarbnnate  rf  Soda.  (In  the  chemical  nonienclainre  It  Is  called  carbonate.)— This  is  pcnernlly 
prepared  from  barilla,  which  contains  about  from  10  to  24  per  cent,  barilla  is  procured  by  iucinerat- 
InL'  the  sttlsula  soila,  and  other  sea-side  plants;  it  is  made  in  large  quantities  on  the  const  of  Spain. 
Klip  is  another  impure  carbonate  of  soda,  but  does  not  coi-tnin  mere  tlmn  4  or  .*>  per  cent. ;  h  is  the 
Anlies  obtained  from  sea  weeds  by  incineration,  aid  is  made  on  the  northern  sliores  of  Scotland, 
From  these,  the  crystallised  carbonate  (or  suhcarlicnate,  as  it  is  more  frequemly  called)  is  nmde  by 
the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  of  water,  boiling,  straining,  evapurnting,  and  tklniniing  ill'  the  com- 
mon salt  as  it  forms  on  the  surface  ;  on  coolir.g,  the  f^ubcarbonate  of  soda  crysliillises.  Aiiollier  nie- 
thofl  is  by  heating  the  sulphate  of  soda  with  cnrboMite  of  lime  and  charcoal,  and  then  diKsolving  out 
the  s<iluble  carbonate;  also,  by  the  action  of  carbonate  of  potass  (pearhiiih)  upon  solutions  of  sea 
salt.— (See  Barilla  and  Kelp') 

Sicarbovute  of  Hoda — is  procured  by  driving  a  current  of  carbonic  acid  gas  through  solutions  of  the 
carbonate,  and  then  evaporating  at  a  temperature  below  212°  Fahrenheit;  it  is  chiefly  employed  in 
making  soda  water  powders.  This  is  the  carbonate  of  soda  of  the  PhnrmacopoBla.  Uy  the  applica- 
tion of  a  red  heat  It  loses  carbonic  acid,  and  is  converted  into  the  siibcarbonate. 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  or  Olaubcr  Sails. — This  salt,  which  has  received  tile  name  of  Olauber,  from  its  dis- 
coverer, is  the  residue  of  u  great  many  chemical  processes;  for  instance,  when  niuriatt- of  soda  is 
acted  upon  by  oil  of  vitriol,  muriatic  acid  and  sulphate  of  soda  result ;  in  makini-'  chlorine  gas  for  tha 
manut'ucture  of  the  chloride  of  lime,  or  bleaching  powder,  sulphate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  nianganese 
residt;  the  materials  employed  being  sea  salt,  sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vitriol),  and  black  oxide  of  man- 
ganese ;  also,  in  the  preparation  of  acetic  acid  fromthc  acetate  of  soda,  and  in  the  preparation  of  mu- 
riate of  ammonia  from  sea  salt  and  sulphate  of  aninu^nia.  Sulphate  of  soda  is  a  colourless,  trans- 
parent salt,  eflloresces  readily  when  exposed  to  Iho  air,  and  becomes  converted  into  a  dry  powder; 
It  bns  a  cold,  bitter  taste.  It  is  used  f<ir  the  preparation  of  carbonate  of  soda,  and  as  a  medicine.  It 
Is  found  native  in  some  countries,  particularly  in  Persia  and  South  America — frequently  aa  an  efflo- 
rescence upon  new  walls. 

JifUrule  of  Soda. — This  lalt  is  found  native  In  some  parts  of  the  East  Indies,  and  is  called  from  its 
square  form,  cubic  nitre ;  it  is,  however,  very  little  used. 

Muriate  of  Soda,  or  Seu  Salt. — This  compound  is  found  in  immense  quantities  In  the  earth,  and  is 
called  from  this  circumstance  rock  salt,  or  sal  gem.  The  mines  of  Cheshire  and  Droitwich,  in  this 
country,  and  those  in  Poland,  Hungary,  and  Spain,  and  many  otiiers,  affori'  immense  quantities  of 
Ibis  compound.  It  is  also  obtained  bv  the  evaporation  of  sea  water,  both  spontaneously  In  pits  formed 
for  the  purpose,  and  In  laree  iron  boilers ;  the  uncryntallisable  fluid  is  called  the  bittern  ;  basket  salt 
is  made  by  placing  the  salt  af^er  evaporation  in  conical  baskets,  and  passing  through  it  a  saturated 
solution  of  salt,  which  dissolves  and  carries  off  the  muriate  of  magnesia  or  lime.  Pure  salt  should 
not  become  moist  by  exposure  to  the  air  ;  It  decrepitates  when  heated  ;  it  la  employed  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  muriatic  acid,  carbonate  of  soda,  muriate  of  ammonia,  and  many  other  operations;  also  in 
gla/.ing  stone-ware,  pottery,  &c.;  and  from  its  great  antiseptic  properties,  Is  used  largely  for  the  pre- 
servation of  animal  food  ;  as  a  flux  also  in  metallurgy. 

Borate  of  Soda,  or  Boraz. — This  salt  is  found  in  Thibet  and  Persia,  deposited  from  saline  lakes;  it  is 
called  tincal,  and  Is  Imported  Into  this  country,  where  it  is  purified  by  solution  ;  the  fatty  matter  with 
wliich  the  tincal  is  always  coaled  being  removed  ;  and  the  solution  evapcualed  and  crystallised:  its 
principal  uses  are  as  a  flux,  from  Its  acting  very  powerfully  upon  earthy  substances. 

ALKANET,  on  ANCHUSA  (Get.  Orkanct ,-  Da.  Os.sct(mg  .•  Ti.  Orcanette  .■  It.  An- 
eusa  ,•  Sp.  Arcaneta),  a  species  of  bugloss  (Anckufa  tincforia  lAn,).  It  has  been  culti- 
vated in  England ;  but  is  found  of  the  finest  quality  in  Siberia,  Spain,  and  more  particularly 
in  the  south  of  France,  in  the  vicinity  of  Montpellirr.  The  root.s  of  the  plant  ore  the  only 
parts  that  are  made  use  of.  When  in  perfection,  thoy  are  about  tlie  thickness  of  the  finger 
having  a  thick  bark  of  a  deep  purplish  red  colour.  This,  when  separated  from  the  whitish 
woody  pith,  imparts  a  fine  deep  red  to  alcohol,  oils,  wax,  and  all  unctuous  substances.  To 
water  it  gives  only  a  dull  brownish  hue.  It  is  principally  employed  to  tint  pomatums  and 
unguents,  wax  used  in  the  making  of  fancy  candles,  oils  employed  in  the  dressing  of  ma- 
hogany, rose-wood,  &c.  The  alkanct  brought  from  Constantinople  yields  a  more  beautiful 
but  less  permanent  dye  than  that  of  France. — {Lewis's  Mat.  Med. ,-  Magnicn,  Didionnaire 
des  Productions.) 

The  duty,  which  was  previously  very  oppressive,  was  reduced  in  1S32  to  2g.  a  cwt.  In  that  year  it 
produced  1,787/.  is.  8d.  Tills,  supposing  it  to  have  been  all  cha'ged  with  the  2«.  duty,  shows  a  con- 
suinplhin  of  17,K72  cwt.    The  price  varies  from  27s.  to  32a.  a  cwt. 

ALLOWANCES,  TARES,  &c  In  selling  goods,  or  in  paying  duties  upon  them,  cer- 
tain deductions  are  made  from  their  weights,  depending  on  the  nature  of  the  packages  ui 
whicli  they  are  enclosed,  and  which  are  regulated  in  most  instances  by  the  custom  of  mer* 


^¥\M 


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83 


ALMONDS. 


chanta,  and  the  rulci  laid  down  by  public  oflicea.    These  allowancea,  aa  they  are  termed,  aia 
diatinguished  by  Uio  opitheU  Draft,  Tare,  IVeit,  and  Cloff. 

Draft  Is  a  deduction  from  tlie  original  or  gross  weight  of  goods,  and  is  subtracted  before  the  tare  Is 
taknn  off. 

Tare  is  an  allowance  (br  the  weight  of  the  bag,  box,  cask,  or  other  package,  in  which  goods  are 
weighed. 

fital  or  open  tar*  is  the  actual  weight  of  the  package. 

Customary  tare  is,  as  its  name  implies,  an  established  allowance  for  the  weight  of  the  package. 

Computed  tart  is  an  estimated  allowance  agreed  u|ion  at  the  time. 

Average  tare  is  when  a  few  packages  only  among  several  are  weighed,  their  mean  or  average  taken, 
and  tile  rest  tared  uccurilingly. 

Super-ture  is  an  additional  allowance,  or  tare,  where  the  commodity  or  package  exceeds  a  certain 
weiKiit. 

When  tare  is  allowed,  the  remainder  is  called  the  nett  weight;  but  if  trett  be  allowed,  it  is  called 
the  sutlte  weight. 

Trett  is  a  deduction  of  4  lbs.  from  every  10 1  Ihs.  of  snttle  weight. 

This  allowance,  which  is  said  to  be  fur  dust  or  sand,  or  for  the  waste  or  wear  of  the  commodity,  was 
formerly  made  on  most  foreign  nrticles  gold  by  the  pound  avoirdupois;  but  it  is  now  nearly  discnr.- 
tinned  by  merchants,  or  else  allowed  in  tlie  price.  It  is  wholly  abolisiied  at  the  East  India  ware, 
bouses  in  London ;  and  neither  trett  nor  draft  in  allowed  at  the  Custom-house. 

Chff,  or  dough,  is  another  allowance  that  is  nearly  obsolete.  It  is  stilted  in  nrithmeticul  books  to 
be  a  deduction  of  2  lbs.  from  every  cwt.  of  the  eeconU  auttle ;  tliat  is,  the  remnindir  ufier  trett  i»  snb- 
traded  ;  but  merchants,  at  present,  know  cloffonly  as  a  small  deduction,  like  driifk,  from  the  original 
weight,  and  this  only  from  two  or  tlirue  articles.— (See  Kelly's  CatubiU,  art.  "  London.") 

For  an  account  of  the  tares  and  allowances  ut  London,  see  Tabb;  fur  the  tares  and  allowances  at 
the  great  foreign  trading  towns,  see  their  names. 

ALMONDS  (Ger.  Mandeln :  Du.  Amandelen ;  Fr.Amandesi  It.  Mandorli  .•  8p.AU 
mendra;  Port  Amendoi  Rua.  Mindal;  Lat  Amygdalae  amarae,  dulcea),  a  kind  of  medi. 
cinal  fruit,  contained  in  a  hard  shell,  that  is  enclosed  in  a  tough  sort  of  cotton  skin.  The 
tree  (Amygdalua  communis)  which  produces  this  fruit  nearly  resembles  the  peach  both  b 
leaves  and  blossoms ;  it  grows  spontaneously  only  in  warm  countries,  as  Spain,  and  pa> 
ticularly  Barbary.  It  flowers  early  in  the  spring,  and  produces  fruit  in  August  Almonds 
are  of  two  sorts,  sweet  and  bitter.  They  are  not  distinguishable  from  each  other  but  by  the 
taste  of  the  kernel  or  fruit.  "  The  Valentia  almond  is  sweet,  large,  and  flat-pointed  at  one 
extremity,  and  compressed  in  the  middle.  The  Italian  almonds  arc  not  so  sweet,  smaller, 
and  less  depressed  in  the  middle.  The  Jordan  almonds  come  from  Malaga,  and  are  the  best 
sweet  almonds  brought  to  England.  They  are  longer,  flatter,  less  pointed  at  one  end  and 
less  round  at  the  other,  and  have  a  paler  cuticle  than  those  we  have  described.  The  sweet 
almonds  are  imported  in  mats,  casks,  and  boxes;  the  bitter,  which  come  chiefly  from  Moga- 
dore,  arrive  in  boxes." — {Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

An  Account  of  the  different  Descriptions  of  Almonds  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  Year* 
1831  and  1833,  the  Kates  of  Duty  thereon,  the  Produce  of  the  Duties,  with  the  countries  from  whence 
the  Almonds  were  brought,  and  specifying  the  Quantities  brought  from  each. — (Obtained  from  the 
Cuetotn-house  for  this  Work.) 


Coontries  from  which 
imported. 

Quantities  Imported. 

Bitter  Alnnndt. 

Jordan  Almoodi. 

Almmidi  of  other  nrta. 

1831. 

1833. 

isn. 

1833. 

1831. 

1833. 

Germany 

The  Netherlands      . 
France      ... 
Portugal,     Asores,  ^ 

and  Madeira          5 
Spain        ... 
Gibraltar  -       .       . 
Italy         .       . 
Malta        -       .       . 
Turkey     ... 
Tripoli,  Barhary,  and  7 

Morocco     -       .  ; 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  . 
Bast  Indies 
v.  States  of  America 
Ulea   of  Guernsey,) 

Jersey,  and  Man    / 

Total       . 

FiMi  Fonlgii  CothMm 
rraai  Britiib  Pniiiirtuni 

^Nitt  piMMSOi  Ibi  Dat'NlL 

Cut.  in,  tu. 

SO    1  83 

1    334 

1    3    6 

193    3    7 
S3   3   0 

3,115    3  34 

Cut.  frf.  Itt. 

83    a   5 
81    3  34 
43    I  84 

3    3  16 
18    3  34 

8,697    0  81 

101    3  13 

Cut.  «r<.  ite. 

1    3  10 

3,361    3   3 

130    0  33 

0    3    0 

0    1    5 

Cut.  frt.  If. 

0  I  a 

1,333    3  11 
0    0  18 
0    0^  3 

0  0    0 

1  137 

fur.  fr«.  Un. 
103    3    3 

550    0  33 

331    3  35 

3,618    3  10 

333    033 

151    3  15 

0    0  37 

0    0  13 

5,138    3  11 

0  0    6 

1  093 

7    0    1 

Cut.  on.  lb. 

5    0    8 

0     1    9 

540    1  13 

330    3    3 

1,835    3  17 

66    1  13 

140    0    5 

6,013    3  15 

0    0  14 
0    1  34 

35    3  14 

3,303    1    5 

3,908    0  15 

3,404    0  13 

1,335    3  16 

9,135    3    9 

9,003  oao 

Rates  of  Duty  per  Owt. 

£  t.   i. 
1  11    8 
0  15  10 

3,360    6    1 

£  t.  d. 
0    4    0 
0    4    0 

1,068  17    1 

£  t.   d. 
4  IS    0 
3    7    0 

7,830    S  11 

l£    M.    d. 

^00 

I    0   0 

5,003   0   « 

£  *.   d. 
8    7    6 
3    7    6 

7,850  17    6 

£  t.  d. 
I    0   0 
1    0    0 

5,460    5    7 

u. 

n. 

in.  lU. 

0  8 

1  0 
1  13 

3    S 

3  17 
1  12 
0    i 

m 

3  15 

0  14 

1  34 

3  14 

OSO 

^^^ 

■.  i. 
0   0 
0   0 

S    7 

ALOES— ALUM. 


ss 


Putieii  OH  Mmimii.—Vtey\m\t\y  to  1830,  nlmondu  were  nmong  the  moit  grogily  ovrrtnxcd  articlei  In 
the  Brillin  tBrllrj  but  the  guhjoined  Btatcinvnt  showi  that  the  diitien  were  then  mnterinlly  reduced. 
II  further  oppearg  from  It,  that  though  the  duty  on  bitter  ainionds  in  1833  nmounlcd  to  only  about  one- 
eighth  part  of  ita  amount  in  1831,  the  revenue  derived  from  them  did  not  full  oflT more  than  about  hall°, 
(howintt  that  the  consumption  had  Increased  In  a  fourfold  proportion  !    The  revenue  ttom  Jordan 

«l ids  in  1831  was  7,830/. ;  and  In  1832, .%()(«/. ;  thouKh  the  duly  in  the  latter  year  was  less  than  half 

what  it  had  been  in  the  former.  The  results  of  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  other  sorts  of  almonds  are 
fxaclly  almilar.  This,  therefore,  Is  a  striking  Instance  of  the  bcnnncinl  ir.flueiice  of  reasonable  duties. 
Tho  fair  presumption  Is,  that  in  a  few  years  the  revenue  from  almonds,  under  the  present  moderalu 
iliitles,  will  be  much  greater  than  it  has  ever  been  under  the  hih'h  duties. 

Almonds  were  worth.  In  bond,  in  the  London  market,  in  August  1833,  Jordan, 79«.  to  100».  per  cwt.j 
Burlmry  (bitter),  31».  per  ditto ;  Valencia  (sweet),  73*.  to  75«.  per  ditto. 

[Almonds  are  chicflv  imported  into  the  United  States  from  tho  Mediterranean  ports  of 
Franco  and  Spain ;  and  only  an  inconaiderablo  amount  is  re-exported,  for  the  most  part  to 
Mexico. — Am.  Ed.] 

.\LOES  (Du.  Ake.-  Fr.  Alo^a,-  Ger,  and  Lat  Afoe /  Rus.  Sabtr  /  8p.  Aloe.-  Arab. 
Mucibar),  a  bitter,  gummy,  resinous,  inspissated  juice,  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  the  plant 
of  the  same  name.  There  are  four  sorts  of  aloes  met  with  in  commerce  ;  viz.  Socotrine, 
Hepatic,  Caballine,  and  Cape. 

I.  Soeofrine—tn  called  from  the  island  of  Socotra,  In  the  Indian  Ocean,  not  very  distant  from  Capo 
Gunrdnfui,  where  the  plant  (Jlloe-Kpieata),  of  which  this  species  is  the  produce,  grows  abundantly.  It 
Id  In  pieces  of  a  reddish  brown  cnlnur,  glossy  as  if  varnished,  and  in  some  degree  pellucid.  When 
rfducpd  to  powder,  it  is  of  a  bright  gnlden  colour.  Its  taste  is  extremely  bitter ;  and  it  has  u  liecullar 
aromatic  odour,  not  unlike  that  of  the  russet  apple  decaying.  It  softens  in  the  hand,  and  is  adhesive  j 
vH  is  sufflcicntly  pulverulent.  It  is  imported  by  way  of  Smyrna  and  Alexandria,  in  chests  and  casks, 
but  is  very  scarce  in  England. 

4.  Hepatic— The  real  hepatic  aloes,  so  called  from  its  liver  colour,  is  believed  to  be  the  produce  of 
the  Moe  perfoliata,  which  grows  in  Yemen  in  Arabia,  from  which  it  is  exported  to  Bombay,  whence  it 
Dnds  its  way  to  Europe.  It  is  duller  in  the  colour,  bitterer,  and  has  a  less  pleasant  aroma  than  tho 
flocolrine  aloes,  for  which,  however.  It  is  sometimes  substituted.  Oarbadcies  aloes,  which  is  often 
piiBsed  off  for  the  hepatic,  is  tho  produce  of  the  ji/oe  vvlgaru.  It  is  brought  homo  in  calabashes,  or 
lurge  gourd  shells,  containing  from  60  to  70  lbs.  It  is  duskier  in  its  hue  than  the  Bombay,  or  real  he- 
pntic  aloes,  and  the  taste  is  more  nauaeoua,  and  intensely  bitter.  The  colour  of  the  powder  is  a  dull 
(•live  yellow. 

3.  Caballine,  or  Horse,  Mats  seems  to  be  merely  the  coarsest  species  or  refUse  of  the  Barbadoes 
aIncB.    It  is  used  only  in  veterinary  medicine  ;  nnd  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  rank  fcBtid  smell. 

4.  Cape  Moe«  is  the  pr<iducu  of  the  Mi>e  spieata,  which  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  interior 
of  the  Cape  colony,  and  in  Melinda.  The  latter  f^iiinishes  the  greater  part  of  tho  extract  sold  In  Eu- 
rope  under  the  name  of  Socotrine  aloes.  The  odour  of  the  Cape  aloes  is  stronger  and  more  disagree- 
able than  that  of  the  Socotrine ;  they  have,  also,  a  yellower  hue  on  the  butside ;  are  less  glossy, 
■nfler,  and  more  pliable  ;  the  colour  of  the  powder  is  more  like  that  of  gamboge  than  that  of  the  true 
Recotrino  aloes. — (.^inalic'g  Mat.  Indica  ;  Thomson's  Dispensatory  and  Mat.  Medica.) 

Last  year  the  duty  on  aloes  was  reduced  to  3d.  per  lb.  on  those  from  a  British  |K>SBession,  and  to 
H.  on  those  ttom  a  foreign  country.  The  duty  produced  1,810<.  5«.  3d.  of  nett  revenue ;  but  as  the  old 
rules  of  duty  existed  during  a  part  of  the  year,  it  does  not  afford  the  means  of  determining  the  con- 
tuniption. 

ALOES- WOOD  {Gn.Aloehoks  Dm.  Ahehout,  Paradyshout  i  Tt.  Bois  d"  Alod» .-  It. 
Legnodi  Aloei  Sp,  Aloe  chinoi  Lat  Lignum  Aloes  i  Sans.  Aguru  ,•  Malay,  Agilai 
8iam.  Kisna),  the  produce  of  a  large  forest  tree,  to  be  found  in  most  of  the  countries  be< 
tween  China  and  India,  from  the  24th  degree  of  north  latitude  to  the  equator. 

It  seems  to  be  the  result  of  a  diseased  action  confined  to  a  small  part  of  a  few  trees,  of  which  the 
re^t  of  the  wood  is  wholly  valueless.  It  appears  to  be  more  or  less  frequent  according  to  soil  and 
climate,  and  from  the  same  causes  to  differ  materially  in  quality.  It  is  produced  both  in  the  greatest 
quiintiiy  and  perfection  in  the  countries  and  islands  on  the  east  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Siam.  This  article 
ii!  in  high  repute  for  fimiigations,  and  as  incense,  in  all  Hindu,  Mohammedan,  and  Catholic  countries. 
It  formerly  brought  a  very  high  price,  being  at  one  time  reckoned  nearly  as  valuable  as  gold.  It  is 
now  comparatively  cheap,  though  the  finest  specimens  are  still  very  dear.  The  accounts  of  this  ar- 
ticle in  most  books,  even  of  good  authority,  are  singularly  contradictory  and  inaccurate.  This  is  more 
surprising,  as  La  Loubdre  has  distinctly  stated,  that  it  consisted  only  of  "  certains  endroits  corror.ipus 
dans  des  arbres  d'une  certaine  esptte.  Toute  arbre  de  cttte  espice  n'en  a  pas  ;  et  ceux  qui  en  ont,  ne  let 
sHtpiis  tous  en  m^sssdrvit."— (Koyaunie  de  Siam,  t.  i.  p.  45.  12mo  ed.)  The  ditiiculty  of  finding  the 
trees  which  happen  to  be  diseased,  and  of  getting  at  the  diseased  portion,  has  given  rise  to  the  fables 
that  have  been  current  as  to  its  nriein.  The  late  Dr.  Roxburgh  introduced  the  tree  which  yields  this 
production  into  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Calcutta,  from  the  bitU  to  the  eastward  of  Bylhet,  and  de- 
scribed it  under  the  name  of  ..dquillaria.Sgalocha. 

ALUM  (Ger.  il/iaun ;  Hv.Aluiri;  Fr.Alun;  ItAUumei  9p.  AUumbre :  Bus.  JITukmszu  >• 
Lat.  Alumen  ,•  Arab.  Shcb),  a  salt  of  great  importance  in  the  arts,  consisting  of  a  ternary 
rompoundof  o/umtnum,  or  pure  argillaceoiis  earth,  potass,  and  sulphuric  acid.  Alum  is 
sometimes  found  native ;  but  by  far  the  greater  part  of  that  which  is  met  with  in  commerce 
is  artificially  prepared.  The  best  alum  is  the  Roman,  or  that  which  is  manufactured  near 
Civita  Vecchia,  in  the  Papal  territory.  It  is  in  irregular,  ochtahedral,  crystalline  masses, 
about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  and  is  opaque,  being  covered  9n  the  surface  with  a  farinaceous 
ffHorescence.  The  Levant,  or  Roch  alum  is  in  fragments,  about  the  size  of  the  formei,  but 
in  which  the  crystalline  form  is  more  obscure;  it  is  externally  of  a  dirty  rose-colour,  and 
internally  exhibits  the  same  tinge,  but  clearer.  It  is  usually  shipped  for  Europe  fropi 
Smyrna;  but  it  was  anciently  made  at  Roccha,  or  Edessa,  in  Syria;  and  hence  its  name, 
Roch  alum.  English  alum  is  in  large,  irregular,  semi-transparent,  colourless  masses,  having 
•  glassy  fracture ;  not  efflorescent,  and  considerably  harder  than  tlie  others.    It  i&  very 

5 


i  ;-\ 


■m 


iv    U: 


■?!  ' 


mm 


v 


ui  Ki  1,1 


}A 


I  m 


M 


34 


AMBER— AMIANTHUS. 


i 


i 


t 


■;J 


Inferior  to  cither  the  Roman  or  Roch  nlum.  The  principal  use  of  alum  is  in  the  art  of 
ilyeinR,  as  a  mordant  for  fixing  and  giving  permanency  to  colours  which  otherwise  would 
not  ailliere  at  all,  or  but  for  a  very  sliort  time ;  but  it  is  also  used  for  a  great  variety  of  othor 
purposes. 

Hcrkiniinn  has  ulinwn  (Tfhtnnj  of  hretilhrm,  vol.  I.  nrf.  "  AInm")  thnt  the  nnrlrnti  woro  iinac- 
qiiiiinti'il  with  iiluin,  nnd  lli:it  tlie  nuhRliiiice  which  tlioy  dpsleniitcil  ns  mirh  wii»  niorcly  vitriolic  t'lirlh. 
It  wna  tirxt  cliscnvcir-d  hy  tliR  OrinntulK,  who  i<Htiihlifih(id  itltiin  works  in  Hyrin  In  the  tliirtvoiith  or 
I'cinrtiM'ntli  ceiitiirv.  TlKiolihigt  nliini  works  in  Kiiroix!  wiiri)  ori'cteil  iitidnl  llic  inlildli!  of  the  (Irtf-nnlti 
(■i-ntnry.  Townrila  thn  conclusion  of  thn  roijjn  of  Cincnn  Ellznhcth,  HIr  Tlionun  CImlonur  OHtiililii'liiMl 
till!  lirsit  nliiin  work  in  Knelimrl,  nenr  W'liitliy,  In  Yorkuhirc,  whcrf-  tho  principnl  works  of  thn  sort  In 
IliU  country  nr«  still  cnrritMl  on.  Tliere  is  a  lurce  nliitii  work  nt  liiirliitt,  niiiir  I'aitilny,  Alniu  is 
lariii'ly  niiiiiiifiictiirinl  in  ('hiim,  nnil  is  tliiMicc  e.\|>ortud  to  all  the  WGsturn  Asiuttu  couutriua.  In  If^l, 
11,770" picnis  (785  tona)  woru  cxportiid  from  Cnnton, 

AMllKR  (Ger,  Bernstein  f  Da,  Barmteen  ,•  Da.  Bcrnsfeen,  Jiav.  ,•  Tt.  Amhrcjawie; 
It.  Ainbra  (;ialla;  Sp.  Amhnr ;  Kus,  Jantar ;  Pol.  Hiimzlifn  ;  Lnt.  Succinum,  Electrum), 
a  brittle,  light,  hard  s'jb.stancc,  usually  nearly  transparent,  sometimes  nearly  colourless,  but 
commonly  yellow,  or  even  deep  brown.  It  has  consiJernblo  lustre,  Sjjccific  gravity  1'00,5 
It  is  found  in  nodules  or  rounded  masses,  varying  from  the  size  of  coarse  sand  to  thatofa 
man's  hand.  It  is  tasteloss,  without  smell,  except  when  pounded  or  heated,  when  it  cniit.s  a 
fragrant  o<lour.  It  i.s  higlily  e'cctric.  Most  authors  assert  that  amber  is  bituminous  ;  but 
Dr.  Thomson  states,  that  "  it  is  undoubtedly  of  a  vegetable  origin  ;  and  though  itdilfurs  from 
resins  in  somo  of  its  pro])('rtie8,  yet  it  agrees  with  them  in  so  many  others,  that  it  may  with- 
out  impropriety  be  referred  to  them." — {Cliemktry,  vol.  iv.  p.  147,  5th  ed.) 

Pieces  of  amber  occasionally  pncl(  «e  parts  of  tonds  nnd  insects  in  their  sulistancr,  which  are  lioini- 
lifally  prt'serviiil.  It  in  principally  fc.iind  on  the  ghores  of  I'ornrraiiiii  nnd  Polish  I'rn!<8in;  hot  it  Ig 
Homntinics  (Ins  out  of  tlio  earth  in'Dninl  Priissiii.  It  Is  also  met  with  on  tin?  banks  of  the  rivir  (fin- 
retta.  In  Sicily.  SoinetiiiicR  it  is  found  on  the  past  const  of  llritnin,  and  in  pravol  pits  round  Lon- 
don. The  largest  mass  of  amber  over  found  was  (rot  near  the  surl^ico  of  Ilia  firouiul  in  Mtlmaida. 
It  wcijilis  18  ll)s.,  nnd  is  preserved  in  the  royal  cabinet  at  Iterlin.  Most  of  the  amber  imported  into 
this  country  comes  from  the  Haltic,  but  n  small  quantity  comes  from  Bicily.  Amber  was  in  very  high 
estimation  among  the  ancients,  but  is  now  comparatively  neglected. 

AMBER-GRIS,  on  AMBER-GREASE  {Gn.  Amher ;  D\x.  Amber.-  Tt.  Ambergris i 
It.  Amhra-grigia  ,•  8{>.  Amhar-gris  ;  Lnt.  Ainbra,  Ambra  grisca),  a  solid,  opaque,  gene- 
rally ash-coloured,  fatty,  itiflammablo  substance,  variegated  like  marble,  remarkably  light, 
rugged  and  uneven  in  its  surface,  and  has  a  fragrant  odour  when  heated  ;  it  does  not  cllnr- 
vescc  with  acids,  melts  freely  over  the  fire  into  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  hardly  soluble 
in  spirit  of  wine.  It  is  found  on  the  sea-coast,  or  floating  on  the  sea,  near  the  coasts  of  India, 
Africa,  and  Brazil,  usually  in  small  pieces,  but  sometimes  in  masses  of  50  or  100  lbs.  weight. 
"  Various  opinions  have  been  entertained  respecting  its  origin.  Some  affirmed  that  it  was 
the  concrete  juice  of  a  tree,  others  thought  it  a  bitumen  ;  but  it  is  now  considered  as  pretty 
well  established  that  it  is  a  concretion  formed  in  the  stomach  or  intestines  of  the  P/iyneter 
macroccphalus,  or  spermaceti  whale. — {Thomson's  Chemistry.')  Ambergris  ought  to  lie 
chosen  in  large  pieces,  of  an  agreeable  odour,  entirely  grey  on  the  outside,  and  grey  with 
little  black  spots  within.  The  purchaser  should  Iw  very  cautious,  as  this  article  ia  easily 
counterfeited  with  gums  and  other  drugs. 

AMETHYST  (Ger.  Amethyst}  Ft.  Amethysts ;  It.  Amatiatai  Sp.  Ametisto ;  Lnt. 
Amethystus),  a.  precious  stone,  of  which  there  are  two  species  dillering  widely  in  quality 
and  value. 

The  Oriental  nv-.tthyif  Is  a  (tern  oflhe  most  perfect  violet  colonr,  and  of  cictranrdinnry  brilliancy  ami 
beauty.  It  Is  said  to  be  as  bard  ns  the  sapphire  or  rtihy,  with  which  it  also  corresponds  in  its  form 
and  specific  pravity — (See  SAPPHinr),  difrerinir  in  colour  merely.  It  has  been  nu!t  within  India,  Per- 
sia, Siam,  nnd  other  countries  ;  but  it  Is  exceedinirly  scarce.  That  found  in  India  is  paid  by  I'liny  to 
he  the  best,  (['rineipatiim  aniethyKti  Indica;  tenrnt. — Nat.  Hist.  lib.  xxxvii.  cap.  0.)  Mr.  Mawe,  snv3 
he  had  rarely  seen  an  oriental  amethyst  offered  for  sale,  uidess  small  and  inl"erior  In  colour,  ^fr. 
Hope,  the  author  of  Anastasius,  had  in  his  cabinet  the  finest  gem  of  this  sort  in  Europe.  This  exqui- 
site specimen  exceeds  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter;  in  daylight  it  exhibits  tlie  most  beautiful  vio- 
let colour,  while  by  candle-lipht  it  Is  n  decided  blue. 

The  Orcidental  amethyst  is  merely  coloured  crystal  or  quartz. — "  When  perfect,  its  colour  resembles 
that  of  the  violet,  or  purple  prape  ;  but  It  not  u'nfrequently  happens  tliat  the  tinge  is  confined  to  oni; 
part  of  the  stone  only,  while  the  other  is  left  almost  colourless.  When  it  possesses  a  richness,  clear- 
ness, nnd  uniformity  of  hue,  it  is  considered  a  gem  of  exquisite  beauty  ;  and  as  it  occurs  of  consider- 
able size.  It  Is  suited  to  all  ornamental  purposes.  In  specific  gravity  nnd  hardness  it  bears  no  com- 
parison with  the  oriental  amethyst ;  it  is  also  inferior  in  beauty  and  lustre  ;  though  I  have  often  seen 
the  common  amethyst  oflTered  for  sale  as  oriental.  Brazil,  Siberia,  nnd  Ceylon  produce  very  linennie- 
Ihysts :  they  are  found  in  rolled  pieces  in  the  alluvial  soil,  and  finely  crystallised  in  fissures  of  rock. 
Prom  the  first  of  these  localities,  they  have  lately  been  imported  in  such  quantities,  as  considerably 
to  dimini.sh  their  value  :  but  as  they  are  the  oidy'coloured  stones,  except  garnets,  that  are  worn  Willi 
inoiirnin?,  tliey  still  retain,  when  perfect,  a  distinguished  rank  among  the  precious  gems.  The  pre- 
sent price  of  Inferior  light-coloured  stones,  in  the  rough  state,  is  about  'iOg.  per  pound,  while  these  of 
good  quality  sell  at  10s.  or  l'2.t.  per  ounce.  Amethysts  calculated  for  brooches  or  seals  may  be  pur- 
chased at  from  15*.  to  two  or  three  guineas  e.ach.  for  which,  ten  years  ago,  treble  that  sum  would  have 
been  given."— (Jl/awe  on  Diamonila,  iied.  pp.  115—117.) 

AMIANTHUS,  ASBESTOS  on  MOUNTAIN  FLAX,  a  mineral  of  which  there  are 
mveral  varieties,  all  more  or  less  fibro'is,  flex'.le,  and  elastic.  It  is  inconsuamble  by  a  high 
degree  of  heat ;  and  in  ("..lUtiuity  the  ;rt  was  discovered  of  drawing  the  fibres  into  threads, 


and  then  weavin 

stance,  which,  wl 

this  means  than 

the  name  of  A/xi 

bodies  of  the  dcm 

corpse  might  not 

we  may  mcntiot 

found  at  Rome,  i 

employment  in  tl 

bustiblo  cloth  be 

difficile  textu  pr 

riturum. — (Plin. 

burning  the  deac 

moderns  have,  h( 

jirartised. — (For 

AMMONIACl 

Ammimiaco  ,•  La 

a  plant  reseniblini 

Pliny  says  that  it 

Jupiter  Ammon  ii 

smell ;    and  a  bitt 

white  within,  brii 

The  best  ammon 

and  chests.    It  is 

dry  tears,  which  ii 

internally  and  ext 

is  soft,  dark-coloui 

tity  imported  is 

Orient.  Com.  «^c.) 

AMMONIAC 

AMMUNITIO 

No  ammunitior 

by  liceiK-e  from 

stores  only,  under 

order  in  council,  tl 

Any  master  of  a  vi 

forfVit  100/.— (29 

AMSTERDAM 

Zee,  in  lat.  52°  2;" 

hnps,  the  first  con 

falling  off  since  th^ 

tion  is  said  to  have 

it  exceeds  200,001 

bank  (the  Pampui 

tliat  sea,  are  oblige 

of  the  Zuyder  Zee 

and  as  there  were  i 

means  for  improvi* 

pose,  the  preferenc 

largest  class  of  mi 

opposite  to  the  Tej 

the  views  of  the  ] 

ships  to  avoid  the 

they  were  frequent 

risk  in  less  than  ; 

ground  between  itf 

dues  and  charges  o 

deej)er  than  in  an; 

favourable  position 

pally  consist  of  suf 

wool,  grain  of  all 

woollen  stuffs,  hat 

partly  of  the  prot'iU 

West  Indies  and  o( 

as  to  a  convenient  i 

butter  (very  import: 

Dutch  linen,  &c 


AMMONIACUM— AMSTERDAM. 


85 


and  then  weaving  them  into  cloth.  Pliny  anyg  that  he  hod  btch  nnpliinn  made  of  thin  aulv 
Btance,  which,  when  soiled,  were  thrown  into  the  fire,  and  tliat  they  were  lietter  rienncd  by 
this  means  than  they  could  have  been  by  wasliing !  Hence  it  obtained  from  the  Greek* 
the  name  of  AiM/iiTTcc  (undcfiied).  Its  principal  use,  an  stated  by  Pliny,  was  to  wrap  the 
iKxlies  of  the  dead  previously  to  their  being  exjioscd  on  the  funeral  pile,  that  the  ashes  of  the 
corpse  might  not  be  mixed  with  those  of  the  wood.  And  in  corroboration  of  this  statement 
we  may  mention,  that  in  1702,  a  skull,  some  calcined  bones,  and  a  quantity  of  ashes,  were 
found  at  Rome,  in  u  cloth  of  amianthus  nine  Roman  palms  in  length  by  sevrn  in  width.  Its 
employment  in  this  way  W8«.  however,  confined  to  a  few  of  the  very  richest  fiimilies,  incom- 
bustililo  cloth  being  v>'-  .I'ce,  and  bringing  an  enormously  high  price.  Kanim  invciilu, 
difficile  iextu  propter  bieviiuium.  Cum  inrentum  est  wfjuat  pretia  exccUentium  marga- 
ntunim. — (PUn.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xix.  cap.  1.)  The  disuse  of  the  practice  of  cremation,  or  of 
burning  the  dead,  caused  the  manufacture  of  aniianthino  cloth  to  be  neglected.  Several 
moderns  have,  however,  succeeded  in  making  it ;  but,  if  it  he  not  lost,  the  art  is  now  rarely 
practised. — (For  further  particulars,  «eo  lieef\i  Cydopxdia.) 

AMMONIACUM  (Fr.  Gomme  Ammmiiamei  It.  Comma  Ammoniaco  ,•  Sp.  Goma 
Ammmiaco ;  Lat.  Ammunliicum  ,•  Arab.  Femnoh),  a  concrete  resinous  juice  obtained  from 
a  plant  resembling  fennel,  found  in  the  north  of  Africa,  Arabia,  Portia,  the  East  Indies,  &c. 
Pliny  says  that  it  derived  its  name  from  its  being  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  the  tetTijiIo  of 
Jupiter  Ammon  in  Africa. — {Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xii.  cap.  23.)  It  has  a  faint  but  not  ungrateful 
smell ;  and  a  bitter,  nauseous,  sweet  taste.  The  fragments  are  yellow  on  the  outride  and 
white  within,  brittle,  and  break  with  a  vitreous  fracture ;  their  specific  gravity  is  1'2()7. 
The  best  ammoniacum  is  brought  from  Pcraia  by  Bombay  and  Calcutta,  paclted  in  cases 
and  chests.  It  is  in  large  masses,  composed  of  small  round  fragments  or  tear^'  or  in  separate 
dry  tears,  which  is  generally  r  insidered  a  sign  of  its  goodness.  The  tears  should  be  white 
internally  and  externally,  and  free  from  seeds  or  other  foreign  substances.  Reject  that  which 
issoi^,  dark-coloured,  and  foul.  It  is  used  principally  in  the  materia  nicdica,  and  the  (juan- 
tity  imported  is  but  small. — {Reea's  Cyclopssdiu;  Thomson's  Uispensulory  i  MillurrCa 
Orient,  Com.^c.) 

AMMONIAC  fSAL).    Sec  Alkaltks  (Muriate  of  Ammonia). 

AMMUNITION,  a  term  expressive  of  the  various  implements  used  in  war. 

No  ammunition  can  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  by  way  of  merchandise,  except 
by  licence  from  his  Majesty,  and  such  licence  is  to  be  granted  for  furnishing  his  Majesty's 
stores  only,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture. — (6  Geo.  4.  c,  107.)  His  Majesty  may  forbid,  by 
order  in  council,  the  exportation  of  any  salipotre,  gunpowder,  or  any  sort  of  ammunition. 
Any  master  of  a  vessel  exporting  ammunition  when  so  forbidden,  shall  for  every  such  ofll-nce 
forfeit  100/.—  (29  Geo.  S.  c.  16.) 

AMSTERDAM,  the  principal  city  of  Holland,  situated  on  the  Y,  an  arm  of  the  Zuydcr 
Zee,  in  lat.  52°  2.5'  N.,  and  long.  4°  40'  E.  From  1580  to  1750,  Amsterdam  was,  per- 
haps, the  first  commercial  city  of  Europe;  and  thougli  her  trade  haa  exfwrienced  a  great 
falling  oflT  since  the  last-mentioned  epoch,  it  is  still  very  considerable.  In  1 785,  the  popula- 
tion is  said  to  have  amounted  to  235,000;  in  1814,  it  had  declined  to  180,000,  but  at  present 
it  exceeds  200,000.  The  harbour  is  spacious  and  the  water  deep ;  but  on  account  of  a 
bank  (the  Pampus)  where  the  Y  joins  the  Zuyder  Zee,  large  vessels  going  or  coming  by 
tliat  sea,  are  obliged  to  load  and  unload  a  part  of  their  cargoes  in  the  roads,  The  navigation 
of  the  Zuyder  Zee  is  also,  by  reason  of  its  numerous  shallows,  very  intricate  and  diil'icult ; 
and  as  there  were  no  hopes  of  remedying  this  defect,  it  became  necessary  to  resort  to  other 
means  for  improving  the  access  to  the  port.  Of  the  various  plans  suggested  for  this  pur- 
pose, the  preference  was  given  to  the  scheme  for  cutting  a  canal  capable  of  admitting  the 
largest  class  of  merchantmen,  from  tho  north  side  of  the  port  of  Amsterdam  to  Nevvdiep, 
o|)po3ite  to  the  Texel,  and  a  little  to  the  east  of  the  Helder.  This  canal  has  fully  answered 
the  views  of  the  projectors,  and  has  proved  of  signal  service  to  Amsterdam,  by  enabling 
ships  to  avoid  the  Pampus,  as  well  as  the  difiicult  navigation  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  where 
they  were  frequently  detained  for  three  weeks,  and  to  get  to  Newdiop  without  any  sort  of 
risk  in  less  than  24  hours.  The  canal  was  begun  in  1819,  and  completed  in  1825.  The 
ground  between  its  extremities  being  nearly  level,  it  has  only  a  lock  at  each  end ;  and  the 
dues  and  charges  on  account  of  towing,  &c.  are  very  moderate.  At  Newdiep  the  water  is 
deeijcr  than  in  any  other  port  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  and  ships  are  there  in  tlic  most 
favourable  position  for  getting  expeditiously  to  sea. — (See  Canals.)  The  imports  princi- 
pally consist  of  sugar,  coffee,  spices,  tobacco,  cotton,  tea,  indigo,  <;ochineal,  wine  and  brandy, 
wool,  grain  of  all  sorts,  timber,  pitch  and  tar,  hemp  and  flax,  iron,  hides,  linen,  cotton  and 
woollen  stuffs,  hardware,  rock  salt,  thi  plates,  coal,  dried  fish,  &c.  Tiie  exports  consist 
partly  of  the  pro<'iUce  of  Holland,  partly  of  the  produce  of  her  possessions  in  the  East  and 
West  Indies  and  other  tropical  countries,  and  partly  of  commodities  brought  to  Amsterdam, 
as  to  a  convenient  entrepot,  from  different  parts  of  Europe.  Of  the  first  class  are  cheese  and 
butter  (very  important  articles),  madder,  clover,  rape,  hemp,  and  linseeds,  rape  and  linseed  oils, 
Dutch  linen,  Ac    Geneva  ia  principally  exported  from  Schiedam  and  Rotterdam ;  oak  bark 


s-M 


r-ii: 


U:<  I  I    • 


'f.t 


m 


It- ''I'M 
mm 

mm 


;    : 


\ 


»( 


96 


AMSTERDAM. 


principally  from  the  httor.  Of  Uio  necond  dua  are  Hpicea,  Mocha  and  Java  eofloc ;  fU|(ar  of 
Java,  Bnuil,  and  Cuba;  cochineal,  indigo,  cotton,  tea,  tobacco,  and  all  lorta  of  Euatern  and 
colonial  product*.  And  of  the  third  clau,  all  kinds  of  grain,  linena  from  Germany,  timber, 
and  all  lorta  of  Baltic  produce ;  SpuniHh,  Uerman,  and  Entiliilt  wools ;  French,  Khcniith, 
and  Hungarian  wines,  brandy,  &c.  The  trade  of  Amsterdam  may,  indeed,  be  said  to 
comprise  every  article  that  enters  into  the  commerce  of  Europe.  Her  merchants  were 
formerly  tho  most  extensive  dealers  in  bills  of  exchant^e.  And  though  London  be  now,  in 
this  respect,  far  superior  to  Amsterdam,  the  latter  still  enjoys  a  respectable  share  of  this 
Imsincss. 

The  Dank  of  the  Netherlands  was  established  at  Amsterdam  in  1814.  It  is  not,  like  the 
old  Bank  of  Amsterdam,  which  ceased  in  1796,  merely  a  bank  of  deposit,  but  a  bank  of 
di-posit  and  circulation  formed  on  the  model  of  the  Bunk  of  England.— -(See  Banks, 

FoRKIOIt.) 

For  an  account  of  the  Dutch  fisheries,  see  the  articles  Hkruiiio  Fishkrt  and  Whale 

FiSIIKRT. 

8hi|>s  ontcrlnt  the  port  of  Amiterdain  during  the  three  Years  ending  with  1881,  ipselfying  the  Cuun- 

Irit'R  whence  they  cuiiie. 


Countries. 

1859. 

18S0. 

1831. 

Ports  of  Norway  and  North  Bea               ..... 

Bnltli!  and  Arrhiingcl           ....... 

Miulilermnean,  France,  Spain,  and  Portufal       .... 

South  Ainoricn         ........ 

North  Aniorlta         ........ 

Wtit  Indies 

Grtnt  Urit.'iin            ........ 

East  Indies  and  China        -          -          -          -          -          .». 

Ships. 

4U6 

1,134 

113 

7 

46 
79 

8a 

18 

Ships. 

78H 

801 

103 

10 

S7 

99 

114 

06 

Ship*. 

i!oi 

863 
99 
10 
40 
77 

900 

Total 

1,07J 

1,996 

1,634 

Thpre  are  no  means  of  nscertnining  the  tonnane  and  thn  crcwa  of  these  vesnela.  About  330  or  330 
larso  ships  belong  to  Aumterduin ;  they  ore  eniplnyed  In  the  Knitt  and  West  linliu  trades,  and  in 
iradins  to  the  Bnltic,  the  Mediterranean,  &c.  There  is  roniparntlvely  little  roiiHi  ng  trade  at  Am- 
sterdam, tlie  rommunication  with  moat  other  ports  in  the  vicinity  lipInK  principally  kept  up  by  canali;, 
and  that  with  Kriusland  by  regular  packets.  Tlie  total  number  uf  ships  uf  ail  sorts  annually  entering 
the  port  amounts,  ut  an  average,  to  about  3,300. 

Account  of  some  of  tho  principal  Articles,  specifying  their  Quantities  and  Values,  imported  into 
Amsterdam  by  Sea  during  the  Years  1839,  1830,  and  18.11. 


nBWiinln«linn  of  M•^ 
cbaadiN. 


Colht,  Eut  Imlu 

—  Wot  India 

—  Uitin 
Sufpir.  Wnt  India 

—  Havanuab 

—  Bniil 

—  MauritilM 

—  Eut  India 

—  Ditto 

—  Ditto 
Cottoa  Wool,  American 

Eljrplian 
WnT  India 
Eau  India 
Tobacco,  Maryland  • 

—  Vii^inia     • 

—  Keutuckr  • 
HIdn  •  .  . 
Pappcr  •  •  • 
lie*         •      .      • 


Wknl 

■viir 


nMcrip. 

lion  of 

Fackaia, 


Rajn 
Caaki 

Dap 
Cuki 

Ckata 
Do. 
fian» 
ClKiti 
Caniateii 
Ba(i 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Ciiki 

Do. 

Do. 

Haiti 
Cask! 
Bag. 

LuH 


Do. 


Do. 


Do. 


1839. 


Qiianlllj. 


100,000 

1,970 

43,700 

IS.OOO 

SS,WO 

1,370 

t,MB 

SIO 

t.9.00 

1,840 

6,I!I0 

290 

2,900 

I. WO 

7,400 

<r2a 

28,2(0 
680 
12,200 
12,600 
13,3)10-1 
equal  to     I 
140,500      f 
.qnaiten    J 
12,870-) 
equal  to    ( 
136,139     f 
ouarlen  J 
12,260^ 
eqnallo    1 
l*,730      f 
.quar  en  / 

Miual  lo  I 
'  11,M0  f 
(.quarlen  j 


Value  in 
Dutch 
Monef, 


Fiorina. 

2,016,000 

.197, 1 -.2 

2,79«,)a0 

3.^51,600 

l,75K,240 

369,900 

5J.7MI 

68,000 

122.KA9 

36,»I6 

6i«.0l6 

24,3.0 

419.aiO 

I42.!!a0 

1,476,300 

90,613 

29|I,I.V) 

359,!>-i0 

33JMa 

«24,K)8 

187,895 

3,211,200 


Val 
in  Ster- 
ling, 


*^saflBa 


2,022,900 


146,300 


£ 

I6»<,(:fl0 
3.1,100 
233,060 
27r',3fl0 
MVdO 
30,''« 
I     4,480 

&,tir,« 

10,240 

3,076 
M,670 

2,026 
»t,9:0 
ll,S'iO 
I23,0H0 

7,M0 
24,846 
2!),l)e0 

2,777 
77,060 
13,990 

257,000 


3e2fiK 


168,675 


\2,MS 


1630. 


Quantity. 


84,470 
2,270 

60,770 

21,^60 
M^ 
IfiHO 

11,400 
1,800 
2,M0 
6,64) 
3,710 
40 
4,270 
490 
^620 
6,330 

4sebn 

1,160 
7,670 
S,80O 

{10.870) 
nrll4,IS3( 
quartan    ) 

}IO,<)40) 
or  114,870  V 
quarter!    } 

(  ISJ40) 
^  or  161,070  > 
(quarten    ) 

(  2.770) 
-{or 29,085  N 
(qnartera    ) 


Value  in 
Outcb 
Monejr. 

Florini. 
1,667,437 

4Jai8n 
3,(i96,»;o; 

3,3.<«,(»!l 
S7(V474 

191,620 

122,1,'iO 
I26,S79 
I  Ki,3S9 
4(«,7i2 
4,&« 
609,7i6 
'14,120 
l,033.lU0 
673,71  i 
72,007 
577,126 

487,129 
100,200 

2,290^000 


Value 

in  S:rr 

lin/( 


3,188,540 


2,515,780 


S9<;il0 


£ 

I3S,9M 
3«.2'iO 
268,0^1 
281,717 
48,290 
18,220 
16,960 
10,177 

io,r7S 

9,A10 

3I<,SI6 

3U0 

50,l<l3 

3,677 
86.137 
66,143 

6,000 
48,064 

2,905 
40^694 

^342 

187,500 


265,295 


1831. 


Quantitj, 


121,600 
1,190 
24,280 
l9,S'iO 
17,690 
1,260 
27,800 

7,430 

1,490 
800 

«60 
5,220 
6,050 

180 

42,000 
2.0«S 
6,H3o 

S,l70j 


(quarlera 

orl39,&'>0( 
(quarten    ) 


33^85  I 
arlera     ( 


S  18,290) 
or  192,041  ( 
quartan    ) 


33,009 


r        290 

(quartei 


290) 
15    [ 


Value  in 
Duick 
Honey, 


Value 

in  .Step 

ling. 


Flnrint.       jg 
2,704,'i!i0  2i6,38.<i 

299.8S0  2.1,9!ln 
1,912,4001161,860 
3,22J,6I0  26'<,ei' 


1,062,6211 
2ii,l.'i0 
486,600 

457,875 

178,«C0 

3i,<isn 

34^837 
6%6I0 
903,741 
821,169 
83,530 
403, 'MO 
ll8,/44 
408,6014 
4,576 

656^190 


4,402,300 

3,840,900 

4^40 


90,219 
21,.'63 
40,610 

38,1,64 

14,900 
2,M6 

29,070 
.\300 

80,312 

68,4',6 

i,r" 

41,126 

9,864 

34,042 

360 


54,688 
388^ 

380,076 
3,628 


During  the  year  1831,  there  were  shipped  from  France  for  Holland,  according  to  the  official  accounts 
«lven  bv  the  French  Cuxtnm-house,  5,488,.'>73  litres,  or  1,373,188  wine  gallons  of  wire.  The  total  im- 
porU  of  AmBterdani  in  1831  are  estimated  in  the  ^nhives  du  Contwtrce  (torn.  i.  p.  330.),  at  85,160,™) 
frtncs  (3,40O,O00J.  sterlinj),  and  the  exports  at  73,760,000  francs  (3,910,0001.  sterline).  During  1831, 
■  93,334  lbs,  (Bn(li*h)  of  cheese,  380  tons  of  oil  cake,  3,183  tons  of  onk  bark,  and  33,100  qtisrters  of 
wheat,  were  exported  ftou  Amsterdam  for  Qreat  Brilaiu.    The  e,xpo(ls  fbr  fing'-ind  of  butler,  flax 


snd  tnw,  einvss  nn 
kc,  were  very  con 
Ktpiiuf  of  Shipi 
wllli  n  mixed  cargi 
|8J*1,  u»  follown  :— 


Lock  dues  In  the  i 

Ditto 
Meaiuring  the  sh 
Tiinnage  dues.  In 
A  charge  called  1' 
Haven  mo:iey 
Quay  or  key  mnni 
Permit  to  connuni 
Cleuranco 
Expenses  uf  clear 


There  is  beside*, 
generally  aettleil  hj 

The  tonnagt  dutii 
the  name  outwards, 
ytar  hv  ahlpa  liearii 
Ian,  itiiinbiirgh.  lit 
Palnnirn,  Swedish, 
ton  Inwarda,  and  th 

Tho  charge  calleil 
ven  money  the  anm 
13  dor.  40  cents,  or 

Quarantiiu.—TiU 

ComiHisnon. — Th 
cent,,  and  on  bill  tri 

Provisions  of  all 
carpenters  vary  fro 

For  an  account  oi 

Custnm-hnnst  Rt) 
at  Amsterdam,  or  ii 
If  the  captains  be 
declaration  unier  t 
riti(m.  The  Cuatc 
by  law. 

All  goods,  wheth 
re-exported  by  aea, 
are  aiihject  to  a  trai 
raeaa.)  is,  on  an  u 
chame  Is  Sd.;  In  cb 

The  business  of 
and  the  security  tin 
contributed  to  the  i 

Credit,  niscnint, 
usually  given  for  p 
two  months;  but  tli 
been  Axed  by  uaagt 
important  of  these 
prelrence  given  i 
without  capital  ha' 
(1e  s'^tahlir  a  Ainat 
Dans  cetle  ville,  o 
tiint  impossible  de  s'l 
dc  trniiver  quelqu'i 
credit  que  l'o|iininr 
vent  Ifi-de8»iis  dex 
— (Kneyclopittie  Me. 
reverae.  It  preven 
hiini!  adveutiires,  a 
the  honour  of  tho  i: 
dUtreaa  and  load  of 
the  bankruptcies  in 
in  ordinary  seadiii) 
Holland. 

It  has  long  been 
their  weight,  partic 
drafts,  as  they  are 
are  here  specitied, 

Tara  and  Jtllmvaru 


AMSTERDAM. 


87 


tnd  tnw,  c1nv«i  nnd  niitm^gi  (of  which  artlclei  the  Dutch  have  n  mnnopoly),  imaltz,  Unoni,  hldci, 
he.  were  vury  conaliluruhla. 

f:rftiun  of  Shipt  in  ^Mjrttrrfam.— The  expeniea  of  a  ihln  of  300  Rnilinh  tnni,  or  liH  Dutch  Initi, 
Willi  n  nilxcil  cargo  on  board,  inwardi  and  outwardi,  cuiiiliig  and  departing  Ity  the  canal,  were,  In 
183*1,  uii  followii :— 


Arrlvlnn  ttnm 
Uruut  Hritnin. 

Arrlvlnir  f^om  th« 
Mediterranean 

Lock  duel  In  the  canal,  and  chargei— Inwardi 

Ditto           ...          uu'wurdt 
Meniurlnii  the  ihip            .           .           .           .           ■ 

Tcinnnffl  duxi,  Inwardi  nnd  outwardi    .          .          • 
A  cliar(r«  cnlli'd  Port  money         .           -           -           - 
lluven  niicii'y         ...... 

Quiiy  or  key  mnnny           .           .           .           .           - 

Permit  to  conitiinie  provliioni  free  of  exclie  duel 
CluKranco               ...... 

Expeniei  of  clearing,  reei,&c.    .          .          -          . 

Total 

£    1.    d. 
4     10      0 
3     10      0 
1     10      0 
3}    13      0 
1     13      0 

0  13      6 

1  a     0 
0      8      0 
0      5      0 
3    18      0 

£    1.    d. 
8    10     0 
6    to     0 
1     10      0 
3S    13      0 
3      0      0 

0  13      A 

1  3      0 
0      8      0 
0    13     e 
3     18      0 

X4I      0      6 

£48    IS      0 

I 


Thnre  ii  \>r»\Af*,  tlie  merchant!'  and  broken'  comnilailon  on  recovering  and  procuring  frelgliti, 
generally  «ettlc>il  by  agreement. 

The  tonnaet  t/iiryii  45  renta  (0<^)  the  Netherlandfi  ton  (nearly  eriunl  to  tho  nritlali)  inwnrdi),  and 
the  name  outwardi,  with  the  nildltinn  nf  the  Hymliciiti!  tax  nf  13  per  cent.  It  In  piivable  only  oner  a 
liar  hv  8hi|i8  liunrinRlhefnllowingflngi,  vl/.  Netherliiiuli,  llrillHh,  Nnrtli  Aninricnii,  banish,  liniiovpr- 
an,  itiunbureh.  Ilremen,  Luheck,  MecklenbiirK,  Oldenburg,  HiiMgian,  PiirtUKUPni;,  Auitriun,  Hyrian, 
Pnlnnirn,  HweilUh,  Norwegian,  PruHiInn,  Turkish,  Kiode  la  Plilta.  Otlieri  pay  i71  cent*  (lll(/.)'pHr 
ton  inwnrdn,  and  the  lamo  outwardi  every  v  )ynKe. 

Tlio  charge  called  Port  money  is  payable  hulfon  entry,  nnd  half  on  departure;  and  that  called  ha- 
ven money  the  inme.    The  hire  of  a  florae  lor  lowing  along  the  whole  line  of  tlie  canal  amounta  to 
Vi  dor.  40  conta,  or  about  W.  1«. 
Quaranr<nt.— The  <|uarnntlne  itution  is  at  the  iatand  of  Wiereniren,  near  the  Helder. 
Coinmistion. — The  uauul  rate  orcoinniisalon  or  larloruge  on  the  purrhuae  or  aale  of  goodi  ii  3  per 
cent.,  and  on  bill  Iranaiictiona  )  and  \  per  cent,  according  to  their  nature. 

Provisions  of  all  sorts  are  abundant  nt  Amsterdam,  and  rennnnahly  cheap.  The  wngei  of  ahlpt' 
carpenters  vary  from  1  flor.  UO  cents  to  1  flnr.  HO  cents  ;  that  is  from  about  %i.  to  3«.  n  day. 
I''nr  an  account  of  the  prices  of  corn  nt  AniHterdam,  see  Corn  Trade  and  Corn  I.awn. 
Custnm-hnvse  /Jf/r/i/dHoii*.— raptuins  of  ships  are  bound  to  make,  within  21  liours  of  their  arrival 
at  Amsterdam,  or  any  Dutch  port,  a  declaration  in  writing  of  the  goods  of  which  tlieir  cargo  ennslats. 
If  tiie  captains  bu  not  nciiuuintnd  with  the  goods  of  which  tliu  cargo  consists,  they  must  make  their 
declaration  under  the  irenerul  term  of  merrhandiae,  and  exhibit  the  billsof  lading  along  with  the  decla- 
ration. The  Custom-liouse  olflcers  are  inatructed  to  Inform  the  captains  nf  all  fornialitioa  reijuired 
by  law. 

All  goods,  whether  for  home  consumption  or  transit,  may  be  deposited  in  bonded  wnrohonsoi.  If 
re-exported  by  sea,  they  pay  no  duty;  but  if  re-exported  by  canals  or  otherwise  for  the  interior,  they 
are  subject  to  a  transit  duty.  The  warehouse  rent  chargeable  per  month  on  a  quarter  of  wheal  (Imp. 
nieaa.)  is,  on  an  upper  Ion,  1  2-Sthd.,  on  an  under  do.  l^d.;  on  a  ton  (Eng.)  of  augur  in  casks,  the 
charife  is  %il.;  in  clients  or  mats,  dd. 

The  business  of  insurance  is  extensively  practised  at  Amsterdam;  the  premiums  are  moderate, 
and  the  security  niicvceptionable.  The  high  duty  imposed  in  this  country  on  pulicica  of  insurance  liai 
contributed  to  the  increase  nf  this  business  in  Hnllimd. 

Credit,  Diaen'int,  S^-c. — Holland  is,  and  has  always  been,  a  country  nf  short  credit.  A  discount  li 
usually  given  for  prompt  payment,  nt  the  rate  of  1  per  cent,  for  six  weeks,  nnd  of  two  per  cent,  for 
two  months ;  but  the  terms  ofcredit  on  most  articles,  and  the  discount  allowed  for  ready  monev,  have 
been  fixed  by  usage,  nnd  are  regarded  as  essential  conditions  in  every  bargain.  Some  of  tlie  mora 
important  of  these  terms  and  discounts  are  specified  in  the  following  table.  In  cons(^(incnce  of  the 
prelrence  given  in  Hidland  to  ready  money  transartlnns.  It  is  not  a  country  in  which  adventurers 
without  capital  liave  murh  chance  of  speedily  making  a  fortune.  "Rien,  en  effet,  de  plus  futile  qua 
rte  s'iStablir  ft  Amsterdam ;  mais  rien  dt  plus  difficile  que  de  n'y  inutenir  mna  des  grandea  reaaoiircea. 
Dans  cette  ville,  nil  rar;;ont  abondc,  oil  on  le  prSte  contre  des  sflret^s  ft  ai  bon  march#,  il  eat  pour- 
t(int  impossible  dea'en  procurer  ft  criilit ;  et  snns  ar!;ent  il  n'y  a  plus  de  possibility  d'y  truvalller,  que 
de  trouver  quelqu'un  qui  vaiiille  de  se  charger  d'nn  papier  noiiveau  qui  lie  seroit  pas  nppuy^' d'lin 
crMit  que  Popininn,  la  protection,  ou  des  eflfets  r^els  feroient  valoir  a  la  hoarse.  I.cs  Hnllandois  sui- 
vent  Ift-dessns  den  maximes  U6it  aiist6res,miinL>  ft  I'^^'ard  des  niaisnns  d'ur.ecertaine  consideration." 
—(KneyclopS.lie  Meihodiqiie,  Commerce,  t.  ii.  p.  6.M).)  But  this  austerity  is  nf  t  a  disadvantase,  but  the 
reverse.  It  prevents  commerce  from  degenerating,  as  it  has  too  often  done  in  other  places,  into  enni- 
bling  adventures,  and  places  it  on  a  comparatively  solid  foundation.  And  it  should  be  mentioned  ts 
the  honour  of  the  Dutch,  and  as  a  proof  of  the  excellence  of  this  system,  that,  notwithstanding  the 
distress  nnd  loss  of  trade  occasioned  by  the  invasion  and  occupation  of  their  country  by  the  l-'rench. 
the  bankruptcies  in  1795  and  subseqiient  years  were  not,  comparatively,  so  numerous  as  in  England 
in  ordinary  seasons!  The  regulations  in  the  Code  Napoleon  as  to  bankruptcy  are  enforced  in 
Holland. 

It  has  long  been  the  practice  in  Holland  to  make,  on  selling  articles,  considerable  deductions  from 
their  weight,  particularly  from  those  of  large  bulk,  as  compared  with  their  value.  These  lares  and 
drafts,  as  they  are  termed,  are  now  fixed  by  ancient  usage :  and  the  moat  importaut  amongst  them 
are  here  specified. 


Tana  and  Jillowanca  on  the  pr<neipal  Articia  idld  at 
Jlnutcrdani, 


Btrilla 


Vol.  I.— D 


Tares. 

42  lU.  per  ciak 
percent  •   •  • 


Allowancet, 
(Draft  and  DiuouDt.) 

ri8  monltn  dis- 
■  <     countf    aod    1 

(     per  cf  nt. 

(  2  percent,  and  2 
'  I      peiceut. 


Cocoa,  Cancu  •   •    -  • 

M.(ranham      -  • 

Cayenne     •    ■  ■ 

Martinique     -  - 

Surlaam     •    -  > 

Coffee,  East  ani  West  In- 
dia in  (eaeral  - 

Bourbon     •   •  • 

Java  -    •    •    •  • 

Mocha   >   •   •  • 


42tbi.     .   .    •   . 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

6  per  cent  -  •  - 
7  bags  3  per  cent, 
>  ctbIh  real  tare  - 
5  10  lbs.  perorijinal 
}  mat  .  •  -  - 
14  tbs.  perKunny  • 
24  Ibi.  urr  bJe     • 


I  per  coot. 


2  per  ceuL  tad  t 
percent. 


■'   I"  •' 


i      ,  . 


'?■     ,.    I    r 


''V  i 


•;1  i' 


I  ■». 


'';..' 


!|1    ^ 


88 


AMSTERDAM. 


all  Mlhrr  kill  ti    - 
Ctiltnii  y.uu  Iwtit   •    •    • 


S  pf  r  c«nt* 
0  |wr  criil. 


Indiirn,  Hengtl  •    •    >    •     ml  tar* 


Cnctilnnl 


-     ZkiWm, 


(iuiiia,  Hfnrcal 
Iiirl4ry 

Ar;*t>ic 
l^«w I  •     • 

|'U)t|<-    •     •     • 


•  •  0ll4.  nrMlbi.     • 

•  -  (6  Ilia.  Uib*.  or  91 

•  -  I4M».  nrnoiu.    • 

•  •  tf  ai  <l  :J  per  cent.  • 
.  .  i  i>f  r  mill.    •    .    . 

llt'lr*,  BurmM  A) Tea,  Ar.  2  lb*,  j  er  liiil*  •    • 

L'twna,  rirnilah     -    >  ■  ■ 

all  rithcr  kiiwU  •  ---^ 

K.UI  ludia     • 
Saltpctifl  •    •    >    • 


I.iqii'iricfl       ■    •    •    • 

S|'lvf»,  prpper  •  •  ■ 
Ciiiiiiiiiton  •  • 
cinvra  an>l  BUM 

pinifDio      •    • 
nutnicxi     -   • 

•iiiurr  ■  •  ■ 
9upn,  Martlrili|u«  • 
St.  Doniiiim  ■ 
»'.  ('n.ii  -  . 
ISurJriim  •  • 
Kii(liihcnloniM 
Ut-iiicran  •  • 
B*^rl.ip(»  ■  .  • 
INwfjuiho  •  - 
ilruit,  whita  - 


•  rrat  tarn  .    .    .    . 

-  » lt>fl 

-  tli  Itlbt.    .    .    - 

•  real  taru  ami  4  Ite. 
I  I  i.1  Iba.  or  M  Iba     . 

I  ha.  ftw)  abofs 

100  >•    • 

per  rf  lit,  • 

HIbkk  It!  Iba. 


13  par  fftnt.  and  1 
)        |)rr  rriit. 
I  pt-r  I'liil. 
i  1  |i«r  c«iil.  12  p#r 

<  rrnl.  aiHl  I  ptr 
f       (rut. 

I  1  p*T  rrnt.    auK- 

<  iiiflril. 

r  1  p.TCint.  ilfcluct. 
J  i  fwr  cunt.  »iiJ  i 
f      iwr  i'tfiit. 
f  2  |)rr  ffiit.  awl  'i 
C      pur  cvut. 

I  i  per  f  mt, 

ii  per  criil  anl  1 
IHT  cent 
J  i  \n-r  vnM.  anJ  I 
\       per  cB'i*. 
I  i,er  cr,... 
I  ji»  r  crnt, 
>J  p.-r  ri'iiT.  and  2 

(         per  rrnt. 

'  !  (wr  cent.  ait<l  U 

t..-r  .-nl.         I 
'i  pt-r  n-iil.  aoJ 

|>«r  ceot. 


■■{:• 

•  Hll 

*  M8  percent 
1  I JO  par  cent. 

;) 


mfS  > 


,2  per  rent,  and  2 
per  cent. 


Ditto,  MuacoTAtlo 

HivaoDah  •    •    • 
Jam      >    .    .    . 


Salt 

Taa,  bohm    •    -  • 

cmfi    -    -  • 

•"ijchfing    •  • 

c»it))iui  >  -  - 

hywn    •    •  " 

pekna    •    •  • 

tvuiiuin      -  • 

Tobici»,  M.irrland 

Virginia  . 

TId  phin     •    •  . 

Wool,  Spanish  -  • 
WInea  •    .    .    • 
MAJder    •       ■ 


fl8  per  cent. 


m  lU.     • 
48  Iba.     - 


>21lbi.4  24lbt. 


I  per  rent, 

per  cent 

3  per  cent 


•  ISlbi,     -    -    . 
I  I  la  lit.  i  42  Iba. 

■      miki  tar«d   •    • 

•  2  and  9  |jtr  cent. 

2  per  cent. 

)  bnci  tan-fl,  an't 
Iba.  per  175 1' 


•£  per  ceni.    •    •    • 
5bnci  lantl.  an't  24  )' 
^     Iba.  per  175  lU.    ^ 


cuks  tared 


8  or  6  per  cent. 


Herri  n|^ 


Smalii 36  Iba.     • 

Fill*  hama,  aeeda,  geneva,  \ 

(Train  -  -  - 
PuUrr  .  .  -  • 
Hidca    .... 

Cbeeie,  Rdarn    * 

Oouda  - 


1       — 


18    mnnthi*    div 

count,     2    \»r.T 
ct-ni.  and  2  per 
^       cent, 
2  per  cent,  and  3 
per  cent. 

1  per  cttut 


1  per  oenl. 


2  per  nnt.  and  I 

per   cent,   d.i* 

maj^nil,  and    1 

per  leiit. 
!  per  cpn». 
21    nif'iiitii'    dlt. 

ouiit,    and    1 

per  cent. 

I  per  cent. 

C  10  lt>4.  pff  rank, 

{       and  2  per  ci-nl. 

'1  per  ctriit.  2  per 

rent,  aud  2  per 

cent. 

8  per  cent 

1  per  Cunt 


( 


(  in  chesta,  2.5  per  cent 
\  in  lemiia,  \b  per  cent 


none. 

2  and  I  per  cent 

3  per  cent. 
1  per  cent. 

The  above  are  the  enitomary  tarea  and  other  allowance  imde  hy 
the  irtttrclmnti  in  their  tramaciif>ni  v,  iih  each  ottier.  But  in  paj  ir  if 
tJie  in,|)ort  du'icii  al  the  Cwtuni-linuRr,  tlie  tare  umn  jixmIs  piyiii< 
duty  by  wriifht  ii,  with  Ibe  exrcptioiii  un'tprmennnnwl.  tlicn  at  15 
percent,  for  turh  aa  arc  in  caaka  or  barrfh,  and  at  8  ptr  cent.  Tor 
r.rh  M  are  in  parkafrri,  caniatera,  mats,  Itaakels,  Ac.  Merchanti 
(liiM'iified  with  tbt^e  alluwanrea  may  pnv  the  duty  accordinjc  to  the 
rtai  weii^ht,  ascertained  by  the  cu«tnnia  odicera  at  their  eipenac. 

£zrrp(ton«.— The  tare  upon  grain  imported  In  nckt  !■  fixed  al  3 

per  cent. 

t'orcelain,  15  per  cent. 

Zodigo 

!'  cticAtn  front  itavannabt  18  per  eent.,  other  placet  20  per 
cent. 
canistert,  !0  per  cent 
caiAs  aiHl  packages,  1,'iand  8  per  cent    The  tan*  npon 
Niij^ir  renned  in  the  intt'ri'ir  and  eiported,  la  12  per     pp.  554— 650.,  A'lJ/y'f  Catn^iif,  ptitate  in/bmintitm,^ 
cent,  per  barrel,  8  per  cent,  per  package. 

Mairnitude  of  the  Commerce  of  Holland  in  the  seventeenth  Century, — Causes  of  its 
Prosperity  and  Decline, — We  believe  we  need  make  no  apology  for  embracing  this  oppor- 
tunity to  lay  l)efore  our  readers  the  following  details  with  respect  to  the  commerce  and  com- 
mercial policy  of  Holla  .J.  It  forms  one  of  the  most  instructive  topics  of  investigation; 
and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  little  attention  should  have  been  paid  to  it  in  this  country. 

Previously  to  the  commencement  of  the  long-continued  and  glorious  struggle  made  by 
the  Dutch  to  emancipate  themselves  from  the  blind  and  brutal  despotism  of  Old  Spain,  they 
had  a  considerable  marine,  and  had  attained  to  distinction  by  their  fisheries  and  commerce ; 
and  the  war,  instead  of  being  injurious  to  the  trade  of  the  republic,  contributed  powerfully 


AH  -tMi  ncd  for  UAlMf  art  maJa  vpcn  all  llquida,  laclydlii|  ln%. 

rtf  iti'l  ti'ijti-y,  .!■  rtll'iwa,  vil. 

CoiiiiiiK  troni  ftiiixUiid,  I  ha  northern  porta  of  Europe,  and  rraac«, 
by  iiiliii  I  iiivi(4iiitiii  tl  per  rant. 

Kroi'i  fmnr  by  an,  and  fniin  other  cuunlrira  by  tha  rWan  Rhlaa 
and  WaaI,  12  por  rent. 

I'Dim  any  oi|i«r  ixirt  or  plara,  14  |>er  cnt. 

I'inall),  r  'ni  m  hit'cver  pi  tre  the  aanie  may  eninf,  upon  train  oil, 
12  per  crnt.  |  l)lut  tM>r,  0  |wr  riol. 

In  raar  tiijiiida  %\\:k\\  ti,kv«  i!i|>«rlenred,  upt^n  the  vn)ra(e,aiirh  leak. 
^^gy  aa  hImII  ciuw  lti»  lni|Ntrtrr  Id  \>«  iliMAtmhrd  wlib  ih«  allowauoii 
t>ff<>n>  kptrifti^l,  hit  ia  ptTiiiillf')  t"  piy  (tie  rhiiy  uptin  the  aciual 
quantity,  lu  bt  aac«r(aiite<l  by  the  officer)  at  the  inip')rlvr'a  tipuiM* 

Afrfifv.—  Arrrinnta  iivrd  to  be  kf*pl  at  Amitrntnni  It  the  pAiir<4 
riniiiob^tl  rloriitaM  3)  irliilling*  ulJO  tiivi)rw=J40  artuiti-.  IIUO 
iNtniiiiita.  Hilt  in  1M20,  the  ilei-inul  ayiletn  »aa  inlrrxliK-eit.  1>| 
orh'r,  however,  tocaiiae  %■  litdt*  iiirniiveii  riicniu  [Miaaible, tbi<  tlnriu 
aali.  >>^ /.  ■lerliiK.Haq  niii'le  the  iinil  of  the  new  ayaiam.  'I  ha  flnnu 
laauptHHie'l  t(p  ta  divided  into  I00n|u;il  pnrtt  nr  CiiiU;  and  the  other 
lilvtT  rrttna  ^rf  etgual  niNltiplt-a  or  aub-niultipii-t  of  It,  Tlia  uew 
irnt'l  coin  I*  i-il|n>l  the  (1  >rii)  piiM'e,  and  In  worth  Itif.  C|(/.  vtry 
ne-ktlv.  lint  tc'iuuli  *tv  •till  »"Nie(iiiifa  kept  in  the  nid  way  nr  by 
IIh'  |>fiiMi  I  Klcri'ialt-  I'.ir  'tf  rich.inne  lietweca  Ainalvrdam  aud  Lud> 
don  la  11  fl>r,  5S  ccnta  \\%t  |K;und  aterling. 

WryifMt  and  Afrrttwrf*.— In  1«20,  the  French  Ryifem  of  weixhti 
<Tvl  (i.KunnN  WA«  inlnxluced  iiilu  the  Netberlauda,  tlie  uainaa  uuty 
beinit  ilanteil. 

The  fitmd  ii  the  nmt  uf  wei»ht  ind  anawera  to  the  French  kil^ 
grnmiHT.    Iti  Jivixiiiiiii  .ire  (Le  ima,  IimmI,  wifftjf,  jnd  k^n'    . 

'1  hi-  tUf^  whittt  ia  Urn  unit  or  eirnient  nf  Umg  niea«tirr,  eoiiali  the 
Frrnrh  m^trt.  Ita  decimal  diviaiom  are  the  i)iliii,dui.ii,  and  ■tn>a|.} 
auti  i'a  decimal  mnliiptt^,  the  nwile  ajkl  inijlr. 

Thti  i*urkai,te  tile,  or  •<)uirn  ell,  ia  the  unit  of  Miperftrial  nie.i> 
aure ;  and  niuvvtira  tn  the  ctiitinn  or  tn^tre  cam  of  l^raniii.  Ita  dl* 
viilona  irp  Die  vieik:tute  p.ilni,  vierknntr  dtiini,  and  the  vtirkiia'n 
Bin  t-p  ;  mid  in  iiiulltplFi,  IliR  vierkiiite  rorde  noil  vicrkantr  Kumler* 

The  kuhi'kt  tilt  ia  the  tinll  of  ni^.iKurea  of  cip.iclly  ;  nnd  er|iialt 
the  French  K^re,  Ila  divialona  are  tha  kublckc  palm,  luticke  duiui, 
ami  kuliirke  alrerp. 

The  term  uxfia  ia  given  to  a  kubicke  rile  of  Arewond. 

The  hop  ia  )he  unit  cf  mnaiirea  rnr  dry  ware*,  iikI  la  the  cube  of 
the  p.ilni  1  inawerlng  to  the  Frt'nrb  fitrr,  Ita  division  ia  the  niaatle, 
and  ila  ninltiplei  the  iclrnel  anti  mudde  ;  Ihe  taller  ii  alto  caljnl  thn 
ink,  and  etihili  the  French  hei  loli're.    30  iiiudilen  make  1  but. 

'Ihe  kan  ia  the  und  for  liquid  mraaure,  and  ii  the  enbe  of  the 
palm  ;  ll  rorn-op'mdato  the  Frei  rh/i/re.  Itadlviiloniarethe  maalje 
nnd  vinrrrhoed,  and  100  kaua  make  a  vat  or  caik,  which  equala  the 
French  heci.ilifre. 

The  aiK>ihecary'a  new  pound  la  13  ouncei,  06  drachma,  2f9  icru* 
ple«,  or  5,7fa0  grain!  \  and  auawcri  to  375  grunuiea,  or  6,787  l^ngliah 
gnina. 

By  the  old  method  of  ralcnlatlnc,  which  la  not  yet  entirely  auper* 
artlcl,  the  ponnd  of  Anmifrdini  waa  —  to  1*00  Iba.  avoirdupola,  or 
100  Ihv  Aniiii-rdam  »-.  IOH-lf23  Iba.  aw   nlupnia. 

The  }int  or  n.enure  f'>rforn  =27  n.u'r.'cn  =  lOqurt.  ftj  buiheta 
Wincheslor  niewf  e.  The  nam  )ii|uid  meainre=-4  ankeriiiS 
tieckana—  21  vitritlasB  64  a'oopi  or  atopiMna  lift  luingleas  3M 
pintle  41  Eiigliiih  wine  rillona. 

'I'hi;  stoop  cMiitaina  ft  I-Hth  \"W%  Fn^Hah  wine  meaiure. 

100  iniiii(lea  nre  <h\\\a\  tn  32  Fni^tith  wine  galloua,  or  2fi  t-5th 
F.nKtiab  beer  i(a)lnn"i  or  ilt  2-3t  Imperial  gaMona. 

French  \viiie  ii  aold  per  lioeihea'f  of IN)  minglea. 

S|t4ni»h  arid  l'r>rtu<iie5R  wine,  per  pipe  of  •    •    ■    •    349  ditto. 

Frmrh  lii:uuly,  per  honibeadof    ..-,...      30  vierfelfc 

Beer,  per  Irttrrel  (equal  to  the  aam)  of    -    -    .    .    .     I2^minglea 

Veirei.il)Ie  mla,  |>f  r  aam,  of      --- 120di|tn. 

Whale  oil,        per  ditto Iti  ditto. 

Riun  ii  sold  per  anker  of  2  iteckan  =3  10^  Gnxliah  wine  galloni. 

'Die  f'^nt  of  AmiliTdani  — .  1 1  l>7th  Englikh  inchea. 

Ttie  Rh.nel»nd  Pont         «  13  ditto. 

Ttir  ell,  cl"tli  nie.i>ure   «  27  M2th       ditto. 

H>nk  Kilt  la  ftfild  per  hondert  of  401  naalen,  making  20  tona,  or 
4,000  lt«.  Dtitch. 

Pit  mil  is  aoid  per  how!  nf  3f*  maaten  ;  nine  hoedii  are  Ave  chal« 
droirtof  Newcastle,  or  six  hoctli  are  five  chaldmin  nf  I.ondon. 

hutter  ii  vild  per  barrel ;  the  hirrel  of  l^yden  ia  320  U».  nett.-^ 
that  of  Fnealand  28  tU.  nett— aud  the  coniniou  Dutch  barrel  336  Iba. 
groaa. 

A  latt  of  hrrrinrt  is  reckoned  at  12, 13,  or  14  bureli. 

A  latt  of  jntch  ia  12  l^arrela, 

A  ta-it  of  tar  13  Imrrela. 

A  bag  of  »fed  —  2  1-2  Wincheiter  nu.irter«. 

A  last  Tor  rrt-ight  \s  reckonett  4,000  lU.  equal  to  two  Gngllih  torn. 

Kii<ht  bnrshea'n  (nrojthoris)  of  wina 

Twelve  t^ariels  of  pitch 

ThirtiM.'n  Iwrrelsnf  tar 

Tm  en'y  clie'fi  of  li-monn,  ftr. 

4.000  llja.  of  iion,  0)ppt:if  and  oolonial  produce 

4,000  Ilia,  of  alninnili 

3,IX)0  It«.  of  w'^d  or  fealhera 

A  List  of  wbi  at  ia  considered  10  per  cent  higher  than  one  of  rye, 
nnd  tho  latter  20  1-2  per  rent,  blither  than  oa'<.  nnd  10  per  cent,  hlificr 
than  seed.  A  ta^t  of  balla-M  la  only  2.0^0  Ibi.—Thcw  derails  bnve 
been  derived  fnim  Ihe  answera  by  the  British  conaul  to  Ihe  circular 
queries,  the  IHctunmaire  du  CfTnmerce,  (Enry.  Method.)  torn.  iU 
i/w ' 


to  iU  exti»ni»ion. 
rtninu-n^o  of  whir 
cipiilly  to  Ainnterd 
comm«'f''i'd  city  of 
111  ItiO'i,  the  l)\ 
Piourt  influeiu'e   o\ 
iinportiiiice,     Whip 
lihlo  iiuinber  of  hoI 
ihi)  foinpanv.     Ai 
with  thciu  the  Du» 
were  in  no  long  tit 
•lull  Ciulf,  along  tl 
with  several  of  the 
and  in  vnrioua  diKl 
Uiiliivia,  ilk  the  lai 
quort'd  by  the  Diitt 
itj*  port  was  excellui 
Arcliipelago,     In 
Blningcly  neglecti' 
Every  brunch  ol 
the  Uiiiiic  was,  ho 
possession,     Guici 
iHjfore  their  revolt, 
(luiu  from  Duntzic 
die  sixteenth  and 
Hulluiid,  and  the 
dependent  on  forei 
the  iiultic  have  ul> 
from  them  that  tt 
and  tar,  luUow,  asli 
tjihips.  aud  in  vario 
the  Dutch,  as  the 
They  have,  at  all 
wliich  are  perpetua 
in  a  sort  of  speculi 
and  prices  iow,  tlu 
proliting  by  the  ad 
year.     llei)eatcd  el 
government  to  prol 
of  this  enlightened 
corn ;  and  her  marl 
Those  scarcities  w 
trade  in  corn  is  e 
Holland,  but  beco 
ready  and  advanta 
dam,"  says  Sir  W 
the  growth  of  Hoi 
Holland  for  seven 
there  were  carrie< 
200,000/.;    and  i 
2,000.000/.  more.' 
Misceh  Works,  vc 
The  very  well 
observes,  in  allusl 
parties  du  monde ; 
ila  n'y  manquent 
The  Bank  of  I 
ment  was  to  obvii 
coins  imported  in 
coin  or  bullion  to 
batik-money;  ant 
of  one  iudividua 
invasion  of  the  f 
Between  the  ; 
the  French,  the  c 
estimates  its  inert 
fully  a  half.    He 


I  11^.!  f 


AMSTERDAM. 


30 


lo  ilit  extcnuion,  Aftrr  tho  rspturu  of  Anlwprp  by  tlio  flpaiiinnlri,  in  1.18.1,  the  octoriMiva 
MtiiiiK'n^e  of  which  it  hiul  lii'cn  tho  coiitro  wax  ri'iiiovr.l  Id  iho  port*  of  ilnllniiil,  unci  prin« 
ci|iiill.V  to  AiiiHtonlarn,  which  tliuii  uUulnuJ  to  tiiu  diatiiiction  nIic  long  cnjoyrtl,  of  tno  firnt 
roMiiiD'ri'iiil  city  of  Kuropu, 

In  lM)'i,  ih«  Dutch  UaHt  India  Company  waa  furrnnl;  ami  notwithMtiuiilintt  tlm  porni- 
rioim  iiifliicnco  of  Ihnt  aMHo<'i4itii)n,  tliu  Imlinn  irmio  iacrcuKt'tl  nipidly  in  niiiL^nitiidc  iind 
iin|iortaiiro.  MhiiHi  lUtod  cither  for  conunurcial  or  wiirlikc  piirpoxi's,  uml  hiiviii;^  ii  conxidcr* 
able  nuMihcr  of  loldicrH  on  lioiird,  wcru  Mcnt  out  witiiiti  u  fcsv  yciirx  of  the  rxl.iliiithmniit  of 
tho  company.  Anilioynn  luid  tlio  Molucca*  wcro  first  wrc^icd  frani  Ihu  I'iirliii;ni>Mn,  mid 
witli  tlu'iii  tlio  Uutch  olituincd  thi!  nionopujy  of  tin;  xpico  trailo.  Factiiric.i  and  fiirtilicationx 
were  in  no  loni{  timu  rxtuliliihcd,  froiii  Liiixunriiii,  near  thn  innuth  of  tilt*  'l'>;;ri!4,  in  tim  Per- 
iiuii  I'ulf,  alonit  thn  coaxU  und  iNlaiids  of  Indiii  uh  far  ux  Japan.  Allianccn  were  fortncil 
with  several  of  tho  Indian  princen ;  and  in  many  partfl,  p.irlicularly  on  the  cir.MU  of  Ceylon, 
and  in  various  dixtricti  of  Maluliar  and  ('i)roinaiidul,  tlu-y  were  t!iemaelve«  llni  Kovereiirnti, 
Uatavia,  in  tho  lari^o  and  fertile  iHland  of  Java,  tlin  greiiter  part  of  which  had  U'cn  con- 
quend  by  tho  Dutch,  formed  the  centre  of  their  Ijidi.in  coinmerco;  and  thiiup;h  unhealthy, 
its  port  waa  excellent,  and  it  wax  adiniralily  xituated  for  comniandin^  the  trade  (if  the  riiistern 
ArchipeluKn.  In  10.51,  tliey  planted  u  colony  at  thu  Ca|>c  uf  Uood  Hope,  which  had  been 
Ktranijely  nejjlected  by  the  l'ortui;nc!(e. 

Every  branch  of  cominerco  wai  vinorouHly  prosecuted  by  the  Dutch.  Tlu'ir  trade  with 
tho  Baltic  wan,  however,  by  far  tho  nioat  extensive  und  lucrativu  of  which  they  were  in 
poHM'tmion.  tiuicciardini  mentions  thnt  the  trade  with  I'olaiul,  Denmark,  PruwNia,  Scr„  even 
iMjforo  their  revolt,  wuh  mo  very  great,  that  lleets  of  .lOO  HJiip't  arrived  twice  a  year  at  Amster- 
dam from  Dunlzic  and  Livonia  only  ;  but  it  incrciu)i-d  pMdi),'iouHly  durini;  the  latter  part  of 
the  sixteenth  and  tho  be^inuini;  of  tho  guvetiteenlh  ceiitiirieH.  The  ^'reat  populntiim  of 
HuUund,  uml  tho  limited  extent  and  unfruitful  nature  of  tho  Moil,  render  the  inbairitanti* 
dependent  un  foreigners  for  tho  greator  part  uf  their  8U[ipIies  of  corn.  Tiie  countries  round 
the  JJaltic  have  always  furnished  them  with  the  principal  part  of  those  sufiplies  ;  und  it  i..i 
from  them  that  they  have  been  in  tho  habit  of  brinifing  timber,  iron,  hemp  and  Max,  ]>itch 
and  tar,  tallow,  ashes,  and  othor  bulky  articles  required  in  tlie  building  of  their  houses  and 
(hips,  and  in  various  manufuctures.  N  '''''nfj,  however,  redounds  so  much  to  the  credit  of 
the  Dutch,  as  tho  policy  they  have  invariulily  followed  with  respect  to  the  trade  in  corn. 
They  have,  at  all  times,  had  a  largo  capital  oniburkcd  in  this  business.  Tho  variation) 
which  are  perpetually  occurring  in  tho  harvestfl,  early  led  them  to  engage  very  extensively 
in  a  sort  of  speculative  corn  trade.  When  the  crops  happened  to  bo  unusually  prcnluctive, 
and  prices  low,  they  bought  and  stored  up  large  quantities  of  grain,  in  the  exjieclatiun  of 
proiiting  by  tho  advance  that  was  sure  to  take  place  on  tho  occurrence  of  an  unf  ivourable 
year.  Uei>eatod  oUorts  were  made,  in  periods  when  prices  were  rising,  to  prevail  on  the 
government  to  prohibit  exportation  ;  but  they  steadily  refused  to  interfere.  In  consequence 
of  this  enlightened  policy,  Holland  has  long  been  tho  most  important  European  entrepot  fox 
corn ;  and  her  markets  have  un  all  occasions  been  furnished  with  the  mojt  abundant  supplies. 
Those  scarcities  which  are  so  very  disastrous  in  countries  without  counnerce,  or  wliero  the 
trade  in  corn  is  subjected  to  fetters  and  restraints,  have  not  only  been  totally  unknown  ii 
Holland,  but  become  a  copious  source  of  wealth  to  her  merchants,  who  then  obtained  a 
ready  and  advantageous  vent  for  tho  supplies  accumulated  in  their  warehouses.  "Amster- 
dam," says  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  "  is  never  without  700,000  quarters  of  corn,  none  of  it  of 
the  growth  of  Holland;  and  a  dearth  of  only  one  year  in  any  other  part  of  Europe  enriches 
Holland  for  seven  years.  In  tho  course  of  a  year  and  a  half,  during  a  scarcity  in  England, 
there  were  carried  away  from  the  ports  of  Houthampton,  Uristol,  and  Exeter  alone,  nearly 
200,000/.;  and  if  London  and  the  rest  of  England  be  included,  there  must  have  been 
3,000,000/.  more." — (^Observations  touching  Trade  and  Commerce  with  the  ILllunder, 
Miscel.  Works,  vol.  ii.) 

The  very  well  inforincd  autho.-  of  tho  Richesse  de  la  HulhmJe,  published  in  1778, 
observes,  in  allusion  to  these  circumstances,  "  Que  la  disette  de  grains  regno  dans  les  quatro 
parties  du  monde ;  vuus  trouverez  du  froment,  du  seigle,  et  d'autros  grains  u  Amsterdam ; 
its  n'y  munquent  jaiiMla." — (Tome  i.  p.  376.) 

Tho  Bank  of  Amsterdam  was  founded  in  1009.  The  principal  object  of  this  cstablisli- 
roent  was  to  obviate  the  inconvenience  and  uncertainty  arising  from  tho  circulation  of  thu 
coins  imported  into  Amsterdam  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  merchants  who  carried 
coin  or  bullion  to  tho  bank  obtained  credit  for  an  etjual  value  in  its  books :  this  was  called 
bank-money ;  and  all  considerab! j  payments  were  etlected  by  writing  it  olf  from  tho  account 
of  one  individual  to  that  of  another.  This  establitihmcnt  continued  to  flourish  till  tho 
invasion  of  the  French  in  1795. 

Between  the  years  IfiSl  and  1672,  when  the  territories  of  the  republic  wcro  invaded  by 
the  French,  the  commerce  of  Holland  seems  to  have  reached  its  greatest  height.  De  Witt 
estimates  its  increase  from  the  treaty  with  ISpain,  concluded  at  Munstcr  in  1043,  to  1669,  at 
fully  a  half.     He  adds,  tlial  during  the  war  with  Holland,  Spain  lost  the  greater  part  of  her 


*ia 


ij 


I 


I'! 


■  I 


t 


:] 


ii. 


!■-!■ 


40 


AMSTERDAM. 


ii  i« 


v  ir' 


naval  power;  that  tince  the  peace,  the  Dutch  had  obtained  moat  of  the  trade  to  that  conntiy, 
which  had  been  previously  carried  on  by  the  Hanaeatic  merchants  and  the  English ;  that 
almost  all  the  coasting  trade  of  Spain  was  carried  on  by  Dutch  shipping;  that  Spain  had 
even  been  ftrced  to  hire  Dutch  ships  to  sail  to  her  American  possessions;  and  that  so  great 
was  the  exportation  of  goods  from  Holland  to  Spain,  that  all  the  merchandise  brought  from 
the  Spanish  West  Indies  was  not  sufficient  to  make  returns  for  them. 

At  this  period,  indeed,  the  Dutch  engrossed,  not  by  means  of  any  artificial  monopoly,  but 
by  the  greater  number  of  their  ships,  and  their  superior  skill  and  economy  in  all  that 
regarded  navigation,  almost  the  whole  carrying  trade  of  Europe.  The  value  of  the  goods 
exported  from  France  in  Dutch  bottoms,  towards  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  exceeded 
40,000,000  livres;  and  the  commerce  of  England  with  the  Low  Countries  was,  ibr  a  vety 
long  period,  almost  entirely  carried  on  in  them. 

'fhe  business  of  marine  insurance  was  largely  and  successfully  prosecuted  at  Amsterdam ; 
and  the  ordinances  published  in  1551,  1663,  and  1570,  contain  the  most  judicious  regula- 
tions for  the  settlement  of  such  disputes  as  might  arise  in  conducting  this  difficult  but  highly 
useful  business.  It  is  singular,  however,  notwithstanding  the  sagacity  of  the  Dutch,  and 
their  desire  to  strengthen  industrious  habits,  that  they  should  have  prohibited  insurance  upon 
lives.  It  was  reserved  for  England  to  show  the  advantages  that  might  be  derived  from  this 
beautiAil  application  of  the  science  of  probabilities. 

In  1690,  Sir  V/illiam  Petty  estimated  the  shipping  of  Europe  at  about  2,000,000  tons, 
which  he  supposed  to  be  distributed  as  follows : — viz.  England,  500,000 ;  France,  100,000; 
Hamburgh,  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Dantzic,  250,000 ;  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy,  250,000 ; 
that  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces  amounting,  according  to  him,  to  900,000  tons,  or  to 
nearly  one  half  of  the  whole  tonnage  of  Europe  !  No  great  dependence  can,  of  course, 
be  placed  upon  these  estimates ;  but  the  probability  is,  that,  had  they  been  more  accurate, 
the  preponderance  in  favour  of  Holland  would  have  been  greater  than  it  appears  to  be ;  for 
the  official  returns  to  the  circulars  addresst^d  in  1701  by  the  commissioners  of  customs  to 
the  officers  at  the  different  port«,  show  that  the  whole  mercantile  navy  of  England  amounted 
at  that  period  to  only  261,222  tons,  carrying  27,196  men. — (^Maepherson'a  Annab  of  Com- 
meree,  antio  1701.) 

It  may,  therefore,  be  fairly  concluded,  that,  during  the  seventeenth  century  the  foreign 
commerce  and  navigation  of^  Holland  was  greater  than  that  of  all  Europe  besides ;  and  yet 
the  country  which  was  the  scat  of  this  vast  commerce  had  no  native  produce  to  export,  nor 
even  a  piece  of  timber  fit  for  ship-building.  All  had  been  the  fruit  of  industry,  economy,  and 
a  fortunate  combination  of  circumstances. 

Holland  owed  this  vast  commerce  to  a  variety  of  causes :  partly  to  her  peculiar  situation, 
'he  industry  and  economy  of  her  inhabitants,  the  comparatively  liberal  and  enlightened 
system  of  civil  as  well  as  of  commercial  policy  adopted  by  the  republic ;  and  partly  also  to 
the  wars  and  disturbances  that  prevailed  in  most  Euro[«an  countries  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  and  prevented  them  from  emulating  the  successful  career  of  the 
Dutch. 

The  ascendancy  of  Holland  as  a  commercial  state  began  to  decline  from  about  the  com- 
mencement  of  last  century.  Alter  the  war  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
the  attention  of  tlie  government  of  Holland  was  forcibly  attracted  to  the  state  of  the  ship- 
ping and  foreign  commerce  of  the  republic.  The  discovery  of  means  by  which  their  decline 
might  be  arrested,  atid  the  trade  of  the  republic,  if  possible,  restored  to  its  ancient  flourishing 
condition,  became  a  prominent  object  in  the  speculations  of  every  one  who  felt  interested  in 
the  public  welfare.  In  order  to  procure  the  most  correct  information  on  the  subject,  the 
Stadtholder,  William  IV.,  addressed  the  following  queries  to  all  the  most  extensive  and 
intelligent  merchants,  desiring  them  to  favour  him  with  their  answers : — 

"  1.  What  is  the  actual  state  of  trade  1  and  if  the  same  should  be  found  to  be  diminished 
and  fallen  to  decay,  then,  2.  To  inquire  by  what  methods  the  same  may  be  supported  and 
advanced,  or,  if  possible,  restored  to  its  former  lustre,  repute,  and  dignity  ?" 

In  discussing  these  questions,  the  merchants  were  obliged  to  enter  into  an  examination, 
as  well  of  the  causes  which  had  raised  the  commerce  of  Holland  to  the  high  pitch  of  pros- 
perity to  which  it  had  once  attained,  as  of  those  which  had  occasioned  its  subsequent  'Io- 
dine. It  is  stated,  that,  though  not  of  the  same  opinion  upon  all  points,  they,  speaking 
generally,  concurred  as  to  those  that  were  most  important.  When  their  answers  had  been 
obtained,  and  compared  with  each  other,  the  Stadtiiolder  had  a  dissertation  prepared  from 
them,  and  other  authentic  sources,  on  the  commerce  of  the  republic,  to  which  proposals 
were  subjoined  for  its  amendment.  Some  of  the  principles  advanced  in  this  dissertation 
apply  to  the  case  of  Holland  only ;  but  most  of  them  are  of  universal  application,  and  are 
not  more  comprehensive  than  sound.  We  doubt,  indeed,  whether  the  bt-netits  resulting 
from  religious  toleration,  political  liberty,  the  security  of  property,  and  the  freedom  of  in- 
dustry, have  ever  been  more  clearly  set  forth  than  in  this  dissertation.  It  begins  by  an 
enumeration  of  the  causes  which  contributed  to  advance  the  commerce  of  the  republic  to  iti 
former  unexampled  prosperity ;  these  the  authors  divide  into  three  classes,  embracing  under 


the  fint  those  thi 
moral;  and  undei 
marking  on  them 

••  I.  The  natural  i 
and  at  tlie  moutli  o 
wbich,  by  being  In  i 
where  the  merchan 
tad  exchange  the  sa 

"Nor  have' the  ha 
lets  contributed  to  t 
10  flitch  from  fbreig 
by  trade. 

"The  abundance  ( 
occasions,  but  with 
fliherytotlndaneq 
extent  of  their  own 

"  11.  Among  the 
ibentai  law  relating 
and  connivance  as  tl 
reiide  here,  and  so 

"  The  constant  po 
til  persecuted  and  o| 
potentate  whatever, 
cede  from  protecting 

"Throughout  the 
countries,  the  stead 
many  people  have  i 
most  valuable  effect 
arts,  and  sciences,  ii 
factories  were  almoi 
parts. 

"The  constitutior 
farther  reasons  to  w 
ascribed;  and  all  hi 
estates,  nor  dignitie 
there  any  room  for 
fluent  fortune  or  esl 
justice. 

"Theadministrati 
tial,  and  without  disi 
or  were  this  a  forei) 
boast  of  such  impart 
inflnence  it  has  on  tr 

"  To  sum  up  all,  a 
may  ue  liKewise  plac 
councils ;  the  fhithfUl 
and  particularly  the  i 
Btead  of  entering  on  i 
ginary  conquests. 

'^•By  these  moral  a' 
and  foreigners  animi 
wisely  and  prudentl; 
tion  of  inhabitants  a 
creased. 

"III.  Amongst  the 
may  be  reclconeil — 

"That  at  the  time 
making  trade  flourist 
history  of  those  t>ui( 
Spain,  Brabant,  Flan 
btishment  of  commer 

"To  this  happy  re 
the  civil  wars  in  Frai 
parts,  have  also  very 

"  It  must  be  added, 
and  Portugal  (hnwe 
neglected  their  navy 
anme  time  formidabii 
noy  and  crush  that  ol 

We  believe  our 
greatest  credit  on  tl 
could  be  conceived 
pally  contributed  i 
situation  of  the  coi 
the  necessity  unde 
ness  of  the  soil  am 
are  circumstances  t 
can  be  no  doubt  th 
that  it  is  to  be  com 
fortunately,  are  not 
Phoenicia,  Greece, 

•  The  Dissertation 
from  tlie  trnnslution. 
D'i 


AMSTERDAM. 


# 


the  fint  thoM  that  were  natural  and  phyrical ;  under  the  lecond,  those  they  denominated 
moral;  and  under  the  third,  those  which  they  considered  adventitious  and  external;  it* 
marking  on  them  in  succession  as  follows :—  \ 

"  I.  The  natural  and  phyiieal  eanies  are>tbe  adrantafef  of  the  lituation  of  the  country,  on  the  sea, 
and  at  the  mouth  of  convideritble  rivers ;  it*  lituation  between  the  northern  and  southern  parti, 
which,  by  being  In  a  manner  the  centre  of  all  Europe,  made  the  republic  become  the  general  market. 
Where  the  merchants  on  both  sides  used  to  bring  their  superfluous  commodities,  in  order  to  barter 
lAd  exchange  the  same  for  other  goods  they  wanted. 

"Nor  have'the  barrenneisof  the  country,  and  the  neceiilties  of  the  natives  arising  firom  that  eauie, 
lets  contributed  to  set  them  upon  exerting  all  their  application,  induitryi  and  utmost  stretch  of  genius, 
to  fblch  from  fbreign  countries  what  they  stand  in  need  of  in  their  own,  and  to  support  themselves 
by  trade. 

"  The  abundance  of  flih  to  the  neighbouring  leni  put  them  in  a  eoriition  not  onlv  to  lupplv  their  own 
oeeasloni,  but  with  the  overplui  to  carry  on  a  trade  with  foreigners,  and  out  of  the  produce  of  the 
fiihery  to  And  an  equivalent  for  what  they  wanted,  through  the  sterility  and  narrow  boundaries  and 
extent  of  their  own  country. 

*'II.  Among  the  moral  and  political  causes  are  to  be  placed.  The  unalterable  maxim  and  funda- 
mental law  relating  to  the  free  exerri^R  of  diflbrent  religions :  and  always  to  consider  this  toleration 
and  connivance  as  the  most  effectual  means  to  draw  foreigners  from  adjacent  countries  to  settle  and 
reside  here,  and  so  become  instrumenlal  to  the  peopling  of  these  provinces, 

"The  constant  policy  of  the  republic  to  make  this  country  a  perpetual,  safe,  and  secure  asylum  for 
til  periecuted  and  oppreised  strangers.  No  alliance,  no  treaty,  no  regard  f  >r  or  lolicitation  of  any 
potentate  whatever,  has  at  any  time  been  able  to  weaken  or  destroy  this  law,  or  muke  the  state  re« 
cede  from  protecting  those  who  have  fled  to  it  for  their  own  security  and  self-preservution. 

"Throughout  the  whole  courie  of  all  the  penecutioni  and  oppressions  that  nave  occurred  in  other 
countries,  the  steady  adherence  of  the  republic  to  this  fundamental  law  has  been  the  cause  that 
many  people  have  not  only  fled  hither  for  refuge,  with  their  whole  stock  in  ready  cash,  and  their 
most  valuable  effects,  but  have  alio  lettled,  and  established  many  trades,  fabrics,  manufbctorles, 
arts,  and  sciences,  In  this  country,  notwithstanding  the  flrst  materials  for  the  said  (hbrics  and  manu- 
factories were  almost  wholly  wanting  in  It,  and  not  to  bo  procured  but  at  a  great  expense  from  foreign 
psrts. 

"The  constitution  of  our  form  of  government,  and  the  liberty  thus  accruing  to  the  citizen,  are 
further  reasons  to  which  the  growth  of  trade,  and  its  establishment  in  the  republic,  may  fairly  be 
ascribed;  and  all  her  policy  and  laws  are  put  upon  such  an  equitable  footing,  that  neither  life, 
estates,  nor  dignities,  depend  on  the  caprice  or  arbitinry  power  of  any  single  Individual ;  nor  is 
lliere  any  room  for  any  person,  who,  by  care,  frugality,  and  diligence,  has  once  acquired  an  af- 
fluent fortune  or  estate,  to  fear  a  deprivation  of  them  by  any  act  of  violence,  oppression,  or  in- 
jnstics. 

"The  administration  of  Justice  in  the  country  has,  in  like  manner,  always  been  clear  and  impar- 
tial, and  without  distinction  of  superior  or  inferior  rank, — whether  the  parties  have  been  rich  or  poor, 
or  were  this  a  foreigner  and  that  a  native  ;  and  it  were  greatly  to  be  wished  we  could  at  this  day 
Iwast  of  such  impartial  quickness  and  despatch  in  all  our  legal  processes,  considering  how  great  an 
influence  It  has  on  trade. 

"  To  sum  up  all,  amongst  the  moral  and  political  causps  of  the  former  flourishing  state  of  trade, 
may  ins  likewise  placed  the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  the  administration ;  tlie  intrepid  firmness  of  the 
councils ;  the  fiiithfUlness  with  which  treaties  and  engagements  were  wont  to  be  fulfilled  and  ratified ; 
and  particularly  the  care  and  caution  practised  to  preserve  tranquillity  and  peace,  and  to  decline,  in- 
stead of  entering  on  a  scene  of  war,  merely  to  gratify  theambitious  views  of  gaining  fruitless  or  ima- 
ginary conquests. 

'^By  these  moral  and  political  maxims  was  the  glory  and  reputation  of  the  republic  so  far  spread, 
and  foreigners  animated  to  place  so  great  a  confidence  in  the  steady  determinations  of  a  state  so 
wisely  and  prudently  conducted,  that  a  concourse  of  them  stocked  this  country  with  an  augmenta- 
tion of  Inhabitants  and  useful  hands,  whereby  Its  trade  and  opulence  were  from  time  to  time  in- 
creased. 

"  III.  Amongst  the  adventitious  and  external  causes  of  the  rise  and  flourishing  state  of  our  trada 
may  be  reckoned — 

"That  at  the  time  when  the  best  and  wisest  maxims  were  adopted  in  the  republic  ns  the  menns  of 
making  trade  flourish,  they  were  neglected  in  almost  all  other  countries ;  and  any  one,  reading  the 
history  of  those  times,  may  easily  discover,  that  the  persecutions  on  account  of  religion  throughout 

Spain,  Brabant,  Flanders,  and  man  v  other  states  and  kingdoms,  have  powerfully  promoted  the  esta- 
ishment  of  commerce  in  the  republic. 

"  To  this  happy  result,  and  the  settling  of  manufacturers  in  our  country,  the  long  continuance  of 
the  civil  wars  in  France,  wliich  were  i  ^'.srwards  carried  on  In  Germany,  England,  and  divers  other 
parts,  have  also  very  much  contributed. 

"  It  must  be  added,  in  the  last  place,  that  during  our  most  burthensome  and  heavy  wars  with  Spaiu 
and  Portugal  (however  ruinous  that  period  was  for  commerce  otherwise),  theee  powers  had  both 
neglected  their  navy ;  whilst  the  navy  of  the  republic,  by  a  conduct  directly  the  reverse,  was  nt  tlie 
same  time  formidable,  and  in  a  capacity  not  only  to  protect  the  trade  of  its  own  subjects,  but  to  an- 
noy and  crush  that  of  their  enemies  in  all  quarters."* 

We  believe  our  readers  will  agree  with  us  in  thinking  that  these  statements  reflect  the 
greatest  credit  on  the  merchants  and  government  of  Holland.  Nothing,  as  it  appears  to  us, 
could  be  conceived  more  judicious  than  the  account  they  give  of  the  causes  which  princi- 
pally contributed  to  render  Holland  a  great  commercial  commonwealth.  The  central 
situation  of  the  country,  its  command  of  some  of  the  principal  inlets  to  the  continent,  and 
the  necessity  under  which  the  inhabitants  have  been  placed,  in  consequence  of  the  barren- 
ness of  the  soil  and  its  liability  to  be  overflowed,  to  exert  all  their  industry  and  enterprise, 
are  circumstances  that  seem  to  be  in  a  great  degree  peculiar  to  Holland.  But  though  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  their  influence  has  been  very  considerable,  no  one  will  pretend  to  say 
that  it  is  to  be  compared  for  a  moment  with  the  influence  of  those  free  institutions,  which, 
fortunately,  are  not  the  exclusive  attributes  of  any  particular  country,  but  have  flourished  in 
Phoenicia,  Oreece,  England,  and  Americai  as  well  as  in  Holland. 


1/ 


ifm 


II 

'J 


*  The  Dissertation  was  translated  into  Engliah,  and  published  at  London  in  1751. 
firom  the  translation. 

93  e 


We  have  quoted 


43 


AMSTERDAM. 


>ni 


Many  dissertations  have  been  written  to  account  for  the  decline  of  the  commerce  of  Hoi- 
land.  But,  if  we  mistake  not,  its  leading  causes  may  be  classed  under  two  prominent  heads, 
viz.  first,  the  natural  growth  of  commerce  and  navigation  in  other  countries;  and  second, 
the  weight  of  taxation  at  home.  During  the  period  when  the  republic  rose  to  great  eminence 
as  a  commercial  state,  England,  France,  and  Spain,  distracted  by  civil  and  religious  dissen- 
sions, or  engrossed  wholly  by  schemes  of  foreign  conquest,  were  unable  to  apply  their 
energies  to  the  cultivation  of  commerce,  or  to  withstand  the  competition  of  so  industrious  a 
people  as  the  Dutch.  They,  therefore,  were  under  the  necessity  of  allowing  the  greater  part 
of  their  foreign,  and  even  of  their  coasting  trade,  to  be  carried  on  in  Dutch  bottoms,  and 
under  the  superintendence  of  Dutch  factors.  But  after  the  accession  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
tlio  ascendency  of  Cromwell  had  put  an  end  to  internal  commotions  in  France  and  England, 
the  energies  of  these  two  great  nations  began  to  be  directed  to  pursuits  of  which  the  Dutch 
had  hitherto  enjo3ned  almost  a  monopoly.  It  was  not  to  be  supposed,  that  when  tranquillity 
and  a  regular  system  of  government  had  been  established  in  France  and  England,  their 
active  and  enterprising  inhabitants  would  submit  to  see  one  of  their  most  valuable  branches 
of  industry  in  the  hands  of  foreigners.  The  Dutch  ceased  to  be  the  carriers  of  Europe, 
without  any  fault  of  their  own.  Their  performance  of  that  function  necessarily  terminated 
as  soon  as  other  nations  became  possessed  of  a  mercantile  marine,  and  were  able  to  do  fur 
themselves  what  had  previously  been  done  for  them  by  their  neighbours. 

Whatever,  therefore,  might  have  been  the  condition  of  Holland  in  other  respects,  the 
natural  advance  of  rival  nations  must  inevitably  have  stripped  her  of  a  large  portion  of  the 
commerce  she  once  possessed.  But  the  progress  of  decline  seems  to  have  been  considerably 
accelerated,  or  rather,  perhaps,  the  efforts  to  arrest  it  were  rendered  ineffectual,  by  the  ex- 
tremely heavy  taxation  to  which  she  was  subjected,  occasioned  by  the  unavoidable  expenses 
incurred  in  the  rr.volutionary  struggle  with  Spain,  and  the  subsequent  wars  with  France 
and  England.  The  necessities  of  the  state  led  to  the  imposition  of  taxes  on  com,  on  flour 
when  it  was  ground  at  the  mill,  and  on  bread  when  it  came  from  the  oven ;  on  butter,  and' 
fish,  and  fruit;  on  income  and  legacies;  the  sale  of  houses;  and,  in  short,  almost  every 
article  either  of  necessity  or  convenience.  Sir  William  Temple  mentions  that  in  his  time— 
and  taxes  were  greatly  increased  afterwards — one  fish  sauce  was  in  common  use,  which 
directly  paid  no  fewer  than  thirtu  different  duties  of  excise ;  and  it  was  a  common  saying  at 
Amsterdam,  that  every  dish  of  ush  brought  to  table  was  paid  for  once  to  the  fisherman,  and 
tix  times  to  the  state. 

The  pernicious  influence  of  this  heavy  taxation  has  been  ably  set  forth  by  the  author  of 
the  Richesse  de  la  Holhnde,  and  other  well-informed  writers ;  and  it  has  also  been  ve., 
forcibly  pointed  out  in  the  Dissertation  already  referred  to,  drawn  up  from  the  communicc 
tions  of  the  Dutch  merchants.  "  Oppressive  taxes,"  it  is  there  stated,  "must  be  placed  a; 
the  head  of  all  the  causes  that  have  co-operated  to  the  prejudice  and  discouragement  of  trade; 
and  it  may  be  justly  said,  that  it  can  only  be  attributed  to  them  that  the  trade  of  this  coimtry 
has  been  diverted  out  of  its  channel,  and  transf  rred  to  our  neighbours,  and  must  daily  be 
still  more  and  more  alienated  and  shut  out  from  us,  unless  the  progress  thereof  be  stopped 
by  some  quick  and  effectual  remedy :  nor  is  it  difficult  to  see,  from  these  contemplations  on 
'  the  state  of  our  trade,  that  the  same  will  be  effected  by  no  other  means  than  a  diminution 
of  all  duties. 

"  In  former  times  this  was  reckoned  the  only  trading  state  in  Europe ;  and  foreigners 
were  content  to  pay  the  taxes,  as  well  on  the  goods  they  brought  hither,  as  on  those  they 
came  here  to  buy ;  without  examining  whether  they  could  evade  or  save  them,  by  fetching 
the  goods  from  the  places  where  they  were  produced,  and  carrying  others  to  the  places 
where  Uiey  were  consiuned :  in  short,  they  paid  us  our  taxes  with  pleasure,  without  any 
farther  inquiry. 

"  But,  since  the  last  century,  the  system  of  trade  is  altered  all  over  Europe :  foreign 
nations,  seeing  the  wonderful  effect  of  our  trade,  and  to  what  an  eminence  we  had  risen 
only  by  means  thereof,  they  did  likewise  apply  themselves  to  it ;  and,  to  save  our  duties, 
sent  their  superfluous  products  beside  our  country,  to  die  places  where  they  are  most  con- 
sumed ;  and  in  return  for  the  same,  furnished  themselves  from  the  first  hands  with  what 
they  wanted." 

But,  notwithstanding  this  authoritative  exposition  of  the  pernicious  effects  resulting  from 
(he  excess  of  taxation,  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  state  were  so  greai,  as  to  render  it  im- 
possible to  make  any  sufficient  reductions.  And,  with  the  exception  of  the  transit  trade 
carried  on  through  the  Rhine  and  the  Meuse,  which  is  in  a  great  measure  independent  of 
foreign  competition,  and  the  American  trade,  most  of  the  other  branches  of  the  foreign  trade 
of  Holland,  though  still  very  considerable,  continue  in  a  comparatively  depressed  state. 

In  conseq\ience  principally  of  the  oppressiveness  of  taxation,  but  partly  toi>,  of  the  exces- 
sive accumulation  of  capital  that  had  taken  place  whilo  the  Dutch  engrossed  the  carrying 
trade  of  Europe,  profits  in  Holland  were  reduced  towards  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  have  ever  since  continued  extremely  low.  This  circumstance  would  of  itself 
have  sapped  the  foundations  of  her  commercial  greatness.     Her  capitiUists,  who  could  hardly 


AMSTERDAM. 


43 


expect  to  clear  more  than  two  or  three  per  cent,  of  nett  profit  by  any  sort  of  undertaking 
carried  on  at  home,  were  tempted  to  vest  their  capital  in  other  countries,  and  to  speculate  in 
loans  to  foreign  governments.  There  are  the  beat  reasons  for  thinking  that  the  Dutch  were, 
until  very  lately,  the  largest  creditors  of  any  nation  in  Europe.  It  is  impossible,  indeed,  to 
form  any  accumte  estimate  of  what  the  sums  owing  them  by  foreigners  previously  to  the 
Iste  French  war,  or  at  present,  may  amount  to;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  at  the  former 
period  the  amount  was  immense,  and  that  it  is  still  very  considerable.  M.  Demeunier 
(DicHonniure  de  PEconomie  Poliiique,  tome  iii.  p.  720.)  states  the  amount  of  capital  lent 
by  the  Dutch  to  foreign  governments,  exclusive  of  the  largo  sums  lent  to  France  during  the 
American  war,  at  seventy-ihree  millions  sterling.  According  to  the  author  of  the  Ridiesse 
de  la  Hollande  (ii.  p.  292.^,  the  sums  lent  to  France  and  England  only,  previously  to  1778, 
amounted  to  1,600,000  livres  tournois,  or  sixty  millions  sterling.  And  besides  these,  vast 
gums  were  lent  to  private  individuals  in  foreign  countries,  both  regularly  as  loans  at  interest, 
and  in  the  shape  of  goods  advanced  at  long  credits.  So  great  was  the  difliculty  of  finding 
an  advantageous  investment  for  money  in  Holland,  that  Sir  William  Temple  mentions,  that 
the  payment  of  any  part  of  the  national  debt  was  looked  upon  by  the  creditors  as  an  evil 
of  the  first  magnitude.  "  They  receive  it,"  says  he,  "  with  tears,  not  knowing  how  to  dis- 
pose  of  it  to  interest  with  such  safety  and  ease." 

Among  the  subordinate  causes  which  contributed  to  the  decline  of  Dutch  commerce,  or 
which  have,  at  all  events,  prevented  its  growth,  we  may  reckon  the  circumstance  of  tlie 
commerce  with  India  having  been  subje;:ted  to  the  trammels  of  raono{!oly.  De  Witt  ex- 
presses his  firm  conviction,  that  the  abolition  of  the  East  India  Company  would  have  added 
very  greatly  to  the  trade  with  the  East ;  and  no  doubt  can  now  remain  in  the  mind  of  any 
cne,  thi.t  such  would  have  been  the  case.*  The  interference  of  the  administration  in  regu- 
lating the  mode  in  which  some  of  the  most  important  branches  of  industry  should  be  car- 
ried on,  seems  also  to  have  been  exceedingly  injurious.  Every  proceeding  with  respect  to 
the  herring  fishery,  for  example,  was  regulated  by  the  orde'3  of  government,  carried  into 
eiTect  under  the  inspection  of  officers  appointed  for  that  purpose.  Some  of  these  regulations 
were  exceedingly  vexatious.  The  period  when  the  fishery  might  begin  was  fixed  at  five 
minutes  past  twelve  o'clock  of  the  night  of  the  24th  of  June !  and  the  master  and  pilot  of 
every  vessel  leaving  Holland  for  the  fishery,  were  obliged  to  make  oath  that  they  would 
respect  the  regulation.  The  species  of  salt  to  be  made  use  of  in  curing  diiferent  sorts  of 
herrings,  was  also  fixed  by  law ;  and  there  were  endless  regulations  with  respect  to  the  size 
<^  of  the  barrels,  the  number  and  thickness  of  the  staves  of  which  thiBy  were  to  be  made ;  the 
r  gutting  and  packing  of  the  herrings ;  the  branding  of  the  barrels,  &c.  &c. — (Histoire  dea 
*'.  Peches,  ^c.  dana  lea  Mert  du  Nord,  tom.  i.  chap.  24.)  These  regulations  were  intended  to 
secure  to  the  Hollanders  that  superiority  which  they  had  early  attained  in  the  fishery,  and  to 
prevent  the  reputation  of  their  herrings  from  being  injured  by  the  bad  faith  of  individuals. 
But  their  real  efifect  wOs  precisely  the  reverse  of  this.  By  tying  up  the  fishers  to  a  system 
of  routine,  they  prevented  them  from  making  any  improvements;  while  the  facility  of  coun- 
terfeiting the  public  marks  opened  a  much  wider  door  to  fraud,  than  would  have  been  open- 
ed had  government  wisely  declined  interfering  in  the  matter. 

In  despite,  however,  of  the  East  India  monopoly,  and  the  regulations  now  described,  the 
commercial  policy  of  Holland  has  been  more  Uberal  than  that  of  any  other  nation.  And  in 
consequence,  a  country  not  more  extensive  than  Wales,  and  naturally  not  more  fertile,  con- 
quered, indeed,  in  a  groat  measure  from  the  sea,  has  accumulated  a  population  of  upwards 
of  two  millions ;  has  maintained  wars  of  unexampled  duration  with  the  most  powerful 
monarchies;  and,  besides  laying  out  immense  sums  in  works  of  utility  and  ornament  at 
homo,  has  been  enabled  to  lend  hundreds  of  millions  to  foreigners. 

During  the  occupation  of  Holland  by  the  French,  first  as  a  dependent  state,  and  subse- 
quently as  an  integral  part  of  the  French  empire,  her  foreign  trade  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed.  Her  colonies  were  successively  conquered  by  England,  and  in  addition  to  the 
loss  of  her  trade,  she  was  burdened  with  fresh  taxes.  But  such  was  the  vast  accumulated 
wealth  of  the  Dutch,  their  prudence,  and  energy,  that  the  influence  of  these  adverse  circum- 
stances wa^  far  less  injurious  than  could  have  been  imagined ;  and,  notwithstanding  all  the 
losses  she  had  sustained,  and  the  long  interruption  of  her  commercial  pursuits,  Holland 
continued,  at  her  emancipation  from  the  yoke  of  the  French  in  18 14,  to  be  the  richest  coun- 
try in  Europe !  Java,  the  Moluccas,  and  most  of  her  other  colonies  were  then  restored,  and 
she  is  now  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  large  foreign  trade.  Her  connection  with  Belgium  was 
an  unfortunate  one  for  both  countries.  The  union  was  not  agreeable  to  either  party,  and 
has  been  injurious  to  Holland.  Belgium  was  an  agricultural  and  manufacturing  country ; 
and  was  inclined,  in  imitation  of  the  French,  to  lay  restrictions  on  the  importations  of  most 
sorts  of  raw  and  manufactured  produce.  A  policy  of  this  sort  was  directly  opposed  to  the 
interests  and  the  ancient  practice  of  the  Dutch.  But  though  their  deputies  prevented  the 
restrictive  system  from  being  carried  to  the  extent  proposed  by  the  Belgians,  they  were  una- 

*  For  pronrsnf  this,  see  the  article  on  the  Commerce  of  Ifolland  in  the  Edinburgh  Review,  No.  102., 
fVom  which  luost  part  of  these  statemeuts  have  been  tulien. 


:!'<({. 


't, 


f 


M  >^ 


n 


4t 


ANOHOR< 


de  to  prevent  il  from  ]jeing  catried  to  an  extent  that  meteriallj  affected  Ae  trade  of  Holland. 
Whatever,  Aerefore,  may  be  the  conaeqnences  as  to  Belgium,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that 
the  late  separation  between  the  two  divisions  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  will  redound 
to  the  advantage  of  Holland.  It  must  ever  be  for  the  interest  of  England,  America,  and  all 
trading  nations,  to  maintain  the  independence  of  a  state  by  whose  means  their  productions 
find  a  ready  access  to  the  great  continental  markets.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Dutch,  pro- 
filing by  past  experience,  will  adopt  such  a  liberal  and  conciliatory  system  towards  the 
natives  of  Java,  as  mey  enable  them  to  avail  themselves  to  the  full  of  the  various  re* 
sources  of  that  noble  island.  And  if  they  do  this,  and  freely  open  their  ports,  with  as  few 
restrictions  as  possible,  to  the  riiips  and  commodities  of  all  countries,  Holland  may  still  be 
the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  commerce,  and  may  continue  to  preserve  a  respectable  place 
among  mercantile  nations.  Even  at  this  moment,  after  all  the  vicissitudes  they  have  undeiw 
gone,  the  Dutch  are,  beyond  all  question,  the  most  opulent  and  industrious  of  European 
nations.  And  their  present,  no  less  than  their  former  state,  shows  that  a  free  system  of 
government,  security,  and  the  absence  of  restrictions  on  industry,  can  overcome  almost  every 
obstacle ;  "  can  convert  the  standing  pool  and  lake  into  fat  meadows,  cover  the  barren  rock 
with  verdure,  and  make  the  desert  smile  with  flowers." 


(frineipal  articles  of  Merchandise  imported  into  Amsterdam  in  1834  and  1835,  with  the  Stocki  on  band 

on  the  31st  December  each  year.— (CireiiJor  of  Lubouckcre  ^  Co.) 

Tw    .   .  •    •     at,  ehnti 

lBpaitaiiil8S4. 

□tocks  00 
31al  Dnxmber,  ie34. 

Inporta  in  1896, 

Stockaon 
3latDcuinUr,lB». 

ie,om 

IO,IO>i 

5,290 

8,320 

CoOb*  •  •   .  .       kilon. 

(    hhdf. 

gteoo 

700^ 

18,25(1,000 

10,123,000 

bom 

Sopr  .  •   .  .  '  niaii,  ke. 
oulM, 

4,400 
S.'480 
17,668 

kllnn. 
'  6,760,000 

L  ehoU. 

»,792j 

^J 

2^J 

323. 

-v,fc.^             .  5  M.  hlidi. 
™'*^    •    •   *  }  V  ind  K. 

10^ 
M 

7,I7S 
68 

7,888 

m 

4,884 
832 

Cation       •  •         ]aiit,te. 

tsjhsa 

1,418 

11,718 

1,807 

Kin,  Cunlln   •        cuki 

•,am 

a,ooo 

6,M0 

800 

Java     -    •        bag* 

"I'SS 

"f-SS 

'l-SS 

2,300 

!t^  II'.!       bj^b 

«,9S3 

i,aoo 

8,300 

800 

4,469 

440 

2,W6 

20 

Hidea    •    •    •    ■       numbor 

1(B,4C0 

26,000 

120,800 

46,700 

'""«•  —  U*ss 

780 
60 

470 
100 

1,483 
'88 

1,216 

lis 

Djrewooda  •    •          kllogi. 

2,840,000 

2,723,000 

18,294,000 

4,210,000 

Sup.) 

[The  principal  imports  from  Amsterdam,  as  also  from  Rotterdam,  into  the  United  States, 
are  gin,  madder,  linseed  oil,  nutmegs,  Rhenish  and  Moselle  wines,  and  sailcloth  or  duck. 
This  last  article  has  a  decided  superiority  to  the  corresponding  article  of  any  other  country. 
We  may  make  the  same  remark  concerning  the  bolting  cloths  which  are  manufactured  in 
ttolland.  Our  millers  give  them  a  preference  to  all  others.  The  herrings  of  the  Dutch 
fisheries  have  long  been  accounted  superior  to  those  caught  elsewhere.  They  are  of  small 
size,  but  very  fat;  and  the  Dutch  surpass  all  other  nations  in  the  art  of  curing  them.  They 
are  well  known  to  epicures,  but  are,  nevertheless,  imported  into  the  United  States  only  in 
small  quantities.  The  cheese  of  Holland  is  another  article  in  much  repute ;  yet,  like  tlie 
herring  of  that  country,  it  is  imported  by  us  only  to  a  very  limited  extent. 

It  may  be  here  added  that,  while  we  export  a  certain  amount  of  coffee  to  Holland,  we  also 
import  thence  a  quanti^  of  old  Java,  commonly  called  "  government  coffee."  The  wealthier 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  our  large  cities  are  its  principal  consumers. 

Our  exports  to  Holland,  which  very  much  exceed  in  value  our  imports  from  that  country, 
are,  in  the  order  nearly  of  their  relative  importance,  tobacco,  cotton,  whale  and  other  fish 
oils,  rice,  brown  sugar,  teas,  cofiee,  pot  and  pearlash,  raw  hides,  &c. — Am.  Ed.] 

ANCHOR  (Fr.  Aiwe,-  Lat  Anchora;  Gr.  Kyxu^!t\  a  well-known  maritime  instru- 
ment used  in  the  mooring  or  fastening  of  ships.  It  consists  of  a  shank  having  two  hooked 
arms  at  one  end,  and  at  the  other  end  a  bar,  or  stock,  at  right  angles  to  the  arms,  with  a  ring 
to  which  the  cable  is  fastened.  The  arms,  shank,  and  ring  should  be  made  of  the  very  best 
and  toughest  iron ;  the  stock  is  for  the  most  part  of  oak,  but  '.%  is  frequently  also,  especially 
in  the  smaller  anchors,  made  of  iron.  On  being  let  go,  or  cast  into  the  water,  the  anchor 
sinks  rapidly  to  the  bottom,  and  is  thrown  by  the  stock  into  such  a  position  that  the  Jluke, 
or  point  of  one  of  the  arms,  is  sure  to  strike  the  ground  perpendicularly,  and  being  kept  in 
that  direction,  unless  the  bottom  be  particularly  hard  or  rocky,  sinks  into  it,  and  cannot  be 
dislodged,  where  the  ground  is  not  sofl  or  oozy,  without  a  violent  effort  When  the  anchor 
is  dislodged,  it  is  said,  by  the  sailors,  to  come  home. 

Seeing  that  the  safety  and  preservation  of  ships  and  crews  are  very  frequently  dependent 
on  their  anchors  and  cables,  it  is  needless  to  say  that  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  tliat  these 
ahould  be  of  the  most  approved  quality  and  construction. 

Every  ship  has,  or  ought  to  have,  three  principal  anchors ;  viz.  1st,  the  nhat  anchor,  the 
largest  of  all,  and  only  let  down  in  ctMes  of  danger,  or  when  the  vessel  is  riding  in  a  gale  of 
vind ;  2d,  the  best  bower  anchor ;  and  3d,  the  smaU  bouier  anchor.    There  are,  beuides, 


ANCHORAGE,  ANCHOVY. 


^talBet  ancbon  for  mooring  in  riven,  ports,  See.  The  largest  class  of  men-of-war  hate  six 
nr  seven  anchora.  The  weight  of  an  anchor  is  determiniid  principally  by  the  tonnage ;  it 
being  usual  to  allow,  for  every  20  tons  of  a  ship's  burthen,  1  cwt  for  the  weight  of  her  best 
bower  anchor ;  so  that  this  anchor  in  a.ship  of  400  ions  should  weigh  about  20  cwt.,  or  a 
ton. 

n  eait,  or  M  ft,  the  anehor,  h  to  let  the  anchor  fell  flrom  the  ship's  bows  into  the  water,  so  that  it 
■ay  take  hold  of  the  ground. 

To  drag  the  anchor,  is  to  make  it  come  home  I  that  is,  to  dislodge  it  from  its  bed,  and  to  drag  it  over 
nr  tbrnugh  the  ground.  This  may  be  occasioned  by  the  anchor  being  too  light,  by  the  violent  strain- 
ing of  the  cable  in  a  storm  or  a  current,  by  the  too  great  hardness  or  softness  of  the  ground,  &c. 

7V  Ni«i;A  the  aiuhor,  is  to  dislodge  it  from  its  hold,  and  heavo  it  up  by  means  of  the  capstan,  he. 

£ato  as  to  Anchori  lift,  parted  from,  4'c.— By  the  1  /k  2  Geo,  4.  c.  7S.,  pilots  and  other  persons  taking 
poiaession  of  anchors,  ccbles,  and  other  ship  materials,  parted  with,  cut  from,  or  left  by  any  vessel, 
whether  in  distress  or  otherwise,  shall  give  notice  of  the  same  to.a  deputy  vice-admiral,  or  bis  agent, 
within  (brty-eigbt  hours,  on  pain  of  being  considered  as  receivers  of  stolen  goods ;  and  if  any  person 
shall  knowingly  and  wilfully  purchase  any  such  anchor,  &c.  that  shall  have  been  so  obtained,  with- 
out its  being  so  reported,  he  shall  be  held  to  be  a  receiver  of  stolen  goods,  and  suffer  the  like  punish- 
ment as  for  a. misdemeanour  at  common  law,  or  be  liable  to  be  transported  for  seven  jrears,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  Any  master  of  a  ship  or  vessel  outward-bound  iinding  or  taking  on  board 
any  anchor,  &c.  shall  make  a  true  entry  of  the  circumstance  in  the  log-book  of  such  ship  or  vessel, 
reporting  the  same  by  the  first  possible  opportunity  to  the  Trinity  House,  and  qn  his  return  shall  deli- 
ver the  article  to  the  deputy  vice-admiral,  or  his  agent,  nearest  to  the  port  where  he  shall  arrive, 
under  a  penalty  of  not  more  than  lOOi.  nor  less  than  30{.,  on  conviction  before  a  magistrate  on  the 
oath  of  one  witness ;  one  half  to  go  to  the  informer,  the  other  half  to  the  Merchant  Seaman's  Society, 
established  by  30  Geo.  3.  c.  3H. :  he  shall  also  forfeit  double  the  value  of  the  article  to  the  owner. 
■And  every  pilot,  hoveller,  boatman,  &c.  who  shall  convey  any  anchor,  fcc.  to  fvny  foreign  harbour, 
port,  creek,  or  bay,  and  sell  and  dispose  of  the  same,  shall  be  guilty  of  felony,  and  be  transported  for 
.any  term  not  exceeding  seven  years. — (See  Salvaoe.) 

Invention  of  the  Anchor. — ^This  instrutnent,  admirable  alike  for  its  simplicity  and  effect, 
is  of  very  considerable  antiqtiity.  It  was  not,  however,  known  in  the  earliest  ages.  The 
President  de  Goguet  has  shown  that  it  was  not  used  by  the  Greeks  till  after  the  Trojaii  war ; 
and  that  they  were  then  accustomed  to  moor  their  ships  by  means  of  large  stones  cast  into 
the  sea,  a  practice  which  still  subsists  in  some  rude  nations. — (Origin  of  Laws,  vol.  ii.  p.  330. 
Eng.  trans.)  Pliny  ascribes  the  invention  of  the  anchor  to  the  Tyrrhenians. — {Hist,  Nat. 
lib.  vii.  cap.  66.)  At  first  it  had  only  one  arm,  the  other  being  added  at  a  subsequent 
period;  some  authors  say,  by  Anacharais  the  Scythian. — (Origin  of  Laws,  vol.  i.  p.  293.) 
Since  this  remote  epoch,  the  form  and  construction  of  the  instrument  seem  to  have  under* 
gone  very  little  change. 

ANCHORAGE,  OB  ANCHORING  GROUND.  Good  anchoring  ground  should  nei- 
.ther  be  too  hard  nor  toe  soft ;  for,  in  the  first  case  the  anchor  is  apt  not  to  take  a  sufficieiit 
.hold,  and  in  the  other  to  drag.  The  best  bottom  is  a  stilT  clay,  and  next  to  it  a  firm  sand. 
In  a  rocky  bottom.the  flukes  of  the  anchor  are  sometimes  torn  away,  and  hempen  cables  aro 
liable  to  chafe  and  be  cut  through.  It  is  also  essential  to  a  good  anchorage  that  the  water 
be  neither  too  deep  nor  too  shallow.  When  too  deep,  the  puU  of  the  cable,  being  nearly  per> 
pcndicular,  is  apt  to  jerk  the  anchor  out  of  the  ground ;  and  when  too  shallow,  the  ship  ia 
exposed  to  the  danger,  when  riding  in  a  storm,  of  striking  the  bottoin.  Where  a  ship  is  in 
.water  that  is  land-locked,  and  out  of  the  tide,  the  nature  of  the  grotmd  is  of  comparatively 
little  importance. 

The  anchorage  of  ships,  especially  ships  of  war,. being  a  subject  of  great  importance  to  the  naval 
and  commercial  interests  of  the  kingdom,  several  statutes  have  been  enacted  with  respect  to  it.  Tha 
first  which  it  is  necessary  to  notice  here  is  19  Geo.  9,  e.  iS.  It  prohibits  masters  of  ships  from  casting 
out  ballast,  or  rubbish  or  any  kind,  into  any  harbour  or  channel,  except  on  the  land  where  the  tide 
never  comes,  en  pnin  of  forfeiting  not  more  than  S{.  nor  less  than  SOs.  on  conviction  before  a  Justice 
on  view,  or  on  the  oath  of  one  witness,  or  of  being  committed  to  prison  for  two  months ;  which 
penalty  is  increased  to  iOf.,  over  and  above  the  expense  of  removing  the  same,  by  54  Geo.  3.  c.  199. 
In  pursuance  of  the  same  object,  54  Geo.  3.  c.  159.  enables  the  Loras.of  the  Admiralty  to  astablish 
regulations  for  the  preservation  of  the  king's  moorage  or  anchorage,  as  well  as  for  those  of  merchant 
ships,  in  all  the  ports,  harbours,  channels,  &c.  kc.  of  the  United  Kingdom,  as  far  as  the  tide  flows, 
where  or  near  to  which  his  Majesty  has,  or  may  hereafter  have,  any  docks,  dock-yards,  arsenals, 
wharfs  or  moorings.  It  prohibits  all  descriptions  of  private  ships  fTom  being  moored,  or  anchored,  or 
placed  in  any  of  his  Majesty's  moorings,  Stc.  without  special  licence  obtained  from  the  Admiralty,  or 
other  persons  appointed  to  grant  such  licenses,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  notextaeding  10(.,  one  moiety  to 
.bis  Majesty,  the  ot'  the  informer,  on  conviction  before  any  Jifstice  of  the  peace  or  commisBionsr 

of  the  Navy. 

It  fiirthcr  prohibits  the  breaming  of  private  vessels  in  such  places,  otherwise  than  appointed  by  the 
said  authority  of  the  Admiralty  s  and  the  receiving  or  having  gunpowder,  bayond  a  certain  limitad 
qaantity,  under  a  penalty  of  Si.  for  every  five  pounds'  weight  of  su^h  powder  beyond  the  quantity 
albiwed.  It  prohibits,  likewise,  ail  such  private  vessels,  in  any  such  places,  having  any  guns  on 
board  shotted  or  loaded  with  bull,  as  well  as  firing  and  discharging  any.  such  before  sun-rising  aad 
after  sun-setting,  under  a  penalty  of  SI.  fbr  every,  gun  so  shotted,  and  IW.  (or  every  gun  so  fir^.  It 
.Atrther  gives  to  every  officer  of  vessels  of  war,  to  iu)tbour-maste|rs,  and  others  in  their  aid,  a  risltt 
,.ef  search  in  all  private  vessels, so  moored  in  such  places,  and  inflicts  a  penalty  of  10{.  pn  resbtaooe. 

AitcHomABK  also  means  a  duty  laid  on  ships  for  .the  iise  of  the  poort  or  httrbour. 

ANCHOVY  (Ft.  Anehoit  I  It  Aceiughe,-  Lat  Encraaieolits),  a  small  fish  (Clupea 
taavuicoltta  lin.),  common  in  the  Mediterranean,  resembling  the  sprat  Those  brought 
•from  Gorgona  in  the  Tuscan  Sea  are  esteemed  the  best  They  should  be  chosen  sinaU, 
insh  pid^l,  whita outside  aod red  within.    Thtiir  ba^  sb^V^'lho  round.    The  i|tr(U^B,,a 


?" 


!!'     I 


m 


M 


A 


46 


ANGiELi6  A— ANTWERP. 


fish  which  is  flatter  and  larger  than  the  anchovy,  is  frequently  substituted  for  it.    About 
120,000  lbs.  are  annually  entered  for  home  consumption. 

ANGELICA,  a  largo  umbelliferous  plant  with  hollow  jointed  stalks,  of  which  there  are 
several  varieties.  It  grows  wild,  and  is  cultivated  in  moist  places  near  London,  and  in  mo«t 
European  countries  from  Lapland  to  Spain.  Its  roots  are  thick,  fleshy,  and  resinous  ;  have 
a  fragrant  agreeable  smell,  and  a  bitterish  pungent  taste,  mixed  with  a  pleasant  sweetnegg 
glowing  on  the  lips  and  palate  for  a  long  time  after  they  have  been  chewed.  To  preserve 
them,  they  must  bo  thoroughly  dried,  and  kept  in  a  well-aired  place.  The  other  parts  of 
the  plant  have  the  same  taste  and  flavour  as  the  roots,  but  in  an  inferior  degree.  The  leave* 
and  seeds  do  not  retain  their  virtue  when  kept.  The  London  confectioners  make  a  sweet- 
meat of  the  tender  stems.  The  faculty  used  to  direct  that  none  but  the  roots  of  Spanish 
angelica  should  be  kept  by  the  druggists.  In  Norway  the  roots  are  sometimes  used  as  bread, 
and  in  Iceland  the  stalks  are  eaten  with  butter.  Here  the  plant  is  used  only  in  confcc< 
tionary  and  tlie  materia  medica. — {Lewises  Mat.  Med. ;  Reea'a  Cycliipacdta,  4"C.) 

The  duty  of  4s.  per  cwt.  on  Angelica  produced,  in  1833, 373(.  is.  lOd.,  showing  that  1,379  cwt.  had 
been  entered  for  home  coitaumption. 

ANISE,  on  ANISIJM  (Fr.  Anisi  It  Anice,-  Lat.  Anisum),  a  small  seed  of  an  oblong 
shape.  It  is  cultivated  in  Germany,  but  the  best  comes  from  Spain.  It  is  also  a  product  of 
China,  whence  it  is  exported.  It  should  be  chosen  fresh,  large,  plump,  newly  dried,  of  a 
good  smell,  and  -  sweetixh  aromatic  taste. 

ANKER,  a  hquid  measure  at  Amsterdam.  It  contains  about  10}^  gallons  English  wino 
measure. 

ANNOTTO,  OR  ARNOTTO  (Fr.  Rncou  ,•  Ger.  Orlean  .•  It.  Orianu),  a  species  of  red 
dye  formed  of  the  pulp  enveloping  the  seeds  of  the  Bixa  orellana,  a  plani  cntnmon  in  South 
America,  and  the  East  and  West  Indies ;  but  dye  is  made,  at  least  to  any  extent,  only  in  the 
first.  It  U  prepared  by  macerating  the  pods  in  boiling  water,  extracting  the  seedt;,  and  leav> 
ing  the  pulj)  to  subside ;  the  fluid  being  subsequently  drawn  off,  the  residuum,  with  which 
oil  is  sometimes  mixed  up,  is  placed  in  shallow  >es8cls  and  gradually  dried  in  the  shade.  It 
is  of  two  sorts,  yiz.Jiag  or  caxe,  and  roll  annotto.  The  first,  which  is  by  far  the  most  ira- 
I>ortant  article  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  is  furnished  almost  wholly  by  Cayenne,  and 
comes  to  us  principally  by  way  of  the  United  States.  It  is  imported  in  square  cakes,  weigh- 
ing 8  or  3  lbs.  each,  wrapped  in  banana  leaves.  When  well  made,  it  ought  to  be  of  a 
bright  yellow  colour,  soil  to  the  touch,  and  of  a  good  consistence.  It  imparts  a  deep  but  not 
durable  orange  colour  to  silk  and  cotton,  and  is  used  for  that  purpose  by  the  dyers.  Roll 
annotto  is  principally  brought  from  Brazil.  The  rolls  are  small,  not  exceeding  2  or  3  oz.  in 
weight ;  it  is  hard,  dry,  and  compact,  brownish  en  the  outside,  and  of  a  beautiful  red  colour 
within.  The  latter  is  the  best  of  all  ingredients  for  the  colouring  of  cheese  and  butter ;  and 
is  now  exclusively  used  for  that  purpose  in  all  the  British  and  in  some  of  the  continental 
dairies.  In  Gloucestershire  it  is  the  practice  to  allow  an  ounce  of  annotto  to  a  cwt.  of  cheese ; 
in  Cheshire,  8  dwts.  are  reckoned  sufTicient  for  a  cheese  of  60  lbs.  When  genuine,  it  neither 
aflects  the  taste  nor  the  smell  of  cheese  or  butter.  The  Spanish  Americans  mix  annotto  with 
their  chocolate,  to  which  it  gives  a  beautiful  tint. — (Gray's  Supplement  to  the  Phamiaco- 
pcelas  I  Loudon's  Encyc.  of  Agriculture,  and  private  information.') 

At  an  averai;e  of  the  three  years  ending  with  1831,  the  nnnotto  entered  for  home  consumption 
amounted  to  128,528  lbs.  a  year.  Previouily  to  1832,  the  duty  on  flag  annotto  was  18«.  8d.  n  cwt.,  nnd 
on  other  sorts  U.  12». ;  but  the  duty  is  now  reduced  to  la.  a  cwt.  on  the  former,  and  to  4«.  on  the  lat- 
ter. This  judicious  and  liberal  reduction  will,  we  have  no  doul>t,  be  followed  by  a  consirterablii  in- 
crease of  consumption.  The  price  of  flag  annotto  varies  in  the  market  from  M.  to  \s.  per  lb.,  and  of 
loll  from  U.  to  \s.  6d. 

ANNUITIES.    See  Interest  awi>  Aitkuities. 

ANTIMONY  (Grer.  and  Du.  Spiesglasi  Tt.  Antimoine  i  Jt,  Antimonio  ,•  Raa.  Anti- 
tnonia;  Lat.  Antimonium),  a  metal  which,  when  pure,  is  of  a  greyish  white  colour,  and 
has  a  good  deal  of  brilliancy,  showing  a  radiated  fracture  when  broken ;  it  is  converted  by 
exposure  to  heat  and  air  into  a  white  oxide,  which  sublimes  in  vapours.  It  is  found  in 
Saxony  and  the  Hartz,  also  in  Cornwall,  Spain,  France,  Mexico,  Siberia,  the  Eastern  Islands, 
and  Martaban  in  Pegu.  We  are  at  present  wholly  supplied  with  this  metal  from  Singapore, 
which  receives  it  from  Borneo ;  it  is  imported  in  the  shape  of  ore,  and  commonly  as  ballast. 
It  is  about  as  hard  as  gold ;  its  specific  gravity  is  about  6-7 ;  it  is  easily  reduced  to  a  very 
fine  powder;  its  tenacity  is  such  that  a  rod  of -i\,th  of  an  inch  diameter  is  capable  of  sujv 
porting  10  lbs.  weight.  Antimony  is  used  in  medicine,  and  in  the  composition  of  nietul 
types  for  printing.  The  ores  of  antimony  are  soft,  and  vary  in  colour  from  light  lead  to  dark 
lead  grey ;  their  specific  gravity  varies  from  4*4  to  C'8 ;  they  possess  a  metallic  lustre,  are 
brittle,  and  occur  in  the  crystallised  massive  forms. — (Thomson's  Chemistry,  and  private 
tnformation.) 

ANTWERP,  the  principal  sea-port  of  Belgium,  long.  4°  22'  E.,  lat.  51°  14'  N.  A  large, 
well  built,  and  strongly  fortified  city,  situated  on  the  Scheldt.  It  has  about  66,000  inhabi- 
tants.   Previously  to  its  capture  by  the  Spaniards,  under  Fameas,  in  1685,  Antwerp  was  one 


Comparative  state 


Articles. 

Alh«,U 

S, 

b 

-     Runik 

Cafil-« 

.      a 

Culton 

•      . 

H.iln,  S. 

A.    . 

Iniligo 

•   • 

■ 

Pimento 

.   • 

Pepper,  unill  • 

Rice 

•   • 

t 

— 

■   • 

Sunr 

Tea 

•       a 

Tobicco 

•       • 

Logwood 

a      a 

Fustic 

•      • 

ANTWERP. 


/. 


47 


of  the  greatest  commercial  citien  of  Europe ;  but  it  mifTered  much  by  that  event  In  1G48, 
at  tlie  treaty  of  Westphalia,  it  was  gtipulated  by  Spain  and  Holland,  that  the  navigation  of 
the  Scheldt  should  be  shut  up ;  a  stipulation  which  w  is  obr^rvcd  till  the  occupation  of 
Belgium  by  the  French,  when  it  was  aboliHhed.  In  1803,  the  improvement  of  the  harbour 
woii  begun,  and  extensive  new  docks  and  warehouses  have  since  been  constructed.  Ships 
of  the  largest  burden  come  up  to  the  town,  and  goods  destined  for  the  interior  are  forwarded 
with  the  greatest  facility  by  means  of  canals.  Almost  all  the  foreign  trade  of  Belgium  is  at 
present  centred  in  Antwerp,  which  has  again  become  a  place  of  great  commercial  importance. 
By  a  decree  issued  in  1814,  all  goods  are  allowed  to  he  warehoused  in  Antwerp  en  entrendt, 
and  may  bo  exported  on  paying  a  charge  of  ^  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  The  exports  chiefly 
consist  of  corn,  seeds,  linen,  lace,  carpets,  flax,  tallow,  hops,  &c.  The  imports  principally 
consist  of  cotton,  wine,  hardware,  sugar,  tobacco,  coflfee,  and  all  sorts  of  colonial  produce. 

Money. — Accoiintg  nrn  now  commonly  kept  In  florins  of  1810,  worth  1».  8|(J.  sterling.  The  florin  is 
divideil  into  SO  soiiii,  anil  the  ooii  into  3  cents.  Formerly  nccountH  were  kept  in  the  ponnd  Flcmiali  ^  S| 
rlx  (Iullttr8:3  6  florins  c=  20  schillings  =  130  otlvcrs^lMO  |:roat9  =  1,020  pcnnings.— (See  Table  or 
Coins.)    The  pnr  of  exchange  between  Antwerp  aim  London  is  11  florins  38  cents  per  pound  sterling. 

Weight!  and  Meaaurtii. — By  a  law  of  1816,  the  French  system  of  weijihts  and  incnsiires  was  ndopted 
in  the  Netlierliinds  on  the  Ist  of  Januiiry,  1820 ;  hut  the  old  denoinlnntions  are  retained.  The  pond 
in  the  unit  of  wcisht,  and  nnnwers  '.o  the  French  kiloisranuiie.— (See  Amsterdam.) 

Of  the  old  weljXlitt  — liich  are  still  occasionally  referred  to,  the  quintal  of  100  lbs.  is  equal  to  103)  lbs. 
avnirdupoio  100  ilrdupois  being  consequently  c'unl  to  96'H  lbs.  of  Antwerp.    Aichippound  is 

equal  to  '        .iti.  '■"  Ihs. ;  a  stone  is  eipuil  to  8  lb 

Of  the  '.easur  'lertel  of  corn  =4  niacktm ;  .         ..;slB  =  la8t;  and  40  viertels  =101  Impe- 

rial quarters  very  nen,  .,■.    The  aam  of  wine  contains  5u  moopen,  or  .lOi  English  wine  irnllona. 

or  the  weiplita  and  iiieasiires  now  current,  5(1}  lbs.  :=ll'i  Ihs.  lluKlish  ;  UK)  Ihs.  ==  100  kilogrammes 
of  France,  or  312}  Antwerp  old  weight.    One  barrel  =20,^  gallons  English  ==  100  litres  French. 

Cualom-hottee  Regulations, — Captains  of  ships  arriving  at  Antwerp,  or  any  of  llie  Uelgian  ports, 
must  make,  within  2't  hours,  n  declaration  in  writing,  of  iie  goods  of  which  tlicir  cnrgo  consists; 
tpecifying  the  marks  and  numbers  of  the  bales,  parci^l',  &c. ;  their  value,  acrording  to  the  current 
price  lit  tlie  time  when  the  duciaratioii  is  made ;  the  :.anie  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  as  well  us  that  of  the 
captain,  and  of  the  country  to  which  she  belongs,  &c. 

AVn>pin^.— The  ships  entering  the  port  of  Antwerp,  during  the  five  years  ending  with  1828,  have 
been  as  follows  : — 


Years. 
1824 

1835    . 
1820 


Ships. 

Years. 

681 

1827 

800 

1828 

028 

Ships. 
822 
955 


Of  the  800  ships  entering  Antwerp  In  1825,  114  were  from  Liverpool,  119  from  London,  44  from 
Hull,  48  from  Havre,  41  from  Bordeaux,  31  from  Petersburgh,  24  from  New  York,  25  from  Cuba,  26 
from  Rio  Janeiro,  11  from  Batavia,  &c. — (Bulletin  dea  Sciences  Oeographiqties,  for  January,  1820,  and 
February  1826.) 

The  commerce  of  Antwerp  sufi'ered  much,  in  1831  and  1832,  from  the  hostilities  between  the  Bel- 
gians and  Dutch.    lu  1831,  there  were  only  388  arrivals  of  foreign  sliips. 

Comparative  statement  of  the  Imports  of  the  undermentioned  Goods,  at  Antwerp,  since  1827,  and 
of  the  Stocks  at  the  Close  of  each  year. 


Articles. 

Imports. 

Stocks,  Slst  December.            1 

1827. 

1828.      1889.  1  1830. 

183!. 

1832. 

1827. 
600 

1829. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Alhe.,U.S.        .    . 

tarreli 

7,1.58 

0,647    11,642     6,0il 

7,452 

8,.50« 

800 

2,950 

214 

660 

1,SOO 

—     Ruaia      .   . 

caslii 

4.420 

1.501      3,9!»7      1,63» 

728 

3,538 

1,000 

200 

1,200 

2.-<0 

650 

750 

CoBi«         .... 

tons 

23,100 

22,!«»    23,0S0    21,110 

10,300 

14.700 

8,250 

8.650 

8,430 

4,000 

2,700 

1,900 

CultOD          .... 

Inlei 

23,108 

18,324    3;(,»S5    2I,S45 

13,720 

28,6.87 

4,420 

5,563 

6,153 

4,700 

1,030 

90O 

H.'lei,S.  A.    .    -    . 

No. 

211,349 

148,584  462,577  ai0,507 

2«,80« 

3*2,878 

4,000 

l,.1-)0 

43,600 

22,-i00 

38,500 

92.000 

Indigo         .... 

chestf 

l,3!W 

^IS 

1,848,     1,063 

4i.3 

649 

287 

'm 

717 

m 

'l7S 

210 

—            •   .        • 

lemiii 

6a9 

380 

725        206 

120 

2-.2 

217 

268 

300 

101 

65 

65 

Pimento      •    .    •    • 

Into 

l,6l» 

1,870 

1,340     2>20 

576 

562 

500 

600 

200 

100 

200 

200 

Pepper,  imall  •   .    . 

do. 

2J,I4« 

I'Jli" 

11,522;  12,999 

B,4I'6 

4,960 

12,500 

6,000 

8,400 

3,000 

4,000 

1,000 

Rici           .... 

tierces 

M,:>0;> 

Kt,!* 

18,712]  23,?!l 

6,029 

14,458 

2,300 

1,200 

.5,000 

4,500 

700 

300 

—            .... 

!»«• 

16.897 

38,889 

98,827;  41,530 

16,483 

10,1.53 

9,400 

30.000 

13,30) 

2,500 

3,500 

1,600 

Smar             •    .   - 

toui 

18,000 

17,8(10 

24,7.10 

10,511 

9,800 

12,200 

3,370 

2,600 

8,0.50 

l,2-.0 

1,400 

1.4nC 

Td           ...       ackajet 

1,564 

91 

186 

1,2,3 

814 

3,778 

2.255 

1,878 

1,335 

'391 

1S5 

1,600 

Tobacco     .... 

bhds. 

1,101 

2.32S 

1,552 

2,253 

8,3CI 

12,825 

375 

717 

^ 

40 

1,119 

3,200 

Logwood    .... 

tntu 

706 

2,260 

R53 

9.52 

1,2.50 

1.200 

700 

900 

330 

1.30 

600 

380 

Fmlic         .    .    .    • 

do. 

673 

822      1,639 

2,033 

2)5         315 

220 

300 

490         670 

340 

23 

In  the  Imports  of  1831  and  1832,  are  included  those  received  through  Ostend  which  were  destined 
for  this  port.    The  stocks  of  these  goods  now  at  Ostcnd,  or  on  their  way  thence,  are  also  included. 

The  following  goods  were  imported  at  Antwerp  in  1832  from  all  places :       ..         ' 


Places. 

Coffee. 

Sugar. 

Hides. 

Cotton 

Cailts. 

BarreU. 

Bags. 

Cailii. 

C.  Braz. 

Bx.Hav. 

Can. 
2,451 

Barrels' 

Bags. 

Ox  &  Cow. 

Bales. 

Greit  Britain       .... 
S.  America  and  W.  Indin 
United  SlalM       .... 
(i>ntinent  of  Europe    -    • 

East  Indies 

Jorwy  ud  Ouerue;    -   • 

Totals    -   .    •  . 

211 
SO 

16 

2 

162 

101,285 
71.424 
60,10i 
11,660 
19,299 

ma 

1,375 
841 

9S2 
488 

8,103 

30,08.0 

1,732 

291 

85 

443 
147 
203 
260 

16,316 

3.4 

13,602 

I,(n8 

65,164 

203,7.36 
66,(n9 
20,262 

7,616 

12,7f<9 
1.623 

13,754 
321 

301 

179 

246,769 

2,839 

1,480 

40,299 

2,451 

1,053 

31,350 

362,878 

28.687 

I  i 


K.^' 


\y\ 


r-i  \ 


ti 


■48 


APPLES,  APPRENTICE. 


PlUCCI". 

Pepper. 

Pimento 

Aihee. 

Rtce. 

Indigo. 

Tobac. 

Ten. 

Uyowroode.] 

Bill. 

htf 

V.  Kit. 

Ruitla. 

TiCKH. 

B-H«. 

Chnli. 

Siriii 

~n 
m 

Hhdi. 

Puk. 

C.Tniii. 

».T«M. 

OmtnrllalB  ■   .    ■   . 

UaiMSIatn  .... 
ConllDratorEunM     • 
GaMtediw  .  .   r.    . 
Jmt;  ind  OwniMjr     . 

ToUlt     .  .    . 

MO 

«,oao 

m 

T7» 
'tt 

i,m 

i.goe 

10^731 

r.wi 

9,068 
ISO 
ti 

m 

•1 

II 
«1 

640 

MM 

^ato 

1,100 

(U 

0.960 

m 

iS5M 

MM 

I4,4U 

KU 

UM>s 

a,nJ 

i,aoo 

Sit 

Coiidition$*nJir  which  Otoda  art  loli.—On  goodi  generally  3  per  cent,  ia  allowed  fnr  payment  In  90 
days,  nnd  U  per  cent,  on  credit  of  A  weeks  or  S  montha.  On  cottona,  at  90  daya'  crcalt,  3  fit  cent, 
are  allowed,  and  U  per  cnnt.  nn  a  credit  of  3  or  3  niontba.  On  aaliea,  hidea,  and  «u|Br,  3  per  cent.  Ibi 
90  daye,  and  I)  per  cent,  fax  3  months'  credit. 

71ir«j).— West  Indin,  Brnzil,  and  Java  coflve,  In  single  ban,  3  per  cent.,  and  Ilavannah  In  Jones, ) 
lb.  per  bag  extra.  Bourbon,  in  whole  bags,  4t  lbs.,  and  in  \  do.  3^  lbs.  Pimenio,  pepper,  and  ginger 
In  bnss,  3  per  cent. ;  on  these  articlea,  as  also  cufToe,  in  casks  nnd  barrels,  real  tare.  Cassia  llgnea, 
and  cinnamon  In  biiles,  10  per  reni.;  and  in  chests,  6  to  Oi  lbs.  per  chest.  Ashes,  13  per  cent.  Quer- 
citron bark,  10  per  cent.  Cotton  in  bales,  4  per  cent.,  exclusive  of  ropes  i  and  in  serons,  S  lbs.  per 
sernn.  Horse  hair,  real  tare.  Indigo,  in  chests  or  barrels,  real  tare  ;  nnd  in  serous,  0^  to  7  lbs.  per 
seron.  Rice,  in  casks,  13  per  cent.;  and  In  bags,  3  percent.  Muscovado  sugars,  in  casks  and  barrels, 
nnd  Ilavannnh  clayed.  In  boxes,  14  per  cent.;  Brazil,  In  chests,  18  per  cent.;  Java  in  canisters  anii 
baskets,  9  per  cent. ;  Hiam  and  Manilla,  In  bags,  3  per  cent.;  Bengal,  In  triple  bags,  .libs,  each  :  Bour- 
bon, in  mats,  tt  per  cent.  Bohea  tea,  exclusive  of  wrappers,  40  lbs.  per  chest,  34  lbs.  per  k  ditto,  and 
13  lbs.  per  \  ditto,  I4(  lbs.  per  1^  ditto;  fine  black  and  green  tea,  13  to  13  lbs.  per  1  chest, 9  lbs.  per 
l-6th  ditto,  7  lbs.  per  }  ditto,  9  lbs  per  l-13th  ditto,  3  lbs.  per  l-l(Hh  ditto,  and  3  per  cent,  in  boxes. 
Tobacco,  real  tare :  no  draft  or  other  deduction  allowed.— (From  the  Vinvtltr  of  JallU,  Clitttm, 
•ftd  Co.) 

[Our  impoTtii  firom  Belgiam,  although  they  have  been  ateadily  on  the  incrcaie,  are  not  of 
much  moment.  Their  anntial  value,  taking  the  average  of  five  yeara,  amounta  to  no  more 
than  about  330,000  doUan;  which  is  only  a  fourth  part  of  the  value  of  the  exporta  from  the 
United  States  to  that  countir.  Few  of  the  products  of  Belgium  can  compete  in  our  marke^a 
with  the  similar  products  of  England,  France,  or  (3ennanv. 

The  principal  article  imported  by  us  from  Antwerp  is  firearrts,  and  these  chiefly,  if  not 
exclusively,  fowling  pieces  and  pistola,  manufactured  at  Liege.  Zinc,  for  roofing,  is  another 
article  which  may  deserve  to  be  mentioned.  Although  dearer  than  that  imported  from  Ham- 
burg, and  which  is  brought  to  that  place  from  Silesia,  it  is  preferred  to  the  latter,  on  account 
of  its  superior  pliability.  To  these  articles  may  be  added  linseed  oil,  window  glass,  and  cloths 
and  keraimeres,  the  finest  descriptions  of  which  are  manufactured  at  Vervins.  Brussels  aiyl 
Mechlin  laces  come  to  us  also  from  Antwerp,  but  only  to  nn  inconsiderable  amount 

We  export  to  Belgium  cotton,  pot  and  pearl  ash,  cofiee,  tobacco,  whale  and  other  fiah  oil, 
ra,w  hides,  && — Am,£d.] 

APPLES,  the  fruit  of  the  Pifruo  Malu»,  or  apple  tree.  It  is  very  extensively  cultivated 
in  most  temperate  climates.  An  immense  variety  and  quantity  of  excellent  apples  are  ni^sed 
in  England,  partly  for  the  table,  and  partly  for  manufacturing  into  cider.  Those  employed 
for  the  latter  purpose  are  comparatively  harsh  and  austere.  The  principal  cider  countiea  wra 
Hereford,  Monmouth,  Gloucester,  Worcester,  Somerset,  and  Devon.  Mr.  Marshall  calculates 
the  produce  of  the  first  four  at  30,000  hhds.  a  yea  *,  of  which  Worcester  is  supposed  to  sup- 
ply 10,000.  Half  a  hogshead  of  cider  may  be  expected,  in  ordinarily  favourable  aeasons^ 
firom  each  tree  in  an  orchard  in  full  bearing.  The  number  of  tre<^  on  an  acre  varies  from 
10  to  40,  so  that  the  quantity  of  cider  must  vary  in  the  same  proportion,  that  is,  from  6  to  20 
hhds.  The  produce  is,  however,  very  fluctuating ;  and  a  good  cropaeldom  occurs  above  onct 
iii  ii.ree  years. — (Loudon't  Eneye.  of  Agriculture,  4re,) 

Besides  the  immense  consumption  of  native  apples,  we  import,  for  the  table,  considerable  supplies 
of  French  and  American  apples,  especially  the  former ;  the  entries  of  fbraign  apples  fnr  home  con- 
sumption having  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  three  years  ending  with  16.il,  to  36,012  bushels  a 
year.  Were  It  not  for  the  oppressive  duty  of  4«.  a  bushel,  there  can  oe  little  doubt  that  the  Imports 
would  be  decidedly  larger,  llie  apples  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  are  ttqiVersally  admitt^ 
to  be  the  finest  of  any ;  but  unless  selected  and  packed  with  care,  they  are  very  apt  to  spoil  before 
reaching  England.  The  exports  of  apples  from  the  United  States  during  the  year  ended  the  30th  of 
fteptember,  1833  amounted  to  0,038  barrels,  valued  at  15,314  dollars.  Of  these,  1,370  barrels  were 
shipped  for  England.— (Pa^rf  ptMiihtd  ty  tht  B—rd  aj  Traitt  p.  I06.(  P«|Mr«  Uai  Utot*  Congrtit, 
19th  of  February,  1833.) 

(Duty  on  apples  reduced  from  4«.  to  2».  a  bushel. — (4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  89.  §  15.) — Sup.) 
[The  apples  in  most  esteem  are  the  various  sorts  of  pippins;  aiid  the  best  of  these  are  pro- 
duced in  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  From  an  average  ofTfpur  years,  ending  in  1837,  the 
annual  export  of  apples  .from  the  United  States  may  be  stated  to  amount  to  19,462  barrels, 
valued  at  35,866  dollars.  Of  this  quantity,  3,237  barrels  were  shipped  for  England  ;.6J^ 
wore  sent  to  Biikish,  Norfh  American  Coloniea;  and  4,290  to  tlw  island  of  Ci)ba.— ilm. 
Ed.} 

Apprentice,  a  you|ig  person  of  either  sex,  bQund  by  indenture,to  serve  sone  parti- 
cular individual  or  company  of  indi 'iduals,  for  a  fpecified  time,,in  order  to  be  instructed  in 
some  ort.  science,  or  trade. 

According  to  the  common  law  of  England,  every  one  has  a  right  to  employ  himself  at 


AQUA  FORTIS— ARANGOES. 


ihaU,at  the  period  of  betng  Indentured,  reipectively  be  under  the  aieof  17  yeart ;  provided  that 
'  apprentice  lo  to  be  employed  on  board  any  veiiel,  ai  above  deicribed,  •hull  be  duly  indented 


pleuure  in  emy  lawful  trad*.  Bat  thia  aound  princble  wai  almoat  entiroly  robverted  by  ■ 
itatate  puaed  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  commonly  called  the  Statula 
of  Apprenticeahip.  It  enacted  that  no  penon  ahould,  for  the  future,  exerciae  any  trade, 
craft,  or  myitery,  at  that  time  exerdaed  in  England  and  Wales,  unleM  he  had  previoualy 
aerved  to  it  an  apprenticeahip  oiateen  years  at  least;  so  that  what  had  before  been  a  bye-law 
of  a  few  corporations,  became  the  general  and  statute  law  of  the  kingdom.  Luckily,  how 
ever,  Uie  courts  of  law  were  always  singularly  disbclined  to  give  effect  to  the  provisions  of  thia 
•tatute;  and  the  rules  which  they  establuhed  for  its  interpretation  served  materially  to  mi- 
tigate its  injurious  operation.  But  though  its  impolicy  had  been  long  apparent,  it  was  con- 
tinued  till  1814,  when  it  wss  repealed  by  the  64  Geo.  3.  c.  06.  This  act  did  not  interfere 
with  any  of  the  existing  rights,  privileges,  or  bye-laws  of  the  different  corporations ;  but  wher- 
ever these  do  not  interpose,  the  formation  of  apprenticeships^  and  their  duration,  is  left  to 
be  adjusted  by  the  parties  themselves. 

The  regulations  with  respect  to  the  taking  of  apprentices  on  board  ships,  the  only  part  of 
this  subject  that  properly  comes  within  the  scope  of  this  woi^,  are  embodied  in  the  4  Geo. 
4.  c  2fi.    Thsy  are  as  follows  :— 

From  the  lit  of  January,  18S4,  every  master  of  a  merchant  ship  exceeding  the  burden  of  M  tons 
•ban  have  on  board  his  ship,  at  the  time  of  such  ship  clearing  out  from  any  port  of  the  United  King- 
dnm,  one  apprentice  or  apprentice!,  in  the  following  proportion  to  the  number  of  tons  of  her  admea- 
lurement,  according  to  the  eertiOcate  of  registry ;  viz  s 

For  every  veaael  exceeding  80  tons,  and  under  900  tons,  1  apprentice  at  least, 

800       400    —    9       

400       800   —    S       

SOO       700   —    4       

— —  700  and  upward!    -   »  8      

who  shall, 

•very  appr  .    . 

for  at  least  fitur  years ;  and  the  indenture!  of  every  each  apprentice  shall  be  enrolled  with  ihe  collector 

and  comptroller  at  the  Cuitom-bouie  of  the  port  whence  such  veaiel  !hall  flrit  clear  out  after  the 

execution  of  such  indenture!.— $  9. 

Every  apprentice  so  enrolled  ii  hereby  exempted  fk'om  lerving  in  his  Majeity'i  navy  until  he  ahall 
have  attained  the  age  of  31  years  i  provided  he  ia  regularly  serving  hit  time  either  with  his  Ant  mas- 
ter or  ahip-owner,  or  eome  other  mniter  or  ship-owner  to  whom  hli  indentures  shall  have  been  regu- 
larly transferred ;  and  every  owner  or  master  neglecting  to  enrol  auch  indentures,  or  who  ihall  luffer 
any  such  apprentice  to  leave  his  aervlce,  except  in  case  of  death  or  desertion,  sickness,  or  other  una- 
voidable cause,  to  be  cortifled  In  the  log  book,  after  the  vessel  shall  have  cleared  outwards  on  the 
voyage  upon  which  such  vessel  may  be  bound,  shall  for  every  such  offence  fbrfeit  lOl ,  to  be  paid  in 
manner  following ;  that  is  to  say,  one  moiety  bv  the  ownera  of  such  ver:.el,  and  the  other  moiety  by 
the  master  thereof,  to  be  levied,  recovered,  and  applied,  in  manner  hereinafter  mentioned. — )4. 

Every  person  to  whom  such  apprentice  shall  have  been  bound  may  e^iipioy  him,  at  any  time,  in  any 
vessel  of  which  such  person  may  be  ihe  master  or  owner ;  and  may  also,  with  the  consent  of  such 
nppprentice,  if  above  17,  and  if  under  that  age,  with  the  consent  of  his  parents  or  guardians,  transfer 
the  Indentures  of  such  apprentice,  by  endorsement  thereon,  to  any  other  person  who  may  be  the  mas- 
ter or  owner  of  any  registered  vessel. — $  9. 

No  stamp  duty  shall  be  charged  on  any  such  transfer  by  endorsement.—)  0. 

And  by  0  Geo.  4.  c.  107.  i  138.  it  is  enacted,  that  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to  be  an  apprentice  for 
the  purposes  of  the  preceding  act  (4  Geo.  4.  c.  99.),  unless  the  indenture  of  such  apprentice  shall  have 
been  enrolled  with  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  from  which  any  such  apprentice  ahall 
first  go  to  sea  after  the  date  of  such  indenture ;  or  In  default  of  such  enrolmert,  until  the  same  shall 
have  been  enrolled  at  some  port  ftom  which  the  ship  in  which  such  apprentice  <)hall  afterwarda  go  to 
sea  shall  be  cleared. 

By  Stat.  7  &  6  Geo.  4.  e.  90.  }  7.  It  Is  enacted  that  no  higner  duty  than  '*$.  shall  be  charged  upon  the 
Indenture  of  any  apprentice  bound  to  serve  at  aea  in  the  merchant  service. 

[It  may  be  stated,  as  a  general  rule,  that  apprentices  in  the  United  States  may  be  bound  to 
wrve  some  master  or  mistress,  if  a  male,  till  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  if  a  female,  till 
tlte  age  of  eighteen.  Every  person,  however,  has  the  right,  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
of  natural  equity,  as  well  as  of  the  common  law  of  England,  to  employ  himself  at  plea»UTo 
in  every  lawful  occupation,  even  though  he  should  not  have  served  an  apprenticeshq>  to  it. 
This  is,  at  least,  the  case  in  all  but  a  very  few  occupations,  b  jch  as  that  of  an  auctioneer,  and 
the  professions  of  law  and  medicine,  the  door  of  the  admission  into  which  is  guaided,  either 
by  requiring  a  previous  apprenticeship,  or  by  restrictions  and  regulations  of  a  difieteiit  descrip- 
tion, and  is  thus  guarded  on  the  ground  of  securing  to  the  public,  in  the  most  effectual  man- 
ner, the  due  performance  of  the  services  to  be  rendered. — Am.  £(fL] 

AQUA  F0RTI8.    See  Acid  {Nitric). 

AQUAMARINE.    See  Bkryl.  ...  ^         o 

.\QU A  VIT.2G.  (Ger.  Aquavit  /  Fr.  Eau  devitilt.  Aequo  vite  ;  8p.  Ague  de  vida  /  Rus. 
Wodka  I  Lat  Aqua  vUa),  a  name  familiarly  applied  to  all  native  distilled  spirits ;  equiv». 
lent  to  the  eau  de  vie,  or  brandy,  of  the  French,  the  whiekey  of  the  Scotch  and  Irish,  th« 
gtrum  of  the  Dutch,  &c.  In  tlus  way  it  is  used  in  the  excise  law  relating  to  the  distilleries. 

ARAN60ES,  a  species  of  beads  made  of  rough  cornelian.  They  are  of  various  forms, 
as  barrel,  bell,  round,  &c.,  and  all  drilled.  The  barrel-shaped  kind,  cut  from  the  best  stones. 
are  from  two  to  three  inches  long,  and  should  be  chosen  as  clear  as  possible,  whether  red  or 
white,  having  a  «;oud  polish,  and  free  from  flaws.  The  bell-shaped  are  from  one  to  two  inchea 
long,  being  in  all  respects  inferior.  Considerable  quantities  were  formerly  imported  from 
V01.L— E  7 


I  t 


II 


!i 


'(! 


*'' 


fi! 


M 


^^  ARCHANGEL,  ARGOL. 


\>. 


Bmnbiiy,  for  reexportation  to  Africa ;  but  ainre  tho  abolition  of  the  iilave  traJ  ,  the  importo 
•nil  exports  of  nrangoea  hive  been  comparntively  trifling. — {Mitbum'a  Orient.  Com.) 

ARCHANOEIi,  the  principal  commercial  city  of  the  north  of  Kussia,  In  lat.  64°  84'  N., 
long.  38°  SIK  U.  It  is  aituntwd  on  tho  right  bank  of  the  Dwina,  about  30  Enf^liKh  milot 
above  where  it  fall*  into  tho  White  Sea.  Population,  7,000  or  B.OOO.  The  harbour  in  at 
the  island  of  Bollonboie,  about  a  mile  from  the  town.  Tho  bar  nt  tho  mouth  of  tho  D.vina 
has  generally  14)  feet  water ;  so  that  ships  drawing  more  than  this  depth  must  be  partially 
loaded  outMi(lc  tho  bar  from  lighters.  The  Dwina  being  a  navigable  river,  travelling  a  groat 
extent  of  country,  renders  Archangel  a  considerable  entrepdt.  It  was  discovered  in  1554, 
by  the  famous  Richard  (/'hnncellor,  tho  companion  of  Sir  Hugh  Willniighby  in  his  voyage 
of  discovery  ;  and  from  that  period,  down  to  the  foundation  uf  Petersbnrgh,  was  tho  only  [iort 
in  the  Russian  empire  accessible  to  foreigners.  I'himgh  it  has  lost  its  ancient  importance,  it 
still  enjoys  a  pretty  extensive  commerce.  The  piincipal  articles  of  export  are  grain,  tallow, 
flax,  hemp,  timber,  linseed,  iron,  potash,  matn,  tar,  &c.  Deals  from  Archangel,  and  Onega 
in  the  vicmity  of  Archangel,  are  considered  superior  to  those  from  the  Baltic.  Hemp  not  so 
good  as  at  Riga,  but  proportionally  cheaper.  Tullow  is  also  inferior.  Iron  same  as  at 
Petersburgh,  sometimes  cheaper  and  sometimes  dearer.  The  quality  of  the  wheat  exported 
froir  .\rchangel  is  about  equal  to  that  from  Pettirsburgh.  The  imports  are  not  very  exten* 
sivo.  They  consist  principally  of  sugar,  coITue,  spices,  salt,  woollens,  hardware,  &&  The 
merchants  of  Archaiigul  are  said  by  Mr.  Coxc  to  Ih*  distinguished  for  honesty  and  intelligence. 
{Travels  in  the  North  of  Euriype,  vol.  iii.  p.  150.) 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  tlio  principal  Artlrlnfi  exported  Trom  Archangel  during  each  of  tlie  ilz 

Year!)  ending  with  1H33. 


Articlos. 

1»»7. 

l»18. 

1029. 

1830. 

1831. 

1839. 

Flax      -    -    poodd 

4!),S55 

04,877 

131,180 

163,3S3 

280,485 

190,719 

Grain,  Barley  chr  t«. 

S,«70 

S90 

11,78.') 

1,H97 

8,8.57 

323 

0:it8  -    do. 

30H,H10 

47,1.37 

3.Vi,7«'J 

84,839 

398,109 

97,779 

Rye    -    do. 
Wheat    do. 

44,IOi 

39,  KM 

98,400 

157,645 

174,109 

189,486 

3.017 

11,777 

113,738 

83,400 

104,037 

37,728 

Hemp    -    -    poods 

*J,i»79 

4.'i,693 

.'S7,317 

63,057 

33,b35 

51,149 

Iron    -    -    -    do. 

0>.»I9 

03,013 

117,261 

110,372 

89,875 

47,.369 

Linfeed  -    -    chets. 

78,«I9 

131,804 

1.36,988 

142,158 

93,039 

10.3,494 

Vats    -    -    pieces 

l,3fl3,3;t« 

930,3.^3 

631, 4.38 

674,481 

421,119 

84l,4.'iO 

Pitch-    -     barrels 

I3,4«<) 

9,973 

8,407 

17,917 

8,237 

13,434 

Potimhes    -  poiMlg 

10,18a 

8,9«7 

3,209 

10,065 

12,823 

9,205 

Tnllow    -    -    do. 

100,fl3t 

180,128 

150,778 

135,137 

119,264 

100,963 

Tallow  candles  do. 

9,MI5 

3,439 

3,773 

4,7.56 

3,491 

9,9,37 

Tar    -    -     barrels 

91,326 

70,!»85 

37,761 

99,548 

69,467 

58,014 

Train  oil    -    poodi 

21,217 

17,001 

18,534 

19,160 

4,190 

8,989 

Wood,  Dcali  pieces 

3S2,415 

9W,528 

260,771 

413,969 

338,680 

334,313 

iliiltinis    do. 

«4,74.'i 

73,1.33 

73,335 

121,490 

63,175 

43,354 

Uealendsdo. 

74,944 

50,680 

64,180 

101,985 

93,308 

44,535 

The  total  value  of  the  exports  In  1831  was  estimated  nt  14,750,738  rubles,  while  that  of  the  imports 
was  estimated  at  only  1,155,879  rubles.  During  the  samo  year  there  arrived  at  Archangel  443  ghipiii 
of  whirh  349  were  British,  13  Dutch,  14  Prussian,  19  Mecldenburg,  &c. 

Account  of  tho  Number  of  Ships  that  sailed  from  Archangel  during  each  of  the  Six  Years  ending 

with  1832. 


Years         -       -    |       1837. 

1828. 

1899. 

1830. 

1831. 

1839. 

Ships 

38« 

390 

450 

505 

445 

364 

The  trade  of  Archangel  is  very  much  influenced  by  the  demand  from  the  more  Boullierly  parts  of 
Europe,  and  eapecinlly  from  England,  for  corn.  When  a  brialc  ileuiaiul  is  anticipiitud,  oiits  are 
brought  in  large  quantities  from  the  interior,  sometimes  ev>:n  from  tho  distance  of  1,.')00  miles,  in 
covered  barks  capable  of  holding  several  hundred  quarters.  But  as  there  are  few  extensive  mercnn- 
tile  establishments  here,  tlie  supplies  are  scanty,  except  when  a  largo  demand  has  been  expected  for 
some  time  proviouHly  to  tlie  season  for  bringing  them  down. — {Odily'a  European  Commerce,  and  pri^ 
Date  information.) 

Mitnut,  IVtighU,  and  Mtanuru,  same  as  at  Petersburg ;  which  see. 

ARGOL,  ARGAL,  ob  TARTAR,  (Ger.  Wetnstein ;  Du.  Wynatem;  Fr.  Tartre ;  It. 
Sp.  and  Port.  Tartaro t  Rus.  Winnui  kamen;  Lat  Tartarus),  a  hard  crust  formed  on 
(he  sides  of  the  vessola  in  which  wine  has  been  kept ;  it  is  red  or  white  according  to  the  colour 
of  the  wine,  and  is  otherwise  impure.  On  being  purified,  it  is  termed  cream  or  crystals  of 
tartar.  It  consists  principally  of  bitartrate  of  potash.  White  argol  is  preferable  to  red,  an 
contauning  less  dro^ysy  or  earthy  matter.  Tho  marks  of  good  ar^^ol  of  either  kind  are,  ita 
being  tiiick,  brittle,  iiard,  brilliant,  and  little  earthy.  That  brought  from  Bologna  is  reckoned 
the  beat,  and  fetches  the  highest  price.  Argol  is  of  considerable  use  among  dyers,  as  servin:; 
to  dispose  the  stuA's  to  take  their  colours  the  better.  Pure  argol,  or  cream  of  tartar,  ia  ex- 
tensively used  in  medicine.  It  has  an  acid  and  rather  unpleasant  taste.  It  is  very  brittle, 
and  easily  reduced  to  powder:  specilic  gravity  1-95. 

The  duty  on  argol,  which  was  Judiciously  reduced  in  1832,  flrom  3«.  a  ewt.  to  6it.  produced  in  that 
year  678C.  'is. 'li.  of  nutt  revenue,    'f  hid,  supposing  the  whole  to  have  beun  charged  witli  tin;  low  duty, 


ARTSTOLOCHIA— ARSENIC. 


01 


wnuld  ihAw  nn  Imimrtnt'i.n  nf  t7,l?7  owl.  Tlia  pticn  ofBrinl  In  thn  I^ndon  mnrknt,  In  Aucual,  1833 
Titrlflil.  Hnloiiiia  I'rom  0%>.  to  M«.  per  cwl.,  Leghorn  4H<.  to  B0«.  por  Uittu,  Naplui  *%i.  lu  -Vis.,  Uhviilili 
44*.  t.>  Ms. 

ARIHTOI.OCHIA  {Fr.  Sfnimlaire  t  Oct.  Schlantrenuiurzel i  \i.  Serpmtmia ,  Lat. 
ArMokichia  lerptntaria),  the  dried  root  of  Virginia  Biiaki«-runt,  or  birthwort ;  it  in  imnll, 
light,  and  builiy,  conniHting  of  a  numlier  of  fibrei)  matted  togf  ther,  sprung  from  one  com- 
mon head,  of  a  brownivh  colour  on  th<i  outaidd,  and  pale  or  yellow  within.  It  haH  an  aro- 
matic »mell  loinething  like  that  uf  valerian,  but  more  agreeable ;  and  a  warm,  bittoriith, 
pun){ent  taste,  very  much  resembling  camphor. — (,Eney.  Metrop.) 

AKMS.    Bee  FiHt-AHM* 

AUyUIFOUX  (Oer.  Bki/glam,  Ft.  Arqin'fou ,  \U  Archifn^lio i  Lat.  Ca/«nfl),  a  sort 
of  lead  ore,  very  heavy,  eaMtly  reduced  to  powder,  and  hard  to  melt ;  when  it  is  broken,  it 
parto  into  shining  scales  of  a  whitish  colour.  The  potters  use  it  to  give  their  workn  a  green 
vurniHh;  and  in  En^rland  it  u  commonly  called  pattert'  ore.  Arquifuux  is  exported  from 
England  in  large  lumps ;  it  should  be  chosen  heavy,  the  scales  briglit  and  resembling  tin- 

glOMS. 

ARRACK,  OB  RACK  (Vr.Arae,  OeT.  Airack,  Ra:k ;  Da.  Arak,  Kak  .•  \i.  Arneo  .- 
B\\  Arak  t  VoTi.  Aractti  R\x%.  Arak),  a  spirituous  liquor  umnufacturud  at  diircrent  pkces 
in  the  East. 

Arrack  is  a  term  applied  in  most  parts  of  India,  and  the  Indian  islands,  to  designate  every 
sort  of  spirituous  liquor ;  a  circuniHtunco  which  accounts  for  the  diHt-rcpancy  in  tho  state- 
ments as  to  ti\e  materials  used  in  making  it,  and  the  mode  of  its  manufacture.  The  arrack 
of  Goa  and  Hatavia  is  in  high  estimation ;  that  of  Culumbo  or  Ceylon  has  been  snid  to  ho 
inferior  to  the  former ;  but  this  is  doubtful.  Ooa  and  Columbo  arrack  is  invariably  made 
from  Uie  vegetable  juice,  toddy,  which  flows  by  incision  from  the  coco  nut  treo  (  Cucos  nuci- 
frra).  After  the  juice  is  fermented,  it  is  distilind  and  rectified.  It  usually  yields  about  an 
ei^A/A  part  of  pure  spirit.  Batavia  or  Java  arrack  is  obtained  by  distillation  from  molasses 
and  rice,  with  only  a  small  admixture  of  toddy.  When  well  prepared,  arrack  is  clear  and 
transparent ;  generally,  however,  it  is  slightly  straw-coloured.  Its  flavour  is  peculiar ;  but  it 
difTurs  considerably,  no  doubt  in  consequence  of  tho  various  articles  of  which  it  is  prepared, 
and  the  unequal  care  taken  in  its  manufacture.  In  England,  urrark  ix  seldom  Ujiod  except 
to  give  flavour  to  punch :  formerly  the  imports  were  quite  inconsiderable ;  but  they  have 
recently  increased  so  as  to  ainnunt,  at  an  average  of  the  years  1329  and  1830,  to  above 
3U,(IOO  gallons  a  year.  In  the  East  its  consumption  is  immenxo.  It  is  issued  to  the  soldiers 
in  India  as  part  of  tho  established  rations;  and  it  is  supplied,  instead  of  rum,  to  the  seamen 
of  the  royal  navy  employed  in  the  Indian  seas.  It  is  one  of  tho  principal  products  of  Ceylon. 
Its  prime  cost  in  thut  island  varies  from  8(/.  to  \Qd.  a  gallon ;  and  from  6UO,000  to  700,000 
gallons  ore  annually  exported,  principally  to  tho  presidencies  of  Bengal,  Madras,  and  Bom- 
bay. It  is  sold  in  Ceylon  by  the  legger  of  150,  and  in  Java  by  the  Icgger  of  160  gallons. 
In  1839,  the  first  quality  of  Java  arrack  sold  in  Batavia  at  ICO  florins  the  leggor,  or  \s.%ld. 
per  gallon.    The  second  quality  fetched  135  florins. 

Pariah-arratk  \»  a  phrase  n»et\  to  designate  aB)<irit  distilled  in  the  peninmiln  of  India,  which  isinid 
to  be  often  rendered  unwhiileanmo  l)y  an  admixture  uf  ganga  (Cannabia  aativa),  and  a  apeciex  of  Da- 
tura, In  the  view  of  IncreBsiiig  Its  intoxicnting  power.  Hut  it  is  not  cloiir  whether  the  term  pariah- 
arrack;  be  meant  to  Imply  that  it  Is  an  i<if>>rinr  spirit,  nr  nn  adulteriited  cnmpniind.  This  liquor  is 
sometimes  (llDtilled  from  coco  nut  toddy,  and  aoinet lines  from  a  mixture  ofjnggery,  water,  and  the 
linrks  of  various  trees. — (See  JUilburn'a  Orient.  Com.;  and  Mr.  Marshall'i  valuable  Essay  on  the  Coco 
Xiit  Tree,  p.  1».) 

ARROW-ROOT,  the  pith  or  starch  of  the  root  Maranla  antndinacea.  It  has  received 
its  common  name  from  its  being  supposed  to  be  an  antidote  to  the  poisoned  arrows  of  the 
InJiana.  The  powder  ii  prepared  from  roots  of  a  year  old.  It  i^  reckoned  a  very  wholosome 
nutritiou!)  food ;  it  is  often  adulterated,  when  in  the  shops,  with  tho  starch  or  flour  of  pota- 
toes. It  is  a  native  of  South  America ;  but  has  been  long  introduced  into  tl»e  West  Indies, 
where  it  forms  a  pretty  important  article  of  cultivation.  An  excellent  kind  of  arrow-root,  if 
it  may  so  be  called,  is  now  prepared  in  India  from  tho  root  of  the  Curcuma  angiistifoUcu 
Tho  plant  is  abundant  on  the  Malabar  coast,  where  the  powder  is  made  in  such  (]uantitics 
as  to  be  a  considerable  object  of  trade.  Some  of  it  has  been  brouirht  to  England.  The 
Maranta  arundinacea  has  been  carried  from  tho  West  Indies  to  Ceylon,  whore  it  tltrives 
extremely  well,  and  where  arrow-root  of  tho  finest  quality  has  been  manufactured  from  it. 
{Ainslits  Mat.  Indica.) 

At  an  average  of  the  three  years  ending  with  1S31,  the  arrow-root  entered  for  hoifie  consumption 
aniDUnted  to  411,556  lbs.  a  year.  Previously  to  last  ycar(lS32),the  duty  on  arrow-root  from  a  llritish 
possession  was  9s.  4d.  a  cwt. ;  but  as  it  is  now  reduced  to  Is.  a  cwt.,  a  considerable  increase  of  con- 
sumption may  be  expected.  It  was  quoted  in  the  London  market,  in  August,  IHi'i,  at  from  9d.  to  is. 
Ud.  per  lb. 

ARSENIC  (Ger.  Arnenik ,-  Fr.  Arsenic  ;  It.  and  Sp.  Araenico ,-  Rus.  Milsehjah  i  Lat. 
Arsenicum).  This  metal  has  a  bluish  white  colour  not  unlike  that  of  steel,  and  a  good  deal 
of  brilliancy.  It  has  no  sensible  smell  while  cold,  but  when  heated  it  emits  a  strong  odour 
of  garlic,  which  is  very  characteristic.   It  is  the  softest  of  ail  the  metallic  bodies,  and  so  biittlQ 


:J 


\'M. 


rCiV  1 


62 


ASAFCETIDA— ASSIGNEE. 


that  it  nuj  eMily  be  radaced  to  •  vnj  Aim  powder  bj  tritoration  in  ■  mortar.    Ita  apecMe 

grayitj  iifi'TB. — (7?bm«m'«  Chemutry.) 

Mptnlllc  iiriank  li  not  iiieil  In  thr  trti,  Bnil  it  not,  tharafhre,  eninieted  from  th«  ore,  •leapt  (hr  Iht 
p<irpniiri  nf  cxpflrlm^nt  or  riirdinlty.  Thn  nrienlc  of  cnmmercfl  U  the  whit*  oxida,  or  •»«■]«««  *eU, 
orehamliti.  It  la  •  wliltn,  hrlttla,  compact  aulMtanca,  ofa  flaiiy  nnpcaranea  t  la  Inodoioua  i  hna  a» 
Mcrld  tuile,  leaving  on  the  tungue  a  iweetUli  linpreiilun  t  and  U  hiRbly  ciirroalve.  In  lia  mntalllc 
aliitn,  amrnlc  excrti  no  nctlmi  on  the  anininl  lyitem  t  liiit  when  nxIdiniMl,  It  U  a  moit  virulent  pnliinn. 
The  nmenlr.  of  thn  ihopf  la  anmetimei  HduUerated  with  white  aand,  chalk,  or  ry  naum  :  the  fVaud  may 
Iki  dniectnd  by  heating  ■  amali  pi>rtlon  of  the  aiiapeeted  powder ;  whnn  the  arienle  la  dlialpaled,  lenv 
Inir  ihe  lni|iiirltli-ii,  ir  llii>ri!  I>«  any,  lichind.  Tliuiigh  thii  mint  violent  of  nil  the  mineral  polaona,  Ilia 
white  oxidx  of  amcnlc.  or  Ihe  arnonic  oriheahopi,  la  yet,  when  Jiidicioiuly  ndmlnlitered,  a  medlrlne 
<>r  grrat  elllrary.  U  U  nUn  lined  for  varloua  purpoaea  In  Ihe  aria.  It  la  principally  Imported  frun; 
Haxonyand  Bohemia.— (TAanMaii'a  CAamiatrf  ;  jf.  7'.  Tktmtan'i  Viiftntaltry.) 

A8AF(£TIDA  (Oer.  TeufeMreeh ,    Du.  Duivebdnek ,  Fr.  Ataa-feHia  /   8p.  Ata 

fttidai  \,tA,  AiafdticUn  Per.  Vnfp»xeh),  a  gum  reain,  conaiating  of  the  inapiaaated  juice 

of  a  largn  umlielli/eroua  plant,  the  f'erula  asafmtida.    It  ia  produced  in  the  aouthern  pro- 

vincea  of  I'eraia,  and  in  the  territory  of  8inde,  or  country  lying  at  the  mouth  of  the  Indua. 

It  la  exported  fl'om  the  Peralan  gulf  to  Bombay  and  Calcutta,  whence  It  la  aent  to  Europe.  It  haa  a 
nauaeoua,  foniiiwhat  bitter,  biting  taate,  and  an  exeeaaively  itroiig,  fialid,  alliaceoua  imell :  the  newer 
It  la.  It  poiiniaei  Ita  aniull  and  other  peculiar  propirtiea  in  the  greater  piirfecllon.    It  la  imported, 

^lackKd  In  Irregular  mniiieR,  In  innli,  cnaki  and  ciiiei ;  Ihu  lait  being,  In  general,  the  beat.  It  ahoulii 
in  c hone n  clean,  freiih,  atroiig-icented,  of  a  pale  reddith  colour,  variegated  with  a  number  of  llna, 
white  teara:  when  broken.  It  ahould  aomewhut  reaenible  marble  In  appearance  |  and,  after  being  ex- 
noted  to  the  air,  ahouid  turn  of  a  violet  red  colour.  Itint  which  la  aoft,  black  and  foul,  thoiild  be  re- 
jected. The  p-irkage*  ahouid  be  carefully  examined,  and  ought  to  be  tight,  to  prevent  the  atnsll  frnni 
Injuring  any  other  article.  In  IH3.t,  the  Imnorta  of  aiafoitlda  amounted  to  100,770  ll>a.,  but  they  have 
not  been  ao  larje  aince  t  and  In  1830,  only  8,7%)  Iba.  were  Imported.  We  have  not  learned  the  quan- 
tity cleared  for  conaumntlon,  but  It  niuat  be  trifling.  In  thia  country.  It  la  uaed  only  In  Ihe  materia 
inedlca.  In  Frnnce,  it  la  lued  both  in  that  way,  and  to  aome  extent,  alio,  aa  a  condiment  It  la  worth 
111  bond,  In  the  London  mnrket,  fl'om  3{.  to  81.  per  cv/i.— (JfU^atm'j  Oritnt.  C»m.;  Ptrl.  Puftrt ;  and 
|rrivat(  i»furmution.) 

A8ARUM  (Fr.  Aaaret  /  Qtt,  Hazelumrzel  ,•  Sp.  Ataro  de  Eumpa),  the  root  or  dried 
leaves  of  the  aaarabacca.  The  leavea  are  nearly  inodoroua ;  their  taate  alightly  aromatic, 
bitter,  acrid,  and  nauaeoua.  The  powder  of  the  leavea  ia  the  basis  of  moat  cephalic  anufljt. 
A  good  deal  of  their  acrimony  is  lost  in  keeping :  they  should,  consequently,  be  used  in  a« 
recent  a  state  as  possible,  and  dried  without  the  application  of  much  heat.  Asarabacca  grows 
in  several  parts  of  England,  particularly  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland. 

ASH  (COMMON),  the  Fraxinua  exeebior  of  botanista,  a  forest  tree  of  which  there  are 
many  varieties.    It  is  abundant  in  England,  and  is  of  the  greatest  utility. 

The  aah  ia  of  very  rapid  growth ;  and,  unlike  moat  other  trees,  ita  value  la  rather  increaaed  than 
diminiahf  d  by  thia  circunittance.  Liice  the  cheanut,  the  wood  of  young  treea  ia  moat  esteemed.  It 
grows  on\a  great  variety  of  soils,  but  la  beat  where  the  growth  iiiia  been  inoiit  vigoroua.  It  la  infe- 
rior to  the  oak  in  BtHrneas,  and  Is  more  easily  spilt ;  but  In  toughneaa  and  elaHticity  It  ia  tar  auperlor 
to  the  onk,  nr  to  any  other  species  of  timber.  Hence  ita  universal  einplnyment  in  all  Ihoae  porta  of 
iiinciiincry  which  iiave  to  auatsin  audden  ahncka,  auch  aa  the  circuinferuiicc,  teeth,  and  apokus  of 
wheels,  aliip-hlocka,  &c.  and  In  the  munuftictureof  agricultural  Implementa  ;  In  the  latter,  indeed,  it 
ia  almost  exclualvely  made  use  of.  The  want  of  prolonged  durability  la  ita  greateat  defect ;  and  it  is 
loo  flexible  to  be  employed  in  building.  The  wood  of  old  treea  is  of  a  dark  brown  colour,  sometimes 
beautifully  figured  ;  the  wood  of  youngtrees  Is  brownish  white,  with  a  ahade  of  green.  The  texture 
Is  alternately  compact  and  porous  ;  where  the  growth  haa  bcei<  vignroua,  the  compact  part  of  tlio 
several  layers  beara  a  greater  proportion  to  the  apongy,  and  the  tiinher  ia  comparatively  tough,  eiaa- 
tiCt  and  durable.  It  has  neither  taate  nor  amell ;  and,  when  young,  is  difficult  to  work.  The  moun- 
tain ash  {PyruM  aucupariu)  la  quite  a  dIfTerenI  tree  from  the  common  nab,  and  Its  timber  is  flir  leas 
valuable.— (7V«i(fi;{d's  PrincipUi  of  Curptntry ,'  Timb»r  TVeu  and  Fruitt,  In  Lik.  »f  Entirtaininjt 
KHOv>lnlg$,  ^e.) 

ASHES  (Fr.  Vedtmts  Ger.  Waidasehet  Du.  Weedaa ;  Da.  Veedaakt;  It  Fecciabni- 
data  I  Sp.  Alumbre  dekez,-  Rus.  Weidatch ;  Lat  Cineres  infeetorii),  Uie  residuum  or 
earthy  part,  of  any  substance  after  it  has  been  burned.  In  commerce,  Uie  term  is  applied  to 
the  a«hcs  of  vegetable  aubstances ;  from  which  arc  extracted  the  alkaline  aalta  called  potash 
pcariash,  barilla,  kelp,  &c. ;  which  see. 

ASPHALTUM.    See  BiTCMiir. 

ASS  (Fr.  Ant/  Ger.  Eadi  It  Asino;  Lat  Aainwi),  the  well-known  quadruped  of  that 
name. 

ASSETS,  in  commerce,  a  term  tucd  to  designate  the  stock  in  trade,  and  the  entire  prop* 
erty  of  all  aorta,  belonging  to  a  merchant  or  to  a  trading  association.  It  ia  also  applied  to 
goods  or  property  placed,  for  the  discharge  of  aome  particular  trust  or  obligation,  in  the 
hands  of  executors,  assignnes,  &c. 

ASSIENTO,  a  Spanish  word  signifying  a  contract  In  commerce,  it  means  the  contract 
dr  agreement  by  which  the  Spanish  government  ceded  first  to  a  company  of  French,  and 
afterwards  (by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht)  to  a  company  of  English  merchants,  the  right  to  im- 
port slavea  into  the  Spanish  colonies. — {Brougham! b  Colonial  Policy ^  vol.  i.  p.  439.) 

ASSIGNEE,  a  person  appointed  by  competent  authority  to  do,  act,  or  transact  some  busi- 
ness, or  exercise  some  particular  privilege  or  power,  fur  or  on  account  of  some  speciiied 
individual  or  individuals. 

Assigneea  may  be  created  by  deed,  or  by  law :  by  deed,  where  the  lessee  of  a  farm  asdgns 
tb^  aapif,  ti> e^oyieri  by  It^w,  where  tt\e  b^w  OR^eaan  aaaignee  without  any  appointment  uf 


any  part  of  the  I 
For  every  20». 
tereal in  poaseaa 
hniisea,  or  hcrcdl 
cli.irler(!d  eonipii 
veaMla,  and  or  i 
proportion  for  an 

For  every  SO* 
luru.flxturea,  pii 
io  in  proportion 
Tlie  dutiLa  to 
Uy  »tat.  2a  Hei 
bricaied  in  thia 
and  in  lots  of  the 
and  openly  show 
And  the  auctU 
8,0(K«.  with  two 
thereof  at  the  n 
or  woven  in  this 
duty.    }  6. 

By  Htat.  41  Gc 
hums,  bacon,  cl 
a.ile  thereof  by 
house  at  the  por 
auctioneer. 

By  atut.  30  Ge 
3.  c.  41.,  allwhal 
pliante,  and  cnii 
skins  of  aeala  an 
driiga,  and  other 
of  rahinet-iiiake 
c.  03.  }  3.)  ^mtr 
thereof  at  auctin 
ond  by  whom  lli< 
after  such  gooda 
By  Stat.  19  Ge 
tela  made  by  ord 
on  any  sale  mad 
of  customs  or  e\ 
the  navy  or  vict 
in  execution  of 
of  tithea:  (0.)  o' 
merchandiao  fro 
facture  of  such 
were  con<ii);ned, 
within  twelve  ni 


ASSIZE—AUCTIONEER.  If 

lh«  penon  entitliHl,  u  nn  executor  ii  BMigntv'  in  law  to  tlif  (mtatnr,  and  an  admlnUtrator  to 
ui  intMttttc.    The  term  u  hidmI  commonly  applied  to  the  creditora  of  a  bankrupt  amwinted 
Id  manage  for  the  reat,  and  who  coruwquently  have  the  bankrupt'a  eatate  aaaignod  over  to 
them, — {tite  BAWKRvrr.) 
A»HIZE.    8ee  BiiK*n. 
ANMUKANCE.    Hm  Inariiiiici. 

AUCTION,  a  public  lale  of  gooda  to  the  higheat  bidder.  Auctiona  are  generally  notified 
by  aJvertiiiement,  and  are  held  in  acme  open  place.  The  biddinga  may  bo  made  either  by 
prtica  preacnt,  or  by  the  auctioneer  under  authority  given  to  him ;  the  aale  ia  uaually  termi- 
natetl  by  the  full  of  a  hammer. 

AUCTIUNKER,  a  pcraun  who  conducta  aalea  by  auction.  It  ia  hie  duty  to  atate  the 
eonditiona  of  aale,  to  declare  the  reapertive  biddinga,  and  to  trrminato  the  aale  by  knitrkinfr 
duum  the  thing  aold  to  the  highest  bidder.  An  auctioneer  ia  held  to  bo  lawfully  authoriKvd 
by  tiie  purchaaer  to  aign  a  contract  for  him,  whether  it  be  for  landa  or  guoda.  And  hl« 
writing  down  the  name  of  the  higheat  bidder  in  hi*  book  ia  autDcicnt  to  bind  any  other  per- 
aon  fur  whom  the  higheat  bidder  purchoaed,  even  though  auch  poraon  be  prcaent,  provided 
he  do  not  object  btfurt  entry. 

Every  auclionaer  muat  lake  out  a  llcenea,  renewalile  anniinllv  on  the  Jtli  of  July,  for  wlilch  ha  la 
cliurKei)  U.i  and  If  he  si'll  koikIi  fur  the  lule  of  whldl  an  (-.xcUn  llicncn  ii  ■|)«i'inlly  rniiulrril,  liu 
niu.ll  alio  inkv  out  luc.h  licoiiCK,  uiileis  tho  Kiiudi  hn  the  property  of  n  llceiiacil  peraon,  oiul  idlil  fur 
bit  Iwlwlf  aiid  on  bla  mtirtil  preinliei,  In  which  caia  luch  additional  licence  li  not  roquircd.— (0  Qto. 
4,c.8l.) 

Auetloneerti  within  the  llnilti  of  the  chief  oxclie  office  In  London  nre  bonm!  when  they  receivo 
tliclr  licence,  to  ulve  nucurlty  to  the  exciie  by  bond,  t'l.cniaelvei  In  l,(10(l{.  rfnd  iwo  luretli-i  In  9(XV. 
each,  to  deliver  in  within  twenty-eight  dnyi  uf  any  ink  a  true  and  particular  account  of  auch  aiilc, 
and  to  pay  the  duliei  on  the  aanie.  Auctloneera  refui  ig  or  delaying  to  pay  tl  i  dutlci  witbin  the 
■pecllled  llnic,  forfeit  their  bond  and  the  bonda  uf  tbel>  iiurutlei,  and  double  the  amount  of  the  dutlua. 
-(I«  Oeo.  3.  c.  SO.) 

Auctlonear*  carrying  on  their  tritde  without  the  llmlta  of  the  head  offlcp  give  bond,  thcniiivlvci  In 
90U<.  and  two  auretlci  in  MU.  each,  to  render  on  account  of  the  duties  ac^  ruing  on  ■ali!g,  and  lo  niiy 
thoni  within  alx  week*,  under  the  penaltiei  already  mentb.nud.— (11>  Uto.Z.e.  SO,  and  3t)  Oeu. 
S.  c.  M.) 

A  llcenied  auctioneer  goln?  fl'om  town  to  town  by  a  public  itage  con  %  and  lendlr  oodi  b\ .  pub- 
lic conveyance,  and  ■riling  them  on  coinniiislon  by  retail  or  auction,  i«  a  trading  ■  nun  wllliiii  the 
90  Oeo.  3.  c.  41.  i  0.,  and  niuit  take  out  a  hawkfr'a  and  (x'l'lar'i  licence. 

The  foUowlng  dutlt-«  nre  payable  on  gooda  lold  by  auction  : — 

For  Rvery  !2fl«.  of  thK  purchaxH  money  arlHing  or  payable  by  virtue  of  any  «K  al  auction  for  the 
hunufltof  tho  growum  nr  tlrat  piirchaaers  respectively  of  any  iheep'a  wool,  the  n.uwth  or  prodr?  ;  of 
any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  %l. 

For  every  80«.  of  the  purchaao  money  ariaing  or  payable  by  vlrtu(  of  .  ,  aale  ot  auction  of..  -'■  in- 
tereat  lu  poaaeaaion  nr  reveraiun  in  any  freehold,  cuatoniury,  copyhr'd.or  I  'uauho'ld  luniU,  teneiii'jntj, 
hoii8i<i,or  hercditnmenta,  and  any  ahurn  or  ahnrva  In  the  capital  or  i<ilnt  biock  of  any  cnrporiition  or 
charlfred  comriany,  and  of  any  annuitlea  or  auma  of  money  chargeil  therenn,  and  of  any  alilps  and 
vetaela,  and  of  any  reveraionary  Intereat  in  the  public  fuuJa,  and  of  uny  i>late  or  Jewela,  and  ao  in 
proportion  for  any  greater  or  leas  aum,  7W. 

For  every  SOa.  of  tho  piirclma  t  money  arlaing  or  payable  by  virtue  of  any  anl(>  at  auction  of  furni- 
ture, flxturea,  picturea,  hooka,  hnraea,  and  carriagea,  and  all  other  gouda  and  chattels  whatioever,  and 
so  in  proportion  for  any  greater  or  leas  auni,  l«. 

The  dutiusto  he  pHid  by  the  auctioneer,  agent,  factor,  nr  aetlcr  by  conimlaaion. 

lly  Htal.  39  Geo.  3.  c.  63.  ^  }  1,  2.,  no  duty  ahull  bo  paid  for  piece  goixla  fold  by  i.'.ictinn,  wove  or  fa- 
bricated in  this  kingdom,  which  shall  be  aold  entire  in  the  piece  or  i-mntity  as  taken  from  the  bMim, 
and  in  Iota  of  the  price  otW.  or  upwards,  and  so  as  the  same  be  sold  In  no  other  than  entered  places, 
and  oponly  ahown  and  exposed  at  such  sale, 

And  the  auctioneer  alinll,  besides  the  bond  given  on  receiving  his  licence,  give  a  f^irlhcr  l)ond  In 
9,0(MU.  with  two  sureties,  that  he  will,  within  lourteen  days  after  every  auch  sale,  deliver  an  account 
thoritnf  at  the  next  excise  office,  and  will  not  sell  by  auction  any  goods  woven  out  of  this  kingdom, 
or  woven  In  this  kingdom,  which  shall  not  be  sold  hi  the  entire  piece,  without  payment  of  the  proper 
duty.    }6. 

By  atat.  41  Geo.  3.  c.  91.  )  8.,  all  corn  and  grain  of  every  sort,  flour,  and  meal,  and  all  beef,  pork, 
hums,  bacon,  clieeiie,  and  butter,  imported  Into  Great  Britain,  shall  be  free  of  the  duly  on  the  Urst 
s;ile  thereof  by  auction  on  account  of  tho  iin|iorter,  so  as  the  same  be  entnrvd  ut  simie  custom- 
house at  the  port  of  importation,  and  the  sale  .  ,r.-i"^(  be  within  twelve  months  and  by  a  licensed 
auctioneer. 

By  Stat.  30  Oeo.  3.  c.  S6.,  all  goods  Imported  b-  ■»'!>'  of  merclinndise  fropri  Yucatan,  and  by  32  Geo 
3.  c.  41.,  all  whnle-oil  (and  by  41  Geo.  3.  c.  42.,  nil  cltphunt-oil,  proiluced  from  Kea-cows  or  sen-ele- 
phants, and  commonly  called  "elephant's  oil,")  whalebone,  amber)!riB,  and  bend-matter,  and  all 
skins  of  seals  and  other  aniiiiaU  living  In  the  sea,  and  nlso  elephant's  teeth,  piilui-oil,  dyelng-woud, 
drugs,  and  other  articles  for  dyers'  use,  and  uli  mahogany  and  other  nianut'actiirud  wood  for  tiie  use 
of  cahinet-niakers  and  other  manufacture  Imported  in  British  ships  from  Jifrita  mid  (by  42  Geo.  3. 
c.  93.  }  3.)  America,  or  any  British  settlement  abroad,  ahall  be  free  of  the  excise  duty  on  the  first  sale 
thereof  at  auction  by  or  for  the  a-.-co'  nt  if  the  original  imiHirter  to  whom  the  anuie  were  coiihigned, 
and  by  whom  they  were  entered  ui  ttie  (Justom-house,  so  as  such  sale  be  made  within  twelve  niontlia 
after  such  goods  arc  Imported,  and  tho  same  be  sold  by  a  licenced  auctioneer. 

Hy  Stat.  19  Geo.  3.  c.  5t>.  }  13.,  no  duties  shall  be  laid  (1.)  on  any  sale  by  auction  of  estates  or  chat- 
tels made  by  order  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  or  Exchequer,  or  courts  of  great  sessions  in  Wales :  (2.) 
on  uny  sale  made  by  the  Kast  India  or  Hudson's  Bay  companies  ;  (3.)  by  order  of  tho  conimiseioner* 
of  customs  or  excise  :  (4.)  by  order  of  the  Board  of  oi\!nnnce  :  (5.)  ijy  order  of  thi  (;oniniiBBi(iner»  of 
tho  navy  or  victualling  offices :  (tt.)  on  any  such  sales  made  by  tho  sheriff,  for  the  lienetit  of  creditora, 
in  execution  of  Judgment:  (7.)  on  sales  of  goods  distrained  torrent:  (H.)  on  sales  for  non-payment 
of  tithes:  (9.)  on  sales  of  cfTecta  of  bankrupts  sold  by  nssipnees  :  (10.)  on  goods  imported  by  way  of 
morcbandise  from  any  British  colony  in  America,  the  sumo  being  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manu- 
facture of  such  colony,  on  the  firs;  sale  thereof  on  account  of  the  original  importer  to  whom  they 
were  eonsiened,  and  by  whom  they  were  entered  at  the  Custom-house,  so  as  such  sale  lie  made 
within  twelve  niontha  after  iiupurtation  (sue  09  Geo.  3.  c.  34.  $  3.) :  (11.)  uu  any  ships  or  their  uirfoea 
£2 


!•■    '  !  i( 


M^ 


1 


I 
I 


ii! 


I  Hi.. 


1^ 


AUCTIONEER. 

condemned  nil  prize,  and  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  cnptor :  (12.)  on  any  ihipa  or  goodi  wrecked  or 
■trnnded,  Hold  n)r  the  bencllt  of  the  iiiaurers  or  proprietors :  (13.)  on  the  lale  of  any  goods  diinmged 
by  Are,  and  sold  for  the  hcrietit  of  the  insurers  :  (14.)  on  any  auction  to  be  held  on  the  account  of  the 
!ord  or  lady  of  the  manor  for  granting  any  copyhold  or  customary  niegsuagea,  lands,  or  tenements  for 
the  term  of  a  life  or  lives,  or  any  number  of  years  :  (\f>.)  on  any  auction  to  be  held  for  the  letting  or 
demising  any  niessua!.'(<s,  liinds,  or  tenements  for  the  term  of  a  life  or  lives,  or  any  numbeir  of  years 
to  he  crcnti'cl  by  thi;  person  on  whose  account  such  unction  shall  be  held :  (16.)  on  the  sale  of  any 
wood,  coppice,  produce  of  mines  or  quarries,  or  materials  lor  working  the  same ;  or  on  the  sale  of 
any  I'litlle,  and  live  or  dead  stock,  or  unmanufactured  produce  of  land,  so  as  such  sale  of  wood« 
coppices,  produce  nf  mines  or  quarries,  cattle,  corn,  stock  or  produce  of  land,  may  be  made  whilst 
they  continue  on  the  Innds  producing  ttie  same,  and  by  the  owner  of  such  lands,  or  proprietor  of  or 
adventurer  in  such  mines  or  quarries,  or  by  their  steward  or  agent. 

Hy  Stat.  52  (<po.  3.  c.  .'>3.  i  1.,  all  coffee  imported  in  any  Brithh  ship  from  any  British  colo;iy  in  Ame- 
rica m.iy  be  sold  l)y  uuction,  free  of  the  auction  duty,  whilst  the  same  shall  remain  in  wardhouses  un- 
der the  act  43  Goo.  3.  c.  1.12.  or  any  other  act. 

Certain  articles  from  the  Unitedi  States,  as  regulated  by  the  act  50  Geo.  3.  c.  S4.  i  3.,  rind  goods  from 
Portugal  imported  under  stat.  51  Geo.  3.  c.  47.,  may  also  be  sold  by  auction  free  of  duty,  if  on  account 
of  the  orijrinal  importer,  and  within  twelve  months  of  their  importation. 

By  Stat.  19  Geo.  3.  c.  50.  }  9.,  the  auctioneer,  if  the  sale  be  within  the  limits  of  the  chief  office  of 
exciiie  in  London,  shall  give  two  days'  notice  at  the  said  office,  elsewhere  three  days'  notice  to  the 
collector  or  at  the  next  excise  office,  in  writing,  signed  by  him,  sitecifying  the  particular  day  when 
such  sale  shall  begin  ;  and  sliall  at  the  same  time,  or  within  twenty-four  hours  after,  deliver  a  writ- 
ten or  printed  catalogue,  attested  and  signed  by  such  auctioneer  or  his  known  clerk,  in  which  cata- 
logue shall  he  p.irtieuiarly  enumerated  every  article,  lot,  parcel,  and  thing  intended  to  be  sold  at  such 
auction.  And  if  he  shall  presume  to  make  such  sule  without  delivering  such  notice  and  catalogue, 
or  sell  any  estate  or  goods  not  enumerated  therein,  he  shall  forfeit  20{. 

By  sint.  32  Geo.  3.  c.  II.,  every  auctioneer  who  shall  have  delivered  such  notice  or  catalogue  shall, 
within  2S  days  (if  within  the  limits  of  the  chief  office  of  excise,  elsewhere  within  six  weeks)  al\erthe 
day  specified  in  such  notice  for  such  sale,  deliver  at  such  chief  office,  or  to  the  collector  of  excise  in 
whose  collection  such  sale  haa  been  or  was  intended  to  be,  a  declaration  in  writing,  setting  forth 
wliellier  or  not  any  such  ■'ale  had  been  or  was  opened  or  begun  under  such  notice,  or  any  article,  lot, 
parcel,  or  thing  contained  in  such  catalogue  was  bid  for  or  sold  at  such  auction;  and  such  auctioneer, 
nr  person  acting  as  his  clerk  as  aforesaid,  shall  make  onth  to  the  truth  of  such  declaration  before  the 
said  commissioners  or  collector,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  501.  for  every  neglect  or  refusal  of  delivering 
such  declaration,  verified  as  aforesaid. 

The  real  owner  of  any  estate,  goods,  or  effects  put  tip  to  sale  by  way  of  auction,  and  bought  in 
either  by  himself  or  by  his  steward  or  known  agent  employed  in  the  management  of  the  sale,  or  by 
any  othi-r  person  appointed  in  toritin/r  by  the  owner  to  bid  for  him,  shall  he  allowed  the  duties,  pro- 
vided notice  in  writing  be  given  to  the  auctioneer  before  such  bidding,  both  hy  the  owner  and  person 
intended  to  be  the  bidder,  of  such  person  being  appointed  by  the  owner ;  and  provided  such  notice  be 
verified  by  the  oath  of  the  auctioneer,  as  also  the  fairness  of  the  transaction  to  the  best  of  his  know- 
ledge and  belief — (19  Oeo.  3.  c.  .16.;  28  Geo.  3.  c.  37.)  An  auctioneer  employed  in  a  case  of  this  sort, 
and  neglecting  to  take  the  proper  steps  to  prevent  the  duties  flrom  attaching,  may  be  obliged  to  pay 
them  himself  (19  Oeo.  3.  c.  56.) 

If  the  sale  of  an  estate  be  void  through  defect  of  title,  the  commissioners  of  excise,  or  jus- 
tices of  the  peace  in  the' county,  may,  on  oath  being  made,  grant  relief  for  the  duties  paid. 
Claim  must  be  made  within  twelve  months  after  the  sale,  if  rendered  void  within  that  time ; 
or  if  not  rendered  void  within  that  time,  within  three  months  afler  the  discovery. 

Tlte  auctioneer  is  hy  law  liable  to  pay  the  auction  duties,  but  he  may  recover  the  same 
from  the  vendor.  The  conditions  of  sale  usually  oblige  the  buyer  to  pay  the  whole,  or  a 
part  of  the  duties ;  and  upon  his  refusing  or  neglecting  to  pay  them,  the  bidding  is  void. 

An  auctioneer  who  dccUnes  to  disclose  the  name  of  his  principal  at  the  time  of  sale, 
makes  himself  responsible.  But  if  he  disclose  the  name  of  his  principal,  ho  ceases  to  be 
responsible,  either  for  the  soundness  of  or  title  to  the  thing  sold,  unless  he  have  expressly 
warranted  it  on  his  oum  responsibility. 

If  an  auctioneer  pay  over  the  produce  of  a  sale  to  his  employer,  ailer  receiving  notice  that 
the  goods  were  not  the  property  of  such  employer,  the  real  owner  of  the  goods  may  recover 
the  amount  from  the  auctioneer. 

It  has  long  been  a  common  practice  at  certain  auctions  (called  for  that  reason  mock  auc- 
tions) to  employ  puffers,  or  mock  bidilers,  to  raise  the  value  of  the  articles  sold  by  their 
apparent  competition,  and  many  questions  have  grown  out  of  it.  It  was  long  ago  decided, 
that  if  the  owner  of  an  estate  put  up  to  sale  by  auction  employ  puffers  to  bid  for  him,  it  is  a 
fraud  on  the  real  bidder,  and  the  highest  bidder  cannot  be  compelled  to  complete  his  contract. 
— (6.  T.  Rep,  p.  642.)  But  it  would  seem  as  if  the  mere  employment  of  puffers  under 
any  circumstances  were  now  held  to  be  illegal.  "  The  inclination  of  the  courts  at  the  present 
time  is,  that  a  sale  by  auction  should  be  conducted  in  the  most  open  and  public  manner 
possible ;  that  there  should  be  no  reserve  on  the  part  of  the  seller,  and  no  collusion  on  the 
part  of  the  buyers.  Puffing  is  illegal,  according  to  a  late  case,  even  though  there  be  only 
one  puffer ;  and  it  was  then  decided  that  the  recognised  practice  at  auctions  of  employing 
such  persons  to  bid  upon  the  sale  of  horses  could  not  be  sustained." — (  Woolryeh  on  Comi- 
menial  Law,  p.  262.) 

A  party  bidding  at  an  auction  may  retract  his  offer  at  any  time  before  the  hammer  is 
down.  Another  clearly  established  principle  is,  that  verbal  detlsrations  by  an  auctioneer 
are  not  to  bo  suffered  to  control  the  printed  conditions  of  sale ;  and  ,.iese,  when  pasted  up 
under  the  box  of  the  auctioneer,  are  held  to  be  sufficiently  notified  to  purchasers. 

Auctioneers,  like  all  other  agents,  should  carefully  observe  their  instructions.  Should 
those  who  employ  them  sustain  any  damage  through  their  carelessncxs  or  inattention,  they 
will  be  re.spoiisible.    They  must  also  answer  for  the  consequences,  if  they  sell  the  pioperty 


Account  of  the  Pr 


Tear  ended  5th  ( 


Year  ended  ."ith 
Excise  Offic 


AVERAGE. 


65 


intnute  1  to  their  care  for  lew  than  the  price  set  upon  it  by  the  owners,  or  in  a  way  contrary 
to  order. 

An  auctioneer  who  has  duly  paid  the  licence  duty  is  not  liable,  in  the  city  of  London,  to 
the  penalties  for  acting  as  a  broker  without  being  admitted  agreeably  to  the  6  Anne,  c.  16. 

The  establishment  of  mock  auctions  is  said  to  be  a  common  practice  among  swindlers  in 
London.  Persons  are  frequently  placed  at  the  doors  of  such  auctions,  denominated  barkers, 
to  invite  strangers  to  come  in ;  and  puffers  are  in  wait  to  bid  up  the  article  much  beyond  its 
value.  A  stranger  making  an  offer  at  such  an  auction  is  almost  sure  to  have  the  article 
knocked  down  to  him.  Plated  goods  are  often  disposed  of  at  these  auctions ;  but  it  is  almost 
needless  to  add,  that  they  are  of  very  inferior  quality.  Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made 
to  suppress  mock  auctions,  but  hitherto  without  much  success. 

We  subjoin 

An  account  of  the  Number  of  Auction  Licenses  granted  Oom  the  5th  of  January,  1810,  with  the 
Amount  of  Duty  received  on  Sales  by  Auction  ;  distinguishing  each  Year,  and  gpei^ifying  tliose 
wlio  havB  tiil«en  out  such  Licenses  for  Town,  Country,  and  Town  and  Country,  down  to  1831.— 
(Pari.  Paper,  No.  138.  Srsb.  1831.) 


yean  ended 
Slhof  JanUAry. 

Number  of 
Auction  LiceoKt. 

Amnunt  of  Duty  reeelnd  on  Salet 
by  Auction. 

Number  of  Liceoset  taken  out. 

For  Town. 

For  Country. 

For  Town  and 
Country. 

1820 
1821 
1823 
1623 
1824 
1825 
1820 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 

2,557 
2,770 
2,939 
2,897 
2,039 
8,941 
2,910 
2,981 
3,119 
2,973 
3,043 
2,467 

£         a.      d. 
256,934    16      9 
225,630      5      9 
202,317     18      2i 
206,323      8      1 
223,8.15      4      9 
279,264      1      9| 
308,591     12      71 
223,061       9    11 
850,239    10      3 
235,447     18    10^ 
223,258     11      4t 
203,000     17      0 

827 
338 
309 
343 
334 
338 
357 
607 

"TTll 

8,124 

2,323 
2,523 
2,433 
2,493 
2,496 
2,437 
3,325 
2,577 
2,422 
2,519 
2,478 

106 
109 
107 
121 
113 
107 
116 
49 
643 
5.50 
524 
489 

Account  of  the  Produce  of  the  Auction  Duties,  in  each  of  the  Three  Years,  ending  the  5th  of  Janu- 
ary 1833,  distinguigiiing  the  Amount  paid  under  separate  Huuds. 


England       _       -       -       . 
Scotland       -       -       -       _ 
Ireland         .       .       -       - 

Year  ended  5th  of  January,  1831. 

Amount  of  Auction  Duties  on  the  Sale  of 

Total  FrDduo& 

Eitale>,Houni, 

Aunuillc*, 
Shi|»,Plale, 
Jewell,  au:. 

HouHbold  Furni- 
ture, Hones, 

Carrtaxes,  and  aU 
other  Gonde 
and  Chattels, 

3heep^  Wool. 

Foreitn 
Produce  (First 
Sale  thereof.) 

£     t.    d. 

72,348  19    6 

7,150    6    7 

1,952  13    5 

£      1.  .1 

138,184  13    I 

12,387  11    3 

9,004  Ifi    8 

£  e.   d. 

11  14    9 
0  19    9 
0    6    9 

£     s.   d. 

2,865  13    4 

85  10  11 

£       «.  d. 

203,411     0    6 

19.624    8    6 

10,957  18  10 

81,451  19    6 

149,577    3    0 

13    1    3 

3,951    4    3 

233,993     8    0 

England       .       -       -       - 
Scotland       .       -       -       - 
Irelant^         .... 

Year  ended  5th  of  January,  1832. 

76,164    3    0 
4,863    9    7 
1,616    8    5 

122,088    8  11 
12,014  11    3 

8,847    2    7 

25  10  11 
0  16    9 
0    7    3 

3,857    3    8 

69    7    3 

1    7    5 

201,135    6    6 
16,918    4    9 
10,465    5    8 

83,644    1    0 

142,950    2    9 

26  14  11 

3,937  18    3 

328,548  16  11 

England       -       .       -       . 
Scotland      .... 
Ireland         .... 

Year  ended  JSth  of  January,  1833. 

79,218    9    8 
5,436  13    8 
2,213    5    5 

126,126  15    2 
12,291    3    7 
8,180    5    4 

15  10    6 
1    3    2 

3,694  13    8 

136    0    2 

0  13    2 

208.035    9    0 
17,867  19    7 
10,394    3  11 

86,898    8    0 

146,601    4    1 

16  12    8 

2,831    7    0 

236,317  12    6 

Excise  Office,  London,  5th  of  August,  1833. 

[Sales  at  public  auction,  in  the  United  States,  are  restricted  in  various  ways.  In  some  of 
the  states,  a  limited  number  only  of  auctioneers  is  appointed  by  the  government ;  while  in 
others,  every  person  who  undertakes  to  act  as  an  auctioneer  is  obliged  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
into  the  public  treasury  for  a  license  to  entitle  him  to  do  so. — Am.  Ed.] 

AVERAGE,  a  term  used  in  commerce  and  navigation  to  signify  a  contribution  made  by 
the  individuals,  when  they  happen  to  be  more  than  one,  to  whom  a  ship,  or  the  goods  on 
board  it,  belong,  or  by  whom  it  or  they  are  insured ;  in  order  that  no  particular  individual 
or  individuals  amongst  them,  who  may  have  been  forced  to  make  a  sacrifice  for  the  preserv- 
ation of  the  ship  or  cargo,  or  both,  should  lose  more  than  others.  "  Thus,"  says  Mr.  Ser 
jeant  Marshall, "  where  the  goods  of  a  particular  merchant  are  thrown  overboardi  in  a  storm 
to  save  the  ship  from  sinking ;  or  where  the  masts,  cables,  anchors,  or  other  furniture  of  the 
ship,  are  cut  away  or  destroyed  for  the  preservation  of  the  whole ;  or  money  or  goods  arc 


!J 


tl     i 


n 


:J1)' 


i 


'  f 


'I 


?    « 


f 


Mf 


AVERAGE. 


given  u  a  componiUon  to  pirates  to  nve  the  rest ;  or  an  expense  is  incurred  in  renluiming 
Uie  ship,  or  defending  a  suit  in  a  foreign  court  of  admiralty,  and  obtaining  liur  discharge 
tVom  an  unjust  capture  or  detention ;  in  those  and  the  like  cases,  where  any  sacriflce  is  de- 
liberately and  voluntarily  made,  or  any  expense  fairly  and  bonAfide  incurred,  to  prevent  a 
total  loss,  such  sacriAce  or  expense  is  the  proper  subject  of  a  general  contribution,  and  ought 
to  be  rateably  borne  by  the  owners  of  the  ship,  freight,  and  cargo,  so  that  the  loss  may  fall 
equally  on  all,  according  to  the  equitable  maxim  of  the  civil  law — no  one  ought  to  be  en- 
riched by  another's  loss :  Nemo  debet  heupklari  alienA  jaeturd." 

Upon  this  fair  principle  is  founded  the  doctrine  of  average  contributions ;  regulations  with 
respect  to  which  having  been  embodied  in  the  Uhodion  law,  were  thence  adopted  into  the 
Roman  law;  and  form  a  prominent  part  of  nil  modem  systems  of  maritiinn  jurisprudonro. 
The  rule  of  tlie  Rho<lian  law  is,  that  "  if,  for  the  sake  of  lightening  a  ship  in  danger  at  sco, 
goods  be  thrown  overboard,  the  loss  incurred  for  the  sako  of  all,  shall  bo  made  good  by  a 
general  contribution." — (Dig.  \ib.  14.  tit.  8.  §  I.;  Schon^ierg  on  the  Maritime  Laws  of 
Modes,  p.  ec  ) 

Formerly  it  was  a  common  practice  to  ransom  British  ships  when  captured  by  an  enemy, 
the  ransom  being  made  good  by  general  average.  But  this  practice  liaving  been  deemed 
disadvantageous,  it  was  abolished  by  statute  2'i  Geo.  3.  c.  25.,  which  declares, "  That  all 
contracts  and  agreements  which  shall  be  entered  into,  and  all  bills,  notes,  and  other  securi- 
ties, which  shall  be  given  by  any  person  or  persons,  for  ransom  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  mor- 
chandiso,  or  goods,  captured  by  the  subjects  of  any  state  at  war  with  his  Majesty,  or  by  any 
person  committing  hostilities  against  his  MnjcHty's  subjects,  shall  Iw  absolutely  void  in  law, 
and  of  no  etTuct  whatever ;"  and  a  penalty  of  600/.  is  given  to  the  informer,  for  every  ofTcnco 
against  tliis  act 

Average  is  either  general  or partictilar ;  that  is,  it  either  iffccts  all  who  have  any  interest 
in  the  ship  and  cargo,  or  only  some  of  them.  The  contributions  levied  in  the  cases  men- 
tioned above,  come  under  tho  first  class.  But  when  losses  occur  from  ordinary  wear  and 
tear,  or  from  the  perils  naturally  incident  to  a  voyage,  without  being  voluntarili/  encoun- 
tered, such  as  the  accidental  springing  of  masts,  the  loss  of  anchors,  ice,  or  when  any  pecu- 
liar sacrifice  is  made  fbr  the  sake  of  the  ship  onlu,  or  of  the  cargo  only,  these  losses,  or  this 
■acrifice,  must  be  borne  by  the  parties  not  immediately  interested,  and  are  consequently  do- 
frayed  by  a  particular  average. 

There  are  also  some  small  charges  called  pethf  or  aecttstomed  averages ;  it  is  usual  to 
charge  one  third  of  them  to  tlie  ship  and  two  thirds  to  the  cargo. 

No  general  average  ever  takes  place,  except  it  can  bo  shown  that  the  danger  was  immi- 
nent, and  that  the  sacrifice  mode  was  indispensable,  or  supposed  to  be  indispensable,  bi/  the 
captain  and  officers,  fur  the  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Tho  captain,  on  coming  on 
shore,  should  immediately  make  his  protests ;  and  he,  with  some  of  the  crew,  should  make 
oath  that  the  goods  were  thn>wn  overboard,  masts  or  anchors  cut  away,  money  paid,  or  other 
loss  sustained,  for  the  preservation  of  tho  ship  and  goods,  and  of  the  hv(;s  of  those  on  board, 
and  for  no  other  purpose.  The  average,  if  not  settled  Iwforo,  should  then  bo  adjusted,  and  it 
should  be  paid  before  the  cargo  is  landed ;  for  tlio  owners  of  the  bhip  hiive  a  lien  on  tho 
goods  on  board,  not  only  for  tlie  freight,  but  also  to  answer  aU  averages  and  amtributiona 
that  may  be  due.  But  though  the  captain  should  neglect  his  duty  in  this  respect,  tho  suf- 
ferer would  not  be  witliout  a  remedy,  but  might  bring  an  action  either  against  turn  or  tho 
owners. 

Tho  laws  of  difTerent  states,  and  the  opinions  of  the  ablest  jurists,  vary  as  to  whether  the 
loss  incurred  in  defending  a  ship  against  an  enemy  or  pirate,  and  in  the  treatment  of  the 
wounded  officera  and  men,  should  lie  made  good  by  general  or  particular  aviirugu.  Tlio 
Onlinance  of  the  Hanse  Towns  (art.  36.),  tho  Ordinance  of  1681  (liv.  iii.  tit.  7.  §  6.),  and 
the  Code  de  Commerce  (art,  400.  §  6.),  explicitly  declare  that  the  ehurges  on  account  of 
medicine,  and  for  attendance  upon  the  otticers  and  seamen  wounded  m  defending  the  8hii>, 
shall  l>e  general  average.  A  regulation  of  this  sort  seems  to  be  founded  on  reason.  But 
other  codes  are  silent  on  the  sulijcct;  and  though  the  contrary  opinion  had  been  advanced 
by  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall,  and  by  Mr.  Justice  Park  in  ttio  earlier  editions  of  this  work,  tho 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  has  unanimously  decided,  that  in  England  neither  the  daraa<;e 
done  to  a  ship,  nor  the  ammunition  expended,  nor  the  expense  of  healing  sailors  wounded 
in  an  action  with  an  enemy  or  pirate,  is  a  subject  of  general  average. — {Abbot  on  the  Law 
of  Shipping,  part  iii.  cap.  8.) 

Much  doubt  has  been  entertained,  whether  expenses  incurred  by  a  ship  in  an  intermediate 

Etrt  in  which  she  has  taken  refuge,  should  be  general  average,  or  fall  only  on  the  ship, 
ut  on  principle,  at  least,  it  is  clear,  that  if  the  retreat  of  the  ship  to  port  bo  made  in  order 
to  obviate  Uie  danger  of  foundering,  or  some  other  great  and  inuninent  calamity,  the  ex 
penses  incurred  in  entering  it,  and  during  the  time  she  is  forced  by  stress  of  weather,  or 
adverse  winds,  to  continue  in  it,  ought  to  belong  to  general  average.  But  if  tlte  retreat  of 
the  ship  to  port  be  made  in  order  to  repair  an  injury  occasioned  by  the  unskilfidiiess  of  tho 
master,  or  in  conseijucnce  of  any  defect  in  her  outfit,  such,  for  example,  as  deficiencies  of 


I  incurred  in  c 


AVERAGE. 


m 


water,  proviBioni,  sailn,  &c.,  with  which  iihe  onght  to  have  been  rafficiently  rapplied  before 
wtlinx  out,  the  expeniics  should  hW  wholly  on  the  ownera. 

When  a  ship  (aappoiod  to  be  lemoorthy)  n  forced  to  take  refiige  in  an  inteimediate  port, 
hccauDO  of  a  losa  ocraiiionod  by  a  peril  of  the  aca,  aa  the  apringing  of  a  maat,  &c.,  then,  aa 
the  accident  is  not  agcrihable  to  any  fault  of  the  maater  or  owheni,  and  the  retreat  to  port  ia 
in(]iBp«ngal)Io  for  the  aafoty  of  the  ship  and  cargo,  it  would  aecm  that  any  extraordiruary  a> 
pewit  incurred  in  entering  it  ahould  bo  made  good  by  general  average. 

Suppomng,  however,  that  it  could  be  shown,  that  the  ship  was  not,  at  her  outset,  sea- 
worthy, or  in  a  condition  to  withstand  the  perils  of  the  sea ;  that  the  mast,  for  example, 
which  has  sprung,  had  been  previously  damaged ;  or  supponing  that  the  mischief  had  been 
occanioned  by  tho  incapacity  of  the  master;  the  whole  blame  would,  in  such  a  case,  be 
agcrilialilo  to  the  owners,  who  betides  defraying  every  expense,  should  be  liable  in  damagee 
to  the  freightera  for  the  dola^  that  would  necessarily  take  place  in  completing  the  voyage, 
and  for  whatever  damage  might  be  done  to  the  cargo. 

These,  however,  are  merely  the  conclusions  to  which,  as  it  appears  to  us,  those  must 
coine  who  look  only  to  principles.  Tho  law  with  respect  to  the  points  referred  to,  diJers 
in  dilTcrcnt  countries,  and  has  differed  in  this  countnr  at  diflbrent  periods,  "  A  doubt,"  says 
Lonl  Tcnterden,  "  was  formerly  entertained  as  to  the  expenses  of  a  ship  in  a  port  in  which 
•ho  had  taken  refuge  to  repair  the  damage  occasioned  by  a  tempest ;  but  this  has  been  re* 
moved  by  late  decisions.  And  it  has  been  held,  that  the  wages  and  provisions  of  the  crew 
during  such  a  period  must  fall  upon  the  ship  alono.  But  if  a  ship  should  necessarily  go  into 
an  intermediate  port  for  tho  pur{)08e  only  of  repairing  such  a  damage  as  is  in  itself  a  proper 
olijcct  of  general  contriliution,  possibly  the  wages,  &c.  during  the  period  of  such  detention, 
may  also  be  held  to  be  general  average,  on  the  ground  that  the  accessory  should  follow  the 
nature  of  its  principal."— (Lau>  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  cap.  8.) 

Perhaps  the  reader  who  reflects  on  the  vagueness  of  this  passage  will  bo  disposed  to  con« 
cur  with  Lord  Tentorden's  remark  in  another  part  of  the  same  chapter,  «  That  the  deterrai* 
nations  of  the  English  courts  of  justice  furnish  less  of  authority  on  this  subject  (average)  than 
on  any  other  branch  of  maritime  law." 

Tho  question,  whether  the  repairs  which  a  ship  undergoes  that  ia  forced  to  put  into  an 
intermediate  port  ought  to  lie  general  or  particular  average,  has  occasioned  a  great  diversity 
of  opinion ;  but  the  principles  that  ought  to  regulate  our  decision  with  respect  to  it  seem 
pretty  obvidus.  Injuries  voluntarily  done  to  tho  ship,  as  cutting  away  masts,  yards,  &c.  to 
avert  some  impending  danger,  are  universally  admitted  to  be  general  average.  It  seems, 
however,  hardly  less  clear,  and  is,  indeed,  expressly  laid  down  by  all  the  great  authorities, 
that  injuries  done  to  the  ship  by  tho  violence  of  the  winds  or  the  waves  should  be  particular 
average,  or  should  fall  wholly  on  the  owners.  The  ship,  to  use  the  admirable  illustration  of 
tliio  principle  given  in  the  civil  law,  is  like  the  tool  or  instrument  of  a  workman  in  his  trade. 
If  in  doing  his  work  ho  break  his  hammer,  his  anvil,  or  any  other  instrument,  he  can  claim 
no  satiHfaction  for  this  from  his  employer— (/>2^.  lib.  xiv.  tit.  2.  §  %,)  The  ownera  are 
bound,  buth  by  the  usual  conditions  in  all  charterparties,  and  at  common  law,  to  carry  the 
cargo  to  its  destination ;  and  they  must  consequently  be  bound,  in  the  event  of  the  ship  sus- 
taining any  accidental  or  natural  damage  during  the  voyage,  either  to  repair  that  damage  at 
their  own  expense,  or  to  provide  another  vessel  to  forward  the  goods.  In  point  of  fact,  too, 
Buch  subsidiary  ships  have  oflen  been  provided ;  but  it  has  never  been  pretended  that  their 
hire  was  a  subject  of  general  average,  though  it  is  plain  it  has  quite  as  good  a  right  to  bo  so 
considered  as  the  cost  of  repairing  the  damage  done  to  the  ship  by  a  peril  of  the  sea.  Hence, 
when  a  ship  puts  into  an  intermediate  port  for  the  common  safety,  the  charges  incurred  in 
entering  the  port,  and  down  to  the  earliest  time  that  the  wind  and  weather  become  favoura- 
ble for  leaving  it,  ought  to  bo  general  average ;  but  the  repair  of  any  damage  she  may  have 
miutainod  by  wear  and  tear,  or  by  the  mere  violence  of  the  storm,  or  an  accidental  peril,  and 
the  wages  of  tho  crew,  and  other  expences  incurred  aflcr  the  weather  has  moderated,  should 
fall  wholly  on  the  owners. 

It  has  iHsen,  however,  within  these  few  years,  decided,  in  the  case  of  a  British  ship  that 
had  lieen  obliged  to  put  into  port  in  consequence  of  an  injury  resulting  from  her  accidentally 
coming  into  collision  with  another,  that  so  much  of  the  repair  she  then  underwent  as  waa 
absolutely  necessary  to  enable  her  to  perform  her  voyage  should  be  general  average.  The 
Judges,  however,  spoke  rather  doubtfully  on  the  subject ;  and  it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to 
dlw-over  any  good  grounds  for  the  judgment. — (Plummer  and  Another  v.  Wildman,  3  jlf.  <^ 
iS'.  483.) — It  seems  directly  opposed  to  all  principle,  as  well  as  to  the  authority  of  the  laws 
ofRhotles  {Dig.  14.  tit  2.),  of  Oleron  (art.  9.),  of  Wisby  (art  12.),  and  to  the  common 
law  with  respect  to  freight  Lord  Tenterden  has  expressed  himsen  as  if  he  were  hostile  to 
the  judgment  It  is,  indeed,  at  variance  with  all  the  doctrines  ho  lays  down  ;  and  the  terms 
in  which  he  alludes  to  it,  "  yet  in  one  case'''  appear  to  hold  it  forth  as  an  exception  (which  it 
certainly  is)  to  the  course  of  decisions  on  the  subject 

It  is  now  usual  in  this  country,  when  a  vessel  puta  into  port  on  account  of  a  damage 
belonging  to  particular  average,  which  requires  to  be  repaired  before  slio  can  safely  proceed 

8 


'')  . 


,V"   ^ 


t:;'  ;  ^  V 


H. 


II,      ';((! 


If' 


6»^ 


AVERAGE. 


on  her  ToytKO,  to  allow  in  gonoro!  average  the  expense  of  entering  the  port  and  unloading, 
to  charge  the  ownora  of  the  gooda,  or  their  underwriters  with  tlie  wurchouio  rent  and 
expense*  attending  the  cargo,  and  to  throw  the  expense  of  reloading  and  departure  on  the 
freight. 

According  to  the  law  of  England,  when  a  ship  is  injured  by  coming  into  collision  with 
or  running  foul  of  another,  if  the  misfortune  has  \\een  accidental,  and  no  blame  can  be 
ascribed  to  cither  party,  the  owners  of  tiie  damaged  ship  have  to  bear  the  loss ;  but  where 
Mamo  can  be  fairly  imputed  to  ona  of  the  parties,  it,  of  course,  falls  upon  him  to  make  (^ood 
the  damage  done  to  the  otlier.  The  regulations  in  the  Code  de  Commerce  (art.  407.) 
harmonise,  in  this  respect,  willi  our  own.  According,  however,  to  the  laws  of  Olcron  and 
Wiflby,  and  the  famous  French  ordinance  of  1681,  the  damage  occasioned  by  an  accidental 
collision  is  to  be  defrayed  equally  by  both  parlies. 

The  ship  and  freight,  and  every  thing  on  board,  even  jewels,  plate,  and  money,  except 
wearing  iipparol,  contribute  to  general  average.  But  the  wages  of  seamen  do  not  contribute; 
because,  had  they  been  laid  under  this  obligation,  they  might  have  been  tempted  to  oppose  a 
socriiico  necessary  for  the  general  safety. 

DilTerent  states  have  adopted  ditferent  modes  of  valuing  tlie  articles  which  are  to  contri- 
bute to  on  average.  In  this  respect  the  law  of  England  has  varied  considerably  at  diireroiit 
periods.  At  present,  however,  the  ship  is  valued  at  the  price  she  is  worth  on  her  arrival  at 
the  port  of  delivery.  The  value  of  the  freight  is  held  to  be  the  clear  sum  which  the  ship  has 
earned  after  seamen's  wages,  pilotage,  and  all  such  other  charges  as  come  under  the  name 
of  petty  averages,  are  d«Kluctcd.  It  is  now  the  settled  practice  to  value  the  goods  lost,  as  well 
as  those  saved,  at  the  price  they  would  have  fetched  in  ready  money,  at  tlie  port  of  delivery, 
on  the  ship's  arrival  tliere,  freight,  duties,  and  other  charges,  l)eing  deducted.  Each  person  g 
share  of  tlie  loss  will  b<!ar  the  same  proportion  to  the  value  of  his  property,  tliat  the  whole 
loss  bears  to  the  aggregate  value  of  the  ship,  freight,  and  cargo.  The  necessity  of  taking 
the  goods  lost  into  this  account  is  obvious ;  for  otherwise  their  owner  would  be  the  only 
person  who  would  not  be  a  loser. 

When  the  loss  of  masts,  cables,  and  other  furniture  of  the  ship,  is  compensated  by  general 
average,  it  is  usual,  as  tlie  new  articles  will  in  all  ordinary  coses  be  of  greater  value  than 
those  that  have  been  lost,  to  deduct  one  third  from  the  value  of  the  former,  leaving  two 
thirds  only  to  be  contributed. 

But  the  mode  of  adjusting  an  average  will  be  better  understood  by  the  following  example, 
extracted  from  Chief  Justice  Tenterden's  valuable  work  on  the  Laut  of  Shipping,  p&niii. 


cap.  8. 


"The  reader  will  suppose  that  it  became  necessary,  in  the  Downs,  to  cut  the  cable  of  a 
ship  destined  for  Hull ;  that  the  ship  afterwards  struck  upon  the  Goodwin,  which  compelled 
the  master  to  cut  away  his  mast,  and  cast  overboard  part  of  the  cargo,  in  which  operation 
another  part  was  injured ;  and  that  the  ship,  being  cleared  from  the  sands,  was  forced  to 
take  refuge  in  Ramsgate  harbour,  to  avoid  the  further  uflects  of  the  storm. 


AMOUNT  or  LOBSBS. 


VALVB  or  ARTICLES  TO  CONTRIBUTK. 


GondH  of  A.  cast  overbnnrd      -       .       . 
Damage  nf  the  goods  of  B.  by  the  jettison 
Freight  of  the  goods  cast  overboard 
Price   of  a  new  cable,  anclior,  and") 

mast fSOOS. 

Deduct  one  third  •  ■  -  100) 
Expense  of  bringing  tlie  ship  off  the  sands 
Pilotnge  and  port  duties  going  into  the 
harbour  nnd  out,  nnd  commiasionto  the 
agent  who  made  the  disbursements 
Expeniea  there  .  .  .  -  . 
Adjusting  this  average  .  .  -  . 
Postage     .---.-- 

Total  of  losses 


£ 
500 
300 
100 

300 

SO 


100 

25 

4 

1 


£ 
Roods  of  A.  cast  overboard      -       -       -       800 
Sound  vniiie  of  the  goods  of  R.,  deduct- 
ing freight  and  charges         ...     i,ooo 
Goods  of  C.       ---.--500 

ofD. 8,000 

of  E.       -        -       ...        -     6,000 

Value  of  the  ship 2,000 

Clear  freight,  deducting  wages,  victuals, 
&c.         -       -       ...       -       -       800 


*1,IS0 


Total  of  contributory  values 


£11,800 


Then,  Il,e00<.  :  1,1801.  :  :  100/.  :  10{. 
"That  is,  each  person  will  lose  10  per  cent,  upon  the  value  of  his  interest  in  the  cargo,  ship,  nt 
freight.  Therefore,  A.  loses  50/.,  B.  100/.,  C.  50/.,  D.  300/.,  E.  500/.,  the  owners  380/. ;  in  all,  l.lSfl/. 
Upon  this  calculation,  the  owners  are  to  lose  380i. ;  but  they  are  to  receive  from  the  contribution  380(. 
to  make  good  their  disbursements,  and  100/.  more  for  tlie  freight  of  the  goods  thrown  overboard ;  ur 
480/.,  minus  360/. 

They,  therefore,  are  actually  to  receive     ----.--.. 

A.  is  to  contribute  50/.,  but  has  lost  500/. ;  therefore  A.  is  to  receive 

B.  is  to  contribute  100/.,  but  has  lost  300J. ;  therefore  B.  is  to  receive 

Total  to  be  actually  received 


On  the  other  hand,  C,  D.,  and  E.  have  lost  nothing,  and  are  to  pay  as  before  ;  viz 


£300 
4.10 
100 

£750 

le  50 
300 
500 

£7!H) 


Total  to  be  actually  paid 

which  is  exactly  equal  lo  the  total  to  bs  actually  received,  and  must  be  paid  by  and  to  each  person  in 
rateable  proportion. 


life-' 


.M  AVERAGE.       \t 


Sir 


M  In  the  above  Mtimato  of  loiaes,  I  have  included  the  Ircight  of  the  goods  thrown  overboard, 
ffhich  appears  to  be  proper,  as  the  freight  of  the  goods  is  to  be  paid,  and  thnir  supposed 
value  is  tolien  clear  of  freight,  as  well  as  other  charges.  In  this  country,  where  the  practice 
of  insurance  is  very  general,  it  is  psual  for  the  broker,  who  has  procured  the  policy  of  insu* 
ranee,  to  draw  up  an  adjustment  of  the  average  which  is  commonly  paid  in  the  first  instance 
by  tlie  insurers  without  dispute.  In  case  of  dispute,  the  contribution  may  be  recovered 
cithiT  by  a  suit  in  equity,  or  by  an  action  at  law,  instituted  by  each  individual  entitled  to 
receive,  against  each  party  that  ought  to  pay,  for  the  amount  of  his  share.  And  in  the  case 
of  a  general  ship,  where  there  arc  many  consignees,  it  is  usual  for  the  master,  before  he  delivers 
the  goods,  V>  take  a  bond  from  the  ditlbrent  merchants  for  payment  of  tlieir  portions  of  tho 
average  when  tho  same  shall  be  adjusted." 

The  subject  of  average  does  not  necessarily  make  a  part  of  the  law  of  insurance ;  though 
If)  insurers,  from  the  terms  of  most  policies,  arc  liable  to  indemnify  the  inKurcd  against  those 
contributions  which  are  properly  dunouiitiated  ffeneral  average,  its  consideration  very  fre- 
quently occurs  m  questions  as  to  partial  losses.  But  in  order  to  confine  assurances  to  that 
which  should  be  tlinir  only  object,  namely,  on  indemnity  against  real  and  important  loHse*. 
ariiiing  from  a  peril  of  the  sea,  ns  well  as  to  obviate  disputes  reB|)ccling  losses  arising  from 
the  perishable  quality  of  thn  goods  insured,  and  all  trivial  subjects  of  diiference  and  litiga- 
tion, it  seems  to  be  the  general  law  of  all  maritime  states,  and  is  expressly,  indeed,  provided 
by  the  famous  Ordinance  cf  1681  (see  liv.  iii.  tit.  6.  §  47.,  and  the  elaborate  commentary  of 
M.  Vnlin),  that  the  iiuurer  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  demand  on  account  of  average,  unleHS 
it  exceed  one  per  cent.  An  article  (No.  408.)  to  the  same  effect  is  inserted  in  the  Code  de 
Commerce  ,•  and,  by  stipulation,  this  limitation  is  frequently  extended  in  French  policies  to 
three  or  four  per  cent.  A  similar  practice  was  adopted  in  tliis  country  in  1749.  It  is  now 
constantly  stipulated  in  all  policies,  that  upon  certain  enumerated  articles  of  a  quality  pecu- 
liarly perisluililc,  the  insurer  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  partial  loss  whatever ;  that  upon  cer- 
tain others  liable  to  partial  injuries,  but  less  dilRcult  to  be  preserved  at  sea,  he  shall  only  be 
liable  for  partial  losses  above  jive  per  cent. ;  and  that  as  to  all  other  goods,  and  also  the  ship 
and  freight,  he  shall  only  be  liable  for  partial  losses  above  three  per  cent.  This  stipulation 
is  made  by  a  memorandum  inserted  at  the  bottom  of  all  policies  done  at  Lloyd's  of  the  fol- 
lowing tenour ; — "  N.  B.  Corn,  fish,  salt,  fruit,  flour,  and  seeds,  are  warranted  free  from 
average,  unless  general,  or  the  ship  be  stranded  ;  sugar,  tobacco,  hemp,  flax,  hides,  and  skins, 
are  warranted  free  from  average  under  5/.  per  cent. ;  and  all  other  goods  free  from  average 
under  3/.  per  cent,  unless  general,  or  the  ship  be  stranded." 

The  form  of  this  memorandum  was  universally  used,  as  well  by  the  Royal  Exchange  and 
London  Assurance  Companies  as  by  private  underwriters,  till  i  754,  when  it  was  decided 
that  a  ship  having  run  aground,  was  a  ctranded  ship  within  the  meaning  of  the  memoran- 
dum ;  and  that  although  she  got  oiT  again,  the  underwriters  were  liable  to  the  average  or 
partial  loss  upon  damaged  corn.  This  decision  induced  the  two  Companies  to  strike  the 
words  "  or  the  ship  he  stranded"  out  of  the  memorandum  ;  so  that  now  they  consider  them- 
iflves  Uable  to  no  losses  which  can  happen  to  such  commodities,  except  general  averages  and 
total  losses.     The  old  form  is  still  retained  by  tlie  private  underwriters. — (See  STRANniRo.) 

The  reader  is  referred,  for  the  furtlier  discussion  of  this  important  subject,  to  the  article 
Marink  Insurance  ;  and  to  Mr.  Stevens's  Essay  on  Average  ,•  Abbott  on  the  Law  of 
Shipping,  part  iii.  cap.  8. ;  Marshall  on  Insurance,  book  i.  cap.  1 2.  s.  7. ;  Park  on  InsuP' 
ntue,  cap.  7. ;  and  Mr,  Beneke's  elaborate  and  able  work  on  the  Principles  of  Indemnity  in 
Marine  Insurance. 

[On  this  very  perplexed  subject  of  average,  see  also  Kenfs  Commentary  on  American 
Law,  Lecture  47. — Am.  Ed.] 

AVOIRDUPOIS,  a  weight  used  in  determining  the  gravity  of  bulky  commodities. — See 
Weights  AND  Meisdres.  .    ,, 


^^ 


J    I  I 


t ,  M 


f\\ 


,4i? 


B. 


BACON  (Gor.  Speck  ,•  Du.  i^eA;  ,•  Fr.  Lard ,-  It  Span,  and  Port.  Lardo ;  Rus.  Solo  ,• 
Lat.  Lardtim)  is  mode  from  the  sides  and  belly  of  the  pig,  which  are  first  thoroughly 
impregnated  with  salt;  then  suffered  to  remain  for  a  certain  period  in  brine ;  and,  lastly, 
dried  and  smoked,  ^'he  counties  of  England  most  celebrated  for  bacon  are  York,  Hants, 
Berks,  and  Wilts.  Ireland  produces  great  quantities  of  bacon  ;  but  it  is  neither  so  clean 
M,  nor  so  well  cured  as  the  English,  and  is  much  lower  priced.  Of  the  Scotch  counties, 
Dumfries,  Wigton,  and  Kirkcudbright  are  celebrated  for  the  excellence  of  their  bacon  and 
hams,  of  which  they  now  export  large  quantities,  principally  to  the  Liverpool  and  London 
markets. 

The  imports  of  bacon  and  hama  from  Ireland  have  increased  raiddly  of  la^e  years.    The 


w 

M 


BAGGAGE,  BAHIA. 


n 


average  quantity  imported  during  the  three  yearv  ending  the  25th  of  March,  1800,  only 
amounted  to  41,968  cwt;  whereas  during  the  three  years  ending  with  1820,  the  average 
imports  amounted  to  204,380  cwt ;  and  during  the  three  years  ending  with  1825,  they  had 
increased  to  338,218  cwt  In  1839,  the  trade  between  Ireland  and  Great  Britain  «u 
placed  on  the  footing  of  a  coasting  trade ;  and  bacon  and  hams  are  imported  and  exported 
without  any  specific  entry  at  the  Custom-liouse.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  imports  of 
these  articles  into  Great  Britain  from  Ireland  amount,  at  present,  to  little  less  than  500,000 
cwt  a  year.  The  quantity  of  bacon  and  hams  exported  from  Ireland  to  foreign  countriei 
is  inconsiderable ;  not  exceeding  1,600  or  S.OOO  cwt  a  year. 

The  duty  on  bacon,  being  28«.  the  cwt  is  in  effect  prohibitory.  The  duty  on  hams  it 
the  same  as  on  bacon.  By  the  7  Geo.  4  c.  48.  bacon  is  not  to  be  entered  to  be  warehoiued 
except  for  exportation  only;  and  if  it  be  so  warehoused,  it  cannot  be  taken  out  for  home 
use. 

BAGGAGE,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  wearing  apparel  and  other  articles  destined 
for  the  sole  use  or  accommodation  of  the  crews  and  passengers  of  ships.  The  following  an 
the  Custom-house  regulations  with  respect  to  baggage : — 

Baggage  and  apparel  accompanied  bjr  the  proprietor,  worn  and  in  uie  (not  made  up  for  the  purpoH 
of  being  introduced  Into  thii  country),  exempted  from  all  duty  on  importation. 

Articles  in  baggage  subject  to  dutv  or  prohibited  may  be  left  in  custody  of  the  officers  of  customi 
for  a  period  of  sll  months,  to  give  the  party  an  opportunity  of  paying  the  duty  or  taking  them  back. 
—(Cuttovu  Order,  August  6.  1822.) 

If  UDaccompanied  by  proprietor,  proof  must  be  made  by  the  party  that  it  is  as  aforesaid,  and  not 
Imported  as  merchandise,  otherwise  it  is  subject  to  a  duty  of  20  per  cent. 

If  not  cleared  at  the  expiration  of  six  months  from  the  date  of  landing,  it  is  liable  to  be  sold  for 
duty  nnd  charges,  the  residue  (if  any)  to  be  paid  to  the  right  owner  on  proof  being  adduced  to  tbs 
satisfaction  of  the  honourable  Board. 

One  fowling-piece  and  one  pair  of  pistols  accompanying  the  party,  ioni  fide  in  use,  free  per  Ciu. 
toms  Order,  July  5.  HiiS. 

Spirits,  being  the  rtimains  of  passengers'  stores  may  be  admitted  to  entry.— (6  Oeo.  4.  c.  107.  }  107.) 

One  pint  of  drinkalile  spirits  of  whatever  strength,  or  half  a  pint  of  cordial  or  Cologne  water,  in 
baggage  for  private  use— free. — (7Ve<uury  Order,  October  20. 1820.) 

Carriages  of  British  manufacture,  in  use — free. — (Treasury  Order,  September  26. 1817.) 

Glass,  in  dressing  or  medicine  cases,  of  British  manufacture,  ttee  upon  proof  that  no  drawback  bai 
been  received. — (Tn-aaiiry  Order,  December  S.  1821.) — (JVyren't  Tables.) 

Enfflisk  Books  reprinted  abroad. — Not  more  than  a  single  copy  of  each  work  is  allowed  to  be  im- 
ported in  a  passenger's  baggage,  and  for  the  private  use  of  the  party  himself. — (CusUnnf  Order, 
iOth  of  June,  1830.)— Such  works  are  absolutely  prohibited  to  be  imported  as  niercbandiae.— (See 
Books.) 

Passengers  denying  having  Foreign  Oeods  in  their  Possession. — ^The  following  clause  in  the  act  3  k 
4  Will.  4.  c.  S3,  has  reference  to  this  subject : — "  If  any  passenger  or  other  person,  on  board  any  vei- 
set  or  boat,  shall,  upon  being  questioned  by  any  customs  officer,  whether  he  or  she  has  any  forelitn 
goods  upon  his  or  her  person,  or  in  his  or  her  possession,  deny  the  same,  and  any  such  goods  Bhall, 
after  such  denial,  be  discovered  upon  his  or  her  person,  or  in  bis  or  her  possession,  such  goods  shall 
be  forfeited,  and  such  person  shall  forfeit  treble  the  value  of  such  goods.''— i  37. 

BAHIA,  OR  ST.  SALVADOR,  a  large  city  (formerly  the  capital)  of  Brazil,  contiguous 
to  Gape  St  Antonio,  which  forms  the  right  or  eastern  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  noblo  bay 
of  Todos  OS  Santos,  or  All-Saints.  According  to  the  observations  of  M.  Roussln,  the  light- 
house on  the  Cape  is  in  lat  13°  0'  30"  S.,  long.  38°  30'  W.  The  opposite  side  of  the  en- 
trance to  the  bay  is  formed  by  the  island  of  Taporica,  distant  from  Cape  St  Antonio  about 
3  j  leagues.  But  a  bank  along  the  shore  of  the  island  narrows  the  passage  for  large  ships  to 
about  two  thirds  this  distance.  Another  bank  runs  8.  S.  W.  from  Cape  St  Antonio  about  I J 
league.  Within,  the  bay  expands  into  a  capacious  basin,  having  several  islands  and  har- 
bours, the  depth  of  water  varying  from  8  and  10  to  40  fathoms,  affording  ample  accommo- 
dation and  secure  anchorage  for  the  largest  fleets. 

There  is  another  entrance  to  the  bay,  partly  exhibited  in  the  following  plan,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  island  of  Taporica ;  but  it  is  narrow,  intricate,  and  at  its  mouth  has  not  more  than  6 
feet  water.  Several  rivers  have  their  embouchure  in  the  bay,  which  generally  occasions  a 
current  to  set  from  the  north  end  of  the  island  by  Cape  St  Antonio ;  when  the  rivers  are 
flooded,  this  current  is  sometimes  very  strong.  The  light-house  at  the  extremity  of  the  cape 
has  no  great  elevation,  and  cannot  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  more  than  3  or  3^  leagues.  The 
usual  place  of  anchorage  is  abreast  of  the  city,  north  and  south  of  Fort  do  Mar. 

The  city  is  partly  built  on  the  beach,  but  principally  on  pretty  high  ground  immediately 
contiguous.  The  public  buildings,  particularly  the  churches,  are  numerous,  and  some  of 
them  magnificent ;  but  the  streets  are  narrow,  ill  paved,  and  filthy.  Population,  125,000 
The  city  is  defended  by  several  ports,  but  none  of  them  are  of  very  gpreat  strength. 

The  trade  of  Bahia  is  very  considerable ;  and  will  no  doubt  continue  to  increase.  Tlie 
average  exports  amount,  at  present  to  about  45,000  chests  (13  cwt  each)  of  sugar;  35,000 
bags  (170  lbs.  each)  of  cotton ;  4,000  tons  of  coffee,  with  hides,  tobacco,  rice,  dye  and  fancy 
woods,  bullion,  &c.  The  imports  are  similar  to  those  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  to  which  the  reader 
is  referred  for  some  account  of  the  commerce  of  Brazil,  with  particulars  as  to  duties,  charges, 
&c.  There  are  several  private  building  yards  at  Tapagippe,  in  which  ships  of  all  dimensions 
ore  built ;  they  are  handsome,  well  modelled,  and  Uie  timber  very  suitable  for  the  purpose 


BALACHONG— BALANCE. 


Mtnlu,  TTiUM,  and  MtaiurM  of  Brasil  Mme  ai  thoie  of  Fortucai; 
nitrt  or  meaiure  of  corn,  rice,  ttc.  dlfferi  in  diflbient  provincea,  bein 
mt  and  in  otiinra  1  only.    At  Baliia  It  ii  eitlmated  at  1.    Wine  an 


iJ}»i»r«, 
roen« 


for  which,  M»  LisBOH.    Tha 

eitiK  in  tome  I'iU  buihel  Winch. 

d  olive  oil  pay  duty  nn  being 


hlinnrtcd  by  the  pipe,  hogihend.  or  barrel  i  they  art  retailed  by  the  ftaeco  or  ca»e  bottle  -  48  pint* 
Fnilith  wine  measure.  In  183S,  133  Britlab  ihlpa,  carrying  39,106  toni,  .lotered  Bahia.— (.^naiiair*  d» 
C»»««««  Marilimt  for  1833,  p.  S83.J  and  privalt  iiiformation.) 

Plan  —The  lubjoined  wond-cut  conveyi  a  clearer  and  better  idea  of  tbli  celebrated  bay  than  could 
IM  acquired  flrom  any  dencrlption.  It  la  copied,  wirhout  any  reduction,  flrom  a  revised  edit'on  of  a 
Portugueie  chart,  puhliithed  by  Mr.  Laurie  t  andeshiblM  the  bank*,  iounalngt,  >>.nchorage,  ttc. 


Scale  of  Nautic  Leaguea. 


Referenets  to  the  Plan.— A,  Cape,  light-house,  and  fort  of  St.  Antonio ;  B,  Fort  do  Mar ;  C,  Fort  St. 
Pliilip;  D,  Tapagippe ;  E,  Isia  do  Mar ;  F,  Ula  doa  Frados ;  G,  Fort  Beaumont.  The  figures  in  the 
plan  are  the  soundings  in  fUthoms. 

BALACHONG,  an  article  conriadng  of  pounded  or  bruised  fish.  Small  fish,  with  prawna 
and  shrimps,  are  principally  employed  in  making  it  Though  foetid  and  offensive  to  strangers, 
this  substance,  used  as  a  condiment  to  rice,  is  largely  consumed  in  all  the  countries  to  the 
east  of  Bengal,  including  the  southern  provinces  of  China,  and  the  islands  of  the  Eastern 
Archipelago.    Its  distribution  gives  rise  to  an  extensive  internal  traffic 

BALANCE,  in  accounts,  u  the  term  used  to  express  the  difference  between  the  debtor 
and  creditor  sides  of  an  account. 

BALANCE,  in  commerce,  is  the  term  commonly  used  to  express  the  difference  between 
the  value  of  the  exports  from  and  imports  into  a  country.  The  balance  is  stud  to  be  favoura* 
bio  when  the  value  of  the  exports  exceeds  that  of  the  imports,  and  unfavourable  when  the 
value  of  the  imports  exceeds  that  of  the  exports.  According  to  the  Custom-house  returns, 
the  official  value  of  the  exports  from  Great  Britain,  exclusive  of  foreign  and  commercial  mer- 
chandise, during  the  year  ending  5th  of  Januaiy,  1833,  amounted  to  64,582,037/.;  and  the 
Vol.  L— P 


v 


m 


:'iV' 


!'  I' 


ijV 


I 


;l 


if  ''rf 
j,    if't 


■'! 


■  ri-Hii    BALANCE.       -^^^^ 


official  value  of  the  importa  during  the  Bameyear  amounted  to  43,387,416/. ;  leatfaig  a  favoot 
able  balance  of  21,344,081/. 

The  attainment  of  a  favourable  balance  was  fonnerly  regarded  aa  an  object  of  tlte  greatHt 
importance.  The  precious  metals  early  acquired,  in  consequence  of  their  being  uwd  u 
money,  an  artificial  importance,  and  were  long  considered  aa  the  only  real  wealth  cither  in- 
dividuals or  nations  could  possess.  And  aa  countries  without  mines  could  not  obtain  suppiici 
of  these  metals  except  in  exchange  for  exported  products,  it  waa  concluded,  that  if  the  value 
of  the  r«mmoditiea  exported  exceeded  that  of  those  imported,  the  balance  would  have  to  be 
paid  by  the  importation  of  an  equivalent  amount  of  the  precious  metals ;  and  conversely,  A 
very  large  proportion  of  the  restraints  imposed  on  the  freedom  of  commerce,  during  tlte  hat 
two  cnituries,  grew  out  of  this  notion.  The  importance  of  having  a  fkvourablo  balance  be- 
ing universally  admitted,  every  effort  was  made  to  attain  it ;  and  nothing  seemed  so  efTcctual 
for  thix  purpose  as  the  devising  of  schemes  to  facilitate  exportation,  and  hinder  tlie  importa* 
tion  of  almost  M  products,  except  gold  and  Hilver,  that  were  not  intended  for  future  oxporta- 
lion.  But  the  gradual  though  slow  growth  of  sounder  opinions  with  respect  to  the  nature 
and  functions  of  money,  showed  the  futility  of  a  system  of  policy  having  such  objects  in 
view.  It  is  now  conceded  on  all  hands  that  gold  and  silver  are  nothing  but  commoditieH ;  and 
that  it  is  in  no  respect  necessary  to  interfere  either  to  encourage  their  in)portation,  or  to  pre- 
vent their  exportation.  In  Great  Britain  they  may  be  freely  exported  and  imported,  whether 
m  the  shape  of  coin  or  bullion. — (See  Coin.) 

The  truth  is,  however,  that  the  theory  of  the  balance  of  trade  is  not  erroneous  merely  from 
the  false  notions  which  its  advocates  entertained  with  respect  to  money ;  it  proceeds  on  radi- 
cally mistaken  views  as  to  the  nature  of  commerce.  The  mode  in  which  the  balance  is  usu- 
ally estimated  is,  indeed,  completely  fallacious.  Supposing,  however,  that  it  could  be  cor- 
rectly ascertained,  it  would  be  found  in  opposition  to  the  common  opinion,  that  the  importi 
into  every  commercial  country  generally  exceed  the  exports ;  and  that  when  a  balance  is  form, 
ed,  it  is  only  in  certain  caaes,  and  those  of  rare  occurrence,  that  it  is  cancelled  by  a  bullion 
payment. 

I.  The  proper  business  of  the  wholesale  merchant  consists  in  carrying  the  various  products 
of  the  different  countries  of  the  world,  from  the  places  where  their  value  is  least  to  those 
where  it  is  greatest;  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  in  distributing  them  according  to  the  cITect- 
ive  demand.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  there  could  be  no  motive  to  export  any  species  of  pro- 
duce, unless  that  which  it  was  intended  to  import  in  its  stead  were  of  greater  value.  When 
an  English  merchant  commissions  a  quantity  of  Polish  wheat,  he  calculates  on  its  selling  for 
80  much  more  than  its  price  in  Poland,  as  will  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  expense  of  freight,  in- 
surance, &c.,  and  to  yield,  besides,  the  common  and  ordinary  rate  of  profit  on  the  capital  em- 
ployed. If  the  wheat  did  not  sell  for  this  much,  its  importation  would  obviously  be  a  loss  to 
the  importer.  It  is  plain,  then,  that  no  merchant  ever  did  or  ever  will  export,  but  in  the  view 
of  importing  something  more  valuable  in  return.  And  so  far  from  an  excess  of  exports  over 
imports  being  any  aiterion  of  an  advantageous  commerce,  it  is  directly  the  reverse ;  and  the 
truth  is,  notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  and  written  to  the  contrary,  that  unless  the 
value  of  the  imports  exceeded  that  of  the  exports,  foreign  trade  couid  not  bo  carried  on.  Were 
'  this  not  the  case — that  is,  were  the  value  of  the  exports  always  greater  than  the  value  of  Uie 
imports — merchants  would  lose  on  every  transaction  with  foreigners,  and  the  trade  with  them 
would  be  speedily  abandoned. 

In  England,  the  rates  at  which  all  articles  of  export  and  import  are  officially  valued  were 
fixed  so  far  back  as  1696.  But  the  very  great  alteration  that  has  since  taken  place,  not  only 
in  the  value  of  money,  but  also  in  the  cost  o.'  most  part  of  the  commodities  produced  in  thi> 
and  other  countries,  has  rendered  this  official  valuation,  though  valuable  as  a  means  of  de- 
termining their  quantity,  of  no  use  whatever  as  a  criterion  of  the  true  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports.  In  order  to  remedy  this  defect,  an  account  of  the  real  or  declared  value  of  the 
'  exports  is  annually  prepared,  from  the  declarations  of  the  merchants,  and  laid  before  parlia- 
ment; there  is,  however,  no  such  account  of  imports;  and,  owing  to  the  difficulties  which 
high  duties  throw  in  the  way,  it  is,  perhaps,  impossible  to  frame  one  with  any  thing  like  ac- 
:curacy.  It  has  also  been  alleged,  and  apparently  with  some  probability,  that  merchants  have 
not  unfrequently  been  in  the  habit  of  exaggerating  the  value  of  articles  entitled  to  drawbacks 
'  on  exportation ;  but  the  recent  extension  and  improvement  of  the  warehousing  system, 
and  the  diminution  of  the  number  of  drawbacks,  must  materially  lessen  whatever  fraud  or 
inaccuracy  may  have  arisen  from  this  source.  Indeed,  as  most  articles  are  charged  with  an 
ad  valorem  duty  of  10«.  per  cent  on  exportation,  we  should  consider  that,  if  any  thing,  thrir 
value  would  be  rather  under  than  over-rated.  We  believe,  however,  that  their  declared  val 
comes  very  near  the  truth ;  at  least,  sufficiently  so  for  all  practical  purposes. 

Now  the  declared  value  of  the  exports  in  1832  was  only«  36,046,027/.,  being  little  more 
than  half  'heir  official  value,  and  upwards  of  7,000,000/.  under  the  official  value  of  the  im- 
ports. What  the  excess  of  the  latter  might  be,  had  we  the  means  of  comparing  their  real  value 
with  that  of  the  ex{)ort8,  it  is  impossible  to  say :  but  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt,  that, 
generally  speaking,  it  would  be  very  considerable.    The  value  of  an  exported  commodity  is 


BALANCE. 


dtimited  at  Ae  moment  of  its  being  ient  abroad,  and  before  its  value  ia  inerraaed  liy  the  ex 
penie  incurred  in  tranaporting  it  to  tlie      ice  of  it*  destination ;  wtiereoa  the  value  of  the 
commodity  imported  in  ita  stead  ia  estimated  after  it  has  anrivod  at  its  destination,  and,  con< 
lequently,  after  ita  value  haa  bren  enhanced  by  the  coMt  of  freight,  inaurance,  importer's 
proflts,  &c. 

In  the  United  States,  the  value  of  the  importa,  as  ascertained  by  the  Custom-house  returns, 
always  exceeds  the  value  of  the  exporta.  And  although  our  practical  politicians  have  been 
In  the  habit  of  considering  the  excess  of  the  former  as  a  certain  proof  of  a  disadvantageous 
commerce,  "it  is  nevertheless  true,"  says  Mr.  Pitkin,  "  that  the  real  gain  of  the  United '  '«tea 
hu  been  nearly  in  proportion  a»  their  imports  have  exceeded  their  exports." — (Com  tree 
of  the  United  States,  Sd  ed.  p.  880.)  The  great  excess  of  American  imports  haa  i'  part 
been  occasioned  by  the  Americans  generally  exporting  their  own  surplus  produce,  ai  >on- 
•equently,  receiving  from  foreignera  not  only  an  equivalent  for  their  exports,  but  also  tor  the 
cost  of  conveying  them  to  the  foreign  market.  "  In  1811,"  says  the  author  ju»t  quoted, 
«  flour  sold  in  America  for  nine  dollars  and  a  half  per  barrel,  ond  in  Spain  for  ^fifteen  dot- 
Jars,  The  value  of  the  cargo  of  a  vessel  carrying  5,000  barrels  of  flour  would,  therefore,  be 
eatimatcd  at  the  period  of  its  exportation  at  47,500  dollara ;  but  as  this  flour  v  juld  sell, 
when  carried  to  Spain,  for  70,000  dollars,  the  American  merchant  would  be  entitled  to  draw 
on  his  agent  in  Spain  for  27,500  dollars  more  than  the  flour  cost  in  America ;  or  than  the  sum 
for  which  he  could  have  drawn,  had  the  flour  been  exported  in  a  vessel  belonging  to  a 
Spanish  merchant.  But  the  transaction  would  not  end  here.  The  75,000  dollars  would  bo 
vested  in  some  species  of  Spanish  or  other  European  goods  fit  for  the  American  market;  and 
the  freight,  insurance,  &c.,  on  account  of  the  return  cargo,  would  probably  increase  ita  value 
to  100,000  dollars ;  so  that,  in  all,  the  American  merchant  might  have  imported  goods  worth 
52,500  dollars  more  than  the  flour  originally  sent  to  Spain."  It  is  as  impossible  to  deny 
that  sach  a  transaction  as  this  is  advantageous,  as  it  is  to  deny  that  its  advantage  consists  en- 
tirely  in  the  excess  of  the  value  of  the  goods  imported  over  the  value  of  those  exported.  And 
it  is  equally  clear  that  America  might  have  had  the  real  balance  of  payments  in  her  favour, 
though  such  transactions  as  the  above  had  been  multiplied  to  any  conceivable  extent 

II.  In  the  second  place,  when  a  balance  is  due  by  one  country  to  another,  it  is  but  seldom 
that  it  is  paid  by  remitting  bullion  from  the  debtor  to  the  creditor  country.  If  the  sum  due 
by  tite  British  merchants  to  those  of  Ilollimd  bo  greater  than  the  sum  duo  by  the  latter  to 
thorn,  the  balance  of  payments  will  be  against  Britain  ;  but  this  balance  will  not,  and  indeed 
cannot,  be  discharged  by  an  exportation  of  bullion,  unless  bullion  he,  at  the  time,  the  cheapest 
exportable  commodity ;  or,  which  is  tlie  eame  thing,  unless  it  may  be  more  advantageously 
exported  than  any  thing  else.  To  illustrate  this  principle,  let  us  suppose  that  the  balance  of 
debt,  or  excess  of  the  value  of  the  bills  drawn  by  the  merchants  of  Amsterdam  on  London 
over  those  drawn  by  the  merchants  of  London  on  Amsterdam,  amounts  to  160,000/.:  it  is 
the  business  of  the  London  merchants  to  find  out  the  means  of  discharging  this  debt  with 
the  least  expense ;  and  it  is  plain,  that  if  they  find  that  any  less  sum,  as  96,000/.,  97,000/., 
or  99,000/.,  will  purchase  and  send  to  Holland  as  much  cloth,  cotton,  hardware,  colonial  pro* 
duce,  or  any  other  commodity,  as  would  sell  in  Amsterdam  for  100,000/1,  no  gold  or  silver 
would  be  exported.  The  laws  which  regulate  the  trade  in  bullion  are  not  in  any  degree 
different  from  those  which  regulate  the  trade  in  other  commodities.  It  is  exported  only  when 
its  exportation  is  advantageous,  or  when  it  is  more  valuable  abroad  than  at  home.  It  would, 
in  fact,  be  quite  as  reasonable  to  expect  that  water  should  flow  from  a  low  to  a  high  level, 
as  it  is  to  expect  that  bullion  should  leave  a  country  where  its  value  is  great  to  go  to  one 
where  it  is  low !  It  is  never  sent  abroad  to  destroy,  but  always  to  find  its  level.  The 
balance  of  payments  might  be  ten  or  a  hundred  millions  against  a  particular  country,  with- 
out causing  the  exportation  of  a  single  ounce  of  bullion.  Common  sense  tells  us  that  no 
merchant  will  remit  100/.  worth  of  bullion  to  discharge  a  debt  in  a  foreign  country,  if  it  be 
possible  to  invest  any  smaller  sum  in  any  species  of  merchandise  which  would  sell  abroad 
fur  100/.  exclusive  of  expenses.  The  merchant  who  deals  in  the  precious  metals  is  as  much 
under  the  influence  of  self-interest,  as  he  who  deals  in  coflTee  or  indigo ;  but  what  merchant 
would  attempt  to  extinguish  a  debt,  by  exporting  coffee  which  cost  100/.,  if  ho  could  effect 
his  object  by  sending  abroad  indigo  which  cost  only  99/.  1 

The  argument  about  the  balance  of  payment  is  one  of  those  that  contradict  and  confute 
themselves.  Had  the  apparent  excess  of  exports  over  imports,  as  indicated  by  the  British 
Custom-house  books  for  the  last  hundred  years,  been  always  paid  in  bullion,  as  the  supporteis 
of  the  old  theory  contend  is  the  case,  there  ought  at  this  moment  to  be  about  450,000,000  or 
500,000,000  of  bullion  in  the  country,  instead  of  50,000,000  or  60,000,000,  which  it 
is  supposed  to  amount  to !  Nor  is  this  all.  If  the  theory  of  the  balance  be  good  for  any 
thing — if  it  be  not  a  mere  idle  delusion — it  follows,  as  every  country  in  the  world,  with  the 
single  exception  of  the  United  States,  has  its  favourable  balance,  that  they  must  be  paid  by 
an  annual  importation  of  bullion  from  the  mines  corresponding  to  their  aggregate  amount 
But  it  is  certain,  that  the  entire  produce  of  the  mines,  though  it  were  increased  in  a  tenfold 
proportion,  would  be  insufficient  for  this  purpose !    This  reductio  ad  abaurdum  ia  decisiTd 


.1 


1 :1 


i'j' 


1 1 


( 


,    Ah 

t  -'£1' 


.  a>m 


II  ii-^ 


IP 


I!  (f 


lit  ]  \  (i2i 


64  BALE. 

of  the  degree  of  credit  that  ought  to  be  ittnched  to  the  condution*  roapect'mg  the  flouriihini 
■tate  of  the  commerce  of  any  country  drawn  from  the  exceaa  of  the  export*  over  the  importi ! 

Not  only,  therefore,  ii  the  common  theory  with  rfmytect  to  the  lialanco  of  trade  erroneom, 
but  the  very  raverae  of  that  theory  ia  true.  In  tho^r«<  place,  the  value  of  the  coromoditici  im- 
ported by  every  country  which  carriea  on  an  advantageoua  commerce  (and  no  other  will  ba 
I^.Mecuted  for  any  considerable  period),  invariably  oxceeda  the  value  of  thoae  which  ahe  ei- 
porta.  Unleaa  luch  were  the  caae,  there  would  plainly  be  no  fund  whence  the  merchanti 
and  others  engaged  in  foreign  trade  could  derive  either  a  profit  on  their  capital,  or  a  return 
for  their  outlay  and  trouble;  and  in  the  second  place,  whether  the  balance  of  debt*  be  for  or 
against  a  country,  that  balance  will  neither  be  paid  nor  received  in  bullion,  unless  it  be  at 
the  time  the  commodity  by  the  exportation  or  importation  of  which  the  account  may  be  moit 
profitably  gettlotl.  Whatever  the  partisans  of  the  doctrine  aa  to  the  balance  ma^  say  about 
money  being  a  preferable  product,  a  murchandi»e  par  excellence,  it  is  certain  it  will  never  ap- 
pear in  the  list  of  exports  and  imports,  while  there  is  any  thing  else  with  which  to  carry  on 
trade,  or  cancel  debts,  that  will  yield  a  larger  profit,  or  occasion  a  less  expense  to  the  debton, 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  mischief  which  the  absurd  notions  relative  to  the  balance  of 
trade  have  occasioned  in  almost  every  commercial  country ; — here  they  have  been  particular. 
ly  injurious.  It  is  principally  to  the  prevalence  of  prejudices  to  which  they  have  given  Hm, 
Uiat  the  restrictions  on  the  trade  between  this  country  and  France  are  to  be  ascribed.  The 
great,  or  rather  the  only,  argument  insisted  upon  by  those  who  prevailed  on  the  legislature,  in 
the  reign  of  William  and  Mary,  to  declare  the  trade  with  France  a  nuuance,  was  founded  on 
the  statement  that  the  value  of  the  imports  from  that  kingdom  considerably  exceeded  the 
value  of  the  commodities  we  exported  to  it  The  balance  was  regarded  as  a  tribute  paid  by 
England  to  France ;  and  it  was  sagaciously  asked,  what  had  we  done,  that  we  should  tie 
obliged  to  pay  so  much  money  to  our  natural  enemy  1  It  never  occurred  to  those  who  lo 
loudly  abused  the  French  trade,  that  no  merchant  would  import  any  commodity  from  France, 
nnless  it  brought  a  higher  price  in  this  country  than  the  commodity  exported  to  pay  it ;  anil 
that  the  profit  of  the  merchant,  or  the  national  gain,  would  be  in  exact  proportion  to  tliis  excen 
of  price.  The  very  reason  assigned  by  these  persons  for  prohibiting  tlie  trade  aflurdu  the 
best  attainable  proof  of  its  having  been  a  lucrative  one;  nor  can  there  be  any  doubt  that  an 
unrestricted  freedom  of  intercourse  between  the  two  countriea  would  still  be  of  the  grcateit 
■ervice  to  both. 

[There  are  some  circumstances  which  have  had  an  influence  in  determining  the  relation 
of  exports  to  imports  in  the  United  States,  and  which  arc  '\n  a  great  measure  peculiar  to  this 
country.  These  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  briefly  to  notice  hero.  Our  readcra  will  bear 
in  mind  that  we  use  the  terms  exports  and  imports  m  their  ordinary  and  mercantile  accepla- 
tion,  as  including  all  sorts  of  commoditiei,  specie  only  being  excepted. 

1.  While  the  exports  have  been  value<l  at  the  exporting  port,  the  imports,  until  the  3d 
day  of  March,  1833,  were  valued  "by  adding  20  per  cent,  to  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  ini' 
ported  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  from  any  place  beyond  the  same :  and  10  per  cent 
on  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  imported  from  any  other  place  or  country,  including  all  charges; 
commissions,  outside  packages,  and  insurance,  only  excepted." 

2.  The  profiu  of  capital  being  higher  in  the  United  Stales  than  in  most  other  countries 
of  the  commercial  world,  it  follows  that  capital  must  be  continually  flowing  into  them  from 
abroad ;  thus  swelling  the  imports  beyond  the  amount  they  would  otherwise  lie  at. 

3.  The  owner  of  the  capital,  imported  into  the  country,  in  many  cases  does  not  come  with 
his  property,  but  continues  to  reside  where  he  did.  A  certain  amount  of  profits,  or  interest, 
on  the  foreign  capital  employed  in  the  United  States,  is  consequently  remitted  every  year  to 
other  countries.  It  must  hence  be  obvious  that  our  export*  will,  on  Uiis  account,  be  rendered 
more  considerable  in  comparison  to  our  imports. 

4.  The  rapid  advances  of  the  country  in  population  and  wealth,  since  its  separation  from 
Great  Britain,  and  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution,  has  required  a  supply  of  the  pre- 
cious metals,  for  the  most  part  from  abroad,  much  greater  than  wiu  suflicient  to  replace  the 
consumption  of  those  metals,  either  sw  coin,  or  in  the  arts.  Money  was,  therefore,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  on  this  account,  imported  into  the  United  States,  in  exchange  for  our  exports, 
instead  of  those  other  commodities  which  are  ordinarily  designated  by  the  term  imports. 

6.  The  substitution,  in  a  degree  continually  greater  and  greater,  of  paper  money  for  a  gold 
and  silver  currency,  which  has  been  taking  place  during  the  same  period,  must  of  course  have 
diminished  the  effect  just  stated. 

If  we  now  put  these  different  circumstances  together,  two  of  them  operating  in  one  direc- 
tion, and  the  other  three  in  the  opposite,  and  if  we  compare  them  also  wiUi  those  which  are  not 
peculiar  to  the  United  States,  but  belong  equally  to  every  country,  there  will  be  no  cause  for 
surprise  why  the  general  law  of  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports  should  almost  always  have 
held  good  among  ourselves. — Am,  Ed.] 

BALE,  a  pack,  or  certain  quantity  of  goods  or  merchandise ;  as  a  bak  of  silk,  cloth,  &c 

Balea  are  always  marked  and  numbered,  that  the  merchants  to  whom  they  belong  may 
know  them ;  and  the  marks  and  numbers  correspond  to  those  in  the  bills  of  lading,  &c.  Selling 


onder  the  hak,  or 
goods  wholesale,  \ 
BALKS,  large 
BALLAST  (D 
a  quantity  of  iron 
ordsr  to  xink  her  < 
ing  overset.  All  i 
baggage  of  the  pai 

Tlie  quantity  of  bi 
fgrrnt :  the  prnportli 
bottom,  called  by  lei 

The  proper  ballsil 
general  will  not  carr 
on  the  extreme  bre 
a  great  welfht  of  hei 
intlic  hold;  llila  no  ( 
bt-r  tall  liuavlly,  and 

The  ol>J('Ct  In  balli 
duly  poUed,  and  me 
truii*,  qualltlee  ( (jiia 
proportlonnbly  Increi 
ir  loo  crank,  she  will 

Htlffniiaa  in  bailaat 
fcc.  in  the  bottom,  x\ 
about  which  tlio  vibi 

CranknesB,  on  tho 
lading  ao  aa  to  raiae 
hard;  for  when  the 
lever,  which  Increai 
loiea  her  maata  ia  in 

Hence  the  art  of  bi 
shape  of  the  vessel,  i 
and  to  lade  the  ahip 
midsblpa :  ehe  will  t 
(See  FalcDiur't  Mart 

The  mUchievoua  a 
perlenced  by  ahlpa  Ic 
Bpalii.  The  habit  th< 
bold,  to  hinder  the  ca 
violently ;  but  it  verj 
great  aa  to  aq.uee(e  it 
after  getting  to  aea  a 
their  foundering.  Ir 
employed.— (Mea  Jae 
Sblpa  that  have  eaj 
(ccordlnc  to  the  grea 
ballast  allowed  to  ih 


0<M. 

TiwaMfc 

110 

2,890 

100 

S,b90 

98 

9,110 

00 

1,870 

80 

1,630 

74 

1,700 

04 

1,370 

SO 

1,100 

44 

900 

38 

930 

The  Iron  bailaat  ia 

is  spread  and  levellei 

The  aoil  of  the  Riv 

ration,  and  aaum  of 

without  due  authorit 

quarries,  pits,  &c.  ed 

ber  of  tons  notified  t( 

entering.    No  bnllaal 

a  ton.    The  Trinity  C 

all  ballast  demanded  i 

For  every  ton  (SO  c 

in  the  coal  trade,  the 

For  every  auch  ton 

For  every  auch  ton 

For  every  ton  of  w 

•fa,. 

For  every  ton  of  w 

For  every  ton  of  w 

And  for  every  ton  o 

snmof  lOii.;  and  fori 

the  further  aum  of  4fj 

the  further  aum  of  4< 

India  Dock,  the  fkirtl 

Outward  East  India 

V  8 


BALKS.  BALLAST. 


05 


nnder  the  hak,  or  un«l«r  the  eordi,  u  •  term  lued  in  Frenoe  and  other  countrlee  for  mHUof 
goodi  wholeeele,  without  mniple  or  pattern,  and  unopened. 

BALKS,  large  pieoea  of  timber. 

BALLAST  (Du.  BaUait .  Pr.  Lest  /  Oer.  Batlasl /  It  Savam /  Sp.  Lai/tV;  Sw.  Battait) 
t  quantity  of  iron,  atonei,  land.  gravel,  or  anj  other  heavy  ntalerial,  laid  in  a  ahip'a  hold  Jn 
ordar  to  link  her  deeper  in  thu  water,  and  to  render  her  capable  of  rarrying  aail  without  b^ 
ing  overtet.  All  ahipa  clearing  outward*,  having  no  gooda  on  board  other  than  the  peraonal 
baggage  of  the  paaaengent,  are  aaid  to  be  in  ballaat. 

Tlie  nuantlty  of  ballait  required  to  At  ihlpa  of  equal  burden  for  a  voyaga,  la  often  materially  dif- 
ftrrnt:  the  proportion  being  alwaya  leaa  or  more,  accoidtug  to  the  abarpDMaa  or  llatneia  of  the  ihlp'a 
bottom,  called  by  lonmen,  tne^oor. 

The  proper  bnllantlng  of  a  eblp  deaervet  peculiar  attention,  for,  although  It  be  known  that  ahlpa  in 
ien«ral  will  not  cnrry  eufflclKnt  anil,  till  they  are  laden  lo  that  theiurfnce  of  the  water  nearly  glance* 
on  the  extreme  bread i li  mtdihipi,  more  than  thii  general  knowledga  1*  required.  If  theiblp  have 
a  oreat  weight  of  heavy  ballait,  a*  lead,  iron,  fcc.  In  the  bottom,  the  centre  or  gravity  will  be  too  low 
in  tlie  hold ;  thii  no  duiibt  will  enable  her  to  carry  a  prnia  of  lail,  but  It  will,  at  the  aame  time,  make 
Iwr  lail  heavily,  and  roll  lo  violently,  ai  to  run  the  riik  of  being  diamaited. 

The  oliject  in  ballaating  a  ihlp  la,  therefore,  ao  to  dlipi.ie  of  the  ballait  or  cargo,  thai  ibe  may  be 
duly  puiied,  and  maintain  a  proper  equUibrium  on  the  water,  lo  ai  neither  to  De  too  iHg,  nor  too 
trunk,  qualitlcfl  <  >|iially  pernlcloui.  Irtoo  itiff,  abe  may  carry  much  anil,  but  ber  velocity  will  not  b« 
proportionnbly  Increaied  |  whilit  ber  maiti  are  endangered  by  ludden  jerka  and  exceiiiva  labouring. 
If  ton  crank,  iho  will  be  unlit  to  carry  aail  without  the  riik  ofoverietting. 

HtiffiKtia  in  balluiting  ii  nccniioned  by  dlipoiing  a  ton  great  quantity  of  heavy  ballait,  ailead,  Iron, 
fcc.  in  the  bottom,  which  thrnwi  the  centre  of  gravK  verv  near  the  keel  i  and  tbia  being  tbe  centre 
about  which  the  vibrationi  are  made,  the  lower  It  in  i.  iced,  the  more  vitilent  la  the  rolling. 

Crankneii,  on  tho  other  hand,  in  occaiioned  by  having  too  little  bnllait,  or  by  dlipoiing  the  ihlp'a 
lading  loaito  raiio  the  centre  of  gravity  too  high:  thii  alio  endangeri  the  maita  when  It  blowi 
hard;  for  when  the  maati  coaie  to  b^jberpendicular,  they  itraln  on  the  ihroudi  in  the  nature  of  a 
lever,  which  increaiei  ai  tbe  line  of Ibebr  obliquity  {  and  It  ii  luperfluous  tu  add,  that  aahlpthat 
loiei  her  maata  ia  in  (treat  danger  of  being  loit. 

Hence  the  art  of  ballaating  coniiiti  in  pTarlngthe  centre  of  gravity  to  eorreipoitd  with  tbe  trim  and 
ihape  of  the  veiiel,  lo  aa  to  be  neither  too  high  nor  too  low ;  neither  too  for  forward,  nor  too  tut  aft  t 
and  to  lade  the  ihip  lo  deep,  that  the  lurface  of  the  water  may  nearly  riae  to  the  extreme  breadth 
Dildihipa :  ahe  will  then  carry  a  good  quantity  of  aail.  Incline  but  little,  and  ply  well  to  windward.— 
(ie»  FaUiinir'i  Marine  Diclionarj/.) 

The  mlachievoui  conaequuncei  of  not  attending  to  the  circumitance*  now  mentioned  are  often  ex* 
perieneed  by  ihip*  loading  barilla,  brimitone,  and  luch  heavy  article!,  on  the  coaiti  of  Sicily  and 
gpalii.  Tbe  habit  there  ii  to  cut  large  quantiliei  of  bruih  wood  and  (kggoti,  and  to  apread  them  In  the 
bold,  to  hinder  the  cargo  from  linking  the  centre  of  gravity  too  low,  and  caualng  the  ihip  to  labour 
violently ;  but  it  very  frequently  happen*  that  the  preiiure  of  the  cargo  on  thia  aort  of  dunnage  ii  lo 
great  ai  to  iq.ueexe  It  into  a  much  ainaller  apace  than  could  at  flrit  have  been  luppoied  ;  lotliat  ihipi 
after  getting  to  lea  are  lometlmea  obliged  to  return  to  port,  to  unload  a  part  of  their  cargo,  to  prevent 
their  foundering.  In  luch  caiei,  firm  dunnage,  aiich  ai  oak  itavei,  ihould,  if  poiaible,  be  alway* 
employed.— (Hee  Jtuluon'$  Commerce  of  Mediterranean,  pp.  liU— 188.) 

Sbipi  that  have  cargoei  of  light  goodi  on  board  require  a  quantity  of  bnllait ;  increaiing,  of  course, 
according  to  the  greater  lightneia  of  tbe  goodi.  The  following  table  ihowa  tbe  average  quantity  or 
ballait  allowed  to  ihlpi  of  war : 


Ballait  allowed  to  the  following  Ship*. 

Om 

Taemm. 

Inn,Tta. 

ShioclM,  Tma. 

OUM. 

Tauaca. 

lR)a,Toai. 

Sklaglai,  Toia. 

110 

3,390 

180 

370 

SO 

870 

65 

160 

100 

S,090 

180 

370 

33 

700 

OS 

140 

98 

9,110 

180 

850 

38 

600 

60 

lOO 

M 

1,870 

ISO 

350 

31 

500 

60 

80 

80 

1,630 

MO 

300 

S9 

450 

60 

70 

74 

1,700 

60 

370 

90 

400 

60 

60 

(M 

1,370 

70 

360 

Sloop    • 

300 

80 

40. 

SO 

1,100 

05 

170 

Brig      . 

160 

30 

15 

44 

38 

900 
930 

65 
70 

160 
170 

Cutter  - 
Sloop    - 

— 

90 
IS 

;  leldom  any. 

The  Iron  ballait  ii  flrit  itored  fore  and  aft,  f^om  bulk-head  to  bulk-bead ;  then  tbe  abingle  ballaat 
it  ipread  and  levelled  over  tbe  iron. 

Tbe  loil  of  the  River  Thamei  from  London  Bridge  to  tbe  lea  la  veated  In  tbe  Trinity  Uouie  corpo- 
ration, and  a  lum  of  10{,  ii  to  be  paid  for  every  ton  of  ballaat  taken  from  tbe  channel  of  the  river 
without  due  authority  from  the  aaid  corporation.  Ships  may  receive  on  board  lund  ballaat  from  the 
quarriea,  pita,  &c.  eaat  of  Woolwich,  provided  the  quantity  taken  in  a  year  do  not  exceed  the  num- 
ber of  tone  notified  to  th';  Trinity  corporation.  Land  ballaat  ra<\at  ^)c  entered,  and  id.  paid  per  ton  on 
entering.  No  ballait  is  to  be  put  on  board  before  entry  at  the  ballast  offica,  under  tbe  penalty  of  it. 
a  ton.  The  Trinity  Corporation  ii  authoriied  by  the  3  Geo,  4  c.  111.  to  cbaige  the  following  rate*  fur 
(II  ballaat  demanded  and  entered  at  the  ballait  office,  viz.  ;— 

For  every  ton  (30  cwt.)  of  ballait,  not  being  waibed  ballaat,  carried  to  any  ibtp  or  veiael  employed 
In  the  coal  trade,  the  aum  of  la. 

For  every  luch  ton  carried  to  any  other  Brltiib  abip  or  veiiel,  tbe  *nm  of  I*.  3d. 

For  every  luch  ton  carried  to  any  foreign  ihip  or  veiiel,  the  aum  of  U.  7d. 

For  every  ton  of  waahed  ballaat  carried  to  any  ihip  or  veiael  employed  in  tbe  coal  trade,  the  (um 
of  3>.  , 

For  every  ton  of  waihed  ditto  carried  to  any  other  Britieh  ihip  or  veiiel,  the  lum  off*.  6d. 

For  every  ton  of  waahed  ditto  carried  to  any  foreign  ibip  or  vesiel,  the  lum  of  3*.  3d. 

And  for  every  ton  of  ballait  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the  Inward  Weat  India  Dock,  tbe  ftirther 
(um  of  lOd.;  and  for  every  ton  of  ballaat  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the  Outward  Weat  India  Dock, 
the  further  lum  of  4d.i  and  for  every  ton  of  ballaat  delivered  In  or  unladen  from  the  London  Docki, 
thefurther  iitmof  4d.;  and  for  every  ton  of  ballait  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the  Inward  Eaat 
India  Dock,  the  further  lum  of  lOd.:  and  for  every  ton  of  ballait  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the 
Outward  Eaat  India  Dock,  the  fUrtber  aum  of  4<i ;  and  for  every  ton  of  ballast  dblivered  In  or  ua- 
r  8  9 


:(,!■' 


M 


''I 


m\ 


I  *l 


'■  \ 


I 


(i 

ii 


-I 

:!: 


iKtMm.    <i 


ladnn  fVnm  Ihf  rnmnnrrrlnl  Pflrk,  the  Airihcr  lum  of  M.|  and  for  •▼vrvlAn  of  billid  detlvartd  In  ar 
unlndcn  finm  Ihn  Rniit  <:oiintr)r  Unrk,  Iha  fiirlberium  i)t  4.i  nod  tl>r  avary  inn  of  hnlluitdaliverad  In 
nriinliiilan  frnin  llm  riry  (^niinl,  lh<<  riirllinr  aiini  of  ■',:'  ^  ii/t  for  avrrj  luii  of  ballnal  dcllvrred  In  or 
iiiiluilaii  rVoni  Ihn  Hiiiray  Caiiiit,  tlm  fiirtlivr  aiim  uf  '■■:  .>i  5  f"r  rrarjr  ion  of  ballaat  dvllvarad  In  or 
unindKii  frnni  Iha  Hrxvnt'a  Cnnnl.  tha  ftirlhar  ai'.n  nf  >:• 

WhIrh  Airthar  rstaa  or  pricaa  aball  b«  payabia  a^  <  ,  .<'.  c^a*  '  nd  nhova  Iba  reipacliva  ralaa  Ant 
m«iitlon«d. 

In  If43'i,  theirnaarncalitt  of  tlw  aiima  paid  on  nrrmin.  fhni  1.18110  tha  hallailnfflca,  on  IhaThamat, 
amoiinlrd  ln93,9W/.  WU.  M.    Thn  rtpanaaa  ninoiiiiird,  iliirliiii  tha  auina  yrnr,  to  about  S3,U0U/, 

Thf<  hnllaat  nl'iill  ahljm  nr  veiiaula  roiiiliin  Into  tha  Thniiii-a  li  lo  I  o  iinladon  Into  a  lighter,  at  lh« 
chnrga  of  OJ.  a  tun.  Iriiny  hnltaat  Ihi  thrown  or  iiiiliidrii  frmn  niiy  uhlp  or  voMf I  Into  tho  Thaniai, 
the  rnptiiln.  miiittir,  ke.  abnil  tot  pvery  aiich  oirnnca  Airfalt  Wl,  No  hnllnat  la  lo  ba  racolvnd  on  board 
nthi>rwla«  thiin  from  n  lichlpr.  Hy  tha  itnl.  M  (]ei>.  .1.  c,  1 10.  It  la  annctiid,  that  no  p«raon  aball,  uiidar 
n  penally  of  IIU.  nver  and  nlHivo  all  <-xpori»ra,  dliirhiirxi!  any  hnllnat,  ruhblali,  die.  In  nn^  of  Ihn  pi.fl), 
barbouri,  roadHtuada,  navlnnhle  rivi-ra,  k.;.  oftlie  United  Kingdom  i  nor  taku  ballaat  Iromany  placa 
priihlhlted  by  Ilia  Lorda  of  tha  Adinlrnllv. 

The  maateri  of  nil  ahlpa  cicnrinf  out  m  bnllnat,  am  required  to  nnawar  any  quaatlona  that  may  b* 
nut  to  them  by  the  collertora  or  comptrollera,  touching  tha  departure  and  deatlnatlon  of  auch  abljia,— 
(3  t  4  hill.  I  r.  111.  }  *'<).) 

Kafortifit  ahip  clear  out  In  bnllnat,  Iha  mnater  mny  take  with  him  Brillah  manuAicturod  goodi  of 
llie  value  ur30<.,lhe  miito  of  the  value  of  10/.  and  M.  worth  for  each  of  the  crew.—  1X7. 

BALSAM  (Uer.  Balsam  i  Du.  Baktm ,•  Fr.  Banmt  ,•  It.  and  Bp.  BuUamoi  Lai.  Babamum), 
Balaama  are  vefjetahlo  juicra,  either  liquid,  or  wliich  apontaneoualy  become  concrete,  conaiat- 
ini;  of  a  aubitance  of  a  rcainoua  nature,  combined  with  benzoic  acid,  or  which  are  capable  of 
afTonlinft  benzoic  acid  by  being  heated  alone,  or  with  water.  The  liquid  balaama  are  copaiva, 
opobalaain,  balaani  of  Peru,  itorax,  and  Tolu ;  the  concrete  are  benzoin,  dragon'*  blood,  and 
red  or  concrete  ntora*.— (IJr.  Ure.) 

1.  C(tpaiva  (Fr.  Bnume  de  Copahu  ,•  Ger.  Kttpaiw^Baham ;  Sp.  Copayva),  obtained 
from  a  tree  (Cupaifera)  pfrowin)?  in  Boulh  America  and  tne  Wpat  India  ialanila.  The  largeat 
quantity  is  Aimiahed  by  the  province  of  Para  in  Brazil.  It  is  imported  in  imall  caaka  contain- 
ing from  I  to  1 )  cwt.  Genuine  gooti  copaiva  or  copaiba  balaam  has  a  peculiar  but  agreeable 
otlour,  and  a  bitterish,  hot,  nauseous  taste.  It  is  clear  and  transparent ;  its  consistence  ia  that 
of  oil ;  but  when  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  air  it  becomes  solid,  dry,  and  brittle,  like  resin. — 
(  Thoinaon'a  Dii-penmtory.) 

2.  Opobakain  (Fr.  Balsamter  de  la  Meemte ,•  It.  Opobabamo ;  Pat.  Babamum  varum 
album,  JEgyptiatrtm,  Egypt.  Baletfon),  tne  most  precious  of  all  the  balsams,  commonly 
called  Balm  of  Oilrad.  It  is  the  produce  of  a  tree  {Amyris  Oileadensis)  indigenous  i» 
Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  and  transplanted  at  an  early  period  to  Judea.  It  is  obtained  by  cut* 
ting  the  bark  with  an  axe  at  tlie  time  that  the  juice  is  in  tho  strongest  circulation.  The  true 
balsam  is  of  a  polo  yellowish  colour,  clear  and  transparent,  about  the  consistence  of  Venice 
turpentine,  of  a  strong,  penetrating,  agreeable,  aromatic  smell,  and  a  slightly  bitterish 
pungent  taste.  By  age  it  becomes  yellower,  browner,  and  thicker,  losing  by  degrees,  like 
volatile  oils,  some  of  its  finer  and  more  subtile  parts.  It  is  rarely  if  ever  brought  genuine  into 
this  country ;  dried  Canada  balaam  being  generally  substituted  for  it.  It  was  in  high  repute 
among  the  ancients ;  but  it  is  now  principally  used  as  a  cosmetic  by  tho  Turkish  ladies.— 
(Dr».  lire  and  Thomson.) 

The  Canada  balsam,  now  referred  to,  is  merely  ^ne  turpentine.  It  Is  the  produce  of  the 
PinuB  Babamea,  and  is  imported  in  casks,  each  containing  about  1  cwt.  It  has  a  strong, 
but  Aot  a  disagreeable  odour,  and  a  bitterish  taste ;  ia  transparent,  whitish,  and  has  the  con- 
iistence  of  copaiva  twlsam. — (See  Tvrpentihe.) 

"  Siafra  nnd  Beder  are  the  only  pinceg  In  tha  Hedjaz  where  the  balsam  of  Mcchn,  or  Baleaann,  cnn 
be  procured  in  u  pure  atate.  'I'be  tree  from  which  it  ia  collected  growa  In  the  neighbouring  niuun- 
lains,  but  principally  upon  DJebel  Sobb,  and  is  called,  by  the  Arabs,  Bcaheni.  I  wna  infnrined  tbnt  it 
la  from  10  to  IS  feet  hish,  with  a  amootb  trunk,  nnd  thin  hnrk.  In  tliu  middle  of  auinmer  smnll  incl- 
alons  are  made  in  the  bark ;  and  the  Juice,  which  iinnicdiately  iaaues,  ia  taken  otf  with  the  thumb 
nail,  and  put  into  a  vcaael :  the  gum  appenra  to  be  of  two  kinds,  one  <if  a  white,  and  the  other  of  a 
yellowish  while  colour  ;  the  first  \a  the  moist  entoi'med.  I  saw  here  some  of  tho  latter  sort  in  a  smnll 
sheep-akin,  wlilch  the  Bcdouina  use  in  bringing  it  to  market :  it  bad  a  slroug  turpentine  smell,  and  its 
lastR  was  bitter.  The  people  of  Hznfra  UBually  adulterate  it  with  sesanium  oil  and  tar.  When  they 
try  its  purity,  they  dip  their  finger  Into  it  and  tlien  set  it  on  fire  ;  if  it  burn  without  hurting  or  leaving 
a  mark  on  the  finKer,  they  Judge  it  to  be  of  good  quality,  but  if  it  burn  tlic  finger  as  soon  us  it  is  set 
on  tire,  they  consider  it  to  be  adulterated.  I  remember  to  have  read,  in  Uruce's  Travels,  an  account 
of  the  mode  of  trying  it,  by  letting  a  drop  fall  into  a  cup  filled  with  water ;  the  good  balsam  fulling 
cnngulnted  to  the  ootlom,  and  llm  bad  dissolving  and  swimming  on  tlie  surface.  I  tried  this  experi- 
ment, which  was  unknown  to  the  people  here,  and  found  the  drop  awim  upon  the  water  ;  I  tried  also 
their  test  hy  Are  upon  the  finger  ol*  a  Bedouin,  who  had  to  regret  hia  temerity  :  I,  therefore,  regarded 
the  balsam  sold  hero  as  adulterated  ;  it  was  of  less  density  than  honey.  I  wished  to  purchase  some; 
but  neither  my  own  baggage,  nor  any  of  the  shopa  of  Hznfra  could  furnish  any  thing  like  a  bottle  In 
bold  it:  the  wliole  skin  was  too  dear.  The  Bedouins,  who  bring  it  hero,  usually  demand  two  or  three 
dollars  per  pound  for  it  when  quite  pure ;  and  the  Hzafra  Arabs  resell  it  to  the  badjeys  of  the  great 
caravan  at  between  Band  12  dollars  per  pound  in  an  adulterated  state.  It  is  bought  up  prtnciimlly  by 
Persians.'"— (iiurcAAardt'a  Travels  in  .Srabia,  vol.  11.  p.  1!^.) 

3.  Babam  of  Peru  (Fr.  Bourne  de  Peru ;  Gcr.  Peruvianiaeher  Babam  ,•  8p.  Bahama 
df.  Quinquina  ;  Lat  Babamum  Peruvianum),  tho  produce  of  a  tree  (^Myroxylon  Perui- 
farum)  growing  in  the  wannest  parts  of  South  America.  The  balsam  procured  by  inci- 
aions  made  in  the  tree  is  called  white  Uquid  babam  ,•  that  which  is  found  in  the  shops  is 
ti*itaincd  by  boiling  the  twigs  in  water ;  it  is  imported  in  jars,  each  containing  from  SO  to 


•^'-''^'^    BALSAM,    '-^'l'^ 


87 


40  IIm.  weight  It  Iim  «  (ngnnt  aromatic  mlour,  inurh  ronemMInff  tliat  of  b«nsoin,  with  a 
warm  bittcriiih  tattu.  It  in  vitcid,  of  a  doop  reddivh  brown  colour,  and.  uf  i.ha  contiitrnco 
of  honey. — ( Thonunn'i  Duperuatory.) 

4.  SInrax  (Fr.  SUirax;  Oet.  Stri/axhmom  ,■  If.  fUnrnee  ;  8p.  Azumhnr  /  I.at.  Sfurax  / 
Artb.  Uiteruk),  the  produce  of  a  tree  {Styrax  offitinale)  Krowing  in  tho  louth  of  Europe 
ind  the  Levant.  Only  two  kind*  are  found  in  tlio  ahnpi :  ttorax  in  toara,  which  ia  pum, 
ind  Mtorax  in  the  lump,  or  red  atorax,  which  ia  mixrd  with  aawduat  and  other  impuritiea. 
Botli  kinda  are  brought  from  the  Levant  in  choita  and  Iraxea.  Htorax  haa  a  fragnmt  o<iour ; 
uitl  a  plcimant,  aub-ariduloua,  alightly  pungent,  and  aromatic  tanto ;  it  ia  of  a  reddish  brown 
colour,  ond  liritlle. — (Thommn'i  IHnpenrntory.) 

8.  Tj/«,  BaUam  uf  (Fr.  Rmimt  at  Tnlu  ,•  Gcr.  Tdulanuehtr  Baham  /  8p.  Biihamn  dtt 
Tolu),  The  tree  wnich  yield*  thia  balaam  ia  the  tame  aa  that  which  yinlda  the  balsam  of 
Peru ;  it  being  merely  the  white  tmlHam  of  Peru,  hardened  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

6.  Benzoin,  or  Benjamin  (Fr.  Benzoin  i  Oer.  Benzoei  8p.  Beni^ui  ,■  It.  Brlzuinoi  Lot. 
'''•iizoinum  t  Ara,h.  Liban  ;  ll'mti.  Luban  i  Jaw,  Menian  ,•  Malay,  Camini/nn),  ia  an 
article  of  much  greater  commercial  importance  than  any  of  tliose  balsams  previously  men- 
tioned. It  is  obtained  from  a  tree  (Slyrax  Benznin)  cultivated  in  8unintra  and  Uomoo, 
but  particularly  tho  former.  The  plants  produce  in  the  seventh  year.  Tho  balsam  is  o\y- 
taincd  by  making  incisions  in  the  bark,  when  it  exudes,  and  is  scraped  off.  During  tho  first 
three  years,  the  balsam  ia  of  a  clear  white  colour,  af\er  which  it  becomes  brown.  Having  borne 
10  or  12  yeara,  the  tree  ia  cut  down,  a  very  inferior  article  being  obtained  by  scraping  the 
wood.  The  balsama  procured  in  these  ditferent  stages  are  distinguiNhcd  in  commerce,  and 
dilTer  widely  in  value.  Benzoin  has  a  very  agreeable,  frej^rant  odour,  but  hardly  any  taste. 
It  is  imported  in  large  masses,  packed  in  chests  and  casks.  It  should  bo  chosen  full  of  clear, 
light-coloured,  and  while  spots,  having  tho  appearance  of  white  marble  when  broken  :  it  ia 
rarely,  however,  to  bo  met  with  in  so  pure  a  state,  but  the  nesirrr  the  approach  to  it  the  better. 
Tho  worst  sort  ia  blackish,  and  full  of  impuritiea. — {Milburn's  Orient.  Com.,  t^nA  private 
iiifimnation.) 

Mr.  Crawfurd  has  given  tho  following  intereating  and  authentic  details  with  respect  to 
this  article : — Benzoin,  or  frankincense,  called  in  commercial  lungiinge  Benjamin,  is  a  more 
general  article  of  commerce  than  camphor,  though  its  production  bo  confined  to  the  samo 
islands.  Benzoin  is  divided  in  commerce,  like  camphor,  into  three  norln  (head,  belly,  foot), 
affording  to  quality,  tho  comparative  value  of  which  may  be  cxprcsHcd  by  the  figures  10.5, 
45,  18.  Benzoin  is  valued  in  proportion  to  its  whiteness,  semi-transparency,  and  freedotn 
from  adventitious  matters.  According  to  its  purity,  the  tirst  sort  may  l>o  bought  at  tho 
emporia  to  which  it  is  brought,  at  from  60  to  100  doUors  per  picul  (133^  lbs.) ;  thr,  second 
from  25  to  45  dollars ;  and  tho  worst  from  8  to  SO  dollars.  According  to  Linschoton, 
benzoin,  in  his  time,  coat,  in  tlie  market  of  Sunda  Calapa  or  Jacatra,  from  10|-,1^  to  25  j^^"^ 
Spanish  dollars  the  picul.  By  Nicbuhr's  account,  the  worst  benzoin  of  the  Indian  islamU 
is  more  esteemed  by  the  Arabs  than  thoir  own  best  olibanum,  or  frankincense.  In  the  Lon* 
don  market,  tho  best  benzoin  is  fourteen  times  more  valuable  than  olibanum,  and  even  tho 
worst  2|'  times  more  valuable.  Benzoin  usually  sells  in  England  at  10«.  per  pound,  Tho 
quantity  g'cnerally  imported  into  England,  in  tho  time  of  the  monopoly,  was  312  cwts.  Tho 
principal  use  of  this  commodity  is  as  incense,  and  it  is  equally  i.t  request  in  the  religious 
ceremuiiiea  of  Catholics,  Mohammedans,  Hindus,  and  Chinese.  It  is  also  used  as  a  luxury 
by  the  great  in  fumigations  in  their  houses ;  and  tho  Japanese  chiefs  are  fond  of  smoking 
it  with  tobacco.  Its  general  use  among  nations  in  such  various  states  of  civilisation,  and 
the  steady  demand  for  it  in  all  ages,  declare  that  it  is  one  of  those  commodities,  tho  taste  for 
which  ia  inherent  in  our  nature,  and  not  the  result  of  a  particular  caprice  with  any  individual 
people,  aa  in  tho  case  of  Malay  camphor  with  the  Chinese. — {Indian  Archipelago,  vol.  iii. 
p.  418.)  The  imports  of  benzoin,  at  an  average  of  tho  throe  years  ending  with  1830,  wero 
36,397  lbs.  a  year. 

An  inferior  description  of  benzoin,  the  produce  of  a  different  tree  from  the  Styrax  benzoin, 
is  produced  in  Siam.     It  ia  comparatively  cheap  and  abundant. 

7.  Dragon's  Blood  (Fr.  Song-Dragon ;  Lat.  Sanguis  Draeonis  ,•  Arab.  Damulnkhiuain  ,• 
Hind.  Hcraduky),  the  produce  of  a  largo  species  of  rattan  {Calamun  Draco)  growing  on 
the  north  and  north-oast  coast  of  Siiiiiatra,  and  in  some  parts  of  Borneo,  It  is  largely 
exported  to  China,  and  also  to  India  and  Europe.  It  is  cither  in  oval  drops,  wrapped  up  in 
flag-leaves,  or  in  large  and  generally  more  impure  mosses,  composed  of  smaller  tears.  It  is 
externally  and  internally  of  a  deep  dusky  red  colour,  and  when  powdered  it  should  bccomo 
of  a  bright  crimson ;  if  it  be  black,  it  is  worth  little.  When  broken  and  held  up  against  a 
strong  light,  it  is  somewhat  transparent :  it  has  little  or  no  smell  or  taste  ;  what  it  has  of 
the  latter  is  resinous  and  astringent.  Dragon's  blood  in  drops  is  much  preferable  to  that  in 
cakes;  tho  latter  being  more  friable,  and  less  compact,  resinous,  and  pure  than  the  former. 
Being  a  very  costly  article,  it  ia  very  apt  to  be  adulterated.  Most  of  its  alloys  dissolve  liku 
gums  in  water,  or  crackle  in  the  fire  without  proving  inflammable ;  whereas  the  genuine 
dragon's  blood  readily  melta  and  catches  flame,  and  is  scarcely  acted  on  by  watery  tiqaon. 


i  i'» 


■^m 


1 1. 


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I, 


1-'   MtW  • 


;:'    . 


Vi 


08 


BALTIMORE— BAND  AN  A  S. 


-fti 


■  • 


:     I 


It  nils  in  the  maifcet  ol  Singapore  at  from  15  to  36  dollars  per  picul,  according  to  quali^: 
but  the  Chinese  Itave  the  art  of  purifying  and  refining  it,  when  it  sells  at  from  80  to  100 
dollars  per  picul.  The  price  of  the  best  dragon's  blood  in  the  London  market,  varies  from 
SU  to  25/.  per  cwt. — {MiRum^a  Orient.  Com./  Crawfurd's  East.  Archip. ;  andjmWc 
information.') 
The  nettduty  on  balsams  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  1832  amounted  to  2,440/.  8*.  lOdL 
BALTIMORE,  a  large  and  opulent  city  of  the  United  States,  in  Maiyland,  situated  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Patapsco  river,  about  14  miles  above  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  bay, 
in  lat  39°  17'  N.  long.  76°  36'  W.  Population  in  1830,  81,000.  The  harbour  is  spa- 
cious, convenient,  and  the  water  deep.  The  exports  principally  consist  of  tobacco,  wheat  and 
wheat-flour,  hemp  and  flax,  flax-seed,  Indian  com,  and  other  agricultural  products,  timber, 
iron,  &c.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  cottons  and  woollens,  sugar,  coffee,  tea,  wine, 
brandy,  silk  goods,  spices,  rum,  &c.  There  were  in  1830  ten  banks  in  this  city,  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  6,888,691  dollars;  the  total  dividends  for  the  same  year  amounted  to 
362,118  dollars,  being  at  the  rate  of  6^  per  cent.  There  were  also  four  marine  insurance 
companies,  with  a  capital  of  1,200,000  doUars,  producing  a  dividend  of  nearly  15  per  cent, 
on  the  capital  paid  up ;  and  two  fire  insurance  companies,  one  of  which  is  on  the  principle 
of  mutual  guarantee. — {Statement  hy  J.  H.  Goddard,  New  York  Daily  Advertiser,  29th 
of  January,  1831.)  The  registeretl,  enrolled,  and  licensed  tonnage  belonging  to  Baltimore, 
in  December,  1831,  amounted  to  43,263  tons,  of  which  17,575  tons  were  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade.  The  total  value  of  the  articles  imported  into  Maryland,  in  the  year  ending 
the  30&  of  September,  1832,  was 4,629,303  dollars;  the  total  value  of  the  exports  during 
the  same  year  being  4,499,918  do.  (Papera  laid  before  Congress,  16fh  of  February,  1833.) 
In  Maryland  the  dollar  is  worth  7«.  6(/.  currency,  1/.  sterling  beingo=il/.  133.  4d.  cunency 
For  an  account  of  the  currency  of  the  diiierent  states  of  the  Union,  with  a  table  of  the 
value  of  the  dollar  in  each,  see  Nsw  York  ;  and  to  it  also  the  reader  is  referred  for  an 
account  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States.  Weights  and  measures  same  as  those  of 
England. 

Exportt  of  Flour. — Baltimore  is  one  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  United  Btates  for  the  export  of 
ilour.  None  is  allowed  to  be  shipped  from  any  port  of  tlie  Union  till  it  has  been  inspected  by  public 
offlcers  appolKted  for  the  purpose,  and  its  quality  branded  on  the  barrel. — (See  New  York.)  It  ap- 
|tears  from  the  reports  of  these  officers  that  the  flour  inspected  at  Baltimore  during  the  five  yein 
ending  with  1830,  was  as  follows :— 


Tan. 

Wheat  Flour. 

Bye  Flour. 

Indian  Corn  Meal. 

Bunli. 

HairUimli. 

Bamu. 

HilfbvKb. 

Bhdi. 

Bureli. 

Hiltbamh. 

1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

983,671 
961,299 
937,010 
466,144 

987,879 

25,399 
22,921 
18,882 
1.5,149 
19,865 

1,098 
1,874 
4,409 
12,777 
4,430 

4 

63 

48 

30 

419 

1,609 
959 

2,699 
9,314 

8,798 
6,483 
9,498 

90 

2 

11 

1 

In  1832  there  were  inspected  918,674  barrels,  and  17,944  half  barrels  of  wheat  flour.  The  inspec- 
tions of  tobacco  during  the  ^ameyear  amounted  to  24,156  hhds. 

[The  banking  capital  of  Baltimore  had  increased  in  the  early  part  of  1837,  to  $8,61 1,369. 
The  registeied,  enrolled,  and  licensed  tonnage  belonging  to  it,  on  the  last  day  of  September, 
1837,  was  67,107  tons;  of  which  31,631  tons  were  employed  in  the  coasting  tiade,  and 
6799  tons  in  steam  navigation.  The  total  value  of  the  articles  imported  into  Maryland  during 
the  year,  ending  on  the  day  just  mentioned,  was  $7,857,033  ;  and  the  total  value  of  the 
exports  for  the  same  {leriod  was  $3,789,917. — Am.  Ed.] 

BAMBOO  (Fr.  Bambou,  BamboeMa  ,•  Qer.  Indianiacher  Rohr ;  It  Bambu ;  Hind. 
Rana I  Malay,  Buluh,-  Jav.  Preng),  a  species  of  cane,  the  Bamboa  arundinacea  of 
botanists.  It  grows  every  where  within  the  tropics,  and  is  of  the  greatest  utiUty :  strictly 
speaking,  it  is  a  gigantic  grass  with  a  ligneous  stem.  It  oilen  rises  to  the  height  of  40  or  SO 
feet,  and  sometimes  to  even  double  those  heights.  Like  most  plants  long  and  extensively 
cultivated,  it  diverges  into  many  varieties.  Some  of  these  are  dwarfish,  while  others,  instead 
of  being  hollow  canes,  are  solid.  The  bamboo  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  in  four  or  five  years 
is  fit  for  many  uses,  but  docs  not  bear  fruit  or  grain  till  it  be  25  years  old,  after  which  it 
perishes.  The  grain  makes  tolerable  bread.  The  young,  but  gigantic  shoots,  as  they  spring 
fidm  tlie  earth,  make  a  tender  and  good  esculent  vegetable.  The  mature  bamboo  is  empK^- 
«!d  in  an  immeiise  variety  of  ways,  in  the  construction  of  houses,  bridges,  boats,  agricultural 
implements,  &c  Some  varieties  grow  to  such  a  size  as  to  be,  in  the  largest  part,  near  two 
feet  in  circimiference,  and  single  knees  of  these  are  used  as  pails  or  buckets.  The  Chinese 
arc  believed  to  fabricate  their  cheap  and  useful  paper  of  macerated  bamboo.  The  canes  used 
in  Europe  as  walking  sticks  are  not  bamboos,  but  rattans — a  totally  distinct  class  of  plants. 
Bamboos  are  never  used  for  that  purpose. — (^Private  information.) 

BANDANAS,  silk  handkerchiefs,  generally  red  spttcd  with  white.  They  were  formerly 
manufactured  only  in  the  East  Indies ;  but  they  are  now  manufactured  of  a  very  tpi^-i 
f^iulity  At  Glasgow  aM  other  places. 


t(i 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


39 


BANK.— BANKING.  Banks  are  establishments  intended  to  serve  for  the  safe  custody 
of  money;  to  ftcilitate  its  payment  by  one  individual  to  another;  and,  sometimes,  for  tiw 
Iccommodation  of  the  public  with  loans. 


I. 

n. 
in. 

IV. 
V. 
VI. 

vu. 


Banking  (Oinkbai,  Principlbs  or). 

Bank  or  Enoland  (Accohnt  or). 

Banks  (Enolish  Pbitatk  and  Pbotincial). 

Banks  (Scotch). 

Banks  (Inisa). 

Banks  (Foriion).         '    • 

Banks  (Satinos). 


I.  Bankino  (Gbnebai.  Pbincifles  or). 

Banks  are  commonly  divided  into  two  great  classes ;  banks  of  deposit,  and  Ixaiks  of 
circulation.  This  division  is  not,  however,  a  very  distinct  one ;  for  there  is  no  bank  of 
deposit  that  is  not,  at  the  same  time,  a  bank  of  circulation,  and  few  or  no  banks  of  circulation 
that  are  not  also  banks  of  deposit  But  the  term  banks  of  deposit  is  meant  to  designate  those 
which  keep  the  money  of  individuals  and  circulate  it  only ;  while  the  term  banks  of  circula* 
tion  b  applied  to  those  which  do  not  thus  confine  their  circulation,  but  issue  notes  of  their 
own  payable  on  demand.  The  Bank  of  England  is  the  principal  bank  of  circulation  in  the 
empire ;  but  it,  as  well  as  the  private  banks  of  England  and  Scotland  that  issue  notes,  is  also 
a  bank  of  deposit  The  private  banking  establishments  in  London  do  not  issue  notes,  and 
there  are  many  similar  establishments  in  Lancashire,  and  other  parts  of  the  country. 

(1.)  Utility  of  Banks.  Private  Banking  Companies  of  London, — The  establishment  of 
banka  has  contributed,  in  no  ordinary  degree,  to  give  security  and  facility  to  all  sorts  of  com- 
mercial transactions.  They  afford  safe  and  convenient  places  of  deposit  for  the  money  that 
Would  otherwise  have  to  be  kept,  at  a  considerable  risk,  in  private  houses.  They  also  pre- 
vent  in  a  great  measure,  the  necessity  of  carrying  money  from  place  to  place  to  make  pay- 
ments, and  enable  them  to  be  made  in  the  most  copvenient  and  least  expensive  manner. 
A  merchant  or  tradesman  in  London,  for  example,  wHo  employs  a  banker,  keeps  but  very 
littl'''  money  in  his  own  hands,  making  all  his  considerable  payments  by  drafts  or  checks  on 
his  banker ;  and  he  also  sends  the  various  checks,  bills,  or  drafts  payable  to  himself  in  Lon- 
don, to  his  bankers  before  they  become  due.  By  this  means  he  saves  the  trouble  and  incon- 
venience of  counting  sums  of  money,  and  avoids  the  losses  he  would  otherwise  be  liable  to, 
and  would  no  doubt  occasionally  incur,  from  receiving  coins  or  notes  not  genuine.  Perhaps, 
however,  the  great  advantage  derived  by  the  merchant  or  tradesman  from  the  employment 
of  a  banker,  consists  in  its  relieving  him  from  all  trouble  with  respect  to  the  presentation 
for  payment  of  due  bills  and  drafts.  The  moment  these  are  transferred  to  the  banker,  they 
are  at  his  risk.  And  if  he  either  neglect  to  present  them  when  due,  or  to  have  them  properly 
noted  in  the  jvent  of  their  not  being  paid,  he  has  to  answer  for  the  consequences. 

"  Thb  circumstance  alone  must  cause  an  immense  saving  of  expense  to  a  mercantile  house 
in  the  course  of  a  year.  Let  us  suppose  that  a  merchant  has  only  two  bills  due  each  day. 
These  bills  may  be  payable  in  distant  parts  of  the  town,  so  that  it  may  take  a  clerk  half  a 
day  to  present  them ;  and  in  large  mercantile  establishments  it  vould  take  up  the  whole  time 
of  one  or  two  clerks  to  present  the  due  bills  and  the  drafts.  Ttie  salary  of  these  clerks  is, 
therefore,  saved  by  keeping  an  account  at  a  banker's:  besides  the  saving  of  expense,  it  is 
also  reasonable  to  suppose  that  losses  upon  bills  would  sometimes  occur  from  mistakes,  or 
oversights,  from  miscalculation  as  to  the  time  the  bill  would  become  due — from  errors  in 
marking  it  up— fironi  forgetfulness  to  present  it  or  from  presenting  it  at  the  wrong  place. 
In  these  cases  the  indorsers  and  drawees  are  exonerated ;  and  if  the  acceptor  do  not  pay  the 
bill,  the  amount  is  lost.  In  a  banking  houKe  such  mistakes  occur  sometimes,  though  more 
rarely ;  but  when  they  do  occur,  the  loss  falls  upon  the  banker,  and  not  upon  his  customer." 
— (Gilbarl's  Practical  Obsenations  on  Banking.) 

It  is  on  other  grounds  particularly  desirable  for  a  merchant  or  tradesman  to  have  an 
account  with  a  banking  house.  He  can  refer  to  his  bankers  as  vouchers  for  his  respecta- 
bility:  and  in  the  event  of  his  wishing  to  acquire  any  information  with  respect  to  the  cir- 
cumstances, or  credit,  of  any  one  with  whom  he  is  not  acquainted,  his  bankers  will  .  "Jer 
him  all  the  assistance  in  their  power.  In  this  respect  they  have  great  facilities,  it  being  the 
common  practice  amingst  the  bankers  in  London,  and  most  othor  trading  towns,,  to  com- 
municate information  \o  each  other  as  to  the  credit  and  solvency  of  their  customers. 

To  prnvUlo  for  the  puMic  security,  the  statute  7  &  S  fJeo.  4.  c.  29.  }  19.  "  for  the  ptininhment  of  em- 
bezzlement coiiiiiiitteil  by  ngeii;?"  iiitriisliMl  with  property,"  eimi'ts,  "  That  if  nTiy  money,  or  security 
fur  the  pnyment  of  money,  shall  lie  intrusted  to  any  bnnker,  merclinnt,  broker,  attorney,  or  other 
aeont.  with  any  direction  inwritin^  to  aoplysnch  money,  or  uny  piirt  thereof,  or  the  proceeds,  or  any 
partuf  tile  proceuds  uf  such  soturity,for  uny  purpuuc  speciticd  in  such  direction,  and  he  shul),  in  vio- 


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70 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


latlon  of  ([ood  faith,  and  contrnry  to  the  purpose  bo  spi'cificd,  In  nny  wise  convert  to  hia  own  tiie  or 
benefit  such  money,  »ernrity,  or  procoeils,  or  nny  part  thereof  respectively,  every  such  offender  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  inisiiemennur,  and  beiuK  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  liable,  at  the  discretion  of  tliccuutt, 
to  he  transported  beyond  seas,  for  any  term  not  exceeding  fourteen  yean,  nor  lefs  than  seven  years, 
or  to  suffer  such  punishment  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  by  lioth,  as  the  court  shall  award  ;  and  if 
any  chattel  or  valuable  security,  or  any  power  of  attorney  for  the  siilc  or  trnnffer  of  any  share  or  in. 
terest  ip  nny  public  Hlock  or  fund,  whether  of  this  kingdom,  or  of  Great  Ilritain,  or  of  Ireland,  or  of 
any  foreipn  state,  or  in  any  fund  of  any  body  corporate,  company  or  society,  shall  be  inltUBled  to  any 
banker,  merchant,  broker,  attorney,  or  other  n(rcnt,  for  safe  cnstody,  or  for  nny  special  purpose,  viih- 
nut  any  authority  to  sell,  negotiate,  transfer,  or  pledge,  and  he  shall,  in  violation  of  good  faith,  and 
contrary  to  the  object  or  purpose  which  such  chattel  or  security,  or  prtver  of  attorney,  shall  have 
been  intrusted  to  him,  sell,  negotiate,  transfer,  pledge,  or  in  any  mann'r  convert  to  hiu  own  use  or 
benefit  such  chattel  or  security,  or  the  proceeds  of  the  same,  or  nny  purt  thereof,  or  the  share  nr  in- 
terest in  stock  or  fund  to  which  such  power  of  attorney  shall  relate,  of  any  part  thereof,  every  siioli 
offender  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanur,  and  being  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  liable,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  tlio  court,  to  any  of  the  punishments  which  the  court  may  award  as  hereinbefore  last 
menlioned." 

This  act  is  not  to  affect  trustees  nnd  mortgagees,  nor  bankers  reeciving  money  due  upon  securilieg, 
nor  securities  upon  which  thiiy  have  a  lien,  claim,  or  demand,  entitling  them  by  law  to  sell,  tranpfiT, 
or  otherwise  dispose  of  them,  unlesu  such  sale,  transfer,  or  other  disposal  shall  extend  to  a  greater 
number  or  pan  of  such  securities  or  effects  than  shall  be  requisite  for  satisfying  such  lien,  cluini, 
ttc.—i  SO. 

Nothing  in  this  act  is  to  prevent,  impeach,  or  lessen  any  remedy  at  law  or  in  equity,  wbici,  any 
party  aggrieved  by  any  such  offence  might  or  would  have  had,  had  it  not  been  passed.  No  banker, 
merchant,  Ice.  shall  be  convicted  as  an  ofTendcr  against  this  act,  in  respect  of  any  act  done  by  him,  if 
he  shall  at  any  time  previously  to  his  being  indicted  for  such  offence  have  disclotied  sucli  net  on  onlli, 
inconsequence  of  any  compulsory  process  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  in  any  action  bona  fde  insli. 
tuted  by  any  party  aggrieved,  or  if  he  shall  have  disclosed  the  same  in  aiiy  examination  or  deposition 
before  any  commissioner  of  bankrupt.—}  52. 

The  Bank  of  Englant],  and  the  private  banking  companies  of  London  as  well  as  some  of 
the  English  provincial  banks,  charge  no  commission  on  the  paymente  made  and  received  on 
account  of  those  who  deal  with  them.  But  they  allow  no  interest  on  tlic  sums  deposited  in 
their  hands;  and  it  is  cither  stipulated  or  distinctly  understood  that  a  person  employing  a 
hanker  should,  besides  furnishing  him  with  sulHcicnt  funds  to  pay  his  drafts,  keep  an  average 
balance  in  the  banker's  hands,  varying,  of  course,  according  to  the  amount  of  business  done 
on  his  account ;  that  is,  according  to  the  numb'.-r  of  his  clierks  or  drafts  to  be  paid,  and  the 
uuml)er  of  drafts  and  bills  to  be  received  for  im.  The  bunkers  then  calculate,  as  well  as 
tliey  can,  the  probable  amount  of  cash  that  it'  wl  be  necessaiy  for  them  to  keep  in  their 
cofl'ers  to  meet  the  ordinary  demands  of  their  customers,  and  employ  the  balance  in  discount- 
ing mercantile  bills,  in  the  purchase  of  government  securities,  or  in  some  other  sort  of  pro- 
fitable adventure ;  so  that  their  profits  result,  in  the  case  of  tiicir  not  issuing  notes,  from  the 
ditference  between  the  various  expenses  attendant  on  the  management  of  their  establish- 
ments, and  the  profits  derived  from  such  part  of  the  sums  lodged  in  their  bands  as  they  can 
venture  to  employ  in  an  advantageous  way. 

The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England  do  not  allow  any  individual  to  overdraw  his  account. 
They  answer  drafts  to  the  full  extent  of  the  funds  deposited  in  their  hands;  but  they  will 
not  pay  a  draft  if  it  exceed  their  amount.  Private  bankers  are  not  generally  so  scrupulous; 
most  of  them  allow  respectable  individuals,  in  whom  they  have  confidence,  to  overdraw  their 
accounts  ;  those  who  do  so  paying  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  or  whatever  sums  they 
overdraw.  'J'he  possession  of  this  power  of  overdrawing  is  often  a  great  convenience  to 
merchants,  while  it  is  rarely  productive  of  loss  to  the  banker.  The  money  which  is  ovcr- 
ilrawn  is  usually  replaced  within  a  short  period;  sometimes,  indeed,  in  the  course  of  a  day 
or  two.  The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England  decline  granting  this  facility  from  a  disin- 
clination on  their  part  to  come  into  competition  in  a  matter  of  this  sort  with  private  bankers, 
who  transact  this  kind  of  business  better,  probably,  than  it  could  be  done  by  a  great  esta- 
blishment like  the  Bank. 

The  facility  which  bonks  afford  to  the  public  in  tlie  negotiation  of  bills  of  exchange,  or 
in  the  making  of  payment  at  distant  places,  is  very  great.  Many  of  the  banking  companies 
established  in  dltfcrent  districts  hove  a  direct  intercourse  with  each  otlier,  and  they  have  all 
correspondents  in  London.  Hence  an  individual  residing  in  any  part  of  the  country,  who 
may  wish  to  make  a  payment  in  any  other  part,  however  distant,  may  effect  his  object  by 
applying  to  the  bank  iiciirest  to  him.  Thus,  suppose  A.  of  Penzance  has  a  payment  to ' 
make  to  B.  of  Inverness :  to  send  the  money  by  post  woild  be  hazardous ;  and  if  there 
were  fractional  parts  of  a  pound  in  the  sum,  it  would  hardly  be  practicable  to  make  use  of 
the  post:  how  then  will  A.  manage  1  He  will  pay  the  sum  to  a  bunker  in  Penzance,  and 
his  debtor  in  Inverness  will  receive  it  from  a  banker  there.  The  transaction  is  extremely 
ttimplc  :  the  Penzance  lianker  orders  his  correspondent  in  London  to  pay  to  the  correspond- 
ent of  the  Inverness  lianker  the  sum  in  t;  lestion  on  account  of  B. ;  and  the  Inverness 
banker,  being  advised  in  course  of  post  of  what  has  been  done,  pays  B.  A  small  comini.ssion 
charged  by  the  Penzance  banktT,  and  the  postage,  constitute  the  whole  expense.  There  is 
no  risk  whatever,  and  the  whole  uflfair  is  triuisacied  iii  the  most  commodious  and  cheapest 
manner. 

By  far  the  largest  proportion  both  of  the  inland  hills  in  circulation  in  the  country,  and  also 
of  the  foreign  bills  drawn  upon  Great  I'ritain,  arc  made  payable  in  London,  tlic  grand  focu9 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


ff 


to  which  all  the  pecuniary  transactions  of  the  empire  are  ultimately  brought  to  be  adjusted. 
And  in  order  still  further  to  economise  the  use  of  money,  the  principal  bankers  of  thi'  me* 
trupolis  are  in  the  habit  of  sending  a  clerk  each  day  to  the  clearing  house  in  Lombard-btreet, 
who  carries  with  him  the  various  bills  in  the  possession  of  his  house  that  are  drawn  upon 
other  bankers ;  and  having  exchanged  theru  for  the  bills  in  possession  of  thoMf  others  that 
arc  drawn  upon  his  constituents,  the  balance  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  is  paid  in  cash  or 
Bank  of  England  notes.  By  this  contrivance  the  bankers  of  London  are  enabled  to  settle 
transactions  to  the  extent  of  several  millions  a  day,  by  the  employment  of  not  more,  at  an 
average,  than  from  200,000/.  to  300,000/.  of  cash  or  Bank  notes. — (See  Cleaiiino  Housr.,) 

In  con8cqueno«  of  these  and  other  facilities  afforded  by  the  intervention  of  bankers  for  the 
settlement  of  pecuniary  transactions,  the  money  required  to  conduct  tiie  business  of  an 
extensive  country  is  reduced  to  a  trifle  only,  compared  with  what  it  would  otherwise  be. 
It  is  not,  indeed,  possible  to  form  any  very  accurate  estimate  of  the  total  saving  that  is  thus 
effected;  but,  supposing  that  50  or  60  millions  of  gold  md  silver  and  bank  notes  are  at 
present  required,  notvvilhataniling  all  the  devices  that  have  been  resorted  to  for  economising 
money,  for  the  circulatitin  of  Great  Britain,  it  may,  one  should  think,  be  fairly  concluded, 
that  200  millions  would,  at  the  very  least,  have  been  required  to  transact  an  equal  extent  of 
business  but  for  tho.sc  devices.  If  this  statement  be  nearly  accurate,  and  there  are  gowl 
grounds  for  thinking  that  it  is  rather  under  than  over  rated,  it  strikingly  exhibits  the  vast 
importance  of  banking  in  a  public  point  of  view.  By  its  meaiiH  50  or  60  millions  ure  ren- 
iler«l  capable  of  performing  the  same  functions,  and  in  an  infinitely  more  commodious  man- 
ner, that  would  otherwise  have  required  four  times  that  sum ;  and  supposing  that  20  or  30 
millions  are  employed  by  the  bankers  as  a  capita)  in  their  establishments,  no  loss  than  1 20  or 
130  millions  will  be  altogether  disengaged,  or  cease  to  be  employed  as  an  instrument  of 
circulation,  and  made  available  for  employment  in  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  com- 
merce. 

(3.)  Substitution  of  Bank  Notes  for  Coins.  Means  by  which  the  value  of  Bank  Notes 
may  be  sustained. — Not  only,  however,  does  the  formation  of  banking  establishments  enable 
the  business  of  a  country  to  be  conduct^'d  with  a  far  less  amount  of  money,  but  it  also  enables 
a  large  portion  of  that  less  amount  to  be  fabvu ,  '♦^J  of  the  kant  valilable  materials,  or  of 
paper  instead  of  gold.  It  would,  however,  alike  exceed  lue  limits  and  be  inconsistent  with 
the  objects  of  this  article,  to  enter  into  lengthened  details  with  respect  to  the  mode  in  which 
this  substitution  originally  took  place.  It  is  sufiicient  to  observe,  that  it  naturally  grew  out 
of  the  progress  of  society.  When  governments  bct'uiiie  sufficiently  powerful  and  intelligent 
to  enforce  the  observance  of  contracts,  individuals  possessed  of  written  promises  from  others 
that  they  would  pay  certain  sums  at  specified  [leriods,  began  to  assign  them  to  tbose  to  whom 
llipy  were  indebted ;  and  when  those  by  whom  such  obiigulions  are  subscribed  are  persons 
of  whose  solvency  no  doubt  can  be  entertained,  they  are  readily  accepted  in  payment  of  the 
debts  due  by  one  individual  to  another.  But  when  the  circulation  of  obligations  or  bills  in 
this  way  has  continued  for  a  while,  individuals  begin  to  perceive  that  they  may  derive  a 
profit  by  issuing  them  in  such  a  form  as  to  fit  them  for  being  readily  used  as  a  substitute  for 
money  in  the  ordinary  transactions  of  life.  Hence  the  origin  of  bank  notes.  An  individual 
in  whose  wealth  and  discretion  tlie  publi<'  have  cunfidciue  being  f>.pplied  to  for  a  loan,  say 
of  5,000/.,  grants  the  applicant  his  bill  or  n'»te  p?yable  on  demand  for  that  sum.  Now,  as 
diis  note  passes,  in  consequence  of  the  eo'ifidence  placed  in  the  issuer,  currently  from  hand 
to  hand  as  cash,  it  is  quite  as  useful  to  the  lior  "  ;  ;i3  if  he  had  obtained  an  equivalent 
amount  of  gold  ;  and  suppising  that  tln'  rate  ol  est  is  5  per  cent.,  it  will  yield,  so  long 

as  it  continueo  to  circulate,  a  revenue  i>;  250/.  a  m  ar  to  ihn  issuer.  A  banker  who  issues 
notes,  coins  as  it  were  his  credit.  He  derives  th^,  ia:n<!  revenue  from  the  loan  of  his  written 
promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum,  that  he  wculd  derive  from  the  loan  of  the  sum  itself;  and 
while  he  thus  increases  his  own  income,  he  at  the  sa:ne  cimc  contributes  to  increase  the 
wealth  of  the  society.  Bi'sides  being  ir-  'uparably  chea|)er,  bank  notes  are  also  incompai- 
ably  more  commodious  than  a  metal  (i:i.  ■.  y.  A  bank  note  for  1,000/.  or  100,000/.  mry 
be  carried  about  with  as  much  facilil  v  .as  a  single  sovereign.  It  is  of  importance,  too,  la 
observe,  that  its  loss  or  destruction,  whifher  by  fire,  shipwreck,  or  olh Twise,  would  bo  of 
no  greater  importance  in  a  public  point  of  view,  than  the  loss  or  dtstruction  of  as  much 
pa|)cr.  No  doubt  it  might  be  a  Mrious  calamity  to  the  holder ;  but  whatever  the  extent  it 
injured  him,  it  would  proportionally  benx;fit  the  is.suer,  whereas  the  loss  of  coin  is  an  injury 
ij  the  holilir  without  being  of  service  to  any  one  else ;  it  is,  in  fact,  so  much  ubsiracted  from 
tlie  wealtli  of  the  community. 

Promissory  notes  issued  by  private  individuals  or  associations  circulate  only  because  tho?;) 
who  accept  them  have  full  confidence  iii  the  credit  and  solvency  of  the  issuers,  or  because 
they  feel  assured  that  they  will  be  paid  when  they  become  due.  Ii'any  circumstances  trans- 
pired to  excite  suspicions  as  to  their  credit,  it  would  be  impossible  for  them  to  circulate  any 
additional  notes,  and  those  that  tliey  had  issued  would  be  immediiUely  returned  for  pay nent 
Such,  however,  is  not  the  case  with  paper  money  properly  so  cal'rtl,  or  with  notes  thai  are 
declared  hgal  tender.     It  is  not  neceasary,  in  order  tu  sustain  the  value  of  such  notes,  that 


:'"Nlli 


w 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


they  ihoQli!  be  payable  at  all ;  the  only  thin;  that  is  required  for  that  purpoec  ii,  that  they 
should  be  issued  in  Hmited  quaniiiia.  Every  country  has  a  certain  number  of  exchangct 
to  make ;  and  whether  these  are  effected  by  the  employment  of  a  given  nmnber  of  roins  of  a 
particular  denomination,  or  by  the  employment  of  the  same  number  of  notes  of  the  sam« 
deiiominaUon,  is,  in  this  respect,  of  no  importance  whatever.  Notes  which  have  been  made 
legal  tender,  and  are  not  payable  on  demand,  do  not  circulate  because  of  any  confidence 
placed  in  the  capacity  of  the  issuers  to  retire  them ;  neither  do  they  circulate  because  they 
are  of  the  same  real  value  as  the  commodities  for  which  they  are  exchanged ;  but  they  circu- 
late because,  having  t)een  selected  to  perform  the  functions  of  money,  they  are,  as  such, 
readily  received  by  all  individuals  in  payment  of  their  debts.  Notes  of  this  description  may 
be  re^rded  as  a  sort  of  tickets  or  counters  to  be  used  in  computing  the  value  of  property, 
and  in  transferring  it  from  one  individual  to  another.  And  as  they  are  no  wise  afll-vted  by 
fluctuations  of  credit,  their  value,  it  *"  ')vious,  must  depend  entirely  on  the  quantity  of  them 
in  circulation  as  compared  with  the  ■  -'  /ments  to  be  made  through  their  instrumentality,  or 
the  business  they  have  to  perform.  Hy  reducing  the  supply  of  notes  below  the  supply 
of  coins  that  would  circulate  in  their  place  were  they  withdrawn,  their  value  is  raised  above 
the  value  of  gold ;  while,  by  increasing  them  to  a  greater  extent,  it  is  proportionally  lowered. 

Hence,  supposing  it  were  possible  to  obtain  any  security  other  than  immediate  converti- 
bility into  the  precious  metals,  that  notes  declared  to  be  legal  tender  would  not  be  issued  in 
excess,  but  that  their  number  afloat  would  be  so  adjusted  as  to  preserve  their  value  as  com- 
pared with  gold  nearly  uniform,  the  obligation  to  pay  them  on  demand  might  be  done  away. 
B'lt  it  is  needless  to  say  that  no  such  security  can  be  obtained.  Wherever  the  power  to 
issue  paper,  not  immediately  convertible,  has  been  conceded  to  any  set  of  persons,  it  has  been 
abused,  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  such  paper  has  uniformly  been  over-issued,  or  its  value 
depreciated  from  excess,  it  is  now  admitted  on  all  hands  to  be  indispensable,  in  order  to 
prevent  injurious  fluctuations  in  the  value  of  money,  that  all  notes  be  made  payable,  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  holder,  in  an  unvarying  quantity  of  gold  and  silver.  This  renders  it  impos- 
sible for  the  issuers  of  paper  to  depreciate  its  value  below  that  of  the  precious  nietala.  They 
may,  indeed,  by  over-issuing  paper,  depress  the  value  of  the  whole  currency,  gold  as  well  as 
paper,  in  the  country  in  which  the  over-issue  is  made ;  but  the  moment  that  they  do  this, 
gold  begins  to  be  sent  abro.-.d;  and  paper  being  returned  upon  the  issuers  for  payment,  they 
are,  in  order  to  prevent  the  exhaustion  of  their  coffers,  compelled  to  lessen  their  issues ;  and 
thus,  by  raising  the  value  of  the  currency,  stop  the  drain  for  bullion. 

It  does,  however,  appear  to  us,  that  it  is  not  only  necessary,  in  order  to  prevent  the  over- 
issue of  paper,  to  enact  that  all  notes  should  be  payable  on  demand,  but  that  it  is  further 
necessary,  in  order  to  insure  compliance  with  this  enactment,  to  prohibit  any  one  from  issu- 
ing notes  until  he  has  satisfied  the  government  of  his  ability  to  pay  them.  The  circum- 
stances that  excite  public  confidence  in  the  issuers  of  paper  are  often  of  the  most  deceitful 
description;  and  i  numerable  instances  hav  s  occurred,  of  the  population  of  extensive  dis- 
tricts having  suHered  severely  fi:om  the  in  jlvency  of  bankers  in  whom  they  ploced  the 
utmost  confidence.  In  1793,  in  1814,  '  Ab,  and  1816,  and  again  in  182.5,  a  verj' large 
proportion  of  the  country  hanks  were  dcotroycd,  and  produced  by  their  fall  an  extent  r  f  ruin 
that  has  hardly  been  equalled  in  any  other  country.  And  when  such  disasters  have  already 
happened,  it  is  surely  the  hounden  duty  of  government  to  hinder,  by  every  means  in  its 
power,  their  recurrence.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  affirm,  that  we  have  sustainefl  ten  times 
more  injury  from  the  circulation  of  worthless  paper,  or  paper  issued  by  persons  without  the 
means  of  retiring  it,  than  from  the  issue  of  spurious  coin.  It  is  said,  indeed,  by  those  who  arn 
hostile  to  interferpmre,  that  coins  are  legal  tenders,  whereas,  notes  being  destitute  of  that 
privilege,  those  who  fmspect  them  are  at  liberty  to  refuso  them ;  but,  whatever  notes  may  lie 
in  law,  they  are,  in  very  many  districts,  practical/u  and  in  fact,  legal  tenders,  and  could  not 
be  rejected  without  exposing  the  parties  to  much  mconvenience.  It  should  also  be  observed, 
that  labo  irers,  women,  minors,  and  every  sort  of  persons,  however  incapable  of  judging  of 
the  stahility  of  bwnking  establwtiments,  are  dealers  in  m'.ney,  and  consequently  sable  to  be 
imposed  u^ion.  This,  tiien,  <*  clearly  a  case  in  whirh  it  is  absolutely  imperative  upon 
govern.nent  to  interfere,  to  protect  t!ie  interests  of  those  who  cannot  protect  themselves, 
either  by  compelling  all  individunls  aiijiiying  tor  stamps  for  notes,  to  give  security  for  their 
payment,  or  by  making  snre,  in  >-ime  other  way,  that  they  have  the  means  of  paying  them, 
and  that  the  eirrulatif*  of  the  n«*w  will  be  a  berw^  and  not  an  injury  tn  the  public. 

A  security  t4  this  »ort  has  hmn  exacted  in  liae  case  of  the  Bank  of  England ;  and  the 
whole  14,686,000/.  lent  by  the  Btrnk  to  governnwTit,  n>UHt  he  sac.n<iccd  Iwfore  the  boiilers 
'*f  her  notes  can  sustain  th*  «nof«>it  loiw.  Her  stability  tws,  therefore,  been  truly  said,  by 
Or.  Smith,  to  be  equal  ♦■>  tbs*  ,>f  thr  BrrCMth  internment.  I  he  syatem  of  taking  securities 
bcvwig  been  found  to  a  uvu-r  so  wefl  in  the  ease  of  the  Bank  of  England,  is  a  powerful 
•rgtwient  in  favour  of  its  exteninon^  Were  securiticH  uiken  from  the  c/«mtry  banks,  their 
tilHmate  failure,  m  the  capacity  of  lianks  of  i«wup,  would  be  rendered  impossible ;  and  a 
degree  of  solidity  would  be  given  to  our  money  syittem,  which  it  is  idle  to  expect  it  can  ever 
fHain,  ito  long  as  it  continues  on  its  present  footing. 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRTNCIPLES  OP). 


n 


It  'm  ciceedingly  diflficult  to  prevent  the  issue  of  forged  notes.  Various  schemes  have  been 
laggested  for  thia  purpose ;  and  though  it  is  hardly  possible  to  suppose  that  an  inimitable 
note  will  ever  be  produced,  it  is  contended,  that  by  judiciously  combining  different  sorts  of 
engraving,  forgery  may  bo  rendered  so  difficult,  ns  to  be  but  rarely  at(empte<I.  But  however 
ihis  may  be,  during  the  period  from  1797  to  1819,  when  the  Bank  of  England  issued  1/. 
notes,  their  forgery  was  carried  on  to  a  great  extent.  And  the  desire  to  chock  this  practice 
and  to  lessen  the  frequency  of  capital  punishments,  appears  to  have  been  amongst  the  most 
prominent  circumstances  which  led  to  the  return  to  specie  payments  in  1831,  and  the  sup* 
presnion  of  1/.  notca — (See  Table  I.) 

(3.)  Bank  of  England  Notes  legal  tender. — According  to  the  law  as  it  stood  previously 
to  the  present  year  (1834),  all  descriptions  of  notes  were  payable  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
holder,  in  coin  of  the  standard  weight  and  purity.  But  the  poUry  of  such  a  regulation  was 
very  questionable;  and  we  regard  the  enactment  of  the  hie  stat.  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  98,, 
which  makes  Bank  of  England  notes  legal  tender,  every  where  except  at  the  Bank  and  ito 
branches,  for  all  sums  above  5/.,  as  a  very  great  improvonient.  So  long  as  the  notes  of  the 
Bank  are  themselves  convertible,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  holder,  into  coin,  an  arrangement  of 
this  sort  will,  it  is  obvious,  effectually  prevent  any  over-ishuo  of  country  pajjcr,  at  the  same 
time  thit  it  is  free  from  many  very  ser»: -in  disadvuntagcs  ^liat  attached  to  the  former  plan. 
The  unjust  liabilities  imposed  upon  the  Bank  of  England  by  the  old  system,  placed  her  in  a 
situation  of  great  difficulty  and  hazard.  They  obliged  h^'  i  provide  a  supply  of  coin  and 
bullion,  not  for  her  own  exigencies  only,  but  for  those  ot  uli  tl"  e  country  banks ;  and,  what 
is  harder  still,  they  expo«ed  her  to  be  deeply  injured  by  any  nisconduet  on  the  part  of  the 
latter,  us  well  as  by  the  distress  in  which  they  might  acci('.:ntaliy  be  involved.  In  conse- 
quence her  free  action  has  been  at  all  times  in  some  d  jgree  impeded ;  and  her  power  to 
render  assistance  to  the  banking  and  mercantile  interest  in  periods  of  discredit  "naterially 
diminished.  The  country  banks  kept  but  a  small  supply  of  coin  in  their  coffers.  They 
were  all,  however,  holders,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  of  government  securities ;  and  whenever 
any  circumstance  occurred,  to  occasion  a  demand  upon  them  for  coin,  they  immediately 
sold  or  pledged  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  their  stock,  carried  the  notes  to  the  Bank  to  be 
exchanged,  and  then  carried  the  specie  to  the  country.  Hence,  when  any  suspicions  were 
cntiTlained  of  the  credit  of  the  country  banks,  or  when  a  panic  originated  amongst  tlie  hold- 
fis  of  their  notes,  as  was  the  case  in  1793  and  1825,  the  whole  of  them  retreated  upon  the 
Bank  of  England,  and  700  or  800  conduits  were  opened,  to  draw  off  the  specie  of  that 
cotaliiishnient,  which  was  th.  s,  it  is  evident,  exposed  to  the  risk  of  stojjpage  without 
havin?  done  any  thing  wrong.  It  was  not  the  drain  for  gold  from  abroad,  b\it  the  drain  for 
gold  from  the  country,  that  nearly  exhausted  the  Bank's  coffers  in  1825,  and  forced  her  to 
issue  aliont  a  million  of  1/.  and  2/.  notes.  The  currency  could  not  possibly  be  in  a  sound 
ht'althy  stato,  while  the  Bank  of  England,  and,  through  her,  public  credit,  were  placed  in  so 
iwrilous  a  situation.  But  the  making  of  Bank  of  England  notes  legal  tender  at  all  plaoe.i 
except  the  Bank,  will  tend  materially  to  protect  her  from  the  injurious  consequences  of 
pi,hi<_-  or  runs  among  the  holders  of  country  bank  paper;  and  while  it  does  this,  it  will  not, 
as  it  appears  to  us,  in  any  wise  impair  the  spcuritics  against  ovcr-iftsuc  or  depreciation. 

It  was,  no  doubt,  cc.ntended  during  the  discussions  on  the  late  act,  that  the  measure  now 
referred  to  would  load  to  the  depreciation  of  provincial  paper ;  inasmuch  as  the  expense  of 
sending  notwi  from  a  di^^tlmce  to  London,  to  be  exchanged  for  gold,  would  prevent  any  one 
from  demanding  Bank  uf  England  notes  from  country  banks  in  good  credit,  till  the  value  of 
the  notes  issued  l>y  them  was  so  nnich  depreciated  hclow  the  value  of  gold,  that  the  difference 
would  more  than  pay  the  expense  of  sending  men  to  London,  and  bringing  gold  back.  But 
tills  notion  proceeds  on  a  radical  misconception  of  the  nature  of  the  old  as  well  as  of  the  new 
svstcin  of  currency.  There  cannot,  in  point  of  fact,  l>e  the  least  difference,  as  repects  value, 
ill  tlio  provinces,  between  Bank  of  England  paper,  now  that  it  is  legal  tender,  and  gold. 
London  being  the  place  where  the  exchanges  are  adjusted,  'he  value  of  money  in  every  part 
of  the  empire  nnist  depend  on  its  value  in  it ;  and  thin,  it  is  plain,  cannot  be  in  any  degree 
affected  by  the  late  measure.  Formerly  the  provincial  currency,  gold  as  well  as  paper, 
niit^ht  be,  and,  indeed,  frequently  was,  depreciated.  This  was  brought  about  either  by  an 
over-issue  on  the  part  of  the  country  batiks,  generally  in  the  first  instance,  the  effect,  but 
always,  in  the  end,  the  cause  of  a  rise  of  prices;  or  by  the  issues  of  the  Bank  of  England. 
\mns,  in  conseiiuence  of  an  adverse  exchange,  narrowed  sooner  or  more  rapidly  than  those 
of  the  country  banks.  In  either  case  the  provincial  currency  being  redundant  as  compared 
with  that  of  *hc  metropolis,  there  was  a  demand  on  its  issuers  lor  bills  on  London ;  but  it  is 
miiterial  to  observe,  that,  unless  their  credit  was  suspected,  there  was  not  in  such  cases,  any 
demand  upon  thorn  for  gold,  It  is,  indeed,  obvious  that  a  redundancy  of  the  currency  is  a 
defect  that.  cann.)t  be  obviated  by  getting  gold  from  the  country  banks,  unless  (as  hoarding 
is  out  of  the  question)  it  be  intended  to  send  it  abroad;  and  that  may  always  be  done  better 
and  cheaper  hy  getting  from  them  Bank  of  England  notes,  or  bills  on  London.  A  local 
redundancy  of  the  cunency  mav  take,  place  in  future  as  it  has  done  formerly,  and  its  occur- 
roncrt  cannot  be  prevented,  even  though  paper  were  wholly  banisihed  from  circulation,  sc 
Vol.  I.— O  10 


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74 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


long  an  the  w'lole  currency  ii<  not  supplied  from  one  source,  and  a»  Tiondon  is  the  focm 
where  the  exchanges  with  foreign  countries  are  adjuHted.  But  the  Ktutements  now  made 
show  that  it  iH  a  radical  mistake  to  suppose  that  it  can  take  place  more  readily,  or  to  a  grcnter 
extent,  under  the  now  system  than  formerly.  In  tliis  respect  no  change  linu  been  made, 
But  while  our  ancient  security  against  ovcr-issuo  is  maintained  uiiiinpairod,  the  recent 
urrungeinents  increase  the  stability  of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  consequently  improve  our 
whule  pecuniary  system. 

If  any  doulit  could  possibly  remain  as  to  the  operation  of  the  now  system,  it  would  be 
roMiovt  d  liy  rrfurring  to  Scotland.  Gold  has  been  practically  banished  from  that  country 
for  a  long  seiies  of  years;  and  yet  no  ono  pretends  to  say  that  prices  are  hiyhrr  in  Si'iitlond 
than  ill  England,  or  that  her  currency  is  depreciated.  The  Scotch  cu.-rcncy  is  kojit  as  its 
proper  level,  not  by  the  check  of  gold  paynicntH,  but  by  the  demand  fur  bills  on  London ;  and 
it  is  as  efTectually  limited  in  this  way  as  it  could  be  were  the  banks  uiiiversully  in  the  haliit 
of  exchanging  their  notes  for  gold.  On  what  grounds,  then,  u  it  to  be  apprulu-nded  thut  the 
obli;;'.ition  to  give  Bank  of  En^'Iaitd  notes  or  bills  on  London,  will  be  less  elfcctual  in  rcbtrain* 
ing  ovur-issuo  in  Yorkshire  or  Durham  than  in  Scotland  ] 

A  bunker  who  issues  notes  must  keep  l)e><iiie  him  such  a  xtock  of  canh  nnd  bullion,  u 
may  bo  sutlicient  to  answer  the  demands  of  the  public  fur  their  payment.  If  the  value  of 
the  cash  and  bullion  in  his  colfcfs  were  equal  to  the  value  of  his  notes  in  circuliitinii,  he 
would  not,  it  is  plain,  make  any  profit;  but  if  he  bo  in  good  credit,  a  third,  u  fourth,  or  even 
a  tilth  part  of  this  sum  will  probably  be  BufTiciciil;  and  hii  profit  consists  of  the  exccns  of 
the  interest  derived  from  his  notes  in  circulation,  over  the  interest  of  the  sum  he  is  obligwl 
to  keep  dormant  in  his  strong  box,  and  the  cxi)enscs  of  managing  his  establishment.  The 
Bank  of  England,  as  will  be  afterwards  seen,  keeps  an  average  stuck  of  coin  and  bullion 
equal  to  a  third  of  her  liabilities. 

(4.)  Legal  Description  vf  Br  ah  Note.i. — Bank  notes  are  merely  a  species  of  promissory 
notes.  They  are  subscribed  citiier  by  the  parties  on  whose  account  they  arc  issued,  or  liy 
some  one  in  their  empluyment,  whose  signature  is  bmding  upon  them.  A  Bonk  of  England 
note  fur  5/.  is  08  follows : —  , ,.       ,  ,,!..■ 


Mnn^  oc  iSn^latiDf. 


Hi' 


N°. 


J  promise  to  pay  to  Mr.  Thomas  Hippon,  or  Bearer, 
on  Demand,  the  Sum  of  ^fftOt  Pounds. 
1833.  September  9,  London,  9  September,  1833. 

For  the  Gov''  and  Comp^  of  the 
jgjffte  BANK  of  ENGLAND. 

A.  B. 

No  particular  form  of  words  is  necensary  in  a  bank  note.  The  essential  requisites  nrp, 
that  it  should  be  f>r  a  definite  sum  (in  England  and  Wale„s  not  less  than  5/.,  and  in  Scot- 
larul  and  Ireland  not  less  than  1/.),  that  it  should  be  payable  to  bearer  on  demand,  ond  that 
it  «hi>ulJ  be  properly  stampetl.  Promissory  notes,  though  issued  by  bankers,  if  not  paynhio 
to  bearer  on  demand,  do  nut  come  under  the  denomination  of  bank  notes:  they  arc  not,  like 
the  latter,  taken  as  cash  in  all  ordinary  transactions;  nor  arc  they,  like  them,  assignable  liy 
mere  delivery. 

The  eirculatiim  "tf  notes  for  less  than  5/.  was  restrainexl  by  law  (slat.  15  Geo.  3.  c.  ,')l.) 
from  1766  to  1797.  In  1808,  it  was  enacted  by  stat  48  Geo.  3.  c.  88.,  that  ail  bank  nous, 
promissory  notes,  or  other  negotiable  instruments  for  less  than  20s.  should  lie  abiioluttly 
voii  penalty  of  from  20s.  to  5/.,  at  the  discretion  of  the  justices,  being  imposeil  on 

their  iiisucrs.  It  was  enacted  by  the  7  Geo.  4.  c.  6.,  that  the  issue  of  nil  bank  notes  or  pro- 
missory notes  for  les  ihan  HI.  by  the  Bank  of  England,  or  by  any  Uccrised  English  'lankiTs, 
and  stamped  on  Uij  ,jth  of  February,  I82fi,  or  previously  (after  which  period  such  notes 
were  not  suimpeil),  should  terminate  on  the  5th  of  April,  1829. 

The  stamp  duties  on  bank  notes  or  promissory  notes  payable  on  demand,  are — 


JE    *.  d. 

£    s.  d. 

Not  exceeding 

\     1     0 

. 

Exceeding 

1     1    0  and  not  exceeding 

2    3    0 

_ 

2    2    0 

— 

6     5    0 

..., 

.',    5    0 

— 

10    0    0 

jm- 

10    0    0 

_ 

20    0    0 

jf 

an  0  » 

.WOO 

^^ 

30    0    ft 

^- 

■Ml    0    0 

■«» 

woo 

— 

100    0    0 

£ 

s.  d. 

0 

0    5 

0 

0  10 

0 

1     3 

0 

1     U 

0 

2    0 

0 

3    0 

0 

t,    0 

0 

U    6 

BANK  OF  ENGLAND* 


76 


Which  notes  may  bo  rcigsucd  iifltT  payment,  ns  often  na  Khali  be  thouq;ht  fit,  provided  they 
be  issued  i)y  a  banker  or  perHori  who  has  taken  out  ii  licenci',  roiu'wable  annually,  and  coat- 
ing 30/.,  to  issue  notes  payable  to  bearer  on  demand.  Any  banker  or  other  person  issuing 
such  re-i»suable  note?,  without  being  duly  licensed,  shall  forfeit  100/.  for  every  oirencc. — (65 
6'ffl.3.c.  184.  §27.) 

These  conditions  do  not  apply  to  the  Bank  of  England,  the  stamp  duties  on  the  notes 
of  tliut  establishment  bcuig  compounded  for  at  the  ratu  of  3,500/.  per  million  of  its  notes  in 
circulation. 

Ncitcs  or  bills  no!  payable  to  benrcr  on  demand,  are  not  re-issuablo,  under  a  penalty  of  50/. 
—(For  the  stamp  duties  atlccting  them,  sec  Exi.  iaxob.) 

By  the  9  Geo.  4.  c,  23.,  English  bankers  not  in  the  City  of  London,  or  within  three  miles 
thereof,  are  authorised  to  issue  promissory  notes,  and  to  draw  and  issue  bills  oi  exchange,  on 
unstamped  paper,  for  any  sum  of  5/.  or  upwards,  expressed  to  be  payable  to  the  be.irer  on 
dciniuid,  or  to  order  at  any  period  not  exceeding  7  days  after  sight  (bills  may  also  he  drawn 
at  any  period  not  cxccedinj;  21  days  after  date),  upon  obtaining  licences,  costing  30/.,  to  that 
ciTcct,  provided  such  bills  of  exchange  be  drawn  upon  bankers  in  London,  VVestniiiister,  or 
Soutiiwark  ;  or  provided  such  bills  be  drawn  by  any  banker  or  bankers  at  the  place  where 
he  or  they  shall  be  licensed  to  issue  unstamped  notes  and  bills,  upon  himself  or  thenisolves, 
or  his  or  their  copartner  or  copartners,  payable  at  any  other  place  where  such  bunker  or 
I'uukcrs  shall  be  licensed  to  issue  such  notes  and  bills.  Bankers  having  such  licences,  are  to 
give  security  by  bond,  that  they  will  keep  a  true  account  of  uU  promissory  notes  and  bills  so 
issued,  and  account  for  the  duties  on  them  at  the  rate  of  'Sa.  %d.  for  every  l'.)0/.,  and  also  for 
the  fractional  parts  of  100/.  of  the  average  value  of  such  notes  and  bills  in  circulation.  Pcr- 
soitf  post-dating  unstamped  notes  or  bills  shall,  for  every  such  olfence,  forfeit  100/. 

(5.)  Legal  Effect  of  the  Payment  if  Bank  Nvte^. — Notes  of  the  Bank  of  England  were 
not,  previously  to  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  98.,  like  bills  of  exchange,  mere  securities,  or 
documents  of  debt,  but  were  treated  as  money  or  cash  in  the  ordinary  course  or  trans- 
actims  of  busine-is;  the  receipts  given  upon  their  payment  being  always  given  as  for  money. 

Njw,  however,  they  are  legal  ti^nder,  every  where  except  at  the  Baidc,  for  all  sums  above 
6/.  All  notes  payabh;  to  bearer  are  assignable  by  delivery.  The  liolder  of  a  bank  note  is 
prima  fac:e  entitled  to  prompt  payment  of  it,  and  cannot  be  affected  by  the  previous  fraud 
of  any  former  holder  in  obtaining  it,  unless  evidence  be  given  to  show  that  he  was  jrivy  to 
such  fraud.  Such  privity  may,  however,  be  inferred  from  the  circumstances  of  the  ca  x.  To 
use  the  words  of  Lord  Tenterden,  "  If  a  person  take  a  bill,  note,  or  any  other  kind  of  secu- 
rity, under  circuinstinces  which  ought  to  excite  suspicion  in  the  mind  of  any  reasonable  man 
acquainted  with  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life,  and  which  ought  to  put  him  on  his  guard  to  make 
the  necessary  inquiries,  and  he  do  not,  then  he  loses  the  right  of  mauitainuig  j)osscssion  of 
thein-itrumcnt  against  the  lawful  owner." — {Guild/tall,  2.5th  October,  1820.) 

Country  bank  notes  are  usually  received  as  cash.  But  though  taken  as  such,  it  they  bo 
presented  in  due  time  and  not  paid,  they  do  not  amount  to  a  payment,  and  the  deliverer  of 
tlie  notes  is  still  liable  to  the  holder.  It  is  not  cosy  to  determine  what  is  a  due  or  reasonable 
lime,  inasmuch  as  it  must  depend  in  a  great  measure  on  the  circumstances  of  each  jiarticular 
ease.  On  the  whole,  the  safest  rule  seems  to  be  to  present  all  notes  or  drafts  payable  on  dt> 
mand,  if  received  in  the  place  where  they  are  payable,  on  the  day  on  which  they  are  recci-ved, 
or  as  soon  after  as  possible.  When  they  have  to  be  transmitted  by  post  for  payment,  no  un- 
necessary delay  should  be  allowed  to  intervene. — {Chitty's  Cumnieicial  Law,  vol.  iiL  p» 
590,,  and  .he  art.  "  Cukck"  in  this  Dictionary.) 

II,  Bawk.  ot  EyotAwn  (Account  of). 

(1.)  IJislorical  SJcefch  of  the  Bank, — This  great  establishment,  which  has  long  been  the 
principal  bank  of  deposit  and  circulation,  not  in  thiscountry  only,  but  in  Europe,  was  founded 
ill  1(Vj4,  Its  principal  projector  was  Mr,  William  Paterson,  an  enterprising  and  intelligent 
Scotch  gentleman,  who  was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  ill-fated  colony  at  Dariei'  Uovcni- 
nicnt  being  at  tlie  time  much  dLstre^.-*d  tor  want  of  money,  partly  from  the  defects  and 
abuses  in  the  system  of  taxation,  and  partly  from  the  difliculty  of  borrowing,  because  of  the 
supposed  instability  of  the  revolutionary  establishment,  the  Bank  grew  out  of  a  loan  of 
1;JOO,()00/.  for  the  public  service.  The  suhscribers,  bes^ides  receiving  ciglif  p^"r  eeiit.  on  the 
s'lni  advanced  a.s  interest,  and  4,0Wi.#«  a  year  as  the  expense  of  manageme.it.  in  all  100,000/. 
« year,  were  incorporated  into  a  society  denominated  the  Governor  and  Comvany  of  the. 
liitok  of  linglrjid.  The  charter  18  dated  the  27th  of  July,  1694.  It  declares,  amongst  other 
tilings,  that  tliey  shall  "  be  capable  in  law,  to  purchase,  enjoy,  and  retain  to  them  and  their  suc- 
cessors, any  manors,  lands,  rents,  tenemerts,  and  possessions  whatsoever;  and  to  purch** 
and  acquire  all  sorts  of  goods  and  chatteU  whaMoever,  whetvin  they  arc  not  ■•estrained  by 
act  of  parliament ;  and  also  to  grant,  deBouK.  and  dispose  of  tlie  name. 

"Tliat  the  nvitvagement  ain  governraewt  of  ti*  corpcsra'ion  In-  committed  to  the  go- 
vernor, d4)uty  governor,  and  twgnty-four  dii«ctut',  who  *..jX\  be  elected  between  the  '~'o\ix 


!!' 


•    I'f 


M 


!■«'! 


|["!i|&i 

Ii  fW 


!     I 


J,i     il 


m 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


day  of  Mnrch  and  SSth  day  of  April,  each  year,  from  among  tho  memben  of  the  Comptnj 
duly  qualified. 

"  That  no  dividend  shall  rt  any  time  be  made  by  the  (aid  Governor  and  Company,  nre 
only  out  of  the  interest,  profit,  or  produce  ariRing  by  or  out  of  the  said  capital  stock  or  fund, 
or  by  such  dealing  as  is  allowed  by  act  of  parliament. 

"They  must  be  natural  born  subjects  of  England,  or  naturalised  subjects;  they  shall 
have  in  their  own  name  and  for  their  own  use,  severally,  viz. — the  governor,  at  least  4,000/, 
the  deputy  governor  3,000/.,  and  each  director  2,000/.  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  corpo- 
ration. 

"  That  thirteen  or  moro  of  the  said  govemora  and  directors  (of  which  the  governor  or  Jp. 
puty  governor  must  be  always  one)  shall  constitute  a  court  of  directors,  fur  the  management 
of  the  affairs  of  the  Company,  and  for  the  appointment  of  all  agents  and  servants,  wliich 
may  be  necessary,  paying  them  such  salaries  ati  they  may  consider  reasonable. 

"  Every  elector  mast  have,  in  his  own  name  and  for  his  own  use,  5flO/.  or  mo.c  capital 
Btock,  and  can  only  give  one  vote.  He  must,  if  required  by  any  membir  present,  take  th« 
oath  of  stock ;  or  the  declaration  of  stock,  in  case  he  be  one  of  the  people  called  Quakers, 

"  Four  general  courts  to  bo  held  in  every  year ;  in  the  months  of  Sejitomlwr,  December, 
April,  and  July.  A  general  court  may  be  summoned  at  any  time,  upon  the  requisition  of 
nine  proprietors,  duly  qualified  as  electors. 

"  The  majority  of  electors  in  general  courts  have  the  power  to  make  and  constitute  by.Jawi 
and  ordinances  for  the  government  of  the  corporation,  provided  that  such  by-laws  and  ordi. 
nances  bo  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  the  kingdom,  and  be  confirmed  and  approved,  accord- 
ing to  the  statutes  in  such  case  made  and  provided." 

The  corporation  is  prohibited  from  engaging  in  any  sort  of  commercial  undertaking  othrr 
than  dealing  in  bills  of  exchange,  and  in  gold  and  silver.  It  is  authorised  to  advance  money 
upon  the  security  of  goods  or  merchandise  pledged  to  it ;  and  to  sell,  by  public  auction,  such 
goods  as  are  not  redeemed  within  a  specified  time. 

It  was  also  enacted,  in  the  same  year  in  which  the  Bank  was  established,  by  statute  6 
William  and  Mary,  c.  20.,  that  tho  Bank  "  shall  not  deal  in  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchan- 
dise (except  bullion),  or  purchase  any  lands  or  revenues  belonging  to  the  crown,  or  advance 
or  lend  to  their  Majesties,  their  heirs  or  successors,  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  by  way  of 
loan  or  anticipation,  or  any  port  or  parts,  branch  or  branches,  fund  or  funds  of  the  revenue, 
now  granted  or  belonging,  or  hcreafler  to  be  granted  to  their  Majesties,  their  heirs  and  suc- 
cessors, other  than  such  fund  or  funds,  part  or  parts,  branch  or  branches  of  the  said  revenue 
only,  on  which  a  credit  of  loan  is  or  shall  be  granted  by  parliament"  And  in  1697  it  vvsj 
enacted,  that  the  "  common  capital  and  principal  stock,  and  also  the  real  fund  of  the  Gover- 
nor and  Company,  or  any  profit  or  produce  to  be  made  thereof,  or  arising  thereby,  shall  ba 
exempted  from  any  rates,  taxes,  assessments,  or  impositions  whatsoever,  during  the  conti- 
nuance of  the  Bank;  and  that  all  the  profif,  benefit,  and  advantage,  from  time  to  time  arising 
out  of  the  management  of  the  said  corporation,  shall  be  applied  to  tho  uses  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  said  corporation  of  the  Governor  and  Compony  of  the  Bank  of  England,  rate- 
ably,  and  in  proportion  to  each  member's  part,  share,  and  ircercst  in  the  common  capital  and 
principal  stock  of  the  sold  Governor  and  Company  hereby  established." 

It  was  further  enacted,  in  1697,  that  the  forgery  of  the  Company's  seal,  or  of  any  scaled 
bill  or  Bank  note,  should  be  felony  without  benefit  of  clergy,  and  that  the  niaking  of  any 
alteration  or  erasure  in  any  bill  or  note  should  also  be  felony. 

In  1696,  during  the  great  recoinage,  the  Bank  was  involved  in  considerable  difficulties, 
and  was  even  compelled  to  suspend  payment  of  her  notes,  which  were  at  a  heavy  discount 
Owing,  however,  to  the  judiciouii  conduct  of  the  directors,  and  the  assistance  of  goveriiment, 
the  Bank  got  over  the  crisis.  But  it  was  at  the  same  time  judged  expedient,  in  order  to 
place  her  in  a  situation  the  better  to  withstand  any  adverse  circumstances  that  might  after- 
wards occur,  to  increase  her  capital  from  1,200,000/.  to  2,201,171/.  In  1708.  the  directors 
undertook  to  pay  off  and  cancel  one  million  and  a  half  of  Exchequer  bills  they  had  circu- 
lated two  years  before,  at  4^  per  cent.,  with  the  interest  on  them,  amounting  in  all  to 
1,775,028/. ;  which  increased  the  permanent  debt  due  by  the  public  to  ihe  Bank,  including 
400,000/.  then  ailvanced  in  consideration  of  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  to  3..S75,029/.,  for 
which  they  were  allowed  6  per  cent.  The  Bank  capital,  was  then  also  doubled  or  increased 
to  4,402,343/.  But  the  year  1708  is  chiefly  memorable,  in  the  history  of  the  Bank,  for  llie 
act  that  was  then  passed,  which  declared,  that  during  the  continuance  of  the  corporation  of 
the  Bank  of  England,  "  it  should  not  be  lawful  for  any  body  politic,  erected  or  to  be  erected, 
other  than  the  said  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  for  any  other  per- 
sons whatsoever,  united  or  to  be  united  in  covenants  or  partnership,  exceeding  the  number  of 
6  persons,  in  that  part  of  Great  Britain  called  England,  to  borrow,  owe,  or  take  up  any  sura 
or  .sums  of  money  on  their  bills  or  notes  payable  on  demand,  or  in  any  less  time  than  6 
months  from  the  borrowing  thereof." — ^This  proviso,  which  has  had  so  powerful  an  oiwration 
on  banking  in  England,  is  said  to  have  been  elicited  by  the  Mine-adventure  Company  hav- 
ing commenced  banking  business,  and  begun  to  ijsuo  notes. 


Tt  has  been  pretty 
polii  not  issuing  note 
in  the  act  of  1708,  wi 
nljv  to  all  England,  i 
or  rewer  partners  hav( 
therefore,  ascribable  c 
circulation  concurren 
(heir  believing  that  th 

The  charter  of  the 
certain,  or  till  a  year's 
|ang»l  in  1697.  In 
without  interest,  the  i 
in  consequence  of  vai 
Bank  have  been  con 
gust,  ISS.*}.  under  the 
being  given  on  the  le 

We  subjoin 

An  account  of  the  sue 
iiewals  were  made,  n 
by  Uovernment  to  tlH 


DtKoT 
Hciitwil. 

Conditio 

1694. 

Clinrter  gn 

tlie  explr 

U|M>n  payi 

cilted. 

Unil 

can>ii 

viz:  8 

IS97. 

Charter  con 

after  Ist  n 

Und 

1,001, 

1708. 

Charter  coi 

August,  1 

tin. 

witlio 

17>.  1 

annul 

1713. 

Charter  cnn 

litofAui 
In! 

atSp 

An<i 

"  celled 

Inl 

thnris 

purch 

the  a 

whole 

iwjT 

At 

Bank 

3,975, 

r 

3,000, 

Del 

1743. 

Charter  con 

of  August 

Unc 

whict 

400,00 

the  in 

Inl 

up  to 
of  an 

In 

cent. 

the  'a 

171)4. 

Charter  con 

August,  1 

Vn 

of  all 

1781. 

Charter  coi 

of  Augus 
Un 

vice 

1800. 

Charter  coi 

of  Augus 

s2 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND 


77 


It  hu  been  pretty  g(>nRralIy  imngined,  from  the  private  banking  companieB  in  the  mrtnv 
polii  not  iuuing  notes,  that  they  were  legally  incapucitated  from  doinK  so.  But  the  clauaa 
ui  the  act  of  1708,  which  has  been  the  only  rootriction  on  the  iiwue  of  notes,  applied  gene- 
rally to  all  England,  and  had  no  peculiar  reference  to  London.  The  fact  tlitd  banks  with  0 
or  rewer  partners  have  not  iMued  notes  in  the  metropolis,  as  well  ai  in  the  provinces,  is, 
therefore,  ascrilmble  either  to  their  being  aware  that  their  notU!*  would  obtain  no  conHiderabIa 
circulation  concurrently  with  those  of  a  great  association  like  the  bank  of  England,  or  from 
their  believing  that  their  issue  would  not  be  profitable. 

The  charter  of  the  Bank  of  England,  when  first  granted,  was  to  continue  for  eleven  years 
certain,  or  till  a  year's  notice  after  the  1st  of  August,  17U6.  The  charter  was  further  pro- 
laiigetl  in  1697.  In  1708,  the  Bonk  having  advanced  400,000/.  for  the  public  service, 
without  interest,  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  corporation  were  prolonged  till  1733.  And 
in  consequence  of  various  advances  made  at  different  times,  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the 
Bank  have  been  continued  by  successive  renewals,  till  a  year's  notice,  after  the  first  of  Au- 
gust, 1855,  under  the  proviso  that  they  may  be  cancelled  on  a  year's  notice  to  that  elTcct 
being  given  on  the  let  of  August,  1846.  >    < 

We  subjoin 

An  account  of  the  succeislve  Renewals  of  the  Charter,  of  the  Conditions  under  which  thniie  Re- 
newals were  made,  nnrt  of  the  Viirlntinns  In  the  Amniint  and  Interest  ul'  tlie  Periuanoiit  Uobt  due 
by  Uovernment  to  the  Hank,  exclusive  of  the  Dead  Weight. 


DlKof 
HcMWtl, 


16M. 


1807. 


1708. 


1713. 


1743. 


1784. 
1781. 
1800. 


Condltlna  niiibr  which  Rcuwtli  wen  made,  ud  Peniuuwiit  Debt  conlncted. 


Chnrter  granted  under  the  net  9  &  0  Will.  3.  c.  SO.,  redeciiinlile  iiimn 
tiie  expiration  of  13  niontha*  notice  after  the  lit  of  Angust,  ITOS, 
uiMin  payment  by  the  public  to  the  Bank  of  the  demands  therein  spe- 
clAed. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  to  the  piihlic  1,300,000;.,  in 
conrideration  of  their  receiving  an  annuity  of  IOO,nO()(.  u  year, 
viz:  8  PKr  cent,  interest,  and  4,000{.  for  iniiniigoincnt 
Charter  continued  by  the  H  St  9  Will.  3.  c.  SO.  till  13  moiitlis'  notice 
after  1st  of  August,  1710,  on  payment,  &c. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  took  up  and  added  to  their  stock 
1,001, I7W.  Exchequer  bills  and  tallies. 
Charter  continued  by  7  Anne,  c.  7.  till  13  months'  notice  after  lit  of 
August,  1733,  on  payment,  &e. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  400,0001.  to  government 

without  interest ;  and  delivered  up  to  be  cancelled  1,T7S,037{. 

17«.  iOd.  Exchequer  bills,  in  consideration  of  tlieir  receiving  an 

annuity  of  loe,50U.  13«.,  being  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent. 

Charter  continued  by  13  Anne,  stat.  I.e.  U.till  ISniontiis'  notice  after 

lat  of  August,  1743,  on  payment,  tee. 

In  1710,  by  the  3  Geo.  1.  c.  8.,  Bank  advanced  to  government, 
at  5  per  cent.       ...... 

And  by  the  same  act,  the  Interest  on  the  Exchequer  bills  can 
'  celled  in  1708  was  reduced  from  6  to  5  per  cent. 

In  1731,  by  8  Geo.  1.  c.  31.,  the  South  Sea  Company  were  au- 
thorised to  sell  300,000/.  government  annuities,  and  corporations 
purchasing  the  same  at  36  vears'  purchase  were  auilxirlted  to  add 
the  amount  to  their  capital  stock.    The  Bonk  purchased  the 
whole  of  these  annuities  at  30  years'  purchase 

Sper  cent,  interest  was  payable  on  this  sum  to  Midsummer, 
1737,  and  thereafter,  4  per  cent.       .... 

At  dilllarent  times  between  1737  and  1738,  both  Inclusive,  the 
Bank  received  from  the  public,  on  account  of  permanent  debt, 
3,375,037i.  17«.  lOd.,  and  advanced  to  it  on  account  of  ditto, 
3,000,0001.:  Diflbrence      .... 

Debt  due  by  the  public  in  173S    ... 
Charter  continued  by  15  Geo.  3.  c.  13.  till  19  months'  notice  after  Ist 
of  August,  1704,  on  payment,  ftc. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  1,600,0001.  without  interest, 
which  being  added  to  the  original  advance  of  1,S00,000{.  and  the 
400,000(.  advanced  in  1710,  bearing  interest  at  6  per  cent.,  reduced 
the  Interest  on  the  whole  to  3  per  cent.         ... 

In  174.%  under  authority  of  16  Geo.  3.  c.  6.,  the  Bank  delivered 
up  to  be  cancelled  9S6,0wl.  of  Exchequer  hills,  in  consideration 
of  an  annuity  of  39,47Si.,  being  at  the  rate  of  3  per  cent. 

In  1749,  the  33  Geo.  3.  c.  6.  reduced  the  interest  on  the  4  per 
cent,  annuities  held  by  the  Bank,  to  3|  per  cent,  for  7  years  flrom 
the  'iSth  of  December,  1790,  and  thereafter  to  3  per  cent. 
Charter  continued  by  4  Geo.  3.  c.  39.  till  13  months'  notice  after  lst«f 
August,  1780,  on  payment,  tie. 

U.ider  this  act  the  Bank  paid  into  the  Exchequer  110,000i.  free 
of  all  charge. 

Charter  continued  by  21  Geo.  3.  c.  60.  till  13  months'  notice  after  1st 
of  August,  1613,  on  payment,  &c. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  3,000,0001.  for  the  public  ser' 
vice  for  3  years  at  3  percent. 
ICharter  continued  by  40  Geo.  3.  c.  38.  till  13  months  notice  after  let 

of  August,  1833,  on  payment,  fcc. 
■  Carried  forwardi 

e3 


Feriuuunl  Utbt. 


£       ».   d. 


1,300,000  0  0 


8,179,087  17  10 
8,000,000  0  0 

4,000,000  0  0 


9,375,037  17  10 


879,027  17  10 


9,100,000  0  0 

1,600,000  0  0 
066,000  0  0 


11,036,000  0  0 


I  "  ! 


.  'm 


'■  I 


;i1 


k<- 


n 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


An  Arrount  of  thr  Riirrrimivn  Ki-ncwitU  of  ilin  rhnrUT,  l^r.—mnllnunl. 


I    «  (  't 


ti*)«  or 

Ri'iiawal. 


183;). 


CnndltiniM  urder  wlikh  Rnwwali  i»tr»  nrnle,  uvi  Hrnjianrnl  PrtilcnnlnrM. 

Mr'iiiBhl  ftirwnril 
Uiiili'r  iIiIh  urltliH  Hank  mtviincnil  lo  uiimtiiiiipiii  .'I,(HKI,  ifil.  fit 
f^  yciir*  H'ltliDiit  iiitiinut ;  liiil  in  pin       .ui  •■  ol'lliu  n  conn  iiiiiilu- 
liiin  of  till' cnniiiillti'i' nC  IM)7,  Ihoii       uin    ivfiM  coiiliriiiiMl  willi- 
oi/i  iiiti'n'Hl  till  0  nionlhi  nfliT  llu*  •iKnniiirn  i>(  ii  ilHllnilivi' 
IrHHiy  nl'lii'liri!. 

In  IHin,  III!'  Hunk,  nnilrr  authi>rily  of  Iho  ni't  SO  Ct'o.  3.  c   IMI. 
iilviinri'ilot  .IpiT  fiMit.,  Ici  Im-  ii  j  iiiil  (III  or  hcrorr  IhI  of  AniiiiHl 
1SH3.       .  .  .  .  .  . 

Clia.-trr  conlinntHl  by  :i  fc  4  Will.  4  ■'  'i-'*.  till  I'i  innnthfi'  nolirn  iifirr 
In!  I'f  AiiuuHt,  IS.U,  with  n  |ii"ViL<o  iliut  il  intiy  liv  iliriBolvuil  on  I'J 
inontliH"  ii.iliri'  nftiT  IbI  of  AnciiHt,  'HI.1.  on  |mvin»'nt,  Ai'. 

'I'hlD  ii<  I  diriM'ta  Hint  in  fiitiirfMlir  ll:itii(  n'liiill  iIpiIihi  l^l.nnn/.  h 
yi'iir  iroiii  tiKtIr  iliar)r«  on  ucroiihi  of  tliH  MiiiiiiiL'f  iihmiI  of  iIio 
"pnlillc  ildif  i  anil  tli:it  a  fmirlli  |rirt  of  lln;  duhtdin:  liy  tliu  imlilir 
to  llir  lliiiik.  or  :i,ll:iH,'r.(i/.,  he  iiaiil  oir  .  .  . 

I'rriimiii'nt  liilvami!  Iiy  llir  llaiiklolhit  piililir,  hcarinB  liitcrriil 
nt  'A  piT  lent.,  inili'piiiiiiria  of  ilio  ailvani th  on  ai'iiiuiit  of  ili'ail 
Wi'lulll  -  -  .  .  . 


rtmaiMnl  Dclt 


li.psfl.oiin  0  0 


I 


a.ono.noo  o  o 


ll,(isC,^0O    0    0 


.1,038,250    0    0 


ll,01H,5.-n    0    0 


For  fiirlliiTdi'tallB  a»  to  lliis  ciiliji  rl.  sec  IIih  Jtfpeiiilii  No.  1.  «//Af  Rtjmrt  (i/lMi'2  on  the  Krnnruh,f 
Ibt  Binik  I  .tirtrr,  and  tlii'  ailH  of  piiilinmrnl  rcfi'rri'd  to  in  it ;  Dei!  also  Jiimm  Postlelhaayt't  il'tlurf 
of  the  Keeiimr,  pp.  .1111—310.;  and  Fairnian  hh  the  Fundu,  "111  I'll.  pp.  85 — t*.  4c. 

The  rapiliil  •<(  tlio  Bnnk  on  which  chvidriuls  nrc  paid,  lins  never  oxaotly  coinciiloil  with, 
llidiiRh  it  has  seldom  dillerrd  very  matcriully  from,  the  |ieriimnciit  ndvniu'c  iiy  llio  Hunk  to 
the  piilijic.  We  have  nlrendy  Heen  that  it  amounted,  in  1708,  to  4,'102,:M3/.  Uetwern  tl.at 
yearnnd  1727  it  was  iiirrea^'cd  to  near  !),()(IO,0(U)/.  In  1716,  it  amnniitrd  to  I(),78l),()l)(l/, 
from  this  period  it  imderweiit  no  change  till  1782,  when  it  was  inereuMcd  8  per  cent.,  or  to 
l\,(jl'i,'iO(U.  It  euntinued  Htationury  at  thin  HUin  down  to  1816,  when  it  wax  ruitcil  to 
14,r)5M,00(t/.  by  an  addition  of  25  per  cent,  from  the  profits  of  the  Bank,  tinder  the  pro»i- 
tions  of  the  act  56  Geo,  3,  c.  96.  Tlie  late  art  for  tl»e  renewal  of  the  charter,  3  &,  4  Will, 
4.  c.  98.,  directs  that  the  sum  of  3,(io8,2.')0/.  the  portion  of  the  debt  due  to  the  Hank  to  bo 
repaid  liv  the  public,  gliali  l)c  deducted  from  the  Bank's  capital ;  which  will,  tlicrcfore,  be  in 
future  ro,!)I4,7.')0/.— (/i/'/w'7o«  JianJi  Chiirlir,  Appeii.No.  33.) 

The  Bank  of  England  hax  been  frequently  alfected  by  panics  amonpst  the  holder.'!  of  its 
tiotps.  Ill  1745,  the  alarm  occaHioned  by  tlic  advain  i'  of  tiic  Highlanders  under  the  Pre- 
tender as  far  as  Derby,  led  to  a  loin  upon  the  Bank ;  and  in  order  to  gain  time  to  conrrrt 
nien.siires  for  averting  the  run,  the  directors  adopted  the  device  of  paying  in  shillings  and 
si.xpences!  But  they  derived  a  more  ell'eclual  relief  from  the  retreat  of  the  llighlaiulcrs, 
ami  from  a  resolution  agreed  to  at  a  moetingof  the  principal  merchants  and  traders  of  the 
city,  and  very  numerously  signed,  declaring  the  willingness  of  the  subscribers  to  receive 
Bank  notes  in  payment  of  any  sum  that  might  be  duo  to  them,  and  plcJ'fing  themselves  to 
use  their  utmost  endeavours  to  make  all  their  payments  in  the  same  medium. 

During  the  tremendous  riots  in  .lune,  1780,  the  Bank  incurred  considerable  danger.  Had 
the  mob  attacked  the  establi.shment  at  the  commencement  of  tiie  riots,  the  conse(iueiicrs 
might  have  proved  fatal.  Luckily,  however,  they  delayed  their  attack  till  time  had  bi'fn 
alforded  for  providing  a  force  sufficient  to  insure  its  safety.  Since  that  period  a  consideraWe 
military  force  is  nightly  placed  in  the  interior  of  the  Bank,  as  a  protection  in  any  einergcnry 
tiiat  may  occur. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1793  and  beginning  of  1793,  there  was,  in  consequence  of  a  pre- 
vious ovcr-ii>sue  on  their  part,  a  general  run  on  most  of  the  private  banks ;  and  about  mie 
third  of  these  establishments  were  forced  to  stop  payment.  This  led  to  a  considerable 
demand  for  coin  from  the  Bank. 

The  year  1797  is,  however,  the  most  important  epoch  in  the  recent  history  of  the  Bank. 
Owing  partly  to  events  connected  with  the  war  in  which  we  were  then  engaged — to  loans 
to  the  Emperor  of  Germany — to  bills  drawn  on  the  treasury  nt  home  by  the  British  agcits 
abroad — and  partly,  and  chiefly,  perhaps,  to  the  advances  most  unwillingly  made  by  the 
Bank  to  government,  which  prevented  the  directors  from  having  a  sufficient  control  over 
their  is.sues, — the  exchanges  became  unfavourable  in  179.5,  and  in  tliat  and  the  following 
year  large  sums  in  specie  were  drawn  from  the  Bank.*     In  the  latter  end  of   1796  and 

♦  So  early  as  Uecemljer,  1791,  the  court  of  directors  represented  to  government  their  nneaxiiii'sn 
on  account  of  the  miignitudc  of  the  debt  due  by  the  government  to  the  Bank,  and  niixicniHly  rcqucslcil 
a  repayment  of  nt  least  a  considerable  part  of  what  had  been  advanced.  In  January,  ITO.'i,  tlicy  rc- 
golvoil  to  limit  their  advances  upon  treasury  bills  to  .'iUO.OOU/. ;  and  ut  the  snino  time  they  inforiiirJ 
Mr.  I'itt  tliat  it  was  their  wish  that  he  would  adjust  his  nieasnres  for  the  year  in  atieh  a  manner  as  mt 
ta  lUpenil  an  any  further  as.iiftancefr'jm  them.  On  the  Illh  of  Febrnary,  \TMt,  they  rrpolved,  '•  'I  Iwu  it 
Ih  thn  opinion  <)f  thla  court,  founded  upon  the  experience  of  the  late  ImjiFrial  loan,  that  if  any  fiiiilirr 
loan  or  aiivance  of  money  to  the  emperor,  or  to  any  of  the  foreign  states,  should  in  the  preyuut  iil:iit: 
of  nlfairs  lake  place,  it  will,  In  all  probability,  prove  fatal  to  the  Bank  of  England.  The  cniiri  nf 
di;i!Ctors  do,  therefore,  most  earnestly  deprecate  the  adoption  of  any  such  measure,  and  they  scli  nmly 
VrotK^t  against  any  responsibility  for  the  calamitous  cunscqacnccs  that  may  follow  thereupon."    Uvl 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


79 


Wnningof  1797,  con.-iiilcrulilp  iijiprchnnsionH  wcrn  i»nfortiiinPi1  of  invnxion,  and  riimouri 
wftp  propnipilcil  of  (loxcfiilrt  hHviijr  liccii  nctiiixlly  mnilr  on  th(»  count.  In  conncqiirnce  of 
tho  fi'iiM  thnt  werp  ihnii  rjccitrd,  rum>  wpw  iivulc  on  the  provinrial  hankii  in  iJitVerent  part* 
of  ilii' rmiiitry  ;  an''  "oino  of  IliPin  haviiior  fuiled,  Ihc  pnnir,  liprnmo  p^rnoriil,  niid  cxU-mlod 
ilsi'lf  to  Iiondon.  DoinnndH  for  rash  poured  in  upon  the  Bank  from  all  quartprit ;  und  on 
Hjliirdny,  llifi  Sfltli  of  Frhruary,  1797,  sho  had  only  1,272,000/.  of  rash  and  bullion  in  her 
r>lli'r«,  with  every  |)ros|M'rt  of  a  violent  run  takinir  place  on  the  following  Monday.  In  thin 
frnfrijeiiey  nn  order  in  council  wan  insucd  on  Hunil.iy,  the  2fith,  prnhiliiting  the  directom 
frnin  paying  their  notes  in  cash  until  the  dense  of  parliament  had  Iwen  taken  on  the  suhject. 
And  niter  pnrliiiment  met,  and  the  nieaR\ire  had  lieen  much  discussed,  it  was  agreed  to  conti- 
nuo  the  restriction  till  six  months  ofler  the  si^nHture  of  a  dclinitivo  treaty  of  j)eace. 

Ah  Hoon  as  the  order  in  council  prohilnting  payments  in  cash  appeared,  a  mceiinq  of  tho 
nriiKi|ial  hankers,  merchants,  traders,  &c.  of  the  metropolis,  was  held  at  the  Mansion-house, 
wlirii  II  resolution  was  agreed  to,  and  very  numenuHly  >iii;ned,  pledging,  as  had  heen  dona 
in  1745,  those  present  to  accept,  and  to  use  every  'neans  in  their  power  to  ca\iKP  Hunk  notca 
(I  lie  accepted  as  cash  in  all  trantiactions.  This  iesolutinn  tended  to  allay  the  appruhcnsiund 
that  the  restriction  had  excited. 

Piirlianient  h'ing  sitting  at  the  time,  a  committee  was  immediately  appointed  to  cxaraina 
inliitlie  alVuirs  of  the  Uiink;  and  their  report  put  to  rest  whatever  doubts  might  have  been 


eiilcrtiiined  with  respect  to  the  solvency  nfil- 
when  the  order  in  council  appeared,  the  '  i' 

155i;),090/„  after  ull  chiims  upon  it  b  .li.. 

Mui'h  dilFerencc  of  opinion  has  exi- 
1797;  but,  considering  the  peculiar  ciii 
jiM'ins  Bbuntliiiitly  obvious.     The  run  ili.i 
but  Rfow  entirely  out  of  political  cnun.^.     ■  ..  loi! 


liNhment,  by  showing  that  at  tho  moment 
posm!ssed  of  property  to  the  amount  of 
ted. 

ect  to  the  policy  of  the  restriction  in 
alor  which  it  took  place,  its  expediency 
ito  in  any  over-issue  of  Dank  paper ; 
the  alarms  of  invasion  continued,  it 


w'.is  clear  that  no  Bank  paper  immediately  converliblo  into  gold  would  remain  in  circula- 
tiim.  And  as  the  Bank,  though  possessed  of  ampb^  funds,  was  without  tho  means  of  in- 
stantly retiring  her  notes,  sho  might,  but  for  tho  interference  of  government,  have  been 
obiigc'ii  to  stop  payment ;  an  event  which,  had  it  occurred,  must  have  produced  consequences 
in  the  last  degree  fatal  to  the  public  interests. 

It  bad  been  generally  supposed,  previously  to  tho  passing  of  the  Restriction  Act,  that 
Bank  notes  would  not  circulate  unless  they  were  immediately  convertiblT  into  cash:  but  tho 
pvpnt  showed,  confomi  ibly  to  principles  that  have  since  been  fully  explained,  that  this  was 
not  really  tho  case.  Though  the  notes  of  tho  Bank  of  England  wero  not,  at  the  passing 
of  tho  Restriction  Act,  publicly  declared  to  be  legal  tender,  they  were  rendered  so  in  prac- 
lifc,  by  being  received  as  cash  in  all  transactions  on  account  of  government,  and  of  the  vast 
majority  of  individuals.  For  tho  first  three  years  of  the  restriction,  their  issues  were  so 
moilerate,  that  they  not  only  kept  on  a  par  with  gold,  but  actimlly  bore  a  small  premium.  In 
ihe  latter  part  of  1800,  however,  their  quantity  was  so  much  increased  that  they  fell  to  a 
diwount  of  about  8  per  cent,  as  compared  with  gold,  but  they  soon  after  rose  nearly  to  par ; 
and  it  was  not  until  1808  that  the  decline  of  their  value  excited  any  considerable  attention. 
Early  in  1810,  they  were  at  a  discount  of  about  1.3^  per  cent. ;  and  this  extraordinary  fall 
having  attracted  the  attention  of  the  legislature,  the  House  of  Commons  appointed  a  eom- 
mittic  to  inijuire  into  the  circumstances  by  which  it  had  been  occasioned.  The  committeo 
examined  several  witnesses ;  and  in  their  report,  which  was  dr  jwn  up  with  consideriiblo 
nhility,  they  justly  ascribed  the  fall  to  the  over-issue  of  Bank  paper,  and  recommended  that 
ihc  Uaiik  should  be  obliged  to  resume  cash  payments  within  two  years.  This  recommenda- 
tion was  not,  however,  acted  upon ;  and  the  value  of  Bank  paper  continued  to  decline,  oa 
compared  with  gold,  till  1814. 

.^t  the  period  when  the  restriction  on  cash  payments  took  place  in  1797,  it  is  supposed 
that  there  were  about  280  country  banks  in  existence  ;  but  so  rapidly  were  these  establish- 
monU  multiplied,  that  they  amounted  to  above  900  in  1813.  Tho  price  of  corn,  influenced 
partly  by  the  depreciation  of  tho  currency,  and  the  facility  with  which  discounts  were  olv 
taincd,  but  far  more  by  deficien'i;  han'esta,  and  the  unprecedented  difficulties  which  the  war 
threw  in  the  way  of  importation,  had  risen  to  an  extraordinary  height  during  the  five  years 
ending  with  1813.  But  the  harvest  of  that  year  being  unusually  productive,  and  the  inter- 
enursc  with  the  Continent  being  then  also  renewed,  prices,  influenced  by  both  circumstances, 
su!>taincd  a  very  heavy  fall  in  the  latter  part  of  1813,  and  the  beginning  of  1814.    And  tliis 

notwithstnniling  tliese,  and  many  other  similar  rcmonstrancns,  fresli  advances  of  money  were  mado 
I'l  our  fiirc'ign  allies,  and  freali  demands  u|i(in  the  Rank;  the  diructcra  reluctantly  abandoning  thvir 
nwii  belter  Judgment  to  what  they  truly  termed  the  "pressing  solicitations"  of  the  Chancellor  of  th« 
Rxchequor,  and  their  deuiro  to  avert  "the  probable  distress  which  a  refusnl  (on  their  part)  might 
occnsiiin,  in  the  then  ulariiiing  situation  uf  public  atTairs."  tint  notwithetunding  the  diffieiilties  of 
till!  Hank  were  ereatly  ucgruvutcd  by  that  conduct  on  the  part  of  government  against  which  the  di- 
Mctors  had  so  strongly  protested,  she  could  hardly,  in  any  state  of  her  alTiiirs,  have  got  safely  over 
tli9  crisis  of  1707.  The  ran  upon  the  Bank  that  then  took  place,  was  occusioned  by  niariiis  nf^inva- 
lion ;  and  it  is  clear,  as  remarked  in  the  text,  that  while  they  cuntiuued,  no  paper  iiumcdiululy  G<ja  • 
vsrtible  into  gold  cuuld  remain  in  circulatiuD. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


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BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


bU  haTing  proved  ruinoni  to  a  considerable  number  of  farmers,  and  produced  a  gepen) 
want  of  confidence,  such  a  destruction  of  provincial  paper  took  place  as  haa  rarely  bea 
paralleled.  In  18U,  1816,  and  1816,  no  fewer  than  240  country  banks  stopped  paynmni; 
•nd  tighty-nine  comQiissions  of  bankruptcy  were  issued  aggninst  these  establi^ments,  being 
at  the  rate  of  one  commission  against  every  ten  and  a  half  of  the  total  number  of  bub 
existing  in  1813. 

The  great  reduction  that  had  been  thus  suddenly  and  violently  brought  about  in  th« 
quantity  of  country  bank  paper,  by  extending  the  field  for  the  circulation  of.  Bank  of 
England  paper,  raised  its  value  in  1817  nearly  to  a  per  with  gold.  The  return  to  ca»h  pty. 
inents  being  thus  fodlitated,  it  was  fixed,  in  1819,  by  the  act  59  Geo.  3.  c  78. ;  comnMolj 
called  Mr.  Peel's  act,  that  they  should  take  place  in  1823.  But  to  prevent  any  future  otot. 
isHue,  and  at  the  same  time  to  render  the  measure  as  little  burdensome  as  possible,  it  vu 
enacted,  in  pursuance  of  a  plan  suggested  by  the  late  Mr.  Ricardo,  that  the  Bank  should  )« 
obliged,  during  the  interval  from  the  passing  of  the  act  till  the  return  to  specie  payment),  ta 
pay  her  notes,  if  required,  in  bars  of  standard  bullion  of  not  leas  than  sixty  ounces'  weight, 
This  plan  was  not,  however,  acted  upon  during  the  period  allowed  by  law ;  for,  a  |ugi 
amount  of  gold  having  been  accumulated  at  the  Bank,  the  directors  preferred  recommencing 
specie  payments  on  the  1st  of  May,  1821. — (See  Table  IV.  for  an  account  of  the  price  of 
bullion,  the  depreciatiini  of  paper,  &c.  from  1800  to  1821.) 

A  great  diversity  of  opinion  has  been  entertained  with  respect  to  the  policy  of  the  retom 
to  the  old  standard,  in  1819.  By  one  party  it  has  been  repreaented  as  a  wise  and  pditie 
measure :  they  contend  that  Mr.  Peel's  Act  not  only  put  an  end  to  those  fluctuations  in  the 
value  of  money,  which  had  previously  been  productive  of  great  mischief,  and  gave  eilect  to 
the  solemn  engagements  into  which  the  public  had  entered  with  the  national  creditor,  but 
that  it  did  this  without  adding  any  thing  material  to  the  national  burdens.  But  another, 
and,  perhaps,  a  more  numerous  party,  take  a  totally  different  view  of  tliia  measure :  they 
eontend  thiat  the  public  was  not  really  bound  to  return  to  cash  payments  at  the  old  standai^ 
at  the  termination  of  tlie  war ;  that  the  return  has  very  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  the 
currency ;  and  that  this  enhancement,  by  adding  proportionally  to  the  fixed  burdens  laid  on 
the  industrious  classes,  haa  been  most  injurious  to  their  interests.  It  will,  however,  be 
found  in  this,  as  in  most  cases  of  the  sort,  that  the  statements  of  both  parties  are  exagger- 
ated ;  and  that  if,  on  the  one  hand,  the  measure  has  not  been  ao  advantageous  as  its  apo- 
logists represent,  qeither,  on  the  other,  has  it  been  nearly  so  injurious  as  its  enemies  would 
have  us  believe. 

In  discussing  this  question,  it  is  material  to  observe  that  the  value  of  pq)er,  which  hid 
been  in  1815  and  1816  about  16}  per  cent,  below  that  of  gold,  rose  in  1817  and  1818,  from 
the  causes  alreadv  mentioned,  without  any  interference  whatever  on  the  part  of  goven^ 
ipent,  to  within  Uttle  more  than  2j(  per  cent  of  the  value  of  go)d ;  and  that  in  1819  the 
depreciation  only  amounteu  to  4^  per  cent — (See  Table  IV.)  It  is,  therclbre,  quite  ludi> 
crous  to  ascribe  to  the  act  of  1819,  as  u  often  done,  the  whole  rise  that  has  taken  place  m 
the  value  of  the  currency  since  the  peace,  aeeing  that  the  currency  had  been  for  thrte  yean 
previoutfjf  io  U»  mactnunt  from  12^  to  14^  per  cent  above  ita  value  in  1815,  and  from  21 
(0  23  per  cent  above  its  value  in  1814 !  "Tbe  main  object  which  the  promoters  of  the  ict 
of  1819  had  in  view,  was  to  sustain  the  value  of  the  currency  at  the  pant  to  which  it  hid 
recovered  itself,  without  legislative  interference.  This,  however,  could  not  be  done  without 
recurring  to  specie  payments ;  and  the  difference  of  4^  per  cent,  that  obtained  in  1819 
between  the  value  of  gold  and  paper,  waa  not  deemed  sufficiently  considerable  to  warrant  i 
departure  firom  the  old  standard,  iad  firom  the  acts  engaging  to  restore  it 

But  it  is  alleged,  that  those  who  suppose  that  the  act  of  1819  added  only  4^  per  cent  to 
the  value  of  the  currency,  mistake  altt^ther  the  effect  of  the  measure.  It  is  admitted,  in- 
deed, that  paper  was  then  only  4J  per  cent  less  valuable  than  gold ;  but  by  reverting  to 
qiecie  payments,  we  made  an  unexpected  purchase  of  thirty  mUliotu  of  gold ;  and  it  ii 
affirmed,  that  this  novel  and  large  demand,  concurring  simultaneously  with  the  contraction 
of  paper  in  several  of  the  continental  states,  and  with  a  fallioig  off  in  the  supply  of  bullion 
from  the  mines,  had  the  effect  of  adding  very  greatly  to  the  vaJue  of  gold  itselt  and  conse- 
quently to  that  of  the  currency.  It  is  very  difficult  or  rather,  perhaps,  impossible,  to  dete^ 
mine  the  precise  degree  of  credit  that  ought  to  be  attached  to  this  statement ;  but  while  we 
incline  to  think  that  it  is  well  founded  to  a  certain  extent,  we  see  no  grounds  for  believing 
that  it  is  so  to  any  thing  like  the  extent  that  haa  been  stated.  The  gold  imported  into 
Great  Britain,  to  enable  the  Bank  to  resume  specie  payments,  was  not  taken  from  any  pa^ 
ticular  country  or  district,  but  was  drawn  from  the  market  of  the  world ;  and  considering 
the  vast  extent  of  the  sumily  whence  it  was  derived,  it  is  against  all  reason  to  suppose  tbit 
its  value  could  be  materially  influenced  by  our  purchasBS.  We  doubt,  too,  whether  the  con- 
traction of  the  paper  currency  of  some  of  the  continental  states,  and  the  substitution  of 
specie  in  its  stead,  was  not  more  than  balanced  l^  the  cessation  of  the  demand  fur  specie  for 
the  military  chests  of  the  different  armies,  by  the  stoppage  of  the  practice  of  hoarding,  and 
the^  greater  aecuri^  consequent  to  the  return  of  peace.    And  with  respect  to  the  falling  off 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


8i 


IB  the  ian>l>>*  ^i"  ^  mined,  it  ii  not  a  circumstanre,  luppoung  it  t«  have  had  a  oonnacr* 
^  in,  o«i  that  parliament  could  take  into  account,  h  could  neither  determine  the 
(Stent  to  whidi  bullion  had  been  raised,  nor  at  what  point  the  riae  would  atop,  nor  how  loon 
iioigbt  again  begin  to  decline.^  The  diminution  in  the  supply  of  bullion  bad  then  conti- 
oned  to  too  short  a  period,  and  its  influence  on  the  value  of  gold  was  much  too  uncertain, 
to  make  it  a  ground  for  interfering  in  any  degree  with  the  standard. 

The  decline  in  the  price  of  most  articles  tliat  has  taken  place  since  the  peace,  has  been 
often  leienred  to,  as  a  conclusive  proof  of  the  great  enhancement  in  the  value  of  bullion. 
But  the  mference  is  by  no  means  so  certain  as  has  been  represented.  The  prices  of  com* 
moditiei  an  as  much  afiected  by  changes  in  the  coat  of  their  production,  as  by  changes  in 
the  quantity  of  money  afloat  Now,  &ere  is  hardly  one  of  the  great  articles  of  commt  e, 
the  cost  of  whidi  has  not  been  conaiderabW  reduced,  or  which  has  not  been  supplied  from 
nevr  uuices,  within  the  last  few  years.  The  growth  of  com,  for  example,  has  been  vastly 
(jteixled  in  France,  Prussia,  and  generally  throughout  the  Condnent,  by  the  splitting  of 
Itige  estates,  and  the  complete  subversion  of  the  feudal  system ;  and  the  reduction  of  it* 
price  in  this  <»untiy  ia,  at  least,  as  much  owing  to  the  extraordinary  increase  of  imports 
from  Ireland,  as  to  any  other  cause.  The  fell  in  the  price  of  wool  is  most  satisfectorily  ac- 
counted for  by  the  introduction  and  rapid  multipliication  of  Merino  sheep  in  Germany, 
when  they  seem  to  succeed  even  better  than  in  Spain;  and  by  the  growing  imports  from 
New  Holland  and  elsewhere.  And  a  very  large  portion,  if  not  the  whole,  of  the  fell,  in  the 
price  of  colonial  products,  is  admitted,  on  all  hands,  to  be  owing  to  the  destruction  of  the 
monopoly  system,  and  the  vast  extension  of  cultivation  in  Cuba,  Brazil,  Louisiana,  Dem<  • 
nn,  Ac.  Although,  therefore,  we  do  not  deny  that  the  falling  off  in  the  supply  of  bullion 
from  the  mines  must  have  had  some  influence  on  prices,  we  hold  it  to  be  the  greatest  imagi- 
uble  error  to  ascribe  to  it  the  entire  fell  that  has  taken  place  since  the  peace.  Were  its 
eflect  rated  at  10  per  cent,  we  believe  it  would  be  very  considerably  overstated.^(See  art 
FssciovB  Mbtals.) 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  are  disposed  to  approve  of  the  conduct  of  those  who  framed 
the  act  of  1819.  That  it  added  to  the  burdens  of  the  industrious  classes,  and  has  been  in 
io  far  hostile  to  the  public  interests,  it  seems  impossible  to  doubt;  but  it  has  not  done  this 
ii'  any  thing  like  the  degree  whidi  its  enemies  represent  The  period,  too,  when  it  was 
pasted,  is  now  so  distant,  that  the  existing  engagements  amongst  individuals  have  almost  all 
been  funned  with  reference  to  the  altered  value  of  the  currency ;  so  that  whatever  injury  it 
my  have  occasioned  in  the  first  instance,  must  be  neariy  gone  by.  To  modify  or  change 
the  standard  at  this  late  period,  would  not  be  to  repair  injustice,  but  to  commit  it  afresh.  At 
the  end  of  the  war,  the  circumstances  were  considerably  different  The  standard  had  been 
really  abandoned  for  the  previous  18  yean ;  and,  perhapa,  we  may  now  say,  that  it  would 
bate  been  better,  all  things  considered,  had  the  mint  price  of  bullion  been  raised,  in  1815, 
to  die  market  price.  But  haying  surmounted  all  the  diflkulties  attendant  upon  the  restora- 
tion of  the  old  standard,  and  maintained  it  since  1831,  it  would  be  in  the  last  degree  impoli- 
tic to  (Ubjeot  it  to  new  alterations.  Should  the  counti^  become,  at  any  future  period,  unable 
to  make  good  its  engagements,  it  will  better  consult  its  honour  and  its  interest  by  fairly 
(ompounding  with  its  creditors,  than  by  endeavouring  to  slip  from  its  engagements  by  resort- 
ing to  the  didionest  expedient  of  enfeebling  the  standard. 

The  price  of  corn,  which  had  been  very  much  depressed  in  1821  and  1822,  rallied  in 
1823;  and  this  circumstance  contributed,  along  with  others  peculiar  to  that  period,  to  pro| 
mote  an  extraordinaiy  rage  for  speculation.    The  issues  of  the  country  banks  being  in  con- 

I  Kquence  far  too  much  extended,  the  currency  became  redundant  in  the  autumn  of  1824 ; 
ud  the  exchanges  having  been  depressed,  a  drain  fo.  gold  began  to  operate  upon  the  Bank 
of  England.  But  the  directora  of  the  Bank  havinty  entered,  in  the  early  part  of  that  year, 
into  sn  engagement  with  government  to  pay  off  auch  holders  of  4  per  cent  stock  as  might 
diiaent  from  its  conversion  into  a  3^  per  cent  stock,  they  were  obliged  to  advance  a  con- 
tiderable  sura  on  this  account  after  the  depression  of  the  exchange.  This  tended  to  coun- 
teract the  effect  of  the  drain  on  the  Bank  for  gold ;  and,  in  consequence,  the  London  cur- 
rency was  not  very  materially  diminished  till  September,  1825.  When,  however,  die 
conUnued  demand  of  the  public  on  the  Bank  for  gold  bad  rendered  money  scarce  in  tho 

j  metropolis,  the  pressure  speedily  extended  to  the  country.  Such  of  the  provincial  banks— 
ud  they  were  a  numerous  class  as  had  been  originally  established  without  suflkient  capi- 
tal, or  had  conducted  their  buainess  upon  erroneous  principles,  began  to  give  way  the  moment 
they  experienced  an  increased  difiiculty  of  obtaining  pecuniaiy  accommodations  in  London. 
The  alarm,  once  excited,  aoon  became  general ;  and  confidence  and  credit  were,  for  a  while, 
almott  wholly  suspended.  In  the  short  space  of  6  weeks,  above  70  banking  establiehmente 
were  destroyed,  notwithstanding  the  very  large  advances  made  to  them  by  the  Bank  of 
England ;  and  the  run  upon  the  Bank,  for  cash  to  supply  the  exigencies  of  the  country 

I  Innlu,  was  so  heavy,  that  she  was  wellnigh  di  .ined  of  aU  the  coin  in  her  coffers,  and 
Miged,  as  already  remarked,  to  issue  about  a  million  of  1/.  and  2/.  notes. 
In  order  to  guard  against  a  recurrence  of  the  wide-spread  mischief  and  ruin,  produced  bv 

II 


^ 


m 


1 1 


82 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


(his  and  the  previous  bankrnptcica  of  the  coantiy  banks,  it  wu  resolved,  in  18S6,  withcM- 
sent  of  the  Bank  of  England,  to  make  a  change  in  the  law  of  1708,  limiting  the  numbered 
partners  in  banking  establishments  to  6  only.  And  it  was  accordingly  enacted,  that  thenw 
forth  any  numlier  of  partnoM  might  form  themselves  into  associations,  to  cany  on  the  hnii. 
ness  of  banking,  including  the  issue  of  notes,  any  where  not  within  rixty-five  mika  of  Log. 
don.  The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England  came,  at  the  same  time,  to  the  resolution  of 
establishing  branches  in  some  of  the  principal  towns ;  and,  at  this  moment,  branch  banlu 
are  established  in  Gloucester,  Manchester,  Birmingham,  Leeds,  Liverpool,  ISristol,  Exeter 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Hull,  Norwich,  &c. 

The  branch  bank  cannot  fail  of  being  highly  useful ;  but  we  believe  that  the  benefit 
resulting  from  the  formation  of  joint  8t4>ck  banks  will  not  be  nearly  so  great  as  bat  been 
anticipated. — (See post,  Banks  (Exomsh  PiioTi!ri;iAi).)  So  long  as  every  one  is  allowed 
to  issue  notes  without  any  sort  of  check  or  control,  a  thousand  devices  may  be  fallen  upon 
to  insure  a  certain  circulation  to  those  that  are  roost  worthless.  At  best,  this  measure  it  but 
a  feeble  palliative  of  inveterate  disorders.  It  is  quite  illusory  to  expect  to  make  any  reil 
improvement  upon  the  system  of  country  banking  in  England,  by  the  mere  introduction  of  i 
plan  for  allowing  banking  establishments  with  large  capitals  to  be  set  on  foot.  There  hare 
always  been,  and  are  at  this  moment,  a  great  number  of  such  establishments  in  Englud, 
What  is  really  wanted,  is  the  adoption  of  a  system  that  will  exclude  the  possibility  of  notn 
being  discredited,  by  preventing  all  individuals  or  associations  from  issuing  such  as  have  not 
been  previously  guaranteed. 

Besides  attempting  to  lessen  the  (nqamcy  of  bankruptcy  among  the  country  bank*,  b^ 
repealing  the  law  limiting  the  number  of  partners,  it  was  further  resolved  in  1826,  to  pro- 
hibit  the  future  issue  of  1/.  notes.  The  policy  and  effects  of  this  measure  have  given  rite  to 
much  dispute.  It  seems  clear,  that  it  has  gone  far  to  shut  up  one  of  the  most  convenient 
channels  by  which  the  inferior  class  of  country  bankers  contrived  to  get  their  notes  into 
circulation,  and  must,  in  so  far,  do  good.  But  there  are  many  other  channels  still  open  to 
them ;  and  to  imagine  that  this  measure  will  place  the  provincial  currency  on  that  aolid 
oasb  on  which  it  ought  to  be  placed,  is  quite  visionary.  There  were  no  notes  under  8iin 
circulation  iu  1792 ;  and  yet  fully  07je  third  of  the  country  banks  then  in  existence  became 
lankrupt !  The  truth  is,  as  already  stated,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  guard  against  loss  and 
fraud,  from  the  proceedings  of  the  country  bankers,  otherwise  than  by  compelling  them  to 
give  security  for  their  issues ;  and,  as  security  may  as  easily  be  given  for  1/.  notes  as  foi 
those  of  5/.,  the  suppression  of  the  former  docs  not  appear  to  have  been  at  all  essential.  No 
doubt  can,  however,  be  entertained,  that  the  representations  as  to  the  e:itrem6  injury  occa- 
sioned by  the  withdrawal  of  the  1/.  notes  have  b^n  very  greatly  exaggerated; — though  itistt 
the  same  time  obvious,  that  the  means  of  the  bankers  to  make  advances,  as  well  as  the  profit 
derived  from  making  them,  must  both  have  been  diminished  by  the  suppression  of  the  small 
notes ;  and  it  would  be  foolish  to  deny  that  this  circumstance  must  have  occasioned  some 
loss  and  inconvenience  to  many  individuals. 

These  remarks  are  meant  to  apply  only  to  the  case  of  the  country  banks.  The  extraor- 
dinary extent  to  which  the  forgery  of  the  1/.  notes  ci  the  Bank  of  England  was  carried, 
affords,  perhaps,  a  auflicient  vindication  of  the  policy  of  their  suppression.  But  the  com- 
paratively limited  circulation  of  the  country  banks,  and,  perhaps  we  may  add,  the  greater 
attention  paid  to  the  manner  in  which  their  notes  were  engraved,  hindered  their  forgery  froin 
becoming  injuriously  prevalent 

(2.)  Caen  kept  by  the  Bank.  Regulation  of  her  Issues. — Of  late,  the  Bank  directon 
have  endeavoured,  as  a  general  rule,  to  have  cm  much  coin  and  bullion  in  their  coffers  a 
may  together  amount,  when  the  exchange  is  at  par,  to  a  third  part  of  the  Bank's  liabililia, 
including  deposits  as  well  as  issues ,-  so  tliat,  in  the  event  of  the  notes  afloat,  and  the  pnblk 
and  priva»'>  '^'posits  in  the  coffers  of  the  Tank,  amounting  to  27,000,000/.  or  30,000,0004 
they  wo.  consider  the  establbhment  in  a  perfectly  satisfactory  state,  unless  she  was, 

generallf  <ng,  possessed  of  about  9,000,000/.  or  10,000,000/.  of  coin  and  bullion, 

Buch  a  8U|.|.>^  seenas  to  afford  every  requisite  «!ecurity ;  and  now  that  the  notes  of  the  Bank  I 
■re  made  legal  tender,  and  that  she  must  be  less  exposed  than  formerly  to  drains  during  | 
p<inics,  it  may,  probably,  be  found  to  be  unnecessarily  large. 

The  issues  of  the  Bank  are  wholly  governed,  at  least  in  all  ordihary  cases,  by  what  Mr, 
Horsley  Palmer  expressively  calls  *'  the  action  of  tho  public :" — that  is,  they  are  increawd  I 
during  a  favourable  exchange,  or  when  bullion  is  sent  to  the  Bank  to  be  exchanged  for 
notes,  and.  diminished  during  an  unfavourable  exchange,  or  when  notes  arc  sent  to  the  Bank  | 
to  be  paid.    If  the  exchange  were  so  favourable  that  the  Bank  was  accumulating  consider- 
ably more  bullion  than  was  equivalent  to  the  third  part  of  her  liabilities,  the  directors  would 
seem  to  be  justified  in  adding  to  the  currency  by  buying  a  larger  amount  of  govemmeni 
•ecurities,  or  by  increasing  their  discounts,  &e.\  and  conversely,  if  the  exchange  were  to  I 
unfavouiabla  as  to  depress  the  supply  of  coin  and  bullion  considerably  below  the  avenge  I 
proportion.    But  the  most  intelligent  directors  seem  to  think  that  this  would  be  an  andoe  | 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


83 


vfhatMr, 
incretwi 
tanged  foi 
the  Bank 
considn* 
on  wouU 
(vernment  I 
\e  were* I 
ie  avengo  I 
anundvl 


intorferenee;  and,  in  all  Itut  extraordinary  caaes,  the  rule  of  the  Bank  io,  to  aUow  the  public 
hregulate  the  currency  fit  itself  through  the  action  of  the  exchange,* 

It  ia  frequently  aud  that  the  value  of  money,  and,  consequently,  that  the  price  of  all  aorta 
of  property,  depends  on  the  fiat  of  the  Bank,  by  which  it  is  capriciously  elevated  at  one  time  and 
depressed  at  another.  But  the  account  now  given  of  the  mode  in  which  the  iMuea  of  the 
Dank  are  regulated  completely  disproves  such  statements ;  and  independently  of  this,  every 
one  who  knows  that  the  Bank  must  pay  her  notes  in  coin  when  presented,  and  that  coin 
may  be  at  all  times  obtained  from  the  Mint,  without  any  charge,  in  exchange  for  bullion, 
must  know  that  the  very  supposition  of  thoir  b«ng  true  involves  a  contradiction. 

(3.)  Bank  of  England  in  its  Connection  with  Government  and  the  Public — ^The  Bank 
of  England  conducts  the  whole  banking  business  of  the  British  government.  "  It  acta  not 
only,"  says  Dr.  Smith,  "  aa  an  ordinary  bank,  but  as  a  great  engine  of  state.  It  receives  aiul 
pays  the  greater  part  of  the  annuities,  which  are  due  to  the  creditors  of  the  public ;  it  circu* 
Utes  Exchequer  bills ;  and  it  advances  to  govenunent  the  annual  amount  of  the  land  and 
malt  taxes,  which  are  frequently  not  paid  till  some  years  thereafter." 

(4.)  Advances  by  the  Bank  in  Discounts,  ^e, — The  greater  part  of  the  paper  of  the  Bank 
has  generally  been  issued  in  the  way  of  advances  or  loans  to  government,  upon  security  of 
certain  branches  of  the  revenue,  and  in  the  purchase  of  Exchequer  bills  and  bullion ;  but 
her  issues  through  the  medium  of  discounts  to  individuals  have,  notwithstanding,  been  at  alt 
times  considerable,  while,  during  war  and  in  periods  of  distress,  they  have  been  occasionally 
very  great  Generally  speaking,  however,  the  directors  dt»  not  think  it  advisable  to  enter 
into  competition  with  private  bankers  in  the  transacting  of  ordinary  banking  business,  or  in 
the  discounting  of  mercantile  paper.  Mr.  Horsley  Palmer  is  decidedly  of  opinion,  tliat  all 
hanking  business,  apart  from  this  issue  of  notes,  is  better  transacted  by  private  bankers  than 
by  public  bodies. — {Min.  of  Evidence,  p.  37.)  He  also  thinks,  that  were  the  bank  to  come 
iiirly  into  competition,  at  all  times,  with  the  private  bankers  and  other  individuals  in  dis- 
counting, it  would  be  very  apt  to  lead,  every  now  and  then,  to  an  excess  of  the  currency, 
and  a  fall  of  the  exchange,  producing  fluctuations  that  could  not  foil  to  be  most  injurious). 
At  present,  therefore,  and  generally  since  the  peace,  the  rate  of  interest  charged  by  the  Bank 
for  loans  has  been  somewhat  above  the  market  rate.  The  consequence  is,  that,  in  ordinary 
leriods,  very  few  applications  are  made  to  her  for  discounts.  But,  at  the  same  time,  every 
one  who  has  any  reasonable  security  to  offer,  knows  where  they  may  always  be  had ;  while 
the  rate  of  interest  charged  by  the  Bank  necessarily  forms  a  maximum  ratt.  which  no  other 
establishment  can  exceed.  When,  however,  any  circumstances  occur  to  occasion  a  pressure 
in  the  money  market,  or  a  difficulty  of  obtaining  recommendations  in  the  usual  channels, 
the  market  rate  of  interest  immediately  rises  to  the  rate  fixed  by  the  Bank ;  and  on  such 
occasions,  the  private  bankers,  and  the  public  generally,  resort  to  the  Bank  for  aid.  She  then 
becomes,  as  it  were,  a  bank  of  support  ,•  and  has,  oa  such,  on  many  trying  occasions,  par- 
ticularly  in  1793,  1815  and  1B16,  and  1825-26,  rendered  the  most  essential  service  to  public 
credit,  .ad  to  the  commercial  interests  of  the  country.  The  usual  limited  amount  of  tha 
Bank's  discounts  does  not,  therefore,  proceed,  as  has  been  absurdly  enough  stated,  from  any 
indisposition  on  the  part  of  the  directors  to  render  every  assistance  in  their  power  to  the 
commercial  classes,  but  is,  in  fact,  the  effect  of  such  disposition.  They  consider,  and  we 
believe  justly,  that,  except  under,  peculiar  circumstances,  the  business  of  discounting  and 
banking  is  best  conducted  by  private  parties ;  and  that,  by  abstaining  from  coming  into 
competition  with  them,  they  are  better  able  to  act  as  a  bank  of  support — that  is,  to  sustain 
public  and  private  credit  by  making  extraordinary  advances  in  seasons  of  distress  and  difl> 
culty.  This  is  not  to  neglect  the  interests  of  the  mercantile  classes,  but  to  promote  them 
In  the  best  and  moat  efficient  maimer,  even  tliough  it  should  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
Bank. 

No.  XIV.  of  the  accounts  aubjoined  to  this  article  shows  the  average  annual  amount  of 
commercial  paper  discounted  by  the  Bank  in  London,  from  1795  down  to  1831.  But  the 
rabjoined  account  will  probably  be  deemed  still  more  interesting,  from  its  exhilnting  in  detail 
the  variations  in  the  discounts  by  the  Bank  during  the  17  years  ending  with  1831.  The 
sudden  increase  and  immense  amount  of  the  discounts,  in  the  last  quarter  of  I8!J5  and  the 
first  quarter  of  1826,  show  the  vast  importance  of  the  assistance  then  rendered  by  the  Bank 
to  the  trading  interests.  Had  this  assistance  been  withheld,  or  the  Bank  not  been  in  a  situoc 
tion  to  render  it,  it  is  not  easy  to  estimate  the  consequences. 

The  annual  average  loss  by  bad  debts  on  the  discounts  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  Lon- 
don, from  1791  to  1831;  both  inclusive,  has  been  31,698/. — (Appen.  to  lUp.  on  Bank 

Charter,  No.  60.) 

*  Mr.  Horsley  Palmer's  evidence  before  the  late  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  the 
Bank  charter  contains  bv  for  the  best  exposition  ever  givon  to  tho  public,  of  the  mode  in  which  the 
bminesB  of  the  Bank  or  England  is  conducted.  It  is  aUa  higlily  deserving  of  attention,  from  it* 
senerni  ability,  and  the  strong  and  steady  light  which  it  throws  on  the  principles  of  bankiug  aii4 
ctttrency. 


# 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


:!■!■ 


Aeemnt  of  tke  Annn  Amonnl  of  Billi  and  Notes  discounted  bv  the  Baak  of  Cnriand,  h  iwk 
<ld»ner  of  aaeli  oftM  Beventeen  Yean  ending  with  lB3l.—(Jpptn.  to  Hif.  tn  JB»nk  Ciw^ 
No.  M.)  ' 


T«n. 

•-larffasr 

"aaiTis^ 

Klk  oflvMalwr. 

«ai()ur«er,«Jlu'~ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1819 

19,01 1,tM 

13,840,900 

18,013,800 

19,717,300 

1810 

*^2i^s2 

13,380,400 

10,900,400 

7,399,800 

1817 

0,683,900 

4.148,300 

3,339.300 

9,941,300 

1818 

JWO.OOO 

8,847,800 

4.010,400 

S,M9,700 

1810 

f-SJM** 

0,038,300 

0,091,600 

9.049,300 

1890 

4,810,700 

3,009,900 

3,987,000 

3.130,700 

1831 

3,338,900 

8,719,100 

8.904.100 

8,499,300 

18SS 

3,137,000 

3,310,900 

3,3t«,700 

3,734.600 

1883 

4,107,800 

3.398,900 

8,601,400 

8.334.S00 

1804 

S,aM,(J00 

8,993,900 

8,449,800 

8,848.(00 

1839 

3,400,800 

3,873,700 

9.480.000 

7.839,900 

isae 

0,980,700 

9,037,400 

8.990.900 

8,164,800 

1637 

S,lS8,e00 

1,880.400 

1.107,900 

1,839,800 

1838 

1,888,400 

1,109.000 

1.170.800 

8,197.300 

1839 

?'^"2S 

3,383.700 

9,011,800 

8,193,700 

1890 

l^'^ 

1,414,000 

1.379,000 

1,930,700 

1831 

a,94«,800 

3,940,900 

3,488,900 

3.771,900 

(6.)  Aieanea  by  the  Bank  to  Ocnemment. — ^Tlmean  nade  on  aooonnt  of  thepradnee 
of  taxes  not  yet  received,  and  on  the  security  of  Exchequer  bUls,  &c.  lliey  varied,  fiom 
179S  down  to  1810,  from  about  10,000,000iL  to  about  16,000,000/.  During  the  remainder 
of  the  war.  and  down  to  1820,  they  were  a  good  deal  larger ;  they  wwe,  at  an  average  of 
•ash  of  the  7  yean  ending  wiUi  that  last  mentioned,  as  fbUows :— • 


1814 
1819 
1810 
1817 


£ 
30,149,000 
80,494,000 
83,944,000 
97.347,000 


1818 
1819 
1890 


£ 
98.001.000 
»4,680,079 
91,919,899 


But  in  these  are  included  about  1.000,000/.  a  year  paid  to  government  out  of  the  lumi 
issued  on  account  of  the  dividends,  but  not  claimed.  This  can  hardly  be  regarded  h  aa 
advance  by  the  Bank. 

In  1819,  provision  was  made  for  reducing  the  amotmt  of  these  advances;  and  they  do 
not  at  present,  excluding  the  permanent  advance  on  account  of  thr  \  weight,  exceed  i 
third  (KT  their  amount  in  1820.  They  are  represented  by  the  Excun^uer  bills  and  d«fi. 
dency  bills  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank ;  and  the  average  amount  of  these  in  her  posMsiioa 
during  the  4  years  ending  with  1831,  was  as  follows : — 

£  \  £ 

1898         ....        0,367.090  1830  ....        8,783.730 

1639  ....        6,604,090     |     1831  ....        0.733.360 

(An*»'  to  JUp.  M  Bank  Clartor,  No.  64.) 

(6.)  Babmeti  ofPubtte  Money. — ^In  pmnt  of  Ikct,  however,  a  very  large  part  of  thno 
■dvaneee  has  been  nominal  only,  or  has  been  virtually  canceUed  by  the  balances  of  puUic 
money  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank.  Thus,  from  1806  to  1810,  both  inclusive,  the  avenjje 
advances  to  government  amounted  to  14,498,970/1  But  the  average  balance  of  public  muney 
in  possession  of  the  Bank  during  the  same  period  amounted  to  about  11,000,000.;  so  thit 
the  real  advance  was  equal  only  to  the  dinerence  between  these  two  sums,  or  to  about 
.8,600,000/L  This  statement  completely  negatives,  as  Mr.  Tooke  has  justly  stated,  the  sup- 
position so  commonly  entertained  and  reasoned  upon  as  a  point  beyond  doubt,  that  the  Bank 
was  rendered,  by  the  restriction,  a  mere  engine  in  the  hands  of  government  for  facilitating  iU 
fmancial  operations. — (First  Letter  to  Lord  Grenville,  p.  64.) 

The  Bank  bong  enabled  to  employ  the  greater  p«rt  of  the  balances  ofr>T'/olic  monryio 
her  hands  as  capital,  they  have  formed  one  of  the  main  sources  of  th<>  piutit  she  has  derived 
from  her  transactions  with  the  public.  This  suMect  was  brought  *erj  prominently  forward 
in  the  Second  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  Public  Expenditure  in 
1607.  And  it  was  agreed  in  the  same  year,  that  the  Bank  dioukl,  in  consideration  of  the 
advantages  derived  from  the  public  balances,  continue  the  loan  of  3,000,000/.  made  to 
ffovomment  in  1800  for  6  years,  without  interrat,  on  the  same  terms,  till  6  mmiths  after  the 
signature  of  a  definitive  treaty  of  peace.  In  1816,  this  swn  was  finnUy  incorporated  with  the 
MH  due  by  government  to  the  Bank,  at  an  interest  of  3  per  cent.  In  1818,  the  public 
beJances  had  frllen  to  abotit  7,000,000/. ;  and  they  have  been  still  further  reduced,  in  conee- 
q«ence  of  measures  that  were  then  adopted.  They  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  3  yean 
ending  with  1831,  to  4,157,670/:— (See  Table  XII.) 

A  part  of  the  public  balances  is  formed  of  the  dividends  payable  at  the  Bank,  but  ud- 
claimed.  The  balance  arising  from  this  source  has  sometimes  amounted  to  above  1,000,OM; 

•  These  are  the  averages  of  the  total,  advances  on  the  SOtb  of  February,  and  the  96th  of  AofaMi 


*  See  Table  VI.  for  i 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


M  in  1808  Mi^  161  It  nnvngementa  were  made  by  which  the  balances  growing  oat  of  thb 
Auid  have  been  much  reduced. 

(7.)  Managfitmt  of  Public  Deli, — Previoualy  to  1786,  the  Bank  received  an  allowinoff 
on  thn  account— that  is,  for  trouble  in  paying  the  dividends,  superintending  the  transfer  of 

iig(.|(^  Ac. of  562/.  10>.  a  million.    In  1786,  this  allowance  was  reduced  to  AMI  a  million, 

iIk  Bank,  being,  at  the  same  time,  entitled  to  a  considerable  allowance  for  her  trouble  in 
KcflTing  contributions  on  loans,  lotteries,  dec.  This,  however,  though  long  regarded  as  a 
Ten  improvident  arrangement  on  the  part  of  the  public,  was  acquiesced  in  all  1808,  when 
the  allowance  on  aoconnt  of  management  was  reduced  to  340/.  a  million  on  600,000,000iL 
of  the  public  debt ;  and  to  300/.  a  million  on  all  that  it  exceeded  that  sum,  exclusive  of 
tome  separate  allowances  for  annuities,  6cc.  The  impression,  however,  was  sUU  entertained, 
thit  the  allowances  for  management  should  bo  ftirther  reduced ;  and  Uie  act  3  &  4  Will.  4. 
e.  98.,  for  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  has  directed  that  120,000/.  a  year  shall  be  deducted 
from  their  amount  During  the  year  ended  the  6th  of  April,  1832,  the  Bank  received  251,461  A 
(or  the  management  of  the  public  debt,  and  annuities.  Tliis  item  may  therefore,  be  taken 
for  the  future  at  about  130,000/.  a  year.* — (Report  on  Bank  Charter,  Appeti,  p.  35.) 

It  should  be  observed,  that  the  responsibility  and  expense  incurred  by  the  Bank  in  manag* 
ing  the  public  debt  are  very  great  The  temptation  to  the  commission  of  fraud  in  trans* 
ferring  stock  from  one  individual  to  another,  and  in  the  payment  of  the  dividends,  is  well 
known ;  and  notwithstanding  the  skilfully  devised  system  of  checks  adopted  by  the  Bank  for 
hf  prevention,  she  has  frequently  sustained  very  great  losses  by  forgery  and  otherwise.  In 
1803,  the  Bank  lost,  through  a  fraud  committed  by  one  of  her  principal  cashiers,  Mr.  Astlett, 
no  less  than  340,000/. ;  and  the  forgeries  of  Fauntleroy  the  banker  cost  her  a  still  larger 
sum!  At  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1831,  the  Bank  lost,  through  forgeries 
on  the  public  funds,  40,204/.  a  year.f — {Report  on  Bank  Charter,  Appen.  p.  165.) 

The  total  sum  paid  by  the  public  to  the  Bank  on  account  of  ihe  loans  raised,  Exchequer 
bills  funded,  transfer  of  3^  per  cent  stock,  &c.  from  1793  to  18%0,  both  included,  amounted 
to  426,795/.  Is.  llA— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  81.  Scss.  1822.) 

(8.)  Dead  Weight, — Besides  the  transactions  alluded  to,  the  Bank  entered,  on  the  20th 
of  March,  1823,  into  an  engagement  with  government  with  respect  to  the  public  pensions 
and  annuities,  or,  as  they  have  been  more  commonly  termed,  the  dead  weight.  At  the  end 
of  the  war,  the  naval  and  military  pensions,  superannuated  allowances,  &,c.  amounted  to 
above  5,000,000/.  a  year.  They  would,  of  course,  have  been  gradually  lessened  and  ulti« 
mately  extinguished  by  the  death  of  the  parties.  Bat  it  was  resolved,  in  1822,  to  attempt 
to  spread  the  burden  equally  over  the  whole  period  aiforty-Jive  years,  during  which  it  was 
calculated  the  annuities  would  continue  to  decrease.  'Vo  effect  this  purpose,  it  was  supposed 
that,  up^n  government  offering  to  pay  2,800,000/.  a  year  for  45  years,  capitalists  would  be 
found  who  would  undertake  to  pay  the  entire  annuities,  according  to  a  graduated  scale  pre- 
riously  determined  upon,  making  the  first  year  a  payment  of  4,900,000/.  aiid  gradually 
decreasing  the  payments  until  the  forty-fiflh  and  last  year,  when  they  were  to  amount  to 
only  300,000/.  This  supposition  was  not,  however,  realised.  No  capitalists  were  found 
willing  to  enter  into  such  distant  engagements.  But  in  1823  the  Bank  agreed,  oncondi* 
tion  of  receiving  an  annuity  of  585,740/.  for  forty-four  years,  commencing  on  the  5th  of 
April  1823,  to  pay,  on  account  of  the  pensions,  &c.,  at  different  siieciiied  periods,  between 
the  years  1823  and  1828,  both  inclusive,  the  sum  of  13,089,419/. — (4  Geo.  4.  c.  22.) 

*  See  Table  VI.  for  an  account  of  the  sums  paid  by  the  public  to  the  Banic,  for  the  management  of 
the  public  debt  during  the  year  1829. 

t  we  subjoin  an  abstract  of  the  principal  provisions  in  the  late  statute  with  respect  to  the  forgery 
of  bank  notes,  powers  of  attorney,  ice. 

It  is  enacted,  1  Will.  4.  c.  66.,  that  if  any  person  shall  fori^e  or  alter,  or  shall  offer,  utter,  dispose  of, 
or  put  off,  knowing  the  same  to  be  forged  or  altered,  any  Exchequer  bill  or  Exchequer  debenture,  or 
any  endnrsentent  on  or  assignation  of  any  such  bill  or  debenture,  or  any  East  India  bond,  or  indorse* 
ment  upon  or  assignation  of  the  same,  or  any  note  or  bill  of  the  Bank  or  Ensland,  or  a  bank  post  hill, 
or  any  indorsement  on  or  assignment  of  any  bank  note,  bunk  bill  of  exchange,  or  bunk  post  bill,  with 
intent  to  defraud  any  person  whatsoever,  be  shall  be  guilty  of  felony,  and  shtiU  upon  conviction  sutfer 
Jeath  as  a  felon. — )  3. 

Persons  making  false  entries  in  the  books  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  other  books  in  which  accounts 
)f  public  stocks  or  funds  are  kept,  with  intent  to  defraud,  shall  suffer  death  as  felons.— $  S. 

Dv  the  same  act,  the  forging  of  any  transfer  of  any  share  of,  or  interest  in,  or  dividend  upon,  any 
pnbiic  stock,  or  of  a  power  of  attorney  to  transfer  the  same,  or  to  receive  dividends  thereon,  is  made 
capital.  If  any  person,  falsely  personating  the  owner  of  any  share,  interest,  or  dividend  of  any  of 
Jie  public  fu^ds,  thereby  transfer  such  share,  Ite.,  and  receive  tiie  money  due  to  the  lawful  owner,  ho 
iball  upon  conviction  suffer  death  as  a  felon.—}  6. 


And  any  person  endeavonriiig  by  such  false  personation  to  procure  the  transfer  of  any  share,  in- 
"      in< ....  -         - 

fears.— J ' 


^rest,  tc.  in  the  pubiie  funds,  may,  upon  conviction,  be  transported  beyond  seas  for  life,  or  for  any 
lerm  not  less  than  seven  years,  or  be  imprisoned  for  any  term  not  more  than  four,  nor  less  than  two 


The  forgery  of  the  attestation  to  any  power  of  attorney  fbr  the  transfer  of  stock  is  to  be  punished 
ojr  transportation  for  seven  years,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  two  and  not  less  than  one 
year.—}  8. 

Clnrks  or  servants  of  the  Bank  of  England  knowingly  making  out  or  delivering  any  dividend  war- 
rant for  a  greater  or  less  amount  than  the  pnrty  in  whose  behalf  such  warrant  is  madfe  out  Is  entitled 
to,  iii:\y,  upon  conviction,  bn  transported  lii>yond  seas  for  tlie  term  of  seven  years,  or  imprisoned  fo* 
not  iMitrc-  than  two  nor  less  thuii  one  year.— {  9. 

Vol.  I— H 


^1 

^'1 


M  BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 

(9.)  Rate  nfDUcaunt, — The  Bank  diioounted  private  bills  at  6  p«rc«nt  during  n«n|i 
the  whole  i)eri(xl  from  her  eHtabliHhmont  (ill  1824,  when  the  rate  wan  reduced  to  4  percent 
In  1825,  it  was  raised  to  6  per  cent.;  but  was  again  reduced  to  4  per  cent,  in  1827,  it 
which  it  continues.  It  may  well  be  doubted,  however,  whether  the  rate  of  discount  ought 
not  to  he  more  frequently  varied,  as  occasion  may  require.  When  tlie  currency  bappeiu^ 
from  any  cause,  to  become  redundant,  ite  contraction,  always  a  matter  of  sumo  difficulty,  is 
to  be  effected  only  by  the  sale  of  bullion  or  public  securities  by  the  Bank,  or  by  a  diminn* 
tion  of  the  usual  discounts,  or  all.  But  were  the  Bank  to  tlirow  any  considerable  amoant 
of  public^curities  upon  the  market,  the  circumstance  would  be  apt  to  excite  alarm;  and 
even  though  it  did  not,  it  would  be  difficult  to  dispose  of  them  without  a  heavy  loai, 
Hence,  when  a  reduction  u  determined  upon,  it  is  most  commonly  eflixted  partly  by  i 
contraction  of  discounte ;  and  it  is  plain,  that  such  contraction  cannot  be  made  except  by 
rejecting  altogether  some  of  the  bills  sent  in  for  discount,  or,  which  is  in  effect  the  game 
thing,  by  shortening  their  dates,  or  by  raising  the  rate  of  interest,  so  that  fewer  may  be  aent 
in.  Of  these  methods,  the  last  seems  to  be  in  every  respect  the  moat  expedient  When 
bills  are  rejected  fur  no  other  reason  than  that  the  currency  may  be  contracted,  the  grcatcA 
injury  is  done  to  individuals,  who  entertaining  no  doubt  of  getting  their  usual  accommoda- 
tions from  the  Bank,  may  have  entered  into  transactions  which  they  are  thus  deprived  of 
the  means  of  completing.  Were  the  reduction  made  by  roixing  the  rate  of  interest,  it  would 
principally  affect  those  who  are  best  able  to  bt  ur  it ,-  at  the  some  time  that  its  operation, 
instead  of  being,  like  the  rejection  of  bills,  arbitrary  and  capricious,  would  be  uniform  and 
impartial.  It  does,  therefore,  seem  that  the  Bank  should  never  throw  out  good  bills  that 
she  may  contract  her  issues;  but  that  when  she  has  resolved  upon  such  a  measure,  xhe 
should,  provided  the  contraction  cannot  be  made  by  the  sale  of  bullion  and  public  securitiet, 
raise  the  rate  of  discount  The  Bank  could  not,  however,  act  in  the  way  now  suggested, 
until  the  usury  laws  were  modified  ;  but  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  cap.  98.  has  exempted  all 
bills  not  having  more  than  3  months  to  run  from  their  operation ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  thit 
this  serious  inroad  on  these  antiquated,  unjust,  and  impolitic  laws  may  be  followed  by  theii 
totel  repeal. 

The  dividends  on  Bank  stock,  from  the  establishment  of  the  Company  to  the  present 
time,  have  been  as  follows : — 


Tnn. 

Dividend. 

Tean. 

Dividend. 

]fiQ4 

8  per  cent. 

Michaelmas 

-    1732 

H  per  cent. 

1697 

9     — 

Lndy-day     - 

-    1747 

8      - 

1708^ 

Varied  frnm  9  to 

Ditto  ... 

-  n-w 

n    — 

6k  per  cent. 

Michaelmas 

-    17M 

V   - 

I^djr-dny     - 

-    1730 

6     — 

Ditto  -    -    - 

-    1767 

n   - 

Miclmeluas 

-    1730 

6t   — 

Ditto  ... 

.    1781 

e     — 

Lndy-dny     - 

-    1731 

«     — 

I.ady-day     - 

-    1788 

7       — 

Michaelmas 

•    1731 

5t   — 

Ditto  -    -    - 

-    1S07 

10       — 

Lady-day     - 

-    1738 

6     — 

Ditto  -    -    - 

•    1833 

8       — 

Previously  to  1759,  the  Bank  of  England  issued  no  notes  for  less  tlian  20A  She  began 
to  issue  10/.  notes  in  1769 ;  &/.  notes  in  1793  ;  and  IL  and  2/.  notes  in  March,  1797.  Tha 
issue  of  the  latter  ceased  in  1821. 

(10.)  Interest  on  Deposits. — ^The  Bank  of  England  does  not  allow,  either  in  London,  ot 
at  her  branches,  any  interest  on  deposite ;  but  it  would  be  exceedingly  desirable  if  she  could 
safely  make  some  alteration  in  this  respect  The  want  of  the  power  readily  to  invest  small 
sums  productively,  and,  at  the  same  time,  with  perfect  security,  tends  to  weaken  the  motivci 
to  save  and  accumulate.  Nothing  has  contributed  more  to  dilTuse  a  spirit  of  economy,  and 
tk  desire  to  save,  amongst  all  classes  of  the  population  of  Scotland,  than  the  readiness  with 
which  deposits  of  small  sums  are  received  by  banks  of  undoubted  solidity  in  that  part  of  the 
country,  and  the  allowance  of  intereet  upon  them. — (See  Banks  (Scotch).)  This  advan- 
tage is  in  some  degree,  indeed,  secured  in  England  by  the  institution  of  savings  banks. 
These,  however,  are  but  a  very  inadequate  substitute.  They  are  not  open  to  all  classes  of 
depositors ;  and  of  tboee  to  whom  they  aro  open,  no  one  can  deposit  more  than  30/.  in  a 
year,  and  150/.  in  all. — (See  Bakkb  (Satihob).)  But  it  is  desirable  that  every  facility 
should  be  given  to  safe  and  profitable  investnients.  "  Were  the  English  banks,  like  this 
Scoteh  banks,  to  receive  deposite  of  10/.  and  upwards,  and  allow  interest  upon  them  at  about 
1  per  cent  less  than  the  market  rate,  they  would  confer  an  immense  advantage  up«>n  the 
community,  and  open  a  source  of  profit  to  themselves.  This  is,  in  fact,  a  part  of  the  proper 
business  of  a  bank.  A  banker  is  a  dealer  in  capital,  an  intermediate  party  between  the  Iwr* 
rower  and  the  lender.  He  borrows  of  one  party,  and  tends  to  another;  and  the  difference 
between  the  terms  at  which  he  borrows  and  those  at  which  he  lends  is  the  source  of  his  profit. 
By  this  means,  he  draws  into  active  operation  those  small  sums  of  money  which  were  pre> 
vioufily  unproductive  in  the  hands  of  private  individuals,  and  at  the  same  time  furnishes 
accommodation  to  another  class,  who  have  occasion  for  additional  capitel  to  carry  on  their 
ciMnmerctal  tronimctiniiB.'' — (See  Gilbart'a  Practical  ObservatUms  on  Banking,  p.  52.) 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


Tn  further  eoiroboration  of  what  hni  nnw  been  itited,  it  may  be  inuitioned  that  it  was 
ritimated  by  a  vory  wclUiiiformed  witiioai  (Sir  J.  U.  ('mig),  bdfure  the  LorJit'  Committee 
on  iicotch  and  Iriili  Bankin{(,  in  1820,  that  the  do|)Oiiit«  in  the  Scotch  banica,  at  that  period, 
loiouated  to  about  34,000,000/.,  of  which  more  than  a  half  coniiited  of  auma  from  10/.  to 
200/. !  'i'hi'  ia  *  moat  aatinfactory  proof  of  tho  voat  im|iiirtanco  of  tite  nyitcm.  Perhaps  it  ia 
not  going  too  far  to  affirm,  that  but  for  the  receiving  of  depoiita  by  the  banlia,  and  the 
illowing  of  interest  upon  th^m,  not  one  third  of  the  auma  under  800/.,  and  not  one  half  of 
dioM  above  it,  would  over  have  been  accumulatMl. — (Si'o  Dankh  (Scotch).) 

We  are  not,  however,  able  to  aay  whntlior  the  Danii  of  England  could  offer  intereat  on 
ileposiu  without  having  ao  large  a  aum  forced  upon  her  aa  might  endanger  her  atabiiity. 
And  it  were  better  that  the  ayatom  ahould  continue  aa  at  preaent,  than  that  any  risk  of  thia 
Hit  thould  be  incurred. 

Since  1886,  the  private  deponit*  in  the  hnndii  of  the  Dank  have  nearly  doubled.  Tlirir 
increaM  ia  mainly  aacribable  to  the  pruueding  panic,  and  tho  loiut  that  wan  then  occasioned 
b;  the  failure  of  private  bank*. 

Tbo  composition  paid  by  the  Bank  at  the  rate  of  3,fi00/.  per  million,  aa  an  equivalent  for 
(he  «tamp  duty  on  her  notes,  amounts,  at  an  average,  to  about  70,000/.  a  year. 

(II.)  Method  of  conducting  Buainua  at  the  Bank,^S.\\  accounts  kept  at  the  Bank  with 

individuals  are  termed  drawina  aeeountt  i  those  with  whom  they  are  opened  being  entitled- 

to  draw  checks  upon  them,  and  to  send  the  bills  and  drafts  in  their  favour  to  be  presented  by 

the  Bank,  exactly  as  if  they  dealt  with  private  bankers.    There  is  no  fixed  sum  with  which 

M  individual  must  open  a  drawing  account ;  nor  ia  there  any  fixed  aura  which  the  Bank 

requires  him  to  keep  at  hia  credit  to  indemnify  them  for  their  trouble  in  answering  his 

drafts,  &c    Mr.  Horaley  Palmer  gave  in  his  evidence  tho  following  statement  as  to  tbo 

facilities  granted  by  the  Bank  in  drawing  accounts  aince  1835  :— 

l.The  Bank  receive  divldrnds  l>v  power  ornttnrnry  fitr  nil  iierioiii  hn  vingdruwing  accounts  at  tbeBank. 
j.  Dividend  warrnnts  are  received  nl  tin-  llriiwinK-otlii'ti  for  ditto. 

3.  Exchequer  bills  and  other  lociiritlnn  !irn  received  for  ditto  (  the  bills  exchanged,  the  interest  re- 
ceived,  and  the  nmount  carried  to  their  renimclive  iiccoiinl*. 

4.  Cliedca  may  be  drawn  for  51.  and  upwardi,  iniilHiid  of  10<.  as  heretofore. 

5.  Caih  boxes  talcon  in,  contents  nnlcnown,  for  anrh  parlleM  ns  Icepp  nccoiirits  at  the  Bank. 

t.  Bank  notes  are  paid  at  the  counter.  Instead  uf  drawing  tickets  for  them  on  the  pay  clerks  aa 
heretofore. 

7.  Checks  on  city  bankers  paid  in  by  three  oVInck  may  bo  drawn  for  between  four  and  five;  and 
Ihoae  paid  in  before  four  will  be  received  and  pnimed  to  ncrouiit  thii  nainR  evening. 

8,  Checks  paid  In  after  four  arc  sent  out  nt  nine  nVlock  the  following  morning,  received  and  passed 
10  account,  and  may  be  drawn  for  aa  soon  an  r«i:eivt>d. 

0.  Dividend  warrants  taken  in  at  tho  Urawiug-ofllco  until  Ave  in  the  aflernoon, inatoud  of  three  aa 
heretofore. 

10.  Credits  paid  into  account  are  received  without  the  Bank  book,  and  are  afterwards  entered 
therein  without  the  party  claiming  them. 

11.  BillH  of  exchange  accepted  payable  at  the  Bank  are  paid  with  or  without  advice;  heretofora 
with  advice  only. 

13.  Notes  of  country  bankers  payable  In  London  nre  sent  out  the  same  day  for  payment. 
13.  Checks  are  given  out  in  buolu,  and  not  in  shoots  as  heretofore. 

A  person  having  a  drawing  account  may  have  a  dineiiunt  account  i  but  no  person  can 
have  the  latter  without,  at  the  same  time,  having  the  former.  When  a  discount  account  is 
o|iened,  the  signatures  of  the  parties  are  entered  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose,  and  powers 
of  attorney  are  granted,  empowering  the  persons  named  in  them  to  act  for  their  principals. 
No  bill  of  exchange  drawn  in  the  country  ia  discounted  by  the  Bank  tn  London  under 
20/,,  nor  London  note  under  100/.,  nor  for  a  longer  date,  under  existing  regulations,  than 
three  months. 

'llie  number  of  holidays  formerly  kept  at  the  B'  .<'>  has  recently  been  reduced  about  a 
half,  in  the  view,  as  stated  by  the  directors,  of  preventing  the  interruption  of  business.  There 
are  no  holidaya  in  the  months  of  March,  June,  Septemlwr,  and  December,  excepting  Christ- 
mas ;  Easter  Monday  and  Tuesday  are  no  longer  kept 

We  subjoin  an  ar«onnt  of  the  days  for  transferring  stock,  and  when  the  dividends  are  dua 
at  the  Bank,  the  South  Sea  House,  and  the  Eaat  India  House  :— 

Tratuf»r  Daft  at  the  Bank. 
Bank  Rtock.— Tues.  Thurs.  and  Frid. 
3  per  Cent.  Red.— Tues.  Wed.  Thurs. 

and  FrId. 
ajperCent.  1818.— Tues.Thurs.and  Frid 
3  per  Cent.  1736.— Tues.  and  Thurs. 

3  per  Cent.  Cons.— Tues.  Wed.  Thurs. 
and  Frld. 

3)  per  Cent.  Red.— Tues.  Wed.  Thurs 

and  Frld. 
Lonit  Annuit.   to    Jan.   I860.— Mond. 

Wed.  and  Bat.  ^ 

4  pur  Cent.   1820.— Mond.  Wed.  and  (.April  S. 
Frid.  " 

New  3^  per  Cent.  Annuit.— Tues.  Wed 

Thura.  and  Frid. 
New  .*>  pi>r  Cent.  Annuit.— Tuos.  Wed 

aud  Frid. 


Dlvldendi 
due. 

April  5. 
'Oct.  10. 

Ijan.  5. 
;july  S. 

April  9. 
'"Oct.  10. 


^  "Oct.  10. 

.Jan.  5. 
■July  3. 


} 


Divideiidi 
due. 

April  S. 

Oct.  m. 


Annuit.  fhr  Terms  of  Yean,  ending 
10th  of  Oct.  ItUU,  pursuant  to  10  Geo, 
4.— Tuea.  Thurs.  und  8nt. 

Annuit.  (hr  Terms  of  Years,  ending  9th °)  i-.  . 
of  Jan.  ItltiO,  purauant  to  10  Ueo.  4.—  S.j„, '  ?' 
Tues.  Thurs.  and  Sat  '  •• ""  '* 

Life 


ilfe  Amiiilt.,  If  transferred  between")  • 
Jan.  9.  and  April  4.,  or  between  July  9.  >i 
andOrt.  9.    "^  V 


■  fJuly  I 


Jan.  9. 
July  9, 

Lifa  Annuu..  if  transferred  between 
April  9.  and  Tuly  4.,  or  between  Oct 
10.  and  Jan,  4, 

^t  the  South  5m  Houtt.  .       . 

SI  per  Cents.— Mond.  Wed.  and  Frld.    \  j'Jy  J 

S  per  Com.  Old  Annuit.— Mond.  Wed.  t  April  li 

and  Frld.  ;         ^  I 


April  5. 
Oct.  10. 


!  Oct.  10 


I'm 


BANK  OP  ENGLAND. 


TVaiiJiA'  Ddf*  •'  f  A*  8ontk  AM  JftM*.     Ol*] 

I  |H>rCent.  New  Annull.— Tnti.  Thiir*.')  •..  . 
nnd  Hilt  «■!••  ?• 


S  per  (tent.  ITSI.-Tuw.  and Thuri. 


JJuly  I 


India  Rtnck.— Tiiei.  Tbura.  and  Sal. 
Infnrotl  on  India  Rondi,  du« 


\  July. 
JMur.ll, 


for  preparlni  Iraniflr  nf  ilnrk  muil  hn  (Wen  In  nl  enrh  nfllce  ttefhre  nnit  o'clock :  ai  iiu 
t  hoiiiK  nefDrn  two  o'clock.    Prlvati!  trnnef<<r«  nmv  he  innilM  al  olhrr  time*  thnn  iti  NhnM 


Tlekrta 
Enat  Inillit  noiiiK  nerorn  iwn  o'ciocR.    rrivai)!  irnniipr*  nmy  ne  inniiM  ai  oinrr  nine*  thnn  iti  iihnn' 
Ihe  hnnki  nni  bitlnc  (liiil,  hy  payln«,  al  the  Uank  and  India  lluuae,  S*.  M.  ailra  for  eaoli  tr«iiir«i  >  » 
Ihe  8oiitli  8eA  lloilia,  3«.  IW.  '  " 

Trniiifer  at  tliu  Hnnk  mint  be  mnde  by  hnlf-patt  two  o'clock  t  at  the  India  Ilnnie,  by  threa  i  utk. 
Bonlh  fl<>n  Ilouin  by  two :  nn  8atnrdny,  hy  one.  ^ 

Expenie  oftranfrer  In  Uank  fltock,  for  'ml.  and  undar,  9$,  i  aliovc  that  anm,  IS». 

IndlnHtnck.rur  10/.      -      U.  10*.        -        •        U.  U».  '       I 

South  ilea  Block,  If  under  inO(.    ■    0«.  M.     •       -      \1t. 

Powers  nf  Hitorney  fhr  the  inln  or  trannrKr  of  *lock  to  he  left  nt  the  Hunk,  ht.  forexnnilnallra,  m* 
day  hefiire  they  can  be  acted  upon  i  If  for  receiving  dlvldendi,  preaant  them  at  the  tline  the  Drit  diri. 
denil  i«  imyable. 

The  et|>ani)«  of  a  power  of  attorney  la  W.  \i.  M.  fbr  each  atnekibut  (hr  llnnk,  India,  and  flniuliNu 
•tock,  U.  lU.  (W.  IfwiiMlud  for  the  nuniediiy,  hnlf  pnit  twelve  o'clnek  is  the  Inteit  time  Ibr  rectlvlM 
orders.    The  bo.tea  fiir  receiving  imwers  nf  attorney  for  snia  close  nt  two. 


I'nibates  of  wills,  letters  of  adiiilnlstrntlon,  and  other  proofs  of  deccnse,  must  b«  left  nt  the  Danii, 
Jtc.  for  registrntion,  from  two  or  thren  I'lenr  dnyt,  exclusive  nf  holldnys. 

Htock  cannot  be  ndded  to  nny  nceimiit  (whellicr  sindv  or  Joint)  in  which  the  decease  nf  the  IihH. 
viduai,  nrone  or  more  of  a  Joint  imriy.  hns  taken  place  innd  the  decease  to  be  proved  as  inuii  at 
Itrncticable.    Powers  nf  attorney,  in  cuse  of  tliu  death  of  n  parly  or  pnrtles  (ranting  II,  liecoiiip  vi,|,| 

Tlie  unaltered  possession  of  SWM.  or  upwards  Bank  Stock,  fur  six  months  clear,  fives  the  pronrintai 
ft  vote. 

(12.)  Branch  Banks  of  the  Bank  of  England. — ^Thfr  Bank  of  Englatid,  aa  alivady 
observed,  hoa  within  these  few  year*  catabliahml  branch  banks  nt  several  of  tlie  moat  coo, 
siderable  towns  thronghout  the  countiy.  Ths  mode  and  terms  of  conducting  busincH  i| 
these  eatablishmenlH  have  been  dcwribed  as  follows  :— 

"The  branch  bank  (of  Swansea,  and  the  same  is  true  of  those  established  in  other  plana) 
ia  to  be  a  secure  place  of  deposit  for  pcraona  having  occasion  to  make  use  of  a  bonk  for  that 
purpose ;  such  persons  are  said  to  have  drawing  aeeountu :  to  facilitate  to  the  mercanlili 
and  trading  classes  the  obtaining  discounts  of  good  and  unexceptionable  hills,  founded  upon 
real  transactions,  two  approved  namca  being  required  u]X)n  every  bill  or  note  discouottd; 
these  are  called  diaeofinl  aecottnts.  The  application  of  parties  who  desire  to  open  discouoi 
accounts  at  the  branch  are  forwardcti  every  Saturday  to  the  parent  establishment  for  ip. 
proval,  and  an  answer  is  generally  received  in  about  ten  days.  When  approved,  good  bilh 
may  be  discounted  at  the  branch  without  reference  to  London.  Billa  payable  at  Swantca^ 
Tiondon,  or  any  other  place  where  a  branch  is  cHtabliDlied,  are  discounted  under  this  regula. 
don.  The  dividends  on  any  of  the  public  funds,  which  are  payable  at  the  Bank  of  Eng^ 
land,  may  be  received  at  the  branch,  by  persons  who  have  opened  *  drawing  accounts,'  after 
signing  powers  of  attorney  for  that  purpose,  which  the  branch  will  procure  from  London, 
No  ch.irge  ia  made  in  this  case,  except  the  expense  of  the  power  of  otturncy  and  the  postage^ 
Purchases  and  sales  of  every  description  of  government  securities  arc  eflected  by  the  branch 
at  a  charge  of  |  per  cent,  which  includes  brokerage  in  London,  and  all  expenses  of  post- 
age, &c.  A  charge  of  J  per  cent  is  also  made  on  paying  at  the  Bank  of  England,  bilb 
accepted  by  persons  having  drawing  accounts  at  Swansea,  such  bills  to  be  advioed  by  the 
branch ;  also  for  granting  letters  of  credit  on  London,  or  on  the  other  branches.  The  branch 
grants  bills  on  liondon,  payable  at  21  days'  date,  without  acceptance,  for  sums  of  10/.  and 
upwards.  Persons  having  drawing  accounts  at  Swansea  may  order  money  to  be  paid  at 
the  Bank  in  London  to  their  credit  at  this  place,  and  vice  versA,  without  expense.  Tht 
branch  may  Iw  called  upon  to  change  any  notes  issued  and  dafed  at  Swansea ;  but  thoy  do 
not  change  the  notes  of  the  Bank  in  London,  nor  receive  them  in  payment,  unless  as  a  mat- 
ter of  courtesy  where  the  parties  are  known.  Bank  post  billa,  which  arc  accepted  and  due, 
are  received  at  the  branch  from  parties  having  drawing  accounts,  and  taken  to  account  with* 
out  any  charge  for  postage;  but  unaccepted  Bank  post  bills,  which  must  be  sent  to  London, 
are  subject  to  the  charge  of  postage,  and  taken  to  account  when  due.  No  interest  is  allowed 
on  deposits.  No  advance  is  made  by  the  branch  upon  any  description  of  landed  or  other 
property,  nor  is  any  account  allowed  to  be  overdrawn.  'The  notes  are  the  same  as  those 
issued  by  the  parent  establishment,  except  Iwing  dated  Swansea,  and  made  payable  there 
and  in  Londoiu  No  note  issued  exceeds  the  sum  of  500/.  and  none  are  for  a  less  amoum 
than  6/." 

(13.)  Act  for  the  Renewal  of  the  Charter. — We  subjoin  a  full  abstract  of  the  act  3  &4 
Will.  4.  c  98.,  continuing  the  charter,  and  regulating  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Bank 
of  England. 

The  first  section,  nfter  referring  to  the  acts  39  fc  40  Cleo.  S.  e.  W.,  nad  the  7  Sen.  4.  e.  40.,  goes  on  te 
declare  that  it  is  expedient  thnt  certain  exclusive  privileges  nf  banking  be  continued  to  tlie  Governor 
and  Company  of  the  Uank  of  England,  for  tlie  period,  and  upon  tlie  terms  and  conditions  hereinafter 
mentioned. — i  I. 

A'li  Bunkinf  Company  af  mor»  (Ann  6  Ptrioni  taitiut  Jfotta  payable  on  Demand  within  f.ondnn,  «rH 
Miles  lliereiif. — That  during  tlie  continuance  of  tlie  snid  privilege,  no  tioiiy  politic  or  cnrfiornle,  and 
no  society  or  coin|Hin>r,  nr  persons  united  or  to  Iir  united  In  cnvennntii  or  pnrtnerAliips,  exceeding  ( 
purxoiis  sliuil  iiiuke  ur  isauu  in  Luncloii,  ur  iviliiiiiOS  miius  thereof,  any  bill  of  excliungo  or  proniisaury 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND.  10 

Mti  or  •RMCMMal  ht  iIm  p«nMit  of  montjr  on  demand,  or  niton  wMeti  nnr  ptnim  koMIni  llw 
Zn*  Mr  iwMl"  r  vnxnt  on  d«n»ad  i  provldad  ■Iwiijri,  llutt  nothlnf  hanin  or  In  the  mM  net  oTlb* 
TOM  it.  It-  com  a.ncd  ibnll  b«  eaminivd  to  pravant  nnjr  body  pollile  or  eorpomtc,  or  any  aoeiaty  or 
LiHMaT.  or  Incorporated  eonpany  or  eorporalloD,or  eo-partnanblp,  earrylni  on  and  tranaaelinf  bank* 
taf  kuilMee  at  any  (reatar  dialance  than  OS  mllna  nam  London,  and  not  hHTlng  nnr  bouae  of  baaU 
Ml  or  aauMlabnwnt  aa  bankera  In  London,  or  within  69  mllea  thereof,  (eicepi  aa  hereinafter  men* 
iiARiil )  to  make  and  laaiie  their  bllla  and  nntoa,  payable  on  demand  or  oihnrwiae,  at  the  pinee  at  —'•'-'- 
ite  MM  iball  ke  laauad,  belnf  more  than  M  mllea  flrom  London,  and  alao  In  London,  and  to  hi 


Ik*  MM 


whhsh 
have  an 


utni  or  ifent*  In  London,  or  at  any  other  place  at  which  auch  bllla  or  nolea  ahall  be  Made  payable, 
«» ikt  DiiriHM  of  payment  only,  but  no  aiieb  bill  or  note  ahall  be  (br  any  aum  leaa  than  N.,  or  be 
„!|Mtt«a  la  London![or  within  Si  mllea  thereof.-)  1 

(7«aMa<M  tr  Pmtinfthipa  mt/f  ttrrg  •«  Banking  In  JUndM),  «r  teMin  AS  AA/MM«r«i/.— And  whereaa 
ikf  iBl«nlh)n  of  Ihia  act  la,  that  the  Bank  of  Rngland  ahoiitd,  during  the  period  alaled  In  Ihia  ait  (aub- 
iMt  D'vertbeleaa  to  ench  redemption  aa  la  deaerlbed  In  thia  act),  continue  to  bold  and  enjoy  all  th« 
■iduiira  privllefee  of  bankinf  glvea  by  the  act  N  A  40  Geo.  3.  c.  98,  aa  renilnted  by  the  act  7  Oto.  i, 
I  41.  or  any  prior  or  eubaeqiient  actor  acta  of  parliament,  but  no  other  or  TUrther  exeluilve  privllefa 
oir  Iwakinf !  and  whereaa  doubta  have  arlaen  aa  to  the  conalruetlon  nf  the  raid  acta,  and  aa  to  the  ex- 
tMt  of  iiwh  eieluelre  privllef  e  i  and  It  la  expedient  that  all  auch  doubta  ahould  ne  removed,  be  It 
llMrafora  declared  and  enacted,  that  any  body  politic  or  corporate,  or  loclety,  or  company,  or  partner- 
ikip,  althoHirh  conalf tini  of  mora  than  0  peraona,  may  carry  on  the  trade  or  huilnxie  or  banking  In 
London,  or  within  U  mllea  thereof,  provided  that  auch  body  polltle^or  corporate,  or  aoclety,  or  com- 
ptnr.or  parinerablp,  do  not  borrow,  owe,  or  take  up  In  England  any  aum  or  auma  of  money  on  their 
bitli  or  aolea  payable  on  demand,  or  at  any  leaa  lime  than  A  montha  from  the  borrowing  thereof, 
tttint  tl**  eonllnnanee  of  the  prWUegea  granted  by  thia  act  to  the  aald  QoTernor  and  Company  of  thn 
hnk  of  Ingland.— 1 9. 

M  A<aA  */Ka#litad  JVblaa  aiireila  ea  Dtnund  i»iu*d  out  tf  London  punailt  at  tk»  Plae$  whirt  hntd, 
it— from  and  after  the  let  of  Auguat,  1834,  nil  promlaaory  notea  payiihleon  dumand  of  the  Governa; 
■nil  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England  leaued  at  any  place  In  England  out  of  I.ondon,  where  the  trade 
ind  bHiln«i«  of  bankInf  ahttll  be  earrled  nii  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  laid  Gorernnr  and  Company, 
ihill  be  made  payable  at  the  place  where  auch  promisiory  notei  ihall  bo  liiiiad  ;  and  It  ahall  not  be 
lawAil  ft>r  the  aald  Governor  and  Company,  or  any  coiiiniittea,  agent,  caahler,  ofllcer,  or  eervant  of 
iha  lame,  to  laaue  at  any  place  out  of  London,  any  promiaiory  note  payable  on  demand  not  made 
Mmble  at  the  plate  where  the  aame  aball  be  toaued,  any  thing  In  the  aald  act  7  Goo.  4.  o.  40.  to  tha 
emiirary  iNHwithatanding.— f  4. 

EwJmIv*  PrivUoret  le  tnd  ape*  One  Ttnr'o  Jfotieo  at  tki  $nd  of  10  Ttart  after  Jliifuit,  1834.— Upon 
oar  year'i  notice  given  within  S  monttae  after  the  expiration  of  10  yeara  horn  the  let  of  Auguat,  \SH, 
ind  upon  repayment  by  parliament  to  the  aaid  Governor  and  Company,  or  their  auecei8ora,of  all  priii- 
eiMi  money,  Intereat,  or  annultiea  which  may  be  due  from  the  public  to  the  aald  Governor  and  Com- 
mny  at  the  time  of  the  expiration  of  auch  notice,  aa  la  hereinafter  atlpuUtod  and  provided  In  the 
•rent  ofiueb  notice  being  deferred  until  after  the  let  of  Auguat,  1839,  the  exeluilve  privllegeaof  lmnk« 
Ini (ranted  bythieaet  ahnll  ceaae  and  determine  at  the  expiration  of  auch  yeiir'a  notice;  and  any 
rote  or  leaolution  of  the  Houae  of  Cummona,  aignlfled  by  the  Speaker  of  the  eaid  houao  in  writing, 
I  nd  delivered  at  the  public  ofllca  of  the  aald  Governor  and  Company,  or  their  aueooaaora,  ahall  ba 
dieined  and  adjudged  to  be  a  aufllelent  notice.— )  9. 

sink  JVbiu  ta  te  a  UfiU  T»nder,  aseipl  at  Ik*  Sank  and  Brantk  Bankt.—Vrom  and  after  the  let  of  Au« 
(lilt,  1834,  unleaa  and  until  parliament  almll  otherwlae  direct,  a  tender  uf  a  note  or  notca  of  the  Go. 
vernnr  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  expreiied  to  be  payable  to  l)oarcr  on  demand,  ahull  ba 
I  i«fal  tender,  to  the  amount  expreaaed  In  auch  note  or  notea,  and  ahull  be  taken  to  be  valid  aa  a  ten- 
der to  lueh  amount  liir  all  auma  above  9<.  on  all  occoaiona  on  which  any  tender  of  money  may  i>o 
Itnlly  made,  ao  long  aa  the  Bank  of  England  ahall  continue  to  pay  on  demand  their  anid  notea  In  legal 
coin  I  provided  alwaya,  that  no  auch  note  or  notea  ihall  be  deemed  a  legal  tender  of  payment  by  tha 
Oorernor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  any  brnncli  bank  of  the  aald  Governor  and  Com- 
pnny;  but  the  aald  Governor  and  Company  are  not  to  become  liable  or  be  required  to  pay  and  aatiity 
It  iny  branch  bank  of  the  aaid  Governor  and  Company,  any  note  or  notea  of  thi>  aald  Governor  and 
Company,  not  made  apecially  payable  at  auch  branch  bank ;  out  the  aald  Governor  and  Compony  ahnll 
be  liable  to  pay  and  aatiafy  at  the  Bank  of  England  in  London  all  notea  of  the  aald  Governor  and 
Oompnny,  or  of  any  branch  thereof.—)  0. 

giUf  not  katin^r  aiera  tkan  3  JIfeiitAa  to  run,  notiubjut  to  Utury  £aw«.— No  bill  of  exchange  or  pro- 
mlMory  note  made  payable  at  or  within  3  montha  a^er  the  dale  thereof,  or  not  having  more  than  3 
mnnthi  to  run,  ahall,  by  reaion  of  any  Intereat  takbii  thereon  or  lecnred  thereby,  or  any  agreement 
to  pay  or  receive  or  allow  intereat  In  diacounting,  negotiating  or  tranaferrlng  the  anine,  be  void,  nor 
ihali  the  liability  of  any  party  to  any  bill  of  exchange  or  promlaaory  note  be  affected  by  reuionof  any 
ititute  or  law  In  fbrce  for  the  prevention  of  uaury ;  nor  ahall  any  person  or  perHona  drawing,  acccpt- 
init.  indoriing,  or  algnlng  any  auch  bill  or  note,  or  lending  or  advancing  any  money,  or  taking  moro 
tbin  the  preaent  rate  of  legal  Intereat  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  reapectively  fbr  the  loan  of  money 
on  any  auch  bill  or  note,  be  aubject  to  any  penaltlea  under  any  atatute  or  law  relating  to  uaury,  or  any 
othar  penalty  or  forf^itare;  any  thing  in  any  law  or  atatute  relating  to  uaury  In  any  part  of  the 
United  Kingdom  to  the  contrary  notwithatanaing.— )  7. 
Aunnt*  of  BnUion  and  of  Jfottt  in  Cirtuluion  to  ki  itnt  witkly  to  tkt  Ckanetllor  oftkt  Ezckequir. — 
An  account  of  the  amount  of  bullion  and  aecnritiei  in  the  Bank  of  England  belonging  to  the  enid 
Oorernor  and  Company,  and  of  notea  in  oirculatlon,  and  of  depoatta  in  the  aald  bank,  ahall  be  trana- 
nilled  weekly  to  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  for  the  time  being,  and  auch  occounta  ahall  be  con- 
lolidated  at  the  end  of  every  month,  and  an  average  atate  of  the  Bank  accounta  of  the  preceding  3 
nnnihi,  made  from  auch  conaolidated  accounta  aa  aforeaald,  ahull  be  published  every  month  in  the 
Beitsueceeding  London  Gazette.— )8. 

PMk  to  pav  tk*  Bank  i  PaH  of  14,080,8001.— One  fourth  part  of  the  debt  of  14,08e,800{.,  now  due 
from  the  public  to  the  Governor  and  Company  of  tha  Bank  of  England,  ahall,  and  may  be  repaid  to  tha 
Mid  Governor  and  Company.—)  9. 

Carital  Stock  of  tk»  Bank  mat  ki  redaead.— A  general  court  of  proprietors  of  the  aaid  Governor  and 
Company  nf  the  Bank  of  Enghind  ahull  be  held  aome  time  between  the  puaelng  of  this  act  and  the  5ih 
of  October,  1834,  to  determine  upon  the  propriety  of  dividing  and  appropriating  the  aum  of  3,03S,tUO/. 
out  of  or  by  meuna  ol'  the  aum  to  be  repaid  to  the  said  Governor  and  Company  as  before  mentioned, 
nrnut  of  or  by  means  of  the  fUnd  to  be  provided  for  that  purpose  amongst  the  several  persons,  bodies 
politic  or  corporate,  who  may  be  proprietors  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  Governor  and  Company 
on  the  anid  5th  of  October,  1834,  and  upon  the  manner  and  the  time  for  making  auch  division  and  ap- 
propriation, not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  for  that  purpose  herein  contained ;  and  in  case  such 
general  court,  or  any  adjourned  general  court,  shall  determine  that  It  will  he  pro|>er  to  muke  such  di- 
vision, then,  liut  not  otherwiie,  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  Governor  and  Company  shall  be,  and  thn 
dime  ia  hernhy  declared  to  be  reduced  from  the  sum  nf  14,553,0001.,  of  which  the  same  now  conaiste, 
to  ths  s;im  i)f  10,914,7.')0/.,  nmkinir  n  reduction  or  ilifTiirenre  of  .lifiSS.ISO/.  capital  stork,  and  auch  ro 
duction  sliall  take  place  from  and  after  the  5th  of  October,  1831;  and  thereupon,  out  of  or  by  nieaiia 
u  2  18 


00 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


ofllM  iiimlob*  rapalil  loth*  inM  OoTornor  and  Company  ■■  hiirrln-b«f(irffin«ntlniic(t,nrniit  nrofhi 
Mitant  ofllM  ftind  to  b«  prnrldiid  tnt  that  purpi<*«>,  the  tuin  nr:i,A3H,%WI.  •lorllnr,  or  mirh  pruimnioi 
9t  Iba  aald  fund  an  ihall  raproaant  the  anma,  ahnll  b«  apprnprialad  and  dlvldi*if  anioniral  ihit  •i<««nl 
paraona,  boillna  ptdltk  or  curporato,  who  may  Ni  prnprlrlnra  nf  tha  aald  rum  of  M,U3,tNN)/.  llmik  M«ck 
nn  Iba  aald  Sth  of  October,  INSI,  at  the  rate  of  tu.  aterlinf  Air  avary  lOW.  or  Hank  alock  which  iihiJ 
paraona,  bodlea  politic  «tid  rorimrate,  may  then  ba  proprletora  of,  or  ahall  have  atnmtlnir  In  iii«ir 
raapacllve  namea  In  the  btmka  kept  by  the  aald  Oovernor  and  Oomptny  Air  Ihr  entry  and  iranafrt  of 
ancn  atock,  and  no  In  proportion  iiir  a  (renter  or  leaaer  ailin,— )  10. 

OMtmor,  DefHlu,  or  IHnctori  nitt  lit  b*  dU<iviiHJIii  ty  Jttdacliaii  ef  ihtir  Mliiin  »J (At  Cap lfa(  %i„k ^ 
The  rndnctlon  of  thp  ahare  of  each  proprietor  In  Iha  capital  ainrk  nf  the  aahi  novarnor  and  t'l.nipag, 
of  the  Bank  of  Rnfland,  by  the  rapnymont  of  aurh  f  part  thereof,  ahall  not  dlaqualliy  tRe  prcmin  .„' 
varnor,  deputy  governor,  or  dlrnclori,  or  any  or  ulther  of  them,  or  any  fovernor,  deputy  iioviTiinr,  iir 
director  who  inny  be  choien  In  the  room  of  the  prraenl  (oyernor,  deputy  fovernor,  or  dlrrctort  at  m, 
lime  before  the  (nneral  court  of  the  aald  Oovornor  and  Compnny  to  be  held  helwoeri  Iheitihor 
Miirch  and  the  JUth  of  April,  1839 1  provided  that  at  the  aald  (aneral  court,  and  i'roni  and  a'liT  ih< 
aaine,  no  itovernor,  deputy  governor,  or  director  of  the  laid  corporation  ahall  ba  capable  of  h*||i| 
choien  auch  governor,  deputy  governor,  or  director,  or  ihnll  continue  In  bla  or  their  reipaciivc  oiticrr 
union  ha  or  they  reapoctively  limit  at  the  time  of  inch  choice  have,  and  during  auch  hia  ri^niH'ctivi 
oAca  continue  to  have.  In  bla  and  Ihpir  reipectlve  name,  In  hia  and  their  own  right,  and  for  liii  an4 
their  own  uie,  the  reipectlva  lumi  or  ihnrei  of  and  In  the  capital  atock  of  the  aald  corporation  In  aii4 
by  the  charter  of  the  aald  Oovernor  and  Company  preacribed  aa  Iha  qualiflcatton  of  governor,  depati 
governor,  and  directora  reapectlvely.— )  II. 

Promriiun  ntt  tu  M  4itiuat(/UU.—Vtoy\iti  alio,  and  hn  It  enacted,  that  nn  proprietor  ihall  h<t  dii. 
quallflnd  Oom  attending  and  voting  at  any  general  court  of  the  aald  Governor  and  Uonipnny  to  b« 
held  bRlweon  thennld  bin  of  Ortober,  IN.1(,  and  the  Itth  of  April,  IA,T\  In  conaequeneeof  th«  •hare  of 
auch  proprietor  of  th»  capital  itock  of  the  mid  Uovetiior  nnii  Coniiwiiy  havinfc  been  reduced  liy  tnti 
repayment  aa  afornaald  bf  low  the  lum  of  iOOI.  of  the  aald  capilnl  iilock  i  provided  inch  proprlKlur  had 
In  hia  own  name  the  Aill  aum  of  SOW.  of  the  aiiid  capital  itock  on  the  anid  Ath  of  October,  1631 1  nnr 
ahall  any  proprietor  ba  raniilred,  between  the  lald  Sth  of  October,  IttM,  and  the  Ulb  of  April,  V>3t,  tg 
iitio    ■ * 


V,  n  -A  Return  of 
nrrtfd  with  the  Pub 
Yeir,  from  ITOI  to  11 


Bank  to  d$diul  XVifiOOl.  frtm  Sum  allowtdfor  MuHugimiiU  at  Jfuliunml  /)«tf.— From  and  after  tli« 
il  of  Auf uit,  1831,  the  aald  Governor  and  Company,  in  conildernlion  of  the  privllegna  of  exrliidn 
banking  given  by  Ihia  act,  ahall,  during  the  continuance  of  lucb  privllegei,  but  no  longer,  deduct  turn 


the  auma  now  pavable  to  them,  for  the  chargea  of  management  of  the  public  nnrCdeumed  di^bt,  tin 
annual  aum  of  130,000/.,  any  thing  in  any  act  or  acta  of  parliament  or  agrerment  to  the  cnnliiiry  not. 
withatnnding :  provided  alwaya,  that  auch  deduction  ihnll  In  no  r'»|*ect  prejudice  or  affi^ct  Hit?  ritlit 
nf  the  anId  Governor  and  Compnny  to  be  paid  for  the  nianagnment  of  the  public  debt  at  the  rate  and 
according  to  Iha  lerma  provided  by  the  act  46  Geo.  3.  e.  4.,  intituled  "  An  act  to  autborlae  the  advinc- 
lug  for  tna  public  Service,  u|ion  certain  Condlllonr,  ■  Proportion  of  the  Balance  remaining  In  ibt 
Rank  of  England  for  Payment  of  unclaimed  Ulvldeuda,  Annultiea,  and  Lottery  Prixei,  and  fur  legii* 
lating  the  Allowunrea  to  b«  mada  for  the  management  of  the  National  Debt." — )  13. 

i>rat)<flaa«  ofjUt  a/ 39  ^  40  O*o.  3.  ta  rsaiala  in  font,  txetpl  a§  olt$rtd  ky  tkii  Jlel. — AH  the  poweri, 
Hiilhoriliea,  franchiaea,  privllegea,  and  advantagea  given  or  recogiilied  by  the  aald  recited  act  of  ihe 
SO  &  40  Geo.  3.  e.  98.  aforeiald,  aa  belonging  to  or  enjoyed  by  the  Governor  and  Ctimpany  of  tlie  Bnnk 
nf  England,  or  by  any  aubaeqiieni  act  or  acta  of  parliament,  anall  be  and  the  aame  are  hereby  declared 
to  be  in  fiill  force,  and  continued  by  thli  act,  except  ao  for  aa  the  aame  are  altered  by  thia  act,  aiibject 
nevertbeleaa  to  auch  redemption  upon  Ihe  termi  and  eondttloni  following  t  (that  li  to  lay,)  that  at  injr 
time,  upon  19  montha'  notice  to  be  given  niter  the  lat  of  Auguit,  18.M,  ana  upon  repayment  by  |Mr- 
liamenl  to  the  anId  Governor  and  Company,  or  their  aucceiiori,  of  the  luni  of  ll,0l3,100i.,  being  tlu 
debt  which  will  remain  due  from  the  public  to  the  laM  Governor  and  Company  after  the  paynieni  of 
the  i  of  the  debt  of  14,088,8011.  aa  hereln-before  provided,  witbont  any  deduction,  diacount,  or  abaie- 
raent  wbatioever,  and  upon  payment  to  the  aald  Governor  and  Comniny  and  their  auceeaaora  of  lU 
nrreari  of  the  lum  of  100,0001..  per  annum  in  the  anid  act  of  N  4k  40  Geo.  I,  aforoaald  mentioned,  to- 
gather  with  the  intereat  of  annultiea  payable  upon  the  aald  debt  or  In  reipect  thereof,  and  aUo  upog 
repayment  of  all  the  principal  and  Intereat  which  ahall  be  owing  unto  the  aald  Governor  and  Cninin, 
liy  and  their  ancceaaori  upon  all  audi  talliea,  exchequer  ordera,  exchequer  bllla,  or  parliniiiciitsry 
fundi  whicli  the  snld  Governor  and  Company,  or  their  aucceiiori,  ihall  have  remaining  in  thi^lr  liandi 
or  be  entitled  to  at  the  time  of  auch  notice  to  be  given  ai  Init  aforeiald,  then  and  In  luch  cniiu,  and 
not  till  then,  (unleia  under  the  provlio  berein-before  contained,)  the  aald  exclualve  privileges  of 
banking  granted  by  tbia  act  ahall  cuaie  and  determine  at  the  expiration  of  luch  notice  of  13  nionilu, 
—J  14, 

Tublti  nhibitimg  a  Fiaw  ef  tht  CireuUtion,  DtfoiH*,  Pn^t,  f  e.  ef  the  Bank  ef  England. 


No.  I.— A  return  of  the  Number  of  Perioni  convicted  of  Forgery, 
BilU  of  the  Dank  of  England,  In  each  Year,  from  17t 

or  palling  forged  Notei  and  Port 

1  to  1639,  Incluaive. 

Tm. 

CipIU 
CoavkUoea. 

CoBflctioM 

(nr  harlng 
Nolaii 

Total  Nam- 
lwro(Co» 
tictioMMCh 

Ton. 

Coevkttoai. 

Cogtldiom 
(irb»lM 

NotMla 

ToUINun. 
korof  coo- 
Tklimiacb 

ttmmin. 

Tar. 

FoMidoa. 

VKLt. 

i:«i-i79a 

nil. 

nU. 

nU. 

1813 

9 

49 

S8 

1767 

1 

1 

1814 

5 

39 

44 

nss 

11 

^ 

11 

1819 

8 

91 

S9 

1790 

19 

_ 

19 

1810 

90 

84 

104 

1800 

99 

— 

90 

1817 

33 

99 

138 

1801 

» 

83 

1818 

03 

109 

337 

1809 

39 

19 

44 

1819 

33 

100 

103 

1803 

7 

8 

1890 

77 

979 

8SS 

18M 

13 

91 

1891 

41 

93 

134 

180S 

10 

14 

94 

1893 

10 

10 

1800 

nU. 

0 

1893 

« 

_ 

0 

1807 

10 

M 

40 

1894 

0 

_ 

9 

1808 

0 

93 

39 

I839 

9 

.. 

9 

1809 

93 

99 

69 

1890 

IS 

4 

93 

1810 

10 

10 

90 

1697 

94 

34 

IHll 

9 

19 

94 

1898 

10 

_ 

10 

1819 

SO 

90 

S3 

1839 

13 

1 

14 

CMtlelloM. 

ITN 

• 

• 

ITM 

■ 

-    nU 

ITU 

« 

i;in' 

ITM 

• 

.  nU 

m 

m 

• 

\w 

. 

•   nil 

I7« 

• 

_ 

I7J0 

- 

-    nil 

Tht  Bank  of  Knglam 
flicted  fur  the  laid  crim 

fin.  III.— Account  of  II 
»ihlhlllnr,  on  the  on 
piihllc  and  private  I 
virioiiii  public  and  pi 
in  «ach  Year,  fton  I 


II  Auguit 

1778. 

Circulation 

- 

Depoiita 

•              • 

n  Aaguat, 

1770. 

Clrenlation 

• 

Dtpoilta 

The  Bank  of  Rnelnnd  doca  not  poaicia  tbo  meana  of  atating  or  diatlngulahing  the  puniahmcnU  io- 
licted  for  the  aald  crime*. 


Jl  Anguit,  1760. 
Circutotion    • 
Depoilu 

31  Auguit,  1781. 
Cireul*tk)n    • 
Depoiili 

«  Auguit,  1769. 
Circulation    • 
Pepoiiti 

50  Auguit,  1763. 
Circulation    • 
Depoiita 

51  Aufuit,  1784. 
Circulation    - 
Depoilti        • 

SI  Auguit,  1789. 
Circulation    • 
Depoiita 

SI  Auguit,  1780. 
Circulation    - 
Depoiiti 


DANK  OF  ENGLAND.  tk 

Vii  n  -A  Rotiirn  of  th*  NiimlMr  of  Pnrioni  convlrtad  nf  Fnrgvrjr  on  ihH  Rink  of  Rn|Un(t  eon« 
'  nrrird  wllli  thn  Publle  Fundi,  Bllli  of  Eichanfc,  or  otb«rwli«,  txecpi  Bank  No<«t,  he,,  In  cavil 
Y<*r,  tiom  i19l  to  IM0,  liicliiilva. 


CMtUlkM. 

CMfMlan. 

Caa>itll«M. 

CMlkllnM. 

I7W         •        -        1 

1800          •.        1 

1810        ■       .   nil. 

1S9I           ■        -    "»• 

|7»l        -       -    nil. 

INOt        •      .   nil. 

1811         •       .       S 

i7«      .     .     a 

INOS          .        .        1 

1819        .       .   nil. 

|N!»           .         .         1 

ru) 

IMO          .        .        1 

18IJ       .      .     a 

1833          •        ■    nil. 

ITM  '    •      •  ntt. 

1N(M           .         •         1 

18l«          ■        .        1 

1HM          .        .        1 

I7W 

1N09          .        .         1 

1815        .      .  nil. 

1H3S-| 

1716        .       .       3 

IWM         ■       .   nil. 

1818          .        .        9 

|hJ7   ■      -        -    "'•• 

1797        -       -    nil. 

l^i07         .       .       J 

1817          .        .        3 

\im      .     -     3 

IMM        -      .   nil. 

1819  f      -        -    ""• 

INW 

17W        -       -    nil. 

ittoo        .      .      1 

IHW          .        .        1 

Tht  Bank  of  Enrland  d 

oai  ni>(  |Ni«iflia  ih«<  mnana  of  atatlng  or  dlatlngulahlng  tha  punlihiuanta  In- 

llcted  for  the  lald  erlutaa 

—  (SOthof  Mar,  1890.) 

No.  III.— Aecounl  of  Ihn  Debit  and  Aaaeti  (excluitva  of  tha  Bank  Capital)  of  lh«  Bank  of  Knglnndi 
(ihlMtlnr,  on  the  on«  hand,  the  Amniint  nf  Bank  Notei,  pimt  Bllii,  tec.  In  CIrriilattnn,  and  nf  tha 
piiMic  and  private  Depoilii  In  tli«  Hand*  of  thn  Bank;  nod,  on  IhH  nthar,  the  Amount  of  ih« 
virlniii  public  and  prlvato  Hecurltl««,  and  of  thu  Bullion  huld  by  the  Bunk,  on  tha  3lit  nf  AuKud, 
in  MCh  Year,  flrom  1778  to  1H31  Incluilva.— (From  the  Jlpp*Hdii,  JVo.  9.  «/  Htfort  en  Bupk  CAarttr.) 


II  Aufuti,  1778. 
Circulation    • 
Dtpotlta 

SI  Aniuit,  1770. 
CIrealatlon    - 
Dtpoiita 

II  Aaiuit,  1780. 
Cireukitlon    • 
Deixulta 

SI  Aufiut,  1781. 
ClfCttlitton    - 
Depoiiti 

SI  Auitutt,  1789. 
CIrcttlalion    • 
PepoiIti 

30AupMt,1783. 
Circulation    - 
Depoiita 

SI  Auituat,  1784. 
Circulatton    - 
Depoiita 

31  Aoguit,  1789. 
CiKnIatton    • 
Depoiita 

31  Augait,  1780. 
Circulation    - 
Depoiiti        • 


£ 

0,798,070 
4,719,900 


11,473,050 


7,970,940 
6,901,040 


13,477,980 


0,341,600 
0,899,800 


13,997,400 


0,300,430 
9,<ni,«30 


19,331,000 


0,790,310 
0,799,490 


13,918,700 


0,307,370 
0,109,690 


19,413,930 


9,993,910 
0,307,130 


11,899,040 


8,970,690 
0,399,030 


19,833,680 


8,184,330 
9,807,310 


14,091,970 


31  A  icuit,  1778. 
Hocurltla,  -  {}:,t'i=„  : 
Bullion         ... 

...    Beit,  1,989,740(, 

31  Augiiit,  1770. 
Securltlc.  -  {{:;^;)i«.  -. 
BuUlon         ... 

...    Reit,  1,399,960{. 

31  AuEiiit,  1T80. 


Securltlea 
Bullion 


f  Public 
I  Privata 


Reit,  1,937,910{. 
31  Augiiit,  1781. 


flecurltiaa 
BuUlon 


5  Public 
tPrirata 


.   .    -    Beit,  l,7i3,040{. 

31  Auguit,  1783. 
Becurltle.  -  {K,  I 
Bullion         ... 

...    Beat,  l,991,960i. 

80  Augiiit,  1783. 


Secnritlea 
Bullion 


( Public 
( Private 


Beit,  t,018,060<. 
31  Aurtat,  1784. 


Secnritlea 
Bullion 


C  Public 
1  Privata 


Beit.  3,304,9701. 
31  Auguit,  1789. 


Securitiea 
Bullion 


5  Public 
X  Privata 


Beit,  3,608,9301. 
31  Anguit,  1780. 


Securitiea 
Bullion 


5  Public 
1  Private 


Beit,  3,638,360{. 


n 


6,.'M0,433  > 
l,0H7,937  j 


7,109,649  ■) 
3,390.101  ; 


6.740,.'»14') 
3,609,0305 


6,600,497  ) 
4.901,093} 


e,967,.'S7n7 
4,496,917  5 


<r" 


0,«6«,037  ? 
4,3?5,7C3J 


S,439.777? 
4,08H,C03  5 


6,799,801  > 
3,318,6793 


I    ' 


7,088,341 1 
3,300,9395 


£ 
0,697,970 
3,138,430 


19,796,300 


9,849,840 
8,963,300 


13,833,140 


10,343,940 
4.179,370 


14,994,910 


11,110,910 
3,863,990 


I3,V73,IOO 


13,483,700 
1,096,990 


1S440,340 


13,841,800 
990,060 


14,431,880 


13,934,380 
1,939,830 


14,064,910 


9,944,970 
9,487,040 


19,431,610 


10,378,780 
0,311,090 


16,069,830 


'I 


I 


! 


I 


02 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


Anoant  of  Notei  in  Chcttlrtlon,  »iid  PepottU,  md  Sacnrlttoi  heM  hj  the  Banlt— tiitfaMf. 


31  Aufoat,  1787, 
CireuUtion    • 
DeposUa 

10  Angiut,  nS8. 
Clreolalioii    • 
DepoaiU 

81  Augwt,  1780. 
Clreulation    - 
DeposUa 

31  Auguit,  1790. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits        • 

31  Aagust,  1791. 
Circulation    - 
Deposit* 

31  Aagust,  1793. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits 

31  August,  1793. 
Circulation    • 
Deposlti        • 

90  August,  1791. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits        • 

31  August,  1799. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits        • 

31  August,  1790. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits        •       " 

31  August.  1797. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits        •      • 

31  Anfust,  1798. 
Circulation    • 
Deposit*        • 

31  August,  1790. 
Circulation    - 
Deposit! 


£ 
9.665,790 


19,317,980 


10,003,880 
0,918,640 


19,931,530 


11,131,800 
6,403,460 


17,934,950 


11,433,340 
0,190,900 


17,639,540 


11,673,390 
6,437,730 


18,110,030 


11,006,300 
5,596,480 


16,539,780 


10,865,050 
6,443,810 


17,307,860 


10,386,780 
9.935,710 


16,993,490 


10,803.900 
8.194,960 


19.017.180 


g.946.790 
6.656.390 


15.903.110 


11.114.130 
7.765.350 


18.870,470 


18,180,610 
6,300,790 


80,481,330 


13,380.490 
7,649,940 


81,031,730 


31  August.  1787. 
Becurities  -  {l^^]^^  I 
Bullion        ... 


£ 
6.060.303) 
8,787,3575 


Rest,  8,889,4001. 


Securities 
BuUloB 


80  August,  1788. 

C  Public 
"    (Private      - 


8,840/166) 
8,730,898  5 


Seat,  8,937,9001. 


Beenrlties 
Bullion 


81  August,  1789. 

C  Public 
"    (.Private      - 


8.661.899  ) 
8,035,001  / 


...    Best,  8,819,370{. 

31  Auguit,  1790. 
securities  -  {?,t'^,  ; 
Bullion         ... 


10,047,8571 
1,056,963 1 


Rest,  3,757,310{. 


Securities 
Bullioi\ 


31  August,  1791. 

S  Public 
•    t  Private      - 


10,981,3001 
1,896,6405 


Rest,  8,769,4001. 


Securities . 
Bullion 


31  August,  1793. 

r  Public 
"    \  Private 


10,719.041 1 
3,190,8695 


Rest,  3,730,910{. 


Securities 
Bullion 


31  August,  1793. 

5  Public 
"    1  Private 


.    ..  .   Rest,  3,893,8301. 

30  August,  1794. 
securities  -  [l'^]^,^  ; 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    -   Rest,  8,994,0801. 


31  August,  1795. 

r  PubUc 
'    \  Private 


Securities 
Bullion 


10,381,838? 
4,497,8435 


6,863,048 ) 
3,983,419 1 


13,830,904') 
3,739,0165 


.    Rest,  3,100,0901. 


31  August,  1790. 
(  Public 
(  Private 


Securities 
Bullion 
•    •    -   Rest,  3,943,3101, 


Becurities 
Bullion 


31  Auguit,  1797. 

5  Public 
■    1  Private 


i      M- 


10,675,347) 
6.J.V>,1935 


8,769,894) 
9,495,0465 


Rest,  3,471,3901. 


Securities 
Bullion 


81  August,  1798. 

C  Public 
*    (Privau 


10,930,038) 
6,419,6035 


Rest,  3,414,4101. 


31  Auguit,  1799. 
C  Public 
(  Private 


Sectiritiei 
Bullion 

.    -    -    Reit,  9,899,490i. 


0.499,959) 
7.477,485  5 


11,970.39) 
6,8«g;]«o 


18,469.480 


n,697,7M 
8,«49,8M 


90,343,«a) 


13,003,990 

8,38«,3J0 


90,389,890 


19,81»,»tO 
8,055,910 


90,875,490 


13,905,010 
9,357,380 


19,963,iW 


14,800,680 
9.322,010 


90,131.690 


13,440,460 
6,770,110 


19.916,9-0 


16,989,020 
5,136,390 


i,2;0 


17,025,470 
9,1S9,«90 


19,148,430 


18,361,170 

4,089,620 


92,350,700 


17,349,640 

6,546,100 

"23,895,740 


16.930,440 

7,000,780 


93,O31,!£!0 


"»Augurt,l 

OreubUoB 

PepudU 

llAii(Ufl, 
dreulation 
Dtpodtt 

SIAnfiut, 
Circulation 
Pepoiiti 

tl  Anpiit, 
Circulation 
Pcpoiita 

31  Aufniit, 
Circulation 
Depotitt 

}1  Angun, 
Circulation 
Dcpotiti 

n  Aaintt, 
Circulation 
Depoiitf 

SI  Angmt, 
Circulation 
DtpoiiU 

SlAagnit, 
CiMuIation 
Depofiti 

SI  Angmt, 
CireuUtion 
D«poaiU 

81  Aofiift, 
Clrenlation 
DepotlU 

SI  Angvat, 
Circulation 
Dtpoiiti 

SI  Angnat, 
Circulation 
Dtptatta 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 

I  In  Circulation,  and  Depoaiti,  and  Bacuritiea  held  by  the  Bvok—tondmud. 


1S01. 


1803. 


1803. 


1804. 


1805. 


1808. 


1807. 


1808. 


1800. 


1810. 


[811. 


:8». 


£ 
19,047,180 
8,335,000 


93,383,340 


14,590,110 
8,133,830 


33,089,040 


17,097,030 
0,730,140 


30,836.770 


15,863,330 
0,817,340 


35,800,570 


17,153,890 
0,715,530 


30,809,490 


10,388,400 
14,048,060 


Bacuritiei 
Bullion 


SO  Aumut,  1800. 
( Public  , 
( Privat*      . 


13,566,590 

8, 


1,566,5907 
1.551,6805 


Seeuritlei 
Bullioii 


Beat,  3,g00,030{. 

31  Auguat,  1801. 
C  Public 
t  Private      . 


11,938,8737 
10.983^697  3 


30,436,480 


31,037,470 
9,036,330 


30,063,800 


19.078.360 
11,789,300 


31,407,500 


17.111,300 
13,013,510 


30,133,800 


19,574,180 
13.357.180 


31.831.300 


34,793,090 
13,617,590 


38,411,510 


93,380,890 
11,075,660 


34,363,510 


33,036,880 
11,846.910 


-   ■    •   Rett,  3,854,800{. 

81  Auruat,  1801. 
■•wnrltiM  C  Public        .      13,638,590) 

Seeurltiei    -    |p,,y,„      .     13.664,761 1 
Bullion         ..... 

...    Beat,  4,108.370{. 

81  Auguat.  1803. 
Securittea     .    5  Public        .      13,330,179 1 
Hecurltlea    -    ^  Private      -     13,583,661/ 
Bullion         ..... 


Beat,  4,710,7701.      . 

31  Aniuat,  1804. 
f  Public 
"    X  Private 


Seeuritlea 
Bullion 

-   -    -   Beat,  4,830,4501.    s«.«; 

31  August,  18(0. 


14,093,3051 
10,833,985/ 


Beeurltiea 
Bullion 


f  Public 
\  Private 


Beat,  4,960,8701. 
31  Auguat,  1806. 


Socuritiea 
Bullion 


(  Public 
\  Private 


11,413,366') 
16,350.564/ 


14.167,7737 
15.305.3385 


Beat,  5,034.3301. 
31  Auguat,  1807. 


BeeuritiM 
Bullion 


/Public 
I  Private 


Beat,  4,053.7401. 
81  Auguat.  1808. 


Seeuritlea 
Bullion 


/  Public 
l  Private 


-    Beat.  5,130.3301. 

31  Auguat.  1800. 


Seeuritiei 
Bullion 


(  Public 
)  Private 


-   •    .   Beat,  S,S56,S90t. 

31  Auguat,  1810. 
fl«inritle.  .  {J»!Ji;,  : 
Bullion        ... 


14,056,3947 
14.S»,6903 


r  ,• 


15.307.6737 
18.13r,5975 


17,198,6777 
33,773,0935 


...    Beat,  5,754,110i. 

31  Auguat,  1811. 
Securitle.  .  {?,tij.  I 
Bniiion        ... 


•   Beat.  5,964,0701. 

31  Auguat,  1819. 


Securltiai 
Bullion 


C  Public 
(Private 


91,884,3487 
15,199,0335 


31,165,1907 
17,010^9305 


Beat,  0,300,6001. 


£ 
93,138,430 
5,190,490 


37,386,870 


33,909,570 
4,335,360 


96,514,830 


97,113,360 
3,891,780 


31,005.1''iO 


36.018.840 
3,593.500 


30.511,340 


85.836.680 
5.679.190 


31.705,870 


37,773,850 
7,634,500 


35,397,350 


90,473.100 
0.915.030 


35,666,130 


13.410,055)  •oosMioiiA 
16,536;895j  ».•».«»• 
0,484,890 


36.491.300 


90.344,000 
6.015,940 


35,360,030 


33,435,370 
3,663,480 


37,087,750 


40,973,770 
3,191,850 


44,165,690 


37,083,380 
8,343,300 


40,396,560 


38,176,190 
3,099,370 


41,375,300 


94 


A 


nw 


BANK  OP  ENGLAND. 

Amonnt  of  Notei  In  Cireulntton,  and  Pe poitti, and  SecurUieiheldby  the  Bank— eowrtmni;. 


31  August,  1813. 
Circulation    • 
Depoiiti 

31  August,  1S14. 
Circulation    • 
DepoilU 

31  August,  1815. 
Circulation    • 
Deposit! 

31  August,  1810. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

30  August,  1817. 
Circulation    - 
Depouita         • 

31  August,  1818. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1819. 
Circulation    • 
Deposit! 

31  August,  1820. 
Circulation    - 
Deposit! 

31  August,  1821. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits 

31  August,  1823. 
drcnlation    •       • 
Depoiiti 

30  August,  1823. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits 

>     I 

31  August,  1831. 
Circulation    • 
Deposit! 

31  August,  182S. 
Circulation    - 
Depoaiti 


£ 

24,828,130 
11,159,730 


35,987,850 


38,368,200 
14,840,940 


43,218,230 


37,348,670 
12,696,000 


39,944,670 


26,758,720 
11,856,380 


38.«15,100 


29,543,780 
9,084,590 


38,638,370 


26,303,150 
7,937,730 


34,139,880 


35,353,690 
6,304,160 


31,556,850 


34,399,340 
4,430,910 


38,720,350 


30,395,300 
5,818,450 


36,113,750 


17,464,700 
6,399,440 


33,864,230 


19,231,340 

7,837,350 


27,056,590 


30,133,130 
9,679,810 


29,811,930 


10,306,840 
6,410,560 

"isisoMoo" 


£ 
35,591,336  ) 
14,514,744  i 


34,989,485  >, 
13,303,475  y' 


:*     ( 


31  August,  1813. 
Securitiei  -  [l'}^^^  ', 
Bullion         ... 

.    -    .    Rest,  e,830,500{. 

31  August,  1614. 
aecuritiei  -  {?»,';!i«,  I 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    •    Rest,  7,325,4101. 

31  Aug<i8t,  1815. 
HornritiA.  J  Public         .     34,194,086  > 

securniei    .    ^pjiyate       -     20,660,094/ 
Bullion         ..... 

...    Rest,  8,318,5501. 

31  August,  ISIO. 

Securitiei     .    J '*"''""'         "     S8.W7.43U 
Hecurmei    .    ^p,iva,e      .     ii,i82,109J 

Bullion         .  .  . 

...    Rest,  6,227,220;.         ^^^ 

30  Aucust,  1817. 

Securities     -    ^  P"!"'**         -      27.006,238  > 
Hecurltlei     -    ^p,jva,g       ,       5,507,392/ 

Bullion         ..... 
...    Rest,  5,645,5301. 

31  August,  1818. 
Securities     -    SVm\b         -  97,857,013  \ 
securmei    -    ^p,iva,e       .  5,113,748/ 
Bullion         .          -          •  - , 

...    Rest,  4,604,0101. 

31  August,  1819. 
Securltiai  -  {^,^1^^  ; 
Bullion 

.    -    -    Rest,  3,779,0601.         ^^    J 

31  August,  1830. 
Seenritiea  J  Public         .      19,173.997  > 

Securities    .    \y^^^^^       ,       4;672,123  5 

Bullion         ..... 

•  -    -    Rest,  3,336,950/.  '       I 

31  August,  1821. 
Sseurities     .    /  PoWio         -      15,759,953) 
securities         |p,ivate       .       9,722,587  5 
Bullion         ..... 

.    .    -    Rest,  3,595,380!. 

31  August,  1823. 

Serntitlea     .     J  Public         -  13,660,359 > 

seeotlties    .    { p^jy^te      -  3l622;i5l5 

Bullion         -          .          -  ._ai 

-  -    -    Rest,  3,534,2401.  "      ' 

30  August,  1823. 

Securities    .    5  Public        -      11,842,677  7 
securities    .    ^p^iv^,,      .       5,624,6935 

Bullion         ..... 

-  -    -    Rest,  3,067,0201.        '<'•      j 

31  August,  1824. 
Beeuritiea     .    /Public        .      14,649,1871 
oeeunties    -    \^^^^^      .      0,355,343/ 

Bullion         -  .  .  .  . 

-  -   -    Rest,  2,S80,08W.       ^^_^ 

31  August,  1833. 

Securities    .    J  Public        .     17,414,5867 
Becuruies     .    ^p^jy^t,       _       7,091,4645 

Bullion         .  -  .  .       '   . 

•  •    -    Rest,  S,930,950i. 


5,419,148  > 
6,331,403/ 


£ 

<O,10«,080 

tt.7ia.870 


48,345,860 
2,097,(160 


50,443,ftlO 

44,854,180 
3.409,0)0 


48,263,220 


37,279,510 
7,562,780 


44.842,320 

32,605,630 
n,668,8M 


44,273,890 


32,370,700 
6,363.160 


38.733,920 


31,740.550 
3,595,360 

35.335,910 


23,846,120 
8,211,080 


32,057,200 

18,475,540 
11.233.590 


29,709.130 


17,290.510 
10,097.900 


27.388.470 


17,467,37il 
12.658,240 


30,125,610 


20,904,530 

11.787.430 

"SifiliofiO 


35,103,030 
3,634.320 


88,740,350 


Anount  of  Notes 


r    31  August,  1838. 
:  circulation    - 
^posiu 

1 

I     31  Aogust,  1S2T. 

Circulation    - 

Peposits 

30  August,  1838. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1839. 
Circulation    - 

Deposits 

30  August,  1830. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1831. 
Circulation    - 
Peposits 


(Aeeonnt  of  the  Issues, 
from  the  Commenci 
Silver. 


Annia  in  tbe  Quartan  ndii 


39  July,  1834 

28  August,  — 
83  September  — 
21  October,  — 
18  November,  — 

16  December,   — 
13  January,    1835 
10  February,    — 
10  March,        — 

7  April,  — 
5  Miiy,  — 

2  Juno,  — »■.■ 

30  June,  — 
28  July,  — 

25  August,  — 
92  September,  — 
20  October,       — 

17  November,  — 
15  December,  — 
13  January,    1630 

9  February,    — 

8  March,        — 

5  April,  -—f 

3  May,  — 

31  May,  — 
28  June,  — 

26  July,  — 
23  August,  — 
20  September,  — 

18  October,  — 
15  November,  — 
13  December,  — 


BANK  OF  ENGLAN©. 

Anonnt  of  Notei  in  CircnUtioii,  and  Depotite,  and  Seeuritiei  held  by  the  Bank— eim(i«M4. ' 


■4' 


r   31  August,  18JB. 
Circulation    • 
^potlta 


I     3i  Angurt,  ISar. 
Circulation    - 
Depoilta 

30  Auguat,  1838. 
Circulation    - 
Deposit* 

31  August,  1829. 
Circulntlon    - 
Deposits 

30  August,  1830. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1831. 
Circulation    • 
P^iposita 


£ 

31,903,960 

7,190,860 


38,703,430 


33,747,600 
8,093,090 


30,799,000 


31,397,910 
10,901,380 


31.598,790 


ig,9«7,380 
0,035,070 


38,983,490 


31,464,700 
11,020,810 


83,089,540 


18,538,630 
0,069,310 


3r,607.940 


31  August.  1826.  £ 

HeruritiM     -     JPuhltc         -      17,713,881 1 
Securitlw  {private      -      7!36o;749/ 

Bullion         ..... 

-    .    .    Beat,  3,074,440/. 

31  August,  1837. 


Seenritiea 
Bullion 


CPulilic         .      19,809,599') 
iFrivnt*       -       3,389,799/ 


Rest,  3,S63,400{. 
30  August,  1838. 


Seeuritiei 
Bullion 


C  Pulilic 
i  Private 


Seenritiea 
Bullion 


Rest,  3,849,690{. 

31  August,  1839. 
C  Public 
t  Private 

Rest,  2,874,8g0(. 


20,682,7761 
3,*-92,794/ 


20,079,440  ■) 
4,589,370  y 


30  Aueust,  1830. 
HAonrltu.           f  PuWic         -      20,911,616  > 
Seenritiea    -    |p,|ya,o      .      a'finloni 
Bullion         ..... 

•    -    •    Rest,  2,630,6301. 

31  Aueust,  1831. 
iX4>^nri«io.          j  Pulilic         -      13,056,552  ■) 
Securitiea     -    {f.^y^^^       .       6:818;478; 

Bullion         ..... 

-    -    .    Rest,  2,738,8501.       ,j9Sff» 


£ 

35,083,030 

0,754,230 


31,837,860 


33,199,390 

10,463,770 


33,663,090 


23,905,930 
10,408,880 


34,404,410 


34,661,810 
6,795,530 


31,457,340 


24,565,690 
11,150,480 


35,716,170 


23,905,030 
6,439,760 


30,344,790 


(Account  of  the  Issues,  Securities,  and  Bullion,  of  the  Banit  of  England,  as  published  in  the  Gazette, 
from  the  Commencement  of  the  Publication  to  the  Present  Time;  distinguishing  Gold  firom 
Silver. 


Bullion.                       1 

Aranp  is  the  QtUTto*  endinf 

ClieaUUua. 

Dqwtilh 

grcsrilia. 

flold. 

Silfsr. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

MJnly,          1834    . 

19,110,000 

15,675,000 

28,.503,000 

8,147,000 

451,000 

46  August,        —      . 

10,147,000 

15,384,000 

28,679,000 

7,930,000 

342,000 

33  September  — 

19,136,000 

14,7.54,000 

28,691,000 

7,460,000 

235,000 

21  October,      —      . 

18,914,000 

13,514,000 

27,840,000 

6,951,000 

172,000 

18  November,  —      - 

18,694,000 

12,669,000 

27,1.18,000 

6,589,000 

192,000 

16  December,  —      . 

18,304,000 

12,256,000 

96,362,000 

6,490,000 

321,000 

13  Jiinuary,    1835    . 

18,013,000 

12,58.5,000 

26,300,000 

6,489,000 

252,000 

ID  February,    — 

18,099,000 

12,535,000 

26,482,000 

6,431,000 

269,000 

10  March,        — 

18,311,000 

12,281,000 

20,057,000 

6,274,000 

269,000 

7  April,          —      . 

18,591,000 

11,289.000 

26,298,000 

6,064,000 

965,000 

5  Mny,            —      . 

18.542,000 

10,726,000 

2.5,764,000 

5,928,000 

269,000 

S  Juno,           — 

18,460.000 

10,.568,000 

25,562.000 

9,875,000 

275,000 

30  June,           — 

18,315,000 

10,954,000 

25,678,000 

6,935,000 

284,000 

2SJuly,            —      - 

18,339,000 

11,561,000 

96,944,000 

5,995,000 

288,000 

2,1  August,        —      - 

18,340,000 

13,.<)0S,000 

20,964,000 

6,039,000 

287,000 

K  September,  —      . 

18,240,000 

13,2.-!0,000 

97,888,000 

6,987,000 

974,000 

20  October,       —      - 

17.930,000 

14,997.000 

28,661,000 

6,918,000 

968,000 

17  November,  .- 

17,519.000 

16,180,000 

30,069,000 

5,998,000 

307,000 

15  December,  — 

17,321,000 

17,729,000 

31,048,000 

6,257,000 

369,000 

12  January,     1830    - 

17,309,000 

19,169,000 

31,954,000 

6,625,000 

461,000 

9  February,    — 

17,497,000 

18,366,000 

31,022.000 

6,957,000 

514,000 

8  March,        -      - 

17,739,000 

16,966,000 

20,806.000 

7,153,000 

548,000 

5  April,           —      . 

18,063,000 

14,751,000 

27,927,000 

7,939,000 

562,000 

3  May,            -      . 

18,154,000 

13,747,000 

97,049,000 

7,914,000 

668,000 

31  May,            —      - 

18,051,000 

13,373,000 

96,534,000 

7,088,000 

675,000 

28  June,           —      . 

17,899,000 

13,810,000 

97,153.000 

6,784,000 

678,000 

28  July,            — 

17,940,000 

14,495,000 

98,315,000 

6,351,000 

675,000 

23  August,        —      . 

18,001,000 

14,796,000 

99,345,000 

6,766,000 
5,211  ,#0 

659,000 

20  September,  —      . 

18,147,000 

14,118,000 

99,406,000 

608,000 

18  October,      —      - 

17,936,000 

I3,!»4,000 

98,846,000 

4,810,000 

447,000 

15  November,  —      . 

17,543,000 

19,682,000 

28,134,000 

4,558,000 

37.5,000 

13  December,  —      . 

17,361,000 

13,330,000 

98,971,000 

4,54 

5,000 

•  KUtiJ   il.-!M. 


an,.) 


^ 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


No.  IV.— An  Reeonnt  of  tbe  ATerage  Market  Price  of  Bullion  in  tacit  YMf,  flrom  1800  to  IR*)  fa^^ 
A-om  oitelal  Document*),  of  tlie  Averafe  Value  per  Cent,  of  the  Currency,  eitlmated  by  tlie  Mu 
ket  Price  of  Gold  for  the  lame  Period,  and  of  tbe  Average  Depreciation  per  Cent. 


Twn. 

ATmnPriMoT 
GoMiMria. 

Arnifi  ptr  C«iil 
odba  Value  of 
OMCunvacy. 

Amn|*Dmra- 
dtUoTinrdMiL 

Imn. 

UoUpWM 

A««rM*  jw  C»i. 
oftlwValmiif 
llw  Cmraocr. 

£$.  i. 

£    t.  d. 

£  :  4. 

£l.  i. 

£    $.  d. 

£  f.  li 

1800 

S  17  10k 

100    0   0 

Nil. 

1811 

4   4   0 

93    3    3 

7  le  lo' 

1801 

4   S   0 

91  13   4 

8    7    8 

1813 

4  19    0 

79    9    1 

80  14  9 

1803 

4    4   0 

93  14    3 

7    6  10 

1813 

5    1    0 

77    3    0 

33  18  0 

1803 

4    0   0 

97    0  10 

3  13    3 

1814 

S    4   0 

74  17    0 

39   3  « 

1804 

4    0    0 

97    0  10 

8  13    3 

1819 

4  IS    • 

83    9    9 

10  14  1 

1809 

4    0   0 

97    0  10 

3  IS    3 

1810 

4  13    0 

83    9    0 

10  14   S 

1800 

4    0    0 

97    0  10 

3  13    3 

1817 

4    0    0 

97    0  10 

3  13   1 

1807 

4    0   0 

07    0  10 

3  13    3 

1818 

4    0   0 

97    0  10 

3  13  1 

1808 

4    0    0 

07    0  10 

3  13    3 

1819 

4    1    0 

99  11    0 

4   9  0 

1809 

4    0    0 

97    0  10 

3  13    3 

1830 

3  19  11 

07    8    0 

3  13  0 

1810 

4  10   0 

80  10    0 

13    9    0 

1831 

8  17  10} 

100    0    0 

Nil. 

No.  v.— An  Account  of  the  total  Amount  of  Outstanding  Demand!  on  the  Bnnk  of  England,  ant 
likewise  the  Funds  fbr  discharging  the  samei  SOih  January,  1819. 


Db. 


The  Bank, 


To  Bank  Notes  out  • 

To  other  debts ;  viz. 
Drawing  accounts 
Audit  roll       ... 
Exchequer  bills  deposited 
And  various  other  debts 


Balance  of  surplus  in  ftivour  of 
the  Bank  of  England,  exclu- 
sive of  the  debt  tram  govern- 
ment, at  31.  per  cent. 

£11,680,800 

And  the  advance  to  govern- 
ment, per  90  Geo.  3.  cap.  90.  at 
SI.  per  cent. 


£ 
•1,094,430 


I    7,800,190 


38,891,980 


-    5,303,330 


£30,090,900 


1  .  taw*-*!  •>iii 


30th  January,  1819. 
By  advances  on  fovernment  se- 
curities; vis. 

On  Exchequer  bills,  on  malt, 
fte.  1818     -       .       .       . 

Bank  loan,  1806     ... 

8upplv,  1810,  at4t.  per  cent.  . 

Growing  produce  of  the  conso- 
lidated ftand  to  9th  of  April, 
1819,  and  interest  due,  and 
loans  to  itovernment  on  un- 
claimed  dividends 
By  all  other  credits,  vis. 

Cash  and  bnilion  ... 

Exchequer  bills  purchased,  and 
interest       -       .       .       - 

Bills  and  notes  discounted    . 

Treasury  bills  for  the  ser^^ice 
of  Irehind  -       -       -       - 

Money  lent,  and  various  other 
articles       .... 


By  the  permanent  debt  due  from 
government,  for  the  capital  of 
the  Bank,  at  31.  per  cent,  per 
annum  .... 

By  the  advance  to  government, 
per  act  90  Geo.  3.  cap.  90.  at  31. 
per  cent,  per  annum 


Ca. 
£ 


-30,098,349 


<?9,O9e,90O 

11,686,800 
£3,000,000 


Bank  of  England,  33d  of  February,  1819.  William  Daww,  Accountant  General" 

No.  VI.— An  Account  of  Money  paid  or  payable  at  the  Bank  of  Bngland,  for  the  Managemont  nf 
the  Public  Debt,  In  the  Year  1839,  together  with  an  Account  of  all  the  Allowances  made  by  tht 
Publie  to  the  Bank,  or  charged  by  the  Bank  against  the  Public,  for  transacting  anv  Public  Serviea 
in  the  Year  1839 ;  describing  the  Nature  of  the  Service,  and  the  Amount  charged  thereon  in  tha 
said  Year,  and  including  any  Sum  under  the  Denomination  of  House-money,  or  House  Expense! ; 
and  also,  any  Sum  under  tbe  Denomination  of  Charges  of  Management  on  South  Sea  Stock,  and 
stating  the  aggregate  Amount  of  the  whole. 


DwnilMllDS  af  BiywH, 


AmoUQt 


Charge  for  management  of  the  unredeemed  publie  debt  for  on*  year,  ending  the 
9th  ot  April,  1830,  being  the  annual  period  at  which  the  accoonts  arc  made  up, 
as  directed  by  the  act  vi  Geo.  3.  e.  4. 

Ditto,  ditto,  for  one  year  ending  ditto,  on  snndrv  annuities,  transferred  to  the  Com* 
mlssioners  for  the  Reduction  of  the  National  Debt,  for  the  purchase  of  life  an- 
nuities per  act  48  Geo.  3.  and  subsequent  acts 

Charges  of  management,  being  part  or  an  entire  yearly  ftind  of  100,0001.  enjoyed 
by  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  originally  by  the  act  of 
the  9th  and  0th  of  William  and  Mary,  e.  30.,  confirmed  to  the  said  Governor  and 
Company  by  several  subsequent  acts,  and  lastly  by  the  Act  of  the  S9th  and  40th 
Geo.  3.  c.  38.,  as  per  Return  made  to  the  Honoarabla  House  of  Commons,  on  the 
31st  of  June,  1816 

Ditto,  ditto,  on  4,000,0001.  South  Sea  stock,  purchased  by  the  Qovemor  and  Com. 
pany  of  the  Bank  of  England  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  and  transferred  by 
them  to  the  said  Governor  and  Company,  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  the  8th  Geo. 
1.  c.  31.,  and  which  charges-  of  management  were  assigned  by  the  said  South' 
Sea  Company  to  the  said  Governor  and  Company,  out  of  a  sum  of  6,3971.  Oi.  Od. 
per  annum  then  paid  by  the  publie  to  the  said  South  Sea  Company  for  charges 
of  management  oM  their  funds,  as  per  Return  made  to  the  Honourabto  House  of 
Commons,  on  the  31st  of  June,  1816 


£      $   i 

848,417  17  t) 
3,933  11   9 

4.000   0  0 
1,898    S   t 


£397,338  IB   4( 


He,  vn.-The  follow 

JSenrise,  under  tl 
fMb  of  February., 
perCenU  on  the  O 

tloDS  were  made,  a 


InJone.l799:10l. 

May. »«"  =  *JJ*1.*« 
NoT»inberl803:«. 

October,  1804:  01.  P 

October,  »«»•«•  P" 
rro»ApfH,.18fl7,to. 

1811,  both  inelutn 
From  April,  18M,  to 

\m,  both  ineluat^ 
In  Jane,  1810     - 
From  Oct.  USUj  to 

1811,  both  Inelusl' 
From  April,  1813,  to 

1831,  both  taelusli 


Annual  dividend  pa 
rate  of  7(.  per  cen 

Asanal  dividend  pa 
tan,  inclusive,  at 

Annual  dividend  pa 
live,  on  a  capital 

Bank  of  England. 
S7lh  of  June,  1831 

Ko.  vm.— An  Aecou 
1833;  atatingtheDi 
Hid  Profiu  have  ao 


Interest  on  commerc 
Intereat  on  Exchequ 
AmuitTfor49vean 
Interest  on  caphalri 
Allowance  received 
biteteat  on  loana  on 
Interest  on  stock  In 
hiureat  on  private  I 
PioOt  on  bullion,  eoi 
ment  of  tbe  busin 
BcoUaad,  and  tun 


No.  IX.— Expe 

Da! 

National  debt  depar 
Bank  notes    - 
Banking  departmen 


No.  X.~Ab  estlmata 


OrHlatlea   • 
OoTemment  depotlti 


TokL-I 


,  Baok  of  England,  11th  of  March,  1830. 


T.  RirroK,  Chief  Caaltier. 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


Ha  vn— The  fbllowing  it  an  Account  of  All  Diitribntian*  made  by  the  Bank  of  England  amonftt 
tkt  Proprieton  of  Bank  Stock,  whether  by  Money  Paymenta,  Tranefer  of  S  per  Cent.  Annuitiee,  or 
ntharwlM.  under  the  Heada  of  Bonui,  Increaie  of  Dividend,  and  Inere aie  of  Capital,  betwixt  the 
ttik  of  February,  1797,  and  Slat  of  March,  1839,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  Annual  Dividend  of  7 
Mr  CeoL  on  the  Capital  Stock  of  that  Corporation,  exietinit  in  1797,  inelndlnit  therein  tiM  whole 
Dividend  paid  ilnee  June,  1810,  on  their  increaeed  Capiul  i  itatinf  the  Period  when  aueb  Diatribu- 
lioM  were  made,  and  the  agf regate  Amount  of  the  whole.— IJpptn.  No.  39.) 


DiMiilniHnii  ajl  Ttrlodt  of  DUribuUoa. 


In  Jane,  1799 :  lU.  per  cent,  bonna  in  5  per  centi.  1797,  on  11,MS,400I.  ia 
Miv  1801 :  9(.  per  cent  ditto.  In  Navy  5  per  centi.  ditto     .... 
Norember  1809:  tl.lO«.  per  cent,  diuo,  ditto,  ditto  .  .  .  . 

October,  1804 :  W.  per  cent,  ditto,  caeh,  ditto  ..... 

October,  180S :  «.  per  cent,  ditto,  ditto,  ditto  ..... 

October,  1800:  N.  per  cent,  ditto,  ditto,  ditto 

rroai  AprH,  1607,  to  Oct.  \    Increaae  of  dividendi  at  the  rate  of  SI.  per  cent,  per 
180,  both  inelutive       f  annum  on  11,049,400{.,  la,  10  yeara       ... 
From  April,  1893,  to  Oct.  I.    Increaae  of  dividend  at  the  rate  of  U.  per  cent,  per 
1899,  both  ineiotive      J  annum  on  11,0«I,400(.,  ii,  7  yeara        ... 
Increaie  of  capital  at  95  per  cent.,  ia 
Dividend  at  the  rate  of  10(.  per  cent,  per  annum  on 
9,910,0001.  increaaed  capital,  ia,  0^  yeara 

Dividend  at  the  rate  of  81.  per  cent,  per  annum  on 
9,910,0001.  increaied  capital,  ia,  9  yeara 


In  Jane,  1818     - 

From  Oet.  asit  to  Oct. , 

18t3,  both  incluelve      ' 
From  April,  1893,  to  Oet.  1 

1831,  both  iaaluaive      J 


Aggregate  amount  of  the  whole 


Aqnual  dividend  payaUe  on  Bank  Stock  in  1797,  on  a  capital  of  II, 049,4001.  at  the 
rate  of  71.  per  cent,  per  annum      ....... 

Ananal  dividend  payable  ainee  June,  1810,  on  a  capital  of  I4,S53,000{.,  to  October, 
IStS,  ineiuiive,  at  the  rate  of  lOt.  per  cent,  per  annum    .... 

Annual  dividend  payable  from  April,  1893,  to  the  Slat  of  March,  1839,  both  inclu- 
■Ive,  nn  a  capital  of  14,S53,000i.,  at  the  rate  of  SI.  per  cent,  per  annum 


£ 
l,104,9M 
089,190 
191,000 
•89,190 
089,190 
889,190 

5,968,399 

814,906 
t,9l*>W0 

1,891,890 

9,099,089 


£17,318,070 


£814,068 


£1,495,300 


£1,104,940 


Bank  of  England, 
J7tb  of  June,  1831 


William  Snbi, 
Dep.  Acct. 


Ho.  vni.— An  Account  of  the  Proflu  of  the  Bank  of  England,  in  the  Tear  ending  80th  of  February, 
1839;  stating  the  Daicription  of  the  Securltiea  held  by  the  Bank,  and  the  aourcaa  from  which  the 
•lid  Proflta  have  acemedt— (JVV.  19.  Jlpptn.  U  lUftrt.) 


Intereit  on  commercial  bilto  ........ 

Intereit  on  Exchequer  billa    ........ 

Ainuity  for  49  yeara  (the  dead  weight  account)     ..... 

Iniereit  on  capital  received  from  government         ..... 

Allowance  received  (br  management  of  the  public  debt     .... 

Intereit  on  loana  on  mortgagea         ....... 

Intereit  on  itock  in  the  pubUe  Ainda  ...... 

Intereit  on  private  loana        ........ 

Profit  on  bullion,  commiaaion,  rent,  recelpta  on  diieounted  bUla  unpaid,  manage, 
ment  of  the  boaineii  of  the  Banka  of  Ireland,  of  Scotland,  and  Royal  Bank  of 
Bcotlaad,  and  lundry  itama  ....... 


£ 

130,099 

904,109 

451,415 

440,900 

991,890 

00.684 

19,079 

00,941 


71,859 


£1,089,170 


No.  IX.— Expenaea  of  the  Bank  of  England,  for  the  Tear  ending  9gth  of  February,  1839. 


Da. 

National  debt  department 
Banknotei  .  .  . 
Banking  department 


Ca. 

Salaries  and  peniiona    ... 

Houie  expeniei      .       .       .       - 

Directori'  allowance      ... 

Rent 

Expenaea  ateleven  briuictiea,  ariaiqg 
from  the  banking  department     - 

Ezpeniei  attendlnglheeireulaiion  of 
9,900,0001.  of  branch  Bairit  of  Bbg- 
land  Botee,  u  etovea  braacltea  > 


£ 

918,003 

39.187 

8,000 

40,000 

5,709 


98,908 


£339,400 


n  jU 


No.  X.~Aa  eitimatad  Account  of  Profit  derived  by  the  Bank  from  Oireulation  of  FromiaioTy  Notea, 
and  from  Oovemment  Buainaia.— (w<(ppiii.  Jfo.  23.) 


CImdation   > 
OoTenment  depoaita 


Voblr-I 


£ 

9(l,e00,Q6» 

4,000,000 

94,000,000,  Of  which  two  (Mrda  an  eitimatod  to  be  invciMd  Is  leaaritlea, 
— — — —   and  on*  third  in  bullioo. 
13 

'"  ~ ''Vl ■     ■'.    t.i.,...V.    ,.     ■.(.      ...  .. 


'■'-'^ 


08 


BANK  OP  ENGLAND. 


Table  X.—eontinnid. 


Seciirltiss  of  18,000,00(U. ;  viz. 
9,000,000  Exehequtr  bllli       ... 

800,000  atock  .... 

1,000,000  advancea  for  clreulntlon  on  diaeount 

900,000  country  dlicount     ... 
4.700,000 


at  H  per  cent. 
—3       — 
—3       — 
-SI      - 
-4J      - 


10,000,000 


Deduct, 
Expense  of  Circulation     .  .  .  •  . 

Expense  of  government  depoaiti  .  ,.  . 

Stamp  duty  on  circulMion  .... 

1  per  cent,  on  cupital  (held  by  government  at  3  per  cent.) 


TVie  Public  DM. 

Amount  received  from  government  for  management  of  the  public  debt, 

for  the  year  ending  5th  of  April,  1833,  including  life  annuities 
Management  oT  life  annuitien,  auppoaed  to  be  transferred 

Deduct, 
Ezpensea  for  management  of  the  national  debt  ... 

Arerage  of  forgeries  per  annum,  during  the  last  ten  years     . 


£ 

30U,S00 
34,000 
30,(K)0 
\7,!m 

103,87S 


106,000 
10,000 
70,000 

147,000 


351,000 
3,000 


104,000 
40,000 


467,875 

333,000 

218,000 
304,000 


Estimated  profit 


134,875 


44,000 
£178,8J5 


No.  XI.— State  of  the  Affairs  of  the  Bank  of  England,  29th  of  February,  1832. 


Db. 

To  Bank  notes  outatanl- 
ing     .       .       .       . 

To  public  deposits,  vii. 
Drawing  accounts 
Balance  of  audit  roll 
Life  annuities  unpaid 
Annuities  fbr  terms  of 

years  unpaid   - 
Exchequer  bills  deposited 

To  private  deposita,  viz. 
Drawing  accounts 
Various  other  debts    . 

To  the  Bank  of  England 
for  the  capital    • 

To  balance  of  surplus  in 
ftvour  of  the  Bank  of 
England 


2,034,700 

550,5.W 

85,030 

38,360 
490,000 

5,683,870 
54,560 


»»■>;■- 


£ 

18,051,710 

3,198,730 

I   5,738,430 
14,553,000 

2,637,760 


£44,170,030 


C». 


By  advancea  on  govern- 
ment accuritiea ;  by  Ex- 
chequer billa  on  the 
growing  produce  of  the 
consolidated  fund  in  the 
quarter  ending  5th  of 
April,  1833  ... 

Ditto,  5th  of  July,  1833 

Exchequer  billa  on  aup- 
pliea,  1825  -       .       . 

Do.  for  10,500,0001.  for  1826 

By  the  advances  to  the  trus 
tees  api>ointed  by  the  act 
3Geo.4.c.  51.  towards  the 
purchase  of  an  annuity 
of  585,7402  for  44  years 
from  5th  of  April,  1823 

By  other  credits  i  viz. 
Exchequer  bills  purchased 
Stock  purchaaed 
City  bonds  - 
Bills  k.  notes  discounted 
Loans  on  mortgages  - 
London  Dock  Company 
Advances   on    security, 
and  various  nrticlea 

By  cash  and  bullion 

By  the  permanent  debt  due 
from  government*,  ,r. 


3,428,340 
097,000 

7,600 
8,000 


2,700,000 

704,600 

500,000 

3,951,970 

1,452,100 

237,500 

670,690 


Rest  or  surplus  brought  down 
Bank  capital  duo  to  proprietors 


4,134,M0 

10,897,880 

9,166,8C0 

S,293,ia) 

14,686,600 


£44,179,630 


2,637,760 
14,553,000 

£^m,m 


No.  Xn.— An  Aeeoont  of  the  Ayeraie  aggregate  Amounts  of  Public  Deposits  in  the  Hands  of  tlw 
Bank,  flrom  tha  Year  1800 ;  distinguishing  each  Ycnr.—(Jippen.  JVo.  2t.) 


Tar. 

AlBMSt. 

T«r. 

AmottBt. 

T«*r, 

Amoanl. 

r«r. 

Atnounl. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1807 

12,647,551 

1814 

13,158,337 

1820 

3,713,412 

1826 

4,214,271 

1808* 

1!, 761 ,448 

1819 

11,737,4.18 

1831 

8,930,197 

1837 

4,22.1,8OT 

1809 

11,003,648 

1810 

10,807,660 

1823 

4,107,853 

1828 

3,821,697 

1810 

11,950,047 

1817 

8,699,133 

1823 

5,526,635 

1829 

3,K62,«56 

1811 

10,191,654 

1818 

7,066,887 

1834 

7,222,187 

1830 

4,701, 9.Vi 

1813 

10.390,130 

1819 

4,938,373 

182S 

9,347,314 

1831 

3,948,103 

1813 

10,303,404 

M  B.—The  Bank  is  nnable  to  ftirnlsh  correctly  the  aggregate  amount  of  public  deposits  previoui 

•  The  Hank  advanced,  in  March,  1808,  3,000,0001.,  without  interest,  for  the  public  service,  which  lO 
continued  till  April,  181S,  on  account  of  publie  balances. 


tetbe  year  1807;  th 
thsBank;  and  man; 
reference  to  tliat  pai 


Xo.  Xin.— An  Accoi 
Bank, 


Tw. 

Ainoiiiit. 

£ 

1807 

1,582,75 

1808 

1,9I0,«3 

1809 

l,19S,li 

ISIO 

1,42*1.72 

1811 

l,567,9i! 

1813 

I,573,fl5 

1813 

1,771,31 

JV.  fl.— The  Bank  I 
jrenr*  prior  to  1807,  i 
period,  when  distinct 


No.  XIV.— An  Accou 
Bank, 


Tair. 

Amount 

£ 

1795 

2,946,501 

1790 

3,505,00 

1797 

5,350,00 

1798 

4,'t90,m 

1799 

5,403,001 

ISOO 

6,401,901 

1801 

7,905,101 

1403 

7,523,30( 

1803 

10,717,6(K 

1801 

9,982,  !0f 

Nn,  XV.— An  Accoiin 
Itfth  of  February  an 
same  can  be  made  ii 


Vair. 


1698 
1699 
liOfl 
ITOl 
ITOi 
1T03 
ITOI 
1705 

iron 

17(17 
I70S 
170!1 
1710 
1711 
171JI 
171,1 
1714 
1715 
1716 
1717 
1718 
1710 
1720 
1721 


28lh  Feb. 


£ 

1,221,290 

743,850 

938,240 

298,860 

920,7.30 

933,760 

961,990 

656,610 

996,8  to 

959,890 

648,080 

70V,470 

601,550 

477,510 

7.38,920 

1,221,880 

623,610 

972,100 

1,460,800 

2,05.1,1,50 

2,782,120 

1,807,010 

2,460,,S80 

2,214,280 


3lit  Au 


£ 

1,210,4 
919,1 

781,4 

783,8 

1,030,9 

1,314.0 

910,0 

l,0»,3,l; 

805,4 

824,81 

.598,9 

69l„3i 

480,9! 

573,2: 

2,025,2( 

800,81 

l,65I,7f 

978,8^ 

1,579,7.' 

2,I88,0J 

1,800,01 

1,939,5." 

3,0.'!2,46 

2,206,26 


JV".  JJ.— No  previousli 
Jack  than  1777 ;  we  arl 
fsci,  and  to  exhibit,  foi 
establishment  down  to 


*  The  increased  amo 

Kcounu. 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


'»% 


Mthe  TM'  1^1  *li*  pnMIe  Bfcnunli  prinr  to  that  period  not  hctng  reqiilrei)  i;nnerii1ty  to  be  kept  *t 
ihs  Bank;  and  innny  of  the  public  nccntints  at  that  time  were  in  the  naniea  uf  indlviduali,  without 
lefcrencu  to  that  part  of  tho  public  lervice  to  which  tho  accounti  applied. 

\o  Xni  —An  Account  of  the  Average  agjrregnte  Amounts  of  Private  Deposlta  in  the  Handi  of  the 
Bank,  from  tho  Year  1807 ;  dlatlngulshing  each  Year.— (^pjtm.  A'o.  32.) 


T«r. 

Amount. 

Tmr. 

Aamat 

Tar. 

Aowunl, 

Vnr. 

Amount. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1807 

1,582,720 

1814 

a,874,9I0 

1820 

Lsa-vofo 

1826* 

8,322,070 

1808 

I,aiO,t)30 

1815 

1,690,4«0 

1H21 

1,336,020 

1897 

3,931,370 

ISOO 

1,199,100 

1810 

1,3.13,120 

182a 

l,.'n3,370 

ISiM 

6,701,280 

ISIO 

1,428,720 

1817 

1,679,600 

1N23 

2,.W1,920 

1829 

.1,817,210 

1811 

I,M7,g'4l 

1818 

1,010,310 

1824 

9,3flU,9IO 

18S0 

s,%i.'i:,0 

isia 

1,573,050 

1819 

1,790,800 

1825 

9,607,9(K} 

1831 

6,801,370 

1813 

1,771,310 

jy>.  5.— The  Bank  i«  unable  to  return  the  nverngR  aggregate  amnuntu  of  private  dppn^its  for  the 
veara  prior  to  1607,  at  the  public  and  private  driiwing  account!  were  nut  kept  separately  till  that 
poriod,  when  distinct  offices  wore  established. 

11'  .  .     liWi  ! 

No.  XIV.— An  Account  of  the  annual  Average  Amount  of  Commercial  Taper  uiidrr  Discount  at  tho 
Bank,  in  London,  in  eoch  Year,  from  the  Year  1795.— (.4j>j)eii.  Jfo.  59.) 


Tair. 

Amount. 

Tear. 

Amount 

Tear. 

Amount. 

Tfir. 

Amount 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1795 

2,916,500 

1805 

ii,.')efi,500 

1614 

13,985,800 

1823 

3,123,800 

I79C 

3,505,000 

1806 

12,380,100 

Ihio 

14,917,100 

1694 

2,38»,«00 

1797 

6,350,000 

1807 

13,484,600 

IRIR 

11,416,400 

1825 

4,nil,!i00 

1798 

4,'t90,fi00 

1808 

18,950,100 

1617 

3,960,600 

1828 

4,908,300 

1799 

5,403,900 

1609 

15,475,700 

1618 

4,325.200 

1827 

1,240,400 

isno 

6,401,900 

1810 

20,070,000 

1619 

6,5I5,(«)0 

1628 

1,167,400 

1801 

7,905,100 

1811 

14„'(55,4flO 

1P20 

3,SS.'i,t;(IO 

1*2!) 

2,2r.0,700 

1S03 

7,523,300 

1812 

14.201,600 

1821 

2,076,7(KI 

1830 

019,900 

1803 

10,747,600 

1613 

13,330,900 

1623 

3,366,700 

1831 

1,533,600 

I80J 

9,982,  !00 

yl  .        I    ■  <^iim      !       :  ■    • 

No.  XV.— An  Account  of  the  Notes,  Poat-Billfi,  &r.  of  the  Bank  of  Knglnnd  In  Circulation,  on  the 
'2?th  of  February  and  31st  of  August  in  each  Year,  from  1098  to  1793  both  included,  as  near  as  the 
game  can  be  made  up. 


rnr 


1698 
1699 
1700 
1701 
170-2 
1703 

.cot 

1700 
1707 
170S 
1709 
1710 
1711 
171» 
171,1 
1714 
1715 
1716 
1717 
1711* 
1719 
1720 
1721 


28lli  Feb. 


£ 

1,331,290 

743,850 

938,940 

398,960 

920,7.30 

933,760 

961,990 

556,610 

996,810 

959,820 

648,6S0 

70V,470 

601,580 

477,510 

7.'i8,920 

1,221,6611 

623,610 

972,160 

1,460,660 

2,053,1.50 

2,762,120 

1,807,010 

2,160,680 

2,214,280 


31it  Au«. 


Tear. 


£ 

1,310,400 

519,150 

761,430 

763,860 
1,030,900 
1,214,0(0 

916,010 
1,01.3,1.50 

805,410 

824,860 

.598,910 

691,3.50 

4.10,920 

573,230 
2,02.1,200 

800,610 
1,651,780 

978,840 
1,579,730 
2,188,030 
1,806,640 
1,939,5.5011743 
3,032,460 11744 
3,206,260  |I746 


1799 
1793 
1724 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1738 
1729 
17.30 
1731 
1732 
1733 
17.34 
735 
736 
17,37 
.38 
1730 
1740 
1741 
1749 


'28lh  Fell. 


31>t  Auf. 


£ 

9,365,640 
3,516,110 
3,2,32,830 
3.731,460 
3,076,850 
3,66.S,180 
4,574,920 
4,I52,.5!K) 
3.996,2«0 
4,4:-)1.720 
4,251,660 
4,.385,060 
4,203,070 
4,627,!H:0 
4,907,750 
.5,215,010 
4,766,280, 
4,3 17,270 
4,550.0.801 
4,811,8101 
4,171,510 
4,6.54,890; 
4,953,610 
4,279,610 


year. 


28th  Feb. 


1716 

1747 
1748 
1749 
I7.-I0 
1751 
17,52 
1753 
1754 
17.55 
17,'0 


£ 

3,006,430 
3,482,910 

3,8.57,710 

3,343,400 

.3,159,310 

4,677,610 

4,513,790 

4,199,<tl0 

4,416,870 

5,910,860 

4,592,100 

4,543,00031 

4,671,030  17.56 

4,7.'W,.550  17,50 

5,077„570ll7f;0 

4,4H,690!l701 

4,609,420ll7t)'2 

4,152,42011763 

4,414,O0O|l76l 

4,084,450]  1765 

4,9II,390jl7Cfi 

4,950,180ll767 

4,970,59011768 

3,465,3S0|l769 


£ 

3,383,790 
4,107,420 
3,K04,6.50 
3,737,110 
3,964,070 
4,029,160 
4,444,060 
4,401,560 
4,062,670 
3,950,6,50 
4,106,7!« 
,5,:)I9,130 
5,320,590 
4,5,''0,840 
4,!ffi9,9,50 
5  0:!9,3'0 
.5,741,090 
5,999,910 
5..501,800 
6,316,070 
5,617,570 
5,510,990 
5,778,990 
5,707,190 


Slit  Auf. 


£ 

3,842,500 
3,652,310 

3,769,720 

4,i8:i,.ii)() 

4,316,490 
5,195,310 

4,75o,:v-,n 

4,42I).2!11I 
4,0-'l,2'^0 
4,115,2"0 
4,51li,n()0 
5,1 19,910 
4,661.110, 
4,809.7!!0| 
4,93n,'J.M) 
5,24«.('80' 
5,866,960 
5,311,(;i)0 
6,210,660 
5,356,4!>0 
5,216,410 
4,86:),4 10 
5,41,5,530 
5,411,450 


Te.ir. 


28!h  Feb. 


1770 
1771 
1772 
1773 
1774 
1775 
1776 
1777 
1778 
1779 
1760 
1761 
1762 
17.83 
1761 
1765 
1760 
17H7 
1768 
1769 
1700 
1791 
1792 


£ 

5,937,210 
6,829.760 
.5.962.160 
6,0,')7,(I60 
7,550,760 
9,135,93(1 
8,699,72(1 
8,712,2.<10 
7,4-10.3;W 
9,012,610 
8,410.790 
7,01)2,4.50 
8,02S,K'iO 
7,675,090 
6,202,7<:0 
5,923,090 
7,.56I,9('0 
8,329,810 
0,.561.120' 
9.607,210 

io,oio,.yo 

11,4,39,200 
11,^,380 


3m  Auk. 


£ 

S,73fi,7S0 
6,014,110 
5,967„5*0 
6,.'iti2,220 
9,866,220 
6,398,310 
8,.551,0'.<0 
7,753,.590 
6,7.58.070 
7,2T0,.'ilO 
6,341,6(10 
6,;(09,1H0 
6,759,310 
6,307,270 
5..'iB2,510 
6,570,650 
8,161.330 
9,665,720 
l0.002,6;-0 
11,121,600 
11,433,310 
11,672,320 
11,006,300 


A*.  £.— No  previously  nublisheJ  table  of  the  circulntion  of  the  Bunk  of  Ensrinnd  exteiidB  further 
back  than  1777 ;  we  are  Indebted  to  the  Court  of  Directors  fbr  being  able  to  supply  this  fitrikiiis  ile- 
fect,  anil  to  exhibit,  fur  the  first  time,  the  circulation  of  the  Bank,  from  within  four  years  of  ita 
establishment  down  to  the  present  day. 

*  The  increased  amount  of  deposits  in  thte  and  the  foUowlnt  years,  arose  from  the  increase  of 
accounu. 


y\\ 


If"  W.i 


u  ■  I'y.r 


I  i 


too 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


No.  XVI.— An  Aeeonnt  of  lb*  Amoant  of  Bank  Nolai  in  CIrcalulon  oa  tba  unileriii> 
diittngultbtng  the  Bank  Poit  Bills,  and  tba  Amount  of  Notaa  und«r  Fiva  Ponnda, ' 
gate  of  the  whola. 


.'•dpi„, 

'*•  Aim. 


NolMofU. 

bnk  rul 

BtukNota 

I79>   Pebniary95 

ni  itfwuiK 

Dilli. 

luteM. 

ToUl, 

£IO,3g«,IOO 

£  755,703 

-     £     . 

£iUuo,m 

Auiuil     9$ 

10,881,071 

735,886 

um,m 

1703    Februiuryaa 

10,780,6  «3 

647,738 

. 

11.410,381 

AuRUtt     3A 

10,163.839 

674,375 

. 

10,838,314 

1704    February  M 

10.079,169 

618,750 

. 

10,69;,«a4 

Auiruft     M 

10,000,318 

967,879 

• 

10,698;»o 

178S    February iM 

13,9(»,707 

970,456 

•            • 

13,9}g,!«S 

Aiifuit     30 

10,838,880 

918,909 

• 

11.458,389 

17W    February  3(1 

10,366,.'MII 

013,133 

• 

10,909,«e« 

Aufuit     9S 

8,861,619 

940,600 

. 

0,531, <I39 

1787    February  33 

e,167,»ie 

474,019 

• 

8,601964 

Auiimt     36 

8,109,614 

991,587 

934,015 

10,568,916 

1788    February  95 

10,856,188 

991,940 

1,449.346 

19,850,085 

Auguit     35 

8,887.858 

953,330 

1,630,831 

19,191,035 

1789    February  98 

10,576,510 

807,907 

1,451,798 

19,636,14) 

August     30 

11,980,675 

653,766 

1,349,431 

13,95fl,«l7J 

1800    February  35 

13,106,368 

733,000 

1,400,708 

15,9M.«76 

August     90 

13,331,451 

893,.106 

1,690,561 

14,735,378 

1801    February  30 

19,875,006 

854,083 

9,647,596 

16.977,914 

Aagust     30 

11.715,609 

750,370 

9,405,386 

14,97«,»1 

1809    February  90 

19,038,870 

603,488 

9.610,407 

15,438,876 

August     96 

13,801,746 

779,577 

3,319,790 

16.887,113 

1803    February  30 

11,786,434 

630,030 

8.9(10,409 

19,576,833 

August     38 

13,413,934 

770,030 

8,846,005 

17,035,958 

1804    February  95 

19.054,843 

818,804 

4,673,515 

17,577,353 

August     35 

11,  .*,«« 

.  743,841 

4.813,939 

17,393,994 

1805    February  30 

11,403,380 

1,039,560 

4,601,506 

17,334,466 

August     96 

11,183,188 

718,510 

4,385,480 

16,39«,178 

1800    February  35 

ll,8»i,350 

795,786 

4,438,360 

17,I48,4« 

August     90 

14,141,510 

709,499 

4,938,058 

19,073.893 

1807    February  96 

13,374,699 

794,489 

4,306,930 

17,305,3M 

August     38 

15,0n,013 

735,909 

4,131,837 

30,034,119 

1808    February  SO 

13,746,596 

749,671 

4,103,785 

18,593,054 

August     80 

13,440,030 

705,109 

4,189,934 

17,365,306 

1808    February  35 

13,730,998 

014,737 

4,33P.051 

18,014,»n 

August     96 

1.1,955,598 

880,104 

9.991,938 

19,357,941 

1810    February  90 

13,050,591 

,007,630 

9,871,069 

90,439,281 

August     35 

16,078,390 

1,145,833 

7,991,093 

34,446,175 

1811    February  90 

15,110,068 

1,133,419 

7,140,799 

33,381,833 

August     96 

15,303,611 

1,016,303 

7,573,901 

33,793,115 

1613    February  90 

14,593,048 

1,050,654 

7,419,904 

83,998,1117 

August     90 

14,873,705 

.087,880 

7,091,399 

83,463,810 

1813    February  90 

14,567.387 

1,034,883 

7,705,391 

33,307,471 

August     90 

14,975,478 

1,015,616 

8,033,774 

81,034,8«« 

1814    February  90 

15,033,350 

1,081,849 

8,371,038 

85,099,415 

August     90 

18.010,180 

1,846,470 

0,667,317 

98,979,876 

1819    February  35 

10,394,358 

1,184,490 

0,004,999 

96,673,370 

August     36 

10,333,379 

1,115.070 

0,976,809 

17,094,049 

1810    February  90 

15,307,938 

1,330,467 

0,036.774 

95,680,068 

August     96 

16,680,067 

1,986.490 

0,103,338 

97,075,854 

1817    February  90 

17.538,650 

1,376,416 

8,143,900 

97,058,578 

August     98 

90,386,609 

1,719,807 

7,009,900 

30,099.906 

1818    February  96 

18.0n,051 

l,8W,fl00 

7,301,401 

98,979,013 

August     98 

17.465,098 

1,637,497 

7,900,781 

96,609,8.77 

1610    February  98 

10.307.000 

1,091,330 

7.817,3«0 

93,346,690 

August     96 

10,073,140 

1,468,086 

7,910,030 

15,657,590 

1810    February  96 

15,403.630 

1,431,100 

6,749,160 

83,569,130 

August     96 

10.047,390 

1,633,730 

e,r/M60 

91,453,380 

1891    February  96 

14,379,840 

1,615,000 

6,483,010 

93,471,450 

August     96 

16,089,090 

1,634,960 

9,90e,4«0      , 

90,397,710 

1833    February  96 

15,178,480 

1,600,690 

1,884.966      ' 

18,173,470 

August     98 

19,889,080 

1,610,600 

869,090 

17,768,340 

18SS    February  90 

19,791,110 

1,743,100 

663,160 

18,176,479 

August     96 

17,381,960 

1,763,650 

990,010 

19,705,920 

18M    February  96 

17,944,810 

9,108,960 

486,600 

19,938,800 

August     98 

18,408,930 

9,193,760 

443,070 

80,975,9(i0 

1899    February  98 

18,308,800 

9,334,960 

410,680 

91,060,130 

August     90 

17,081,130 

9,061,010 

306,070 

19,548,800 

1810   February  98 

91,100,400 

9.467,080 

1,307,960 

34,855,040 

August     98 

18,179,160 

3,040,400 

1,179,490 

91,388,010 

1897    February  98 

18,787,890 

9,Ma,3IO 

<0B.O1O 

81,506,550 

August     86 

10,9in,800 

S-SS""" 

4M,06O 

99,007,060 

1818    February  96 

1^88,010 

9,339,680 

4W,8Q0 

83,174,780 

August     96 

10,010,080 

9,417,440 

389,860 

31,817,980 

1830    February  38 

n,401,470 

9,444,660 

8S7,17« 

90J104,3()0 

.August     96 

17,164,0<0 

9,090,986 

304,100 

19,539,410 

1830    February  90 

17.809,000 

9,984,590 

390,99» 

90,468,040 

August     96 

10,403,010 

9,917,670 

313,460 

11,831,940 

1831    February  96 

17,560,140 

1,777,700 

306,000 

19,650,830 

August     96 

10,774,800 

1,091,390 

109,460 

18,698,720 

1839    February  95 

10,901,800 

1,641,000 

900,100 

18,143,070 

August     35 

16,068,370 

1,533,070 

994,»t0 

17,8974180 

1833    February  38 

17,507,330 

1,603,710 

909,450 

19,403,480 

August     36 

17,637,150 

1,604,500 

980,790 

18,731,460 

BANK! 

Ho.  XVn.-An  Afc«i 
nrom  their  flrsi 


18i7  February 

August 

I8K  February 

August 

I8M  February 

August 

Baiidet  charging 
mostly  in  tlie  habii 
niwion  on  all  payr 
They  usually  alio' 
that  havo  token  pla 
of  the  (lepositora,  c 
When  their  cuaton 
5  per  cenL 

Country  banlca  < 
due  discretion,  are 
where  the  floating 
which  it  is  again  di 
tage.    It  is,  thercfu 
blishments  should 
has  been  but  little  i 
ent  occasions.— in 
eitent  of  bankrupi 
breaking  up  of  the 
the  recurrence  of  ■ 
UHOciation  of  more 
the  formation  of  joi 
to  be  seen  in  how  fi 
iry  to  suppose  thai 
provincial  currency 
allow  banks  with 
luch  banks  in  Engl 
from  issuing  notes 
the  bankruptcy  of  i 
system  of  the  count 
discussion  of  this 
ofNationx,  vol.  iv. 
The  following  is 
country  bankers  in 


Inn. 

CominiAi 

1809 

4 

IHIO 

30 

IHIl 

4 

1813 

17 

1813 

8 

ISII 

97 

Exclusive  of  the 
ors  and  the  public, 
bankrupt  concerns 
not  a  single  Scotch 
The  stamp  dutiei 
Besides  the  stai 
must  take  out  a  lict 
names  and  places  o 
is  granted,  the  narr 
separate  licence  is  t 
or  on  account  of  an 
forth  the  names  ai 
their  names  appear 
void. — (55  Geo.  3. 
Me  atUe,  p.  69. 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL.)     lOl 

Wo  XVII.— An  Arcnnnt  of  lh«  n|irit|riit«  Clrciilnllnn  of  thn  Rrnnrh  Banki  of  the  Itank  of  EnilRnil, 
from  their  Hrit  UiUbllahment,  nu  the  Sinh  of  Februiiry  anil  Klrl  of  Augtut  In  each  Year. 


£ 

£ 

£ 

IMI  February 

399,100 

1S30  February 

l,489,ifl0 

1633  February 

9,74H,*m 

Aufuit 

SW,8*0 

AuKUst 

s,niu,770 

August 

ii,HOO,(UO 

I8K  February 

S8S,890 

1831  Fubrimry 

S,97a,3flO 

1833  February 

2'2.1'2UI 

August 

OtO.TtO 

Au|uit 

f,433,(j«0 

August 

MlStUO 

18M  February 

««7,150 

August 

1,10^300 

in.  Bahks  (EitoLKH  Pritatb  and  Photirciai.). 

Betides  charging  the  uiual  rate  of  intnroit  on  bill*  dincounted,  the  provincial  bankem  are 
moatiy  in  the  habit  of  charging  6«.  or  6*.  per  cent,  as  cominiaition.  They  also  charge  a  corn* 
mission  on  all  payments;  and  drrive  a  profit  from  charges  for  the  transmission  of  money,  &c. 
They  usually  allow  from  3  to  3  per  cont  on  money  deposited ;  but  the  numerous  failures 
that  have  taken  place  amongst  them  have,  by  generating  a  feeling  of  insecurity  in  the  minds 
of  the  depositors,  confined  this  branch  of  their  business  within  comparatively  narrow  limits. 
When  their  customers  overdraw  thoir  accounts,  they  are  charged  with  interest  at  the  rate  of 
6  per  cent 

Country  banks  established  by  individuals  possessed  of  adequate  funds,  and  managed  with 
due  discretion,  are  productive  of  the  gruntpst  survico.  Tliry  form  commodious  reservoirs, 
where  the  floating  and  unemployed  rapitnl  of  the  surrounding  districts  is  collected,  and  from 
which  it  is  again  distributed,  by  way  of  loan,  to  those  who  will  employ  it  to  the  best  advan- 
tage. It  is,  therefore,  of  the  utmost  importanre,  in  a  public  i)oint  of  view,  that  these  esta* 
biishments  should  be  based  upon  solid  foundations.  But  in  England,  unfortunately,  this 
has  been  but  little  attended  to ;  and  tho  doittruction  of  country  banks  has,  upon  three  diirer< 
ent  occasions, — in  1703,  in  1814,  1815,  and  1810,  and  in  1835  and  1836, — produced  an 
extent  of  bankruptcy  and  misery  that  has  never,  perhaps,  bcpn  equalled,  except  by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  Mississippi  schomo  in  France,  Government  is  bound  to  interfere  to  hinder 
tho  recurrence  of  such  disastrous  results.  The  repeal  of  tho  act  of  1708,  preventing  tho 
lasociation  of  more  than  six  persons  for  carrying  on  tho  trade  of  banking,  has  already  led  to 
the  formation  of  joint  stock  banking  companies  in  a  few  of  the  large  towns ;  but  it  remains 
to  be  seen  in  how  far  this  should  be  regarded  as  an  improvement  It  is,  indeed,  quite  vision- 
try  to  suppose  that  the  power  to  catahliHh  such  banks  is  all  that  is  required  to  eatalilish  the 
provincial  currency  on  a  secure  foundation.  What  is  really  wanted>  is  not  a  regulation  to 
allow  banks  with  large  capitals  to  bo  set  on  foot,  (for  there  have,  at  all  times,  been  many 
such  banks  in  England,)  but  a  regulation  to  prevent  any  bank,  be  its  partners  few  or  miny, 
from  issuing  notes  without  previously  giving  security  for  their  payment.  This  would  render 
the  bankruptcy  of  such  banks  impossililo,  and  would  give  a  degree  of  security  to  the  money 
system  of  the  country  that  it  can  never  otherwise  attain. — (The  reader  is  referred,  for  a  full 
discussion  of  this  important  question,  to  tho  Note  on  Money,  in  my  edition  of  the  Wealth 
ofNationn,  vol.  iv.  pp.  380—393.) 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  numlier  of  commissions  of  bankruptcy  issued  against 
country  bankers  in  England,  from  1809  to  1830,  both  inclusive : — 


Inn. 

Cnmnliiuom. 

Ttin. 

ComnlMlnni. 

Yun. 

CominMani. 

Yean. 

CommiHiaio. 

1809 

4 

ISl.t 

9S 

1891 

10 

1820 

43 

IHIO 

20 

1810 

37 

1899 

0 

1897 

8 

1811 

4 

1817 

9 

1823 

g 

1S98 

3 

1813 

17 

1818 

S 

1834 

10 

1829 

3 

1813 

8 

1810 

13 

1893 

37 

1830 

14 

131 1 

S7 

18!*« 

4 

(Append,  to  Report  on  Bank  Charter,  p.  116.) 

Exclusive  of  the  above,  many  banks  stopped  payments,  to  the  great  injury  of  their  credit- 
ors and  the  public,  that  aflerwards  resumed  them ;  at  tho  same  time  that  the  alTuirs  of  some 
bankrupt  concerns  were  arranged  without  a  commission.  During  the  whole  of  this  period, 
not  a  single  Scotch  bank  gave  way. 

The  stamp  duties  on  country  bank  notes  have  been  already  specified  (p.  69.). 

Besides  the  stamp  duties  payable  on  Notes,  each  bdividual  or  company  issumg  tnera 
must  take  out  a  licence,  renewable  annually,  which  costs  90L  This  licence  specifies  the 
names  and  places  of  abode  of  the  body  corporate,  peraon,  or  persons,  in  the  firm  to  whom  it 
is  granted,  the  name  of  such  firm,  the  place  whore  the  business  is  carried  on.  Sec. ;  and  a 
separate  licence  is  to  be  taken  out  for  every  town  or  place  where  any  notes  shall  be  issued  by 
or  on  account  of  any  banker,  &c.  Unless  the  licence  granted  to  persons  in  partnership  set 
forth  the  names  and  places  of  abode  of  all  peraons  concerned  in  the  partnership,  whethei 
their  names  appear  on  the  notes  issued  by  them  or  not,  such  licence  shall  be  absolutely 
void. — (55  Geo.  3.  c  184.  s.  34.)  For  the  regulations  as  to  the  issue  of  unstamped  notes 
see  ante,  p.  69.       „ 


ii 


UC' 


102    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

The  ifimo  of  notes  for  leM  than  6/.  waa  prohibited  in  EnKlaiul,  an  previously  shown,  froq 
1777  to  1797;  but  ihcy  continurd  to  bo  innucd  from  the  latter  perio«i  «lown  to  tho  Sihof 
April  1839,  when  their  further  ihsuo  ccosrd  in  connoqucnro  of  iin  art  piisHcd  in  IHSB.  Thj, 
a<'t  di '  not  extend  to  Huolland  or  Irrlund,  and  was  intended  to  give  );>'*'<t(t'r  stnliiliiy  to  ih« 
aystein  of  rountry  banking  in  England,  by  dhutting  up  one  of  tliu  prinripal  chunnciN  tliroiigli 
which  tho  inforior  cliiss  of  bankers  had  boon  in  thu  haliit  of  getting  their  notes  into  circuU. 
tion.  But  notwithstanding  it  will  certainly  h:ive  this  efl'ect,  the  policy  of  the  measure  aeemi 
very  doubtful.  It  is  idle,  indeed,  to  imagine  that  it  can  give  that  stability  to  the  hanking 
ay  stem  which  is  so  desirable;  and  in  proof  of  this,  it  is  suirii-it>nt  to  state,  that  though  none 
of  the  country  banks  exintingin  1793  had  any  notes  for  loss  thun  A/,  in  rirculation,  upwanli 
of  one  third  of  their  entire  number  stopped  payment  during  the  revulsion  that  then  took 
)>luce.  Tho  truth  is,  that  nothing  but  tho  exacting  of  security  for  payment  of  notes  can  ever 
place  the  country  issue  of  notes  on  tliat  solid  foundation  on  which  it  ought  to  stand ;  and  u 
security  may  bo  taken  for  1/.  notes  as  easily  us  for  those  of  fi/.,  there  would,  wore  such  a  ayi. 
tern  adopted,  bo  no  ground  for  suppressing  the  former. 

MetropoUtan  Joint  Htuck  Banka. — It  was  for  a  lengthened  period  generally  understood, 
that  tho  act  of  1708,  and  the  other  acts  conveying  exclusive  privileges  to  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, not  only  prevented  any  company  with  more  than  C  partners  from  issuing  notes  poyolilt 
on  demand ;  but  that  they  also  prevented  such  companim  from  undertaking  ordinary  bank- 
ing business, — that  is,  from  receiving  tho  money  of  individuals  and  paying  their  drafts,  &c, 
llecently,  however,  strong  doubts  began  to  bo  entertained  whether  companies  with  nume- 
rous bodies  of  partners,  established  for  tlie  more  business  of  banking,  and  without  issuing 
notes,  were  really  prohibited  by  the  acta  in  question.  During  the  discussions  on  the  late 
renewal  of  tho  charter  of  the  Dank  of  England,  the  point  was  submitted  for  the  consideration 
of  tho  Attorney  and  Solicitor  Generals,  who  gave  it  as  their  decided  opinion,  that  such  banks 
might  be  legally  established  within  the  limits  to  which  the  exclusive  privileges  of  tho  Bank 
of  England  were  restricted  by  the  act  7  &  8  Geo.  4.  c.  46.  But  oa  the  opinion  of  other 
eminent  lawyers  ditFered  from  theirs,  a  clause  has  liecn  inserted  in  tho  act  3  &  4  Will.  4,  c, 
08.,  which  removes  all  doubts  on  the  subject,  by  expressly  authorising  the  establishment  uf 
banks  not  issuing  notes,  with  any  number  of  partners,  any  whero  within  tho  district  to  which 
tho  exclusive  privileges  of  tlio  Bank  of  England,  as  a  bank  of  issue,  are  now  restricted. — (See 
ante,  p.  84.) 

Down  to  this  period  (Sicptcmber,  1 833),  no  advantage  has  l)een  taken  of  this  declaratory 
enactment,  by  tho  formation  of  a  joint  stock  bank  in  the  metropolis ;  but  several  projects  of 
the  kind  have  been  made  public,  and  it  seems  most  likely  that  some  of  them  will  be  matured. 
It  is  not  easy  to  form  beforehand  any  certain  conclusions  as  to  the  probable  working  of  such 
establishments.  Provided,  however,  that  they  possess  large  |)aid  up  capitals,  and  numeroui 
iKxiies  of  partners,  individually  liable,  as  at  present,  for  tho  debts  of  the  company,  it  may, 
one  should  think,  bo  fairly  concluded,  that  they  will  aflord  comparatively  safe  places  for  the 
deposit  of  money ;  and  in  so  far  their  institution  will  Iw  advantageous.  But  it  is  noteoiiy 
to  discover  in  what  other  respects  they  will  have  any  superiority  over  the  present  banks, 
There  is  groat  weight  in  the  following  statement  made  by  Mr.  Jones  Loyd  before  the  Com- 
mittee on  tho  Bank  of  England  charter: — "1  think  that  joint  stock  banks  are  dellcientin 
every  thing  requisite  for  the  conduct  of  banking  business,  except  extended  responsibility; 
the  banking  business  requires  peculiarly  persons  attentive  to  all  its  details,  constantly,  daily, 
and  hourly  watchful  nf  every  transaction,  much  moro  than  mercantile  or  trading  businesses. 
It  also  requires  immediate,  prompt  decisions  upon  circumaiaiices  when  they  arise, — in  many 
cases  a  decision  tliat  docs  not  admit  of  delay  for  consultation  ;  it  also  requires  a  discretion 
to  be  exercised  with  reference  to  tho  special  circumstances  of  each  case.  Joint  stock  bank) 
being,  of  course,  obliged  to  act  through  agents,  and  not  by  a  principal,  and,  therefore,  under 
the  restraint  of  general  rules,  cannot  be  guided  by  so  nice  a  reference  to  degrees  of  difference 
in  the  character  or  responsibility  of  parties ;  nor  can  they  un'lertako  to  regulate  tho  assist- 
ance to  bo  granted  to  concerns  under  temporary  embarrassment  by  bo  accurate  a  reference 
to  the  circumstances,  favourable  or  unfavourable,  of  each  case." — {Min.  of  Enid.  p.  236.) 

We  confess,  too,  that  we  have  great  doubts  whether  the  competition  of  such  banks  with 
each  other,  and  with  the  private  banks,  may  not  bo  productive  of  much  inconvenienco.  I't 
will  be  very  apt,  at  times,  to  occasion  an  artificial  reduction  of  the  rate  of  interest,  and  a 
redundancy  of  the  currency,  which  must,  of  course,  be  followed  by  a  fall  of  the  exchangts 
and  a  period  of  more  or  less  difficulty.  It  is  stated,  that  tho  metropolitan  joint  stock  banks 
are  to  give  interest  on  deposits ;  and  if  they  can  do  so  without  endangering  their  stability,  it 
will  bo  an  important  advantage.  But  we  have  yet  to  learn  how  it  is  possible  that  a  joint 
stock  Irank  should  be  able  to  do  what  would  seem  to  exceed  the  power  of  tlie  wealthiest  and 
best  managed  prNato  sstablishmenta. 

As  alreaidy  rettiarked,  the  only  circumstance  in  which  joint  stock  banks  seem  to  have  any 
decided  superiority  over  private  companies,  consists  in  their  greater  responsibility.  But  this 
is  not  a  necessary  attribute  of  all  joint  stock  companies.  Associations  of  this  sort  may,  and 
uidccd  do,  exist,  that  are  in  all  respects  inferior  to  respectable  private  companies.    And  it 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).     108 

.—  iniliipetiiable,  in  ordor  to  tho  prevention  o(  fruud,  that  ■iich  regulations  •houlJ  b« 
^o|il«il  ■*  *»*y  ">''''"  ^'"  public  fully  awurc  of  tliu  ruol  uiituro  of  all  joint  itock  aiMciationa, 
«id  of  their  cliiiiu  to  credit  and  conlidviice. 

Pntposed  Mtiaures  at  to  Joint  Utoek  lianlu.— Tho  future  intentions  of  government  h  to 
tlM  rogulation  of  private  l«nkiiiK  CMinpaniua  in  Bnglund  wore  Huppoaed  to  bo  partially  dove> 
lop«<lby  the  Cbancnilur  of  tho  Exchequer  in  his  apooch  intruduuinj  tho  bill  for  the  renewal 
of  the  charier  of  the  Bank  of  England.  Acc4>rdiug  to  the  Htutoinunt  tlien  inadc  it  appears  to 
have  been  intended  that  half  tho  subocribud  capital  of  all  banks  fur  tlte  issue  of  notea  should 
be  paid  up  and  vested  in  such  securities  as  parliament  should  direct ;  that  the  responsibility 
of  the  partners  in  such  banks  should  bo  unlimited ;  and  that  their  accounts  should  b« 
|)erio<lically  published.  In  tho  cose  of  banks  not  issuing  notes,  only  a  fourlii  part  of  their 
lubscribed  capital  was  to  be  paid  up,  and  the  reiiponnbUity  of  thtir  thareholdtrt  wan  to  be 

limiltd. 

But  with  the  exception  of  that  part  of  the  above  plan  which  relates  to  tho  publication  of 
the  accounts  of  baidis  of  issue,  the  consideration  of  tlie  remainder  was  deferred  to  a  more 
convenient  opportunity ;  and  notwithstanding  our  respect  for  the  quarter  whence  it  pro- 
cesided,  we  hope  it  may  never  be  revived.  Tho  adoption  of  the  proposed  regulations  would 
not  hsve  amehdud  any  one  of  the  principal  defects  in  tho  present  system  of  English  couutrv 
tianking,  while  there  are  not  a  few  which  it  would  have  materially  aggravated.  There  is 
not  so  much  as  the  shadow  of  a  ground  for  intrrleriiig  with  the  concerns  of  such  banks  as 
do  not  issue  notes,  further  than  to  let  the  public  know  with  whom  they  are  dsaling,  and  tlto 
real  amount  of  their  j)a/(/ u/>  capital ;  and  tho  proposed  interference  in  the  case  of  banks 
that  do  issue  notes,  could  have  been  productive  of  nothing  but  mischief.  On  this  point  we 
•hall  take  leave  to  quote  a  conclusive  paragraph  from  a  memorial  drawn  up  by  the  directors 
of  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  District  Banking  Company : — "  Wo  contend,  first,  that, 
except  in  so  far  as  the  issue  of  notes  is  concerned,  banking  U  essentially  a  private  bimineas, 
with  which  the  state  has  no  more  title  to  interfere  than  it  has  to  interfere  with  any  other 
d«w;ription  of  mercantile  agency.  If  A.  chooso  to  deposit  money  in  the  hands  of  U.,  who 
lends  it  to  others,  why  is  the  interference  of  government  more  necessary  than  if  A.  had 
deposited  it  in  the  hands  of  C,  who  employs  it  in  nmnufoctures  or  agriculture  ]  It  is  the 
duty  of  parliament  to  take  care  that  coins,  and  tho  paper  notes  issued  as  substitutes  for  them, 
be  always  of  their  professed  value ;  but  assuredly  it  is  no  part  of  its  duty  to  inquire  into  th« 
tolvency  of  those  into  whose  hands  coins  or  paper  may  come.  Wo  contend,  secondly,  that, 
admitting  it  to  be  right  to  exact  security  from  banks  of  issue,  that  should  not  be  done  by  the 
compulsory  investment  of  a  portion  of  their  cupitaL  The  issues  of  one  bank  may  bo  more 
than  twice  or  three  times  the  amount  of  its  capital ;  while  those  of  another,  placed  in  a  dif- 
ferent situation,  or  conducted  in  a  diiTercnt  way,  may  be  under  a  third  or  a  fourth  part  of 
its  capital.  What,  then,  could  be  more  unequal  as  reupccts  the  banks,  and  more  illusory  as 
respects  the  public,  than  to  oblige  both  these  establishments  to  give  security  for  their  issues 
by  vesting  Ao/^/Aetr  caoiVu/ in  government  stock  1  Were  the  first  hank  to  stop  payment, 
the  security  in  the  hands  of  government  would  not  alTord  tho  holders  of  its  notes  more  thoit 
from3:(.  4J.  to6s.  in  the  pound ;  while,  wore  tho  latter  in  the  some  predicament,  the  holders 
of  its  notes  would  be  paid  in  full  out  of  the  government  securities,  and  there  would  be  a 
large  surplus  over.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  the  security  to  be  given  by  a  bank  of  issue 
ought  to  he  proportioned  to  its  itaues,  and  not  to  its  capital.  The  former  mode  will  cfTee- 
tually  piotect  the  public  from  loss ;  the  latter  gives  little,  or  rather  no  protection  whatever." 
It  is,  in  fact,  quite  ludicrous  to  tamper  with  a  subject  of  this  sort  Nothing  short  of  the 
obliption  to  give  security  for  their  issues  can  ever  give  the  public  that  elTectual  guarantee 
for  the  integrity  of  the  currency  that  is  so  essential ;  nor  is  there  any  other  plan  at  once  fair 
and  equal  as  respects  different  banks. 

Distinction  between  subscribed  and  paid  up  Capital.  Expediency  of  suppressing  all 
Reference  to  the  former.  An  immediate  stop  ought,  we  think,  to  be  put  to  the  practice 
now  so  prevalent  among  joint  stock  banking  companies,  of  representing  their  capitals  as 
consisting,  not  of  what  has  been  actually  paid  up  by  the  shareholders,  but  of  what  they 
have  subscribed  tor.  Not  a  few  institutions  have  recently  been  set  on  foot  in  England,  pro- 
fesiiing  to  have  capitals  of  1,000,000/.,  2,000,000/.  or  more,  when,  in  point  of  fact,  their 
capital  does  not  really  consist  of  a  tenth  part  of  that  sum.  The  practice  is  to  organise  u 
company  with  some  5,000  or  10,000  shares  of  100/.  each  ;  but  it  is  perfectly  understood 
that  not  more  than  5  or  at  most  10  per  cent  of  each  share  is  to  he  called  up ;  and  if  more 
were  demanded,  it  is  most  probable  it  could  not  be  paid,  at  least  without  much  diflficulty. 
This  practice  is  pregnant  with  mischief.  In  the  first  place,  it  tends  to  deceive  the  public, 
who  imagine  there  can  be  no  risk  in  dealing  with  a  bank  professing  to  possess  1,000,000/. 
of  capital,  who  yet  might  hesitate  about  having  any  thing  to  do  with  it,  were  they  awnre 
that  the  capital  paid  into  its  coffers,  and  on  which  it  carries  on  business,  does  not  really 
exceed  50,000/.  or  100,000/.  In  the  second  place,  this  system  tends  to  deceive  the  mass  of 
the  partners.  These  are  tempted  to  embark  in  such  hazardous  concerns,  imagining  that 
tiu*y  are  to  be  large  shareholders  with  but  little  outlay,  and  that  they  will  derive  a  consider 


i 


(1! 


1  *'■ 


104    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

•M«  dlvMmul  opon  th«  nominal  amoant  of  their  iharM !  Wa  mlitake  If  a  good  many  laek 
peraona  be  not  in  the  eiid  grievouily  diiuppointMi.  Banking,  in  an  onlinary  atate  of  ihiiM 
U  not  a  buaineaa  in  which  large  proflta  can  be  nxuected.  It  la  true  that  many  banking  hoH* 
mada  ImnMnaa  auma  during  the  war,  but  thry  lUil  thia  more  aa  daalara  in  the  ftinda,  and  M^ 
ticularly  by  their  riie  on  the  return  of  prace,  than  aa  bankera.  But  It  la  needJeaa  to  uy  tkn 
no  prudently  conducted  banking  catabliahmvnt  will  now  count  much  upon  thIa  aonnt  of 
•molunietit  At  preaent,  the  dividend  on  the  atock  of  the  beet  eatablianed  Scotch  btnki 
taiiea,  we  believe,  from  about  S  to  6  per  cent ;  and  aa  they  might  inveat  their  capital  at  Si 
or  4  per  cent,  it  appeara  that  the  real  proflta  of  banking,  even  in  the  boat  managed  conenM, 
can  hardly  be  eatimated  at  more  than  from  1  j  to  S|  per  cent. 

It  ie,  beaidea,  a  radical  miatake  to  auppoae  that  any  banking  concern  can  ever  be  «||. 
bliahad  on  a  lolid  (nundation,  that  la  not  poueaaeil  of  a  pretty  large  amount  of  paid  «■ 
and  available  capitHl.  We  lielieve,  however,  that  Mverul  of  the  joint  ittKk  companin 
recently  eatabliahed  In  England  take  a  diflerent  view  of  Ihla  matter;  and  that  th#y  Inw 
more  to  depoaita  and  credit,  than  to  their  command  of  capital  of  their  own.  There  cm  b« 
no  objection  to  theae,  or,  indeed,  to  anv  aaaoriationa  whatever,  being  allowed  to  iaaue  nnta^ 
provided  ther  give  full  aecurity  for  their  payment;  but  government  and  pnrliamont  will  In 
alike  neglcrtnil  of  their  duty  to  the  public  if  they  do  not  take  immediate  atepa  to  compel  thii 
being  done ;  and  to  iccure  the  currency  of  the  country  from  being  ditturbcd  by  the  fraud, 
miamanagement,  or  insufficient  capital  of  its  isauers.  The  system  of  advertising  •uhscriM 
instead  of  paid  up  capitals  ought  also  to  be  put  an  end  to ;  nor  ought  any  association  to  bi 
allowed  to  sav  that  its  capital  exceeds  what  has  actually  been  paid  into  its  coflbrs. 

KumtmtihtHly  might  not,  in  any  Ctue,  to  be  limited.— Wo  proteat  against  the  propoiil 
for  allowing  the  partners  in  banks  not  imtuing  notea  to  limit  their  responsibility.  Such  i 
meaaure  would  bo  good  for  nothing,  except  to  servo  as  a  premium  on  every  species  of  fraud, 
What  check  would  there  ))e,  under  auch  a  syntom,  to  hinder  the  partners  of  a  bank  going  oa 
for  a  seriea  of  yeara  dividing  largo  profita,  when,  fwrhopa,  they  were  really  incurring  a  lou, 
until  every  farthing  of  iti  capital  and  deposits  was  almorhed  t  To  talk  of  aubjccting  luch 
persons  to  punishment  as  fVaudulent  bankrupts,  on  evidence  derived  from  their  books,  ii 
nlwurd  ;  fur,  supposing  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  parties  to  defraud,  they  might  easily 
keep  their  books  so  that  they  could  aflbrd  no  information  that  was  not  false  or  misleading. 
The  annexed  liHt  of  joint  stock  banking  companies  shows  that  there  is  no  disinclination  on 
tho  part  of  individuals  to  engage  in  such  concerns  even  with  the  present  unlimited  responn< 
bility.  And  the  way  in  which  some  of  thrni  are  conducted,  proves  sufficiently,  if  any  such 
proof  were  wanted,  that  the  serious  liabilities  incurred  by  the  partners  are  not  more  than 
enough  for  the  protection  of  tho  public.  To  lo^ixen  them  would  be  an  act  of  gratuitout 
folly.  If  we  are  to  mterfsre,  let  them  be  increased,  not  diminished.  But  in  the  case  of 
banks  not  issuing  notes,  enough  is  done  if  measures  be  taken  to  prevent  deception,  by  l(t< 
ting  the  public  know  the  portners  in  them,  and  making  sure  that  they  shall  have  no  meant 
of  evading  the  reaponsibility  attaching  to  their  engagements.  The  first  object  may  be  secured 
by  compelling  all  banking  aasociations  whatever  to  publish  annually  a  list  of  tho  names  and 
addresses  of  their  partners,  with  the  amount  of  their  paid  up  capital ;  and  to  accomplish  the 
latter  object,  we  have  merely  to  abstain  from  interference,  and  to  let  the  law  take  ita  natural 
course. 

Accounts  oflantea. — ^The  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  83.  directs  that  all  persona  or  aaaociationi 
carrying  on  bankini^  business,  and  issuing  promissory  notes  payable  on  demand,  shall  keep 
weekly  accounts  of  their  issues ;  and  shall,  within  a  month  of  each  of  the  quarters  eiuling 
with  the  1st  of  April,  lut  of  July,  Ist  of  October,  and  1st  of  January,  make  up,  from  the 
weekly  accounts,  an  average  account,  verified  on  onth,  of  thoir  isaues  during  the  preceding 
quarter,  which  ahall  bo  transmitted  to  the  Stamp-office  in  London.  Penalty  for  neglecting 
or  refusing  to  make  anJ  transmit  such  account,  SOOi!.  on  the  corporation,  company,  per- 
aona, dec.  issuing  the  notes,  and  100/.  on  tho  secretary  ao  offending.  The  wilful  sending  i 
fidse  return  to  be  punished  aa  perjury. 

Drawing  on  London. — The  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  83.  repeals  the  regulation  in  the  7  Geo. 

4.  c.^0.,  prohibiting  banks  with  more  than  6  partners  from  drawing  on  London  on  demand, 

or  otherwise,  for  sums  of  leas  than  50/. — §  3. 

No.  I. — An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Licenses  tnken  out  by  Country  Bankers  in  England  and 

Wales,  in  each  Yenr  since  1800. 


L 


Ton. 

Licoao. 

Tew. 

UnuM. 

Tnn. 

UeeuMt. 

Yean. 

Liceua. 

1MK> 

709 

1815 

9ie 

1831 

781 

1827 

(fi» 

1810 

7W 

I61« 

831 

1823 

776 

1828 

6-3 

1811 

778 

181T 

799 

1833 

779 

lb29 

677 

1813 

823 

1818 

763 

1824 

788 

IjiSO 

671 

18iS 

9ja 

1810 

787 

1825 

797 

1831 

641 

IBM 

MO 

1830 

769 

1836 

809 

1833 

636 

■ff.  B.— ThK  ynsrs  in  this  account  end  on  tha  lOtl)  of  October, 
di-wn  to  the  26th  of  Juno.  ;     ,,    ,,>•.-       'Vi:   -la  =■ 

Stamp  Office,  S6lh  of  June,  1833.  •'  v- 


The  account  for  1833  only  coomi 


Whitehaven  and  Feni 


Staaipi  and  Taxes, 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).      lOS 


H,  II —An  AMAnnt  of  til  PI«<^m  whtra  irnlliid  nr  Joint  Hlnek  Bunlii  hava  baiin  atlabllahail  nnrtar 
■iia  AM  TUao.  4.  e.  46„  loffiihAr  with  ihn  Nitmbar  n(  fartiK-*  ihornln  i  alio,  tha  Nominal  Capital* 
i7tMliiuell  Bank,  and  tha  Amoanl  of  Capital  paid  np.— (Farl.  ^ujrar,  No.  MM.  laaa.  it33.) 


ritf**- 


aimlMham  .  .  •  .       TlHi  Bank  of  Blrinlniham 

SmiI  -  ....       Tha  Bank  of  LWtrp<Mil    . 

II.M&.t*r  "rt  Bolton  ip.  Uneaahlra.  and  \jy^  b,„^  ,,  Manehtater 

IIMkpoll  In  Chaahlra  -  -  -     ) 

iMdltl        .  -  •  - 

lurntlar    -  -  •  • 

Bltminilwrn 
Bnilfiird,  Yof  kahlro 

BrHdfnrd,  Vorkibira 


Tha  Dank  of  WaalMorclanii 
Tha  Barnilsjr  Banklna  Companjr 
Th«  BIrniInf  bam  Uanalni  Company 
Tha  Bradford  Banking  Company 
The    firailfnrd    Commaretal   Joint   Btocli 
BankInK  Ciimpany 

BrMnI       .  -  .  -  -       Tha  RrlituI  Old  Hitiik       -  .  . 

Wnrklniton,      Cock*nnoiith,     Maryport,  ITha   Cumberland   Union    Hnnkinf   Com' 

Wlflnn,  Carllale  and  reiirllh  -  -     f    pany        ..... 

t'ttmrNrbar,.!!s'::i^^«'i;y::h- D^^^^^^^ 

lef  In  Yorkabira  )    inn^omimny    .... 

fliouceiler  .  •  .  .       The  nioiieciti>r«hlre  Bnnklnf  Company 

fTha  HnlKhx  Joint  Block  Bnnklni  Com- 


ilillfki      .  .  •  - 

IIiiiMBnflpId          -           -          - 
Kiivffhoroiigh,  Wethrrby,  RIpon,  Eaalng- 
wiild,  Ilelmiley,  Think,  BnronithbrlriKe, 
Muhim,  Pately  Bridfe,  Oiley  and  Hur 
ro|«t«                          .  _ 
Uncuter,  Ulveraton  and  Preaton 
Utii         .           .           -           .           • 
Ukttitt  and  Hinckley 
Citllila 


l     pnn 
The  lluddurifleld  Banking  Company 


} 


Tha  Knareiborougb  and 
Company 


Clare   Banking 


Tha  I^neniler  Bunking  Company 
Tha  Leodi  Banking  Company     - 
Tho  LeicHitcrihire  Bunking  Company 
The  tnith  Hnnkliig  Comnnny 
' '  The  Liverpool  CoMimercinl  Banking  Com- 


1 


pany 


Liverpool 

MiiKlMtier,  Liverpool,  Oldham,  Aihton, 

Warrington,  Bury,  Preiton,  Blackburn, 

and  wTgan,  In  I Ancaahlra  t   Btoeknort 

and  Nnntwicb  In   Cheahiro  {   Ilanley, 

8(alR>rd,  Cheadle,  Lane  End  and  Ruge- 

lef ,  In  Btaflbrdahire  i  Market  Drayton  in 

Hliropfhire,  and  Qloaaop  In  Uerbyahire. 
Mlrdeld,  Iluriderafleld,  wakefltild,  Uewa- 

bury  and  Dobcroaa 
Norwich,    BwalTham,    Foultham,     Eaat 

Dorahum,  Fakenbam,  Lynn,  Ilarleaton 

and  Walton,  in  Norfolk ;  and  Bungay  in 

Siurolk 
Newciitle-upon-Tyne  In  Northumberland,    North  of  England  Joint  Slock  Banking 

and  Sunderland  in  Durham.  Company  .... 

Plymouth,  Devonport  and  Kingabridgo       {  "^n",""*  V'^  Devonport  Banking  Com 

Saddlewortb,  Aabton  and  Oldham         -       Tho  Saddlowortb  Banking  Company 
Shellleld    .  -  -  ■  .       The  Sheffield  Banking  Company 

Sinmfbrd,  Spalding,  Market  Deeping,  Boa-" 


,The  Mnncheater  and  Liverpool  Diitrlct 
Banking  Company        .  .  • 


The  MIrfleld  and  Iludderafleld   DIalrlct 
Banking  Company        ... 

The  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Company        ... 


NiimlMr  et 
Vttnm*. 


.The  Stamfbrd  and  Spalding  Joint  Stock 
Bonking  Company        .  .  . 


ton,  Bourn  and  Grantham,  In  Lincoln' 

ihire;  Oundle,    Kettering,  Thmpatone 

and  Peterborough,  in  Nortbamptonahire ; 

Oakham  and   Uppingham,  In  Rutland- 

■hire;    Melton    Mowlray  and    Market 

Harbornush,  in  Leicesterihire ;    Hunt- 

infdnn  In  Uunta,  and  Whibeach  In  Com. 

btidgeahire  ^ 

Briatfll,   Bridgewater,    Taunton,    Chard,! 

Crewkcrne,  liminater,  Langport,  Wella,  ^Stuekey'a  Banking  Company 

Brnton  and  Shepton  Mallet.  J 

Walietleid     •..'■•       The  Wakefield  Banking  Company 

Whitehaven  and  Penrith  .  -    {"^'J^onJJai^y'''!''''"  ^."'"^  ^1°'*  .^"""' 

w»i,r<>.h„.nMnn  C  The  Wolverhampton  and   StafTordihire 

Wolverhampton  -  -  -    ^     Banking  Company 

York,  Malton,  Sclby,  Howden,  Scarbo-  )  The  York  City  and  County  Banking  Com 
rough  nnd  Goole  f    pany        ..... 

York,  Bridlington  and  Great  Driffield    -       The  York  Union  Banking  Company 


aos 

4S7 

178 

IN 
119 

WIS 
171 

131 
8 

198 


190 
173 

aw 


IM 

81 

490 
93 
14 

104 


8W 

313 
131 

S09 

133 
113 
154 

.  ■  /      ■ 

74 


13 

317 

339 

339 

986 
900 


Stanipi  and  Taxea,  Someriei  Place,  4th  of  July,  1833.  ,       / 

It  is  not  posaiblo  to  obtain  any  iiccurete  account  of  the  number  of  country  notes  in  circu* 
lation  at  (lifiercnt  pcrioda.    But  the  following  table,  drawn  up  by  the  late  Mr.  Mushet,  of 
the  Mint,  founded  partly  on  official  returns,  and  partly  on  the  estimates  of  Mr.  Sedgwick, 
late  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Stamps,  is,  so  far  as  it  goes,  the  most  complete  and  compre 
heosive  hitherto  published. 

*  Thh  department  ia  not  in  poaaenaion  of  any  Information  which  enablea  a  statement  to  be  mada 
u  to  the  nominal  capital  of  each  such  Bknk,  and  the  amount  of  capital  paid  up. 

14 


yii 


106    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

No.  III.— An  Account  of  the  Niimhcr  of  Country  Bank  Note*,  of  all  Denominittionii,  atninped  in  cjfh 
Year,  ending  Oct.  10.,  from  IbOt  to  1833  iiicliiBive,  with  the  rercentage  of  Incrunge  and  Uectctu 
comparing  eiicli  Year  witli  tlie  Year  prucudiiig ;  together  with  an  Eatiiiiata  of  tlin  Total  /Viiiouiiiin 
Circulation,  nccordliig  to  Mr.  Hcd^wick's  Tublca,  in  each  Yuiir,  ttom  1801  to  IH'ii  Inclueivi."  m 
the  Percentage  of  Incrcane  and  Decrease,  comparing  each  Year  with  the  Year  preceding,     ' 


The  Amount  of  Coun- 

n 

The  Amount  of  C'lun- 

The    Perwnl- 

The    Percpnt- 

try  Rank  NotM  in  Circu- 

The   Percent- 

■^e Ptital. 
'f  0'  Deciwi, 

try  Bank    N  •!«   of    all 

1^  of  lucre  ine, 

!$»  of  Di-'creau'. 

lation,  arcordinc  to  Mr. 

age  of  Increase. 

Yp.im. 

l)enomin:ition<    Bhinpwl 

c'lniparinr  fact, 
vear    with    the 

mniparinr  each 
vetr    with    the 

!>«)/!wick'i  TaMdt,  in 
Mih  year,   enilinr   Oct. 

coniparinjt  each 

eoniiiarini  od 

in  cell  year,  vi'dnir  Oct. 

year    with    the 

year  »ii|,  4, 
year  prtKeli,^ 

10.,  from  l!>04  1.1  Ib2j. 

year  preciiling. 

y&ir  prei-wliiix. 

10 ,  from  18U4  k>  Itij  in- 
cluaive. 

year  pro.-cdinj. 

1805 

11,312,113 

-■ 

1806 

11,180,-517 

1-2 

1807 

6,587,.'i98 

- 

42'S 

19,021,900 

"" 

1808 

8,fi,'i3.077 

23-8 

• 

16,871,524 

«            . 

6'3 

1809 

15,7!l7,a'*6* 

81-8 

. 

23,702,493 

40-5 

1810 

10,517,519 

- 

331 

23,893,808 

•8 

1811 

8,792,433 

. 

16-4 

21,453,000 

. 

I'6 

1812 

10,577,134 

20-3 

- 

19,914,000 

• 

7- 

1813 

12,015,509 

IU'2 

. 

22.597,000 

13-3 

1814 

10,773,r5 

. 

14'6 

22,7f9,000 

•s 

1815 

7,024,949 

. 

29-2 

19,011,000 

_ 

IG'3 

1818 

6,423,466 

. 

14-7 

15,000,000 

_ 

200 

1817 

9,075,958 

411 

_ 

15,898,000 

.53 

1818 

12,316,808 

35-7 

_ 

20„'in7,000 

29- 

1819 

0,1.S0,3I3 

. 

50-2 

17.306,875 

15-3 

1820 

3,574,894 

• 

417 

1I,707,;<91 

_ 

Sii'S 

.      1821 

3,987,582 

11-5 

. 

8,414,281 

. 

2!)'5 

1822 

4,217,241 

5-7 

- 

8,007,200 

_ 

41 

'       1823 

4.057,589 

10-4 

. 

8,79-1,277 

9- 

1824 

0.093,367 

30  8 

10,004,172 

20-5 

1825 

8,.532,4.18 

40- 

14,117,211 

23'4 

Mo.  IV.— An  Account  of  the  Valtie  of  Conntry  Bank  Notes,  of  all  Denominations,  stamped  in  eacli 

Year  from  1826  to  1832,  both  incliiaive. 

T«n. 

Value. 

Yean. 

Value. 

1826 
1827 

1829 
1829 

£ 

1,239,755 
1,970,.595 
2,842,1.10 
2,403,700 

1830 
1831 
1832 

£ 
1,9.5,5,430 
2,217,915 
1,751,685 

(Pari.  Paper,  No.  456.  Bess.  1833.) 
I   .V.  .B.— No  U.  and  V.  notes  were  stamped  after  the  3d  of  February,  1826. 

(Since  the  publication  of  the  2(1  cditiojn  of  tiie  Dictionary,  in  1834,  an  extraordinary  in- 
crease has  taken  plac«  in  the  number  of  joint  stock  banks,  both  in  Great  Britain  and  ia 
Ireland.  It  appears  from  the  official  return,  dated  the  4th  of  July,  1833  (Did.,  p.  99,),that 
there  were  then  34  joint  stock  banks  established  in  England  and  Wales ;  but  it  appears  from 
the  subjoined  account,  dated  the  26lh  of  November,  1836,  that  the  number  of  joint  stock 
banks  had,  in  the  interval,  been  very  nearly  trebled,  or  had  increased  to  101;  and  it  it 
deserving  of  notice,  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  tliis  rapid  increase  had  taken  place  during 
the  previous  part  of  the  year  1836.    The  progress  of  the  system  has  been  as  follows:  — 


1826,  there  were 

In  1830,  there  were 

In  1834,  there  were 

registered 

3 

registered 

1 

registered 

10 

1827         — 

4 

1831         — 

9 

1835        — 

9 

1828         — 

0 

1832        — 

7 

To  26  Nov.  1836      - 

42 

1829         — 

7 

1833        — 

9 

Total      -       - 

101 

We  should,  however,  form  a  very  inadequate  idea  of  the  extension  of  the  joint  stock  banking; 
system,  if  we  measured  it  merely  by  the  increase  in  the  number  of  banks,  as  stated  above. 
Many  of  the  older  banks,  and  even  of  those  established  within  the  present  year  (1836),  have 
from  30  to  40  or  more  branches,  or  subordinate  establishments;  ami,  as  these  carry  on  all 
sorts  of  banking  business,  and  are  frequently  very  far  removed  from  the  head  oflice,  anil 
from  each  other,  they  should  really  be  regarded  as  so  many  separate  banks,  so  that  the  num- 
ber of  tlie  latter  is  incomparably  greater  than,  at  first  sight,  it  may  appear  to  be. 

I'roceedinir.i  of  Jcdnt  Stuck  Banks. — We  regret,  however,  to  have  to  state  that  the  ro- 
liility  t)f  the  system  seems  by  no  means  to  correspond  with  its  power  of  extension.  Though 
the  joint  stock  banks  universally  almost  profess  to  have  immense  nominal  capitals,  their 
«ct.ually /7a/t/  up  and  really  available  capitals  are,  in  many  instances,  very  limited  indcoii; 
Biid  it  is  by  no  means  clear,  did  any  thing  occur  to  render  it  necessary  that  they  should  call 
for  any  considerable  additional  proportion  of  their  nominal  capital,  that  the  call  could  be 
rcspontlcd  to  by  the  proprietary  of  some  of  them  without  great  difliculty,  if  at  all.  They 
scorn,  also,  sjieaking  generally,  to  have  been  infinitely  more  anxious  to  increase  their  bu«i- 

*  In  ISOU,  the  duty  on  If.  notes  was  increased  front  3(/,  to  4rf.,  and  may  account  for  the  great  in- 
cieuiu  in  lliiit  year,  the  notes  bearing  a  3d.  stamp  buin);  no  longer  issuable. 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAIO.    107 

than  to  provide  for  that  Hecurity  which  ought  to  be  the  paramount  consideration. 
Hence  the  inordinate  multiplication  of  their  branches,  and  hence,  also,  the  extent  to  which 

anv  of  thom  have  carried  the  abusive  and  dangerous  practice  of  redlscimntini;;.  Nearly 
.  y.'fifUis  of  the  joint  stock  banks  issue  notes ;  and  the  subjoined  account  shows  that  their 
i^jues,  which  amounted  to  1,783,689/.  on  the  27th  of  September,  1834,  omounlcd  to 
„ggg  121/.  on  the  24th  of  Septemlier,  1836.  This,  no  doubt,  is  an  extraordinary  increase, 
more  especially  when  contrasted  with  the  issues  of  the  Bank  of  England,  which  were  re- 
(luwl  more  than  a  million  during  the  same  interval ;  and  must  have  had  a  powerful  effect  in 
nnxlucing  that  redundancy  of  the  currency,  and  drain  upon  the  Bank  for  gold,  that  has  re- 
cently taken  place.  We  should,  however,  fall  into  the  greatest  imaginable  error,  if  we  mea- 
sured the  influence  of  the  joint  stock  banks  upon  the  currency  by  the  mere  amount  of  their 
nole«  in  circulation.  These  really  constitute  but  a  very  small  portion  of  their  obligations. 
Most  of  them  have  been  in  the  habit  of  trading,  not  on  their  own  capital,  or  on  the  deposits 
made  with  them ;  but  on  credit  obtained  in  the  metropolis  and  elsewhere.  Instead  of  retain- 
in"  the  bills,  and  other  securities  they  have  discounted,  in  their  coifers  till  they  arc  paid, 
many  banks  have  been  in  the  habit  of  immediately  forwarding  them  to  London  to  be  redis- 
couiited  at  a  lower  rate  of  interest.  This  practice  has  been  carried  to  an  extent  that  would 
not  readily  be  imagined  by  any  one  not  pretty  well  acquainted  with  the  circumstances. 
But,  though  recourse  may  properly  enough  be  had  to  assistance  of  this  sort  on  extraordinary 
ocrasions,  no  bank  can  be  justly  said  to  be  established  en  sound,  or  to  be  conducted  on  safe, 
principles,  that  trusts  habitually  to  such  accommodation.  It  is  always  at  the  mercy  of  cir- 
cunistances  over  which  it  has  no  control,  and  is  not  really  more  secure  than  a  house  of 
cards.  While  pecuniary  accommodation  may  be  had  readily  in  the  metropolis,  the  system 
(roes  on  smoothly ;  but  should  prices  begin  to  give  way,  or  credit  sustain  any  sort  of  shock, 
distrust  takes  the  place  of  confidence,  and  the  usual  supplies  are  no  longer  to  be  had.  The 
provincial  banks  being  m  consequence  disabled  from  making  their  ordinary  advances  to  their 
customers,  the  latter  are  necessarily  involved  in  ditnculties  that  are  frequently  as  injurious 
to  *.he  banks  as  to  themselves.  Such  has  hitherto  been  the  invariable  result  of  the  abuse  of 
banking,  or  of  the  granting  of  undue  facilities  for  the  obtaining  of  credit ;  and,  instead  of 
being  lessened  by  the  formation  of  joint  stock  banks,  they  seem  to  have  materially  increased 
the  chances  of  such  disasters  in  future.  The  circumstances  connected  with  the  difficulties 
in  which  the  Northern  and  Central  Bank  of  England,  and  some  of  the  other  joint  stock 
banks,  have  recently  been  involved,  sufficiently  illustrate  what  has  now  been  stated ;  but 
they  are  too  well  known  to  our  readers  to  require  to  be  recapitulated  here. 

But  there  are  other  and,  if  possible,  still  more  suspicious  circumstances  connected  with  the 
existing  joint  stock  banking  system.  The  shares  in  the  greater  number  of  the  recently 
formed  and  projected  banks  are  very  small,  few  being  above  SO/.,  while  others  are  only  25/,, 
and  some  not  more  than  10/.,  and  even  6/. !  Generally,  too,  it  ia  understood,  or  rather  it  is 
distinctly  set  forth  in  the  prospectus,  that  not  more  than  5, 10,  or  20  per  cent,  of  th(  3e  shares 
]i  to  be  culled  for ;  so  that  an  individual  who  has  10«.  or  20«.  to  spare,  may  become  a  share- 
holder in  a  liank.  And,  owing  to  a  practice,  or  rather  a  flagrant  abuse,  introduced  into  the 
management  of  various  banks,  by  which  they  make  large  advances  or  discounts  on  the  credit 
of  the  stock  held  by  the  shareholders,  not  a  few  individuals  in  doubtful,  or  even  desperate, 
circumstances  take  shares  in  them  in  the  view  of  obtaining  loans  and  bolstering  up  their 
credit !  The  great  danger  arising  from  such  banks  is  obvious ;  and  where  one  of  thom  to 
stop  payment,  it  is  plain,  even  though  the  claims  on  it  should  be  ultimately  made  good,  that 
they  could  be  so  only  at  the  cost,  and,  perhaps,  ruin  of  such  of  its  proprietors  as  had  ab- 
stained from  the  abusive  practices  resorted  to  by  others.  It  may  well,  indeed,  excite  asuv 
nisiiraent,  thit  any  one  who  can  really  afford  to  make  a  bona  fide  purchase  of  shares  in  a 
bank  should  be  foolhardy  enough  to  embark  in  such  concerns. 

Report  of  Committee  of  1836. — A  knowledge  of  the  citcumstancos  now  stated,  and  of 
the  sort  of  agency  by  which  certain  joint  stock  banks  had  been  established*,  having  been 
pretty  generally  diffused,  a  secret  committee  was  appointed  by  the  House  of  Commons,  in 
18.16,  to  inquire  into  the  operation  of  the  act  7  Geo.  4.  cap.  40.,  permitting  the  establishment 
of  joint  stock  banks ;  and  whether  it  was  expedient  to  make  any  alteration  in  its  provisiioris. 
The  report  of  this  committee,  and  portions  of  the  evidence  taken  before  it,  have  since  been 
|iublishcd,  and  confirm  all  the  conclusions  of  those  who  had  contended  that  the  existing  sys- 
tem required  material  amendment.    The  committee  slate  that, — 

"Sulijoct  to  the  local  rnsfrictions  imposed  for  the  protection  of  the  priviJpjfe  of  tlin  B;\nk  of 
Englmiil,  il  is  op'ii  to  any  niiinhcr  of  persons  to  form  a  company  for  joint  stock  banking,  whi.'lhur  for 
111;!  purpose  of  deposit,  or  of  issue,  or  of  both. 

"  1.  The  l;nv  imposes  on  tlie  joint  stock  banks  no  preliminary  nbliuation  beyond  the  payment  of  a 
licence  iluty,  and  the  riiitistralion  of  the  names  of  shnrchnlders  at  the  Stamp  Ortice. 

"2.  Thii  liivv  does  not  require  that  the  deed  of  settlement  shall  be  considenMl  or  revised  by  niiy 
fompotent  aiilhotity  whntever ;  imd  no  precaution  is  taken  to  enforce  the  insertion  in  suth  deeds  oiP 
tijusi'sthc  most  obvious  nnd  necessary. 

♦  Tor  instances  of  this,  see  Edinburgh  Rerie.w,  No.  188.  art.  0.,  and  the  acftount  of  the  Norwich 
Dank  in  Itw  eviJeuuj  tul(on  by  the  Secret  Committee.. 


I! 


li'   ; 


H' 


1      i 


]      ' 


■rnJ}.' 


i.M'ii 


V 


*h 


1 1 


108    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

"  3.  The  law  doei  not  Impoie  any  rfstrictiona  upon  the  nmntint  of  nnmlnnl  capital.  Thb  wiU  b 
found  to  vary  fVom  S,000,OOOJ.  to  100,000{. ;  and  in  one  instance  an  unlimited  power  ii  reserved  of 
tosninf  aharei  to  any  extent. 

"  4.  The  law  doei  not  impoie  any  obligAtton  that  the  whole  or  anv  certain  amount  of  ibnreiiiiik 
be  lubicribed  for  befbre  banking  operation!  commence.  In  many  InBtancaH  bnnki  commenu  the! 
busiineia  before  one  half  of  the  iharra  nre  subocrihed  for,  and  10,000,  80,000,  and  3O,0OC  aharei  tl 
reserved  to  b«  iiiued  at  the  diicretion  of  the  directors. 

"  9.  The  law  do(s  not  enforce  any  rule  with  respect  to  the  nominal  amount  of  shares.  Theieiri 
be  (bund  to  vary  from  1,000<.  to5<.    The  elTKCts  of  this  variation  are  strongly  stated  in  the  evideoce 

"  6.  The  law  does  not  enforce  any  rule  with  respect  to  the  amount  of  capital  paid  up  before  uii 
commencement  of  business.    This  will  be  found  to  vary  from  lOSf.  to  5/. 

"  7.  The  law  does  not  provide  for  any  publication  of  the  liabilities  and  asaeta  of  these  banks,  u 
does  it  enforce  the  communication /af  any  balance-sheet  to  the  proprietors  at  large. 

"  8.  The  law  does  not  impose  any  restrictions  Iw  which  cnre  sliall  be  taken  that  dividends  are  ptU 
out  of  banking  profits  only,  and  timt  bad  or  doubtful  debts  are  first  written  off.  ^ 

"  9.  The  law  does  not  prohibit  purchases,  sales,  and  speculative  traffic  on  the  part  of  these  comii, 
nies  In  their  own  stock,  nor  advances  to  be  made  on  the  credit  of  their  own  slmrvB. 

"  10.  The  Inw  does  not  provide  that  the  guarantee  fUnd  shall  be  kept  apart  and  invested  in  goveri. 
ment  or  other  securities. 

"11.  The  law  does  not  limit  the  number  of  branches  or  the  distance  of  such  branches  from  iik 
central  bank. 

"  12.  The  law  is  not  sufficiently  stringent  to  insure  to  the  public  that  the  names  reglsitered  at  tli« 
Stamp  Office  are  the  names  of  persons  bonajide  proprietors,  who  have  signed  the  deed  of  tettlemegt, 
and  who  are  responsible  to  the  public. 

"  13.  The  provisions  of  the  law  appear  Inadequate,  or,  at  least,  nre  disregarded,  so  fnr  as  tbey  to. 
pose  up>in  banks  the  obligation  of  making  their  notes  payable  at  the  places  of  issue. 

'*  All  these  separate  questions  appear  to  your  committee  deserving  of  the  most  serious  coniiilen. 
tion,  with  a  view  to  the  future  stability  ot  the  banks  throughout  the  United  Kingdom,  the  niaiaie. 
nance  of  commercial  credit,  and  the  preservation  of  the  currency  in  a  sound  state." 

Remedial  Measures  that  should  be  adopted.— We  do  not,  however,  think  that  it  woalij 
be  at  all  necessary,  in  providing  for  a  secure  system  of  joint  stock  banking,  to  make  an; 
regulations  with  respect  to  many  of  the  points  noticed  by  the  cotnmittce  as  to  which  the  law 
is  silent  At  present,  every  partner  in  a  joint  stock  bank  is  liable  to  the  public  for  the  whole 
debts  of  the  firm ;  and  this  may  be  truly  said  to  be  the  cardinal  principle  of  the  system,  and 
without  which,  it  would  be  an  unmixed  evil.  No  individual  should,  however,  by  metelj 
withdrawing  from  a  joint  stock  concern,  get  rid  of  his  liabilities  in  connection  with  it  To 
prevent  fraud,  and  to  insure  due  caution,  these  ought  to  continue  fur  a  period  of  three  jetn 
at  least  after  he  has  publicly  withdrawn  his  name.  The  public,  too,  are  clearly  entitled  to 
know  the  partners  in  joint  stock  associations,  that  is,  to  be  informed  who  the  individuals  are 
with  whom  they  are  dealing,  and  who  are  responsible  to  them.  But,  unluckily,  no  effective 
means  are  taken  for  supplying  the  public  with  this  necessary  information,  or,  consequcntlj, 
of  properly  discriminating  between  one  establishment  and  another.  The  act  of  1833  (3& 
4  Will.  4.  c.  83.)  directed  that  an  account  of  the  places  where  they  carry  on  business,  and 
of  the  names  and  residences  of  the  partners,  should  be  quarterly  transmitted  to  the  Stamp 
Office.  But  doubts  have  been  entertained  as  to  the  correctp.ow  of  these  returns,  and  com- 
paratively little  use  has  been,  or,  indeed,  can  be,  made  of  them.  The  accounts  of  the  namet 
and  residences  of  the  proprietors  are  not  published ;  but  are  carefully  secluded  from  the  public 
eye  in  the  repositories  of  Somerset  House !  It  is  true  that  these  lists  may  be  seen  by  those 
who  choose  to  apply  at  the  office,  for  a  small  fee,  and  that  certified  copies  may  be  procured 
at  no  great  expense.  But  few  know  that  such  returns  exist;  and  fewer  still  have  the  op- 
portunity, or  think  of  availing  themselves  of  them  as  sources  of  information.  To  render 
them  of  any  real  utility,  they  should  be  brought  under  the  public  eye,  by  being  hung  up  ia 
the  offices  of  the  banks  to  which  they  refer,  and  periodically  published  in  the  newspaper) 
of  the  places  where  they  carry  on  business.  By  this  means  the  public  would  know  exacti; 
to  whom  they  had  to  look,  and  would  act  accordingly.  They  would  not  be  deceived, 
as  they  are  liable  to  be  at  present  by  supposing  that,  because  a  bank  has  a  number  of  part- 
ners, somo  of  them  must  be  opulent  and  trustworthy.  They  would  know  the  precise  staf 
of  the  fact;  and  if  it  were  seen,  from  the  quarterly  returns,  that  opulent  and  intelligent  indi- 
viduals were  withdrawing  from  any  bank,  every  one  would  be  put  on  his  guard,  and  would 
naturally  conclude  that  the  parties  had  very  sufficient  reasons  for  quitting  the  concern.  Tliui 
far  publicity  may  be  made  effecttial  and  would  be  of  the  very  greatest  importance.  Neither 
is  it  possible  to  allege  a  single  plausible  objection  to  this  proposal.  It  interferes  in  no  degree, 
nor  in  any  way,  with  the  proceedings  of  the  parties :  all  that  it  docs  is  to  declare  who  and 
what  they  are ;  and  to  this  degree  of  publicity  no  honest  man  will  over  object. 

But  we  have  great  doubts  whether  it  be  possible  to  carry  pubUcity  farther  than  this.  The 
committee  state  that  "  the  law  does  not  provide  for  any  publication  of  the  liabilities  and  assets 
of  the$«  banks,  nor  does  it  enforce  the  publication  of  any  balance-sheet  to  the  proprietors  at 
large ;"  and  it  has  been  proposed  to  compel  the  periodical  publication  of  a  statement  of  thii 
sort  but  it  is  very  questionable  whether  any  such  publication  would  not  be  a  great  deal 
worse  than  useless.  It  is  not  proposed  that  commissioners  should  be  appointed  to  inspect 
the  accounts  of  tho  different  banks,  and  to  see  that  the  returns  are  accurate :  this  would  be 
too  inquisitorial,  too  cumbrous,  and  too  costly  a  plan  to  be  thought  of  for  a  moment.  There 
would  be  nothing  for  it,  in  fact,  but  to  trust  entirely  to  the  honour  of  the  parties  !  Hence, 
in  all  cases  ux  which  a  disclosure  would  be  really  useful,  the  publicatiou  of  aii  account  of 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCUL).    10« 

(Mcte  mil  liabilities  would  afibnl  the  inoaiw  of  deceivVf  'h.  public,  and  of  repreMntiny  > 
(ankrapt  concern  aa  being  in  a  proaperous  condition.  Suppoaing,  however,  that  the  partiea 
were,  in  *"  inatancea,  perfectly  honoat,  atill  the  publication  of  a  balance-aheet  would  be  good 
for  nothing.  Every  one  knows  how  aanguine  people  are  in  relation  to  their  own  aiTalH ; 
mi  that  debta  and  obligaliona  that  other  partiea  would  hardly  reckon  worth  any  thing,  are 
•gtimited  by  them  aa  if  they  were  ao  much  bullion.  But,  independently  of  this,  the  futility 
of  the  thing  ia  obvioua.  A  bank  with  a  capital  of  100,000^  diacounts  billa  and  other 
obligations  to  the  extent,  perhaps,  of  300,000il  or  400,000/. ;  the  fact  that  it  haa  discounted 
Ihem  shows  that  it  believes  these  bills  and  obligations  to  be  good;  and  they  will,  conse- 
guenlly,  be  reckoned  among  its  assets.  But  should  a  revulsion  take  place,  or  any  circum- 
glance  occur  to  shake  credit,  these  bills  may  not  )je  worth  100,000/.;  and  those  who  have 
dealt  with  the  bank,  on  the  hypothesis  of  its  having  capital  and  assets  more  than  enough  to 
meet  all  its  obligations,  will  find,  to  their  cost,  that  it  is  not  possessed  of  a  single  shilling, 
but  is,  on  the  contrary,  some  200,000/L  or  300,000/.  worse  than  nothing ! 

The  conmiittee  seem  to  think  that  some  regulation  ahould  be  enacted,  providing  that  a 
certain  portion  of  ita  capital  ahould  be  paid  up  before  a  bank  beg^s  business.  But  we  incline 
to  think  that  the  better  way  would  be  to  prohibit  all  advertising  of  nominal  capitals;  and  to 
enact  that  the  capital  actually  paid  up,  whatever  its  amount,  shall  always  be  represented  as, 
and  helJ  to  be,  the  capital  of  the  bank.  But  though  such  a  regulation  were  made,  there 
would  be  no  security  that  the  capital  said  to  have  been  paid  up  had  really  been  paid  into  the 
cofiera  of  the  bank,  or  that,  if  received,  it  had  not  again  been  lent  out,  in  one  way  or  another, 
to  the  partners.  Perhaps  it  might  be  good  policy  to  enact  that  no  shares  should  be  issued 
under  a  certain  sum,  as  60/.;  and  that  no  loans  should  be  made  to  the  partners  on  the 
credit  of  their  stock.  But  we  should  not  be  inclined  to  lay  much  stress  on  the  first  regular 
lion,  and  the  latter  might,  and  no  doubt  would,  be  defeated  in  a  thousand  ways. 
Wa  are  decidedly  hostile  to  a  proposition  we  have  heard  mooted,  and  which  seems  to  be 
!  rountenanced  by  the  committee,  for  obliging  all  banks  to  establish  a  guarantee  fund ;  that  is, 
for  obliging  them  to  accumulate  a  portion  of  thtir  proJUt  as  a  reserve  stock.  But  where  ia 
the  security  that  such  reserve  would  be  always  deducted  from  profits  1  The  truth  b,  that 
bankrupt  and  fraudulent  concerns,  and  none  else,  would  gain  by  such  a  regulation ;  inasmuch 
»8  it  would  enable  them,  by  appearing  to  be  prosperous,  the  better  to  deceive  the  public, 
and  to  blind  them  as  to  the  real  state  of  their  afiairs.  It  is,  plainly,  worse  than  absurd 
to  depend  on  guarantees  that  cannot  be  enforced,  and  which,  consequently,  must  be  good  for 
nothing.  Tho  knowledge  of  who  the  partners  are  in  a  bank,  and  their  unlimited  responai* 
bility,  are  the  only  securities  that,  speaking  generally,  are  good  for  any  thing.  If  these  can- 
not protect  the  public  from  fraud  and  loss,  nothing  else  will ;  and  the  question  will  come  to 
be,  not  whether  the  system  should  be  reformed,  but  whether  it  ought  to  be  entirely  abo- 
lished. 

We  have  already  noticed  the  extraordinary  multiplicatbn  of  branch  banks  all  over  the 
country ;  and  it  b  not  very  difficult  to  discover  why  banks  of  issue,  at  least,  are  ao  very 
aniiflua  about  the  establishment  of  these  outworks.  They  ar»  bound,  it  seems,  by  the  pre- 
sent law  to  pay  their  notes  only  at  the  parent  establiahtnent  /  so  that,  by  issuing  them  at  a 
branch  bank,  perhaps  a  hundred  miles  distant  from  the  head  bank,  the  chances  are  ten  to 
one  that  they  will  continue  for  a  much  longer  period  in  circulatioa,  and  that  they  will  con- 
tequently  be  able  to  carry  on  business  with  a  much  less  amount  of  capital,  than  if  they  were, 
as  they  ought  to  be,  obli^  to  pay  their  notes  at  the  branches  as  well  aa  at  tho  principal 
office.  It  ia  obvioua,  indeed,  that  the  convertibility  cf  the  paper,  even  of  first  class  banks, 
into  either  cash  or  Bank  of  England  notes,  is  at  present  exceedingly  imperfect ;  and  that 
rery  great  facilities  are  afibrded  for  getting  the  worst  class  of  notes  into  circulation,  and  for 
keeping  them  afloat,  even  after  their  quality  may  be  suspected.  This  defect  in  the  law 
ought,  L.  doubtedly,  to  be  amended,  by  obliging  all  banks  that  issue  notes  to  pay  them  in- 
differently at  any  of  their  ofiices.  But  we  incline  to  think  that  parliament  might  go 
further  than  this:  and  that  it  should  enact  that  no  branch  be  esti^lished,  whether  for 
the  issue  of  notes,  or  otherwise,  beyond  a  certain  distance  (say  fifty  miles)  firom  the  head 
office. 

Several  of  the  points  recapitulated  by  the  committee,  aa  to  which  the  law  is  silent,  respect 
the  rights  and  interests  of  the  partners  in  joint  stock  banks,  in  relation  to  each  other,  and  not 
as  between  them  and  the  public  But  it  is  always  a  very  difficult  matter  to  interfere  to  dic- 
tate the  footing  on  which  parties  in  any  undertaking  ahould  stand  among  themselves.  Much 
•hould,  in  such  cases,  be  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  parties ;  and  public  regulations,  if 
enforced  at  all,  should  only  go  to  prevent  obvious  and  acknowledged  abuse ;  the  parties  may, 
in  most  cases,  be  safely  left  to  take  care  of  themselves.  The  protection  of  the  public  interest 
is  the  paramount  consideration ;  and  we  do  not  well  know  what  can  be  done  to  efiect  this, 
in  the  case,  at  least,  of  such  banks  as  do  not  issue  notes,  other  than  the  making  known  who 
their  partners  are. 

Suppremon  of  the  Notea  of  Country  Banks. — ^The  Committee  have,  we  are  sorry  to  say, 
omitted  all  reference  to  what  ia  by  far  the  moat  prominent  evil  in  our  banking  aystem — wn 
Vol.  I.— K 


i     " 


\%\\ 

^.;'' 
t'' 


B 


110     BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

mean  the  power  conceded  to  all  private  and  joint  stock  banks  and  companies,  whether  «i|||  I 
or  witliout  property  or  character,  to  issue  paper  money  or  notes  payable  on  demand,  tiiik. 
out  Irt  or  hindrance  of  any  sort.     We  have  elsewhere  endeavoured  to  show  (Dletionan  n 
72.)  that  parties  issuing  notes  ought,  in  alt  cases,  to  be  obliged  to  give  security  for  their  isiiii,. 
but  further  experience  and  reflection  have  satisfied  us  that  this,  though  a  vast  improvemml 
on  the  existing  system,  would  not  be  enough,  and  that  nothing  will  suffice  short  of  the  i)i» 
iition  of  all  private  notes.    Till  this  be  done,  or  till  the  sole  power  of  issuing  paper  moger 
be  committed  to  the  Dank  of  England,  or  to  some  one  body,  the  country  will  necesgsriit  |^  I 
exposed  to  those  perpetually  recurring  fluctuations  in  the  quantity  and  value  of  monev  twj 
are  productive  of  the  most  pernicious  consequences,  and  which  go  far,  indeed,  to  impact  to  f 
all  industrious  undertakings  a  sort  of  gambling  character.    At  present,  the  currency  !■  g^ 
plied  by  hundreds  of  individuals  and  bodies,  all  actuated  by  different  and  frequently  con. 
Aiding  views  and  interests.     The  issues  of  the  Bank  of  England  are  wholly  governed,  u 
those  of  the  empire  ought  to  be,  by  the  state  of  the  exchange,  or  rather  by  the  influx  andd 
^ux  of  bullion — increasing  when  it  flows  into,  and  decreasing  when  it  flows  out  of  tht 
country.     But  the  issues  of  the  provincial  banks  are  not  regulated  by  any  such  standjtj 
but  exclusively  by  the  state  of  credit  and  prices  in  the  district  in  which  they  happen  tobi  I 
situated.     If  their  managers  suppooc  that  these  are  good  or  improving,  they  rarely  hesiutc 
about  making  additional  issues.     Hence,  when  the  state  of  the  exchange,  and  the  (lemaml 
on  the  Bank  of  England  for  bullion,  shows  that  the  currency  is  redundant,  and  ought  to  bi ' 
contracted,  the  efTorts  of  the  Bank  to  effect  its  diminution  are  often  impeded,  and  mctb;i 
contrary  action  on  the  part  of  the  country  banks.    This,  in  fact,  has  been  very  remsrkahlr 
the  case  during  the  last  few  months.    The  excessive  multiplication  of  joint  stock  banks,  the 
great  additions  they  made  to  the  amount  of  notes  afloat,  and  the  still  greater  addition  the; 
made  to  the  number  of  bills,  checks,  and  other  substitutes  for  money,  occasioned  a  redun- 
dancy of  the  currency,  a  fall  of  the  exchange,  and  a  drain  upon  the  Bank  for  gold.   But 

■  while  the  Bank  of  England  was  narrowing  her  issues  by  8U{>plying  Iho  exporters  of  bullion 
witli  gold  in  exchange  for  notes,  the  country  banks  went  on  increjising  their  issues!   Whit 

■  the  former  did,  by  contracting,  on  the  one  hand;  the  latter  more  than  undid,  by  letting  outon 
the  other.    The  vacuum  created  by  the  withdrawal  of  Bank  of  England  paper  was  im. 

'  mediately  filled  up,  and  made  to  overflow,  by  the  issue  of  a  more  than  equal  amount  of 
provincial  paper ;  so  that  had  it  not  been  for  the  rise  in  the  rate  of  interest,  and  the  other  re- 
pressive measures  adopted  by  the  Bank,  tlie  probability  is,  (hat  she  might  have  gone  on  pay- 
'  ing  away  bullion  for  notes,  till  she  was  drained  of  her  last  sixpence,  without,  in  any  degree; 
affecting  the  exchange !     But  this  is  not  all.     Not  only  do  the  country  banks  almost  uni 
'  Tcrsally  increase  their  issues  when  they  ought  to  be  diminished,  but  the  moment  they  ui  I 
*  Compelled  to  set  about  their  reduction  they  run  headlong  into  the  opposite  extreme.   Tbe  | 
ciy  of  5auve  quipmt  then  becomes  all  but  universal ;  and,  provided  they  succeed  in  secur- 
ing themselves,  little  attention  is  usually  paid  to  the  interests  of  those  they  have  taught  to 
look  to  them  for  help. 

Were  the  Bank  of  England  the  sole  issuer  of  notes,  she  would  be  able  to  regulate  tlie 
'  currency  without  the  least  difBculty,  and  without  preying  more  upon  London  than  upon  tuij  I 
'  other  part  of  the  country.  If  from  any  circumstances  the  currency  became  redundant,  and 
'there  were  a  drain  upon  the  Bank  for  gold,  then,  as  there  would  be  no  other  description  of  | 
'  paper  to  come  into  the  place  of  that  brought  to  the  Bank  to  be  exchanged  for  gold,  the  ctit- 
rency  would  be  in  so  far  contracted,  and  the  drain  checked,  without  the  reduction  bcin;  I 
carried  beyond  the  required  limit.  But  at  present  the  efforts  of  the  Bank,  or  rather  of  tbe 
public,  who  carry  notes  to  her  for  payment,  to  effect  a  contraction  of  the  currency,  are,  inthe 
first  instance,  invariably  counteracted  by  the  country  banks ;  and  when  the  latter,  in  co^ 
aequcnce  of  the  increasing  difficulty  of  obtaining  pecuniary  accommodation  in  London  arc, 
in  the  end,  obliged  to  pull  up,  the  chances  are  ten  to  one  that  the  contraction  is  carried  to  u 
improper  extent.  A  revulsion  of  this  sort  seldom  nccma  without  destroying  some  of  the 
provincial  banks ;  and  the  alarm,  or  it  may  be,  panic,  that  is  in  consequence  apt  to  bo  pro- 
duced, may  lie  very  injurious  to  the  best  established  and  best  managed  banks,  and  even  to 
the  Bcnk  of  England  herself.  In  fact,  we  have  no  idea  that  it  will  bo  posniblc  for  tiic  iatlei 
and  the  country  banks  to  go  on  together  on  their  present  footing.  As  matters  now  s  ami, 
the  Bank  of  England  may  be  brought  at  any  time  into  the  greatest  jeopardy  by  the  proceed- 
ings of  parties  over  whom  she  has  no  sort  of  control.  The  over  issue  of  tho  provincial  bank.' 
by  depressing  tho  exchange,  drains  the  Bank  of  gold ;  and  then  their  discredit,  and,  porhap 
failure,  may,  by  exciting  a  panic,  bring  her  to  a  stand  still !  Provided  banks  of  deposit  b( 
established  on  sound  principles,  there  cannot  be  too  many  of  them.  But  it  is  quite  other 
wise  with  banks  of  issue.  The  more  they  are  multiplied  the  greater  is  the  chance  of  fluclua 
tion  in  their  issues,  and  consequently  in  prices,  credit,  and  so  forth.  Had  the  Bank  of  Eo; 
knd  been  the  sole  issuer  of  paper,  the  crash  of  1825-26,  and  the  difficulties  of  the  past  jegr 
never  would  have  been  heard  of.  They  grew  entirely  out  of  the  competition  and  proceed- 1 
tngs  of  the  provincial  banks,  and  are  in  no  degree  whatever  ascribable  to  any  thing  elit\  | 
(loraestic  or  foreign. 


Ajhton-under-tyne 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).    Ill 

PrlwUe  Banks. — ^It  may  be  thought,  perhaps,  that  the  unprecedented  increase  in  the  nnm- 
ner  of  joint  stock  banks  will  have  been  productive  of  a  corresponding  decline  in  the  number 
fnrivate  banks,  or  of  those  having  six  partners  or  under;  but  such  lias  not  been  the  case. 
The  latter,  no  doubt,  have  decreased,  some  having  been  abandoned,  while  others  have  been 
converted  into  joint  stock  banks,  but  not  to  the  extent  that  might  have  been  anticipated.  In 
1833  S98  licences  were  granted  to  private  banks;  in  1834, 5S0 ;  in  1835,  579 ;  and  in  the 
nrcsent  year  (1836),  down  to  the  18th  of  June,  559  licences  had  been  granted.  The  issues 
of  the  private  banks  are  seen  in  the  table  below. 

I  Olflcial  Return  of  ull  Plncca  where  United  or  Joint  Stncic  Banks  have  been  established  under  the 
Act  7  Geo-  •*•  •'•  ^^- '  ^''''  '*"'  Dates  when  such  Banks  respectively  were  established,  and  the  Num- 
ber of  Partners  therein,  down  to  the  S6th  of  November,  1:^30.  Subjoined  is  the  paid  up  Capital  of 
certain  Banks,  according  to  the  Returns  rendered  to  the  Secret  Committee  of  1838. 


FllCM. 


Ashton-under-Lyne   - 

Barnsley 

Birmingliani    - 

Liverpool        -  "    _  . 

M.iiichestcr,  Stockport,  Bolton, 

nnd  Newton 
Caermartlien  - 
Stockport 
WBlsall  and  Cannock 

Kendal  and  Ulverston 

Bilston 

Birmingham  - 

Birmingham  - 

Birmingham  - 

lolton  -  -  - 

Bradford 

Ditto   -  -  - 

Bristol .         -  - 

Bury    .         -  - 

Bury  and  Heywood    - 

Carlisle  and  Wlgton  • 

Cheltenham    - 

Cheiterfleld    - 

Manchester,  Preston,  Burnley, 
gkipton,  Birmingham,  Cbes 
ter,  Leek,  Burslem,  Liverpool, 
Blackburn,  Ashbourn,  Rocb  - 
dale,  Shrewsbury,  Ellesine'e, 
I'ttoxeter,  Whitchurch,  Han- 
ley,  Newport,  and  Ludlow 

Gloucester,  Cheltenham,  Bur- 
ford,  Cirencester,  Faringdon, 
Tetbury,  und  Uursley 

Coventry        -  -  . 

Ditto   .... 

Workington,  Cockermoutb,  Ma- 
rypnrt,  Wigton,  Carlisle,  and 
Penrith 

Darlington,  Stockton,  Stokes- 
ley,  Barnard  Cnstle,  NorthnI 
lerton,  Bedale,  Egglestone, 
Durham,  Masham,  Yarm, 
Thirsk,  Ilartlf^pool,  Gisbo- 
roujih.  Bishop's  Auckland, 
Broiigh  and  Slngihaw 

Derby,  Ashbourn,  and  Belper 

Plpnouth,  Devonport,  Kings 
bridge,  TotncBS,  Bodmin,  Ash 
burton,  St.  Austell,  Liskeard, 
Dartmouth,   Newton   Abbot, 
Eicter,  and  Collunipton 


Iluae  of  tlie  Bank. 


Date  whni  nt*- 
bliilieiL 


Ashton,  Stnleybridge,  Hyde, 

and  Giossop  Banlc. 
*BarnBlcy  Banking  Company 
*Bank  of  Birmingham 
Bank  of  Liverpool 
*Bank  of  Manchester 

*Bank  of  South  Wales     . 

Bank  of  Stockport 

*Bank  of  Walsall  and  South 
StaflVirdshire. 

•Bank  of  Westmoreland  - 

*Uilston  District  Banking 
Company. 

Birmingham  and  Midland 
Bank. 

Birmingham  Town  and  Dis- 
trict Diinking  Company. 

Birmingham  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

Button  Joint  Stock  Banking 
Company. 

♦Bradford  Banking  Company 

♦Bradford  Commercial  joint 
Block  JIankIng  Company 

♦Bristol  Old  Bunk  - 

Bury  Banking  Company   - 

Bury  and  Heywood  Banking 
Company. 

♦Carlisle  and  Cumberland 
Banking  Company. 

Cheitcnhum  and  Gloucester- 
shire Bank. 

*  Chesterfield  and  North  Der- 
byshire Banking  Company 

( 'ommercial  Bankof  England 

yi. 


♦County  nf  Gloucester  Bank 


Coventry  and  Warwickshire 

Banking  Company. 
Coventry    Union     Banking 

Company. 
♦Cumberland  Union  Banking 

Company. 

♦Darlington    District    Joint 
Stock  Banking  Company. 


I 


♦Derby  and  Derbyshire 
Banking  Company. 

♦Devon  and  Cornwall  Bank- 
ing Company. 


18  June,  1836 

25  Jan.  1832 

2  Aug.  1S32 
23  April,  1831 
10  Mar.  1839 

26  Feb.  1835 

3  May,  1836 
10  Aug.  1839 

8  June,  1833 
31  Aug.  1836 

18  Aug.  1830 

4  July,  1836 
30  Sept.  1829 
30  May,  1830 

7  July,  1827 

27  Feb. 1833 

16  June,  1826 
14  June,  1836 

17  Sept.  1836 

5  Oct.  1S36 

19  May,  1830 
21  Dec.  1831 

1  July,  1834 


1  Aug.  1830 

13  Dee.  1835 

12  May,  1830 

13  Mar.  1829 

22  Dec.  1831 


Number 

nt 
Partoen. 


i"i: 


28  Dec.  1833 
31  Dec.  1831 


328 

118 
227 
441 
553 

7 
390 
113 

154 

140 


314 

311 

160 

173 
160 

8 
101 
48 

S33 
99 
98 

444 


273 

361 
158 
152 

247 


204 
140 


Paid  op  CapilsL 


£  t.d. 
t 

25,150  0    0 

73,785  0    0 

258,100  0 

500,000  0 


31,850    0    0 
25,000    0    0 

S0,9?0    0    0 


50,000    0    0 


77,300    0    0 
44,100    0    0 


15,000    0    0 

33,200    0    0! 

260,005    0    0 


35,000    0    0 
28,050    0    0 

55,435    0    0 


20,000    0    0 
40,380    0    0 


11    s 


!  mJI"  '"'u!?"  '?  wh'ch  an  asterisk  (♦)  Is  prefixed,  issue  notes  payabto  to  bearer  on  demand, 
t  Where  blanks  are  left  no  returns  have  been  made. 


■  11  |i 


m 


112    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

Table  I.— c«ii(iiiu«<. 


■.'  \h«\' 


Dudley  ud  Weitbromwleh  • 

Norwieli,Oreat  Tsrmouth,  Ipt^ 
wleh,  SwaShkin,  Lynn,  Eait 
Dareham,  Fouliham,  Faken- 
ham,  Harleiton,  Eye,  Sax- 
nuiBdliain,  Banfay,  Watton 
Loweitoir,  Becclei,  DUi,  Bu- 
ry 8t.  Edmund'i,  North 
Waliham,  and  FramUngham 

Swanaea  and  Neath 

Gloueaiier   >         •         - 

Gloueeiter,  Stroud,  Newnham, 
Eveiham,  Tewkesbury,  Cbel- 
tenbam,  Newent,  Cambden, 
Alceiter,  Perihore,  Reddltch, 
Btockley,  Moreton,  Cirencei- 
ter,  and  Wlncheorob 

Haliflts  and  Hudderifletd 

Halifax 

Ditto    ... 

Southampton,  Fareham,  Bum- 
aey,  and  Btoekbridfe 

Helston 

Hereford,  Roia,  I<eomln*ter, 
Ledbury,  Kinfton,  Hay,  Mon- 
mouth, Ck>lerord,  Bromyard, 
and  Abergavenny 

Holywell  and  Mold    . 

Httdderifleld,  Holmflrtkt  and 
Brigbouie 

Bull,  Barton,  Beverly,  Brigg, 
Qalniborough,  Ooole,  Grims- 
by, Lincoln^  Louth,  South 
Cave,  Caistor,  Market  Baisin, 
Retford,  Howden,  SBaUb,ana 
Market  Weighton 

Knaresborougf,    Ripen,    We 
therby ,  Easugwold,  Hemaley , 
Thirsk,  Borougiriiridge,  Ma- 
sbam,  Pateley  Bridge,  Otley, 
and  Harrogate 

Lancaster,  Dlvefstone,  and 
Preston 

Leamington  Prion     - 

Leamington  Priors,  Bouthan, 
Warwick,  Kenilworth,  and 
Banbury 

Leeds  .... 

Ditto    .... 

Leeds,  Harrogate,  Pudsey^ 
Heckmondwicke,  and  Brad- 
ford 

Leicester,  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
Hinckley,  Market  Harbo- 
rough,  aud  Melton  Mowbray 

Carlisle 

Litcbfleld,  Bugeley,  and  Tam- 
worth  , 

Lincoln,  Gainsborough,  Louth, 
Horneastle,  Brigg,  Market 
Raisin,  Caistor,  Sleaford,  Al- 
ford,  Spilsby,  Epworth, 
Grimsby,  Partney,  and  Bet- 
ford  , 

Liverpool 

Ditto    ... 

Ditto    ... 

Ditto    ... 

Manchester,  Ltverpool,OIdham, 
Warrington,  Ashton-under- 
Lyne,  Uury,  Blackburn,  Wi- 
gan,  Prcatoa,   Btataybridge, 


•Dttdltfvand  Weatbronwlcb 

Banking  Companv. 
*East  of  England  Bank 


Glamorganshire       Banking 

Company. 
Gloucester  County  and  Oky 

Bank. 
*Oloucestershire      Banking 

Company. 


HallAis  and  Huddersfleld 
Union  Banking  Company 

Haliflix  Commercial  Banking 
Company. 

*Hal!(hx  Joint  Stock  Bank- 
ing Company. 

*Hampshire  Banking  Com- 


NaM«(lk«lnk. 


twtmtm' 


NuBibtr 

nr 

Fuumi. 


aoDecisa 

97  Feb.  mo 


^^^'- 


*Helston  Banking  Company 
^Herefordshire        Banking 
Company. 


*BalyweU  Bank,  North 
Wales. 

*HuddersfleId  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

*Hull  Banking  Company 


*Knaresborough  and  Clare 
Banking  Company. 


•Lancaster    Banktng  Cont- 

paay. 
•Leamington  Bank 
•Leamington     Priora     and 

Warwickshire      Banking 

Company. 
•Leeds  Banking  Company 
Leeds  Commercial  Banking 

Company. 
•Leeds   and    Weft    Riding 

Banking  Company. 

•Leleestersliire       Bankinc 
Company. 

•Leith  Banking  Company 
Litchfield,     Bugeley,      and 
Tamworth  Banking  Com- 
pany. 
•Lineola  and  Uadny  Bank- 
Company. 


r 


Liverpool  Borough  Bank 

Llverjiool  Commercial  Bank- 
ing Ooip  "^tiy. 

Liverjv'  ji  '  Tradea«en's 
Ban... 

Liverpool  United  Trades' 
Bank. 

•Manchester  and  Liverpool 
District  Bank. 


8  Sept.  18M 
31  Dec.  1834 
38  June,  1831 


Minne,  1638 

31  Jun9,  1830 

11  Nov.  1830 

39  April,  1834 

4  Aug.  1830 
A  Aug.  1830 

a  Nov.  1834 

7  June,  1837 

30  Nov.  1833 


14  Sept.  1831 


9  Oct.  1890 

8  May,  1839 
37  Aug.  1839 


99  Nov.  1833 
91  June.  1830 

98  Nov.  1835 


«  Aug.  1830 


93  Nov.  1897 
31  Nov.  1886 


MAof.  MM 


98  June,  1830 
39  Dee.  1889 

33  Mar.  1030 

19  May,  U30 

90  Nov.  1899 


IW 
034 


83 

93 

305 


173 

178 

141 

0 
300 

7 
335 
347 


100 


m 

157 

135 


451 
390 

lot 

101 

88 
930 


900 
903 

643 

319 

1,054 


hid 


•PCipta 


^       t.i 

XfiU  0  t 

7i,7a  10  0 


10,730  0  0 
100,000  0  g 


M,«»  0 
34,170  0 


OS,QO0  «  0 
43,jl00  0  0 


48,000  0  0 

95,710  0  t 
33,030  9  0 


110400  S  0 
45,000  0  0 
7,80}  0  0 

90,000  DO 
90,000  0  0 


«44,«I0  0  0 
40,030  0  0 

749,000  0  t 


Newcistle-upon-Tyi 

Newcastle-upon-Tyr 
and  South  Shields 
land,  and  Durham 

Newcaatle-upon-Tyi 

Norwich,  Swaffham, 
Eaat  Dereham,  I 
Lynn,  Harlestan,Bi 
Watton 

Liverpool,    Dolgelly, 
Machynlleth,      Ab 
Holywell,  Wrexhai 
li,  Bala,  Denbigh, 
Llanidloes,  Ruthin, 
Faitbiioi,   Mold, 
Ht.  Asaph,  Chester 
von,    Llangefni, 
Welcbpool,  and  An 

NewcBstle-upon-Tyii 
derland,  North  Shi 
wick-upon-Tweed, 
Hexham,  South  Shi 
ham,  and  Bishop's 

Manchester,  Bolton,  I 
tlieroe,  Liverpool, 
St.  Helen's,  Presto 
Caernarvon,  Bake« 
ter,  Birmingham,  Bi 
gleton,  Knutsford, 
field,  Nortbwlch, 
Halifax,  Clecklieatc 
ley,  Leeds,  Sheffle 
field,  Denbigh, 
Evesham,  Worces 
well,  Mold,  Leomii 
tin^ham,  Oswesti 
Shrewsbury,  W 
Wellington,  Tami 
Grantham 

Northampton,  Davei 
lin;borou;h, 
Tbrapstone,  Pet 
Oundic,  Hyham 
Stamford,  Spalding 
ket  Harhorough 

Northampton,  Dnve 
Wellingborough 

Newcastle-upon-Tyi 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).    113 

Table  l.—eontinuid. 


Fbca. 


Rocbdale,  Hyde,  Blockport, 
Nantwlcb,  Hanley,  «taffl>rd, 
Biirilem,  Leek,  Laue-End, 
CheAdle,  Runley,  Market 
Drayton,  and  Gloasop 
Manchuter    -  -  - 

Huddenfleld,  De  wibury.Wake- 
!    fleld,  and  Bradford 
Newpurt,     Ponty-Pool,     Uak, 
Chepitow,  and  Cardiff 

Noitingham    ... 

Aberyatwlth,  Birmingham,  Bre- 
con, Uandovery,  Hay,  Bath, 
Shepton  Mallet,  Boaton,  Cat- 
tle Gary,  Somerton,  Bldeford, 
Houtbmolten,  Torrlngton, 
Bury  St.  Edmund'i,  Chelten- 
hm,  Cardiff,  Bridge-End, 
Dunley,  Olouceiter,  Here- 
ford, Honiton,  Stowmarket, 
Ipiwich,  Woodbridge,  Lich- 
field, Bugby,  Tiverton,  Wal- 
Mll,  Wisbeach,  Wbltileiea, 
Chatterii,  Long  Sutton,  Wor- 
eiiter,  Ledbury,  Wotton-un- 
der-Edge,  Yarmouth,  Bristol, 
Norwich,  Lelueiter,  and  Dol- 
lelly 

Nevcaitle-upon-Tyne 

Newcaitle-upon-Tyne,  North 
and  South  Shields,  Sunder- 
land, Hnd  Durham 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne 

Norwich,  Swaffham,Foulshani, 
East  Dereham,  Fakenhani, 
Lynn,  Harleston,  Bungay,  and 
Walton 

Liverpool,  Dolgelly,  Bancor, 
Hschynlletb,  Aberystwlth, 
Holywell,  Wrexham,  Pwllhe- 
li, Bala,  Denbigh,  Oawestry, 
Llanidloes,  Ruthin,  Llanrooat, 
Faitinlof,  Mold,  Newtown, 
8t.  Asaph,  Chester,  Caernar- 
von, Llangefni,  Conway, 
Welchpool,  and  Amlwch 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Sun- 
derland, North  Shielda,  Ber- 
wick-upon-Tweed, Morpeth, 
Hexham,  South  Shields,  Dur- 
ham, and  Bishop'a  Auckland 

Manchester,  Bolton,  CoLie,  Cli- 
theroe,  Liverpool,  Ormakirk, 
St.  Helen's,  Preston,  Bangor, 
Caernarvon,  Bakewell,  Ches- 
ter, Birmingham,  Bri8tol,Con- 
(leton,  Knutsford,  Maccles- 
field, Nortbwich,  Nantwich, 
Halifax,  Cleckheaton,  Keight- 
ley,  Leeds,  Sheffield.  Wake- 
field, Denbigh,  Wrexham, 
Evesham,  Worcester,  Holy- 
well, Mold,  Leominster,  Not- 
tingham, Oswestrv,  Wem, 
Shrewsbury,  Whitchurch, 
Wellington,  Tamworth,  and 
Grantbam 

Northampton,  Daventry,  Wel- 
lingborough, Kettering, 
Thrapstone,  Peterborough, 
Oundle,  Hyham  Ferrars, 
Stamford,  Spalding,  and  Mar- 
ket Harborough 

Northampton,  Dnventry,  and 
Wellingborough 

Newcaatle-upon-Tyn*  i 


Nuw  of  Hit  Buk. 


Manchester      and     Sal  ford 

Bank. 
•Mirfleld  and  Hudderafleld 

Banking  Companv. 
Monmouthshire  and  Olanor- 

gansbire  Banking  Compa- 
ny. 
*Moore  and  Boblnson'a  Not 

tlnghamshire        Banking 

Company. 
♦National   Provineial  Bank 

of  England. 


*NeweBttle        Commercial 

Banking  Company. 
♦Newcastle,    Shields,     and 

Sunderland    Union   Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne  Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 
•Norfolk  and  Norwich  Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 


North   and    South    Wales 
Bank. 


-.■a-vs'^" 
North  ofEngland  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Company. 


♦Northern  and  Central  Bank 
ofEngland. 

i 


1  jStlLSC 


Northamptonshirs   Banking 
Company. 


Northamptonshire       Union 

Bank 
Northumberland  and   Diir' 

iiam  District  Banking  Com. 

15 


DtttwhnMts- 

blltbnL 

Numlitr 
hrtnn. 

19  June,  1838 

955 

30  Dee.  183S 

903 

38  July,  1830 

960 

13  July,  183e 

98 

97  Dec.  1833 

487 

18July,18M 

318 

11  July,  1830 

430 

27  June,  1830 

130 

31  Mar.  1837 

195 

SOAprU.lSSe 

390 

98  Nov.  1839 

971 

19  Mar.  1891 

1,904 

.-•yi. -•,-45.4  5, 

iffi\  ■  ■ 

33Ma]r,1830 

9N 

13  Hay,  1830 

404 

S3  Hay,  1830 

404 

Vtii  tf  CspiM. 


:4. 


390.000   0   0 


.1  ..»    P! 


95,000   0   0 


940,000   0   0 


711,800   0   0 


-    ..I.-V       ! 

-    :•■    ! 

'.     ! 


n 


^i, 


114    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PR0^1N0IAL> 

Table  I cmtinuid. 


riicM. 


Melkahnm,  Dovizei,  Drndrnrd, 
Trowbrldge,Culnn,Weiitbiiry, 
CliipiHuiham,  WMminiter, 
and  Comlmm 

NottiiiKlinin,  Newnrk,  Mani- 
fleld,  uiid  i.mifililHirniigh 

LulceHter,  Hiiicklny,  l.niiKhbo- 
rouyh,  and  Mellon  Mowbray 


Liverpool         .  -  - 

Saddleworth,  Aihton,  and  Old- 

hnm 
Bhetticld  and  Rotherham 
Shemeld         ... 

Sheffieldand  Rotherham 


Shiflhal,  Wnningtnn,  Newport, 
and  Oialbronk  Dale 

Manchester     ... 

Btnmford,  Spalding,  Ronton, 
Oundle,  Rourn,  Market  Deep- 
ing, 8pilgby  Hurgh,  Wainfleet, 
Bwineshcdd,  Peterborough, 
Ilolbeach,  Oakham,  and  Up- 
pingham 

Stourbridge,  Kidderminiter, 
Htrutf>ird-upon-Avon,  Ilen- 
ley-in-Arden,  Rromigrove, 
Redditch,  Bhipgton-on-Stnur, 
Chipping  Norton,  AlceBter, 
and  Moreton-in-Mnrah 

RriHtol,  Axbridge,  Bridgewater, 
Taunton,  Wellington,  Crew- 
kerne,  Chnrd,  Ilnilnster, 
Langport,  Wcllfi,  GListon- 
bury,  Bhepton  Mallet,  Bniton, 
Wlncanton,  Selwood,  Fronie, 
Caitle  Cary,  Veovil,  Bam' 
well,  Weaton'Ruper-Mare, 
Williton,  Martock,  Somerton, 
South  Petbeitoo,  and  Uchea- 
ter 

Sunderland     • 


Liverpool        ... 

Manchester     ... 

Wakefield       ... 

Warwick,  I^eamington,  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon,  Boulham, 

Henley-in-Arden,  and  Bhip- 
Rton-on-Stour 

Bristol,  Bath,  Barnstaple,  Ex- 
eter, Swansea,  Taunton, 
Bridgewater,  Cardiff,  New- 
port, Wells,  Olaitonburv, 
Bideford,  Merthyr  Tydvll, 
Stowey,  Oalverton,  Williton, 
Axbridge,Somerton,  Llanelly, 
and  Sidmouth 

Salisbury,  Warminiter,  De- 
vizes, Bradford,  westbu- 
rv,  Trowbridge,  Melksham, 
dalne,  Chippenham,  Marlbo- 
rough, Swindon,  Malmesbury, 
Wootton  Bassett,  Cricklade, 
Frome,  Yeovil,  Wincanton, 
Chard,  Crewkerne,  Taunton, 
Glastonbury,  Wells,  Bhepton 
Mallet,  Bruton,  Bridgewater, 
Dorchester,  Blandford,  Wim- 
tmrne,  Wareham,  Poole, 
Bridport,  Lyme  Regis, 
Bhanesbury,  Sherborne, 

Weyhill,  Highwortb,  Ludger- 
■hall,  Mere,Weymouth,  Stur- 
minster,  Beaminster,  Mel- 
borne  Port,  Fordingbridge, 
Christchurch,  Lymlngton,  and 
SinfwooA    r.-,'    f/ftiPH 


NuMof  dwBuk. 


*North  Wills  Banking  Com- 
pany. 


^Nottingham  and  Notling' 
iiamshire  Uiinking  Cum. 

*Pares's  I.i'lccstershire 

Bur.king  Coniponjr,  or  the 
Leiceiiteriliire  Union 

Bunking  Company. 

Rnyal  Bank  of  Liveritool 

*Saddleworth  Banking  Com. 

*Bhefneld  Banking  Com. 

Bhefllold  and  Hnllnmshtre 
Banking  Company. 

Shelfleld  and  Rotherham 
Joint  Stock  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

Shropshire  Banking  Com 
pany. 

South  Lancashire  Bank 

^Stamford  and  Spalding  .lolnt 
Stock  Banking  Company. 


*Stourbridge  and  Kiddermin- 
ster Bunking  Company. 


*Stuekey't  Banking  Ctoa 


Sunderland      Joint     Stock 
Banking  Company  for  De- 
von and  Cornwall. 
Union  Bank  of  Liverpool 
Union  Bank  of  Manchester 
•Wakefield  Banking  Com. 
•Warwick  and  Leamington 
Banking  Company. 


•West  of  England  and  South 
Walei  District  Bank. 


•Wilt*  and  Dorset  Banking 
Company. 


jTrtrVr;-?    w.'  'It**-,! 


.!-,rn'J         (.ti. 


D>l<  whan  M)4- 
klulwd. 


0Nov.  1835 

19  April,  1834 
IS  Mar.  1630 


SO  April,  1836 
30  June,  1833 

94  June,  1831 
90  May,  1836 

as  June,  1830 


37  May,  1838 

93  May,  1836 
28  Dec.  1831 


0AprU,ie34 


«  Oct.  1828 


4  Aug.  18S6 


9  May,  183S 

6  May,  1836 

35  Oct.  1833 

10  Sept.  1834 


39  Deo.  1834 


Nuinbtr 

»r 

Firlmn. 


isa 
n 

IS 


9tS 
114 

993 

738 

334 


977 

778 
6S 


933 


3S 


11  Jan.  1S30 


toe 


S93 
308 
193 
133 


460 


485 


titV  ■-# 


P»lil  up  Cipiui. 


xm  0  0 


69,610  0  0 
1S,8S4  0  0 


91,1)80  0  0 
99,650  0  II 

7S,8U  0  0 


44,000  0  0 


43,000  fi  0 


60,000  0  0 


44,840  0  0 
31,310  0  0 


909,883  10  0 


49,672  10  0 


Wrnnport,  Plymo 
Kln||ibrldge,Credlti 
Tnlpimoiith,  1 
Holiworthy,  Falmo 
lance,  Truro,  Hels 
rnth.St.  Ives,  and  ( 

Whitebaven  and  Pen 

Wolverbampton 


York,  Mttlton,  Bolby, 
Hcnrhornngh,  Boroi 
and  Onnle 

York,  Driffield,  Bur 
Malinn,      Ilelniils' 
Mnoraldge,  Pickari 
lln^nn,    Market 
and  Tadrnster 

York,  Whilby,  Welhi 
caalir,  Sherbnrn, 
Pickering,  Maltnn 
rniith,  Burlington, 
Pocklinginn,  Qool 
mnnraide,  Bedale,  f 
routhbridge.  Knar* 
Hnll,  Wakefield,  1 
Gaiingwold,  Thlrnk 
lerton,  Hawes,  Bki 
Beverley 

LeeilA.  York,  Hull, 
Halifax,  Doncastei 
Thirak,  Malton,  Pn 
BradfDrd,  Pontcfra 
Knareaborough,  Hu 
Beverley,  Darlingt 
mond,  and  Dewsbui 

N.  B.  "TheMirfleld 
Banking  Company ;"  t 

II.  A  Return  of  Joint  » 
(lie  several  Towns  an 
Number  of  Partners 


Joint  Stock  Buki. 

1.— The    Hibernian 
Stock  Company.^ 

l.-Ttae  Northern  Bi 
Company. 


>  }.— The  Provincial  Bi 
I    Ireland. 


4.-The    Btlfhat    Bi 
Company. 


*  This  bank  does  not 
did,  however,  register 
taken  from  the  registry 

Stamps,  Ireland,  Apr 


fit 


BANKS  (ENGLISH,  PRIVATE 

,  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

U5 

Tabit  l.—€tnUnut4. 

niM. 

NiasotOwBaik. 

Ma  wlini  nta. 
UMM. 

Munlar 
FvtiMn. 

raid  ap  Capiui. 

■ 

KeTMiport,  Plymouth,  Totnei, 

*WeaUni  DIstrlet  Banking 
Company  for   Devon  and 
Cornwall. 

1  Sept.  ISM 

m 

£      t.  d. 

Kln(tibrldre,br«'JH''n,  Eieter, 

Telinmoiith,         TorrlBjton, 
Holiworthy,  Falmouth,  Pen- 

, 

lance,  Truro,  H«lilon,  Red- 

ruth, 8t.  Ivei,  nndCalllngtnn 

Wliitebaven  and  Penrith 

•Whitehaven    Joint    Stock 
Hanking  Company, 

9S  May,  1890 

330 

38,090   0   0 

Wolverhampton 

*Wolverhanmtnn  and  fllaf- 
fordshlre    Banking    Com- 

38  Dec.  1831 

338 

S0,00U   0   0 

Yorli,  Mttltnn,  Solby,  Rowden, 

♦YVirk "  City    and     County 
Banking  Company. 

3  Mar.  1830 

367 

75,000   0    0 

Bcnrhorough,  Boroughbridge, 
and  GnolB 
York,  Driffield,  Bury,  Think, 

*York  Union  Banking  Com- 

33 April,  1833 

377 

57,450   0    0 

Maltnn,      Ilelmiley,      KIrby 
Mnorildge,  Pickering,  Pnck- 

pany. 

* 

llnfton.    Market   Welglitnn, 

and  Tadmiler 

York,  Whitliy,  Wetherby,  Tad- 

Yorkshire  Agrirultural   and 

37  July,  1830 

004 

cait«r,    Sherbiirn,   Howden, 

Coiiimereial  Banking  Com- 

Pickering,   Malton,   flearbo- 

pany. 

roiiRh,  Burlington,   Driffield, 

Pocklinjion,    Goole,    Klrby- 

monrsldit,  Dednle,  KIpon,  Ho- 
rnuehbridge,  Kniiresborough, 

Hull,  Wakefield,  Dnncaiter, 

Enilngwold,  Thlrak,  Northal- 

, 1 

lerton,  Hawea,  Bkipton,  and 
Deverl«y 
Lenda.  York,   Hull,    Sheffield, 

•Yorkshire  District  Dank 

30  July,  1834 

080 

311,110   0   0 

Halifix,    Doncaatnr,     Belby, 

Tlilrak,  Malton,   Pocklington, 
Bradford,  Pontcfrnct,  Ripon, 
Knarcabornueh,  Iludderefleld, 

\ 

Beverley,    Darlington,  Rich- 

mond, and  Dewtbury 

N.  B.  "The  Mirflflid  and  Hudderafleld  Banking  Coinpnny"  la  now  culled  "The  Weit  Riding  Union 

'. 

Banking  Company ;"  the  name  of  the  bank  havlni  been  changed. 

II.  A  Return  of  Joint  Stock  Bank*  In  Ireland!  with  the  Datea  of  their  Eatnbllahment,  the  Namea  of 

tbe  Bevernl  To  wna  and  Placet  whore  such  Banki  and  their  Uranchei  have  been  eatabliihed,  and  th< 
Number  of  Partnerv  in  each. 

Joint  Slock  Btnln. 

Wbn  wtiUliM. 

Toiriu  nivl  PUcm  whm  the  Ranka  or  Qwlr 
UnDchn  have  bta  aUililiihnl. 

Numbar 

of 
IVtiian. 

l.-The    Hibernian     Joint 

By  special  Act,  6  Geo. 

Dublin 

SSS 

Stock  Company.* 

4.  c.  ISO. 

3.-Tbe  Northern  Banking 

Slst  of  December,  1634 

Belfltst.                Ballymena. 

308 

Company. 

i 

I.lahiirne.             Cnlernine. 
N.  T.  Limavady.  Magherafelt. 
I.urgnn.                Armagh. 
Downpatrlck.       Londonderry. 

1  },— The  Provincial  Bank  of 

Slat  of  Anguat,  1895   - 

Armagh.              Athlone. 

044 

' 

1    Ireland. 

Baltlnn.                Ballymena. 
Bnlly  shannon.     Banbridge. 

1 

* 

Bandon.              Belflist. 
Cavan.                 Clonmel. 
Cflleralne.            Cork. 
Downpatrlck.      Dun(?annon. 
Dungarvan.         Ennls. 
Enniskillen.         Oalway. 

■  ■     '■  (■. 

1 

■  ;  .  •. 

- 1   ,  f    .  i  ■ 

Kilkenny.             Limerick. 
Londonderry.      Lurgan. 

.-  1 

1      -   -'•,..■    >■    , 

-    -^     :    A>, 

.■■_,*■, 

Mallow.               Monaghan. 
Moneymore.        Omagh. 

V*      t      i 

•»   ,'(       .  ^f 

Parsonstown.      Bllgo. 

Btrabano.             Tralee. 

Waterfnrd.           Wexford 

Youghall. 

Relftist.                Coleratne 

4.-The    BelAit    Banking 

1818 

303 

Company. 

(.       ^'i^  . 

Rollymoney.        lx>ndonderry. 
Ballymena.          Lurgan. 
Dungannon.         Cookstown. 

Armagh.              Banbridge. 

*  Thia  bank  does  not  tame  notei,  and  la  not,  therefore,  required  to  make  a  registry  at  this  office :  1 

I 

did,  however,  register  its  Arm  and  poitnera  to  18B5,  and  the  number  of  tbe  partners  above  given  ia 

taken  from  the  registry  then  made. 

Btamps,  Ireland,  AprU  19, 1890.               ,      ,  ^                   J.  8.  Ooopn,  Compt.  and  Acct.  OenL 

u  I';; 


no 


17 


BANKS  (SCOTCH)."  "''*'^2)  ''•''^^>'^ 


W 


Table  II.-«mMiimiI. 

MdI  stock  Bute 

WhWMUIIllMi. 

TewM  UNl  riMM  wlwn  IIm  iMki  w  Mr 
BrmDcba  htv*  bMn  taUUiihal. 

NMto 

9.— The   AgrlculliirnI    and 
nnminercml      Bunk      or 

38th  of  October,  1834. 

Nanagh.              Ennli. 

xm 

Bandon.               Cnitlobar. 

Ireland.* 

i 

New  Rnii.           Ennlicorthy. 
Limerick.             Tuam. 
Rnacroa.              Hklbbereen. 

Killariioy.            Birabane. 

1 

Mallow.               Kilkenny. 

Cork.                    Longford. 

Bnlllna.                Oalway. 

1 

Mtrokeitnwn.       Kilruvh. 
Biilllnailoe.         Tlpperary. 
Fermoy.               Bllgo. 
Boyle.                  Parionitown. 
Londonderry. 
Carrlck-on-Bulr.  Clonmel. 

0  -Th«   National  Bank  of 

S4III  of  January.  1839. 

230 

Ireland. 

, 

Thiirlei.               Caaliel. 
Cork.                   Ennlicorthy. 
Kilkenny.             Longford. 
Tlpperary.           Fermoy. 

1                            A 

'    .■    '        '^ 

MItohelitown.      Iloicrea. 

;>  ■       .  .            1    '    '  -     ■     ■ 

' 

Trslee.                Cahlrclvaen. 

1.                 .       ( 

Dingle.                 Klllarney. 
Llitowell.             Watvrford. 
Uungnnnon.         New  Rnii. 

7.— The  Limerick  National 

17th  of  Auguit.  1839. 

Limerick.             Kllruih. 

W 

Dnnk  of  Irnlanil. 

Charleville. 

8.— The     Uliier     Banking 

19lh  of  April,  1836.     - 

Belfkit 

117 

Company. 

1 

Account  of  the  uirBregnte  nmonnt  of  Notei  cir'  i :'nted  In  Rnsland  and  Walei  by  Private  Hanki,  and 
by  Joint  Htnrk  liiiiiks  and  their  Brnnchci ;  di  'iinguiihing  Private  from  Joint  Stuck  Banki.— (From 
Returni  directed  by  3  &  4  Will.  4.) 


Qiinrtera  end! 

rrivita  Baiilu. 

Joint  Mock  Buki. 

Tom. 

ng                                   £ 

£ 

£ 

38  Dec.       1833     - 

8,83«,8n3 

1,319,301 

10.1.^3,104 

39  March,   1834     • 

8,733,400 

1,498,437 

10,101,837 

38  June,     - 

8,875,709 

1,613,887 

10,518,683 

37  Sept.      - 

8,370,433 

1,783,680 

10,154,113 

38  Dec.       . 

8,5.17,659 

3,133,173 

10,650,828 

38  March,  1839     . 

8,331,300 

3,188,054 

10,420,160 

97  June,     - 

8,459,114 

3,484,ftJr 

10,930,801 

36  Sept.      - 

7,813,587 

3,508,036 

10,430,623 

36  Dec.       - 

8,331,863 

3,780.991 

11,131,414 

30  March,   IS-W      - 

8,393.894 

3,004,039 

11,417,910 

3SJune,     - 

8,614,133 

3,988,064 

13,302,106 

34  Sept.       - 

7,000,131 

3,960,131 

11,733,945 

Sup.) 
IV.  BAWicg  (Scotch). 

The  act  of  1708,  preventin;;  uiore  than  6  individuals  from  entering  into  a  partnership  for 
carrying  on  the  hurineaa  of  banking,  did  not  extend  to  Scotland.  In  coniequence  of  this 
exemption,  several  banking  companies,  with  numerous  bodies  of  partners,  have  always  existed 
in  that  part  of  the  empire. 

Ban/c  of  Scotland. — ^'I'his  institution  was  projected  by  Mr.  John  Holland,  merchant  of 
London,  and  was  established  by  act  of  the  Scotch  parliament  (Will.  3.  Pari.  1.  §  5.)  in 
1693,  by  the  name  of  the  Guvcmor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland.  Its  orii^nal 
capital  was  1,200,000/.  Scotch,  or  100,000/.  sterling,  distributed  in  shares  of  1. 000/.  Scotch, 
or  83/.  6».  Sd.  sterling,  each.  The  act  exempted  the  capital  of  the  bank  from  all  public 
burdens ;  and  gave  it  the  exclusive  privilege  of  banking  in  Scotland  for  2 1  years.  The  objecta 
for  which  the  bank  was  instituted,  and  its  mode  of  management,  were  intended  to  be,  and 
have  been,  in  most  respects,  sin.ilar  to  those  of  the  Bank  of  England.  The  responsibility  of  ttie 
•hareliolders  is  limited  to  the  amount  of  their  shares. 

The  capital  ofthe  bank  was  itKreased  to  200,000/.  in  1744;and  was  enlarged  by  subsequent 
acU  of  parliament,  the  last  of  which  (44  Geo.  3.  c.  23.)  was  passed  in  1 804,  to  1 ,500,000/.,  ito 
present  amount  Of  this  sum,  1,000,000/.  has  been  paid  up.  The  last  mentioned  act 
directed  that  all  sums  relating  to  the  affitirs  of  the  bank  should  henceforth  be  rated  in  sterling 
money,  that  the  former  mode  of  dividing  bank  stock  by  shares  should  be  discontinued,  and 
that,  fur  the  future,  it  should  l>e  transferred  in  any  sums  or  parcels.  On  the  union  of  the 
two  kingiloms  in  1707,  the  Bank  of  Scotland  undertook  the  recoinage,  and  efifected  the 
exchange  of  the  currency  in  Scotland :  it  was  also  the  organ  of  government,  in  the  issue  ofthe 
new  silver  coinage  in  1 8 1 7. 

♦  This  Bank  stopped  payment  in  November,  1838. 


BANKS  (SCOTCH) 


117 


The  bank  of  Scotlftiul  in  th«  only  Scotch  bank  congtitiit«><i    v  art  <>f  parliu      nt    It  b«Kan 
to  nUblith  branches  in  1 696 ;  and  iMUod  note*  for  1/.  so  can        1 704.   The      >ik  also  htigt% 
It  sterr  early  period,  to  receive  deponita  on  interest,  and  to  ),  iiir  credit  (><       "h  m-rout 
(  minute  of  the  directors  with  rospoct  to  the  mode  of  keepuig  th«  latter,  Urtnn  'lii<      ■" 
iMck  as  1729.    It  is,  therefore,  entitled  to  the  Credit  of  having  introduced  and  ciall 
diitinrtive  principles  of  the  Scotch  banking  system,  which,  whotever  may  bo  its    i<  lo       is 
prolwhiy  superior  to  every  other  system  hitherto  established.    Generally  speaking.  Hit-  I      K 
of  Scotland  has  always  been  conducted  on  sound  and  lilwral  principles;  nor  cnn  th<  > 

doubt  that  it  has  been  pro<luctive,  both  directly  and  as  an  example  to  other  banking  ustai n    t- 
mcnts,  of  much  public  utility  and  advantage. 

It  may  be  worth  mentioning,  that  the  net  of  Will.  3.,  establishing  the  Dank  of  Scotland, 
declared  that  all  foreigners  who  became  partners  in  the  bank,  should,  by  doing  so,  liccome, 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  naturalixcd  Scotchmen.  After  being  for  a  long  time  forgotten, 
thia  clause  was  taken  ad vantogo  of  in  1818,  when  several  aliens  acquired  property  in  the 
bank  in  order  to  secure  the  benefit  of  naturalisation.  But  after  being  suspended,  Uic  privilege 
waa  finally  conccUed  in  188S. 

We  subjoin  an  ({fficial  abstract  of  the  constitution  and  objects  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland, 
printed  fcr  the  use  of  the  proprietors  in  1818 ; — the  terms  and  mode  of  transacting  busincsa 
tre,  of  course,  sometimes  altered,  according  to  circumstances. 

I.  The  Bunk  nf  Scntlnnd  Is  a  piil>lic  notlnnal  fntnlili^liinent  i  erertnd  and  rnriilnted  by  tlifl  Ifslnla- 
tiire  Binne :  and  Gxpreanly  as  a  piililic  Duiilc  In  tliiii  kinuilom ;  for  llio  ItPiiellt  ol  ttie  natinii,  niid  for  tlie 
Klvoiid^mpnt  of  nttriciiltiirn.  coinnit^rce  mid  nianufartiireii ;  niul  lor  other  olijccts  of  public  policy, — 
(lli».  Pari.  1.  }9. ;  H  Oto.  3.  c.  39. ;  31  Oeo.  3.  c.  8. ;  33  Geo.  3.  c.  33. ;  34  Geo.  3.  c,  10.  {  44  Geo.  3. 
t.iS.) 

II.  Tlie  (tntutory  capital  is  at  present  1,SOO,(X)0{.  stcrlinar.  It  is  raised  by  voluntary  siibseriptioD ; 
•ml  baa  been  aubscribed  for.     1,000,000/.  lias  be«n  railed  for,  and  paid  in.~(44  Geo.  3.  c.  83.) 

III.  Biihgcrihvrii,  If  not  under  ohlinntion  to  the  Rank,  mny,  at  plenaiire,  irnnifer  their  right.  If 
under  olill|tation  to  the  Blink,  the  nbliiration  must  he  prnviuunly  liquidated  ;  or,  the  prnceads  of  the 
inle,  at  a  price  to  the  salltfnctlon  of  tlie  directors,  niuit  be  applied  towards  such  liquidation.  Trnns- 
fers  are  made  by  a  short  nsfiignnicnt  and  acceptance  thnreof,  both  In  a  reglaler  appointed  for  that 
purnoie.    Thn  expense,  beside  the  (rovernmont  stamp,  Is  lis.— (Il'i//.  Pari.  I.  )  S.) 

IV.  Bank  of  Scotliind  stock  may  be  nrf]iiir(!d.  In  any  portions,  by  any  person,  commnnlty,  or  other 
Inwftd  pnrty  whatsoever ;  without  selection,  exclusion,  or  iluiltatlon  of  numbers.— (HW.  Pari.  1  }  3. ; 
«  neo.  3.  c.  23.) 

V.  Bank  of  Scollnrd  stock  mny  be  conveyed  by  latter  will,  and.  If  specially  mentioned,  without 
eipenne of  cnnflrniatinn.  It  cannot  be  arrested:  the  holder's  right  may  be  adjudfcd.  Dividends 
may  bt-  arrested.— (WiH.  Pari.  1.  )  9.) 

VI.  The  Bunk  of  grotlnnd  is  a  nublic  corporation  by  net  of  parliament.  The  B.ink's  trnnsnctioiis 
irf>  illstlnrt  from  tho«e  of  the  storkholderH ;  and  theirs  from  those  of  the  hunk.— (H'ill.  Pari.  I.  }  S.) 

VII.  The  establishment  Is  expressly  debarred  from  any  other  business  than  that  of  banking.— 
(IfiM.Parl.  1.  }5.) 

VIII.  The  niaiiagement  Is  vested,  by  statute.  In  a  governor,  deputy  governor,  twelve  ordinary,  and 
twelve  extraordinary  directors.  They  are  chosen  annually,  on  the  last  Tuesday  of  Mnrrh,  by  the 
ttnckholders  having  330i.  of  stock  or  upwards.  Those  above  350/.  have  a  vote  for  every  3.'0/.  i  to 
1,000/.  or  30  votes.  No  person  can  have  more  than  30  votes.  The  giivernor  must  hold,  at  least, 
i,Ml.  of  stock ;  the  doputy  governor  l,SflO/. ;  and  each  director  750/.  They  swear  to  be  equal  to  nil 
persnns:  and  cannot  hold  any  inferior  otnce  in  the  Bank.— (ffi//.  Pari.  1.  )  5. ;  14  Gto.  3.  c.  33. ; 
44  (Jeo.  3.  c.  33.) 

IX.  Tlie  executive  part  is  conducted  by  a  treasurer,  secretary,  and  other  public  ofllcors,  all  sworn. 
TlinJB  having  the  officliil  charge  of  cash  find  due  security. —  (Will.  Pnrl.  I.  }  S.) 

X.  The  Board  of  directors  sits  for  the  general  ndminfstrntion  nf  the  Bank,  nt  the  Bank's  Public 
Head  Office  In  Edinburgh.  The  local  business  of  tiiat  district  is  also  conducted  at  that  office.  For 
tlie  local  business  in  the  other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  the  Bank  has  Its  regular  public  offices  in  the 
principal  towns.  At  each  of  these  offices  there  is  tlie  Rank  agent  or  rnshicr,  who  gives  due  security, 
aiid  conducts  the  Bank's  business  for  that  district,  In  the  maiiner  after  mentioned.  There  is  also  the 
Bank's  accountant  for  that  office  ;  who  is  appointed  by  the  directors. —  {Hill.  Purl.  1.  i  5.) 

XI.  Tlie  Bank  takes  in  immey,  at  all  Its  public  offices,  on  deposit  receipts  or  proniissory  notes,  or  on 
current  deposit  account.*  At  the  Head  Office,  draughts  on  London,  or  on  any  of  the  agencies,  are 
piven :  nt  each  agency,  drauglits  on  London,  or  on  the  Head  Office,  are  given.  All  these  documents 
are  on  llie  Bank's  cKeek  (and  aealcil  leitk  the  Bank's  lealf) .  They  bear,  in  words,  to  be  "  For  the  Bank 
of  Scnlliind ;"  or,  "For  the  Governor  and  Conipan  '  of  the  Biink  of  Scotland."  These  documents 
are  signed,  if  at  Kdinburgh,  by  the  treasurer,  and  countersigned  by  the  principal  nrcountiint :  if  at  an 
aeenry,  they  must  be  signed  by  the  Bank's  agent,  as  apent,  and  counlersigned  by  the  Bank's  account- 
ant for  tiiat  agency ;  otherwise  they  infer  no  obligation  on  the  Bank.— (Aeiw/ution  of  Court,  38th  Feb. 

1:93) 

XII.  Bills  on  London,  Edinburgh,  or  any  town  where  the  Bank  has  Its  official  correspondents,  nre 
discounted  and  purchased  at  all  the  Bank's  public  offices.  The  Bank's  agents  judge,  in  ordinary 
rnsps,  of  tlic  bills  prtiseiited :  so  that  parties  meet  with  no  delay.  The  Bank  does  not  scil,  at  any  of 
ii.4  nitices,  the  bills  which  it  has  discounted  and  purchased.  Its  agents  cannot  indorse  its  bills,  unless 
ofllcinlly  to  the  treasurer.— (/i«o{uf ion  of  Court, "iM  Feb.  178P.) 

XIII.  Government  stock  and  other  public  funds,  transferable  in  London,  may  be  purchased  or  sold, 
and  dividends  thereon  may  lie  received,  through  the  Bunk. 

XIV.  The  Bank  gives  credit  on  cash  accounts  at  any  of  its  offices,  on  bond,  with  security.  The 
security  may  be  personal  co-obligants,  conjunctly  and  severally ;  or  Bank  of  Scotland  stock  ;  or  both : 
(irsuch  other  security  as  may  he  specially  agreed  on.  Applications  for  cash  accounts  are  given  in  to 
tlie  olfice  where  the  cash  account  is  wanted,  and  must  specify  the  credit  desired,  and  the  security  prii- 
puscd;  and  the  individual  partners,  where  copartneries  are  proposed.    Cash  accounts  are  granted  by 

*  The  Bank  has  always  allowed  interest  on  deposits.  The  rate  allowed  varies,  of  course,  with  tlin 
vnrintions  in  the  market  rate.  During  the  greater  part  of  the  late  war  It  was  as  high  as  4  per  cent.  | 
tut  at  present  it  Is  only  3  per  cent. 

t  Tlie  seal  is  now  dispensed  with,  ex.cept  on  the  Bank's  notes. 


,'  . 


:   !^ 


118 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


'l;''!l 


the  dirnrlnri  only  i  nnd  nr*  not  raeiillml  nnlfiii  by  th«lr  ipflclnl  nulhorlty.    It  li  undxrutond  ttim  id^ 
crnillla  nrn  n«t  imeil  no  ilriiri  limiia,  in  proiliirit  Intiri'al  niily.     In  thn  fnir  rniiric  ril'  liiialiirii),  thn  I? 
Tiinlnili'  (if  tlin  ll^iiik  U  nmiiiilti'il  hy  iiii  nctivu  rlrriiliiiliiii  uf  iu  niitra.  mii  hv  fr«(|iiHiii  ri'iiaymrnu 
to  It  In  n  wny  Init  nfriMtliiR  llint  cirriilnlinn — {Hualiifion  of  Court,  Btli  .Nnv.  (7%),  aiii|*i.1it  M.  \1<H) 
XV.  TliH  Rnnk'a  illvlileml  of  prollli  hoii  for  luma  time  Iwn  tf)  per  c«nt.  p<-r  nimuiii  (iit  prrwni 
IS.l:i,  II  la  A  |H*r  runt.)  mi  tlint  pnrt  of  lla  rapltiil  atiH-k,  nr  l,(IOt),l)()fl<.  ■Irrhriit,  pHld  In.    Thu  illviilemh 
•rn  piihl  ri'Kul.'irly  IwIch  n  yi'iir,  wltlimit  ri|>t>iiat>.    Thxy  niny  l>i-  driiwii  aUlivr  at  the  UBiik'i  \\^ 
Ofllce,  or  Ht  nny  of  iti  nitior  ciftlcei,  ai  inuiingreesble  to  the  atutkhuldur. 
Uy  order  of  the  Omirt  nf  Direclori. 
etb  Nov.  m». 

Moit  of  tho  other  Scotch  banka  are  conducted  on  the  Mmo  principlea  and  in  the  nnw 
wiiy  IU  tho  Bank  of  8cotlund,  so  that  the  dutaiU  aa  to  ita  management  will  nearly  a|)|)|y  i^ 
thnm  all. 

Tho  Kni/al  Dank  nf  Scotland  wan  established  in  1737.  Ita  original  capital  waa  15I,000[ 
At  prraent  it  nmnunU  to  2,000,000/. 

TliP  British  Linen  Ctmpant/  waa  incorporated  in  I74fl,  forthe  purpoae,  or  it«  namt 
impliea,  of  undertaking  tho  manufacture  of  linen.  But  the  viewa  in  which  it  originaUii 
were  speedily  abandoned ;  and  it  became  a  banking  company  only.  Ita  capital  amounhto 
600,000/. 

'Nona  uf  the  other  lianking  companies  estaMiHhed  in  Scotland  are  chartered  assoriationi, 
with  limited  res|)on8ibility  ;  the  partners  t)eiiig  jointly  and  indivi<lually  liable,  to  the  wboli, 
«xtcnt  of  their  fortunes,  for  the  debts  uf  tho  firms,  ^ome  of  them,  such  as  tho  Natluiiil 
Bank,  the  Commercial  Banking  Company,  the  Dundee  Commercial  Bank,  the  Perth  Bank- 
ing Company,  &c.,  have  very  numoroua  bodies  of  partners.  Their  affairs  are  uiiiforaiiy 
conducted  by  a  Board  of  dirtwtors,  annually  chosen  by  the  shareholdcra. 

The  Bank  of  Scotland  began,  as  already  Ntiit«<d,  to  issue  I/,  notes  so  early  as  1701;  and 
their  issue  has  since  been  continued  without  interruption.  "  In  Scotland,"  to  udo  tho  tUle. 
ment  given  in  the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  1826,  on  the  Pro- 
missory Notes  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  "  the  issue  of  promissory  notes  payable  to  the  beam 
on  demand,  for  a  sum  not  less  than  20«.  has  been  at  all  times  permitted  by  law ;  nor  has  an; 
act  been  passed,  limiting  the  period  fur  which  such  ixsue  shall  continue  legal  in  that  countri, 
In  Ens;land,  the  issue  of  promissory  notes  for  a  less  sum  than  5/.  was  prohibited  by  law 
from  the  year  1777  to  the  period  of  tho  Bank  Restriction  in  1797.  It  has  been  permitted 
since  1797 ;  and  the  permission  will  cease,  as  the  law  at  [iresent  stands,  in  April,  1829." 

There  have  been  comparatively  few  bankruptcies  among  the  Scotch  banks.  In  1793  and 
1 825,  when  so  many  of  the  English  provincial  banks  were  swept  off,  there  waa  not  a  single 
establishment  in  Scotland  that  gave  way.  This  auperior  stability  seema  to  be  ascribable 
partly  to  the  formation  of  so  many  banks  with  numerous  bodies  of  partners,  which  tends  to 
prevent  any  company  with  only  a  few  partners,  unless  tliey  are  known  to  possess  consi- 
derable fortunes,  from  getting  paper  into  circulation ;  partly  to  the  less  risk  attending  the 
business  of  banking  in  Scotland ;  and  partly  to  the  facility  afforded  by  tho  law  of  Scotland 
of  ntt'iching  a  debtor's  property,  whether  it  consists  of  land  or  moveables,  and  making  it 
available  to  tho  payment  of  his  debts. 

In  tho  Report  already  quoted,  the  last-mentioned  topic  is  touched  upon  as  follows :— "The 
general  provisions  of  the  law  of  Scotland  bearing  upon  this  subject  are  calculated  to  promote 
tho  solidity  of  banking  establishments,  by  affording  to  the  creditor  great  facilities  of  ascertain- 
ing the  pecuniary  circumstances  of  individual  partners,  and  by  making  the  private  fortunes 
of  those  partners  available  for  the  discharge  of  the  obligations  uf  the  bank  with  which  they 
are  connected.  There  is  no  limitation  upon  the  number  of  partners  of  which  a  banking 
company  in  Scotland  may  consist ;  and,  excepting  in  case  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland  and  tlie 
two  chartered  banks,  which  have  Tery  considerable  capitals,  the  partners  of  all  banking  com- 
panies are  bound  jointly  and  severally,  so  that  each  partner  is  liable,  to  the  whole  extent  of 
his  fortune,  for  the  whole  debts  of  the  company.  A  creditor  in  Scotland  is  empowered  to 
attach  the  real  and  heritable,  as  well  aa  the  personal  estate  of  his  debtor,  for  payment  of  per- 
sonal debts,  among  which  may  be  classed  debts  due  by  bills  and  promissory  notes ;  and 
recourse  may  be  had,  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  payment,  to  each  description  of  property 
at  the  same  time.  Execution  is  not  confined  to  the  real  property  of  a  debtor  merely  during 
his  life,  but  proceeds  with  equal  effect  upon  that  property  afler  his  decease. 

"  The  law  relating  to  the  establishment  of  records  gives  ready  means  of  procuring  informa- 
tion with  respect  to  the  real  and  heritable  estate  of  which  any  person  in  Scotland  may  be 
postiessed.  No  purchase  of  an  estate  in  that  country  is  secure  until  the  seisine  (that  is,  the 
instrument  certifying  that  actual  delivery  has  been  given)  is  put  on  record,  nor  is  anij 
mortgaee  effectual  until  the  deed  it  in  like  manner  recorded. 

"  In  the  case  of  conflicting  pecuniary  claims  upon  real  property,  the  preference  is  not  re- 
gulated by  (.he  date  of  the  transaction,  but  by  the  date  of  its  record.  These  records  are 
accessible  to  all  persons ;  and  thus  the  public  can  with  ease  ascertain  the  effective  means 
which  a  banking  company  possesses  of  discharging  its  obligations ;  and  the  partners  in 
that  company  are  enabled  to  determine,  with  tolerable  accuracy,  the  degree  of  risk  and 
responsibility  to  which  the  private  property  of  each  is  exposed." 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


It# 


Jkpoiifti—A*  WM  previouily  obMrred,  all  the  Scotch  hanki  receive  ilc|)oalta  of  ao  low  « 
value  M  10/.,  ■ml  •omrtiinea  lowrr,  and  allow  intrrrat  upon  them. 

••Tlio  interiirt,"  any  the  committee,  "  allnwcd  by  the  Uank  u|i«n  tle|)oait«  Tarica  from  tima 
,„  timo  acioriling  to  the  current  rate  of  intcrrat  which  money  Bciicrally  IwarH,  At  (ircacnt 
(|HU6)  the  intereat  aliowril  upon  dcpoaita  la  4  per  cent."  (At  thia  niomrnt  (I83;j)  the  in- 
trri-«t  allowed  oil  dcpoaita  ia  only  'i  or  3^  per  cent)  "It  haa  l)ccn  calculuted  that  the 
iigregate  aii:ouiit  of  the  auma  dcpoaitrd  with  the  K  oich  banka  amoiiiita  to  aUmt  !20.()()(),()00/. 
or  21  OdU.OOO/."  (It  ia  believed  to  lie  now,  (18.13,)  little  it'  any  thin^  under  24,()0(),()U0/.) 
"The  prrciac  arcurary  of  auch  nn  Ohiinintc  cuniiot  of  cuurae  be  relied  on.  The  witiicaa  by 
whom  it  waa  made  thought  that  the  amount  of  deposita  could  not  lie  leaa  than  1 6,00U,00()A, 
iiorrxreod  :^A,OUO,000/,,  ond  took  nn  intermcdiuto  aum  na  the  probable  uinuunt.  Another 
wiUiMi,  who  had  lieen  connected  for  many  yeora  with  diflerent  bnnka  in  Scotland,  and  haa 
had  eiperience  of  their  concema  at  Stirling,  Edinburgh,  Perth,  Alwrdeen,  and  Glaagow, 
iUU-d  that  mart  than  one  half  of  the  dtponiti  in  the  bankt  with  which  he  hud  be(n  eonnreled 
litre  in  ium»  from  ten  pounmi  to  two  hundnil poitndn.  Dcing  aakud  what  claaa  of  the 
community  it  la  that  rnakea  the  amall  dejjuaita,  he  gave  the  following  anawer,  from  which  it 
amicarii  thiit  the  moile  of  conducting  tliia  branch  of  the  banking  buaincHa  in  Scotland  haa 
loiiK  given  to  that  country  many  of  the  benefita  derivublo  from  the  catabliahment  of  aavinga 

haiili'. 

■•  Quetlion.  What  claaa  of  the  community  ia  it  that  makea  the  amalleat  depoaita  1 — Anm'er. 
They  are  Kcnernliy  the  laliouring  clnawa,  in  towna  like  Glaagow :  in  country  placca,  like 
Perth  ond  Aberdeen,  it  ia  from  aervanta  and  fiHlierinrn,  and  that  claKa  of  tho  community, 
who  «a\o  amall  auma  from  their  eaniinga,  till  they  come  to  lie  a  bank  dcpoxit.  There  ia  now 
•  facility  for  their  placing  money  in  the  Provident  Banka,  which  receive  money  till  the  do- 
po«it  omounta  to  10/.  When  it  comea  to  10/.,  it  ia  equal  to  the  minimum  of  a  bank  depoait 
The  ttyetem  of  banking  in  Scotland  is  an  extension  of  the  Provident  Bank  ayatcm.  Half- 
yearly  or  yearly  thoae  depoaitora  come  to  the  bank,  and  add  the  aaviiiga  of  their  labr.ur,  with 
the  interest  that  haa  accrued  upon  the  depoeita  from  the  previoua  half  year  or  year,  to  the 
principal ;  and  in  thia  way  it  goea  on  witliout  being  at  all  reduced,  accumulating  (at  com* 
pound  intcreiit)  till  the  depoaitor  ia  able  either  to  buy  or  build  a  houae,  when  it  comes  to  be 
100/.,  or  SCO/.,  or  300/.,  or  till  he  is  able  to  commence  buaineaa  aa  a  maatiT  in  the  lire  in 
which  lie  haa  hitherto  lieen  a  servant.  A  great  part  of  the  depositors  of  thu  bank  are  of  that 
description,  and  a  ^eat  part  of  the  moit  thriving  of  our  fannira  and  manufacturers  have 
arisen  from  such  hefrinfiinirs. 

Cash  Accounts  or  Credits, — The  loans  or  advances  made  by  the  Scotch  banks  are  cither 
in  the  shape  of  discounts,  or  upon  cash  credits,  or,  aa  they  are  more  commonly  termed,  cath 
aeeoiints. 

This  species  of  account  does  not  differ  in  principle  from  an  over-drawing  account  at  a 
private  banker's  in  England.  A  cash  credit  ia  a  credit  given  to  an  individual  by  a  banking 
company  for  a  limited  sum,  seldom  under  100/.  or  200/.,  upon  his  own  security,  and  that 
of  two  or  three  individuala  approved  by  the  bank,  who  become  sureties  for  ita  payment.  The 
individual  who  haa  obtained  such  a  credit  ia  enabled  to  draw  the  whole  sum,  or  any  part  of 
it,  when  he  pleases ;  replacing  it,  or  portions  of  it,  according  aa  he  finds  it  convenient ;  interest 
being  charged  upon  such  part  only  aa  he  drawa  out.  "  If  a  man  borrows  6,000/.  from  a  pri- 
vate hand,  besidea  that  it  ia  not  always  to  be  found  when  required,  he  pays  interest  for  it 
whether  he  be  using  it  or  not.  His  bank  credit  costs  him  nothing,  except  during  the  mo- 
ment it  is  of  service  to  him ;  and  thia  circumstance  ia  of  equal  advantage  as  if  he  had  bor- 
rowed money  at  a  much  lower  rate  of  interest." — (Hume's  Essay  on  the  Balance  of  Trade.) 
This,  then,  is  plainly  one  of  the  most  commodious  forma  in  which  advances  can  be  made. 
Cash  credita  are  not,  however,  intended  to  be  a  dead  loan,-  the  main  object  of  the  banks  in 
granting  them  ia  to  get  their  notes  circulated,  and  they  do  not  grant  them  except  to  persona 
in  business,  or  to  those  who  are  frequently  drawing  out  and  paying  in  money. 

The  system  of  cash  credita  has  been  very  well  described  in  the  Report  of  the  Lords'  Com- 
mittee of  1826,  on  Scotch  and  Irish  Banking.  "There  is  aUo,''  say  their  lordshipe,  "one 
part  of  their  system,  which  is  stated  by  all  the  witneases  (and,  in  the  opinion  of  die  com- 
mittee, very  justly  stated)  to  have  had  the  best  efTects  upon  the  people  of  Scotland,  and  par- 
ticularly upon  the  middling  and  poorer  classes  of  society,  in  producing  and  encouraging 
habits  of  frugality  and  industry.  The  practice  referred  to  is  that  of  cash  credita.  Any  per- 
son who  applies  to  a  bank  for  a  cash  credit,  is  called  upon  to  produce  two  or  more  competent 
sureties,  who  are  jointly  bound ;  and  after  a  full  inquiry  into  the  character  of  the  applicant, 
the  nature  of  his  business,  and  the  suflficiency  of  his  securities,  he  is  allowed  to  open  a  credit, 
and  to  draw  upon  the  bank  for  the  whole  of  its  amount,  or  for  such  part  as  his  daily  transac- 
tions may  require.  To  the  credit  of  the  account  he  pays  in  such  sums  as  he  may  not  have 
occasion  to  use,  and  interest  is  charged  or  credited  upon  tlie  daily  balance,  as  the  case  may 
be.  From  the  facility  which  these  cash  credits  give  to  all  the  small  transactions  of  the 
country,  and  from  the  opportunities  which  they  afford  to  persons,  who  begin  business  with 
little  or  no  capital  but  their  character,  to  employ  profitably  the  minutest  products  of  their 


I  ■ .  .^< !(IH.  mu: 


»,,':! 


..:  .|,i.: 


I,i:f'  ; 


120 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


industry,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  most  important  advantages  arc  derived  to  the  vahole 
community.  The  advantage  to  the  banks  who  give  these  cash  credits  arises  from  the  call 
which  they  continually  produce  for  the  issue  of  their  paper,  and  from  the  opportunity  which 
they  afford  for  the  profitable  employment  of  part  of  their  deposits.  The  baiilu  nre  indeed  k 
sensible,  that  in  order  to  make  this  part  of  their  business  advantageous  and  secure,  it  is  ne. 
cessary  that  their  cash  credits  should  (as  they  express  it)  be  frequently  operated  upon,  that 
they  refuse  to  continue  them  unless  this  implied  condition  be  fulfilled.  The  total  amount 
of  theur  cash  credits  is  stated  by  one  witness  to  be  6,000,000il  of  which  the  average  amount 
advanced  by  the  banks  may  be  one  third." 

The  expense  of  a  bond  for  a  cash  credit  of  500/.  is  il.  stamp  duty,  and  a  charge  of  from 
58.  to  10«.  6d.  per  cent  for  filling  it  up. 

Circulation,  Jjre. — According  to  a  domi-oSicial  return  given  in  the  Commons'  Rppoit 
already  referred  to,  the  total  number  of  notes  in  circuliition  in  Scotland,  in  the  early  part  of 
1626,  amounted  to  3,809,082;  of  wliich  2,079,344  were  under  U,  and  1,229,838,  5/.  and 
upwards. 

The  Scotch  banks  draw  on  London  at  20  days'  date.  This  is  denominated  the  par  of 
exchange  between  London  and  Edinburgh. 

Most  of  the  great  Scotch  banks,  such  as  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  the  Royal  Bank,  ^c,  have 
established  branches  in  other  tiwns  besides  that  where  the  head  office  is  kept. 

By  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  65.,  to  restrain  the  negotiation  in  England  of  Scotch  or  Irish 
promissory  notes  and  bills  under  5/.,  it  is  enacted,  that  if  any  body  politic  or  corporate,  or 
person,  shall,  after  the  5th  of  April,  1829,  publish,  utter,  negotiate,  or  transfer,  in  any  part 
of  England,  any  promissoiy  or  other  note,  draft,  engagement,  or  undertaking,  payable  on 
demand  to  the  bearer,  for  any  sum  less  than  5/.,  purporting  to  have  been  made  or  issued  ia 
Scotland  or  Ireland,  every  such  body  politic  or  corporate,  or  person,  shall  forfeit  for  everj 
such  offence  not  more  than  20/.  nor  less  than  5/. 

Nothing  contained  in  this  act  applies  to  any  draft  or  order  drawn  by  any  person  on  his  or 
her  banker,  or  on  any  person  acting  as  such  banker,  for  the  payment  of  money  held  by  such 
banker  or  person  for  the  use  jf  the  person  by  whom  such  draft  or  order  shall  bo  drawn. 

No,  I.— The  following  Table  contains  nn  Account  of  the  Number  of  Banks  in  Scotland ;  the  Namei 
of  the  Firms  or  Banl<s;  Dates  of  their  Establishment;  I'laceB  of  the  Head  Offices;  Numbcrnf 
Uranches;  Number  of  Partners ;  and  the  Names  of  their  London  Agents. — (FiXtracted  principally 
from  the  Appendix,  p.  19.  to  the  Cummoiis'  Report  of  1820,  on  Scotch  and  Irish  Banking.) 


NuiM  of  Firuw  or  Buki. 


Bank  of  Scotland 
Royal  Bank  of  Scotland    - 
British  Linen  Company 
Aberdeen  Banking  Comp. 
Aberdeen  Town  and  Co.  Bk 
Arbroath  Banking  Comp. 
Carrick  and  Co.  or  Ship  Bk. 
Com.  Bk.  C<imp.  of  Scotland 
Commercial  Binking  Comp, 
Dundee  Banking  Company 
Dundee  New  Bank    - 
Dundee  Commercial  Bank 
Dundee  Union  Bank 
Falkirk  Banking  Company 
Greenock  Banking  Comp. 
Glasgow  Banking  Company 
Hunters  and  Co. 
Leith  Banking  Company    - 
National  Bank  of  Scotland 
Montrose  Bank 
Paisley  Banking  Company 
Paisley  Union  Bank 
Perth  Binking  Company  - 
Perth  Union  Bank 
Kamsay'H,  Bonar'g,  and  Co. 
Renfrewshire  Banking  Co. 
Shetland  Bank  -        .        . 
Sir  Wm.  Forbes  and  Co.  - 
Stirling  Banking  Company 
Thistle  Bank      ... 


Date. 


1693 
1727 
1746 
1767 
1S25 
1823 
1746 
ISIO 
1778 
1777 
1902 

1809 
1787 
178!i 
1809 
1773 
1792 
IHa."} 
1814 
1783 
1788 
1766 

17.18 
1802 


1777 
1761 


Ileal  Office. 


Edinburgh 
Ditto 
Ditto 
Aberdeen 

Ditto 
Arbroath 
Glasgow 
Edinburgh 
Aberdeen 
Dundee 
Ditto 
Ditto 
Ditto 
Falkirk 
Greenock 
Glasgow 
Avr 
Leith 
Edinburgh 
Montrose 
Paisley 
Ditto 
Perth 

Ditto 
Edinburgh 
Greenock 
Lerwick 
Edinburgh 
Stirling 
Glasgow 


No  of 

No.  of 

Branches. 

Firtoen. 

16 

Act  of  P. 

1 

Charter 

27 

Ditto 

6 

80 

4 

446 

3 

112 

None 

3 

31 

321 

None 

15 

None 

61 

1 

6 

None 

202 

4 

85 

1 

5 

3 

14 

1 

19 

3 

8 

4 

15 

8 

1,238 

3 

97 

4 

6 

3 

4 

5 

117 

69 

None 

8 

5 

6 



4 



7 

3 

7 

None 

6 

Loadon  Ajentt. 


Coiitts  and  Co. 

Bank  of  Elngland,  and  ditto. 

!^inith,  Payne,  and  Co. 

Glyn  and  Co. 

Jones,  Loyd,  and  Co. 

Glyn  and  Co. 

i^mith,  Payne,  and  Co. 

lonen,  Loyd,  and  Co. 

Kiiiloch  and  Sons. 

Kinlocli  and  Sons. 

Ransom  and  Co. 

Glyn  and  Co. 

Glyn  and  Co. 

Remington  and  Co. 

Kay  and  Co. 

Ransom  and  Co.,  Glyn  &.  Co. 

Herri"",  and  Co. 

Barnet  and  Co. 

Glyn  and  Co. 

Barclay  and  Co, 

Sinitii,  Payne,  and  Co. 

Olyn  and  Co. 

Barclay  and  Co. 

Remington  and  Co. 

Coutts  and  Co. 

Kay  and  Co. 

Barclay  and  Co. 

Barclay  and  Co., Coutts  It  Co. 

Kinloch  and  Sons. 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co. 


Privote  Banking  Companies  in  Edinburgh  who  do  not  Issue  Notes. 

I 

3 
3 

Namn  of  Flraii  or  Banka. 

Date. 

Head  OBca. 

No.  of 
Branches. 

No.  of 
Parlnen. 

London  Afenta. 

Kinnear,  Smith  and  Co. 
Robert  Allan  and  eon. 
James  Inglii  and  Co 

IS-IO 
1776 

Edinburgh 
Ditto 
Ditto 

None 
None 
None 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co. 
Rosanquet  and  ('0. 
Boaanquet  and  Co. 

1  Vn  n  —An  Account  of 

'  "yenr.  ending  the  lOtl 

Firnii  carrying  on  Bu 


Number  of  licences  i«i 
Uiiio  to  bankers  who 
Diilo  to  bankers  who 
Ditto  to  bankers  who 


Certified, 
Stamp  Office,  Edinbui 

No  lU.-Statement  of  l 

'     with  the  Chartered  ai 

Eichange,  or  other wi 

upon  which  Executioi 


ri>rroi|<i«. 

rorUlterint 

49 

150 

Edinburgh, 
18ili  of  June,  1830. 


"In  no  country,  pe 
[  been  carried  to  such  at 
]  1783,  with  similar  pri 
I  of  more  than  6  partnei 
I  r-peated  failure  of  ban 
I  irode  of  banking  been 
I  that  would  have  arise 

I  by  joint  stock  co 
I  effectual  rules. 

"In  1797,  when  th( 
lestcnded  to  Ireland;  ai 
I  increased.  In  1797,  t 
1621,917/.;  in  1810,  2,! 

"These  increased  i 
I  t?hich  the  number  was 
I  a  great  depreciation  of 
I  mint  price;  and  the  e 
1 61.  This  unfavourabl 
I  issues  of  the  Bank  of  I 
1 1810,  when  the  exchar 

"The  loss  that  Irel 
Ifforils.  It  appears  by 
Iwere  at  that  time  in  In 
llieen  established ;  but  i 
Itiine  to  time  in  inimeni 
■from  business ;  second 
■Mallow.  These  eight 
I  the  only  banks  now  ex 

"In  1821,  in  consec 
jttding  year,  in  the  So 
linth  the  Bank  of  Irelai 
la  distance  of  50  miles 
|tal  500,000/.    Theacl 

"But  ministers  ha\ 
Ibaniting  that  had  been 
la  party  of  merchants  c 
lliaraent  for  the  rep  ea 
liession,  repealing  somf 

"  In  consequence  of 
Jitofk  company,  with  a 
iWib,   But  the  remaii 
Voi.I._L 


BANKS  (IRISH). 


121 


«  n  iln  Account  of  the  Nnmber  of  Licence!  taken  out  by  Country  Bankers  in  Scotland  for  th4 
V  unending  the  l"""  of  October,  1824, 1825, 1826,  and  1827 ;  specifying  »uch  hb  have  been  given  to 
Ffriiu  carrying  on  Business  in  more  Places  than  one. 


Kiimher  of  licences  issued  to  bankers  who  issue  notes  at  one  place  only 
w  10  to  bankers  who  icsue  notes  at  two  different  places 
n  to  to  banlters  who  issue  notes  at  three  different  placea 
Uilio  to  baukert  who  issue  notes  at  four  or  more  places 

1824. 

1825. 

1826. 

1827. 

10 

10 

8 

53 

13 

12 

6 

69 

9 
12 
12 

56 

9 

6 

6 

60 

78 

83 

89 

81 

Certifled,  Thomas  Pender,  Compt. 

Stamp  Office,  Edinburgh,  4th  of  March,  1828. 

No  HI  -Statement  of  the  Number  of  Persons  convicted  of  Forirery  of  all  Instruments  connected 
with  the  Chartered  and  other  Banks  of  Scotland  ;  whether  of  Bank  Notes,  of  Post  Hills,  Uills  of 
Fichange,  or  otherwise,  from  1791  to  1829,  both  inclusive ;  particulariz.ing  the  Capital  Cunvictioni 
upon  which  Execution  took  place,  and  the  Casiis  of  mitigated  Punishment. 


rwForjIw. 

rorUtt«rii«. 

Totil  Nnintwr 
Convicted. 

Number  where  P;tiitt 
of  Law  reitrictc.l, 

and  Sentence  short  of 
Death  proDouncod. 

Number  od 

nhnm  Capital 

Sf  ntence  pro- 

DO u need. 

Number  wbtwe 
Sentences  were  miti- 
gated by  Hia  Majesty. 

Nuinbm 
Executed. 

Pardoned. 

Commuted. 

49 

150 

190 

172 

27 

2 

n 

16 

Edinburgh, 
18th  of  June,  1830. 


CertiAed  by 


Ja.  Anderson, 
Depute  Clerk  of  Justiciary. 


V   BAiTKa  (Irish). 

« In  no  country,  perhaps,"  says  Sir  Henry  Pamell,  "  has  the  issuing  of  paper  money 
I  licen  carried  to  such  an  injurious  excess  as  in  Ireland.  A  national  bank  was  established  in 
1763,  with  similar  privileges  to  those  of  the  Bank  of  England,  in  respect  to  the  restriction 
of  more  than  6  partners  in  a  bank ;  and  the  injury  that  Ireland  has  sustained  from  the 
I  repeated  failure  of  banks  may  be  mainly  attributed  to  this  defective  regulation.  Had  the 
{ trade  of  banking  been  left  as  free  in  Ireland  as  it  is  in  Scotland,  the  want  of  paper  money 
[that  would  have  arisen  with  the  progress  of  trade  would,, in  all  probability,  have  been  sup- 
I  by  joint  stock  companies,  supported  with  large  capitals,  and  governed  by  wise  and 
I  effectual  rules. 

"In  1797,  when  the  Bank  of  England  suspended  its  pajrments,  the  same  privilege  was 
I  estcnJed  to  Ireland ;  and  after  this  period  the  issues  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  were  rapidly 
I  increased.  In  1797,  the  amount  of  the  notes  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  in  circulation  was 
[621,917/.;  in  I8I0,  2,266,471/. ;  and  in  1814,  2,986,999/. 

"These  increased  issues  led  to  corresponding  increased  issues  by  the  private  banks,  of 
I  which  the  number  was  50  in  the  year  1804.  The  consequence  of  this  increase  of  paper  was 
I  a  great  depreciation  of  it;  the  price  of  bullion  and  guineas  rose  to  10  per  cent,  above  the 
I  mint  price;  and  the  exchange  with  London  became  as  high  as  18  per  cent.,  the  par  being 
I  i!|.  This  unfavourable  exchange  was  afterwards  corrected ;  not  by  any  reduction  in  the 
I  issues  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  but  by  the  depreciation  of  the  British  currency  in  the  year 
1 1810,  when  the  exchange  between  London  and  Dulilin  settled  again  at  about  par. 

"The  loss  that  Ireland  has  sustained  by  the  failure  of  banks  maybe  described  in  a  few 
[words.  It  appears  by  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Irish  Exchanges  in  1804,  that  there 
Inere  at  that  time  in  Ireland  50  registered  banks.  Since  that  year,  a  great  many  more  have 
I  been  established ;  hut  the  whok  have  failed,  one  after  the  other,  involving  the  country  from 
jtiine  to  time  in  immense  distress,  with  the  following  exceptions : — first,  a  few  that  withdrew 
ifrom  business ;  secondly,  four  banks  in  Dublin  ;  thirdly,  three  at  Belfast ;  and  lastly,  one  at 
i  Mallow.  These  eight  banks,  with  the  new  Provincial  Bank,  and  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  are 
Itlie  only  banks  now  existing  in  Ireland. 

"In  1821,  in  consequence  of  II  banks  having  failed  nearly  at  the  same  time  in  the  pre- 
Iteding  year,  in  the  South  of  Ireland,  government  succeeded  in  making  an  i>rrangement 
lirilh  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  by  which  joint  stock  companies  were  allowed  to  be  established  at 
la  distance  of  50  miles  (Irish)  from  Dublin,  and  the  bank  was  permitted  to  increase  its  capi< 
|Ul  500,000/.    The  act  of  I  &  2  Geo.  4.  c.  72.  was  founded  on  this  agreement 

"  But  ministers  having  omitted  to  repeal  in  this  act  various  restrictions  on  the  trade  of 
Ibanking  that  had  been  imposed  by  33  Geo.  2.  c.  14.,  no  new  company  was  formed.  In  1824, 
In  party  of  merchants  of  Belfast,  wishing  to  establish  a  joint  stock  company,  petitioned  par- 
liiainent  for  the  repeal  of  this  act  of  Geo.  2. ;  and  an  act  was  accordin<rly  passed  in  that 
iKision,  repealing  some  of  the  moat  objectionable  restrictions  of  it  (the  5  Geo.  4.  c.  73.). 

"  In  consequence  of  this  act,  the  Northern  Bank  of  Belfast  was  converted  into  a  joint 
itork  company,  with  a  capital  of  500,000/.,  and  commenced  business  on  the  1st  of  January, 
|18"3,  But  the  remaining  restrictions  of  33  Geo.  2.,  and  certain  provisions  contained  in  the 
VouL-L  18 


m 


,  i  (1 


H  'i^ii 


i\ 


I  '! 


It    ' 


M; 


122 


ir^'fi  I 


BANKS  (IRISH). 


new  acts  of  I  &  2  Geo.  3.  and  5  Geo.  4.,  otistnicted  the  progress  of  this  company,  and  the; 
found  it  necessary  to  apply  to  government  to  remove  them  ;  and  a  bill  was  accordinglv  in. 
trodiiced,  whjh  would  have  repealed  all  the  obnoxious  clauses  of  the  33  Geo.  2.,  had  itnot 
been  so  altered  in  the  committee  as  to  leave  several  of  them  in  force.  In  1825,  the  Provin. 
dal  Bank  of  Ireland  commenced  business  with  a  capital  of  2,000,000/. ;  and  the  Bank  of 
Ireland  has  of  late  established  branches  in  all  the  principal  towns  in  Ireland. 

"  The  losses  that  have  been  sustained  in  Ireland  by  abusing  the  power  of  issuing  papy 
have  been  so  great,  that  much  more  is  necessary  to  be  done,  by  way  of  protecting  the  public 
from  future  loss,  than  the  measure  proposed  last  session  (1836)  by  ministers,  of  abolishing 
small  notes ;  and  the  measure  already  adopted,  of  allowing  joint  stock  companies  to  be 
established  in  the  interior  of  the  country.  As  the  main  source  of  the  evil  consist  in  tbe 
interference  of  the  law  in  creating  a  national  bank  with  exclusive  privileges,  the  first  step 
that  ought  to  be  taken  for  introducing  a  good  system  into  Ireland  is  the  getting  rid  of  suciia 
bank,  and  opening  the  trade  of  banking  in  Dublin.  The  next  measure  should  be  the  requjr. 
ing  of  each  bank  to  give  security  for  the  amount  of  paper  that  is  issued ;  for  afler  the  expe- 
rience of  the  ignorance  with  which  the  Irish  banks  have  conducted  their  business,  and  tlie 
derangement  of  the  natural  course  of  the  trade  by  the  long  existence  of  the  bank  of  Irelanil 
it  would  be  unwise  to  calculate  upon  a  sound  system  of  banking  speedily  supplanting  ilm 
which  has  been  established. 

"  Under  the  circumstances  in  which  Ireland  is  placed,  nothing  would  so  much  contribute 
to  her  rapid  improvement  in  wealth,  as  the  introducing  of  the  Scotch  plan  of  cash  credits, 
and  of  paying  interest  on  deposits.  By  cash  credits,  the  capital  which  now  exists  would  be 
rendered  more  efficient,  and  the  paying  of  interest  on  small  deposits  would  lead  to  habits  of 
economy,  and  to  the  more  rapid  accumulation  of  new  capital. 

"The  charter  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  has  still  to  run  till  the  year  1838." — {Observaim 
on  Paper  Money,  ^c.  by  Sir  Henry  Pamell,  pp.  171—177.) 

The  capital  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  at  its  establishment  in  1783  amounted  to  600,000/,; 
but  it  has  been  increased  at  various  period? ;  and  has,  since  1821,  amounted  to  3,000,000/, 
At  present,  no  bank  having  more  than  6  partners  can  be  established  any  where  within  50 
Irish  miles  of  Dublin ;  nor  is  any  such  bank  allowed  to  draw  bills  upon  Dublin  for  less  than 
50/.,  or  at  a  shorter  date  than  6  months.  This  enactment  seems  to  amount  to  a  virtual  pnv 
hibition  of  the  drawing  of  such  bills.  The  Bank  of  Ireland  draws  on  London  at  30  dajs' 
date.  She  neither  grants  cash  credits,  nor  allows  any  interest  on  deposits.  She  discounti 
at  the  rate  of  6/.  per  cent 

In  1828,  the  currency  of  Ireland  was  assimilated  to  that  of  Great  Britain.    Previouil; 

to  that  period,  the  currency  of  the  former  was  8^  per  cent,  less  valuable  than  that  of  tlte 

latter. 

Account  of  Bank  of  Ireland  Notes  in  Circulation,  including  Banic  Post  Bills,  in  each  Half  Year,  com. 
mencing  witli  tlie  Half  Year  ending  Ist  of  January,  1707,  to  Ist  of  January,  1819,  inclusive. 


Yean. 

January  1. 

Juljr  1. 

Tean. 

January  1. 

July  I, 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1797 

733,703 

785,101 

1800 

3,009,699 

3,144,977 

1798 

1,081,518 

1,845,914 

I8I0 

3,170,004 

3,171,607 

1799 

1,363,710 

1,557,737 

1811 

3,331,808 

3,472,781 

1800 

1,938,381 

9,317,935 

1813 

3,616,476 

3,763,229 

1801 

9,350,133 

8,323,901 

1813 

3,957,920 

4,199,474 

1809 

8,431,159 

9,587,187 

1814 

4,105,006 

4,281,149 

1803 

8,669,405 

9,617,144 

1815 

4,588,0»1 

4,434,455 

180( 

8,798,767 

2,859,9n 

1816 

4,179,549 

4,193,853 

1805 

8,817,697 

8,778,635 

1817 

4,277,018 

4,304,010 

1800 

8,560,271 

9,517,581 

1818 

4,387,155 

4,413,463 

1807 

8,693,796 

9,789,544 

1819 

4,477,019 

1808 

9,746,717 

9,798,835 

An  Account  of  the  Average  Amount  of  Bank  of  Ireland  Notea,  including  Bank  Post  Bills,  issueddiu- 

ing  the  Six  Years  ending  with  1833. 


Vean.        Notes  an>l  Billi. 


1S80  of  5{.  and  upwards 
I  under  3{. 

1821  of52.  and  upwards 
under  5/. 

1693  of5{.  and  upwards 
under  SI. 


IriBh  Currency. 


£  «. 
9,894,777  5 
1,314,800  15 


3,501,119  11 
1,710,603  3 


3,618,111  1 
1,558,331  8 


£ 

4,309,584  0 
5,311,793  14 
6,170,432  3 


Yuri. 


1833 
1834 
1835 


Nntea  and  Billi. 


ndil.  and  upwards 
under  51. 

ofSf.  and  upwards 
under  s;. 

of5I.  and  upwards 
under  5{. 


Irish  Currency. 


£  t. 

3,598,095  7 

1,588,764  7 

3,890,337  6 

1,739,118  6 


4,446,995    0 
1,064,354    8 


£ 

5,117,389  II 
5,022,^58  U 
fi,111,3i9 


(Com;iun«  Report  of  1826,  p.  89.) 
There  is  no  Inter  account  of  the  circulation  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  nr  of  the  other  Irish  bnnki.  Tli)  j 
•mire  paper  circulation  of  Ireland  may  now,  ^.'obably,  amount  to  between  7,000,000i.  and  6,(AXI,M 
nerling. 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


123 


/u.tiirnof  (be  An    unt  of  the  Notes  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  (Inchidlng  Bunk  Post  Bills)  In  Clrcuta- 
'*  tion    t  the  undermentioned  Periods.— (PoW.  Puper,  No.  43S.  Sess.  la34.) 


£         >.  d. 

£       ,.  a. 

1933.    June  7.    - 

3,975,322    7    S 

1834.    Januarys. 

3,090,841    7    6 

1833.    Januarys. 

4,245.528  10  11 

June  6. 

3,781,951  19    4 

July  4.     - 

3,7a0,653    7    7 

Sup.) 

It  appears  from  the  statements  given  in  the  Report  of  the  Commons'  Committee  of  1S26, 
that  the  average  value  of  the  notes  and  post  bills  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  of  5/,  and  upwards 
in  circulation,  during  the  five  years  ending  with  1835,  amounted  to  3,646,660/.  Irish  cur- 
tency ;  and  that  the  average  value  of  the  notes  and  post  bills  under  51.  in  circulation  during 
the  same  period  amounted  to  1,643,828/.  Irish  currency.  The  average  value  of  the  notes  of 
all  descriptions  issued  by  the  other  banking  establishments  in  Ireland,  in  1826,  amounted  to 
1,192,886/. 

Provincial  Bank  of  Ireland. — This  important  establishment  was,  9s  already  stated, 
founded  in  1825.  Its  subscribed  capital  consists  of  2,000,000/.  divided  into  20,000  shares 
of  100/.  each,  of  which  26  per  cent,  or  600,000/.,  has  been  paid  up.  Its  head  office  is  in 
London ;  and  at  present  it  has  subordinate  offices  in  Cork,  Limerick,  Clonmel,  Londonderry, 
Sligo,  Wexford,  Waterford,  Belfast,  Galway,  Armagh,  Athlone,  Coleraine,  Kilkermy,  Bal- 
lina,  Tralee,  Youghall,  Enniskillen,  Monaghan,  Banbridge,  and  Ballymena.  The  last  5 
have  been  opened  since  1831.  The  entire  management  of  the  establishment  is  vested  in 
the  court  of  directors  in  London.  The  business  of  the  branch  banks  is  conducted,  under 
the  control  of  the  head  office,  by  the  managers,  witlf  the  advice  and  assistance  of  2  or  more 
gentlemen  of  respectability  in  the  district,  each  holding  10  shares  in  the  bank.  The  business 
consists  of  discounting  bills ;  granting  cash  credits,  after  the  manner  of  the  Scotch  banks ; 
receiving  deposits,  on  which  interests,  varying  according  to  circumstances,  is  allowed ;  in 
drawing  and  giving  letters  of  credit  on  other  places  of  Ireland,  Great  Britain,  &c. ;  and  of 
other  details  incident  to  banking.  It  has  had  several  pretty  severe  runs  to  sustain.  In  the 
course  of  a  single  week,  in  October,  1828,  about  1,000,000/.  in  gold  was  sent  from  England 
to  Ireland  on  account  of  the  Provincial  Bank !  This  prompt  and  ample  supply  effectually 
:naintained  the  credit  of  the  establishment,  and  did  much  to  restore  confidence. 

The  notes  of  the  Provincial  Bank  have  always  been  payable  at  the  places  where  they  are 
issued.  The  Bank  of  Ireland  began  to  establish  branches  in  1825 ;  but  the  notes  issued  by 
her  branches  were  not,  at  first,  payable  except  at  the  head  office  in  Dublin.  This  distinction, 
which  tended  to  throw  the  principal  pressure  of  runs  in  the  country  on  the  Provincial  Bank, 
and  other  private  companies,  was  abolished  by  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  81.,  which  made  it  obli- 
gatory on  all  banks  to  pay  their  notes  at  the  place  of  issue.  Notes  of  the  Provincial  Bank 
are  received  by  the  Treasury  in  payment  of  taxes,  in  the  same  way  as  those  of  the  Bank  of 
Ireland ;  and  it  is  the  bank  of  government  for  the  excise,  post-office,  and  stamp  revenues  for 
those  parts  of  the  country  beyond  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland.  The  divi- 
dends hcve  been  at  the  rate  of  4,  5,  and,  since  the  25th  of  December,  1832,  of  6  per  cent. 
per  annum.  Its  stock  is  now  at  a  high  premium,  the  25/.  paid  up  shares  fetching  3bL 
or  36/. 

Northern  Banking  Company. — This  establishment  has  its  head  office  in  Belfast,  and  its 
branches  are  distributed  throughout  Ulster.  Its  capital  and  operations  are  on  a  much  less 
extensive  scale  than  those  of  the  Provincial  Bank,  but  in  other  respects  they  are  conducted 
nearly  in  the  same  way. 

There  are  very  few  private  banking  establishments  at  present  existing  in  Ittland,  at  least 
compared  with  those  in  this  country. 

VI.  Baitks  (Foueioh). 

To  attempt  giving  any  detailed  account  of  the  principal  foreign  banks  would  very  far 
exceed  our  limits ;  we  shall,  therefore,  only  notice  a  few  of  the  more  celebrated. 

The  Bank  of  Venice  seems  to  have  been  the  first  banking  establishment  in  Europe.  It 
was  founded  so  early  as  1171,  and  subsisted  till  the  subversion  of  the  republic  in  1797.  It 
was  essentially  a  deposit  bank ;  and  its  bills  bore  at  all  times  a  premium  or  agio  over  the 
current  money  of  the  city. 

The  Bank  of  Amsterdam  was  established  in  1659.  It  was  a  deposit  bank ;  and  pay* 
mcntswere  macle  by  writing  off  sums  from  the  account  of  one  individual  to  those  of  another. 
According  to  the  principles  on  which  the  bank  was  established,  it  should  have  had  at  all 
times  in  its  cofTors  bullion  equal  to  the  full  amount  of  the  claims  upon  it  But  the  directors 
privately  lent  about  10,500,000  florins  to  the  states  of  Holland  and  Fricsland.  This  circum- 
stance transpired  when  the  French  invaded  Holland,  and  caused  the  ruin  of  the  ba:.>k. — (See 
my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  ii.  p.  333.) 

The  Bank  of  the  Netherlands  was  established  in  1814.  It  is  formed  on  the  model  of  the 
Bank  of  Eiigl8.nd ;  and  was  to  enjoy  for  26  years  the  exclusive  privilege  of  issuing  notes. 
The  original  capital  of  5,000,000  florins  was  doubled  in  1 8 1 9.    The  king  holds  one  tenth  of 


!  '!. 


m 


mm 


'■i--t 


iiit-t-^ 


124 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


the  sharei .  The  affairs  of  tlie  bank  are  managed  by  a  president,  secretary,  and  5  dircclni 
who  are  choaen  every  6  months,  but  moy  be  indefinitely  re-elecbcd.  This  bank  discounii 
bills)  of  exchange  with  three  responsible  signatures;  it  takes  continuations  on  stock, anj 
Eonietimrs  lends  on  bullion  at  such  a  rate  of  interest  and  to  such  an  extent  as  may  be  agreed 
iifion.  It  occaRionally,  also,  makes  loans  on  merchandise,  but  never  at  less  than  Sperceni 
Its  notes  vary  from  1,000  florins  to  25  florins,  that  is,  from  83J/.  to  2  J^/.  The  ilividtndi 
have  varied  from  3  to  7  per  cent.  The  shares  are  each  1,000  florins,  and  are  at  pregent  1 
worth  25  per  cent,  premium  ex-dividend.  The  responsibility  of  the  shareholders  i«  limited 
to  the  amount  of  their  stock. — {Consul's  Answer  to  Circular  Queries.) 

The  Bank  of  Hamburgh  is  a  deposit  bank,  and  its  aflfairs  are  managed  according  tot 
system  that  insures  the  fullest  publicity.  It  receives  no  deposits  in  coin,  but  only  in  bulliog 
of  a  certain  degree  of  fineness.  It  charges  itself  with  the  bullion  at  the  rate  of  442  schilliDn 
the  mark,  and  issues  it  at  a  rate  of  444  schillings ;  being  a  charge  of  ^ths,  or  nearly  I  m 
cent,  for  its  retention.  It  advances  money  on  jewels  to  jths  of  their  value.  Thecitjii 
answerable  for  all  pledges  deposited  with  the  bank;  they  may  be  sold  by  auction,  if  thet 
remain  1  year  and  6  weeks  without  any  interest  being  paid.  If  the  value  be  not  claimel 
within  3  years,  it  is  forfeited  to  the  poor.  The  Bank  of  Hamburgh  is  universally  admitled 
to  be  one  of  the  best  managed  in  Europe. 

The  Bank  of  France  was  founded  in  1803.  The  exclusive  privilege  of  issuing  noiei 
payable  to  bearer  was  granted  to  it  for  40  years.  The  capital  of  the  bank  consisted  alfint 
of  45,000,000  fir.,  but  it  was  subsequently  increased  to  90,000,000  fr,,  divided  into  90,000 
shares  or  actiotis  of  1,000  fr.  each.  Of  these  shares,  67,900  are  in  the  hands  of  the  public;  1 
22,100,  being  purchased  up  by  the  bank,  form  part  of  her  capital.  The  notes  issued  by  tin 
bank  are  for  1 ,000  and  500  fr.  The  dividend  varies  from  4  to  5  per  cent. ;  and  there  ii, 
besides,  a  reserve  retained  from  the  profits,  which  is  vested  in  the  5  per  cents.  A  bonus  i 
200  fr.  a  share  was  paid  out  of  this  reserve  to  the  shareholders  in  1820.    The  't'eserreji  I 

Eossession  of  the  bank  in  1828,  amounted  to  6,623,000  fr.  No  bills  arc  discounted  thit 
ave  more  than  3  months  to  run.  The  customary  rate  of  discount  is  4  per  cent.,  but  it  { 
varies  according  to  circumstances.  The  discounts  in  1827  amounted  to  621,000,000  ft, 
The  bank  is  obliged  to  open  a  compie  eourant  for  every  one  who  requires  it ;  and  perfonu  I 
services  for  those  who  have  such  accounts,  similar  to  those  rendered  by  the  private  banh 
of  London  to  their  customers.  She  is  not  allowed  to  charge  any  commission  upon  current 
accounts,  so  that  her  only  remuneration  arises  out  of  the  use  of  the  money  placed  in  ber 
hands  by  the  individuals  whoso  payments  she  makes.  This  branch  of  the  business  is  eaid 
not  to  bo  profitable.  There  are  about  1,600  accounts  current  at  the  bank ;  and  of  the  entire 
expenses  of  the  establishment,  amounting  to  about  900,000  fr.  a  year,  two  thirds  are  said  to 
be  incurred  in  this  department.  The  bank  advances  money  on  pledges  of  difiercnt  kindi, 
such  as  foreign  coin  or  bullion,  government  or  other  securities,  &c.  It  also  undertakes  the 
care  of  valuable  articles,  as  plate,  jewels,  bills,  title-deeds,  &c.  The  charge  is  i  per  cent 
of  the  value  of  each  deposit  for  every  period  of  6  months  or  under. 

The  administration  of  the  bank  is  vested  in  a  council  general  of  20  members,  viz.  17 
regents,  and  3  censors,  who  are  nominated  by  200  of  the  principal  proprietors.  The  kin;  I 
appoints  the  governor  and  deputy  governor.  The  first  must  be  possessed  of  150,  and  the 
latter  of  60  shares.  A  compte  rendu  is  annually  published,  and  a  report  by  the  censoii, 
which  together  give  a  very  full  exposition  of  the  affairs  of  the  bank.  The  institution  ii 
flourishing,  and  enjoys  unlimited  credit — (For  further  details  with  respect  to  the  Bnnkrf 
France,  see  Starch,  Cours  d' Economic  Politique,  Paris,  1823,  tom.  iv.  pp.  168 — 180.,  asJ  I 
the  Compfes  Rendus  of  the  different  years.) 

Banks  have  also  been  established  at  Berlin,  Copenhagen,  Vienna,  and  Pctersburgb, 
Those  who  wish  for  detailed  information  with  respect  to  these  establishments,  may  consull  | 
the  work  of  M.  Storch,  to  wliich  we  have  just  referred.  In  the  4th  volume,  there  is  an  ad- 
mirable account  of  the  paper  money  of  the  different  continental  states.  The  objects  we  ha\t  I 
in  view  will  be  accomplished  by  laying  before  our  readers  the  following  details  with  respect 
to  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Russia,  established  in  1818 : — "This  bank  receives  deposits  is 
gold  and  silver,  foreign  as  well  as  Russian  coin,  and  in  bars  and  ingots.  It  has  a  department 
for  transferring  the  sums  deposited  witli  it,  on  the  plan  of  tlie  Hamburgh  Bank.  It  dis- 
counts bills,  and  lends  money  on  deposits  of  merchanmse  of  Russian  produce  or  origin.  IIj 
capital  consists  of  30,000,000  of  bank-note  rubles.  It  is  administered  by  a  governor  and  4 
directors  appointed  by  government,  and  4  directors  elected  by  the  commercial  body  of  Peten- 
burgh.  The  property  in  the  bank  is  protected  against  all  taxation,  sequestration,  or  atlacli- 
ment ;  and  it  is  enacted,  that  subjects  of  countries  with  which  Russia  may  be  at  wnr  shai 
be  entitled  at  all  times  to  receive  back  their  deposits  without  any  reservation.  It  is  also  ile- 
'  dared,  that  at  no  time  shall  the  bank  be  called  upon  for  any  part  of  its  capital  to  assist  the 
government.  All  deposits  must  be  made  for  6  months  at  least,  and  be  repayable  at  or  before 
that  period,  and  not  bo  less  than  600  rubles :  sums  so  deposited  to  pay  i  per  cent.  Tbt 
deposits,  if  in  bars,  ingots,  or  foreign  specie,  are  estimated  in  Russian  silver  coin,  and  so  regis- 
tered in  the  attestation;  and  if  not  demanded  back  within  16  days  of  tiie  expiration  of! 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 

I  ^^nth),  OT  the  necessary  premium  paid  for  the  prolongation,  the  owner  loses  the  right  of 
I  claiming  his  original  deposit,  and  must  take  its  estimated  value  in  Russian  silver  coin.  No 
Ibiili  are  discounted  that  have  less  than  8  days  or  more  than  6  months  to  run.  The  rate  of 
I  discount  w  6  per  cent.  No  interest  is  allowed  on  money  deposited  in  the  bank,  unless  notice 
I  be  given  that  it  will  be  allowed  to  lie  for  a  year,  and  3  months'  -  .xice  be  given  of  the  inten- 
Ition  to  draw  it  out,  when  six  per  cent,  interest  is  allowed." — 'Kelly's  Cam&tj/,  vol.  i.  p. 
1303,)  This  bank  has  branches  at  Archangel,  Moscow,  Odessa,  Uiga,  &c. 
I  The  Bank  of  the  United  Stales  was  incorporated  in  1816.  Its  capital  is  35,000,000  doN 
liars,  (lirided  into  350,000  shares  of  100  dollars  each.  Seven  millions  were  subscribed  by 
Ithe  United  States,  and  the  remaining  28,000,000  by  individuals,  companies,  corporations, 
l&c.  In  1832,  84,000  shares  were  held  by  foreigners.  The  bank  issues  no  note  for  less 
Itlun  5  dollars ;  all  its  notes  are  payable  in  specie  on  demand.  It  discounts  bills  and  makes 
liilnnces  on  bullion  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent  The  management  is  under  25  directors :  5 
lofwboin,  being  holders  of  stock,  are  annually  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
istateSi    Seven  directors,  including  the  president,  constitute  a  Board. 

The  principal  office  of  the  bank  is  in  Philadelphia;  but  in  January,  1830,  it  had  twenty- 
(ten  sui)ordinate  offices,  or  branch  baidcs,  established  in  different  parts  of  the  Union.    Sub- 
ijoined  is  a  statement  of  some  of  the  items  in  the  afiairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  oa 
Khe  Ut  of  April,  1830,  and  the  2d  of  November,  1832. 


Notef  discounted 
Domeitic  bills  discounted 
Funded  debt  beld  by  the  bank  - 
Real  estate  .  .  - 

Funds  in  Europe,  equal  to  specie 
Sptcie     .         -  -  . 

Public  deposits     -  -  - 

Private  deposits  ... 
Circulation  ... 


1830. 


82,138,370-89  del. 

10,506,88S'&4 

11,122,530'(K) 
9,891,890'75 
3,789,498-54 
9,043,748-1)7 
8,905,50187 
7,704,856-87 

16,083,89400 


1833. 


45,736,934-95  dol. 

16,304,498  48 
4,747,696-45 
1,833,721-51 
2,885,016-26 
8,036,055-45 
6,957,631-54 
7,933,898-84 

17,968,733-36 


The  total  liabilities  of  the  bank  to  the  public  on  the  1st  of  November,  1832,  including  its 
bote«  in  circulation,  deposits,  and  debts  to  the  holders  of  public  funds,  were  37,296,950'20 
Uollara;  and  its  assets,  including  specie,  cash  in  Europe,  debts  from  individuals,  banking 
lompanies,  &c.  were  79,593,870-97  dollars;  leaving  a  surplus  of  42,296,920-77  dollars, 
howing  the  stability  of  the  bank  to  be  equal  to  that  of  any  institution  of  the  sort  in  the 
itotld.— (/i«por/  to  Secretary  of  Treasury  on  Affairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  Stales, 
Dec.  1. 1832.)  The  charter  of  the  bank  expires  in  1836.  A  bill  for  its  renewal  passed 
both  houses  of  Congress  in  1832,  but  was  rejected  by  the  President  The  probability,  how- 
|tver,  Kerns  to  be,  that  the  measure  will  still  pass.    Of  its  expediency  no  reasonable  doubt 

1  be  entertained. 

(We  stated  in  our  last  Supplement  that  the  President  had  succeeded  in  his  contest  with 
hia  ntablishment,  and  that  the  probability  was,  that  it  would  wind  up  its  affairs  in  the  course 
brthe  present  year.  But  since  then  it  has  been  rechartered,  in  so  fur  at  least  as  respects 
Pennsylvania,  by  the  legislature  of  that  state ;  and  it  seems  to  be  expected  that  it  will  be  re- 
Chartered  by  the  legislature  of  some  of  the  other  states.  Although,  therefore,  the  United 
plates  Bank  no  longer  exists,  as  a  great  national  establishment  it  maintains  its  place  as  the 
leatest  banking  company  of  the  New  World ;  and  is,  In  this  respect  second,  indeed,  to 
bone  anywhere  to  be  met  with,  except  the  Bank  of  England. — Sup.) 

The  establbhment  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  has  been  of  material  service,  by  afford- 
bg  a  currency  of  undoubted  solidity,  readily  accepted  in  all  parts  of  the  Union.  At  the 
ieriod  when  it  was  organized,  nothing  could  be  in  a  less  satisfactory  condition  than  the  paper 
nirrency  of  the  United  States;  in  fact  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  England  and  Ireland, 
ihcy  have  suffered  more  than  any  other  country  from  the  abuse  of  banking.  In  1814,  all 
Ihe  banks  south  and  west  of  New  England  stopped  payment ;  and  it  appears,  from  the 
Icial  returns,  that  in  ali,  no  fewer  than  165  banks  were  in  this  predicament  between  the 
1st  of  January,  1811,  and  the  1st  of  January,  1830!  It  ia  of  importance  to  observe,  that 
Viott  of  these  banks  were  joint  stock  companies.  At  present  indeed,  there  are  no  strictly 
irivate  banking  companies  in  the  United  States.  They  are  all  incorporated  by  law,  with  a 
ixed  capital,  the  shareholders  being  only  liable  in  most  cases,  though  not  uniformly,  to  the 
litem  of  their  shores.  They  all  issue  notes  of  5  dollars :  but  the  issue  of  notes  of  a  lower 
hlue  has  been  forbidden  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  A  good  deal  has  been 
laid  in  thiH  country  of  the  flourishing  state  of  the  New  England  banks,  particularly  those  of 
Hissaehusetts,  and  they  have  been  held  up  as  a  model  for  our  imitation.  But  bad  as  our  sys 
|cin  of  country  banking  undoubtedly  is,  we  should  be  exceeding  ttorry  to  see  any  attempt  nii* 
!  improve  it,  by  the  adoption  of  even  the  beat  parts  of  the  Amt-^xau  system.  Among  other 
l3 


i 


I 

I' 


126 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


regulatiuni,  an  act  of  the  legialatuie  of  MaMachuMtts  provides  that  no  bank  fortheuauegj 
notes  can  go  into  operation  in  any  way,  until  at  least  half  its  capital  atock  8hak  be  paid  j, 
gold  and  silver  into  the  bank,  and  be  actually  existing  in  its  coffers ;  and  the  cashier  cI 
every  bank  is  bound  to  make  specific  returns  once  a  year  of  its  debts  and  assets,  on  lidgi 
required  to  do  so  by  the  secretary  of  state.  But  such  regulations  are  found,  in  practicTil 
be  nearly  if  not  wholly  worthless.  Instances  have  occurred  of  banks  having  borrowed  u 
amount  of  dollars  equal  to  half  their  capital, /or  a  single  day;  and  of  such  dollars  havim 
been  examined  by  the  commissioners  appointed  for  that  purpose,  and  reported  by  them  ini 
sworn  bif  a  majority  of  the  directors  to  bo  the  first  instalment  paid  by  the  stc^kholden  cf 
the  bank,  and  mtended  to  remain  in  it! — {Gouge's  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  Ht 
United  States,  part  iL  p.  157.)  We  do  not,  of  course,  imagine  that  such  disgraceful  h^ 
stances  can  be  of  common  occurrence ;  but  a  system  which  permits  of  frauds  of  thia  Km 
being  perpetrated  under  cover  of  authority,  must  be  altogether  vicious.  The  publicity,  tiu 
to  which  the  banks  are  subject,  is  injurious  rather  than  otherwise.  They  know  when  tli« 
are  to  be  called  upon  to  make  their  returns ;  and  in  order  to  render  them  as  favourable  h 
possible,  they  are  in  the  habit,  for  a  month  or  two  previously,  of  narrowing  their  diacounti 
to  the  great  inconvenience  of  those  with  whom  they  deal ;  and  endeavour  by  every  mean 
in  their  power,  through  temporary  loans,  and  all  manner  of  devices,  to  swell  the  amount  of 
bullion  in  their  coflfers  on  the  day  of  examination.  If  the  banks  were  obliged  to  make  tegulii 
weekly  or  even  monthly  returns  of  their  situation,  they  might  afford  some  little  useful  Id. 
formation ;  but  it  is  abundantly  obvious,  that  that  which  is  derived  from  the  present  returu 
must  be,  even  when  not  so  intended,  misleading  and  deserving  of  very  little  attention.  Thi 
truth  cannot  be  too  often  repeated,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  ever  to  organize  secure  banju 
of  issue, — and  it  is  with  such  only  that  the  legislature  has  any  right  to  interfere, — except  h 
obliging  them  to  give  security  for  their  notes.  Every  other  scheme,  how  carefully  soever  it 
may  be  devised,  is  sure  in  the  end  to  prove  nugatory  and  to  be  defeated.  That  part  of  tht 
American  system  which  limits  the  responsibility  of  the  partners  in  a  bank  to  the  amount  of 
their  shares,  seems  to  us  to  be  in  the  last  degree  objectionable.  It  affords  a  strong  tempti- 
lion  to  the  commission  of  fraud,  and  we  have  yet  to  learn  that  it  possesses  a  single  counter. 
vailing  advantage.  We  have  been  assured  by  those  well  acquainted  with  the  facts,  that  it 
has  been  productive  of  the  most  mischievous  consequences.  Six  of  the  Massachusetts ban^ 
having,  or  professing  to  have,  a  capital  of  800,000  dollars,  failed  between  the  1st  of  Janouj, 
1811,  and  the  Ist  of  July,  1830. 

We  subjoin  an  official  abstract  of  the  state  of  the  84  banka  existing  in  Massachusetts  oi  | 
the  first  Saturday  of  August,  1832.  « '  ;<  ' 

Abstract  Account  of  the  Massacbusetts  Banks. 


Capital  stock  paid  in    - 
Bills  in  circulation 
Nett  proAts  on  band     - 
Balances  due  to  other  banlcs    - 
Cash  deposited,  Ilc,  not  bearing 

interest  ... 

Cash  deposited,  bearing  interest 
Due  from  the  banks 
Gold,  silver,  ke.  in  banks 
Real  estate        ... 


DoUtrt. 


31,520,«)000 
7,122,85600 
1,031,90016 
1,993,90413 

2,938,970-33 

6,268,981-61 

43,996,900-00 

902,205-78 

738,612-64 


Bills  of  Banka  in  this  State  - 
Bills  of  banks  elsewhere 
Balances  due  from  other  banks 
Due  to  the  banks,  excepting  ba- 
lances .... 
Total  resources  of  the  banks  . 
Amount  of  last  dividend 

—         reserved  profits 
Debts  secured  by  pledge  of  stock 
—    due,  and  considered  doubtfUl 


DolUn. 


l,027,3«l'll) 

174,566-8 

2,3(l7,7M-» 

38,889,7J?-« 

44,04!i,00«'H 

689,«;iN 

436,708-;( 

944,76in 


Rate  of  dividend  on  amount  of  capital  of  the  banks,  as  existing  when  dividend  was  made,  MI  | 
per  cent. 

Mr.  Gallatin  has  given  the  following  account  of  the  number  and  capital  of  the  banking » | 
tablishments  existing  in  the  United  States  on  the  lat  of  January,  1830: — 


SUtM 

Nuntar 
ofDtnlu. 

Capltil. 

DoHan. 

Massachusetts 

66 

90,420,000 

Maine   ... 

18 

3,030,000 

New  nampshire 

18 

1,791,670 

Vermont 

10 

432,625 

Rhode  Island   - 

47 

6,118,397 

Connecticut     . 

13 

4,485,lTr 

New  York       • 

87 

20,083,333 

New  Jersey     - 

18 

8,017,009 

Pennsylvania  • 

33 

14,609,963 

Delaware 

4 

830,000 

Maryland         ■       '   - 

13 

0,290,499 

District  of  Oolumbia  - 

0 

a,875,7M 

Virginia 

4 

6,971,100 

StltM. 


North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Louisiana 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Tennessee 

Ohio     . 

Michigan 

FInridia 

Delaware 

Total 


Number 
ofBuki. 


380 


CtpiU. 


Dc'lHl 

3,l!(j,()(10 

4,831,000 

4,203,029 

6,965,980 

643,501 

990,m 

737,811 

1,454,3* 

10,000 

75,000 


110,101,699 


For  further  informati< 
1 12th  of  February,  1820, 

Ipessii'iepa'np'i'^^o*"^ 
lUnited  States,  Philadelp 

\ljmled Slates,  Ac.    An 

|CalltSTIA5IA,  COPBHH 

I  [Private  Banks  of  I h 
Ipess  that  the  banking  8 
I  sustained  a  considerable 
■bank  notes  for  less  than 
Ipriceofall  public  lands  f 
lliahed  by  order  of  the  lei 
Ijars  in  circulation  in  tha 
I  and  these  have  since  bet 
■that  iny  official  account 
■but  there  can  be  no  doul 
jiheir  issue  in  New  Yoi 
Iwarae  of  being  withdraw 
lipecie  will  be  required  U 
■camstance  seems  8uffici< 
lie  proportion  of  gold  ar 
lincnt),  very  little  silver 
■question  has  made  it  pre 
ligetallic  money  is  empl 
■opened  a  new  field  for  tl 
lefecting  small  payment 
liilver  that  would  otherw 
Ineir  mint  regulations,  w 

lActonnt  of  tho  Progress  ' 
ipecirvinf  the  Number  o 
.jieir  Capital.    {Official  1 


tUim     •     •      • 

Niw  Hmpdilra     • 
Vannt  •      • 

Rlwlt  Illud  - 
CmMCiint  • 
NewToik  . 
Newjeney  •  • 
fnmjlnBoM  • 
DtUnn 

Mujlud  •  • 
DntntoTColnnbia 
VirpaU  •  -  • 
f  3ith  CtroliDl  . 
Soilh  CiraliiB 
Gmrii  .  .  • 
rA   ■     •     • 


liMRUU 
trHMpirf 

TeaimiM 
KeDtacky 
Mimiri 

MiDOJI    . 

laJtau  • 
(Km 


HiiUSIilei'buk 


I  btiuMtapitalormaabuda 
from  wbith  no  ntimi 

Totili     ■ 


■•';'pj'«f'      .  ly.   (f 


BANKS  (FOREIGN).   *r 


MR 


For  further  infonnation  with  respect  to  the  banks  of  the  United  States,  see  the  Report, 
1 12th  of  February,  1930,  oftho  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (W.  H.Crawford,  Esq.)  to  Con- 
\m»;  the  pamphlet  of  Albert  Gallatin,  Esq.  on  the  Currency  and  Banking  System  of  the 
lunN  Statfls,  Philadelphia,  1831 ;  Gouge's  Account  of  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  the 
I  Vnited  Slates,  ^c.    And  for  further  details  as  to  foreign  banks,  see  Bordgacx,  Calcutta, 

|CallI'TU!»IA(  COPBSHAOEN,  NaPLBS,  &C. 

I  (Private  Banks  of  the  United  States. — ^The  following  table  shows  the  extraordinary  pro- 
Ipess  that  the  banking  system  has  made  in  the  United  States.  It  has  recently,  however, 
|nistaine<l  a  considerable  check  by  the  suppression  in  New  York  and  most  other  states  of  all 
Ibank  notes  for  less  than  6  dollars,  and  by  the  regulation  enforced  by  government,  that  the 
Ipriceofall  public  lands  shall  be  paid  in  specie.  It  appears,  from  the  official  accounts  pub- 
llabed  by  order  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  New  York,  that  the  notes  for  less  than  5  dol- 
llirs  in  circulation  in  that  state  on  the  1st  of  December,  1834,  amounted  to  3,730,902  dollars ; 
lind  these  have  since  been  either  wholly,  or  almost  wholly,  suppressed.  We  do  not  know 
Ithat  iny  official  account  has  been  published  of  the  issue  of  such  notes  in  the  other  states ; 
Itiut  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  in  the  aggregate,  it  must  have  been  many  times  greater  tlian 
Itheif issue  in  New  York  only.  And  as  these  notes  are  everywhere,  we  believe,  in  the 
Icourse  of  being  withdrawn  from  circulation,  it  is  clear  that  a  large  additional  amount  of 
lipecie  will  be  required  to  fill  up  the  vacuum  occasioned  by  their  withdrawal.  This  cir- 
Icumstance  seems  sufficiently  to  account  for  the  fact,  that  notwithstanding  the  alteration  in 
|iie proportion  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  American  mint  (See  article  Coins  in  this  Supple- 
lincnt),  very  little  silver  has  been  exported  from  America  to  Europe.  The  alteration  in 
Itaestion  has  made  it  profitable  to  use  gold  in  preference  to  silver  in  all  large  payments  where 
Inetallic  money  is  employed ;  but  the  suppression  of  small  notes  has,  at  the  same  time, 
■opened  a  new  field  for  the  employment  of  silver  as  a  subsidiary  currency,  or  as  a  means  of 
lefibcting  small  payments ;  and  it  seems  to  be  generally  supposed,  that  the  most  part  of  the 
Inlver  that  would  otherwise  have  found  its  way  to  foreign  countries,  in  consequence  of  the 
liewmint  regulations,  will  be  retained  in  this  subordinate  capacity. 


Dolhn. 


38,889,7Jri( 

44,O4!!,006M 

689,S;5«I 

436,7067( 

944,76in 

aii,9u;> 


CipiU. 


Dctlin. 
3,I!)5,CO0 
4,831,0(10 

4,mra) 

6,fl65,S* 
643,501 
930,000 
737,811 
1,4M,M 
10,000 
75,000 


lAccount  of  the  Progress  of  Banking  in  the  United  States,  from  January,  ISIS,  to  January,  IS39 } 
ipecifyin;  the  Number  of  Banlta  in  the  dilfurent  States,  at  different  Epochs,  with  the  Amount  of 
Ma  Capital.    {Official  Letter  by  the  Secretary  to  the  American  Treasury,  5th  Janttary,  1836,  p.  81.) 


MllM       •        •        • 

NavHimi»hin 
Tenaoat  •      •      • 
Miachoetli  • 
Rbnle  lilud   - 
CouKticul      •      • 
Neir  fork       •      • 
VewJavj     • 
Pnnylniua   • 
Dtlann 
Uarjlavi 

Dnirictrf  Columbia 
VirninU  •      ■      • 
NsnhCaroliu 
Smtli  Canlini 
Oeotfia  •      >      • 
tA   ■      '      • 


HiiMppi 
Teumce 
lenlnckir 
Mimiri 

ritooji  • 

ladUna  * 
Oliio       . 


DiiU  State' buk 


I  bHmMetpHilormailwAi 
from  wbich  no  nhini 

Totili     ■ 


Janiury  Ist, 


SOB 


Cipilal. 


1,432,300 
100,000 
SM,96i 
96»,I7S 


I,4«,7» 


82,239,590 


82,259,590 


January  lit. 


308 


208     82,259^580   308   137,210,811    330 


Capital. 


DoUan. 
I,S54,900 
1,005,276 
44,»>5 

10,485,700 
2,982,026 
3,6S»,337 

1B,9SIS,774 
2,130,949 

14,681,780 
974,900 
8,708,191 
6,525,319 
«,2I2,I92 
2,964,887 
4,475,000 
1,401,610 


489,112 

3,697,420 

900,000 

9,119,782 

8,807,431 

360,000 

140,910 

302,857 

1,797,463 


102,210,61 
36,000,000 


137,240,611 


Januanr  Isl, 


330 


Capital. 


J)oUan. 

2,050,000 

1,791,970 

4^625 

30,420,000 

6,118,397 

4,485,177 

20,083,353 

2,017,009 

14,610,333 

830,000 

6,ri0^495 

S,875,7W 

6,571,100 

3,195,000 

4,631,000 

4,203,029 

^000 

643,603 

{,gS6,980 

950,600 

737,817 


1,454,998 

100,000 


no, 

35,000,000 


146,192,268 


145,192,2691  807 


June,  1834. 


607 


Capital. 


JMlart. 

2,777,000 

2l271,300 

912,000 

38,236,250 
7,488,748 
5,708,015 

27^755,264 
2,500,000 

17,061,044 
2,(<00,000 
9,270,091 
3,337,306 
6,694,600 
1,(04,725 
3,156,318 
6,534,691 
1,000,000 
4,308,207 

23,664,755 
3,666,805 
2,943,^7 
1,875,418 

*  300,000 

160,000 

6,986.625 

600,000 


170,123,788 
36,000,000 


306,123,788 


201,183,788 


Jaonary,  1836. 


667 


668 


131 


146 


Capital. 


DoUan. 
3,549,890 
3,666,006 
l,i»l,S15 

30,409,460 
8,007,482 
7J50,796 

3l,t<!tl,460 
8,707,135 

17,968,444 
830,000 
7,662,839 
3,613,986 
6,840,000 
3,484,936 
7,556,318 
6,783,308 
114,320 
6,107,623 

27.172,146 
5,890,162 
2,890,381 
4,898,686 

378,739 

800,000 

6,390,741 

658,980 


194,684,361 

33,000,000 


329,584,361 
1,665,918 


«8    146  33l,t50,aW| 


>   t 


\\ 


M 


b\ 


I  ' 


■  ^il 


,1       > 


:\\\ 


lift 


128 


BANKS  FOR  SAVINGS. 


Aeeonnt  of  the  Avemne  Dlvldendi  paid  by  the  Banki  of  the  State  of  New  York,  on  their  ptM  g, 
Capitali,  In  1831,  1839,  W33,  and  1334.— («»jM»rt  «/  Bank  Commu»hiur$  to  tkt  Le^uiuluri  ijx„ 
York,  3Snd  Jan.  183S.) 


ISSl. 
0  Country  banki,  capltuli  of  100,000  dollari, 

and  under    .          -          -          -          - 
9  do.  cnpltnli  over  100,000  dollari,  and  not 

over  800,000  dollar* 

10  do.,  capital*  over  300,000  dollari    - 

Total     • 
18S3. 
17  Country  banki,  lit  clasi,  ai  above 

11  do.         do.     3d  clan      .           -          - 
11      do.         do.     Sdclaia      ... 

13  New  York  city  banU 

!                                                          Totat     - 

isn. 

ID  Country  banki,  lit  claei     .           .          - 

14  do.         do.     3d  clan      ... 
11      do.         do.     3d  clan     .           .          - 

14  New  York  city  bank* 

Total     - 
1834. 

90  Country  banki,  lit  clan     ... 

91  do.         do.     3d  clan      -          .          - 
13     do.         do.     3d  clan      ... 

15  New  York  city  banki 

Total     - 

CapiUI. 

Amouutot  Divldanli. 

lbti;«tNiL 

Dollari. 

880,000 

1,305,000 
3,750,000 

Dollari. 

80,300 

117.180 
330,000 

li'4fl 
880 

0,035,000 

527,080 

8'75 

1,680,000 

1,745,000 

4,160,600 

11,311,300 

158.500 
163,030 
363,368 
695,165 

8'43 

8'N 
«'14 

18,005,800 

1,379,363 

7» 

1,880,000 
9,315,000 
4,169,600 
13,111,300 

m,!>oo 

306,080 
444,196 

760,787 

lO'M 
»'30 

lOU 
6-18 

80,375,800 

1,608,493 

7-8S 

1,980,000 

3,490,000 

4,719,600 

13,611,300 

306,000 

390,818 

409,493 

1,03S,'163 

I0'4) 
8.10 

7-M 

33.730,800 

1.934,779 

8'13 

8i;.| 


VII.    Baitks  fok  Satinos, 


Are  banks  establiihed  for  the  receipt  of  small  sums  deposited  by  the  poorer  class  of  ptmni,  I 
and  for  the  accumulation  of  such  sums  at  compound  interest.  They  are  managed  by  b 
dividuols,  who  derive  no  benefit  whatever  from  the  deposits.  All  monies  paid  into  uj  I 
Savings  Bank  established  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  93.  are  ordered  to  I 
be  paid  into  the  Banks  of  England  and  Ireland,  and  vested  in  Bank  annuities  or  Exchequa  | 
bills.  The  interest  payable  to  depositors  is  not  to  exceed  S^cf.  per  cent,  per  diem,  or  3/.{ 
b^d.  per  cent  per  annum.  No  depositor  can  contribute  more  than  30/.,  exclusive  of  cod-  I 
pound  interest,  to  a  Savings  Bank  in  any  one  vear ;  and  the  total  deposits  to  be  receind  | 
firom  any  one  individual  are  not  to  exceed  150/.;  and  whenever  the  deposits,  andcompo 
interest  accruing  upon  them,  standing  in  the  name  of  any  one  individual,  shall  amount  to  I 
S00£,  no  interest  shall  be  payable  upon  such  deposit  so  long  as  it  shall  amount  to  !00i  I 
Since  the  establishment  of  thu  system  in  1817,  down  to  January,  1831,  the  sums  receindl 
from  depositors,  and  the  interest  accruing  upon  them,  amounted  to  20,760,828/.,  of  whidi 
the  depositors  had  received,  in  principal  and  interest,  6,648,838/. ;  leaving  at  the  period  Id  I 
question,  a  balance  due  to  the  depositors  of  15,111,890/.  The  commissioners  for  then- 1 
duction  of  the  national  debt  have  the  disposal  of  the  sums  vested  in  the  public  funds  on  » I 
count  of  Savings  Banks. 

The  principle  and  object  of  these  institutions  cannot  be  too  highly  commended.  In  tlie  I 
metropolis,  and  many  other  parts  of  England,  public  banks  do  not  receive  small  deposli,  I 
and  upon  none  do  they  pay  any  interest.  And  even  in  Scotland,  where  the  public  banii  I 
allow  interest  upon  deposits,  they  do  not  generally  receive  less  than  1 0/.  But  few  poor  per-  [ 
sons  are  able  to  save  so  large  a  sum,  except  by  a  lengthened  course  of  economy.  Thetnilh,  I 
therefore,  is,  that  until  Savings  Banks  were  established,  the  poor  were  every  where  without  I 
tho  means  of  securely  and  profitably  investing  those  small  sums  they  are  not  imfrequenllj  I 
in  a  condition  to  save ;  and  were  consequently  led,  from  the  difiiculty  of  disposing  of  then,  I 
to  neglect  opportunities  for  making  savings,  or  if  they  did  make  them,  were  tempted,  by  tbt  I 
offer  of  high  interest,  to  lend  them  to  persons  of  doubtful  characters  and  desperate  fortuio, 
by  whom  they  were,  for  the  most  part,  squandered.  Under  such  circumstances,  itu  plan  I 
that  nothing  could  be  more  important,  in  the  view  of  diffusing  habits  of  forethought  and  I 
economy  amongst  the  labouring  classes,  than  the  establishment  of  Savings  Banks,  where  tin  I 
smallest  sums  are  placed  in  perfect  safety,  are  accumulated  at  compound  interest,  and  an  I 
paid,  with  their  accumulations,  the  moment  they  are  demanded  by  the  dcpositon.  Thi  I 
system  u  yet  only  in  its  infancy ;  but  the  magnitude  of  the  deposits  already  received,  aeli  I 
its  powerful  and  salutary  operation  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view. 

We  subjoin  a  copy  of  the  rules  of  the  St.  Pancras  Savings  Bank,  which  may  be  taken  a  I 
a  model  for  similar  injutr.tions,  'nasmuch  as  they  have  been  drawn  up  with  great  can,  ui  I 
closely  corn^cpond  with  Uie  provisions  in  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  92. 


BANKS  FOR  SAVINGS. 


120 


1  Jfanv""""''""'''*''*  ^'•"'' '"  ""•''■'  "'"  ""i"i>K<'iii''iit  nf  n  prnnlclont,  vicc-prpildenti,  truateei,  and 
'i|,,gi|,iin  fifty  nmiingors,  iioiui  "f  wlinni  nrii  itcriiiitti'it  to  il<^rlvo  iiiiy  twiicRt  wliBtnoever,  direrlly 

m  iralireclly,  from  "'« il«P'>"'t''  ror«lvuil,  or  thu  producii  tlivrcof,  One  or  more  of  the  managers  attend 
•hen  the  Hank  i«  open  for  liimlncs*. 

2  Stinrrinunding  Commute,— K  commlttmi  of  not  Icdii  than  ten  niannirrrii,  three  of  whom  form  a 
riirirum  I"  cm|)owerii(l  to  Btipiiriiitvnd,  niiiiiiiKn,  nnil  C(in(hirt  tlin  gnnprnl  himineiia  of  thin  Bank  ;  to 
gjrl  10  liieirnuiiibcr  from  among  thii  mana)(<'rii|  to  llll  up  vncanrleH  in  Iholr  own  body,  and  to  ap|iohit 

I  ireaiuf"  or  trim^nrcru,  afU'M  or  aKi-ntii,  aiidlKirK,  iin  uctiiiiry  and  rlerku,  ord  other  officerii  and  sor- 
rnntii  and  to  withdraw  nnv  niich  nppcdntini'nii,  and  to  appoint  otlierH,  hhonid  it  lie  comiidtired  nccea- 
,'irv  10  tn  du.    The  prucouilinifti  of  thlo  comniitteu  aro  reKUlarly  luid  before  the  general  mcetinga  of 

S  fi/fcrioM.— The  fluporintendlng  fommltloe  la  empowered  to  add  to  the  number  of  manager*,  until 
ihev  amount  tn  one  hundred  and  twenty,  cxeliialvely  of  the  preaident,  vire-pregidenta,  and  truBteoa, 
And  any  vnrancies  of  pre        .  i,  vIce-preBldentH,  and  trualeen,  are  to  he  filled  n|>  ul  a  general  meeting. 

j  Otneral  Mertingf.  j.  ^ennral  meeting  of  the  preHJilnnt,  vic«-preai<lentH,  triititeeg,  and  nmnugurH  of 
Ihii  Bank  abnll  bo  held  once  a  year,  in  the  month  of  Kehruiiry.  The  t<U|ierintcnding  committee  shall 
lav  before  every  auch  meeting  a  report  of  the  Irnnaactiiina  of  the  Bank,  and  state  of  the  accounts. 
The •np<'r'nt*"'*""8  committee  for  the  succeeding  year  aluill  he  elected  ut  such  general  meeting;  and 
fiilinc  duch  election,  the  former  comniitteu  ahull  he  conalilered  us  renppointed. 

,'>  Spteial  Meellitfu. — The  superintending  cnnimltleu  are  uuthoriaed  to  call  special  general  iiieetingi 
when  they  think  proper;  and  also,  on  the  requlHJtion  of  any  ten  managers,  delivered  in  writing  to  the 
Miliary,  or  to  the  manager  in  attendance  vt  the  Hank ;  and  of  such  meeting  seven  days'  notice  shall 

i  Liab'tliiijof  Tr-untees,  Mannqert,  Offir.ert,  ^'n.— No  tniatne  or  manugcr  shall  be  personally  liable 
eicppt  for  m  own  nets  and  deeds,  nor  for  nny  tiling  done  by  him  in  virtue  of  his  olflce,  except  where 

I  |i«  Khali  be  guilty  of  wilful  neglect  or  defltiilt ;  hut  tlie  trousuier  or  treasurers,  the  actuary,  and  every 
iilGcer  intrusted  with  tlin  rec<!ipt  or  cuatody  of  uny  auiu  of  trioney  deposited  for  the  purposes  of  this 

'  Indiliilinn,  and  every  officer,  or  other  person,  receiving  sniarv  or  uilowiince  tor  their  services  from 
llic  funds  thereof,  shnll  give  good  and  aiiinclent  security,  by  bond  or  bonds,  to  the  clerk  of  the  peace 
iif  ilie  county  of  Sliddleaex,  fur  the  Juat  and  fiillliftil  execution  of  such  ofhce  of  trust, 

'.  Ineiiitment  and  limitation  of  />rpu»ir«.— DepoHita  of  not  lima  thiiu  nne  shilling;  and  not  exceeding 
(Jirlji  pounds  in  the  whole,  excluaive  of  compound  liitereat,  from  nny  one  depositor,  or  trustee  of  a 
depinilor,  during  each  and  every  year  ending  on  the  20lli  of  November,  will  be  received  and  invested, 
piusiiant  to9(ieo.  4.  c  U2.  s.  11  ,  until  the  Niiuir  shall  amount  to  one  hundrrd  and  fifty  pound  f  in  the 
whole;  and  when  the  principal  and  Interest  together  shall  amount  to  two  hundrtd  /taundg,  then  no 
iiiterenl  will  lie  payable  on  such  deposit,  so  long  us  It  shall  continue  to  amount  to  that  sum.  But  dcpo- 

I  (imrs  whose  acciiunts  niiiouiited  to,  or  exceeded,  Itna  hvnilrnt  pounds,  ut  the  passing  of  the  said  act, 
cnlhcSSthof  July,  1W28,  will  continue  to  ho  enllllid  to  interest  and  compound  interest  thereon. 

i  8.  hierest  to  be  allowed  to  Ihponilort. — In  cmifiirniity  with  the  iJlth  clause  of  the  9  Geo.  4.  c.  02.,  an 
inlerest  at  the  rate  of  3j(/.  per  cent,  per  duy,  being  'M.  Hx.  !ild.  per  cent,  per  annum  (tlie  full  amoant 
uHlharised  by  the  said  ucf),  will  be  allowed  todeposilors,  and  placed  to  their  urcoiints  as  a  cash  deposit, 

II  llie  inonthnf  JVoWHifcfir  in  each  yeur.  PepoHJtora  (leniaiidiiig  payment  of  the  whole  amount  of 
li.nirileposils  in  this  Bank,  will  he  allowed  the  interest  due  on  such' deposits  up  to  the  day  on  which 
notice  of  withdrawing  shall  be  given,  but  nu  interest  will  be  allowed,  iu  any  case,  on  the  fractional 
parU  of  a  pound  sterling. 

9.  Dtfcriplion  and  Decluratinn.— Every  person  deKlroua  nf  making  any  deposit  in  this  Bank,  shall,  at 
I  the  time  of  making  their  first  deposit,  and  at  such  other  times  us  lliey  sliiill  bereiiuired  so  to  do,  declare 

their  residence,  occupation,  profession,  or  calling,  and  sign  (either  by  themselves,  or,  in  case  of  infants 
miller  the  ape  of  seven  years,  by  some  person  or  iiersons  to  be  approved  of  by  the  trustees  or  managers, 

I  orlhclrotficer)  a  declaration  that  they  are  not  directly  or  indirectly  entitled  to  any  deposit  in,or  bene- 
t  from,  the  funds  of  any  other  Savings  Bank  in  Knglund  or  Ireland,  nor  to  uny  sum  or  sums  standing 
in  the  name  or  names  of  any  other  person  or  perMons  in  the  books  of  this  Bank.  And  in  case  any  such 

I  dfclaralion  shall  not  be  true,  every  such  person  (or  the  person  on  whose  behalf  such  declaration  may 
liave  been  signed)  shall  forfeit  and  lose  all  right  and  title  to  such  deposits,  and  the  trustees  and 
managers  shall  cause  the  sum  or  sums  so  forfeited  to  ho  paid  to  the  commissioners  for  the  reduction 
of  the  national  debt ;  but  no  depositor  shall  be  subject  or  liable  to  any  such  forfeiture,  on  account  of 

I  beini;  a  trustee  on  behalf  of  others,  or  uf  being  Interested  In  the  f\ind8  of  any  Friendly  Society  legally 

I  eitaUished. 

10.  Tnslees  on  behalf  of  others. — Persons  may  act  as  trustees  for  depositors,  whether  such  persons 
are  themselves  depositors  in  any  Savings  Bank  or  not,  provided  that  such  trustee  or  trustees  shall 
nialiesuch  declaration  on  behalf  of  such  depositor  or  depositors,  and  be  subject  to  the  like  conditions 
in  every  respect,  as  are  required  iu  the  case  of  persons  milking  deimsits  on  their  own  account,  and  the 
receipt  and  receipts  of  such  trustee  or  trustees,  or  tlie  survivor  of  them,  or  the  executors  or  adminis- 
trators of  any  sole  trustee,orsurviving  trustee,  with  or  without  (us  may  lie  required  by  the  managers) 
the  receipt  nf  the  person  on  whnso  account  such  sum  may  have  been  deposited,  shall  be  a  good  and 
valid  discharge  to  the  trustees  and  managers  nf  the  Institution. 

11.  .tfinvrs.— Deposits  are  received  from,  or  fur  the  henellt  of,  minors,  and  are  subject  to  the  same 
regulations  as  the  deposits  of  persons  of  SI  years  nf  age  and  upwards. 

13.  Friendly  and  Charitable  &'0cie(ie.i.— Friendly  focieties,  legally  established  previous  to  the  26th  of 
July,  I82S,  may  deposit  their  funds  through  their  Ireasurer,  steward,  or  other  officer  or  otflcers,  with- 
out any  limitation  as  to  the  uniouni.  But  Friendly  Societies  formed  and  enrolled  after  that  date,  are 
not  permitted  to  make  deposits  exceeding  the  sum  of  IKHIf.,  principal  and  interest  included;  and  no 
inlerest  will  he  payable  thereon,  whenever  tlie  same  shall  amount  to,  or  continue  at,  the  said  sura  of 
Ml.  or  upwards. 

Ooposits  are  received  (Vom  the  trustees  or  treasurers  nf  Cturitable  Societies,  not  exceeding  1002.  per 
annum,  provided  the  amount  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  the  sum  of  .100/.,  exclusive  of  interest. 

13.  Deposits  of  Persons  unable  to  afrend.— Forms  are  given  at  the  office,  enabling  persons  to  become 
depositors  who  are  unable  to  attend  personally;  ond  those  who  have  previously  luade  a  deposit,  may 
lend  additional  sums,  together  mlh  their  book,  by  any  other  person. 

14.  Depositors'  Book.— The  deposits  are  entered  in  the  honks  of  the  Bank  at  the  time  they  ore  made, 
and  the  depositor  receives  a  book  with  a  corresponding  entry  therein ;  which  book  must  be  brought 
to  the  office  every  time  that  any  further  sum  is  deposited,  also  when  notice  is  given  for  withdrawing 
iiione)-,  and  at  tiie  time  the  re,)uyment  is  to  bu  niudu,  so  that  tlio  transactions  may  be  duly  entered 
therein. 

l.i.  IVithdrairing  Deposits. — Depositors  may  receive  the  whole  or  any  part  of  their  deposits  on  any 
day  appointed  by  the  managers,  not  exceeding  fourteen  days  atler  notice  hug  been  given  for  that  pur- 
.|K»e;  but  such  deposits  can  only  b:;  repaid  to  the  depositor  persoriaily,  or  to  the  hearer  of  an  order 
under  the  hand  of  the  depositor,  signed  in  tlie  presence  of  either  the  minister  or  a  churchwarden  of 
ilie  intisb  in  which  the  depositor  resides,  of  tt  Just  ico  of  tbc  peace,  or  uf  a  manager  of  this  Bank. 

17 


<  I 


I.'  i, 


'I    .' 


I    'I 


Ji  I , 


•I'l 


'« 


■"  '(' 


s'!i' 


130 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATEP). 


O-TAd  Deptinkor' ti  Raok  mvkt  uUraiit  he  proilurcil  trhrn  tiotirr  nf  irithlrairinp  h  fflrm. 

16.  Miineii  wilhilrairH  mail  be  rc-i/f;>».'.i'f</.— l)ti|M)f  itiirti  niiiy  wlltiilmw  iiiiy  iriiiii  or  minis  nf  monfj  mj 

ro-(li'|)c)Hll  llir  Hiiiiiii  lit  liny  tii t  liiiic»  w  illiin  iiiiy  mn^  yi'iir,  rrrkdiiinx  Iri'iii  lliu  Sdili  (liiy(i|'!Si,j,|p 

brr,  iirnviiliMl  kiicIi  kuiii  nr  KUiim  i<t'  iiiKiiuy  r<'-ili'|iiiHiti,>il,  iiiiil  any  prcviiniH  ili'|iiiblt  or  (loiioKii*  n|,j,k 
may  liiivit  Imcri  iiiiiili:  liy  mail  <lr|ii>slti)r  in  the  i'iiiiri<i!  i>l'  thu  year,  lakvn  ti<i(>jllii*r,  hIiuII  nut  t'lcoej  u 
■nv  tinin  In  Hiirli  yi'iir,  !li)>  himii  ><(  .'10/.,  aililiiii<iiiil  |iriii('l|>iil  iniiiiey  bi^arlnti  liiti-ri'«t.  ' 

17.  Hrliii-n  or  Hifuml  I'f  Deptii'itK.— 'I'Uiit  Wiiuk  I*  lit  liliirly  to  ri'tiirn  llie  anidiint  nf  the  (li-pntiini, 
■II  iir  any  i)l°  thu  iti'iiiiHittirH,  and  may  rvl'iiue  tu  recuivu  dvixmlti  In  uny  ease,  wlivru  It  almll  budeemU 
expi'illi'iit  so  to  iln. 

JH,  Oipofiln  Iff  a  ihremiril  Drpiisilor  trreritlne  Fiffii  Poiimh.—h}  rns(>  nf  llin  dpnlti  of  iiny  ilcnnilitit 
In  tliM  Hank,  wliiiHti  duiMwiln,  and  tlie  intcici't  lln'ruon,  wliall  exccfd  In  thi!  wlinlr  llm  Hum  (nii,, 
poiimlt,  llm  Haiiii-  Khali  only  li«  paid  !»  Iliu  t'Xfi-iilor  or  pveciiliirH,  adniliiUlrutor  or  ndniinisliator/oL 
thi-  production  ol'  tliH  proli.'iti.'  oi'  tlici  will,  nr  li'tliT«  of  ndniiniatriition.  ' 

111.  I>epi»il»  of  a  ilireituril  lirpofilor  mil  eirirjintr  f'iflii  Pi>iintlii.--Jn  cn«B  adt'ponltnr  In  thii  Rgn^ 
lliiill  die.  vvlinm'  di'poHllH,  IncliiilliiK  iiili>r«'»t  thi'ri'iiii,  hIiiiII  not  v.\recit  tli«  miniof  hHy  poiiinlii.aiKliliii 
llm  triiHtci-ii  ur  iimnaKirs  kIidII  bi-  eallnlliMl  tliiit  no  will  wna  niado  and  Irn,  and  Ihni  no  leiirrtd 
adiiiii.lKlration  will  br  tiikvn  nut,  they  hIuiII  Iio  nt  liberty  to  pay  tli«  yiini«  lo  llu' ri'liillvciiiir  frriniti 
nf  llii!  (IriMMisid,  or  any  or  t'lthiT  of  tlmiii,  or  nciMiriliiiir  to  lliu  Hlutntii  nf  diclribiilion,  or  roiinltf  th, 
priKlnrildii  of  iHttern  of  ndininiiilratlon,  ut  timir  dlm'ri'lion.  And  tlid  ilank  eliall  bn  iiKliiniiilleil  bv 
uny  Hiirli  piiyini-ntK  from  all  and  cvi-ry  ilalni  in  rcxpeil  llmri'of  by  any  iMTHiin  wlialBiiovcr. 

SO.  Crrlifi'cale. — In  nil  cnm's  whoreln  iiTtllliali;*  iihall  be  reiiuirt'd  of  the  uinoiint  i>f  drpimiia  In  Hi, 
Hank  iH'lonirinR  to  dcpoxltorH  Ihrri'in,  fi  r  \\w  piirpoM!  nf  dblaininK.  frrc  df  Hlamp  dniics,  n  pn  biteif 
will,  or  Idti-m  of  adniini»lration,  kiicIi  ccrtlllciilu  nliall  bi'  himicd  by  n  ninnniH'r,  and  cduntcriiigiieilbi 
till'  nfliiarv  for  this  tinie  bi'iiiu,  as  it  trim  I'viriift  froin  llie  l,('tl(.'i'r  di'  tin;  Instiimlnn. 

21.  .^r/iifVii/iiiii  of  l>iffrre>ii:rii.—  \\\  cuHf  any  dit-pnlu  hhall  arise  In  twei^n  llm  Inihtci's  or  ninnagctx.f 
tlii8  flank,  or  any  pcriiun  or  porsdiM  ailiiiK  under  them,  and  any  hidivldiial  ilepiiKilnr  ibeiriiMirany 
trnnteedf  a  depniiitor,  nr  any  |)eiHi)ii  claiinliiK  to  be  snih  e.M'Ciitnr,  adininimrntor,  or  next  of  kin,  tlim, 
niid  In  every  Hiich  rnBe,  tim  inatler  no  In  difpnle  xliall  be  referred  td  the  burrinter  at  law  appnintcilby 
the  cdniniiHDidimrri  for  the  rediiriidii  of  ilii'  iiatinnal  drbt,  under  the  aulhority  nf  the  tXieo.  t. c.e{ 
«.  i!i. ;  and  whatever  award,  order,  nr  deteriniiiutinn  sinll  be  iniule  by  the  said  barrister,  I'liall  be  biml! 
ing  and  cnncluoivo  upon  ull  partiex,  and  xliiill  be  tiinil,  tn  all  IntentH  and  inirponvM,  witlidiu  any  ajipeij, 

Purchase  nf  Govertiment  Amuiitiex  hi/  depositors  in  Savings  Jhinks, — The  act  2  4  3 
Wil/,  4.  c,  14.  cnalile8  di'positars  in  Saviiip[»  Bunks  and  otitcra  to  purchase  govcmmpnt  ai|. 
nuitias  fur  life  or  for  yrnrH,  and  either  itnniediitto  or  dt-furrod.  At  prt'Kciit  these  nnnuilici 
arc  limited  to  30/.  a  year.  'I'he  money  advanred  is  returnable  in  ra.se  the  rontrncting  party 
doeu  not  live  to  the  ago  at  which  the  nnniiity  is  to  become  payable,  or  is  unable  to  conlinw 
the  montlily  or  annual  instalments.  That  this  measure  was  lienevolently  intended,  ud 
that  it  may  1*  productive  of  advantage  to  many  individuals,  cm  not  bodoulrted;  but  we  look 
upon  all  attempts,  and  particularly  those  made  by  government,  to  get  individuals  to  ei- 
change  capital  for  annuities,  as  radically  objectionable;  and  as  being  lubversive of  principln 
which  ought  to  be  strengthened  rather  than  weakened. — (See  Fcnos.) 

Summary  of  Bavin^s  Hanks,  &.c.  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland,  November,  1637 


In  F.i'i,'liiHil  there  were,  on  the  lOlh  of  Nnveniber, 
IHM,  :WI  tfiavingx  Hanks  :  nf  theKc,  7  have  made 
no  return,  the  renmininK  Hanks  contain. 


Drjtmitun. 


£ 
Under    90 

—  ftO 

—  100 

—  1.^50 

—  aoo 

Above  2U0 


Friendly  Soclellos 
Charitable  ditto 

Account*  • 


No. 

li»,'i,OS.'i 

102,.'5,'!« 

47,<.)0.'i 

17,0.11 

7,»08 

3,756 


374,lti9 
4,102 
1,<)96 


Amount. 


£ 
1,410,702 
3,1 16,753 
3.235,0"<3 
2,042,42.'. 
I,3.S8,233 
1)30,053 


12,101,607* 
62;),273 
131, UB 


.    380,327112,916,028 

Average  amount  of  each  deposit  in  England,  Sil. 

*Thls  is  the  amount  given  in  the  table  whence 
thiB  abstract  lias  been  taken,  but  it  does  not  quite 
agree  with  the  items. 


In  H'lileii  Ihern  were  on  the  10th  of  November, 
1H32,  82  Savings  Banks :  1  has  made  no  retiin; 
thu  remaining  Utinks  nmtain,  I 


Depnflitun. 


DeiMisitors 
Friendly  Societies 
Charitable  ditto, 


Nn 
10.374 
It)- 


AnoiuL 

352,573  i 

2;i,3«j 

3,S36| 


Accounts     ...     10,591       349,"M 
Average  amount  of  each  deposit  in  Walea,  311. 


In  [reliinii  there  were,  on  the  10th  of  November, 
lb32, 77  Suvinss  Banks:  7liave  muJeiio  telurn; 
the  rcmuining  Hanks  contain. 


Depoiitors. 


Depositors 
Friendly  Societies 
Charitable  ditto 


No. 
S7,H!W 

2;m 

347 


Amount. 


£ 

1,0(M,W 
lO.fiOO 
31,011 


Accounts    ...    .18,479]  1,045,925 
Average  ainoimt  of  each  deposit  in  Ireland,  26/. 


Grand  Total  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland,  on  the  10th  of  November,  1839. 


SaviiiKi  Buiki. 

Aceounti. 

AmouDt. 

Avnage  Amount  of  each  Dtpoiil. 

483 

429,400 

£ 

14,311,647 

£ 

30 

(From  the  Statutkal  Table  compiled  by  John  Tidd  Pratt,  £<{.) 

■'      "  ■      V"  '•*■"  "     ^  ,■       ..  ,       ^■ 

Baxks  (UlciTBn  Statbs). 

[Historical  Account  of  Banking  in  the  United  Stales, — Although  various  plans  had  tMMi 
forme<l,  as  well  before  os  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  for  the  establishment  of  a  public 
bonk  of  deposit,  discount,  and  circiUalion,  tho  first  which  was  actually  carried  into  esocu- 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


131 


Hon,  within  the  territory  of  iho  TTntfrd  Stated,  won  thnt  of  Mr.  Holwrt  Mom's,  the  Supcrin- 
tenif nt  of  Fiiianrc  undor  the  Old  Congrt-sx.  'J'lio  Uniik  of  IVorttj  Amoricn  wiih  incorporntej 
hvlliiitboJy  on  the  la4  day  of  the  year  1781,  and  liy  the  I.egiHiaturc  of  PeimHylvania  on 
thr  first  (Iny  of  the  following  month  of  April.  BesideR  the  powers  incidental  to  every  cor- 
iiorition,  it  was  authorized  to  hold  property,  real  and  perxonul,  "to  the  amount  of  ten  mil- 
linnn  of  iSpanith  silver  milled  dollnrs,  and  no  more."  Its  cHpitul,  therefore,  mip;hl  bo  just 
ivhat  iho  Btockholders  thought  proper  to  make  it  within  this  limit ;  and  no  restrictions  wliat* 
(vor  ncrc  imposed  l>y  law  on  the  extent  of  its  issues. 

The  bank,  however,  went  into  operation  in  January,  17S2,  with  a  capital  of  only 
f  100,001).  Of  this  sum  fS.'Ji.OOO  were  suliscritied  hy  Mr.  Morris,  in  iMihalf  of  the  general 
(rovcrnment ;  thus  making  it  the  principal  stockholder,  and,  in  fart,  giving  it  the  entire  con- 
trol over  the  institution.  VN'hy  the  sum  suhscrihed  hy  individual  Htocklioldnrs  was  so  small, 
11  appears  from  this  statement,  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  dixtruMt,  which  pervaded  the  com- 
munity, of  the  ability  and  willingness  of  the  bank  to  maintain  the  notes  they  might  issue  at 
thriruiir  or  specie  value.  Ex|)crieiice  had  hitherto  led  the  people  to  look  with  suspicion  on 
evcrv  tiling  in  the  shape  of  paper  money.  Pa|)er  promises  to  pay  had  been,  for  a  long 
pcrioJ,  put  forth  by  the  diiTcrent  States  of  the  Confederacy  ;  and  the  value  of  such  promises 
hail  uniformly,  after  a  time,  become  depreciated,  ond  frequently  exceedingly  depreciated. 
The  pulilie  had  also,  very  lately,  witnessed  the  full  to  utter  worthlcssncss  of  the  "  continental 
money"  of  Congress.  In  such  circumstances,  it  is  not  singular  that  capitalists  in  general 
should  have  thought  it  improbable  that  the  business  of  a  bank  of  circulation  could  bo  carried 
on  with  a  sufficient  degree  of  success  to  enable  them  to  receive,  after  the  payment  of  all  tliu 
neceMry  expenses,  the  ordinary  rate  of  profits  in  other  employments. 

Even  the  comparatively  small  amo  jnt  of  capital,  with  which  the  Bank  of  North  America 
hoj  been  stateil  to  have  commenced  its  operations,  was  to  a  considerable  extent  merely  no- 
niinal.    The  government  took  out  of  the  bank  with  one  hand  what  it  put  in  with  the  other. 
Nay,  the  money  borrowed  by  it  from  tlie  bank  left  to  the  latter  only  the  iiiconsiilera1)lo  sum 
of  iibout  ?70,000  to  constitute  its  proper  banking  capital.     To  what  amount  its  notes  were 
in  fact  put  into  circulation,  we  have  no  means  of  determining.     But  it  must  be  obvious  that, 
in  the  then  existing  state  of  public  pjiinion  in  relation  to  paper  money,  this  amount  could 
.  nt  hive  been  very  large ;  notwithstanding  every  contrivance  or  artifice  was  resorted  to  which 
hnnwt  men  could  make  use  of,  in  fnler  to  produce  a  general  impression  favourable  to  tho 
I  credit  of  the  bank.     And  wo  may  here  add,  that  to  us  it  appears  altogether  incredible  that  a 
kinking  institution  on  so  contracted  a  scale,  o))erating  too  undor  circumstances  so  unpro- 
I  jiitious,  should  have  had,  as  has  often  been  very  confidently  ascerted,  an  extraordinary  elFect 
I  in  restoring  public  and  (irivale  credit,  and  in  aiding  the  fiscal  operations  of  tho  government. 
Dy  a  proper  degree  of  caution  at  the  outset  in  tho  is^ue  of  its  notes,  and  in  consequence 
I  of  their  being  received  by  the  States,  indifferently  whh  specie,  in  payment  for  duties  and 
taxes,  such  an  amount  was  before  long  successfully  put  into  circulation,  as  to  enable  the 
1  hank  to  make  dividends  at  the  rate  of  from  12  to  16  per  cent,  per  aiuium.     In  this  condition 
of  thinajs,  capitalists,  of  course,  no  longer  had  any  doubts  of  the  expediency  of  engaging  in 
tlie business  of  banking;  and  the  project  of  a  new  bank  was  formed,  to  bu  styled  the  Bank 
of  Pennsylvania.     To  prevent  its  lieing  carried  into  execution,  the  books  of  the  Bank  of 
North  America  were  reluctantly  opened  for  additional  subscriptions.     These  were  now  pro- 
cured without  difUculty ;  and  bank  notes  were  thereupon  issued  to  so  groat  an  amount  as  to 
yield,  as  licfore,  ext'uordinary  profits  to  the  stockholders,  and  on  this  account,  as  also  on 
account  of  the  successive  expansions  and  contractions  of  tho  currency  which  were  exlen- 
fivcjy  laid  to  the  charge  of  tho  bank,  to  excite  against  it  a  strong  popular  feeling.    In  con- 
sequence, the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  took  away,  in  1785,  the  charter  which  they  had 
granted  to  it  in  1783.    Yet  the  bank  still  carried  on  its  business,  claiming  the  right  to  do  so 
under  the  act  of  Congress  above  mentioned.    It,  however,  obtained  a  new  charter  from  the 
i>ta|e  of  Pennsylvania  in  1787 ;  and  its  existence  has  been  continued,  by  successive  acts  of 
I  incorporation,  without  interruption,  down  to  the  present  time. 

When  the  general  government  went  into  operation  under  the  present  constitution,  only 
I  two  other  banks  had  heen  incorporated  jn  tlie  whole  extent  of  the  country.  These  were  the 
I  Bank  of  New  York,  in  the  city  of  Pfew  York,  and  the  Bank  of  Massachusetts,  in  Boston. 
I  It  was,  then,  with  a  very  limited  experience  only  on  the  part  of  the  community,  of  the  effects 
I  of  banking,  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Alexander  Hamilton,  in  Deceml)er,  1790, 
I  presented  to  Congress  h^s  celebrated  report,  recommending  tho  establishment  of  a  bank  of 
I  the  United  States.  The  advocates  of  the  measure,  besides  maintaining  the  expediency  of  it, 
lasaircansof  stimulating  the  industry  of  tho  people  and  augmenting  the  national  wealth, 
I  held  it  to  be  a  most  useful,  and  therefore  so  desirable  an  instrument,  for  exercising  the  fiscal 
I  functions  of  the  government,  aa  to  entitle  it  to  be  regarded,  in  the  language  of  tho  constitu- 
jtion,  as  "necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution"  the  powers  vested  in  tho 
I  government  by  the  constitution.  Its  opponents  denied  both  its  expediency  and  constitu- 
Itionaliiy,  Most  of  them  preferred  a  metallic  currency  to  one  composed  of  bank  notes ;  whilst 
I  the  measure  was  by  many  regarded  as  uncouatitutional,  because,  however  coavenicnt  the 


U.' 


132 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


[tropoRcd  Tmnk  miKht  Tie  to  th<f  (tovcmment,  in  their  opinion  it  rould  not,  in  tht  true  mn» 
ng  of  iho  conHlitution,  bo  pronounci-il  to  I*  nrrcmnry  nnd  proper  for  corryiiiR  into  fxcfutim 
other  powpri,  of  a  priiniiry  nature,  exprciMly  conferred  liy  tliat  dueunient.  'I'hf>  uct,  |„rg^ 
poratinK  the  Hank  of  tlie  United  Htiiteii,  panned  l\w  Henute  on  the  20lli  of  Jummry,  17'Ji  , 
few  nieniberH  only  of  thin  bixly  having  reuiiited  itii  pnnsiige,  and  tlie  lloune  of  Ke|)ren('ni»iivfi 
l)y  a  vote  of  39  to  80,  on  the  8lli  diiy  of  Fel)runry  followinn;.  After  great  dililH'mtion, iivj 
oiler  having  reijueiited  and  received  elul'orate  opiiiioiiH  for  and  agiiiiiNt  the  ndi)ptiiin  of  ||^ 
niensure  from  the  nevernl  riieinlHTH  of  liia  cnliinct,  wlio  were  equnlly  dividrd  on  the  lubjcii 
tlie  l)ill  was  signed  l>y  tlie  PreKldcnt  and  Imviimic  ii  luw  on  tlie  I4tli  of  tlio  Nanir  iiKintli, 

Am  the  act  incorpornting  tltiH  (iriit  Dniik  of  the  United  Htaten,  ia  one  of  great  in)|iorti<iire  ig 
the  civil  and  financial  hiHiory  of  the  country,  inul  may  \k  regarded  an  a  model  on  whioh.in, 
many  rcHpectg,  future  liank  charten  were  framed  ;  it  in  judged  better  to  iniort  it  itrtxitin 
than  to  givo  any  abstract  or  atiridgnient  of  it.     It  in  as  followi  :— 

Jin  JItt  to  ixrorporate  thr  Suhneribert  lo  the  Bank  of  the  lUiteil  Slalti. 

Wliprenn  It  In  roncelvi'il  llmt  tlic  evlnhllKlinient  of  a  liiink  for  Ihn  United  Hinteii,  upon  a  fnuiKl.iikii 
mtllf  ii-nlly  extfimlvc  Ici  niiM»»?r  tlie  piiriMiHcii  Iniiitdcil  tliiTrby,  nnd  nl  Ihr  Fnini!  Iltne,  ii|iiiii  ihr  prm. 
)'l|ili'H  W'iilrh  nlFord  adeipiate  fii'nirlty  fur  iin  iipriifhl  nnd  prudent  ndniliiiiitrnlii'n  thereof,  will  br  vm 
riindiirlvu  tn  tll«  unrci'yHl'nl  rundnctinK  ol'  tlic  nnlioiiHl  tlniinreo;  will  lend  In  hwk  t'liiiliiy  Io  ihj 
obtninine  of  lonnr,  for  tin'  line  of  the  Kuvernnifiit,  in  xnclden  einer|ri>nriuii ;  and  will  bo  priiiluclivtul 
rnrsildernhle  ndviintnired  to  Irnilr  nnd  Indnntry  In  yeneriil ;     Therefore, 

j  1.  Be  it  miirlnl.  A'-c.  Thiit  n  hank  nf  the  Uniled  HtnleH  Hhiill  be  entahlliihed  ;  Iho  ru|)lla|  unrj 
whereof  hIihII  not  exceed  leri  inillionK  of  dolliirn,  divldeil  Into  iwenty-live  thoiiniind  Hliaren,  eiirlulun 
heliiir  fiinr  hundred  dillarH  ;  nnd  that  ynlii'c  rlptli'im,  lewiirdH  eonriiilntini;  the  iiajd  Htoek,  nlmll,  mi  ihi 
tlr«t  Mondny  of  April  next,  he  opened  nl  the  elty  of  l'hila<|e|p|iln,  under  the  iinpeTiiileiHleiiicnf  w^ 
p<'r><oni>,  not  lei-H  lliun  three,  nil  Mhnll  he  nppoinled  for  Ihnt  piirpoHe,  by  the  I'reHldent  of  Ihn  I'lnitt 
Staled,  (who  Ik  hereby  empowered  to  nppoint  the  »aid  pernonn  nieorilingly),  which  »iil)iicripliiiiii!lij|| 
eontiniie  open  until  the  whole  nf  the  mtid  Hloek  nliall  have  been  FUliKrrihed. 

t  2.  That  it  nhnll  he  lawful  for  nny  pernon,  eopartnercblp,  or  iHidy  polillr,  lo  KiibKrribe  for Hurh nr ■ 

ninny  i^luirnfi  hii  he,  hIip,  or  they  filinil  lliink  lit,  not  exi dinir  one  thoiiFand,  exeept  »*  nliidl  iK'lirtt- 

after  direrlert  relatively  tn  the  t'niterl  Hlatnii ;  nnd  that  llii'  hiiiiih  rcupeetively  hiiIihi  rllinl,  pxniJi,,, 
behalf  of  the  I'nitpd  Htnte<i,  ohnll  be  pnynhle,  one  foiirlh  in  Kold  nnd  nllver,  and  three  f  >Hrlh>liilliit 
part  of  llie  piiblir  debt  whieh,  nrrorilinu  in  tin-  lonn  propoKcd  in  the  fourth  nnd  fifteenth  Heitiimioifilii 
net,  entitled  "An  net  maklne  provifion  for  the  debt  of  the  tiniled  Stalen,"  xlmll  beiir  uii  afcruini 
Interem,  at  the  time  of  piiMnent,  nf  »i\  per  renliliii  per  anmiin,  ami  Blmll  aUo  be  payable  in  fciiirwiuil 
IMirtu,  In  the  aforefiald  ratio  of  i<|¥>rie  to  debt,  at  the  ili'tniiie  of  hIx  calendar  nmntliH  from  cutliullitii 
the  firHl  whereof  tihall  he  paM  at  the  time  of  (inbderliillon. 

i  .1.  That  all  Ihnne  who  nhnll  beoonie  snlmcrlbern  to  the  «aid  hank,  their  «iirreKiinr»  nnd  aniini, 
phnll  be,  and  are  hereby,  cronled  and  made  u  eorporatlon  uiid  body  politir.  by  the  name  and  «ijli.ii( 
7Hr  freMilrnt.  ilirertnre^  mid  enmpuvij  nf  tht  bank  if  tht  f'litnl  Uliilen  ;  and  Hhall  no  contirin'  until  llv 
foiirlh  day  of  Man  h,  one  thouiinnd  elRht  hundred  and  eh  yen  :  And  by  that  name  Hhall  lu',  anil  an 
hereby,  ninde  aide  and  rnpnble,  in  law,  to  have,  pureluii'e,  receive,  pokbohb,  enjoy,  nnd  relain,  lo  iIimj 
nnd  liieir  sucrensorH,  lands,  rents,  tenenieiitH,  lierediiainentH,  poodii,  clmttels,  and  ell'ccis,  of  shji 
kind,  nature,  or  quality,  Roever,  to  an  amount  not  excei'ding,  in  the  wh<de,  litteen  nilllion!i  nf  iMIan, 
inrlndini;  the  amount  of  the  capital  Mock  nfore-<nid  ;  and  the  Kunie  tn  Hell.  Rrant,  demiiie,  alien,  unlit. 
iHise  of;  In  Hue  and  be  sued,  plead  nnd  be  impleaded,  answer  and  be  anxwered,  defend  and  ho  ili'i  mlril, 
in  rourtf"  of  record,  or  nny  other  place  whntnoever  :  And  alKo  lo  make,  have,  and  Hue  a  coninidii  icjl, 
nnd  the  nnme  to  break,  alter,  nnd  renew  at  their  pleasure  ;  nnd  alKo  to  ordain,  eHtnblii>h,  nnd  iiiilii 
execution  tiich  by-lawn,  ordinnnreH  and  reuul'itlona.  hh  nhnll  veem  necevtiary  and  cmivenicnt  lortlx 
Bovernniont  of  the  xnid  corporation,  not  heins  contrary  to  law,  or  to  the  conHlitution  llieroof  (iin 
which  purpose  general  nieetinps  of  the  utocklnddersi  shall,  and  may.  be  called  by  the  dlri!ctnr«.  arnlii 
the  manner  hereinafter  specilied),  and  (tenerallv  to  do  and  execute  all  and  sinnular  acln,  niutlfrn.icj 
lliinCK,  which  to  them  It  shall  or  may  appertain  to  do ;  subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  rules,  regiilatiuti, 
restrictions,  liniitatitms,  nnd  provlsinuH  hereinafter  prencrilied  and  declared. 

i  4.  That  for  the  well  orderinir  nf  the  affairs  of  the  said  corporation,  there  shall  h^  l\vrnly-liv( 
directors  ;  of  whom  there  shall  be  nn  election  on  the  Urst  Monday  nf  January  In  each  yenr,  iiyilie 
stockholders  or  proprietors  of  the  capital  stock  nf  the  said  corpnrntioii,  nnd  by  plurnlity  of  ilievoln 
actually  Riven  ;  and  Ihose  who  shall  be  duly  choHen  at  any  election  shull  b:i  capable  nf  iiorviiii  u 
directors,  by  virtue  of  such  choice,  until  the  end  nr  expiration  of  the  Monday  of  January  next  twii. 
inft  the  time  nf  such  election,  nnd  nn  lonirer.  And  the  said  directois,  at  their  first  uieeting  anereict 
election,  shall  choose  one  of  their  uuinber  as  president. 

i  i.  That  as  soon  as  the  sum  of  four  hundred  thousand  dollars.  In  gold  and  silver,  shnll  liavobc'i 
Rctunlly  received  on  account  nf  the  eubscriptionf  tn  the  said  stock,  notice  tliurer.f  shall  be  givrii.b; 
the  persons  under  whose  superintendence  the  snine  shnll  have  been  made.  In  nl  lenst  two  |iiiblit 
Cazettes  priuted  in  the  city  nf  Philadelphia  ;  and  the  said  persons  shall,  at  the  same  time,  in  like  man- 
ner, notify  a  time  and  place,  wllliin  the  said  city,  at  the  distance  of  ninety  days  frniii  the  lime  ofnutS 
nnllflcntinn,  for  proceeding  to  the  election  of  directors ;  and  it  shnll  be  lawful  for  such  election  lobi 
then  and  there  made  ;  and  the  persons  who  shall  then  and  there  be  chosen  shall  he  the  tirsi  diroitn, 
and  shall  be  capable  nf  serving,  by  virtue  nf  such  chnice,  until  the  end  nr  e.Tpiratinn  nf  the  Mondiyi 
January  next  ensuing  the  time  of  making  the  same,  and  shall  forthwilh  thereafter  commence  t,ie  o|K. 
rations  of  the  said  bank,  at  the  said  citv  of  Philadelphia.  J)nd  provided  farther,  That  in  case  it  nlmuH 
at  any  time  happen,  that  an  election  ot  directors  should  not  be  made  upon  any  day,  when,  purfuaii 
tn  this  net,  it  ought  In  have  been  made,  the  said  corporation  shall  not,  for  that  cause,  be  deemed  tube 
dissolved  ;  biit  it  sh.ill  be  lawftil,  on  any  other  day,  to  hold  and  make  an  eiRclion  nf  dlrccturx,  insuili 
manner  as  shall  have  been  regulated  by  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  the  said  corporation.  .4iiil  pi- 
rided  lantly.  That  in  rase  nf  the  death,  resignation,  absence  from  the  United  Htates,  nr  removal  nil  | 
director  by  the  stockhidders,  his  place  may  be  tilled  up,  by  a  new  choice,  for  Iho  remainder  uf  the  veai. 

J  6.  That  the  directors  for  the  time  being  shnll  have  power  to  appoint  such  officers,  clerk.",  and  m^i- 
vants  under  them,  as  shnll  be  nccessnry  for  executing  the  business  of  the  said  cor|)ornti(in,  and »  I 
allow  them  such  compensation  for  their  services,  respectively,  as  shnll  be  reasonable  ;  nnd  shall  In 
rapahle  nf  exercising  such  nther  imwers  and  uuthorilies,  for  the  well  governing  nnd  orderiii|t  i>|  ibl 
alfairs  nf  the  said  corporation,  as  shall  be  described,  (l.xcd,  and  determined,  by  the  laws,  rcgulatlou, 
ind  ordinances  of  the  same. 

i  7.  That  the  following  rules,  restrictions,  llmitatinns,  and  provisiona  aball  form  and  be  fiuidt* 
auentat  airtislea  uf  t)ie  constUutioii  uf  tbe  said  cor^wratiuD,  vi«. 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


133 


1  Thi'  niimhiT  of  rnfM  to  whtrh  curh  •torkhnldcr  nhiill  h«  ••ntltlod  »h™i1  h«  nrrorillnf  to  lh«i  niim 

I  wi'f  •))""'''  ^'  "''""  ''"'''■  '"  "'"  l>r'>P"'tl"»*  fiilliiwIiiK.  tlint  i«  to  any  :    Fur  iirin  i<lmri<,  nnil  not  nuir* 

iMn  IW"  •hi"'"'  """  "'  '"  •    ''"'"'  ''ViTy  twu  <tirir<'n  rihnvn  IW'i,  niiil  iird  cxii-eillrig  li-ri,  oim  vnlti ;    For 

(iTtv  fi'iir  Klinri'"  iil"'V«  (I'll,  nrnl  mil  ovr linn  thirty,  oiip  vnlc  :  Fur  every  ulii  nlmrcii  iiIidvi- thirty, 

,„ili,„tctri"'(liin  »l\ty,om'  viitP  :  Fur  every  »iuht  nhirei  riliove  ulitv.  niiil  not  e!(rei>cllii||iiiiK  hiiiiilrvil, 
„ni'»"i'':  A'"'  '"'  '■*'''''V  "'"  "tiiiren  tiliovH  ,)tiH  hiiiiilreil,  iiiin  vote  ;  Hut  no  permiii,  <'<i|>!irtiii'r!<hl|i,  or 
luili  iKilltli'.  "Ii'ilt  '"'  eMtltl"il  III  11  Kreiitei  iiiiinlier  th'tii  thirty  vuteii.  Ami  iil'tir  the  flrHt  i'lei:tl<iri,  iiii 
I  iliirr. er  "hnreii.  nhnll  cimfer  ii  rlithi  of  «iitrruKe,  whirli  uliiil  not  hriv.i  hei>n  holilcri  Ihrci-  cnlemlur 
mil  I'm  [iri'vl'iiH  to  th>>  diiy  of  eli'ition.  HlockholderH  actiiiilly  rualileiit  within  tliii  UiiUimI  rtlnlea,  miil 
[,  pcnihi-r.  limy  vuln  l?i  eleeljonn  hy  proxy. 

'i.  Net  more  tliiin  Ihn-p  foiirtlii  of  ihn  ilirpctorx  In  ofTIrp,  rtrliirlvn  of  ihit  prniil(l(:nt,  ■hiill  h«  eligihln 
frr  ili<>  iK'ft  fiiriceiliii;  ycur :  Dili  th«  lUrititor,  who  ahalt  hu  pruiiideiit  iit  the  tliiio  of  an  iditctlon,  may 
I  ,|wiv«  he  re  el  Tted. 

3  Nnne  \>»<  «  Hloeliholder,  lielnff  n  rltljsen  of  the  Ifniled  StnteH,  iih'ill  he  ell:{lhlR  n«  a  director. 

4  Nil  iliri'dor  chilli  hi'  entitled  In  any  einoliiioeiil,  MtileiH  the  Kaine  nhitll  hiive  ki'en  iilluwed  hv  tlin 
iir,.iilio|ili'r«,  III  n  irenernl  ineetinf .  The  ntnckholijerit  nhitll  niiike  hiuIi  riiin;i  "iiiiiitliin  to  Ihu  primldiilit 
f)f  hn  I'Timorilliiitry  nttfindanre  iit  th"  hunk,  n*  xhiill  nppeiir  to  the;n  re  iioniihle. 

}   Not  leHK  Ihiiti  iievini  dlrei'ton*  alinll  ronmitiite  ii  hoiird  for  the  triinK:ic'liiMi  of  hiiHlne^ii,  of  whom 
i  |hi'|irc'!<l.li'"t  Hhnll  iilwnyn  he  one,  exrept  In  ciKe  of  HlikriesiH.  or  io'r:'!«  iry  ilinenre  j  In  whiih  eime  hU 
phri'  limy  hn  iiu|i|ilicd  by  any  iitlior  diriii'tnr,  whom  hu,  Ly  writing  under  IiIh  hiind,  Khull  iioMiiiiutu  lor 
i  |lif  mirpi'»e. 

(.  Any  niiniher  of  Htockholdem,  not  ledii  than  »l.xty.  who,  toeether,  "hull  bn  proprlilora  of  two  liiin- 
ifri'l»!iiiri'ii  or  iipwiinlH.  hIiiiII  h'lvn  power,  nl  iiny  time,  to  cili  ii  ireiieriil  iii'ietinu  of  llio  Htockholilerft, 
frr  :iiir;i"*eii  reliillve  to  the  liiHlitnllon,  givjnif, 'it  leimt.ten  wee'd'  iioliee.  In  two  iiiildir  giizetli'Mof  tha 
pho'  wli're  the  hank  In  ke|il,  iind  Hpflelfyliifj,  In  Hinli  notire,  the  olijiTl,  or  ohjerlii,  uf  mn  h  nieellnsf. 

T  Kvery  d'hier  or  treaHiirer,  before  lie  nnler?<  upon  tlie  diitle*  of  liM  ollii  ,•,  xhall  he  reiinlrnd  In 
(iv  liiinil.  with  two  or  iiior"  Hiiretli'H,  to  the  MtitlHfiirllon  of  Ihu  ilirector.-i.  In  a  hiiiii  not  luni  thiin  llfly 
Ihnriiiil  didlum,  with  eondilloii  for  hlM  jiood  )  ehavionr. 

Ii  The  hiiiiN,  leneinenlH,  rind  heredltnnieiitu,  whieh  It  Hhnll  h»  lawful  for  the  nald  cnrporminn  to 
hilil, 'hull  lie  III  |y  mirh  an  hIiiiII  he  rei|nlKlli'  fur  IIh  iniinedliile  iiieoniinoihilion,  in  riLilion  to  the  roii- 
riniPiit  t.-niiiiiictliiit  of  Itn  hiii^liiRKH.  and  Hinh  aM  ithnll  have  lieeii  hoiiii  tide  niortK:ii,'ed  to  it  hy  way  of 
irnirlty.  or  niiiveyed  to  It  In  iiatiMfietion  of  dehln.  previoiiHly  eoiiira''ted  in  the  nMima  nf  ItD  deallngi, 
or  liiirfiinu'd  at  siileH  upon  jildKinenl')  wiiich  hIihII  hive  heeii  oht  liiie.l  for  mioli  ilehtH. 

0  The  total  ainiMint  of  the  dehtH  wliiih  tlie  hiiIiI  corpnriition  nhall,  at  any  time,  owe,  whether  by 
linnil,  bill.  n«le,  or  other  rontrai  t,  Khali  not  exceed  the  hiiiii  of  ten  niillionx  of  dollarH,  ovi'r  and  ahova 
Ihi"  moneys  then  uctMally  deponlted  In  the  hank  for  safe  keepinir,  iiiilem  the  eontriu'liiitf  of  any  BreatiT 
di'lil  fhall  have  heen  prevlonnly  nnthorlsed  liy  a  law  of  the  lliiiteil  States.  In  cane  of  excens,  tlm 
imUin,  under  whoKe  adnilnlHtrntion  it  hIiiiII  happen,  hIiiiII  he  liable  f.ir  the  Kanie  in  their  natural  ami 
pnvare  rnpacillex ;  and  nn  aition  of  d 'lit  may.  In  xiirh  ca^o',  he  liioiicht  ajrain^t  lliem,  or  any  of 
th'in,  their,  or  any  of  their,  heira,  e.xeciitorH,  or  adnlini^tr■llorH.  in  any  court  of  record  of  the  linited 
Hnii'ii,  or  cillier  of  them,  by  any  creil'  ■  or  crediiorH,  i.f  lti«  Hiiid  corporation,  and  may  he  prosecuted 
t'lj'iiliiimat  and  p.xecittion  ;  any  condui.,  .,  covenant,  or  ai/reemeiil,  to  the  contrary  notwilhsliimlini;. 
Hill  this  ehiill  not  he  construed  toexiMiipl  the  nnll  corp>iration,or  ilie  landH,  tenenionta,  i!ood;i,or  vhiit- 
Irl'inrthe  same,  frnin  beinii  alnn  llnhlo  for,  and  chiirKeahle  with  thii  miid  excesK.  Much  of  the  Hald 
dir'rtiirs  who  may  have  been  ahneiit  when  the  said  etcesH  wan  contracted,  or  creatHil,  or  who  may 
hivi  ili«!<enlHd  from  the  rnHidiition.  or  act,  whereliy  iln?  same  was  so  contrai  ted  or  created,  may, 
r»<x>rtivi'ly,  exonerate  theniHelvert  from  heinj  ho  llaiile.  hy  rorthwilh  iiivinz  iiotlci;  of  the  fact,  and  of 
Iklriihseiice  or  dissent,  to  iIir  presiilent  of  the  United  States,  uiid  to  the  stuckliolderd,  at  a  general 
iiii"ilni;  which  they  shall  have  power  to  call  for  that  purpose. 

II).  The  said  corporation  may  sell  any  part  of  the  public  debt  xvhf  reof  itsi  stock  Hhall  he  composed 
bill  shnll  not  he  at  liberty  to  piindiasu  any  public  debt  whatsoever;  nor  shall,  directly  or  inilireclly, 
d.'nl  IT  trude  in  any  lliing,  except  hilln  of  exchaiiKe*  Kold  or  silver  bullion,  or  in  IIih  sale  of  kooiIs, 

rfilly.ind  truly  ptedged  for  money  lent,  and  not  redeeim'd  Indue  tlm«;  or  of  g N  widi'li  mIuiH  bij 

the  prndiice  of  its  lanilH.    Ncithor  shall  the  Maid  corporutUiii  take  more  than  at  tlii!  rate  of  six  pttr 
centum  per  annum,  for,  or  upon,  Its  loans  or  discounts. 

11.  .No  loan  shall  be  made  by  the  said  corporation  for  thn  use,  or  on  account,  nf  the  cnverninent  of 
the  United  Slates,  to  nn  amount  excpedinir  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  or  of  any  particular  slate. 
In  .in  amount  exceedinir  liflv  ttionsand  dollars,  or  of  any  foreign  prince  or  mule,  iinle.^s  previouiily 
imliorisi!d  hy  a  law  of  the  United  Slates. 

I'J.  The  stock  of  the  said  corporation  shall  bo  nsalgnahle  and  Iransferaldo,  according  to  such  rulet 
as  chilli  he  instituted  in  that  behalf,  by  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  the  same. 

13.  The  hills  oliliKatory,  and  of  credit,  under  the  Heal  of  the  said  corporation,  xvhlch  shall  be  tnnde 
tunny  person,  or  persons,  shall  be  a.ssitrnable,  by  endorsement  thereupon,  under  the  hand,  or  bunds, 
nfmi'h  person,  or  persons,  and  of  his,  her,  or  their  nssiirni'iN  or  assiijnees,  and  so  as  absolutely  to 
traiisl'iir,  and  vest  the  property  thereof  In  each,  and  every,  assignee,  or  imaiifiioes,  succe.ssively,  niiil 
tnpn.ihle  such  assignee,  or  asslBnees,  to  bring  and  luainf.iin  an  action  thereupon,  in  Ids,  her,  or  their, 
irnn  name,  or  names.  And  bills  or  notes,  which  niav  be  issued  hy  order  of  the  said  corporation, 
siini-il  liy  the  president,  and  coiintorsinned  by  the  principal  cashier,' or  treasurer,  thereof,  prumising 
llie  piyment  of  money  to  anv  person,  or  persons,  hi.s.  lier,  or  their  order,  or  to  hearer,  thoiiah  not 
inijerihe  senlnf  the  said  corporation,  shall  he  biiidineand  ohiicatory  upon  the  same,  in  the  like  man- 
niT,  anil  with  the  like  force  and  elfect.  as  upon  any  private  person,  or  persons,  if  issued  hy  him,  or 
thi'in,  in  his.  her,  or  their,  private  or  natural  capacity,  or  capacities;  and  shall  be  assignable  and  nego- 
liiiMi',  in  like  manner  as  if  they  were  so  irisiied  by  such  private  person  or  persons  ;  that  is  to  say, 
thns'  which  shall  be  payable  to  any  person,  or  persons,  his,  her,  or  Iheir  order,  hIiiiII  be  as.signabli!  by 
fiilirseiie-nt,  in  like  manner,  and  with  the  like  elVect,  as  foreign  hills  of  exchange  now  ore;  and 
Ih'ni!  wliirli  are  payable  to  bearer  shall  bo  negotiable,  and  assignable,  by  delivery  only. 

11.  Iliilf  yearly  dividends  shall  he  made  of  so  much  of  the  profits  of  the  bank  as  shall  appear  to  tho 
dirt'ilnrs  adviseable  ;  and  once  in  every  three  years,  the  directors  shall  lay  before  the  stockholders, 
»l  a  teneral  nieellns,  for  their  infirinalion,  nn  exact  and  particular  statement  of  the  debts  which 
ilnll  hiive  remained  uniiaid  after  the  expiration  of  the  orlirinal  credit,  for  a  period  of  treble  the  term 
of  Ihnt  credit ;  and  of  the  surplus  of  profit,  if  any.  lifter  deducting  losses  and  dividends.  If  there 
ihill  he  a  fiiliire  in  the  payment  of  any  part  of  anv  sniu  suh.scrihed  by  any  person,  copartnership,  or 
ixi'ly  politic,  the  party  failing  shall  lose  the  benetilof  any  dividend  which  may  have  accrued  prior  to 
lln"  time  for  making  such  pavmeiit,  and  during  the  delay  of  the  same. 

13.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  directors  afiireeaid,  to  establish  offices  xvheresoever  they  shall  think 
fit.  within  the  United  States,  for  the  purposes  of  discount  and  dep<isii  only,  and  upon  the  game  terms, 
anillnlhesame  manner,  as  shall  be  practised  at  the  bunk  ;  and  to  commit  the  manasementof  the  aaij 
I'ffl'es,  and  the  making  of  the  sabl  discounts,  to  such  persons,  under  such  agreements,  and  subject  to 
"iioh  regulations,  ns  they  shall  deem  proper  ;  not  being  contrary  to  law,  or  to  the  cotis'itulion  of  tJJ9 
Mnk. 

Vol,  I.— M 


l:-V 


k-P.\ 


.     I' 


134 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


h  i' 


i];1 


10.  The  ofllcor  nt  tlic  Iienil  of  the  trflasiiry  (Inpnrlmeiitof  the  Unitnd  States  shall  he  rurniihcd  dm 
tliiiP  tn  time,  ;'9  often  ax  lie  iimy  rnqiiire,  not  exceeding  once  a  week,  with  statenienls  of  the  a'uom 
of  the  rapital  stock  of  the  salil  cor|ioratioM,  anil  of  the  delits  due  to  the  same;  of  llie  inoneymlcnrl 
sited  therein  ;  of  the  notes  in  circiilation,  and  of  the  ci\sh  in  hand  ;  and  shall  have  a  riuhl  to  ingii; 
such  jreneral  acconnts  in  the  books  of  the  bank  as  shall  relate  to  the  said  statements  :  Provi(le4  Tbii 
tills  shall  not  be  construed  to  imply  a  right  of  Inspecting  the  account  of  any  private  individual  'n>  i. 


dividnals,  with  the  hank. 

}  h.  That  if  the  said  rorporntion,  or  any  person  or  persons  for  or  to  the  use  of  the  same,  thai!  dtii 
or  trade,  in  bnyinpor  selling  any  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  commodities  whatsoever,  cnnlmrvi! 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  all  and  every  person  and  persons,  by  whom  any  order,  or  direction,  for  1! 
dealing  or  trading,  shall  have  been  given,  and  all  and  every  person  and  perscns,  who  shall  have  be. 
concerned  as  parlies  or  agents  therein,  shall  forfeit  and  lose  treble  the  value  o(^ the  goods,  wj,J 
inerrhandiiies,  and  commodities,  in  which  such  dealing  and  trade  shall  have  been  ;  one  half  thereof i,! 
llie  use  of  the  informer,  and  the  other  half  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  United  States,  to  be  recovereii 
will)  costs  of  suit. 

J  9.  That  if  the  said  corporation  shall  advance  or  lend  any  sum,  for  the  use  or  on  account  of  ibi 
government  of  the  United  States,  to  an  amount  exceeding  one  hundred  thousand  dollars ;  nr  of  ant 
particular  Slate,  to  an  ani'  'Ut  exceeding  fifty  tlionsand  didlars;  or  of  any  foreign  prince  or  snil 
(unless  previously  authorised  thereto  by  a  law  of  the  lliiilcd  Slates),  all  and  every  person  and  »r. 
sons,  by  and  with  whose  order,  agreement,  consent,  approbation,  or  connivance,  such  nnliinfiii 
advance  or  loan  shall  have  been  made,  U|ion  conviction  thereof,  shall  forf'it  and  pay,  for  every  mti] 
offence,  treble  the  value  or  amount  oi  the  sum  or  sums  which  shall  have  lieen  si)  unlawfullv  ait. 
vanced  or  lent ;  one  fifth  thereof  to  the  use  of  Ihe  informer,  and  the  residue  thereof  to  the  useofibe 
United  States  ;  to  be  disposed  of  by  law,  and  n<it  otherwise. 

i  10.  That  the  bills  or  notes  of  the  said  corporation,  originally  made  payable,  or  which  shall  have 
tecomc  payaMe,  on  demand,  in  gold  and  silver  coin,  shall  be  receivable  in  all  payments  lu  llie  llniieij 
Slated. 

Jll.  That  it  shall  be  lawfiil  for  the  president  of  the  United  States,  at  anytime  or  times,  wiiliin 
eighteen  months  after  the  lirst  day  of  April  next,  to  cause  a  subscription  to  be  made  to  the  stock  of 
the  said  corporation,  as  part  of  the  aforesaid  capital  stock  of  ten  millions  of  dollars,  on  behalf  of  ibi 
United  States,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  two  milliims  of  dollars;  to  be  paid  out  of  ihe  munevi 
which  shall  be  borrowed  by  virtue  of  either  of  the  nets,  the  one  entitled  "  An  act  making  proviiioj 
for  the  debt  of  Ihe  United  States ;"  and  the  other,  entitled  "  An  act  making  provision  for  Ihc  rediic. 
tion  of  the  public  debt;"  borrowing  of  the  bank  an  equal  sum,  to  be  applied  to  the  purpnges  for 
which  the  said  moneys  shall  have  been  procured  ;  reiinburseable  in  ten  years,  by  equal  niniiial  ia. 
italments;  or  at  anytime  sooner,  or  in  any  greater  proportions,  that  the  government  may  think  (ii. 

i  1'2.  That  no  other  bank  shall  be  established,  by  any  future  law  of  thi!  United  States,  dnrlii;  tbe 
continuance  of  the  corporation  hereby  created;  for  which  the  faitliofthe  United  States  ia  liercbi 
pledged. 

The  high  dividends  of  the  Bank  of  North  America,  previous  to  the  date  of  the  incorpo* 
tion  of  that  of  the  United  States,  have  been  already  noticed.  They,  however,  gradually  de- 
clined as  other  banks  sprang  into  existence  ;  but  were  still  as  liigh  as  10  per  cent,  in  1801, 
and  so  late  as  1810,  at  the  rate  of  9  per  cent,  per  annum.  During  the  exifitence  too  of  tlie 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  from  1791  to  1811,  its  dividends  amounted  to  from  nearly  8  to 
10  per  cent  And  at  the  last  mentioned  date,  "  none  of  the  banks  divided  less  tlian  8  pet 
cent.,  and  some  of  them  much  more." 

Hence  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  that,  as  the  period  of  the  expiration  of  the  charter  of 

the  United  Slates  Bank  approached,  the  stockholders  should  have  been  exceedingly  desirouj 

of  obtaining  a  renewal  of  it.     Application  was,  accordingly,  made-by  them  for  this  purpose 

to  Congress,  so  early  as  the  spring  of  the  year  1808.     Their  memorial  on  the  subject  waste- 

ferred  by  the  Senate  to  the  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Gallatin,  "  to  consider  anil 

report  thereon,  at  the  next  session  of  Congress."     In  pursuance  of  the  reference  thus  maile 

to  him,  that  officer,  on  the  last  day  of  the  next  session,  presented  a  report  favourable  to  h 

views  of  the  memorialists,  and  in  which  he  made  the  following  suggestions: — 

"  I.  That  the  hank  should  pay  interest  to  the  United  i^iates  on  the  public  de|)osits,  whenever  they 
■hall  exceed  a  certain  sum,  which  may  perhaps  be  fi.xed  at  about  Miree  millions  of  dollars. 

II.  That  the  hank  shodld  he  bound,  wlienever  required,  to  lend  to  the  United  States  a  sum  nntev 
ceeding  three  fifths  of  its  capital,  at  a  rate  of  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent. ;  the  amount  of  swh 
loan  or  loans  to  be  paid  by  the  bank  in  instalments,  not  exceeding  a  certain  sum,  monthly,  and  to  be 

eimburscd  at  the  pleasure  of  government. 

III.  Thai  the  capital  stock  of  the  bank  should  be  increased  to  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner,  viz. 

1.  i''ive  millions  of  dollars  to  be  subscribed  by  citizens  of  the  United  Stales,  under  such  regulation 
OS  would  make  an  equitable  apportionment  amongst  the  several  States  and  Territories. 

2.  Kilteen  millions  to  he  subscribed  by  such  States  as  may  desire  it,  and  undersuch  equitable  npiioi- 
tionments  among  tlie  several  States  us  may  he  provided  by  law  ;  and  a  branch  to  be  estublislied  ii 
eacli  subscribing  State,  if  applied  for  by  the  State. 

3.  Tlie  payments,  either  by  individuals  or  States,  to  be  cither  in  specie  or  tn  public  ••nrlt  of  thi 
United  States,  at  such  rates  as  may  he  provided  by  law. 

4.  The  subscribing  States  to  pay  tlieir  subscription  in  ten  annual  instalments,  or  sooner  if  it  miiti 
their  convenience,  but  to  receive  dividends  in  proportion  only  to  the  amount  of  subscription  actually 
paid  ;  and  their  shares  of  bank  stock  not  to  he  transferable. 

IV.  That  some  share  should  be  given  in  the  directi  m  to  the  general  and  state  governments, il.n 
general  government  appointing  a  few  directors  in  the  general  direction,  and  the  governmuiit  of  eaib 
subscribing  Stalo  appointing  a  few  directors  in  the  direction  of  the  branch  established  in  such 
State." 

Mr.  Gallatin  concluded  his  report  by  remarking  that  the  result  of  his  plan  would  bo, 
"  first,  that  the  United  States,  receiving  an  interest  on  the  public  deposits,  might,  without 
inconvenience,  nccumidate,  during  years  of  peace  and  prosperity,  a  treasure  sufficient  to  mftt 
periods  of  war  and  calamity,  and  thereby  avoid  the  necessity  of  adding,  by  increased  tascs 
to  thr  distresses  uf  such  periods.     Secondly,  that  they  might  rely  on  a  loan  of  eighteen  mil- 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


135 


'ions  of  dollars,  on  any  sutltlen  emergency.  Tliinlly,  that  the  payment  of  the  greater  part 
of  the  proposed  increase  uf  capital,  being  paid  in  ten  annual  iiistahnenta,  that  increase  would 
^eradual,  and  not  more  rapid  than  may  lforc(iuircd  by  the  progressive  siate  of  the  country. 
Foarthly,  tlint  the  baak  itself  would  form  an  additional  bond  of  common  iutereat  and  union 
amnng  the  several  States." 

Presented,  as  this  report  was,  on  the  very  last  day  of  the  session  of  Congress,  that  body, 
of  course,  rose  without  any  action  having  been  had  in  relation  to  it. 

During  the  session  of  1809-1810,  tlie  subject  of  the  rccharter  of  the  bank  did  not  come  up 
in  the  Senate  J  but  in  the  House,  the  memorial,  previously  presented  by  the  stockholders, 
was  referred  to  a  select  committee,  who  reported  a  resolution  declaring  "  that  it  is  proper  to 
make  provision  for  continuing  the  establishment  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  with  of- 
fices of  discount  and  deposit,  under  the  regulations  necessary  for  the  beneficial  admini^-itra- 
lion  of  the  national  finances,  during  such  time  and  on  such  conditions,  as  may  be  defined  by 
law."  Another  resolution  was  offered  by  a  member,  "  that  it  is  expedient  to  inquire  into 
the  propriety  of  establishing  a  national  bank."  These  resolutions  were  referred  to  dilFerent 
committees.  And  two  bills  were,  in  conspqucnce,  reported  to  the  House ;  one  of  which  was 
entitled  "  A  bill  to  establish  a  National  Bank,"  the  other,  "  An  act  to  incorporate  the  euh- 
scribers  to  the  Bank  of  the  United  Slates."  By  the  former  bill,  a  bunk  was  to  be  established 
in  the  city  of  Washington,  with  branches  in  the  Territories  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the 
States  respectively,  on  application  of  their  legislatures ;  the  capital  of  ^^'hich  bank  was  not  to 
exceed  15,000,000  dollars.  This  bill  met  with  very  little  f.ivour,  as  it  was  generally  con- 
ceded that  the  proper  place  for  a  bank,  with  a  large  capital,  was  a  large  city,  having  exten- 
sive mercantile  transactions,  which  was  very  far  from  being  the  case  with  Washington  city. 
Indeed,  the  only  object  which  the  advocates  of  the  bill  had  in  view,  when  they  argued  in 
behalf  of  placing  the  national  bank  in  the  District  oi"  Columbia,  where  the  entire  legisla- 
tive power  was  vested  in  Congress,  was,  if  possible,  to  overcome  the  constitutional  scruples 
of  a  portion  of  the  members  as  to  their  authority  to  incorporate  an  institution  of  the  kind  in 
any  of  the  states.  The  bill  for  renewing  the  charter  of  the  existing  bank  seemed  at  first  to 
be  much  more  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  a  majority  of  the  House.  After  having  been 
debated,  it  was,  however,  laid  on  the  table,  and  not  again  taken  up  during  the  remainder  of 
the  session.  Provision  had  been  made  in  it  for  the  payment  by  the  Laiik  into  the  treasury 
of  the  United  States  of  a  bonus  of  1,250,000  dollars ;  the  bank,  on  the  other  hand,  to  l>e  the 
better  enabled  to  pay  this  l>onus,  was  authorised  to  add  a  milllion  of  dollars  to  the  former 
amountof  its  capital.  It  was,  ali^o,  made  obligatory  upon  it  to  lend  to  the  government,  at 
any  time  the  latter  might  require  a  loan,  any  sum  not  exceeding  five  millions  of  dollars,  at  a 
rate  of  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent  per  annum.  The  bank  was  further  bound  to  pay 
to  the  United  States,  in  conformity  with  the  suggestion  made  by  Mr.  Gallatin,  an  interest  at 
the  rate  of  three  per  c^nt.  per  annum,  on  all  sums  of  money  above  the  sum  of  three  rail- 
lions  of  dollars,  which  should  accumulate  in  the  bank  to  the  credit  of  the  Treasurer  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  any  of  its  branches,  and  which  should  remain  there  for  one  whole  year. 
And  the  government  was  to  bo  at  liberty  to  subscribe  to  a  certain  number  of  additional 
shares,  annually  for  a  term  of  years, 

A  new  petition  was  presented  to  Congress,  in  the  beginning  of  the  next  session  (December, 
1810),  by  the  stockholders  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  for  the  renewal  of  their  charter ; 
which  petition  was,  in  both  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  referred  to  n  com- 
mittee, that  of  the  House  being  composed  of  one  member  from  each  state  of  the  Union. 
This  committee,  early  in  January,  181 1,  reported  a  bill,  for  a  renewal  of  the  charter,  not  ur 
like  the  one  above  mentioiied  aa  having  been  laid  on  the  table  during  the  preceding 
session,  After  much  debate,  the  bill  reported  was,  on  the  24th  of  that  month,  indefinitely 
postponed  by  a  vote  of  65  to  64.  No  report  had  as  yet  been  made  by  the  committee  of  the 
Senate.  On  the  5th  of  February,  only  four  weeks  before  the  close  of  the  session  and  the 
expiration  of  the  charter  of  the  bank,  they  reported  a  bill  for  its  renewal,  the  first  section  of 
which  was,  on  the  20th  day  of  the  month,  struck  out  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  Vice  Presi- 
dent, George  Clinton.  The  fate  of  the  bank  was  thus  decided ;  and  nothing  remained  for  it 
but  to  close  its  business. 

To  enable  it  to  do  so  with  more  convenience  to  itself,  and  to  prevent  as  much  as  possible 
the  distress  among  the  community  which  its  friends  confidently  asserted  would  inevitably 
ensue  from  its  affairs  being  wound  up  in  a  short  period  of  time,  application  was  made  to 
both  Houses  of  Congress,  in  a  few  days  afterwards,  for  a  temporary  continuation  of  its 
powers,  for  this  purpose  only.  The  request  so  preferred  was,  nevertheless,  refused.  A  com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Representatives,  to  which  it  had  been  referred,  slated,  that  they  "  are 
of  opinion  that  a  law  of  Congress,  granting  the  powers  prayed  for,  would  facilitate  the  final 
adjustment  of  the  affairs  of  the  bank,  although  they  do  not  think  such  a  law  indispensablti 
to  that  object.  But  believing,  as  your  committee  do,  that,  in  granting  the  original  charter  tn 
the  stockholders.  Congress  transcended  the  legitimate  powers  of  the  constitution,  the  same 
objection  now  presents  itself  to  the  extension  of  any  of  their  corporate  capacities." 

Trustees  were  appointed,  who  proceeded  so  expeditiously  in  acttlitig  the  Accounts  of  tho 


ii  ii;ll*IS!  1^'' 


186 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


bank,  that,  in  about  a  year  and  a  half  after  the  expiration  of  the  charter,  they  had  almd. 
paid  to  the  gtockholders  88  per  cent,  of  the  capital  stoclc.  It  ia  proper  to  mention  that  1 
thia  was  accomplished  without  any  extraordinary  derangement  of  the  currency,  andwiihom 
any  of  the  disastrous  effects  whirh  had  been  anticipated  and  dreaded  by  many  among  the 
most  intelligent  men  of  the  country.  And  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  note  the  fact,  i!u{ 
the  whole  amount  of  the  sums,  which  were  received  by  the  stockholders,  from  urst  to  Im, 
amounted  to  108  j  dollars,  on  every  100  dollars  of  stock. 

That  no  extraordinary  Jerangement  of  the  currency  followed  immediately  upon  the  refnul 
of  Congress  to  recharter  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  the  rapid  winding  up  of  its  cod- 
cerns,  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  extent  in  which  the  notes  of  the  other  banks  of  the  countn 
were  issued ;  an  extent  much  greater,  indeed,  than  would  have  sufRced  to  take  the  place  of 
the  United  States  Bank  notes  in  the  circulation.  At  this  period,  these  institutions  had  become 
very  numerous,  especially  in  the  eastern  and  middle  states.  The  aggregate  capitals  of  the 
banks  "  most  deserving  of  notice"  amounted,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1811,  nccoiding 
to  a  statement  in  the  American  edition  of  the  Edinburgh  Encycloptedia,  article  Banks,  to 
nearly  five  times  that  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  In  the  course  of  a  single  year,  ihii 
amount  was  augmented  fifly  per  cent.  A  sort  of  mania  for  the  creation  of  new  banb 
seemed  every  where  to  prevail,  and  often  nearly  as  much  in  districts  almost  exclusivel; 
agricultural  as  in  those  where  a  great  extent  of  commerce  was  carried  on.  Such  was  the 
anxiety  displayed  in  Pennsylvania  for  the  incorporation  of  local  banks,  that  it  probably  con- 
tributed in  no  slight  degree  to  the  rejection  there  by  the  Legislature,  of  an  application  on  the 
part  of  the  Bank  of  the  Uniteil  States  for  a  charter,  with  a  capital  of  five  millions  of  dollars, 
although  a  bonus  was  offered  the  slate  of  half  a  million  of  dollars,  together  with  a  loan  of 
another  half  million. 

"During  the  session  of  1818-13"  (we  quote  the  words  of  an  able  report  made  to  the 
Senate  of  Pennsylvania,  January  29th,  1820,  by  a  committee,  of  which  Condy  Raguet, 
Esq.  was  chairman),  "a  bill  to  incorporate  twenty-five  institutions,  the  capitals  of  which 
amounted  to  nine  millions  five  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  was  passed  by 
both  Houses  of  the  Legislature,  by  a  bare  majority  of  one  vote  in  each.  The  bill  was  riturn- 
ed  by  the  governor,  with  his  objections,  which  were  sensilde  and  cogent,  and  on  a  recon- 
sideration the  votes  were  38  to  40.  At  the  following  session  the  subject  was  renewed  with 
increased  ardour,  and  a  bill  authorising  the  incorporation  of  forty-one  ini.i  ug  institutions 
with  capitals  amounting  to  seventeen  millions  of  dollars,  was  passed  'jy  >;  lajoiitj, 

This  bill  was  also  returned  by  the  governor,  with  additional  objections,  ■  .t  ,i  airdsof 
each  house  (many  members  of  which  were  pledged  to  their  constituents  to  .  ;il  i ' . ;)  agree- 
ing on  its  passage,  it  became  a  law,  on  the  21st  of  March,  1814,  and  thus  hitiivted  upon  the 
commonwealth,  an  evil  of  a  more  disastrous  nature  than  has  ever  been  expoiienred  by  'At 
citizens.  Under  this  law  thirty-seven  banks,  four  of  which  were  established  in  Philadelphia, 
actually  went  into  operation. 

"  Tlie  immediate  commencement  of  a  number  of  these  banks,  with  scarcely  a  bonafk 
capital  equal  to  the  first  instalment, /or  the  convenient  mode  nfdincounting  slock  notes,  to 
meet  the  subsequent  payments,  was  soon  discovered,  increased  the  mass  of  paper  crcilits 
already  too  redundant,  and  depreciated  the  whole  circulating  medium  so  far  below  specie 
value,  as  to  excite  a  want  of  confidence  in  its  convertibility.  In  the  absence  of  a  foreign  de- 
mand for  specie,  a  domestic  one  arose.  The  laws  of  the  New  England  States  had  been  w 
rigorous  upon  the  subject  of  banks,  which  were  liable  to  a  penalty  of  12  per  cent,  per  an- 
num, for  the  non-payment  of  their  notes,  that  no  depreciation  of  their  currency  took  place, 
The  consequence  thereof  was,  that  the  difference  between  the  New  England  prices  of  com- 
modities, stocks  and  foreign  bills  of  exchangre,  and  those  of  Pennsylvania,  was  equal  to  the 
extent  of  the  depreciation  of  the  latter ;  and  as  our  bank  notes  were  redeemable  on  demanu, 
the  most  profitable  remittance  which  could  be  made  to  New  England,  in  exchange  for  her 
commoilities,  was  specie ;  and  this  demand  created  a  run  upon  the  banks  which  they  were 
not  able  to  withstand.  The  situation  of  the  southern  and  western  banks  was  precisely  simi- 
lar to  that  of  our  own.  All  had  over-issued,  and  a  general  depreciation  had  ensued.  The 
same  causes  produced  the  same  effects,  and  a  general  stoppage  of  all  the  bunks  in  the  United 
States,  except  those  of  New  England,  took  place  in  August  and  September,  1814.  The 
New  England  demand,  it  is  true,  was  increased  by  two  causes,  viz.  ^r.v/,  by  facilities  m 
loreign  trade  through  neutral  vessels,  which  were  afforded  them  by  an  exemption  from  the 
blockade  of  the  enemy,  and,  secondly,  by  a  well  grounded  apprehension  that  the  southern 
banks,  from  their  extensive  emissions,  would  necessarily  become  embarrassed.  Certain  it  is, 
however,  that  all  these  causes  combined  could  not  have  produced  a  general  suspension  of 
iiayment,  had  our  banks  observed  the  same  caution  in  their  isbucs  as  that  which  characterized 
cne  banks  of  the  eastern  states." 

The  following  table,  from  Mr.  Gallatin's  valuable  little  work,  entitled  "  Considerations  on 
the  Currency  and  Banking  System  of  the  United  Stutrg,"  presents  the  results  of  that  gen- 
tleman's researches  respecting  the  progress  of  the  banking  system  in  the  United  States,  in 
the  period  from  IRIO  to  1816. 


lit 


Jan.  1611- 


-Bank  o 
88  Stati 


Tola 
1815.— 809  Sta 
W16.— 246    do 

Mr.  Crawford,  in  his 

mated  the  bank  notes  ii 

Piikin  is  of  opinion  thi 

I  Cnwford.        ,,.,.. 

The  unequal  distnt) 

iKConling  to  the  first  o 

"At  lliat  tin's  t*"* '•*''' 
I  Hsine,  MasBachusetts, 
i  Haraiwhire,  tiad 

The  States  of  Pennsy 
.iibtlie  District  of  Colli 

And  all  the  ottier  State 

Not  only  did  the  bai 
I  ,iew  to  augment  their 
minal  value;  but  this  d 
eiample,  soon  after  the 
I  of  the  New  York  city 
Baltimore  were  at  a  dii 
I  a  greater  or  less  extent 
I  his  report  of  the  13th  ( 
charter  of  the  Bank  of 
the  1st  day  of  July,  U 
more  were  the  points  a 
.  m  these  places  was  fro 
(  was  considerably  less, 
rior  of  the  country,  wl 
t  Washington  and  Balti 
burgh,  it  was  25  per  c« 
1  specie  had  so  entirely 
I  marketing  and  other  i 
paper  money  issued  by 
fiduala. 

Scarcely  had  the  su 

sequences  above  menti 

Alexander  J.  Dallas,  o 

i  ment  of  a  national  bar 

He  proposed  that  si 

established  at  Philadel 

that  the  capital  of  the 

scribed  by  corporation 

that  the  former  subscr 

\  fifth  parts  in  gold  or  s 

I  and  in  treasury  notes, 

•■r  cent-  stock ;  and  tl 

k.jck.    The  United  S 

amount  of  the  treasur 

notes  respectively  bee 

\  tion  of  the  capital  of 

1  for  less  than  par,  nor 

I  of  Congress;  and  the 

A  bill  was  reported 

and  Means,  in  confer 

'.  those  of  the  Presiden 

I  payments,  whenever 

I  On  the  proposition,  h 

;  on  the  bank  to  make 

capital  was  to  be  sub 

I  by  llicm, — and  the  « 

i  notes  to  be  fhfrenftn 

I  dollars.    While  the  I 

Vol.  L  m  2 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


137 


i.t  Jan  l&U.— Bank  of  the  United  State*    - 
'"                 88  State  banki 

Total          ... 
1SI5.— 809  State  bnnki 
1816.-246    do.     do. 

Cipiol. 

Notm  in  eircuUtibn. 

8p«it. 

flO,000,000 
42.610,601 

5,400,000 
22,700,000 

5,800,000 
9,600,000 

52,610,601 
e2,2.'i9,590 
8»,833,422 

28,100,000 
45,500,000 
68,000,000 

15,400,000 
17,000,000 
10,000,000 

Cipital. 
#15,600,000 

26,000,000 
40,030,000 


Circulation. 
9,320,000 

13,750,000 
23,630,000 


Specie. 
8,200,000 

3,000,000 
5,800,000" 


Mr.  Crawford,  in  his  report  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  January  12th,  1820,  csti- 

!  Duted  the  bank  notes  in  circulation  in  1816,  as  high  as  99  millions  of  dollars.      And  Mr. 

Piikin  is  of  opinion  that  the  truth  lay  between  the  amounts  stated  by  Mr.  Gallatin  and  Mr. 

Crawford. 

The  unequal  distribution  of  the  specie  of  the  banks,  on  the  Ist  of  January,  1815,  was, 
according  to  the  first  of  these  two  gentlemen,  as  follows : — 

"At  that  time  the  banks  of  the  four  StnteB  off 
Hsine,  Massachusetta,  Rhode  Island  and  New  > 
Hampsliire,  had  u  »,      ,     j  < 

The  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  \ 
wilb  the  District  of  Coliiuibia,  had  5 

And  all  the  other  States    -  -  -  - 

Not  only  did  the  banks  which  h'lA  suspended  specie  payments  enlarge  their  issues,  with  a 
view  to  augment  their  profits,  so  as  to  cause  their  paper  to  become  depreciated  below  its  no- 
minal value ;  but  this  depreciation  was  very  different  in  diflfercnt  parts  of  the  country.  For 
example,  soon  after  the  suspension  of  specie  payments,  in  September,  1814,  while  the  notes 
of  the  New  York  city  banks  were  10  per  cent,  below  their  par  or  specie  value,  those  of 
Baltimore  were  at  a  discount  of  no  less  than  20  per  cent.  This  inequality,  too,  continued  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent  until  the  return  of  the  banks  to  specie  payments.  Mr.  M'Duffie,  in 
his  report  of  the  13th  of  April,  1830,  to  the  House  of  Repres<entative9,  in  relation  to  the  ro- 
charter  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  remarks  concerning  the  state  of  the  currency  on 
the  Ist  day  of  July,  1816,  that  "  among  the  principal  eastern  cities,  Washington  and  Balti« 
more  were  the  points  at  which  the  depreciation  was  the  greatest.  The  paper  of  the  banks 
'  in  these  places  was  from  20  to  22  per  cent,  below  par.  At  Philadelphia  the  depreciation 
was  considerably  less,  though,  even  there,  it  was  from  17  to  18  per  cent  But  in  the  inte> 
ilor  of  the  country,  where  banks  were  established,  the  depreciation  was  even  greater  than  at 
Washington  and  Baltimore.  In  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and  particularly  at  Pitts- 
burgh, it  was  25  per  cent."  It  may  be  added,  that  during  the  period  of  which  we  speak, 
specie  had  so  entirely  disappeared  from  the  circulation,  that  the  smallest  payments,  for 
marketing  and  other  ordinary  purchases  of  daily  occurrence,  were  everywhere  made  in 
paper  money  issued  by  the  banks,  by  corporations  of  various  descriptions,  or  even  by  indi- 
viiiuals. 

Scarcely  had  the  suspension  by  the  banks  of  specie  payments  taken  place,  and  the  con- 
sequences above  mentioned  begun  to  be  exhibited,  when  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr. 
Aleiander  J.  Dallas,  on  the  17th  of  October,  1814,  recommended  to  Congress  the  establish- 
ment  of  a  national  bank,  as  the  proper  remedy  to  be  applied. 

He  proposed  that  such  a  bank  should  be  incorporated  for  a  term  of  twenty  years,  to  be 
established  at  Philadelphia,  with  a  power  to  erect  offices  of  discount  and  deposit  elsewhere; 
that  the  capital  of  the  bank  should  be  fifty  millions  of  dollars,  three  fifths  of  it  to  be  sub- 
scribed by  corporations,  companies,  or  individuals ;  and  two  fifths  of  it  by  the  United  States ; 
that  the  former  subscriptions  should  be  paid,  one  fiflh  part  in  gold  or  silver  coin,  and  four 
fifth  parts  in  gold  or  silver  coin,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock,  issued  since  the  declaration  of  war, 
and  in  treasury  notes,  in  the  proportion  of  one  fifth  in  treasury  notes,  and  three  fifths  in  six 
^r  cent  stock ;  and  that  the  subscription  of  the  United  States  should  be  paid  in  this  kind  of 
t.jck.    The  United  States  were  to  be  at  Hberty,  also,  to  substitute  six  per  cent,  stock  for  the 
amount  of  the  treasury  notes  subscribed  by  corporations,  companies,  and  individuals,  as  the 
notes  respectively  became  due  and  payable.    No  part  of  thepublic  stock,  constituting  a  por- 
;  tion  of  the  capital  of  the  bank,  was  to  be  sold  during  the  war ;  nor  at  any  subsequent  time 
I  for  less  than  par,  nor  at  any  time  to  an  amount  exceeding  one  moiety,  without  the  consent 
I  of  Congress;  and  the  bank  was  to  be  bound  to  loan  to  the  United  States  f  30,000,000. 
I     A  bill  was  reported  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  Nov.  7th,  by  the  Committee  of  Ways 
i  and  Means,  in  conformity  with  the  views  of  the  Secretary,  which  were  also  understood  to  be 
I  those  of  the  President;  which  bill  contained  a  clause  authorising  the  bank  to  suspend  sperle 
j  payments,  whenever  such  a  measure  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  President,  be  advisniile. 
On  the  proposition,  however,  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  this  clause,  with  that  rendering  it  obligatory 
on  the  bank  to  make  loans  to  the  government,  were  stricken  out  of  the  bill, — no  portion  of  the 
I  capital  was  to  be  subscribed  by  the  United  States,  and  none  of  the  directors  to  be  appointed 
i  by  tlicm,— and  the  capital,  the  six  millions  in  specie  only  excepted,  was  to  be  in  treasury 
i  notes  to  bo  thfrenfhr  issued.    The  capital  was  subsequently  reduced  to  thirty  millions  of 
I  dollars.    While  the  bill  in  its  present  form  was  still  pending,  the  Chairman  of  the  ComniittoB 
Vui.  I,  M  8  18 


If  ■I  11 


J! '  i  \ 


I  •:  ■} 


m 


138 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES.) 


of  Wny«  and  Means  adilrcfweil  a  letter  to  the  Srcrctary  of  the  Treasury,  re(jnesfinp  him  t» 
cnmnumieate  his  o|)inion  "iiirclulionta  the  effect  which  a  considerahio  issue  of  treasun 
notes  (to  wtiidi  slioulil  lie  attached  the  quohty  of  being  receivable  iti  subscriptions  to  the 
hank)  niigiit  have  upon  the  credit  of  the  governniont,  and  particularly  on  the  prospects  of  a 
loan  for  18 15."  An  answer  unfavourable  to  the  bill  wua  promptly  returned  by  the  Se- 
cretary ;  and  it  was  thereupon,  on  the  28th  of  November,  rejected  by  a  vote  of  ioi  to4!) 
many  of  its  friends  being  unwilUng  to  insist  upon  its  adoption,  after  having  been  assured  of 
its  being  unsatisfactory  to  the  executive  branch  of  the  government. 

A  bill  was  now  introduced  into  the  Senate,  and  passed  by  a  vote  of  17  to  14,  in  aubstan. 
tial  conformity  with  the  views  of  the  Secretary,  before  stated.  The  thirteenth  section  of  thu 
was  as  follows : — 

'•That  if,  during  the  continuance  of  the  present  war  between  the  United  States  and  Grnt 
Britain,  and  a  period  of  one  year  after  the  termination  of  the  said  war,  demands  shall,  at  any 
time  or  times,  be  made  upon  the  said  corporation,  for  gold  and  silver  coin,  to  an  amount,  and 
under  circumstances,  which  induce  a  reasonable  and  probable  belief,  that  the  suid  gold  and 
■ilver  coin  is  intended  to  be  exported  from,  and  out  of,  tho  United  States,  so  as  groatlv  to 
diminish  or  endanger  the  specie  capital  of  the  government  and  country,  as  well  as  of'tlie 
said  corporation ;  or  that  the  said  gold  and  silver  coin  is  intended  to  be  wilfully  witlidra\tn 
from  the  circulation,  so  as  greatly  to  emlwrrass,  obstruct,  and  dist^redit  the  pecuniary  tran» 
tions  of  the  people  and  tho  government,  as  well  as  of  tho  said  corporation ;  or  that  the  sail 
gold  and  silver  coin  is  demanded,  in  consequence  of  a  wilful  and  sinister  accumulation  ufihe 
bills  and  notes  of  the  said  corporation,  with  the  intention  to  impair  or  destroy  the  credit  of 
the  said  corporation ;  then,  and  in  every  such  case,  and  as  oilen  as  such  cases  shall  occur,  i| 
shall  lie  lawful  for  the  directors  of  the  said  corporation  to  suspend  its  payments  in  specie,  and 
their  duty  forthwith,  to  represent  the  same  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.  And  it 
shall  bo  thereupon  lawful  for  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  direct  the  said  corpora- 
tion to  resume,  or  to  continue  to  suspend,  its  payments  in  specie,  for  such  lime  as  he  shaU 
deem  it  expedient;  and  the  said  corporation  shall  resume,  or  continue  to  suspend,  its  pay- 
ments in  specie,  according  to  such  directions.  And  the  President  of  the  United  States  sliail 
cause  a  statement  of  the  proceedings,  in  all  such  cases,  to  be  laid  before  Congress,  if  in  w». 
sion,  immediately  ;  if  not  in  session,  then  within  ten  days  after  the  next  meeting  of  Congress; 
and  such  suspension  may  continue  until  removed  by  Congress,  or  by  the  President." 

With  such  a  section  as  the  one  now  recited,  not  only  did  it  pass  the  Senate  by  thn  vote 
of  17  to  14  above  stated,  but  it  was  defeated  in  the  House  of  Representatives  merely  by  the 
casting  vote  of  the  speaker,  Mr.  Cheves.  This  took  plac?  on  the  2d  of  January,  1815.  The 
bill  was,  however,  reconsidered  on  the  following  day,  and,  on  the  7th  of  January,  passed  the 
House  by  a  vote  of  120  to  37,  having  lieen  amended  by  reducing  the  capital  nf  the  bank 
from  fifly  to  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  as  well  as  by  striking  out  from  the  bill  those  parts  of 
it  which  authorised  the  suspension  of  the  specie  payments,  and  which  obliged  the  bank  to 
make  loans  to  the  government  On  the  bill  being  returned  to  the  Senate,  as  amended,  it 
was  again  amended,  by  the  increase  of  the  capital  of  the  bank  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  and  by  the  reinstatement  in  the  bill  of  the  section  authorising  a  suspensiin, 
in  certain  cases,  of  payments  in  specie.  These  amendments  not  being  agreed  to  by  the 
House,  the  Senate,  January  20th,  receded  from  its  amendments,  and  passed  the  bill  without 
them.  It  was  destined  to  receive  tho  veto  of  the  President,  Mr.  Madison.  "Waiving  die 
question  of  the  constitutional  authority  of  the  Legislature  to  establish  an  incorporated  bank, 
as  being  precludctl,"  in  his  judgment,  "  by  repeated  recognitions,  under  varied  circum- 
stances, of  the  validity  of  such  an  institution,  in  acts  of  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial 
branches  of  the  government,  accompanied  by  indications,  in  different  modes,  of  a  concur- 
rence of  the  general  Avill  of  the  nation ;"  he  objects  to  the  bill  because  "  the  proposed  bank 
does  not  appear  to  be  calculated  to  answer  the  purposes  of  reviving  the  public  credit,  of  pro- 
viding a  national  medium  of  circulation,  and  of  aiding  the  treasury  by  facilitating  the  indii- 
pensable  anticipations  of  the  revenue,  and  by  affording  to  the  public  more  durable  loans." 

And  the  President  was  not  alone  in  being  readv  to  waive  the  scruples  which  he  had  for- 
merly entertained  as  to  the  constitutiondity  of  a  national  bank,  in  consequence  of  a  growing 
conviction  of  the  necexsity  of  such  an  institution  for  the  fiscal  operations  of  the  general  govern- 
ment. The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Dallas,  had  already  expressed  himseU'in  rcfi-rence 
to  this  question  of  constitutionality  in  language  very  similar  to  that  of  Mr.  Madison ;  and  the 
minority  of  only  37  in  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the  final  passage  of  the  bill  is  hf^i 
suflicicnt  evidence  of  tho  opposition  to  a  national  bank  having,  at  tho  period  of  which  we 
speak,  very  much  declined,  an  well  on  the  ground  of  inconsistency  with  the  powers  bestowfti 
upon  Congress  by  the  constitution,  as  on  the  ground  of  its  inexpediency.  Indeed,  compnra- 
tively  few  (M-rsons  were  then  disposed  to  take  the  former  ground.  Almost  the  only  question 
at  issue  between  the  contending  parties  seemed  to  be  what  was  the  most  desirable  mode  of 
organising  a  bank. 

The  friends  of  an  institution  organised  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  the  PrcsidentanJ 
Secretary,  did  not  yet  doipair  of  uccoinplishiiig  their  object  before  the  rising  of  Congress, 


An  act  to  int 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


130 


nev  succeeded  in  getting  the  Senate  to  pass  such  a  bill  as  they  desired,  on  the  1 1  th  of  Febru* 
,»■  which  bill  was,  however,  indefinitely  postponed  in  the  House  of  Kepresentalives,  on  the 
iTthofthe  same  month,  by  a  vote  of  74  to  73.  It  is  more  than  probable  that,  but  for  the 
news  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  which  had  just  arrived,  the  bill  would  have  become  a  law, 
and  the  country  would  have  had  irremediably  imposed  upon  it  an  institution  authorised  by 
law  to  issue  millions  and  tens  of  millions  of  promises  to  pay  specie  to  its  creditors,  and  au- 
thoriscil  at  the  same  time  to  refuse  the  fulfilment  of  thoSe  promises. 

During  the  session  of  Congress  of  1815 — 16,  the  subject  of  the  incorporation  of  a  national 
lank  was  resumed  ;  and  a  bill  was  passed  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  on  the  14th  of 
Mari'h,  1816t  by  a  vote  of  80  to  71,  iind  in  the  Senate,  «'ith  amendments,  by  a  vote  of  23  to 
1']  on  the  3d  of  April.  These  amendments  having  been  concurred  in  by  the  House,  the 
[lili  was  approved  by  the  president,  on  the  10th  of  April,  and  constituted  the  chai'tcr  of  the 
luie  Bank  of  the  United  States.     We  give  this  bill  entire,  as  followa. 

^n  act  to  incorporate  the  subscribers  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States. 


}1.  Be  it  enacted  i^e.  That  a  hank  of  the  United  States  of  Ainnrica  shall  he  establisheii,  with  i 
•amliil  of  thirty-five  inilliiina  of  dollars,  diviiled  into  tlireo  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  shari'S,  of  on 


a 

taiiiml  of  thirty-five  niilliona  of  dollars,  diviiled  uito  three  hundred  and  ntty  thousand  stiari'S,  of  one 
bmiilred dollars  each  share.  Seventy  thousand  shares,  aninuntinc  to  the  siiin  of  sewn  millions  of 
diilliirs,  part  nf  the  capital  of  the  said  bank,  shall  be  8ut)scribed  and  paid  for  by  tlie  United  Slates,  in 
liic  miimii'r  hereinafter  specified  ;  and  two  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  shares,  amounting  to  the 
iiiniof  twcnly-eisht  millions  of  dollars,  shall  bo  subscribed  and  paid  for  by  individuals,  companies,  or 
corporations,  in  the  manner  hereinafter  specified. 

^2.  Tliiit  subscriptions  for  the  sum  of  tweiity-ei$:ht  millions  of  dollars.,  towards  constilutinR  the 
cnnit.il  of  the  said  hank,  shall  be  opened  on  the  first  Monday  in  July  nu.  t,  at  the  folluwin);  pl;ices; 
Ihit  is  to  say :  at  Portland,  in  the  District  of  Maine  ;  at  Portsmouth,  in  the  state  of  N"W-Hampshire; 
al  Boslon,  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts ;  at  I'rovideuce,  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island  ;  at  Middle- 
Imvn,  ia  the  state  of  Connecticut ;  at  Burlington,  in  the  state  of  Vermont ;  at  New  York,  in  the  state 
nfXt'wYork:  at  New  Brunswick,  In  the  state  of  Now  .lersoy;  at  I'liiladelphit,  in  the  slate  of 
Pennsylvania;  at  WilniinKton,  in  the  state  of  Delaware  ;  at  Baltimore,  in  tlie  slate  nf  Maryland; 
al  Richmond,  in  the  state  nf  Virginia  ;  at  Lexington,  in  the  state  of  Kentucky  ;  at  Clnt.nnati,  in  the 
gtitnor  Ohio;  at  Kaleigh,  in  the  slate  of  North  Carolina  ;  at  Nashville,  in  the  stale  of  Tenirissee; 
at  Cliarleston,  in  the  state  of  t^outh  Carolina  :  at  Aujiusln,  in  the  stale  of  Georgia ;  at  New  Orleans, 
in  till!  state  uf  Louisiana  ;  and  at  Washington,  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  And  the  said  snbscrip- 
tions  shall  be  opened  under  the  superintendence  of  five  conunissioners  at  Phihulelphiu,  and  of  three 
commissioners  at  each  of  the  other  places  aforesaid,  to  he  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  United 
filatps.who  is  hereby  authorized  to  make  such  appointments,  and  shall  continue  open  every  day,  from 
tlictiine  nf  opening  the  same,  between  the  hours  of  ten  o'clock  in  the  forenoon  and  louro'dock  in  the 
afleniiion,  for  the  term  nf  twenty  days,  exclusive  of  Sundays,  when  the  same  shall  be  closed,  and 
iinmciliately  thereafter  the  conunissioners,  or  any  two  of  them,  at  the  respective  places  afiresaid, 
jliall cause  two  transcripts  or  copies  of  such  subscriptions  to  be  made,  one  of  which  they  shuU  send 
;n  llie  secretary  of  the  treasury,  one  they  shall  retain,  and  the  original  they  shall  transmit,  within 
■even  days  from  the  closing  of  the  subscriptions  us  aforesaid,  to  the  commissioners  at  Philadelphia 
al'iireaaiil.  And,  on  the  receipt  of  the  said  original  subscriptions,  or  of  either  of  the  said  copies 
llipreof,  if  the  original  he  lost,  mislaid,  or  detained,  the  commissioners  at  Philadelphia  aforesaid,  or  a 
majority  of  tlieni,  shall  immediately  thereafter  convene,  and  proceed  to  take  an  account  of  the  said 
iiili8cription8.  And  if  more  tlian  the  amount  of  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars  shall  have  been  sub- 
EcriM,  then  the  said  last  mentioned  commissioners  shall  deduct  the  amount  of  such  excess  from  the 
largpst  subscriptions,  in  such  manner  as  that  no  subscription  shall  he  reduced  in  amount  while  any 
one  reniains  larger :  Pru»i(/ei(,  That  if  the  subscriptions  taken  at  either  of  the  places  aforesaid  shall 
not  esceed  three  thousand  sliures,  there  shall  be  no  reducti<ui  of  such  subscrintiona,  nor  shall,  in  uuy 
ra'e,  the  subscriptions  taken  at  either  of  the  places  aforesaid  be  reduced  below  that  amount.  AncI, 
incase  the  agzrogate  amount  of  the  said  subscriptions  shall  exceed  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars, 
tlicsaid  last  mentioned  commissioners,  after  having  apportiimed  the  same  as  aforesaid,  shall  cause 
lists  nf  the  said  apportioned  subscriptions  to  be  made  out,  including  in  each  list  the  apportioned  sub- 
SiTlption  for  the  place  where  the  original  subscription  was  made,  one  of  which  lists  they  shall  trans- 
mit to  the  commissioners,  or  one  of  them,  under  whose  superintendence  such  subscriptions  were 
orislnally  made,  tliat  the  subscribers  may  thereby  aacertiiin  the  nund)er  of  shares  to  them  rospect- 
ivi'ly  apportioned  as  aforesaid.  And,  in  case  the  aggrezate  amount  of  the  said  subscript i(Uis  made 
(hiring  the  period  aforesaid,  at  all  the  places  aforesaid,  shall  not  amount  to  twenty-eight  millions  of 
ilollars,  the  subscriptions  to  complete  the  said  sum  shall  he  and  retrain  open  at  Philadelphia  aforesaid, 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  commissioners  appointed  for  that  place  ;  and  the  subscriptions  may 
be  llien  made  by  any  individual,  company,  or  corporation,  for  any  number  of  shares,  not  exceeding, 
in  the  whole,  the  amount  required  to  complete  the  said  sum  of  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars. 

}  3.  Tliht  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  individual,  company,  corporation,  or  stale,  when  the  subscrip- 
tions shall  be  opened  as  hereinbefore  directed,  to  subscribe  for  any  nuud)er  of  shares  of  the  capital 
of  the  said  bank,  not  exceeding  three  thousand  shares,  and  the  sums  so  subscribed  shall  be  payalde, 
and  paid,  in  the  manner  following ;  that  is  to  say  :  seven  millions  of  dollars  thereof  in  gold  or  silver 
coin  of  the  United  States,  or  in  gold  coin  of  Spam  of  the  dominions  of  Spain,  at  the  rate  of  one  hun- 
dred ceats  iry  twenty-eight  grains  and  sixty  hundredths  of  a  grain  of  the  actual  weight  thereof, 
or  in  other  i.  gold  or  silver  coin  at  the  several  rales  prescribed  bv  the  first  section  of  an  act  regu- 
lathig  the  currency  of  foreign  coins  in  the  United  Slates,  passed  tenth  day  of  April,  one  thousand 
ri.;hl  hundred  and  six,  and  twenty-one  millions  of  dollars  Ihereot  in  like  gold  or  silver  coin,  or  In  the 
funded  dclit  of  the  United  Htiites,  contracted  at  the  time  of  the  subsiiiptions  respectively.  And  the 
paynients  made  in  the  funded  debt  nf  the  United  States,  shall  be  paid  and  received  at  tiie  following 
rales ;  that  ia  to  say  :  the  funded  debt  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  centum  per  annum,  at  the  nomi- 
nal or  par  value  thereof;  the  funded  debt  bearing  an  interest  of  three  per  centum  per  annum,  al  the 
rateofsixty.five  dollars  for  every  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars  of  the  noinuial  amount  thereof;  and 
the  ninded  debt  hearing  an  interest  of  seven  per  centum  per  annum,  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and 
eix  dollars  and  lifty-one  cents  for  every  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars  of  the  nominal  amount  thereof; 
["(.'t'llior  with  tlie  amount  of  the  interest  accrued  on  the  said  several  denominations  of  funded  debt,  to 
be  lompiited  and  allowed  to  the  time  of  subscribing  the  same  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank  as  afore 
said.  And  tlie  payments  of  the  said  subscriptions  shall  bo  made  and  completed  by  the  subscriliers, 
respectively,  at  the  times  and  in  ilie  manner  following ;  that  is  to  say  :  at  tlie  time  of  siibseriliing  there 
shall  he  paid  five  doll.ir.s  on  each  share,  in  gold  or  sdver  coin  as  aforesaid,  and  twenty-live  didlars 
wore m coin  as  aforesaid,  or  in  l\indeddcbt  as  aforesaid;  at  tUu  e.vi)irutioii  uf  six  calendar  uiunllu 


"      I 


•n" 


140 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


after  the  time  of  lubiertblng,  there  ihall  bn  paid  the  Airther  eiim  of  ten  dnllnn  on  enrh  share,  In  roM 
or  silver  coin  ni  aforesaid,  and  twenty-flve  dollars  more  in  coin  as  aforesaid,  or  in  fiinrieil  debt  u 
aforesaid ;  at  the  expiration  of  twelve  calendar  months  from  the  time  of  subiirribing,  there  aliall  b! 
paid  the  Airther  sum  of  ten  dollars  on  each  share,  in  gold  or  silver  coin  as  aforesaid,  and  twenty-flt! 
dollars  more,  in  coin  as  aforesaid,  or  in  Winded  debt  as  aforesaid. 

i  4.  That,  at  the  tinib  of  subscribing  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank  as  afiiresaid,  each  and  evrn 
■uliscriber  shall  deliver  to  the  coniniissloners,  at  the  place  of  subscribing,  as  well  the  amount  of  ihejr 
■iibscriptions,  respectively,  in  coin  ns  aforesaid,  as  the  certificates  of  funded  debt,  tVir  the  ftindeddeh 
proportions  of  their  respective  subHcriptinns,  together  with  a  power  of  attorney,  anthorlsiiin  theui^ 
ConimiBsioners,  or  a  majority  of  them,  to  transfer  the  raid  stiicic  in  due  form  of  law  to  "the  prvaideni 
directors,  and  coim)any,of  the  hank  of  the  United  States,"  as  soon  as  the  said  baiili  shall  bedrganlzed' 
Provided  altruys.  That  If,  in  consequence  of  the  apjiortioninent  of  the  shares  In  the  capital  of  the  mid 
bank  among  the  subscribers,  in  the  case,  and  In  the  manner,  hereinbefore  provided,  any  fuibBcribei 
•hall  have  delivered  to  the  commissioners,  nt  the  time  of  suhscribing,  a  greater  amount  of  gold  or  silift 
coin  and  funded  delit  th:in  shall  be  necesHury  to  complete  the  payments  for  the  vhure  or  shares  to  fucIi 
■iibscrihers,  apportioned  as  afdrcfaid,  the  commissioners  shall  only  retain  so  much  of  the  said  itnldot 
■ilver  coin  and  funded  debt  as  shall  be  necessary  to  complete  such  payments,  and  shall,  forHiuitlL 
return  the  snrplns  thereof,  on  application  for  the  same,  to  the  subscribers  lawfully  entitled  llieretn! 
And  the  commissioners,  respectively,  shall  deposite  the  gold  and  silver  coin,  ami  certiliciites  <if  imblic 
debt,  hy  thrni  respectively  received  as  ufore^iaid  from  the  sobsirihrrs  to  the  capital  of  the  sulil  liai.k 
In  some  place  of  secure  and  safe  keeping,  so  thot  the  same  may  and  shall  he  specilically  delivered  auij 
transferred,  as  the  same  were  by  them  respectively  received,  to  the  president,  directors,  and  cipru- 
pany,  of  the  bank  of  the  United  Slates,  or  to  their  order,  as  soon  as  shall  be  required  after  the  orifaniu. 
tion  of  the  said  bank.  And  the  said  coinmissioners  ap|)ointed  to  superintend  the  suliscripti<insloi|i« 
capital  of  the  said  bank  as  aforesaid,  shall  receive  a  reasonahle  compensation  for  their  servicri 
respectively,  and  shall  be  allowed  all  reasonable  charges  and  expenses  ii;curred  in  the  execuiiimrr 
their  trust,  to  be  paid  by  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  bank,  out  of  the  funds  tliereof 

i  5.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  United  Hiates  to  pay  and  redeem  the  funded  debt  subscribed ig 
the  capital  of  the  said  hank, at  the  rates  aforesaid,  in  such  sums, and  at  such  times, as  shall  be  deemed 
expedient,  any  thing  in  any  act  or  nets  of  (%>iigress.  to  the  contrary  thereof  notwithstanding.  Audit 
(hull  also  he  lawful  for  the  president,  dlrecto,'s,  and  company,  of  the  saiil  hank,  to  sell  and  transfer  fni 
fold  and  silver  coin,  or  bullion,  the  funded  debt  subscribed  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank  as  afnreiaul: 
Protided  alwaifg,  That  they  shall  not  sell  more  thereof  than  the  sum  of  two  millions  of  dollars  inaiif 
one  year ;  not-  sell  any  part  thereof  at  any  time  within  the  United  Stales,  without  previously  givin| 
notice  of  their  intention  to  the  seen  tary  of  the  treasury,  and  offering  the  same  to  the  b'nited  Suiei 
for  the  period  of  lineen  days,  at  least,  at  the  current  price,  not  exceeiling  the  rates  aforesaid. 

i  6.  That,  at  the  opening  of  subscription  to  tlie  capital  stock  of  the  said  bank,  the  secretary  of  tbe 
treasury  shall  subscribe,  or  cause  to  be  subscribed,  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  the  said  number  of 
■cvcnty  thousand  shares,  ainoiintine  to  seven  millions  of  dollars  as  aforesaid,  to  be  paid  in  goldor 
silver  coin,  or  in  stock  of  the  United  States,  bearing  interest  at  the  rateof  five  per  centum  per  annujii; 
and  if  payment  thereof,  or  of  any  part  tliereof,  be  made  in  public  stock,  bearing  interest  as  aforoeaid, 
the  said  Interest  shall  be  payable  quarterly,  to  commence  ftnm  the  time  of  making  such  payniemoD 
account  of  the  said  subscriptions;  and  the  principal  of  the  said  stock  shall  be  redeemable  in  aiiysiiini, 
and  ot  any  periods,  which  the  government  shall  deem  (It.  And  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  sliall 
cause  the  certificates  of  such  public  stock  to  bo  prepared,  and  made  in  the  usual  form,  and  sliall  pay 
and  deliver  the  same  to  the  president,  directors,  and  company  of  the  said  bank,  on  the  first  day  nf 
January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventeen  ;  which  said  stock  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the caid 
president,  directors,  and  company,  to  sell  and  transfer,  for  gold  and  silver  coin  or  bullion,  at  their  dii- 
cretion  :  Provided,  They  shall  not  sell  more  than  two  inillions  of  dollars  thereof  in  any  one  year. 

}  7.  That  the  subscribers  to  the  said  bank  of  tlie  United  States  of  America,  their  successors  and 
assigns,  shjill  be,  and  ar6  hereby,  created  a  cor|)oration  and  bi^dy  politic,  by  the  name  and  style  of 
"  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  hank  of  the  United  States,"  and  shall  so  continue  until 
the  third  day  of  March,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-six,  and  by  that  name  M 
be,  and  are  hereby,  made  able  and  capable,  in  law,  to  have,  purchase,  receive,  possess,  enjoy,  and 
retain,  to  them  and  their  successors,  lands,  rents,  tenements,  hereditaments,  goods,  chattels,  and 
effects,  of  whatsoever  kind,  nature,  and  quality,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding,  in  the  whole,  litly-live 
inillions  of  dollars,  including  the  amount  of  the  capital  stock  aforesaid ;  and  the  same  to  sell,  grant, 
demise,  alien,  or  dispose  of;  to  sue  and  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  answer  and  lie  answered, 
defend  and  be  defended,  in  all  state  courts  having  competent  jurisdiction,  and  in  any  circuit  court  of 
the  United  States :  and  also  to  make,  have,  and  use,  a  common  seal,  and  the  same  to  break,  alter,  and 
renew,  at  their  pleasure  :  and  also  to  ordain,  establish,  and  put  in  execution,  such  by-laws  andonli. 
nances,  and  regulations,  as  tliey  shall  deem  necessary  and  convenient  for  the  government  of  the  raid 
corporation,  not  being  contrary  to  the  constitution  thereof,  or  to  the  laws  of  the  United  States;  and 
generally  to  do  and  execute  all  and  singular  the  acts,  matters,  and  things,  which  to  them  it  shallii 
may  appertain  to  do;  subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  rules,  regulations,  restrictions,  limitations,  anil 
provisions,  hereinafter  prescribed  and  declared. 

^8.  That,  for  the  management  of  the  atfairs  of  the  said  corporation,  there  shall  be  twenty-flvediretl- 
ors,  five  of  whom,  being  stockholders,  shall  be  annually  appointed  by  tlie  president  of  the  I'nited 
States,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  be  resi- 
dents of  any  one  state ;  and  twenty  of  whom  shall  be  annually  elected  at  the  banking  liouse  inlhs 
city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  in  each  year,  by  the  qualified  stockholders  of  thg 
capital  of  the  said  hank,  other  than  the  United  States,  anil  by  a  plurality  of  votes  then  and  lliete 
actually  given,  according  to  the  scale  of  voting  hereinafter  prescribed  :  Provided  alvaps,  That  no  per- 
■on,  being  a  director  in  the  bank  of  the  United  States,  or  any  of  its  branches,  shall  be  a  director  o( 
any  other  bank;  and  should  any  such  director  act  as  a  director  in  any  otlier  bank,  it  shall  foi'hnilli 
vacate  his  appointment  in  the  direction  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States.  And  the  directors,  euduly 
appointed  and  elected,  shall  be  capable  of  serving,  by  virtue  of  such  appointment  and  choice,  fronillie 
first  Mond.iy  in  the  month  of  January  of  each  year,  until  the  end  and  expiration  of  the  first  Mon- 
day in  the  month  of  January  of  the  year  next  ensuing  the  time  of  each  annual  election  to  be  held  i.y 
the  stockholders  as  aforesaid.  And  the  boardof  directors,  annually,  at  the  first  meeting  after  llieit 
election  in  each  and  every  year,  shall  proceed  to  elect  one  of  the  directors  to  be  president  of  the  cor- 
poration, wh;  shall  hold  the  said  office  during  the  same  period  for  which  the  directors  are  ap|>oinUd 
and  elected  as  aforesaid :  Provided  also.  That  the  first  appointment  and  election  of  the  directors  nud 
president  of  the  said  bank  shall  be  at  the  time  and  for  the  period  hereinafter  declared  :  ^iid  prorM 
alao.  That  in  case  it  should  at  any  time  happen  that  an  appointment  or  election  of  directors,  ot  at 
election  of  the  president  of  the  said  bank,  should  not  be  so  made  as  to  take  effect  on  any  day  nlirn 
in  pursuance  of  this  act,  they  ought  to  take  eflPect,  the  said  corporation  shall  not,  for  that  cause,  l« 
deemed  to  be  dissolved ;  but  it  shall  be  lawful  ut  any  other  time  to  make  such  appointments,  and  lo 
hold  such  elections,  (as  the  case  maybe;)  and  the  manner  of  holding  the  elections  shall  be  regu- 
lated by  the  by-laws  and  ordlnancea  of  the  said  corporation :  and  until  such  aiipoinunents  or  eletliou 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES.) 


141 


M  m»l(!,  the  director!  anri  prestdent  of  the  asid  bnnk,  for  the  time  beinf;,  ahull  continue  in  office :  Jnd 
„,,fiilti  alio.  That  in  case  of  the  death,  reaignntion,  or  removHl,  of  the  preaidnnt  of  the  auid  cnrpo- 
ntiinn,  the  dlrcr.tnra  ahall  proceed  to  elect  another  preaident  from  the  diri'Ctora  aa  afnreanlil ;  and  in 
cue  of  the  death,  reaignntinn,  or  ahaencn,  from  the  rnitod.Stulea,  or  runi<ivul  ofn  director  from  office, 
tlie  vncancy  ahnli  be  aiipplL^d  by  the  preaident  of  the  United  Btatea,  or  by  the  atoclchoidera,  na  tho 
(lie  may  be.  But  the  preaident  of  the  United  Statea  aiune  sliall  have  power  to  remove  any  of  tlia 
dircclnrs  appointed  by  him  na  aforeaaid. 

i  9.  That  aa  aoon  aa  the  aiim  of  eight  milliona  four  hundred  thoiiaand  dollara,  in  gold  and  ail  ver  coin 
ind  in  the  piililic  debt,  aiiall  have  been  actually  received  on  account  of  the  aubarription  to  the  capita 
ofllie  aaiil  bnnli  (excinaively  of  the  auliacriptinn  aforeaaid,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States)  notice 
thereof  ahall  he  (iven  liy  the  peraona  under  whoae  aupcrintendence  the  aubacription  Rhalt  linve  been 
made  at  tlie  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  at  ienat  two  newapupcra  printed  in  each  of  the  placea  (if  ao  many 
be  printed  in  aiich  placea  reapectivei^)  where  aubacriptiona  ahall  have  been  made;  and  the  aaid  per- 
(imaalialii  at  the  aame  time,  and  in  iilte  manner,  notify  a  time  and  place,  within  the  aaid  city  of  I'hI- 
Melphiii,  at  the  diatance  of  at  ieaat  tliirty  days  from  tlie  time  of  such  notificalion,  for  procei'ding  to 
llieelection  of  twenty  directora  aa  aforeaaid,  and  it  ahall  be  lawful  for  such  election  to  l)e  then  and 
there  made,  And  the  preaident  of  tlie  United  Statea  is  hereliy  authorised,  during  the  preaent  aeasion 
(ifcongreaa,  to  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  aenatc,  to  appoint,  Ave  dl- 
recmra  of  the  aaid  bank,  though  not  atocklioldera,  any  thing  in  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  the  con* 
triry  notwithataiiding ;  and  the  peraona  who  ahall  be  elected  and  appointed  aa  aforeaaid,  ahull  be  tho 
(Int directors  of  the  anid  bunk,  and  ahiill  proceed  to  elect  one  of  the  directors  to  he  preaident  oi'  the 
ial(l  bank ;  and  tne  directors  and  preaident  of  the  said  bank,  ao  appointed  and  elected  as  aforesaid, 
ihair  be  capable  of  serving  in  their  respective  ofiice,  by  viriue  thereof,  until  the  end  and  expiration 
ofllie  tirat  Monday  of  the  month  of  January  next  ensuing  the  aaid  appointmenta  and  eiectiona  ;  and 
tl  "  shall  <'  nd  thenceforth  commence,  and  continue  tlio  operation!  of  the  aaid  bank,  at  the  city 
la.-' 
'  Thai  t  -ectora  for  the  time  being,  si  i.  ..  power  to  appoint  !iich  officers,  clerks,  and 
leivaiita,  iind.  'n,  aa  ahall  he  necoriaary  for  v  "  ..i;g  llie  buaincaa  of  the  aaid  corporation,  and  to 
allow  them  auch  compensation  for  their  acrvicea,  respectively,  na  ahull  be  reaBoiial)lc  ;  and  ahall  be 
capable  of  exerciHin}:  such  other  (Miwera  and  authorities  for  tlie  well  governing  ami  ordering  of  the 
oDicera  nf  the  aaid  corporation,  aa  shall  he  preacriiied,  tixed,  and  determined,  by  the  laws,  reguiationa, 
ind  ordinancea,  of  the  «ame. 

j|  II,  That  tlie  following  riilea,  reatrictiona,  limitations,  and  proviaiona,  shall  form  and  be  funda- 
mental articlea  of  the  conatitution  of  tlie  said  corporation,  to  wit :  1.  The  number  of  votes  to  whicb 
the  sinckholilera  ahall  be  entitled,  in  yotiiig  for  directora,  shall  he  according  to  the  number  of  aharoi 
lie,  she,  or  tliey,  resjiectiveiy,  ahitll  hold,  in  the  proportions  following,  tliat  la  to  aay  ;  for  one  share 
and  not  more  than  two  shares,  one  vote ;  for  every  two  shares  above  two,  and  not  exceeding  ten,  one 
vote;  for  every  four  shares  above  ten,  and  not  exceeding  thirty,  one  vote;  for  every  six  shares  above 
thirty,  and  notexceeding  sixty,  one  vote ;  for  every  eight  aiiurea  above  sixty,  and  not  exceeding  one 
hundred,  one  vote  ;  and  for  every  ten  shares  above  one  hundred,  one  vote;  but  no  person,  copart- 
nership, or  body  politic,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  greater  tiunilier  tlian  thirty  votes  ;  and  after  the  flrat 
election,  no  ahare  or  alinrea  ahall  confer  a  right  of  voting,  which  ahall  not  have  been  holden  three 
calendar  inontha  previoua  to  the  day  of  election.  And  atocklioldera  actually  resident  within  the 
United  States,  and  none  other,  may  vote  in  elections  by  proxy.  Secnvd.  Not  more  than  three  fourth! 
of  the  directors  elected  by  the  atocklioldera,  and  not  more  than  four  filths  of  the  directors  appointed  by 
the  preaident  of  the  United  States,  wlio  shall  be  in  otiice  at  the  time  of  an  annual  election,  shall  be 
elected  or  apjiointed  for  the  next  aucceeding  year ;  and  no  director  ahall  hold  hia  office  more  than 
three  yeara  out  of  four  in  succcaaion :  but  the  director  who  shall  be  the  preaident  at  the  time  of  an 
election,  may  always  be  ro-appointed,  or  re-elected,  aa  the  caae  may  be.  Third.  None  but  a  atock- 
holder,  resident  citizen  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  director ;  nor  shall  a  director  he  entitled  to 
any  cinnhiraent ;  but  the  directors  may  make  such  compensation  to  the  preaident,  for  hia  extraordi- 
nary attendance  at  the  bank,  aa  ahall  appear  to  them  reasonable.  Fourth.  Not  leaa  than  aeven  direct- 
ors (hall  constitute  a  board  for  the  transaction  of  buaineas,  of  whom  tlie  preaident  ahull  always  be 
one,  except  in  caae  of  aickneaa  or  neceaaary  absence ;  in  which  case  bis  place  may  be  supplied  by  any 
other  director  whom  he,  by  writing,  under  his  hand,  aiiull  depute  for  that  purpose.  And  the  director 
m  deputed  may  do  and  transact  all  the  necessary  business,  lielonging  to  the  otiice  of  the  preaident  of 
the  said  corporation  during  the  continuance  of  the  sickness  or  neceaaary  absence  of  the  preaident. 
Fifth.  A  number  of  atocklioldera,  not  less  than  sixty,  who,  together,  shall  be  proprietors  of  one  thou- 
sand shares  or  upwards,  shall  have  power,  at  any  time,  to  call  a  general  meeting  of  the  stockholders, 
forpurpoaea  relative  to  the  institution,  giving  at  least  ten  weeka'  notice  in  two  public  newapapcra  or 
the  place  where  the  bank  ia  seated,  and  specifying  in  such  notice  the  object  or  olijecta  of  such  meet- 
in;,  Siith.  Eachcaahier  or  treasurer,  before  he  e,:tera  upon  the  dutiea  of  hia  office,  ahall  be  required 
lojtive  bond,  with  two  or  more  aurctiea,  to  the  p:iti;>taction  of  the  directora,  in  a  auni  not  leaa  than 
fifty  thouaand  dollara,  with  a  condition  for  his  good  behaviour,  and  the  fuithfui  performance  of  his 
duties  to  the  corporation.  Seventh.  The  landa,  teneinenta,  and  hereditaments,  which  it  shall  be  law- 
ful for  the  aaid  corporation  to  hold,  shall  be  only  such  as  ahall  be  requiaite  for  its  immediate  accom- 
modation in  relation  to  the  convenient  transacting  of  its  busineaa,  and  Bucb  as  ahall  have  been  bona 
fide  mortgaged  to  it  by  way  of  aecurity,  or  conveyed  to  it  in  aatiafaction  of  debta  previously  con- 
tracted in  the  course  of  ita  dealinga,  or  purchaaed  at  aalea,  upon  judgmenta  which  ahall  have  been 
obtained  for  auch  debts.  Eifhtk.  The  total  amount  of  debts  which  the  aaid  corporation  shall  at  any 
time  owe,  whether  by  bond,  bill,  note,  or  other  contract,  over  and  above  the  debt  or  debts  due  for 
money  deposited  in  the  bank,  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  thirty-five  millions  of  dollars,  unleas  the 
contracting  of  any  greater  debt  ahall  have  been  previously  authoriaed  by  law  of  the  United  States. 
In  case  of  excesa,  the  directora  under  whoae  adminiatration  it  ahall  happen,  shall  be  liable  for  the 
same  in  their  natural  and  private  capacities ;  and  an  action  of  debt  may,  in  aucb  caae,  be  brought 
against  them,  or  any  of  them,  their  or  any  of  their  heira,  executors,  or  adminiatrators,  in  any  court 
of  record  of  the  United  Btatea,  or  either  of  them,  by  any  creditor  or  creditors  of  the  said  corporation, 
and  may  be  proaecuted  to  Judgment  and  execution,  any  condition,  covenant,  or  agre>-  iient,  to  the 
contrary  nntwithatanding.  But  this  proviaion  shall  not  be  construed  to  exempt  the  saia  corporation, 
or  the  landa,  tenements,  goods,  or  chattels,  of  the  same,  from  being  also  liable  for,  and  chargeable 
with,  the  aaid  excess.  Such  of  the  said  directors  who  may  have  been  absent  when  the  aaid  exceas 
wascontracted  or  created,  or  who  may  have  dissented  from  the  resolution  or  act  whereby  tlie  same 
was  80  contracted  or  created,  may  respectively  exonerate  theniaelvea  from  being  so  liable,  by  forth- 
with giving  notice  of  the  fact,  and  of  their  abaence  ordisaent,  to  the  preaident  of  the  United  Statea.and 
tnthe  stnckhnldera,  at  a  general  meeting,  which  they  ahall  have  power  tocall  for  that  purpose,  A'mrA 
The  said  corporation  shall  not,  directly  or  indirectly,  deal  or  trade  ir  any  thing  except  bills  of  ex 
I'liange.gold  or  aiiver  bullion,  or  in  the  sale  of  gooda  really  and  truly  pledged  for  money  lent  and  not 
itdeemed  in  due  time,  or  goods  which  shall  be  the  proceeds  of  its  lands.  It  ahall  not  be  at  liberty  to 
purchase  any  public  debt  whatsoever,  nor  ahall  it  take  more  than  at  the  rate  of  six  per  centum  per 
tununi  for  or  ujion  iti  loan*  or  digcount!.    Ttntk.  No  loan  shall  be  made  by  the  aaid  corporttttoDi  for 


142 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


iho  use  or  on  nrcoimt  nf  the  covprnmi-nl  nf  th-^  rnitpfl  fltntpn,  to  nn  nmotint  eifppilint  flvB  hniiti 
lliniifnnil  ilollnrs,  or  nf  nny  piirlidiliir  filntc.  tn  nn  niiioiint  i-xccciliiiB  fifty  thoiipaiirt  (lollnrii,  or  (if  ,|,, 
rurcign  (irlneo  or  state,  inili'r<»  previously  niithnriziMl  by  n  Inw  of  I  lie  United  Stntus.  Kl(rniih  Tli« 
stock  of  tlio  said  rnriiiTiilion  hIiiiII  Iio  usulitimlile  nnd  tfiinKfrriildc,  urrordinK  to  siirli  riil.'s  nmiliiiiij! 
Instituted,  in  that  liplialf,  l|V'  tliB  laws  aiul  ordinances  of  the  snmn.  Tirrlfih.  The  liills  (ihlieniorvaBj 
of  credit,  under  the  seal  of^thc  said  corporation,  which  shall  he  made  to  any  person  or  persons,  jiuj 
hi!  assiijiialiln  hy  endnrsenient  there\ipon,  under  the  hand  or  hands  of  such  persoM  or  persnni.sniHi'i, 
her.  or  their,  executors  or  administrators,  and  of  his  or  tl.elr  assignee  or  assii/tnees,  and  sn  a«  ahm' 
iuiely  to  transfer  nnd  vest  the  property  thereof  in  each  and  every  assignee  or  asBitrneea  Rurcpniivfi," 
nnd  to  enalile  such  asslBncc  or  assignees,  and  his,  her,  or  their,  executors  or  ndniinistrators,  to  mji, 
tain  nn  action  thereupon  In  his,  her,  or  their,  own  name  or  names ;  ProvUled,  That  siild  cnrpnrntu 
■hall  not  inike  any  hill  obligatory,  or  of  credit,  or  other  obligation  under  Its  seal,  fcir  the  pnymcmi! 
a  Euni  li'?9  than  five  thousand  dollars.  And  the  hills  or  notes  which  may  he  Issued  hy  orilcrnfih 
s'lid  corporation,  signed  by  the  president  ami  connlerslgned  by  the  principal  cashier  nr  trciidif,, 
tliereof,  promising  the  payment  of  money  to  aiiy  person  or  personn,  his,  her,  or  their,  ()rilcr,(iri« 
bear(T,  although  not  under  the  seal  of  the  said  corporation,  shall  be  binding  and  obligatory  niinn tin 
ninip,  in  like  manner,  and  with  like  force  ami  etfect,  as  upon  nny  private  pi>rson  or  persons,  if  Ihm 
by  him,  her,  or  them,  In  his,  her,  or  their,  private  or  natural  cajiacity  or  capacities,  and  shall  hpai. 
Bignablu  and  negntiahle  In  like  manner  as  If  they  were  so  issued  by  such  private  person  or  pcrsnniii 
that  is  to  say,  those  which  shall  he  payable  to  any  person  or  persons,  his,  her,  or  their,  order,  gtiiinj 
nssignahle  by  endorsiMnent,  in  like  manner  nnd  with  the  like  ettVct  as  foreign  bills  of  eschiinue  nnir 
nre  ;  and  those  which  are  payable  to  bearer  shall  be  assignable  and  negotiable  by  delivery  onlf 
Propiiled,  That  all  bills  or  notes,  so  to  be  issued  hy  said  corporation,  shall  liemaile  payalilennilVniaml 
other  tlian  hills  or  notes  for  the  payment  of  a  sum  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars' each,  niidinva! 
ble  tn  the  order  of  smne  person  or  persons  ;  which  bills  or  notes  it  shall  be  lawful  for  said  onrponi 
lion  to  make  payable  at  any  time  not  exceeding  sixty  ilays  fmni  the  dale  thereof.  Thirlerntli.  IM( 
yearly  dividends  shall  be  made  of  so  much  of  the  prollts  of  the  bank  as  shall  appear  to  tlie  ijirecion 
advisable ;  and  once  in  every  three  years  the  directors  shill  lay  before  the  siockhnlders,  at  n  spnmi 
meeting,  for  their  Information,  nn  exact  nnd  particular  slntemcnt  of  the  debts  which  shall  Imvere. 
niained  unpaid  after  the  expiration  of  the  original  cn-dit.  for  a  period  of  treble  the  term  nf  ilmi  tn. 
dit,  and  of  the  surplus  of  the  profits,  if  nny,  after  deducting  losses  nnd  dividends.  If  tliern  shall  he 
a  failure  in  the  payment  of  any  part  of  any  siun  subscribed  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank,  by  ant 
person,  copartnership,  or  body  pcditic,  the  party  failing  shall  lose  the  benefit  of  any  dividenil  wbkii 
may  have  accrued  prior  to  tlie  time  for  making  such  payment,  nnd  during  the  delay  nf  iiienaint, 
Fnarteenlh.  The  directors  of  the  said  corpornlinn  shall  establish  a  competent  office  of  discninit  anj 
drposite  in  the  district  of  Columbia,  whe>\evri  nny  law  of  the  United  Hiates  shall  recjnire  siuhanes. 
tnblishmcnt ;  also  one  such  ofi'ce  of  discount  and  deposite  in  any  slate  in  which  two  thnnsaail  uliatei 
shall  have  been  subscribed  or  maybe  held,  wheuevi-r,  upon  apidic?linn  of  the  legislature  cifsiirli 
state,  congress  may.  by  law,  roquire  the  same  :  Proriiteil,  The  directors  aforesaid  shall  nnt  be  tainil 
to  establish  such  office  before  the  whole  of  the  capital  of  the  bank  shall  have  been  paid  up.  Aniili 
shall  be  lawful  f.)r  the  directors  of  the  said  corporation  to  establish  otlices  of  discount  and  (Icpoiiin 
wheresoever  they  shall  think  tit,  within  the  United  States  or  the  territories  thereof,  and  to  roiiinui 
the  managenicnlof  the  said  offices,  and  the  Imsiness  thereof,  respectively,  to  such  persons,  and  iinil'r 
ouch  regulations,  ns  they  shall  deem  proper,  not  being  contrary  to  law  or  the  constitution  of  ihi 
bank.  Or  instead  of  establishing  su-'h  offices,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  director"^  it  the  said  cnrporj- 
tion,  from  time  to  time,  to  employ  any  other  bank  or  banks,  to  he  firs",  njiproved  by  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  at  any  place  or  places  that  they  may  deem  safe  and  proper,  to  manage  and  trnnMct  Ibg 
business  proposed  as  aforesaid,  other  than  for  the  purposes  of  disconnt.to  be  managed  and  tranpaclel 
by  such  offices,  under  such  agreements,  and  subject  to  such  regulations,  as  they  shall  di  em  jiisiaml 
proper.  Not  more  than  thirteen,  nor  less  than  seven,  managers  or  directors,  of  every  ofiiic  esu. 
bllshcd  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  annually  appointed  by  thediriM'tnrs  of  the  bank,  to  serve  one  year; the; 
shall  choose  a  president  from  their  own  number  ;  each  of  them  shall  be  a  citi/.en  of  the  United  Slates, 
and  a  resident  of  the  state,  territory,  or  district,  wherein  such  office  is  established  ;  and  not  ninrclbiD 
three  fourths  of  the  said  managers'or  directors,  in  office  at  the  time  of  nn  annual  appnintnioat,  M\ 
be  re-appointed  for  the  n(?xt  succeeding  year ;  and  no  director  sliall  hold  his  office  moro  than  ihtej 
years  out  of  four,  in  succession  ;  hut  the  presiilent  may  be  always  re-appointed.  Fifteenth.  Tiinoffi- 
ccr  at  the  head  of  the  treasury  department  of  the  United  States  sliall  be  furnished,  from  time  tniiin*, 
as  often  as  he  may  require,  not  exceeding  once  a  week,  with  statements  of  the  amount  nf  the  raiiilal 
stock  of  the  said  corporation,  and  of  the  del>ts  due  to  the  same;  of  the  moneys  deposited  thcroini 
of  the  notes  in  circulation,  nnd  of  the  specie  in  hand  ;  and  shall  have  a  riglit  to  inspect  sncli  gcnerti 
accounts  in  the  hooks  of  the  bank  as  shall  relate  to  the  said  statement :  PmriJeil,  That  this  aliall  iwi 
be  construed  to  imply  n  right  of  inspecting  the  account  of  any  private  individual  or  iii<livj{|nal.<\vi|[i 
the  Bank.  Sixteenth.  No  stnckhohler,  unless  he  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  shall  vote  in  tbt 
choice  of  directors.    Seventeenth.  No  note  shall  he  issued  of  less  amount  than  five  dollars. 

}  12.  That  if  the  said  corporation,  or  any  person  or  persons,  for  or  to  the  use  of  the  same,  sliall  dcij 
or  trade  in  buying  or  selling  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  commodities,  whatsoever,  contrary  lilbt 
provisions  of  this  act,  nil  and  every  person  and  persons  hy  whom  any  order  or  direction  for  so  di'aliii' 
or  trading  sliall  have  been  given,  and  all  and  every  person  and  persons,  who  shall  have  lieeii  (oa- 
cerned  as  parties  or  agents  therein,  shall  forfeit  nnd  lose  treble  the  value  of  the  goods,  wares,  inei- 
chandise,  and  commodities,  in  which  such  dealing  and  trade  shall  have  been  ;  one  half  thereof  to il« 
use  of  tlie  informer,  and  the  other  half  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  United  States  ;  to  be  recuvorcil  in 
any  action  of  law,  with  costs  of  suit. 

i  n.  That  if  the  said  cortmrotion  shall  advance  or  lend  any  sum  of  money  for  the  use  or  nn  accouii 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  to  an  amount  exceeding  five  hundred  thousand  dnllari;  m 
of  any  particular  state,  to  an  amount  exceeding  fifty  thousand  dollars;  or  of  any  furcii:n  priiicecr 
state  'unless  previously  authorized  thereto  by  a  law  of  the  United  States),  all  and  every  pers(.n  anil 
persons,  by  and  with  whose  order,  agreement,  consent,  approbation,  and  connivance,  such  unlawful 
advance  or  loan  shall  have  been  made,  upon  conviction  thereof,  shall  forfeit  and  pav,  for  every  ench 
oll'ence,  treble  the  value  or  amount  of  the  snm  or  sums  which  have  been  so  unlawt'ully  advaiicpiloi 
lent ;  one  fifth  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  informer,  and  the  residue  thereof  to  the  use  of  flic  UuM 
States.  I 

D  14.  That  the  bills  or  notes  of  the  said  corporation,  originally  made  payable,  or  which  shall  ham 
become  payable,  on  demand,  tihall  be  receivable  in  all  payments  to  the  United  States,  unless  utlietwiie 
directed  by  act  of  congress. 

i  15.  That,  during  the  continuance  of  this  act,  and  whenever  renuired  by  the  secretary  nf  the  trea- 
sury, the  said  corporation  shall  give  the  necessary  f^icilities  for  transferring  the  public  fuiiils  from 
•place  to  place,  within  rhe  United  States,  or  the  territories  thereof,  and  for  distributing  the  same  in 
pafment  of  the  public  creditors,  without  charging  commissions,  or  claiming  allowance,  on  account  of 
iliflerence  of  exchange  ;  and  shall  also  do  and  perform  the  several  and  respective  duties  nf  the  com- 
iiussiuncrs  of  loans  fur  the  several  states,  or  of  any  one  or  more  of  them,  whenever  required  by  la*. 


Iioiuice  and  adjudge  that 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


iIO  That  tho  ilepoBltoi  of  tho  monoy  of  llu'  Ifiillcd  PtntfiH,  In  pliiccs  in 
Ih  I'chcHlhrriMiriimy  l)u  eHtiil>lliiliuil,iilmll  l)ci  iiiiidd  In  Niilit  hunk  iir  liruiichr!) 
iiflhe  iR'iisnry  Bliall  nt  nny  tiinii  (itlicrwiHe  oriliT  luiil  lUiuct;  in  wli 
I  rhpiri'i>"iry  <''>""  niiniu(liut*!ly  my  bufnru  I'liniiri'itii,  11°  In  HrHHimi,  uml,  if  not,  immediately  after  the 
I'  .,„„.>nt  nf  lint  iii'xt  si'HKlon.  the  ri'iiHiiriK  iirmii'li  iiriti-r  nr  iliriiitlon. 

gnid  and 
■lie  in  8uld 
I  kink  or  in  »iiy  "I  >"*  <«licpa  i>i  iimrnuni  iiini  iicpoiiiia.  Aim  ii  inn  niiiii  rnrpnriiiuiii  nniiii,  ill  any  time, 
I  "f  '  „,  n,.|!l(!Ct  to  pay,  on  demand,  nny  hill,  nntii,  or  ohliuiillDii,  inmicd  hy  the  coriwrnlion,  according 
I  [' ,lij  fnnlnict,  proniiHU,  or  iindurtuklnv,  tliiirnin  cxprenMi'd  i  or  Himll  nc^ilect  or  rnfusn  to  pay,  on 
irjjiiiiiil  nny  iiionnva  rnrnived  In  mtid  hiiiik,  or  in  iiny  ol'  IIh  nlllcnH  iit'nri'Nnid,  on  depniiite,  to  the  pcr- 
I  inn  or  pprsnii"  enlitlod  to  rei:eiv«  tliH  nunii',  llirii,  nnil  In  every  kihIi  rune,  the  holder  of  any  such  note, 
I  kill  nr  nbliculioTi,  or  the  person  or  ihthoiiii  entitled  In  ileiimm!  and  rerelve  Biieh  moneys  an  uforeNald, 
''""•         "...  I..  1...  .....i 1 1  - 1 1 i.i  Kill 1,  obliKutions,  or 

tiiiii  per  milium. 


which  the  inid  han't  and 

,   ^^ _  rn  thereof,  iiiileus  the  frcie- 

,     ''''fYiie  ireimiiry'Bhall  at  nny  timii  otlierwiHe  order  and  dliutt;  In  which  rune  tlio  secrutnry  of 

I  hp  iri'iiniry'"'"  m"''"<"'''«'y '"y '•"'<""  connremi,  if  In  HeHnlon,  uml,  if  not,  immediately  r*^—  "■  ■ 

I '  I    j,ii.,,i,ipnt  of  the  next  seimion,  the  reuminn  nf  miih  order  or  direiilon. 

I   ji;  That  the  Huid  rcirpuration  uliull  not,  lit  any  lime,  HiiHpiind  uml  refiiiio  payment  In 

I  ih I r  of  iiiiy  o'' ''"  'x't'^^i  hillii,  or  ohllKUlionHi  nor  of  uiiy  inoneyit  rureived  upon  deposili 

I  tank  or  in  any  "'  '"  "Hicei  of  dlnrount  and  deponito.    Anil  if  llin  inild  forpnrution  nhnll,  nt  t 


ihail  re»r.ei lively,  he  eiiljfled  to  receive  iinil  recover  lliterent  on  lliii  null!  billn,  notes,  i 
nminii, until  ('■<'  xaino  Hlinll  he  fully  piild  iiiid  sullHlled,  nt  the  rule  nf  twelve  percentiii 
froniilieihiieofimchdeiiiniid  iia  ufureHiiid;  I'miiiliil,  'I'lint  roncrii'B  may.iit  anytime  he 


I  from  I  lie 


reafter,  enact 


I l«»ii  eiifurf hiR  ■""'  regiilnling  the  recovery  of  the  nieoiint  of  llie  noteii,  hills,  ohiiijutiona,  or  other 
lisliti  of  which  payinent  uluill  hiivc  Ixn.'ii  rel'imed  an  uforeHUld,  with  the  rulu  of  interest  uhove  men- 
liiiineii  vi'SliiiK  Jnrlsdiclion  for  that  purpose  In  luiy  cniirls,  eillicr  of  law  or  eiiuily,  of  the  courts  of 
Illiel'n'ltoJCtnles,  or  territories  thereof,  or  of  the  severnl  slalen.  iis  they  may  deem  eviiedient. 
I  H8  That  if  any  persnii  hIiuII  falsely  nuike,  fnrfin,  or  roiinterlVIt,  or  cuiisc  or  procure  to  he  falsely 
I -,,|g' forged,  nr  counterfeited,  or  willlii;:l.v  aid  or  iiHsiHt  in  falsely  iinikinK,  forgim;,  or  counterfeiting, 
I inv  li'ill  or  note  in  iiiiltatinu  of,  or  |iiirporllii|,'  to  lie,  a  hill  or  note  Issued  by  order  of  the  president, 
Idiriclnrs.nnd  company,  of  the  said  hunk,  or  any  order  or  check  on  the  snici  hank  or  corporation,  oi 
ImcaBliicrllierenf;  or  shall  falsely  uller,  or  cause  or  procure  to  he  falsely  altered,  or  williniily  aid  of 
las'lm  ill  fiiliely  alterinp,  nny  hill  or  note  issiiid  hy  order  of  llin  president,  directors,  and  coiiipiiny,  ol 
|lbi>saiil  hank,  nr  any  order  or  check  on  the  said  hank  or  corpuralloii,  or  any  cashier  thereof;  or  shall 
Ipafii,  litter, nrpulilit^h,  or  uttempt  to  puss,  utter,  nr  mihlisli,  as  triin,  any  Ihlse,  forped,  or  counterfeited, 
I  bill  nrnoie,  purporting  to  ho  a  hill  or  note  issued  Ity  order  of  the  president,  directors,  uiid  company, 
j of  ihe  iiaiil  bank,  nr  any  false,  forged,  or  coiinlerfi'lleil,  order  or  check  upon  the  said  hank  or  corpora- 
It™,  or  any  cashier  thereof,  knowing  Iho  same  to  hi' fiil.scly  forced  or  coiinterfiiti'd ;  or  shall  pass. 
Inner,  or  publish,  nr  attempt  tn  pass,  utter,  or  publish,  ns  triie,  any  falsely  nllered  hill  or  note,  issued 
1  b« Ciller  i)f  tils  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  said  hank,  or  any  lalsely  ullered  order  or 
IciiHk  on  Iho  said  bank  or  corporation,  or  any  ciisiiier  Ihereof,  knowing  the  same  to  be  f  ilsely  altered, 
Iwilh  inlentiiin  to  defraud  the  said  corporation,  or  any  other  boily  poliiic  or  person  ;  or  shall  sell,  utter, 
Inrdelivcr,  or  cause  to  bo  sold,  uttered,  or  dellverinii  niiv  foriied  or  couiiterfnit  note  or  hill,  in  imita- 
llion,  or  purporting  to  be,  a  bill  nr  note  Issued  hy  order  ot'  the  president  uiid  directors  of  the  said  hank, 
Iknoiviiig  tbo  same  to  he  false,  fnrged,  or  louiilerf  iled  ;  every  such  person  shall  he  deemed  and 
Idiljiitadgailty  of  felony,  and  being  thereof  cniivlcted  hy  due  cmirse  of  law,  shall  be  sentenced  to  be 
J  imprisoned  and  kept  to  hard  labour,  for  not  less  that  three  years  nor  more  than  ten  years,  or  shall  be 
Ijiiiprisoned  not  exceeding  ten  years,  and  lined  not  exceeding  live  Ihousand  dollars  :  Pruciikd,  That 
I ,'olliinf  herein  contained  sliull  be  construe;!  loileprive  the  cutirtsof  the  individiiul  statesof  u  jurisdic- 
1  linn, unitcr  the  laws  of  the  several  states,  over  any  oirence  declared  punishable  by  this  act. 
I  {19.  That  if  any  person  slmll  make  or  engrave,  or  cause  or  procure  to  be  made  or  engraved,  or  shall 
|h,ivenihi8custrdy  or  possessioM,  any  metallic  plate,  eiigriived  alUr  the  similitude  of  any  plate  from 
I ivhlch  any  notes  or  bills,  issued  hy  the  said  cnrporatinn,  sliall  have  been  printed,  with  intent  to  use 
j<ufh  plate,  nr  to  cause  nr  sutfer  the  same  to  he  used,  in  forging  or  counterfeiting  any  of  tlie  notes  or 

■  bills  issued  by  the  said  corporation;  or  hIiuII  have  In  his  custody  or  possession  any  blank  note  nr 
lnoles,  bill  or  bills,  engraved  and  printed  nflur  the  similitude  of  any  notes  ox  hills  issued  by  said  corpo- 
|ralioii,  with  intent  to  use  such  blanks,  or  cause  or  sutler  Ihe  same  to  he  used.  In  forging  or  countcr- 
|fpi!inf  any  of  the  notes  or  bills  issued  by  the  sahl  .'orporation  ;  or  shall  have  in  his  custody  or  poasea- 
jtiun  any  paper  adapted  to  the  making  of  hank  notes  or  liilis,  and  similar  to  the  pajier  upon  which  any 
{notes  nrhdis  of  the  said  corporation  shall  have  been  issued,  with  intent  to  use  such  pA|>er,  or  cause 
lorsiitTirllie  same  to  be  used,  in  (Virging  or  coiinterl'eiting  nny  of  Ihe  notes  or  hills  issued  by  the  said 
|for|Kiralioi, ;  every  such  person,  being  thereof  convicted  by  due  course  of  law,  shall  be  sentenced  to 
I  be  imprisoned  and  kept  to  hard  labor  fnr  u  term  nol  exc.nedlng  live  years,  or  shall  be  imprisoned  for  a 
jteriii  not  exceeding  live  years  und  Pned  in  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  tiiousand  dollars. 

I  {  ai.  That,  in  cnnsiderntion  of  tlie  exclusive  privileges  and  lienellls  conferred  by  this  act  upon  the 
I  Hill  hank,  llie  president,  directors,  ond  company,  tiiernof,  shall  pay  to  the  United  States,  out  of  the 
I  corporate  triads  thereof,  the  sum  nfoiui  million  and  live  hundred  liioiisand  dollars,  in  three  equal  pay- 
I  moms;  that  is  to  say:  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  ut  the  c.\piralion  of  two  years;  five  hundred 
|llm$tiiid  dollars  at  the  e.xpiratinn  of  three  years;  and  Hvu  hundred  thousand  dollars  at  the  expiration 
jof  f  iir  years  after  the  said  hank  shall  he  organized  and  commence  its  operations  in  the  manner  here- 
linliefore  provided. 

I  i  21.  Tliat  no  other  bank  shall  ho  established  by  any  future  law  of  the  United  States  during  tho 
Itoniimiance  of  the  corporation  hereby  created,  for  wlilch  the  faith  of  the  United  Slates  is  hereby 
jtiii'iljicii;  Providea,  Congress  may  renew  existing  ciinrters  for  hunks  in  the  district  of  Columbia,  not 
iiiicreasing  the  cnpitul  thereof,  and  may  also  establish  any  other  bank  or  hanks  in  said  district,  with 
Itapilals  nut  exceeding,  in  the  whide,  six  nilllinns  of  dollars,  if  they  shall  deem  it  expedient.  And,  not- 
Inillistanding  the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  the  said  corporation  is  created,  it  shall  he  lawful  to 

■  Use  the  corporate  name,  style,  and  capacity,  for  tini  purpose  ot  suits  for  the  final  settlement  and  liqui- 
Idaiionof  the  aHiiirs  and  accounts  of  thn  cor|>nrath)ii,  and  for  the  sale  and  disposition  of  their  estate, 
Iteal,  personal,  and  mixed;  but  not  for  any  other  purpose,  or  in  any  other  manner,  whatsoever,  nor 
Ifnr  a  period  exceeding  two  years  at^er  tho  expiration  of  the  said  term  of  incorporation. 

I  (  ii.  That  if  the  subBcriptioiis  und  payments  to  said  bank  shall  not  he  made  and  completed  so  as  to 
lenalile  the  same  to  commence  its  nporntions,  or  if  the  said  hank  shall  not  commence  its  operations  on 
Iir  before  the  first  Monday  In  April  next,  then,  and  iu  that  case,  congress  may,  at  any  time  within 
Ibvelve  months  thereafter,  declare,  by  law,  this  act  null  and  void. 

I  }  'a.  That  it  shall,  at  all  limes,  bo  lawful  for  a  cuir'.mhteo  nf  either  house  of  congress,  appointed 
Iforlhat  purpose,  to  inspect  the  books,  and  to  oxainliie  Into  the  proceedings,  of  the  corporation  hereby 
Icrtateil,  and  to  report  whether  the  provisions  of  this  charter  have  been,  by  the  same,  violated  or  nol ; 
iinil  whenever  any  committee,  as  afuresaid,  shall  lind  and  report,  nr  the  president  of  the  United  States 
lihall  li'jvc  reason  to  believe,  that  the  charter  has  been  violated.  It  may  he  lawful  for  congress  to  direct, 
lor  the  president  to  order,  n  scire  facias  to  be  sued  out  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  district  of  Pennsyl- 
JTaaia,  in  the  name  of  the  United  States  (which  shall  ho  executed  upon  the  president  of  the  corpora- 
Itionforthe  time  being,  at  least  tlfteen  days  before  the  commencement  of  the  term  of  said  court), 
leaning  on  the  said  corporation  to  show  cause  wherefore  the  charter  hereby  granted  shall  not  bu 
Inoclared forfeited;  and  it  shall  ha  lawful  for  the  said  court,  upon  the  return  of  the  said  scire  facias, 
Itneiainine  Into  the  truth  of  thn  alleged  violalinn,  and  if  such  violation  be  made  appear,  then  to  pro- 
lioimceand  adjudge  that  the  said  charter  is  furfuited  und  unnuUoU.    Prtvided,  hoKettf,  Gvery  iMua 


;«.',• 


li 


lit, 


I  ■<:: 


*1 


144 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


of  fhct  which  may  hn  Ininpd  hutwoen  thn  tlnitfld  fllntcn  nnil  the  rnriKirnllnn  tt(!in>«nl(1,  thiill  hg  1,1 1 
liy  Jury.  Ami  It  nhiill  lin  1 1  wful  fi)r  ihn  cniirt  iiHin-Hiiiil  to  ri'iiuiri-  thi-  |irciiliirlii>n  of  mich  i>(  thr  hn.1 
of  the  cnrpornliiin  ii>  II  may  iliMim  necesrmry  for  Ihu  n«c<>rtalniiioiit  of  thn  coiitrovertnil  lltrli;  undill 
flnal  Jii(ii;iiieiit  of  the  cniirt  nforpsnid  Mhnll  bu  o.\imliiiihli'  In  thn  iiipri'iiiH  cmirt  nf  thn  United  Huk 
by  writ  of  «rr»r,  and  nmy  hn  thero  rtveried  or  altlrined,  nci'ordlng  to  thn  iisngva  <if  law. 

The  bank  commonced  operutioni  on  tho  7th  of  January,  1817;  and  «oon  after  entdcd 
into  a  compact  with  tho  Stnte  banlu  for  a  aimultaneoui  rMUinptiou  of  specie  pnyinenti,  It 
was  agreed  that  thin  iihould  take  place  on  the  20th  of  February,  on  the  condition,  imogi 
othera,  that  tlie  Uank  of  the  United  Statoa  should  not  demand  payment  of  any  balanca 
which  might  accumulate  af^iiinst  tho  State  institutions,  until  that  hank  and  iti  brancha 
nhould  have  discountiul  for  individuals,  not  having  duties  to  pay,  at  some  of  the  ptinciul 
Atlantic  ports,  to  the  amount  of  $6,000,000. 

ImmcJiately  on  going  into  operation,  every  effort  was,  very  naturally,  made  by  th«  \m\ 
to  push  its  paper  into  ciruulutioii,  and  to  make  its  transactions  as  extensive  ns  poMilJe,  lii  I 
diHcounts  were  augmented,  in  the  courw  of  littlK  more  than  a  month,  from  three  totmiii 
iinilions  of  dollars ;  and  in  tho  end  of  Octolier,  of  the  same  year,  they  already  amounted  it 
33  milliouM,  With  rcspetU  to  the  circulation  of  its  notes,  this  was  soon  only  limited  liy  thi 
phyxical  inability  of  tho  President  and  Cashier  to  sign  more  than  a  certain  nuinlicr  ofthtig 
III  a  given  time.  On  the  whole,  however,  there  is  no  doubt  that  tho  continued  expanitiun  cf 
its  paper  by  the  Bank  of  the  United  Statrs  more  than  counterbalanced  any  contractiun  of 
that  of  tho  otiier  banks,  wiiit'.h  may  have  ensued  by  means  of  its  action  upon  them.  'Ihi 
whole  currency  of  the  country  remained  still  in  a  depreciated  condition.  Prices  were  uni- 
verRally  high;  and  the  spirit  of  speculation  in  the  diiferent-kinds  of  stocks  es|ieciallytiH 
everywhere  rifo.  Independently  of  any  other  consideration,  a  return  to  a  more  natural  sbit 
of  things  could  not  fail  before  long  to  ensue,  from  the  exportation  of  sporie,  and  the  con» 
qucnt  necessity  of  the  banks  to  curtail  their  discounts.  This  reaction,  it  is  also  true,  miiii  j 
necessarily  give  occasion  to  much  pecuniary  embarrassment  and  distress  to  almost  every  ^ 
tiun  of  the  community.  Out  the  distress,  when  it  actually  came,  was  unquestionably  vetj 
much  aggravated  by  tho  system  of  management  adopted  in  the  early  adininiHtration  of  ilie 
new  Dank  of  tho  United  States.  In  the  first  place,  nut  only  wrre  its  discounts  and  circuit. 
tion  augmented  altogether  too  rapidly,  hut  its  discounts  were,  to  a  considerable  cxtrnt,  mxii 
to  the  stockholders,  on  pledges  of  their  stcK-k.  The  object  which  tho  directors  had,  attht 
outset,  in  thua  favouring  tho  stockholders,  above  every  other  claaa  of  borrowers,  was  to  enalile 
them  to  pay  the  specie  portion  of  the  several  instalments  due  by  them  for  their  aharct,  u 
tho  time  for  their  payment  occurred.  As  a  consequence,  the  whole  amount  of  the  spcci) 
paid  into  the  bank  by  the  stockholders,  intead  of  being  what  was  contemplated  by  Congiea, 
when  they  incorporated  tlie  bank,  viz.  $7,000,000,  was,  it  ia  probable,  considerably  abort  of 
a  third  of  this  sum.  But  it  soon  became  a  practice  to  lend  to  the  stockholders  to  the  eitenl 
of  the  par  value  of  their  shares,  on  a  pledge  of  these  to  the  bank,  without  any  personal  8ec» 
rity.  Persons  of  little  or  no  property  were,  by  this  means,  enabled  (o  hold  bank  stock,  em 
to  a  very  large  amount ;  since  all  that  they  needed  to  do  was  to  procure  from  the  bank,  on  1 
pledge  of  the  stock  which  they  purchased,  tho  very  money  which  they  were  called  upon  to  I 
pav  for  it.  An  increased  demand  was  in  this  way  created  for  the  stock ;  and  it  is  not  m 
pruing  that  its  price  in  the  market  should  have  been,  fur  some  time,  almost  steadily  on  tbt 
rise,  at)  well  as  that  it  should  have  presented  a  tempting  field  for  the  operations  of  the  Bpeoi- 
lator  and  the  gambler.  Again,  it  was  in  the  natural  order  of  things  that,  when  a  contraction 
on  the  part  of  the  bank  became  necessary,  the  directors,  instead  of  throwing  9ny  portion  of 
the  pledged  stock  into  the  market,  which  would  have  a  tendency  to  lower  the  value  of  i» 
stock,  should  curtail  their  discounts  of  mercantile  paper  to  an  extent  fur  greater  than  would 
otherwise  have  been  requisite,  and  should  thus,  aa  we  have  said,  have  aggravated  the  pecuiiiuT 
embarrassments  incidental  to  every  sudden  diminution  of  the  circulating  medium. 

We  cannot  better  continue  this  account  of  the  mode  in  which  the  Bank  of  the  Unileil 
elates  was  managed,  in  the  period  under  consideration,  than  by  adopting  the  language  of  Mr,  1 
Chcvcs,  the  second  president  of  the  bank,  in  a  report  made  by  him  to  the  stockholders  in  ISU 
"  The  bank,  immediately  on  its  commencement,  did  a  very  extensive  business,  importnl 
vast  f>um8  of  specie,  paid  its  notes  and  those  of  the  offices,  without  reference  to  the  placet 
where  they  were  payable,  at  the  bank  and  all  the  principal  oflic«8  north  of  the  Potomic, 
while  they  were,  under  the  charter,  necessarily  received  fvery  where  in  payments  of  debUli 
the  |,'ovemment  of  the  United  States ;  and  drafts  were  given  without  limit,  on  the  patent 
bank  and  northern  offices,  by  the  western  offices,  at  par  or  at  a  premium  merely  nominal,  Ai 
soon  as  the  notes  of  the  southern  and  western  offices  were  paid  or  received  by  the  bank  d 
iici*hcrn  offices,  they  were  returned  to  them  and  re-issued  in  perpetual  succession.  Thett- 
suit  was,  that  the  bank  and  the  great  northern  offices  were  drained  of  their  capital,  and  on 
the  20th  of  July,  1818,  only  eighteen  months  after  the  institution  began  its  operations,  itvn 
obliged  to  commenco  a  rapid  and  heavy  curtailment  of  the  business  of  tho  bank  and  ita  o( 
dcvs.  During  all  this  time,  it  had  thn  advantage  of  immense  government  deposites.  .\tl|it 
moment  that  curtailments  were  ordered,  the  government  deposites  in  the  bank  and  if 
braucbes,  including  the  deposites  of  public  officers,  amounted  to  eight  millions  of  doUara,d 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


US 


ihryhulli'cn  larger  tl  preceding  poriix]*.  CurtnilmentR  werp  ordered  from  time  to  time,  at  th« 
ioiiih«rn  «n<l  western  oHlcen,  to  the  amount  of  ruvcn  millionH  of  dollara,  and  at  ttin  parent 
[nnlc  t»  the  Amount  of  two  millinng,  ihnuKh  at  the  latter  they  were  made  to  the  amount  of 
3600,000  (loliars,  and  upwards,  hetwecn  the  30th  of  July,  I8IR,  and  the  lit  of  April,  1810. 
>',i  curtailment*  were  ordered  at  the  oftlrca  of  New  York  nnd  Donton,  because  there  wai  no 
room  for  thcni,  yet  necewity  obliged  them  to  reduce  their  buMinms  very  much.  The  cur- 
lailiiKnti  at  all  point*  w  ithin  the  above  mentioned  datea,  beint;  eight  mnnthii,  were  6,n30,000 
(lollam,  49  cent*.  Yet  after  thcHc  immense  and  rapid  curtailment*,  the  most  sensible  and 
viinl  pointi  (Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Boston)  were  infinitely  in  worse  conditiop  than 
when  the  remedy  was  devised. 

"M  that  moment"  (the  1st  of  April,  1819)  "  the  discount  line  of  the  important  office  at 
Boston  was  only  94,fi84  dollars,  37  cent*.  And  when  in  this  wretched  state,  the  southern 
in<l  western  circulation  wa*  pouring  in  upon  these  weak  point*,  and  the  government  waa  at 
likrty,  according  to  the  practice  of  the  time,  to  draw  on  every  olTicc  of  the  bank,  for  the 
grosi  amount  of  it*  deposites,  throughout  the  whole  CRtublishnient,  whether  north,  south, 
I  «nt,  or  west.  The  louthern  and  western  office*  were  not  restrained  from  isnuing  their 
notes,  which  they  did  nioat  profuHely,  The  curtailments,  in  many  intitance*,  resulted  merely 
in  t  change  of  debts  bearing  intereRt,  for  debt*  due  by  local  banks,  or  the  notes  of  local 
banks,  on  neither  of  which  was  interest  received.  The  western  offices  curtailed  their  dis- 
cuuntt'd  paper,  but  they  purchased  what  were  called  race  hone  hills,  to  a  greater  amount 
than  th«ir curtailment*.  The  bank  itself  continued,  during  the  whole  period,  to  purchase 
mil  collect  draft*  on  the  luthcrn  and  even  western  offices,  though  almost  the  whole  of  the 
irlivc  capital  already  lay  in  those  quartern  of  the  Union,  and  though  the  great  object  of  the 
curtailments  was  to  draw  funds  from  these  points.  The  debt  due  in  Kentucky  and  Ohio, 
instead  of  being  reduced,  was  within  thin  period  actually  increaned  upwards  of  half  a  million 
of  dollars.  Instead  or  getting  relief  from  the  southern  and  western  offices  generally,  where 
curlaiitnents  had  been  ordered,  the  bank  wo*  still  further  oxhaiuted  by  the  intervening  ope* 
I  ntiona. 

"  At  the  commenremont  of  this  period,  (a  period  commencing  with  the  order  for  curtail- 
I  mcnls,  and  ending  Miirch,  1819,)  the  bank  wos  indebted  to  During.  Brothers  &,  Co.,  Recil, 
llrving  &  Co.,  Adams,  Rol)ertson,  &  Co.,  and  Thomas  Wilson  &  Co.,  the  sum  of  t,&86,345 
|di)!lars,  47  cents,  growing  principally,  if  not  entirely,  out  of  its  specie  openUions.     Of  this 
lum  tim  i^re.itcr  part  was  paid  during  this  period.     It  had,  however,  contracted  new  debts 
with  Baring,  Brothers  &  Co.,  and  Thomas  Wilson  &  Co.,  of  which  there  remained  due, 
iiuiuding  any  balance  which  may  have  been  due  on  the  former  accounts,  the  sum  of  876,648 
dollars ;  and,  within  the  same  [icriud,  it  hod  disposed  of  2,270,926  dollars,  65  cents  of  its 
funded  debt,  furnishing  by  these  compound  operation*  ways  and  means,  in  addition  to  its 
curtailments,  to  the  amount  of  1,561,229  dollum,  13  cents,  nnd  making,  with  these  curtail- 
ment*, a  reduction  in  the  productive  capital  of  the  bank,  within  the  period  of  eight  months, 
I  of  ci|;ht  millions  of  dollars,  and  upwards. 

At  the  cioFe  of  this  period,  the  discounts  on  personal  security  at  Philadelphia  had  been 
I  w  long  the  subject  of  curtailment,  that  a  small  portion  of  them  admitted  of  further  reduction, 
I  and,  afler  great  eflbrt*,  a  rule  had  been  established  to  reduce  the  discounts  which  had  been 
[granted  on  the  stock  of  the  bank,  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  every  60  days.  The  latter 
I coiistiiutcil  the  bulk  c**  the  discounted  paper,  and  so  small  a  reduction  afforded  no  relief 
liiTiiiist  a  gre.it  and  immediate  demand.  Even  this  small  reduction  was  the  subject  of  loud, 
{ang7,  and  constant  remonstrance  among  the  borrowers,  who  claimed  the  privileges  and  the 
I  lavonr.?  which  they  contended  were  duo  to  stockholders,  ond  sometinicH  succeeded  in  com- 
|niunicating  their  sympathies  to  the  board.  All  the  funded  debt  which  was  valuable  had 
I  ^een  disposed  of,  and  the  [)rocceds  exhausted.  The  specie  in  the  vaults  at  the  close  of  the 
Iday,  on  the  1st  of  .\pril,  1819,  was  only  126,745  dollars,  28  cents,  and  the  bank  owed  to  the 
[citybankii,  deducting  balances  due  to  it,  an  aggregate  balance  of  79,125  dollars  99  cents. 

"  It  is  true  there  were  in  the  mint  267,978  dollars,  9  cents,  and  in  tranntu  from  Kentucky 
land  Ohio  over  land,  2.')0,UflO  dollars;  but  the  Treasury  dividends  were  payable  on  that  day 
Iti)  tlie  amount  of  near  500,000  dollars,  and  there  remained  nt  the  close  of  the  day  more  than 
[one  half  of  the  sum  subject  to  draft,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  sum  which  had  been  drawn 
[durinf;the  dny  remained  a  charge  upon  the  batik,  in  the  shape  of  temporary  deposits,  which 
jnerealmoat  immediately  withdrawn.  Accordingly,  on  the  12th  of  the  same  month,  tlio 
ilnink  had  in  it*  vaults  but  71,522  dollars,  47  cents,  and  owed  to  the  city  bank*  a  balance  of 
]li)<),148dollara,  47  cents;  exceeding  the  specie  in  its  vaults  124,895  dollars,  19  cents.  It 
[must  again  be  remarked,  that  it  had  yet  the  sum  bctiirc  mentioned  in  the  mint,  as  well  a« 
[the  sum  In  transitu  from  Ohio  and  Kentucky  :  this  last  sum  (250,000  dollars)  arrived  very 
JKasonably  on  the  next  day,  or  a  day  or  two  thereafter.  The  bank  in  this  situation,  the 
[olTiec  at  New  York  wa.i  little  better,  and  the  office  at  Boston  a  great  deal  worse.  At  the 
jiamc  time  the  bank  owed  to  Baring,  Brothers  &  Co.,  and  Thomas  Wilson  &  Co.,  nearly 
[900,000  dollars,  which  it  was  bound  to  pay  inmiodiiitely,  and  which  was  equivalent  to  a 
[charge  upon  its  vaults  to  that  amount.  It  had,  including  the  notes  of  tlie  offices,  a  circuit' 
Votl-N  19 


'    i  '..■ 


m 


146 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


tion  of  bIk  millionn  of  dollnri  to  nirot,  to  whii'h  wrro  to  bo  ndilrtl  IhiMlomnndii  of  ilopoiit.'ri 
piililic  ntwl  privntt!,  nt  it  timo,  too,  vvhoii  tint  lU'iirrity  of  moiioy  rulli'il  forth  rvcry  (1i«|Kiiiii!,|( 
dolliir,  mill  thiTcfiir(<  err  .led  (IimiiiuiiIh  ujiim  llie  liuiik  fur  an  unuMual  |K)rtion  uf  the  urdinjn 
du|>OHitoH  lint)  circnliitioii, 

"Tlio  •unm  whicli  vvero  cnllertcd  daily  on  ttcooiint  of  tho  rovcnuo,  in  lironrh  paper,  wrm 
(lomnndalilo  tlio  next  day  in  l'liilitdol)tliiit,  and,  iit  tliu  Hniiio  time,  ut  cvnry  ufTko  of  ilir ,.,. 
tabliitiiini'nt,  ot  tlu>  discretion  of  tiio  olfirnrH  of  ^ovorninvnt.  'I'lio  rovnnue  wm  chiefly  jiajJin 
brnricli  piipcr,  nx  well  at  Dimton  and  New  York  iih  at  Fliiliiilclphia,  and  while  llii<  duiip, 
were  thiii)  (mid  at  one  counter,  in  braneh  pit|M.>r,  the  ilelieiiliircH,  whirh  iiinuunli'il  to  „^ 
million  of  dolhira  every  three  nioiiiliM,  were  dcniutidi'd  niiil  puid  nt  the  other,  in  ii|MYi(>  (ir  u 
ei|uivulent — money  of  the  jtluco.  Muny  addiiiomil  detaiU,  iiiercni*in(t  tlin  di(rieiiltii>N  of  i;,, 
moment,  mi^ht  be  ndded,  'I'hu  Mouthern  ollicen  were  roiiiiltiiiK  tardily,  and  tho  wi'sUmiiui 
ut  all.  All  the  reiiotireeH  of  the  hunk  would  not  have  RUHliiiiied  it  in  thii*  rouriio  ami  ni<kl« 
of  hnsineHit  niiother  month.  8u<-h  wan  tho  pro«triilo  uliito  of  the  bunk  of  tho  nutiim,  whici 
hnd,  only  tweiity-Heven  nvtnth!*  Iiefore,  eommcnred  buxineHi*  with  an  untranunellcj  actiti 
capital  of  tweiitj-eifjht  millioiix  ofdollurH." 

Mr,  (Jheves  then  xoes  on  to  Htnln  the  loxsofl  incurred  by  tho  hank  and  its  oUie ch,  Mpcciallj 
at  Biiltiinore,  in  coiiHcquence  of  the  improper  emithu't  of  eertaiii  of  the  oIlicerA  roimccifd 
with  it.  The  Iohscm  in  that  eiiy  alone,  he  Huyo,  were  eHtiinuted  at  the  huiu  of  1,071,'^'^!  Joj.  | 
Iar»,  87  rents.  "Tho  tt'^'J(refj;iU^  of  the  lo.wes  of  the  iiiHtitution,  growin^j;  out  of  tlic  ouri. 
lions  which  prercdcd  Ihotithof  March,  1819,  exceeded  considerably  3,.5()0,000  dolluM,  '{'In 
dividends  during  tho  Biiiiie  time  nmoiintcd  to  4,4 10.000  dolhirs.  Of  this  sum  l.-llrt.SJJ 
dollars,  '.18  rent.^,  were  received  n«  the  interest  on  the  j)nblic  debt  held  by  tho  bank,  wliicj 
loaves,  as  the  entire  protits  on  all  thn  operations  of  banking,  tho  sum  of  3,001,111  dollars,! 
ecniH,  which  is  loss  by  at  leuHi  half  a  million  of  dollars,  than  the  lusnes  sustained  on  tiic  anx  | 
business, 

"  Thus  stood  tho  bank  nt  the  orffanisaiion  of  the  present  ndministrntion,  Ivvancjccioii 
and  took  my  seat  ih  I'resiilent  of  the  Doird  on  the  Oth  of  March,  181!).  Hut  some  timi',o( 
course,  was  nivesMnry  to  look  into  tho  utiito  of  the  bank,  before  meuHurcs  of  relief  couljfe 
projected.  Its  damper,  however,  wos  too  manifest  mid  too  pressing  to  allow  much  lime  fa 
this  purpose.  The  jirineipal  errors  whi<'h  jirodured  tho  danger  wore  fortunately  of  fan 
discovery,  and  to  them  tho  jiroper  remedy  was  itnmediately  applied.  Tho  southern  anil 
western  oflice*  wen;  immediafi-ly  directed  not  to  issue  their  notes,  and  the  bank  c*a»ili) 
purchase  and  collect  exchanges  on  tho  south  and  west. 

"  At  a  meeting  of  the  directors  on  the  9lh  of  April,  which  was  very  full,  tho  state  of  llw  I 
bank  was  submitted  to  them,  and  a  select  committee  appointed,  to  whom  tho  subject  of  in 
dilHculties  was  referred,  and  after  very  mature  deliberation  that  committee  made  a  rciMit, 
which  was  unanimously  agreed  to.    Tho  principal  means  of  roUof  proposed  and  agrociiii 
wore: 

"  I.  To  continue  the  curtailments  previously  ordered.  2.  To  forbid  tho  ofiices,  nt  tlie?oiili  I 
and  west,  to  issue  their  notes  when  tho  exchanges  were  against  them.  3.  Tocollccttlt 
balances  due  by  local  banks  to  tho  ofHccs.  4.  To  claim  of  the  government  tiic  time  nf» 
sary  to  transfer  funils  from  the  oll'iccs  where  money  was  collected  to  those  where  it  wmIo 
lie  disbursed,  as  well  as  like  time  (until  the  difliculties  of  tho  banks  were  removed)  totrai» 
for  funds  to  meet  the  notes  of  oflices  paid  in  the  bank  or  other  otriees  than  those  where  ilin 
were  payable  according  to  their  tenor.  6.  To  pay  debcntun-s  in  the  same  money  in  whiti 
the  duties  on  which  the  debentures  were  secured  had  been  paid.  C.  'I'o  obtain  a  loan  la  | 
Europe  for  a  sum  not  exceeding  2,.^00,000  dollars,  for  a  [leriod  not  exceeding  three  years, 

"  These  measures,  simple  and  obvious  as  they  oa>,  and  some  of  them  so  Rtraiigcly  ovrt^  I 
looked  so  long,  lifted  the  bank  in  tho  short  space  of  seventy  days  (from  the  fith  of  Marrhlj 
the  17th  of  May)  from  the  extreme  prostratiim  which  has  been  described  to  a  state  of  saftfl,  [ 
and  even  in  some  degree  of  power,  enabled  it  to  cease  its  curtailments,  except  at  points  whffi  I 
it  had  an  excess  of  capital,  to  defy  all  attacks  upon  it,  and  to  sustain  other  institutions  whidi  I 
wanted  aid  and  were  ascertained  to  be  solvent ;  above  all  to  establish  the  soundiiciis  of  ilii  I 
currency,  which  had  just  before  been  deemed  hopeless;  and  in  a  single  season  of  liusiBMil 
(tho  first)  to  give  to  every  oflt(«  as  much  capital  as  it  could  advantageously  employ." 

Nothing  more  need  be  added  to  this  exposition  of  Mr.  Cheves,  in  order  to  enable  Ik  I 
reader  to  understand  the  injurious  action  of  the  bank,  at  the  period  of  which  we  arc  speil'l 
ing,  on  tho  currency  of  the  country,  than  to  state  the  fact  that  the  branches  of  tlic  li 
States  Bank  made  a  practice  of  exchanging  their  drafts  on  the  Atlantic  cities  for  the  note  I 
of  the  local  banks,  upon  which  they  required  interest  to  be  paid.  The  obvious  consdjueiw  I 
uf  this  proceeding  was  to  stimulate  those  institutions  to  eidargc  their  business  alsotnavfitl 
extravagant  extent;  thus  contributing  to  render  the  contraction  of  the  currency  iniiii| 
western  states,  when  it  necessarily  happened,  both  more  extensive  and  more  sudden  th 
would  otherwise  have  been. 

The  mismanagement  of  tho  affairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  could  not  fhilto'l 

ct  the  attention  of  Congress.    It  waa  brought  before  tlie  Home  of  Representatives  bril 


DANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


147 


nwlution  offiTwl  liy  Mr.  Hponcor  of  Niw  York,  on  thn  2Sih  of  Nnvomlicr,  1818  •,  which 
rf#)lulion  wnn  rcfcrml  to  u  hcUtI  coniniilU'O  of  which  the  mover  of  ihn  rcnolutioii  wan  th« 
rhairmaii.  TIiIh  comniitltw,  on  thn  IGlh  of  January  fullowintr,  nmilo  an  I'luliornto  rcfmrt, 
foiiflu'liiR  w'''  ""  rxplicit  (Icclnrntion,  that,  in  their  opinion,  tho  rhiirtrr  of  the  hnnit  iiai!  in 
(fvcmi  infitnnfp*  Iwcn  violated.  However,  exrejitiiiR  tlie  paMfinKe  of  a  hill  to  prevent  the 
larijcr  Blm-kholderH  from  having  an  undue  nunilier  of  voten  at  electioim,  they  did  not  reconi- 
mi'iid  liny  n(>4Tific  aelion,  on  tho  (inrt  of  (.'ongrenH,  to  rorrecl  "  the  niuny  eviJM  and  iMiHchicfs" 
i!i'|iirtctl  by  them,  "  JHTaune,  hy  the  provinionH  of  the  charter,  Ihc  Mecrctary  of  tho  TreaHury 
li.ifi  full  ptywer  to  apply  a  prompt  and  adeqnato  renii-dy,  whenever  the  Rituntiim  of  the  hank 
shill roiiiiire  it."  HeHohitionti  wero  Hhorlly  after  olH-red  to  tin  Houne,  for  taking  the  proper 
imtu'iirrii  jireparatory  to  declarinpr  tlio  charter  of  tho  bank  to  hnvo  U'cn  furftited  ;  Imt  thoy 
neti'.  volod  down  hy  very  large  ninjoriticH. 

It  in  unnecessary  to  go  into  any  detaiU  hero  coneerninp;  thn  history  of  tho  Dank  of  the 
Uniti'il  .'^latcH,  from  the  period  ut  whicii  we  have  now  arrived  until  the  mretitig  of  (Joni^reM 
ill  Dfrcinlicr,  1889,  when  the  Prenident  preHcnIcd  the  (piention  of  itM  rechnrter  for  the  con- 
fiilfratiiin  of  llial  hody.  It«  "expiuiKionn  and  eonfrucfionH,"  an  well  as  those  of  the  hanks 
of  the  counlry  (jenerally,  during  the  whole  of  thin  lime  wcro  merely  Hiich  bh  are  incidental 
to  the  opcriUions  of  all  hanks  of  circidation.  'I'lio  Priwident  ohnerved  that  "  tho  cliarter  of 
the  Bank  of  tho  United  States  ex|)ircH  in  ISIIK,  and  its  HtockhoIilerH  will,  niOHt  prohahly, 
apply  for  a  renewal  of  their  i)rivilei{eH.  In  order  to  ovoid  tho  evils  re8ultim(  from  proeipi* 
lanry,  in  a  nieasuro  involving  iiuch  important  principles,  and  such  deep  jiecuninry  iiiterosts, 
1  ffi'l  llmt  I  cannot,  in  justice  to  the  [)iirties  interested,  too  soon  jircHi'iit  it  to  tho  deliberate 
ronsiilvrution  of  tho  le;:(iHhitnro  and  tho  peopk  Doth  tlio  eonstltutijuality  and  tho  ex|io- 
difni7,  of  the  law  crealiiift  this  hank,  arc  we"  jucstioned  hy  a  lar^e  jiortion  of  our  fidlow- 
atiie'm;  and  it  must  he  admitted  hy  all,  that  it  lias  failed  in  lh(  great  end  uf  o8tabli;>hing  a 
uniform  and  sound  currency. 

"Under  these  circumstances,  if  such  an  institution  i.i  deemei'  essential  to  tho  fiscal  opera- 
tions of  the  Koveriunenf,  I  submit  to  tho  windoni  of  tho  IcRi-ilature  whether  a  nn'-  )nal  one, 
founded  upon  tho  cred!'  of  tho  government,  and  its  reveni;..,,  miiiht  nr;  o  devixe  I,  which 
would  avoid  all  constitutional  dillieulties,  and,  at  the  same  time,  secure  ;  '  'ho  ndvantagcs  to 
the  (government  and  country  that  wero  expected  to  result  from  tho  jir      i  i.  niink." 

Till'  (^oniniitti'e  of  Ways  and  Means  of  the  House  of  Heiiresentaliv  a,  i  (irnugh  their  chair- 
man, Mr.  McUudlc,  made  a  report  on  tho  13th  of  April,  1"  '0  ;  in  which,  after  an  Inhornto 
oxaminatimi  of  the  several  questions  prescmtcd  by  the  ni'  ".'■a;,  of  tho  President,  :  -.d  sul)- 
niitlod  to  them  lor  consideration,  they  eonciudo  that  Conp  -ess  !  /is  tho  constitutional  power 
to  incorjiorate  a  bank,  such  as  that  of  the  United  States  ;  tliat  it  is  expedient  to  establish  and 
maintain  kucIi  an  institution  ;  and  that  it  is  incx)iedii'nt  to  establish  "  a  national  bank,  founded 
ujxin  the  credit  of  tho  government  and  its  revenues." 

In  llic  Senate,  a  resolution  had  heen  referred,  early  in  tho  simo  session,  to  the  committee 
of  finance,  directing  them  to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  establishing  an  uniform  national 
currency  for  tho  United  States ;  which  committee  reported  on  the  29th  of  March,  and,  like 
that  of  the  House  of  Kcprescntalives,  expressed  opinions,  concerning  the  currency  and  tho 
Bunk  of  the  United  States,  in  direct  opposition  with  those  of  the  President. 

No  furtlier  steps  were  taken  by  either  the  Senate  or  tlie  House  of  Representatives  on  tho 
subject,  until  the  session  of  1831-32,  when  the  hunk  made  application  to  Congress  for  a  re- 
uewal  of  its  charter.  The  President  had,  in  tho  mean  while,  a  second,  and  a  third  time,  in 
fuccessivc  annual  messages,  reiterated  his  views  in  op|)OHition  to  such  a  renewal.  'J'hia  did 
not  prevent  a  bill  from  passing  through  hoth  hranches  of  the  national  legislature,  incorporat- 
ing anew  the  Hank  of  the  United  States;  which  bill  was,  however,  vctind  by  the  President, 
who  stated  his  reasons  for  doing  so  in  a  'ssage  to  the  Senate,  where  tho  bill  had  originated. 
Unas  there  promptly  reconsidered;  b"*  '..t!'':ig  to  obtain  in  its  favour  tho  con' .itutional 
;  majority  of  two-tliirds  of  the  members  oi  s.  "at  body,  it  was  finally  rejected  on  the  l.'lth  day 
:  of  July,  1832. 

The  removal  by  tho  President  of  the  government  deposilcs  from  thn  Bank  of  tho  United 
I  Slates,  in  the  autumn  of  1833;  the  "  loption,  in  consequence,  by  Conajress  of  what  has  heen 
i  styled  the  deposite  hank  system,  a,-:  r.  means  of  safely  keeping  the  public  money ;  the  passage 
I  of  the  act  of  Juno  23d,  18:'0,  ''or  the  distribution  of  the  surplus  revenue  among  tho  dillerent 
states  of  the  Union ;  tho  issue  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  t!i(!  famous  sjiecue  circular, 
;  of  July  11th,  1836;  the  incorporation  of  the  Dank  of  the  United  States  hy  the  Legislaturo 
of  Pcnnsylvanin,  early  in  the  same  year;  the  derangement  in  the  currency  of  the  country, 
whicli  led,  in  May  of  the  following  year,  to  tho  general  suspension  of  npecie  paymeniB  by 
the  banks;  the  resumption  of  specie  [layracnts  by  the  hanks,  in  the  summer  of  1838  ;  with 
the  adoption  by  the  State  of  New  York,  and  one  or  two  others,  of  a  system  of  "free  hank- 
ing;" constitute  the  principal  events,  in  tho  monetary  and  financial  history  of  tho  United 
States,  during  the  last  six  years.     They  arc,  of  course,  fresh  in  the  recollection  of  our 
readers;  and,  on  this  account,  as  well  as  with  the  view  of  abstaining  entirely  from  any  in- 
terference on  our  part  in  the  party  contentions  to  which  those  events  have  afTorded  an  ampl* 


ij<r 


'    !  .    t{ 


vf 


f 


148 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


field,  we  shall  content  ourselves  with  enumerating^  them  here,  and  inserting  below  the  id 
incorpr>rating  the  Pennsylvania  Bank  of  the  United  States,  as  also  the  act  to  authoriw  the 
business  of  banking,  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York,  April  18th,  1839, 

.9n  ^et  to  repeal  the  Stale  Tar  on  Seal  and  Personal  Properly,  and  to  continue  and  extend  the  Improti. 
ments  of  the  State,  bij  Railroads  and  Canals,  and  to  charter  a  state  bank,  to  be  culled  the  "  Viiitti  Siaa 
Bank.'' 

}  !■  Beit  enacted,  ^c.  That  all  and  every  provision  of  tlie  Acts  of  Asiienibly,  poiised  the  twenty-Mh 
day  nf  March,  in  the  year  one  tliousand  ciglit  hundred  and  thirty-oie,  respectively,  ciititlcilAiuti 
nsscsHini;  a  tax  on  personal  property,  to  bi;  cnllected  with  the  county  rates  and  levies,  for  the  useot 
the  cominonweRllh,  and  An  iirt  to  liicreafe  th:!  county  rates  and  levjuB  fur  the  '.ise  ofihe  cnmimn. 
wealth,  lie  and  t!ie  same  are  hBreby  repealed,  except  sofiriis  rulates"  to  the  collection  of  taxes  asspfsej 
before  the  first  day  of  Octubor  last :  Provided,  That  the  said  rep.ml  shall  not  go  into  effect,  uiiiiUU 
the  terms  and  provisions  horiMnafrer  set  forth  shall  Im  fully  complied  with. 

i  2.  That  the  present  stockholders  of  the  Dank  of  the  irnited  M'atcs,  (evceptinf;  the  Uniteil  Statti 
and  the  treasurer  of  the  United  .States,)  and  such  oth.^r  persons  as  may  hcconie  slockh(ild«r»  airee. 
ably  to  the  by-laws  niadi;  for  tliat  purpose,  to  an  amount  not  exceedinR  ni  llie  whole  the  proscnl  cani! 
tal  of  the  said  bank,  their  successors  and  assigns,  he  and  are  hereby  crimted  a  corporalinn  aiulboilj 
politic,  by  the  name  and  stylo  of  "The  President,  Directors,  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  tlie  UniuJ 
Rtat'js,"  and  shall  so  continue  until  the  third  day  of  March,  in  the  year  one  tiionsand  eiiilit  huiidreil 
and  sixty-six  ;  and  by  that  nann;  shall  b"  and  are  hereby  made  capable  in  law,  to  have,  piirthase,  anil 
receive,  possess,  enjiiy,  and  retain,  to  tliein  and  their  successors,  lands,  rents,  tenements,  herelliia. 
ments,  goods,  chattels,  and  etficts,  of  wliatsoever  kind,  nature,  and  quality,  and  the  suiiie  tn  sell 
grant,  demise,  alien  or  disprse  of,  to  sue  and  be  sued,  to  use  a  connuon  seal, and  the  same  tn  alter a<ii 
renew,  and  to  make  such  bv-laws  and  ordinances  as  they  shall  deem  necessary,  not  being  contrar; to 
this  act,  the  constitution  of'the  United  States,  or  to  the  constitution  and  laws  of  this  comninnweulth' 
and  also  to  prescribe  rules  tor  the  transfer  of  the  stock  of  said  corporation,  and  generally  tmlnalltlie 
acts  which  to  them  it  shall  or  may  appertain  to  do.  and  to  enjoy  the  same  privileges  and  nmluiriif 
given  by  law  to  any  bank  within  this  conunonwealth,  subject  to  the  rules  and  restrictions  liereinaltti 
prescribed. 

i  3.  Tor  the  management  of  ths  aflfiiirs  of  the  said  corporation,  there  shall  be  annually  cletteil  a 
the  bankinp-hons!>,  in  the  city  of  Philndolpliin,  on  the  first  Monday  in  .lanuary  in  each  year,  byaplu. 
tnlity  of  viites,  wliich  shall  he  Riven  by  the  (|ualified  stockholders  of  the  said  bank,  in  persnnorliy 
proxy,  twenty  directors,  who  shall  be  capable  of  servinz  for  one  year,  and  who  shall,  ut  tlie  fint 
meeting  after  their  election  in  each  year,  procceil  to  elect  one  of  the  directors  to  be  the  ntesidem  of 
Ihe  coriioration,  who  shall  hold  the  said  ofiice  during  the  same  period  for  which  the  illreclorii  irt 
elected  ;  but  if  an  election  of  directors  or  of  the  president  should  not  be  made  on  that  day,  Hii;  lai) 
corporation  shall  not  for  that  cause  be  dissolved,  hut  it  shall  he  lawful  at  any  other  time  to  iinlil  mi 
I'lfc'ions;  and  until  such  elections  he  made,  the  directors  und  president  for  Ihe  time  biune  sliall con. 
tiniie  in  office  ;  and  in  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  president,  the  directors  shall  elect  ano- 
ther president  from  their  own  number :  and  in  case  nf  the  death  or  resignation  of  a  director,  tlie  vi. 
cancv  may  be  supplied  by  the  remaining  directors. 

i  i.  The  following  shall  he  the  fundamental  articles  of  the  said  corporation,  to  wit : 

1.  None  but  a  stockholder  who  is  a  citizen  nf  the  United  States  shall  he  a  director,  or  vote  atig 
election  for  directors,  either  in  person  or  by  proxy  ;  and  all  proxies  shall  be  dated  within  siityda;! 
before  the  day  of  each  election.  The  nnniher  nf  votes  to  which  each  stockholder  shall  be  eiititledii 
voting  for  directors  shall  be  as  fidlows  :  for  one  share  and  not  more  than  two  shares,  one  vole;  fot 
every  two  shares  above  two  and  not  exceeding  ten  shares,  one  vote  ;  for  every  four  shares  alioveleg 
nnd  not  exceeding  thirty,  one  vote ;  for  every  six  shares  above  thirty,  and  not  exceeding  sixty,  one 
vote  ;  for  every  eight  shares  above  sixty,  and  not  exceeding  one  liunijred,  one  vote  ;  but  no  wrw, 
copartnership,  or  body  politic,  shall  he  entitled  to  a  greater  number  than  thirty  votes:  and  after  ihi 
first  election,  no  share  or  shares  shall  confer  a  right  of  voting,  unless  the  same  shall  have  benn  liell 
three  calendar  miuiths  before  the  day  of  election. 

2.  Not  morn  than  three  fourths  of  the  directors  who  shall  be  in  ofllce  at  the  time  nranannnl 
election,  shall  be  elected  for  the  succeeding  year,  nnd  no  director  shall  hold  his  office  for  more  thai  | 
three  years  out  of  four  in  succession,  but  the  director  who  shall  he  the  president  may  always  be  n- 
el-icied  ;  and  previous  to  each  election  of  directors,  the  board  of  iMrectors  shall  appoint  three  stort- 
holders,  not  directors,  to  be  judges  of  the  election,  who  sliall  conduct  and  regulate  the  same,  ato  I 
having  severally  taken  nnd  subscribed  an  oath  or  afllrmation,  before  some  justice  of  Ihe  jieatecr 
aMcriiian,  well  and  f  litlifully  and  lawfully  to  conduct  the  election,  nnd  who,  alter  the  rnncliiiimi of 
the  ballot,  shall  decile  and  opeidy  declare  who  are  chosen  directors  for  tlie  ensuing  year.  NnditeM 
of  any  other  bank  shall  be,  at  the  same  lime,  a  director  of  this  hank  ;  nor  shall  the  governor,  nraif 
executive  or  judicial  officer  of  this  commonwealth,  or  meinber  of  congress,  or  of  the  state  legisbilurt, 
be  a  director. 

3.  Not  less  than  seven  directors  shall  constitute  a  board  for  the  transaction  of  business,  of  whoi 
the  president  shall  always  be  one,  except  in  case  of  sicknoss  or  necessary  iiliaenre,  in  which  case  hii 
place  may  he  supplied  by  any  otherdirector  whom  he  by  writing  under  his  hand  shall  dc;inte  forlhil 
purpose ;  and  in  case  the  president  shall  not  so  depute,  the  board  of  directors  may  elect  a  directoilt 
act  during  the  ahsonco  of  the  presiilent. 

■i.  A  general  meeting  of  Ihe  stockholilers  for  purposes  relative  to  the  institution,  may  at  anrllni 
be  called,  either  by  the  hoard  of  directors,  or  by  sixty  or  more  stockholders  owning  one  thiiiisiind  «t 
mori-  sliares  of  tii';  capital  stock,  on  civiiig  at  least  six  wefks'  notice  in  two  public  iiews|iii|ier3puli- 1 
lished  In  Ihe  city  of  Pliiladelpliia,and  specifying  in  such  notice  the  object  or  objects  of  such  mectin!, 
And  there  shall  be  a  general  meeting  of  the  stockhid  lers  at  Ihe  hankine  house,  in  the  city  n.'  Phili. 
delpliia,  on  the  first  Monday  of  .lanuary  in  every  vear,  at  which  time  the  directors  shall  liiybei'ori  I 
them  a  general  and  particular  statement  nf  the  affairs  of  the  company. 

.*>.  The  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments  which  it  shall  tie  lawl\il  for  the  said  corpnratio>i  I) 
hold,  shall  he  only  such  as  shall  be  recpiinite  for  its  imincdiate  accommodation  in  tran^iiclini!  Iv  I 
kMsine'<s,  nnd  such  as  shall  have  bc^on  bona  fide  morlgagitd  to  it  by  way  of  sernrily,  or  conveyed  mi  I 
in  salisfaction  of  debts  previously  conlracted  in  the  course  of  its  dealing.s,  or  pnrchasi'd  at  sales  iipoi 
judgioonts  which  shall  liavn  been  obtained  for  such  debt«,  or  purchased  for  tlie  piirjiosc  nfsecuriill 
Kiich  debts.    The  said  coriioration  shall  not  directly.      indireclly,  deal  or  trade  in  any  Ihin; emit  I 
hilbi  of  exchange,  gold  and  silver  bullion,  or  in  the  sale  of  goods  really  and  truly  pledged  for  inontr 
lent,  and  nut  redeemed  in  due  tipie,— or  goods  which  shall  be  the  proceeds  of  ils  lands.    N'eithi'r  shall 
It  make  any  loan  to  any  foreign  pj-ince  or  slate  uiileis  previously  aiilhorlsed  by  law.    The  said  cm. 
fioration  shaH  not  bi   nt  libe  'y  lo  purcliasn  any  slock  whatever,  except  their  own  stock,  Irearitn 
notes,  or  iiuWic  slocki  createii  by  the  governmei'it  of  the  United  Stales,  or  of  this  Htale,  nrslnckit 
uf  loans  to  any  of  tbu  uicorporutud  cuiupauiuB  uf  this  eitutu,  fur  the  cunntructiun  and  iuiurovemciiliil 


cr- 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


149 


lit  hrldcea  canal  or  inlnnd  navigation,  or  oilier  gtocks  which  may  be  bona  Me  pledged  as  seciiriljr 
y"ri,i8  to  llie  liiiiil*,  and  not  dnly  ntdeeined. 
'°'  .1.    ,,,(g  nf  (ijgcniint  at  wiiicli  loans  nniy  he  nmde  by  gnid  Bank  within  tiiig  cominnnwealth,  shall 


"'fail "receive  interest  llii-renn  at  the  rati-  of  twelve  |M!r  centniii  n  year  until  payment  lie  made 


And 
The  total 
or  other 


IP  note!  fiftlie  corporation  in  circulation  sliall  never  exceed  the  capital  actually  paid  in. 
.ninuntof<l<-'''lii  which  tlic  said  corpcirntiiin  may  at  anytime  owe,  wliethcr  by  bond,  note, 
ni  met  excepting  the  amount  of  money  due  to  depoFitors,  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  double  the 
iiunti'fcaiiiial  stock  aclunlly  paid  in ;  and  in  case  ofexcess,  the  directors  under  whose  ailniinist.iatioii 
'I'sliall  Impnen.  sliull  lie  liable  in  their  individual  lapacitii-s,  and  an  action  of  debt  may  in  sucii  case  be 
hrmitht  against  tlieni,  or  any  of  them,  or  any  of  their  lieirs,  executors  or  administrators,  in  any  court 
Invi^ircniiipi'lent  jurisdiction,  by  any  creditor  or  creditors  of  such  corporation,  and  may  be  prosecuted 
10  iiidaiiieii' and  execution, any  condition,  covenant  or  agreement  to  the  contrary  notwillislandiug  ; 
Lit  tliis  eliall  not  he  construed  to  exempt  the  said  corporation,  or  the  hinds,  tenements,  goods  and 
thnttelsof  llic  same,  from  being  also  liable  tor,  and  charL-eable  witli  tlie  said  excess.  Sucli  of  the  said 
direclorsBs  niav  have  been  absent  when  the  said  excess  was  contracted  or  created,  shall  not  be  con- 
fliltreil  nscdiiseiiling  tlierelo,  or  liable  therefor,  and  those  who  may  have  dissented  from  the  ri'solu- 
lioiioractnlicreby  tiie  same  was  so  contiacted  or  created,  and  wlio  sliall  enter  their  dissent  upon  the 
niiriiilcg  of  the  hoard,  may  exonerate  themselves  from  being  sti  liable,  by  forthwith  giving  notice  of 
the  fact  to  the  stockholders  at  a  (general  meeting,  which  they  shall  have  power  to  call  for  that 

'";  If  the  said  bank  should  at  any  time  refuse  to  pay  any  of  its  notes,  bills,  obligations,  or  deposited 
mmievs,  in  giild  or  silver,  then  ul  or  after  the  expiration  of  tliree  months  from  the  time  of  the  first 
trfiisal  of  saitl  bank  to  pay  as  aforesnul,  it  siiall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  holder  or  proprietor  of  tlie 
same  to  make  application  in  writing  lo  any  judge  of  any  court  in  the  proper  county,  to  allow  him  or 
lierto  Jiiaki'  proof  of  saiil  rel'iisal  on  oalli  or  iitlirnialion,  by  one  or  n:oi<;  disinterested  witness  or  wit- 
n  -ses,  ijcfiirc  said  judge,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  give  at  least  ten  days'  notice  to  the  president  or 
casliii'rof  said  bank,  of  tl'e  time  and  place  of  making  such  proof,  in  order  that  an  opportunity  may 
b^afliirded  for  rebutting  tiie  same  by  testimony,  and  if  the  facts  he  substantiated,  it  shall  lie  the  duty 
of  the  said  judge  to  reduce  the  same  to  writing,  andto  transmit  the  same  to  the  Governor.  And  it 
sliall  lie  the  duly  of  the  Governor,  immediately  on  the  receipt  of  the  written  proof  above  specilied,  to 
jjfueliis  prnclaaiation,  deihiring  the  charter  of  the  said  bank  to  be  forfeited.  And  from  and  after  the 
lentliday  after  the  date  of  the  sahl  proclumation,  the  charter  of  the  saii^bank  shall  be  absolutely  null 
anil  voiil,  and  of  no  effect  whatsoever— e.\cept  tliat  the  sahl  bunk  shall  be  liable,  in  its  corporate  ca- 
pacity, far  the  fulfilment  of  all  contracis  previously  made  ami  entered  into  by  it ;  and  the  slock- 
hiililers  thereof  shall  have  power  to  elect  directors  as  usual,  and  be  capable  of  coni|ielliiig  the  fulfil- 
ment of  any  contract  entered  into  with  said  hank,  prevujusly  to  the  dnte  of  the  said  forfeiture. 

li.  Uiviileiuls  of  so  much  of  the  profits  as  the  directors  may  deem  advisaiile,  shall  be  declared  twice 
ayear,  o«  the  first  M<indays  of  January  and  July  in  each  year,  and  paid  to  the  stockholders  on  de- 
mand at  any  time  after  the  expiration  often  days  therefrom.  Hut  such  divhlends  shall  in  no  case 
oxcceil  tiie  amount  of  liie  nelt  profits,  actually  acquired  by  the  Imiik,  so  tliat  the  capital  stock  of  the 
laid  bank  shall  never  tliereby  be  impaired.  If  the  directors  of  the  bank  shall  make  any  dividends 
HJiicli  iiiiall  impair  the  capital  stock  of  said  bank,  the  directors  consenting  thereto,  shall  be  liable  in 
tlieir  individual  capacities,  to  such  corporation  for  tlic  amount  of  the  stock  so  divided;  and  each 
(lirecliir  present  wlien  such  dividend  shall  he  made,  shall  he  adjudged  to  be  consenting  thereto,  unless 
liefiirthwilh  enter  his  protest  on  the  minutes  of  the  board,  and  give  public  notice  to  the  sloclvholders 
of  the  declaring  of  sucli  dividend. 

i).  The  salary  of  the  President  shall  be  established  an!  allowed  by  the  stockholders  at  a  general 
meeting,  and  no  conipensation  shall  be  allowed  to  anypeison  lor  his  services  as  a  director.  Tlie 
Ixiard  of  directors  shall  appoint  a  cashier,  and  such  other  othccrs,  ilerks,  and  persons  as  shall  be  iie- 
ressary  for  transacting  t'.ie  business  of  the  bank,  and  shall  take  from  etuh  such  security  as  Uie  by- 
laws sliall  prescrilie,  and  shall  make  to  each  a  just  comiiensalion  for  his  services. 

10.  The  said  bank  shi>ll  make  to  the  auililor  general  monthly  reliirns  nf  its  condition,  showing  the 
ddailsiifhs  operations,  according  to  the  form  of  thentiirns  the  Hank  of  the  l!niled  iSlnlesnovv  makes 
liitlieSi-cretary  of  tiie  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  or  according  to  such  form  as  may  be  esta- 
blished liy  law. 

}5.  It  shall  at  all  times  be  lawful  for  a  committee  of  the  legislature,  appointed  for  that  purpose,  to 
inspe-;  the  books  and  examine  into  the  proceedings  of  the  corporation  hereby  created,  and  to  report 
nlielher  the  provisions  of  iliis  charter  have  been  by  the  same  abused  or  violated,  or  not ;  and  if  the 
Mliiersnf  said  corporation  should  rel'nse  to  be  s'vorn  or  alfirmeil,  or  give  evidence,  or  to  produce  ail 
(iii'hnf  llieir  books  or  papiTS  as  may  be  demanded  before  any  such  comniitlee,  tlien  the  ll•gi^hltnre 
may  by  law  declare  tile  said  charter  void,  ami  repeal  the  same;  and  whenever  any  commiltee  ns 
aiiinsiiid  shall  find  and  report,  or  the  Governor  shall  have  reason  to  believe,  lliat  the  charter  has  been 
viiilal.d,  it  may  he  lawful  for  the  legislature  to  direct,  or  the  Governor  to  order,  »  scire  facias  to  be 
issiiud  out  of  till'  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  name  of  the  (.'oninionwealtli  of  I'ennsyl- 
vania  (wlilcli  shall  be  execnied  on  the  president  of  the  corpnr.ilion  for  the  time  being,  at  least  ten 
(lays  before  llieconiieeiui'inent  of  the  term  of  said  court),  calling  en  said  cor|iorallon  lo  show  cause 
Wliireforc  the  clnirtir  hcri'by  granted,  shall  not  be  declared  forleiled  ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  fc^r  said 
ciiiin  iipiin  the  return  of  said  scire  facias  to  examine  into  the  trnlli  of  the  alleged  violation,  and  i' 
niih  violation  be  made  to  a|i|iear,  then  to  iiroiioiiiice  or  adjudge  that  such  charier  is  forfeited  and  an- 
iMilled:  Provided,  however,  every  i.ssiie  of  fact  which  may  lie  joined  hetween  tin;  coinnioiiweallli  or 
lliecdrpnr^itiiiii,  siii'ii  issiio  shall  be  tried  by  jury,  and  on  the  trial  tliereof,  the  commonwealth  shall 
liavethe  right  to  change  the  venue  from  the  county  of  Philadelphia  lo  any  adjoinieg  county.  And 
il  shall  lie  lawful  for  the  court  al'ores.iid,  to  rei|uire  the  production  of  sucii  of  the  books  or  papers  of 
llie  cor|ioration,  as  it  may  deem  ;recesi;i;ry  for  tlie  ascertainment  of  the  controverted  facts,  and 
llie  final  Jadgmenl  of  said  ciiurt  shall  be  subject  toall  the  usages  of  law  in  other  cases. 

}l).  la  coiK-iidiTation  of  the  inivih^ges  granleil  by  this  act,  anil  in  Ilea  of  all  taxes  on  dividends,  the 
fai'lcnrporatioii  shall  pay  into  Ilie  Treasury  of  tlie'Coinmonwealtli  the  siimol'two  millions  of  dollars, 
01  such  time  and  in  snrli  instalinenls  lis  the  Governor  may  rei|nire:  Provided,  1'liat  at  least  thirty 
i'ats|  notice  shall  lie  given  by  llie  (iovernor,  of  the  lime  when  each  instalment  will  be  rei|ulred  :  And 
I'iKViiled  also,  that  for  all  sums  the  Governor  sli:tll  not  so  riiiuiie  tube  paid  witiiiii  three  inonthi 
afletihe  acceptance  of  this  charter  by  the  stockliohlirs,  interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  a  year 
iliall  bi>  paid  by  the  rorpuriilion,  conimencliig  at  the  expiration  of  the  said  three  ninnths.and  tenni- 
ooini!  thirty  days  befor  '  the  linie  fixed  lorliie  payment  ofeach  sum  ;  and  the  said  corporation  shall 
also,  whenever  roiiiiired  by  law,  advance  on  pernianeut  loan  any  sum  or  sums,  not  exceeding  in  tlib 
vliiile  six  millioiiii  ul'  dollars,  and  for  each  sum  uf  money  so  hmn'od,  eiuill  receive  from  the  uummou  ■ 
5  2 


:■!' 


m 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES.) 


wealth  a  negotiable  certificate  of  stock,  rnimbursnbiB  on  the  third  day  of  March,  one  thnniand  .uu 
hundred  iindsixly-eiKlit,  tiaiisfcruble  lit  IIih  iliiiik  (it'Pciiiisylvniiia,  or  such  other  place  aBtlielerill 
ture  may  hcreiifter  designate,  bearing  nn  interest  of  either  four  or  live  per  cent,  per  annum  nanS' 


I  Paj-ab|( 


half  yearly  at  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  or  such  otiier  place  n«  the  leglslat\ire  may  hereafter  dfii 

nate,  as  the  law  requiring  siidi  loan  may  di'terniine,  and  in  case  the  interest  shall  be  five  percfili' 

■    "     ly  to  the  coniinonwealth  one  hundred  and  ten  dollars  in  money  f^reach  hundred  dollaKi 

or  if  the  interest  be  four  per  cent,  shall  pay  one  hundred  dollars  in  money  for  cacli  humlN 

in  stock;  and  the  said  corporation  sh;ill  he  bound,  whenevi^r  required  by  law,  to  advancfi! 


Khali  pay  to  the  coniinonwealth  one  hundred  and  ten  dollars  in  money  f  >r  each  hundredduih?' 
stock  *  r"   ''*  *'*"  •"*""^'-*  ^^'^  r.tti*  >t#i»  j...nt   c.u»it  »n..  r^..^  i...«.i.».i  .I..II 1 i.--        ,uuiiarb 

dollars  1  ,  .  .        , .„„^. 

the  conimonwenlth  as  a  temporary  loan,  any  sum  of  nutney  not  e.vceediiig  one  million  of  dnli'l", !! 
anyone  year,  at  an  Interest  of  four  per  cent,  a  year,  reimbursablo  at  the  pleasure  of  the  coiuiiinn 
wealth,  within  twelve  months  from  the  date  of  the  loan  i  and  the  said  corporation  shall  furiheipj, 
to  the  Treasurer  for  the  use  of  the  conimonweiiltli,  the  sum  of  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  on S 
third  day  of  March,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand  eiaht  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  and  shall  piyii,; 
further  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  on  the  first  Monday  of  June  ne.\t,  and  the  liii, 
sums  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  on  each  succeeding  first  Monday  of  June,  for  ninett,! 
years  thereafter,  to  be  added  toand  paid  over  with  the  annualappropriation  provided  by  the  common 
wealth  for  common  school  purposes,  and  be  distributed  according  to  the  several  laws  of  tills  comninii' 
wealth  regulating  the  distribution  of  such  appropriation;  and  the  said  corporation  shall  further  ki 
bound  to  subscribe  the  following  sums  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  fidlovving  named  companies  if,!! 
quested  so  to  do  by  the  directors  of  the  said  companies,  or  either  of  them,  within  one  year  fnini  ihi 
passage  of  this  act,  namely.  To  the  capital  stock  of  the  Ualtiinore  and  Ohio  Kailroad  t'oinpany  Hi! 
sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  didlars  ;  To  that  of  ths  VVillianisport  and  Elmira  Uailroad  Coinmn,- 
the  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars ;  To  the  Monongahela  Navijiation  Company,  (ifiy  lliousaiid 
dollars,  if  the  s-.ime  lie  incorporated,  at  the  opening  of  the  bonks  of  subscription  for  the  capital  simJ 
thereof,  and  the  further  sum  of  fifty  thonsaml  didlars  as  soon  as  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  wb. 
scribed  by  other  persons  or  bndi  's  corporate  shill  have  been  bona  fide  expended  in  the  cnnslruninn 
of  the  said  work;  To  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  Company,  one  hundred  thousand  dollars-  To 
the  Warren  and  l'inegrov«  Uailmad  Company,  twenty  thousand  dollars;  To  the  Warren  and  Frank 
lin  Turnpike-road  Cinnpany,  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  if  the  said  company  be  incorporated  this sej 
Bion  of  the  legislature;  To  the  Warren  and  Uidgeway  Turnpike-road  Company,  five  thonsanil  dni 
lars;  To  the  Johnstown  and  Ligonier  Turnpike-road  Company,  ten  thousand  dollars;  To thu  Snow 
Shoe  and  PackervillK  Turnpike  Company,  twenty  thousand  liollars ;  To  the  Koseburg  and  Jlcrti, 
Turnpike  Company,  five  thousand  didlars.  Ail  of  which  subscriptions  shall  place  the  said  hanli  on 
the  same  footing  as  to  the  rights  and  liabilities  with  the  original  subscribers  to  said  companies  respcci. 
ively  :  Provided,  That  such  subscrijition  shall  not  be  made  to  the  stock  of  the  Balliinore  and  Oliio 
Railroad  Company  until  a  law  of  Maryland  shall  be  passed,  and  assented  to  by  said  company, tni. 
Wing  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  and  any  company  or  companies  dniv  anthnriseii  by  ilij 
said  coniinonwealth,  to  intersect  by  Kailroad  and  unite  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  al  iiny 
point  in  the  state  of  Maryland  ;  and  that  the  whole  amount  ho  to  he  subscribed  by  the  said  bank.siiil 
be  appropriated  exclusively  to  the  construction  of  the  Railroad  from  Cumberland  to  PittsburgVanil 
that  no  payment  shall  be  called  for  by  the  directors  of  the  Balliinore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company  on  jc. 
count  of  said  subscriptiim,  until  at  least  twenty  miles  of  the  Railroad  within  the  state  ofPennsvlvaM 
shall  have  been  bona  fide  placed  under  contract,  and  the  cnnstruc.tinn  tln'reof  actually  begun. " 

ll  11.  The  said  bank  may  establish  two  otiices  of  discount  and  deposite  in  this  state,  one  of  wjiith 
nhall  hf,  at  such  place  in  the  county  of  Beaver  as  the  directors  may  select  for  the  purpose. 

i  l.'i.  Nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  take  etl'ect  until  Ihe  several  sections  and  provisions  relai. 
ing  to  the  hank  of  the  United  States  shall  have  bi'cn  accepted  by  the  stockholders  thereof,  at  aeentrsl 
meeting,  which  acceptance  shall  be  made  known  to  the  Governor  on  or  before  the  third  dav  of  .M;,rtb 
next;  whereupcm  every  preceding  section  of  this  net  shall  he  in  full  force.  And  within  thirty  dan 
after  the  acceptance  by  the  stockholders  of  the  existing  Bank  of  the  United  rttates,  notice  sliall  iii 
given  by  tlie  directors  thereof,  that  on  a  day  named,  not  exceeding  thirty  days  thereafter,  an  elcnion 
shall  be  held  for  directors  Under  Ihe  charter  so  accepted,  which  election  shall  be  held  in  like  nanner 
as  elections  are  now  held  in  said  bank  ;  and  the  directors  so  elected  shall  elect  a  President,  and  shill 
serve  until  the  first  annual  election  :  Prori'leil,  That  from  the  said  third  dav  of  March  to  the  lioldinj 
of  the  election  authorised  by  this  section,  the  President  and  directors  in  odice  at  the  time  of  suchat- 
ceptancc  may  continue  to  act. 

In  April,  1636,  the  United  States  Bank  was  authorised  to  establish,  in  addition  to  the  two  oIlitH 
sp^'citied  in  the  14th  section  of  the  act  just  recited,  an  ortice  of  discount  and  dejiosite  in  thetonnof 
Eiie  ;  but  this  olfice  is  not  to  be  continued  there  longer  than  the  first  dav  of  January.  IS.W.  Tlu 
Dunk  was  also  authorised  to  purchase  and  hold  any  real  estate  belonging  to  the  (a^e  Banltof  Hit 
United  Slates,  and  to  purchase  and  Indd  any  bank  stock.  All  proxies,  moreover,  dated  at  leiistsitii 
days  before  the  date  of  any  el<>ction,  siiull  be  lawful, 

^n  Jlct  to  authorise  the  business  of  Bavkin/^,  passed  ^pnlV*,\8SS, 
The  people  nf  the  Slate  af  JVew  York,  represented  in  senate  and  a.s.itmWi/,  dn  enact  as  fuUatts: 
Jl.  The  comptroller  1.^  hereby  authorised  anil  required  to  cause  to  It  ■  engraved  and  priiitcilinlbt 
best  manner,  to  guard  against  counterfeiting,  such  quiiiiiiy  of  circulating  notes,  in  the  siinilitniicof 
bank  notes  in  blank,  of  the  ditfiTent  denominations  autli.ir;si'd  to  be  Issued  by  the  incor|ioraU'd  lianki 
of  this  state,  as  he  may  from  time  to  time  deem  necessary,  to  carry  into  cHect  the  provisions  of  lliii 
act,  and  of  such  form  as  he  may  prescribe.  Sinli  blank  circulating  notes  shall  be  countcrsizanl, 
numbered,  and  registered,  in  proper  books  to  be  provided  and  kept  for  that  purpose  intbooHKeot 
paid  comptroller,  niiilcr  his  direilion,  by  .such  person  or  peismis  as  the  said  comptroller  shall  apiwisl 
for  that  piirjiose,  so  that  each  denomination  of  sucli  circiilaling  notes  Av\\\  all  be  of  the  same  simili- 
tude, and  bear  the  uniform  signature  of  such  register,  or  one  of  such  r  -gisters. 

ij  'i,  Whenever  any  persmi  or  association  of  persons,  formed  for  the  puriiose  of  banking  unlprlbe 
prov'.siims  of  this  act,  sli-ill  legally  transfer  to  the  comptmller  any  portion  of  tlio  public  ilcM  im! 
created  or  hereafter  to  he  created  by  the  Uni'.e  I  .-^tales  or  by  this  stale,  or  such  otlnir  slates  nf  ins 
United  States  as  shall  he  approved  by  the  comptroller,  such  person  or  association  of  pi'rsonsslialib! 
entiili'd  to  receive  from  the  co.iiptroller  an  eipial  ninonnt  of  such  circulating  notes,  of  dilferi'nldcin- 
nniialiiin.",  registered  and  countersigned  as  aforesaid  ;  but  such  iniblic  debt  shall  in  all  cases  he,(irk 
made  to  he,  equal  to  a  stock  of  this  state,  producing  live  percent,  pet  annum,  and  it  shall  nolbclan- 
ful  fur  the  coin|ilroller  to  take  any  stock  at  a  rate  above  its  par  value. 

J  .'I.  Such  p.-rson  or  association  of  persons  are  hereliy  aiilliorised,  after  having  executed  and  sijnfil 
■uch  circulating  notes  in  the  manner  required  by  law,  to  make  them  obligatory  promissory  notes  pay- 
able un  demand,  at  the  place  of  business  within  this  state,  of  such  person  or  association,  to  loaiunj 
ciiculate  the  same  as  money,  according  to  the  ordinary  course  of  biulting  business  as  reguliitcil by 
Ihe  laws  ani  usages  of  this  state. 

J  4.  in  case  the  maker  or  makers  of  any  of  such  cirnilnting  notes,  count;'isign''d  and  regiftcri'dil 
afur«s:,iil,  shall  ut  any  time  hereafter  on  lawful  demand  during  Mo  usual  hours  of  but-iiicss  bclwec) 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


151 


hours  of  ten  nnfl  throe  o'clock,  at  the  pbce  whTO  s\ich  note  is  payable,  fail  or  reAise  to  redeem 
h  note  In  the  lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  the  holder  of  suili  iiole  malving  such  demand 
'"•  •raiije  the  same  to  he  protested  for  non-pajinent  hy  a  notary  puhlic,  under  liir,  seal  of  olfice  in  tlin 
"''■\l  manner ;  and  the  comptroller,  on  reeeiving  and  tiling  in  liiK  ollico  sndi  prolCBt,  shall  forthwith 
"'"p  notice  in  writing  to  the  maker  or  inulierH  of  such  note  to  pay  tlie  same  ;  and  if  he  or  they  ahall 
li  to  do  so  for  ten  days  after  such  notice,  tiie  comptroller  shall  immediately  thereupon  (unless  he 
Tsll lio  satisfied  tliat  there  is  a  good  and  legal  defence  against  the  payment  of  such  note  or  notes), 

'*'  .       1^    akn  sf(i*.i  nfiii/,v  thfif    all    ti\o  /•iri'liliit  infr    iti)tii>j    ia^iiml    In-  uiii'li  i,ai*^Qjj  ^fJ•  USSOCiatioil  Wilt 

■fill  fcir  the  coinp- 
sted  notes  to  the 


■I.  notice  in  the  state  paper  that  all  tlie  circulating  noted  issued  hy  sucli  persi 
rn'ileemcd  out  of  the  trust  funds  in  his  hands  for  tliat  purpose  ;  and  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  comp 
I  IliTloBPP'y  •''*  said  trust  funds  belonging  to  the  maker  or  maker:*  of  such  protested  notes  to  Ihi 

vmcnl  and  re(ieiU|iliou  of  sncli  notes,  witli  cosIh  of  protest,  and  to  adopt  such  measures  fur  the  pay 


naviiicnl  and 


irjiit  of  all  such  circulating  notes  put  in  circulation  hy  the  maker  or  makers  of  such  protested  notes, 
mrJirant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  as  will  in  his  opinion  most  efl'ectually  prevent  loss  to  the  holders 

J  5  The  comptroller  may  give  to  any  person  or  asiiociation  ol  nersons,  so  transferring  stock  in  pur- 
luanceofthe  provNions  of  tiiis  act,  powers  of  attorney  to  lei'^ive  interest  or  dividends  thereon, 
!vliirli3''ch  person  or  association  may  receive  and  apply  to  their  own  use  ;  hut  such  powers  may  tio 
jevokeil  upon  such  person  or  association  failing  to  ledeem  tlie  circulating  notes  so  issued,  or  wlieii- 
ever  in  the  opinion  of  the  coinptrollBr,  the  principal  of  such  slock  shall  become  an  insullicient  secu- 
riiv  •'  and  the  said  comptroller,  upon  the  application  of  tlie  owner  or  owners  of  sucli  transferred  stocis 
inlr'iist,niay,  in  liis  discretion,  change  or  transfi:rtlie  sauiefirotlier  stocksof  the  kind  befire  specifieil 
in  this  act,  or  may  re-traiisft!r  the  said  stocks,  or  any  part  tlieroof,  or  the  niortgai-'os,  or  any  of  iheni 
tieri'iiiifte'r  mentioned  and  provided  for,  upon  receiving  and  cancelling  an  equal  amount  ol"  such  cir- 
tiilallnc  notes  delivered  by  him  to  siicli  person  or  ai^sociation,  in  such  nianncfr  that  the  circulating 
notes  shall  always  he  secured  in  full  either  by  stocks  or  by  stocks  and  mortgages,  as  in  this  act 

}  6.  xiie  nills  or  notes  so  t"  be  countersigned,  and  the  payment  of  w  hich  shall  be  so  secured  by  the 
transfer  of  p  iblic  stocks,  shall  he  stamped  on  their  face,  "  f-ccured  hy  the  pledge  of  public  slocks." 

}7.  Instead  of  tram-ferring  public  slocks  as  aforesaid  to  feciire  tlie  whole  amount  of  such  hills  or 
note?,  it  shall  be  hiwfiil  for  ;oich  person  or  associaliim  of  persons,  in  case  they  sliall  so  elect  before 
receiving  any  of  the  said  bills  or  notes,  to  secure  the  payment  of  one  half  of  tlie  wliile  amount  so  to 
beissiied,  by  transferring  to  the  coiiiptr<dler  bonds  and  nn  rl£ages  upon  real  estate,  bearing  at  least 
ill  per  cent,  interest  of  this  state,  payable  annually  or  semi-annually  ;  in  which  case  all  such  bills  or 
iiotes  issued  by  the  said  person  or  association  of  persons,  shall  he  stamped  on  their  face,  "  tjeciired 
bypiedge  of  public  stocks  and  real  estate." 

{S.  i?iich  mortgages  shall  he  only  upon  improved,  productive,  unincumbered  lands  within  this  state, 
worth,  independently  of  any  buildings  thereon,  at  least  double  the  amount  for  wliicli  they  sliall  be  so 
niirtsaged ;  and  the  comptroller  shall  prescribe  such  regulations  for  asciriaii.Ing  the  title  and  Iho 
viliic  of  such  lands  as  he  may  deem  necessary ;  and  such  mortgages  sha!l  be  payable  within  such 
time  as  the  comptroller  may  direct. 

J !),  The  coniptroller  may,  in  his  discretion,  resign  the  said  bonds  and  mortgages,  or  any  of  thcni, 
10  tlie  person  or  association  who  transferred  the  same,  on  receiving  other  approved  bonds  and  morl- 
capes  of  e(iual  anioniit ;  and  when  any  sum  of  the  principal  of  the  bonds  and  mortgages  transferred  to 
•'le  comptroller  shall  be  paid  to  him,  he  shall  notify  the  person  or  association  that  transferred  tlio 
lumls  and  niortgiiges  of  such  payment,  and  may  pay  the  same  to  such  person  or  association  on 
receiving  other  approved  bonds  and  mortgages  of  equal  amount. 

{ 10.  The  person  or  association  of  persons  assignin!»  such  bonds  and  inortgnges  to  the  comptroller, 
niav  receive  the  annual  interest  to  accrue  tlieieen,  unless  default  shall  be  made  in  paying  the  bills  or 
nnlesto  lie  c(iimtersif;ned  as  aforesaid,  or  unless  in  the  opinion  of  the  comptroller  the  bonds  and  niort- 
gascs  or  stocks  so  pledged  shall  become  an  insutllcient  security  for  llie  payment  of  such  hills  or  notes. 

{II.  In  case  such  person  or  association  of  persons  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  pay  such  liills  or  notes  on 
(l?:iianil  in  the  iivmner  specified  in  the  4th  section  of  this  act,the  comptroller,  after  the  ten  days'  notico 
therein  mentioned,  may  proceed  to  sell  at  public  auction  the  public  .stocks  so  pledged  or  the  lionds  and 
mnrlitases  so  assigned,  or  any  or  either  of  them,  and  out  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  p.iy  luid 
tancel  llic  said  bills  or  notes,  default  in  paying  which  shall  have  been  made  as  aforesaid  ;  but  nn'thiiig 
ill  litis  act  contained  shall  bo  considered  as  implying  any  pledge  on  the  part  of  the  state  for  the  pay- 
ment of  saiil  bills  or  notes,  beyond  the  proper  application  of  the  securities  pledged  to  the  comptroller 
for  Iheir  redemption. 

}  12.  The  puldic  debt,  and  bonds,  and  morlgagcp,  to  be  deposited  with  the  comptroller  by  any  siicli 
person  or  association,  shall  he  held  by  him  exclusively  for  the  redemption  of  the  bills  or  notes  of  such 
person  or  association  put  in  circulation  as  money,  until  thi!  same  are  paid. 

}  13.  The  plates,  dies,  and  materials  to  be  procured  by  the  coinplr<iller  for  the  printing  and  making 
of  llie  circulating  notes  provided  for  hereby,  shall  remain  in  his  custody  and  under  hi?  direction  ;  and 
111"  expenses  necessarily  incurred  in  executing  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  audited  and  settled 
hvthe  comptroller,  and  paid  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otlierwise  appropriated  ;  and  for 
the  purpose  of  reiiiibiirsiug  the  same,  the  said  coiiipt roller  is  hen'liy  authorised  and  required  to  chargn 
acainsl  and  receive  from  such  person  or  associalioii  applying  for  such  circulating  notes,  such  rate  per 
ceet.tlicreon  as  may  he  sii'licieiit  for  that  purpose,  and  as  may  be  just  and  reasonable. 

}  It.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  comptroller,  or  other  ollicer,  to  countersign  bills  or  notes  for  any 
person  or  association  of  persons,  to  an  amount  in  the  aggr.^gate  e.vceeding  the  public  debt,  or  pulilio 
debt  and  liniuN  and  iiiortgagt^s  at  their  value,  as  provided  in  Ihe  2d  section  of  this  act,  deposited  with 
theroni|)trnl!i'r  liv  such  person  or  association  ;  and  any  compUoller  or  other  officer  who  shall  violate 
the  provisions  of  this  section  shall,  upon  ccuiviction,  be  adjiidgi^l  guiliy  of  a  misdeineanour,  and 
eli'ill  be  (lunislied  hy  a  line  not  less  than  five  thousand  dollars,  or  be  imprisoned  not  less  than  five 
years,  or  liy  both  such  tine  and  imprisonment. 

}15.  Any  nunibei' of  fiertons  may  associate  to  establish  offices  of  discount,  depoeife,  and  circiila- 
lion.upiin  tlie  terms  and  conditions,"  and  suliject  to  the  liabililies  prescribed  in  this  act ;  but  the  aggre- 
Faie  amount  of  the  capital  stock  of  any  such  association  shall  not  be  less  than  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

}  11.  Such  persons,  under  their  handf>  and  seals,  shall  make  n  certificate  which  shall  specify : — 

1.  The  name  assiiiued  to  distiiigiiish  such  association,  and  to  be  used  in  its  dctaliiigs. 

2.  The  place  where  tlie  operations  of  iliscount  and  deposite  of  siicli  association  a.e  to  be  carried  on, 
ilesifoating  the  piirticuhir  city,  town,  or  village. 

3.  The  nmoimt  of  the  capital  stock  of  such  association,  and  the  number  of  shares  into  which  the 
lame  shall  lie  divideil. 

4.  The  naaies  auti  places  of  residence  of  Ihe  shareholders,  and  the  number  of  shares  held  by  each 
of  tlii'in  resperlively. 

5.  The  period  at  which  such  association  shall  cnminence  and  terminnte  ;  which  certificate  shall  he 
proved  or  aeknewledged  and  ri'corded  in  tlie  ulllie  of  the  diTk  of  !lie  i-oiinty  where  any  otlice  of  such 
Jssociiition  siiall  lie  calublialied,  and  a  copy  thereof  liled  in  the  olhce  of  tlie  secretary  of  stale. 


Si 


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t69 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


}  17.  The  certificate  required  by  the  Inst  procndinj  Rnrtinn  to  be  recorded  nnd  died  in  theoffif 
the  clerij  of  the  coiinty  nrid  secretary  of  stiite  as  nforesuiil,  or  cnpice  thoreuf,  duly  cerllciert  liv  ill 
of  those  otficorg,  may  be  uaetl  aa  ovidrncf,  in  nli  cimrls  and  places  for  and  afjahiBt  nnyBucila«6(H■i^|■ 
J  18.   8iich  assocl:illnn  shall  have  p;)W(!r  to  carry  oil  ilie  liiisiiiesg  of  liaiiking,  by  discoiimim  ni'' 
notes,  and  other  evidenr:'3  of  debt ;  by  rncplviiip  dp|inpitos ;  by  biiyind  and  selling  gold  bikI  silver  I  i 
lion,  fiiroiKn  coins  and  bills  of  exchance  in  the  niann"r  Rp'.'ciflud  in  their  articlim  of  UHBnciatinn  r,,^ 
purpose  authorised  by  this  actj  by  loaniiiK  money  on  real  and  personal  security ;  nmi  l.v  <>ii.rc'Vi 
(uch  incidental  powers  ar,  alinll  be  necei<sary  to  carry  on  such  business ;  to  cIkiohc  one  <>l'  i]u'ir,j!  ' 
ber  aa  pri'si4lent  of  suili  association,  and  to  appoii.l  a  cashier,  utid  such  oilier  oiliccrs  nn,!  iilw 
their  busini^ss  may  require,  and  to  remove  such  president,  cashier,  oihcers  and  agents  at  pleasute  an! 
appoint  others  in  I linir  place.  " 

j  19.  The  shares  <f  said  association  shall  he  deemed  personal  property,  and  shall  he  transfenbic 


p-iired.    Such  at-socialiun  shall  not  be  di.'^solved  by  the  death  or  insanity  of  any  of  the  slmtelioU  r 
th.'riMu.  " 

J  20.  It  shall  bo  lawful  for  any  associ.Ttion  of  persons  ori/anised  under  this  act  by  their  articlesof 
association,  to  provide  fir  nn  increiiBe  of  their  capital  and  of  the  number  of  the  associates,  ftoiniiiM 
to  time,  "s  they  may  tliink  proper. 

Ij  '21.  Contracts  made  by  any  such  nsaociation,  and  nil  notes  and  bills  by  them  issued  and  piitintli 
ciilalion  as  mont'y,  shall  be  signi'd  by  the  pri'siiletit  or  vice-prisiilent  and  inshier  thiTcof ;  imj  .li 
suits,  actions,  and  prrCijcdinKs  liroui-ht  or  prosi'cutid  by  or  on  behalf  of  siich  ndsotiiitiDn,  mayij 
brouglit  or  proseeutHd  in  the  name  of  the  pr"si(leMl  thereof;  and  no  such  suit,  acti(.n,  or  nro'cmlim 
shall  abate  by  reason  of  the  death.  resif:n:ilii'n,  or  removal  from  olhce  of  such  prcsiilenl.  hiil  mayi,.' 
continued  and  prosecuted  according  to  such  rules  us  the  courts  of  law  or  equity  may  direct,  in  „u 
name  of  his  successor  in  otRce,  who  shall  exercise  the  powers,  enjoy  the  rights,  and  ilistlia'rg,'  liu 
duties  of  his  predeci'ssor 

i  22.  All  persons  having  dcminds  aeainst  any  such  association,  may  maintain  actions  afnlnsuiu 
president  thereof;  which  suits  or  actions  shall  not  abate  by  reason  of  the  dcatli,  roKisnation  ^ 
removal  from  olfire  of  such  president,  but  may  be  continued  and  prosecuted  to  juduiiieiit  ngiilusi  hii 
successor;  and  all  Judgments  and  derrees  obtained  or  rendered  against  such  president  for  ;iiiv  dcK 
or  liability  of  such  assotiation,  shall  be  enforced  only  a«ainst  the  joint  properly  of  the  associ'aiJDii 
and  which  pr.)perty  sh.-.l  be  liable  to  be  taken  and  sold  by  execution  under  any  such  judgment  of 
decree. 

>  23.  No  shareholder  of  any  such  association  shall  he  liable  in  his  individual  capacity  fi'ranyroj. 
tract,  debt,  or  engagement  of  such  association,  unless  the  articles  of  association  by  him  signed  sliiii 
have  declared  that  the  sharehobler  shall  be  so  liable. 

i  31.  It  shall  be  lawful  f>rsuch  association  to  purchase,  hold,  and  convey  real  estate  for  thefullotr. 
ing  purposes  :— 

1.  Suih  as  shall  be  necessary  for  its  immediate  accommodation  in  the  convenient  transaction  of  iu 
business ;  or 

2.  Such  as  shall  be  mortgaged  to  it  in  good  faith,  by  way  of  security  for  loans  made  by,  or  monevi 
due  to,  such  association  ;  or 

3.  Such  as  shall  be  conveyed  to  it  in  satisfaction  of  debts  previously  contracted  in  the  course  of  lii 
dealings ;  or 

4.  Huch  as  It  shall  purchase  at  sales  under  judgments,  decrees  or  mortgages  held  by  such  mo. 
elation. 

5.  The  said  association  shall  not  purchase,  hold  or  convey  real  estate  in  any  other  cn^e,  or  fornny 
other  purpose  ;  and  all  conveyances  of  such  ri^al  estate  shall  he  made  to  thi!  president,  or  siicli  otlitr 
officer  as  shall  be  indicated  for  that  purpose  in  the  articles  of  association  ;  a\id  which  prcsideiil oi 
olficer,  and  his  successors,  from  lime  to  time,  may  sell,  assign  and  convey  the  same,  free  from  any 
claim  thereon,  against  any  of  the  sliareh(ddcrs,  or  any  person  claiming  under  them. 

^  23.  Upon  the  api)lic;ilion  of  creditors  or  shareholders  of  any  such  association,  whose  dehis  ot 
shares  shall  amount  to  one  thousand  dollars,  and  slating  facts,  verilied  by  ntlidavit,  the  cliiincrllni 
may,  in  hia  discretion,  order  a  strict  evamiiiation  to  he  mad'!  by  one  of  the  ma.'ftern  of  his  court  of  all 
the  alfiirs  of  such  association,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  Ihe  safety  of  its  investments,  ami  tlw 
prudence  of  its  management ;  and  tlie  result  of  every  such  examination,  together  with  the  u;)iiiion«f 
the  master  and  of  the  chancellor  thereon,  shall  be  published  in  such  manner  as  the  cliancellur  M[ 
direct,  who  shall  make  such  order  iu  respect  to  the  expenses  of  such  exantination  and  puliiicutiunai 
he  may  deem  projier. 

(  2fi.  Such  associations  shall,  on  the  first  Mondnys  of  January  and  .Inly  in  every  year  after  Invinf 
commenced  tlie  business  of  banking  as  prescril)cd  by  this  act, "make  out  and  transmit  to  the ci  in]i- 
Iridler,  in  t lie  form  to  lie  provided  by  him,  a  full  st  temeiit  of  the  alfairsofthe  association,  vurincl 
by  the  oath  of  the  presid<'nt  or  casliier,  which  statement  shall  contain 

1.  The  amount  of  the  capital  slock  paiil  in  according  to  tne  provisions  of  this  act  or  secured  to Iw 
paid. 

2.  The  value  of  the  real  estate  of  tin'  associilion,  specifying  what  portion  is  occupied  by  the asmi- 
elation  as  necessary  to  thi>  Iran.saction  of  its  Imsiiiess. 

3.  The  shares  of  stock  held  by  such  association  ;  whether  absolutely  or  as  cnllater.al  security;  ipe- 
cifyir.jr  each  kind  anil  description  of  stock,  and  the  nmiiber  and  value  of  the  shares  of  each. 

4.  The  amount  of  di;bts  due  to  the  association,  spncityiiig  such  as  are  due  from  inonied  or  ntlicrrnr. 
porations  or  associations  ;  and  also  specifying  the  amount  secure  I  by  b  mil  and  mortijageor  judgiiieali 
and  the  amount  which  ought  to  br;  incliided  iu  the  computation  of  losses. 

5.  The  amount  of  debts  due  by  such  associaliim:  specifying  such  as  are  payable  on  dcniatid, and 
iUch  as  are  du"  to  moniel  or  other  corporations  or  associaiions. 

0.  Tlie  amount  of  claims  against  the  association  not  acknowledied  by  its  debts. 

7.  Tlie  amount  of  notes,  bills,  or  other  evi  lences  of  de:it,  issued  by  sich  association. 

8.  The  amount  of  the  los.ses  of  the  as.sociation  ;  sp.iril'ying  whether  charged  on  its  capital  or  prolil;, 
since  its  last  preceding  statement,  and  of  its  divi, lends  declared  and  made  during  the  same  pi>riod. 

9.  The  av ;?rai;e  ammiiit  in  each  montli  duriug  the  preceding  six  months  of  the  debts  du'!  to  and  frirai 
the  association;  the  averiiae  anio'int  of  sii'cie  iiissessed  by  the  same  during  each  month,  and  i!ie 
amount  of  bills  and  notes  issued  liy  such  associaiion  and  put  in  circulation  as  money,  and  outstand- 
ing against  the  association,  on  the  tlrst  day  of  each  of  the  preceding  six  montliM. 

10  The  average  amount  in  each  montli  during  the  preceding  six  months  due  to  the  association, 
from  all  the  shareholders  In  the  association  ;  also  the  greatest  aniouiit  due  to  the  association  in  e;icli 
:>f  the  said  precedini!  six  months,  from  all  the  shareholders  iu  such  association. 

11.  The  amiiunt  which  the  capital  of  th  i  said  assnciaiion  has  lieeii  incriMsed  during  the  prccodiiii! 
fix  niaiitli8,  if  there  shall  have  been  any4iicrcu8e  of  the  said  capital ;  and  the  nuiiies  of  any  persoiii 


Lhd  nay  !>•«'""«  P""** 
'taKedntyoftl 

LCisnd  in  the  state 
'■'',"«  if  .uch  associat  I. 

'Sianynftheprovis, 
K'outtef  chancery,  in 

'Slf  any  portion  of 
Jjewhiitever  whilst  an 
K  «  of  Iho  capital  Sloe 
£«  been  made  good,  r_^l 
„„lii,oflhBB»sorintion 
Sutyoflhechaiicellor 
W„n,a«d<lislrib..t.n(?« 
>i!9  Snchnssocintion 

mnwv,  the  payinen'  of 
Lhrefusalnnldthepnj 
>  30  Thi-  president  an 

,hall  at  all  limes  keep  a  I 

(halllile  ft  cepy  "'«"''•" 
linn  may  he  located,  and 
julv  in  every  year. 

}'31.  !t  shall  not  be  lav 
(fit?  bills  er  notes  of  a 
nionev,imynMeal  any  o 
on  anil  conducted. 
»  B.  The  legislature  n 
}  33  No  association  ot 
itanvliincforttiespacf 
andahalfperceiit.  insp 

It  has  been  already 
I  the  1st  January,  1816, 
I  of  Ac  United  Stales,  a 
I  that,  in  1830,  their  nu 
I  to  the  present  momeni 
[.teached,  including  brat 
I'tiisued  of  the  oxpediei 
I  difletent  sources  of  a  p 
I  each  other,  and  liable,  i 
joflheirisBUCs. 

To  guard  against  th( 

I  obliged  to  make  an  am 

I  amount  of  their  capita 

specie  in  their  vaults. 

I  csaraine  into  the  affair 

I  relaliim  to  the  bankin 

["safety  fund,"  as  a 

I  lianks.    One  half  per 

ally,    When  the  fund, 

I  payment  on  their  par 

I  lates,  until  the  failure 

I  As  soon  as  the  fund  si 

I  mentioned  is  again  c 

I  Mcurity  against  over 

I  tcrest,  commonly  12  p 

I  refuse  to  pay  in  specie 

I  them.    And  in  simo 

I  below  the  denoininati( 

Notwithstanding,  \ 

I  acknowledgod  evils  of 

I  at  present  divided,  be 

I  one  to  consist  in  part 

I  fivoly  by  the  general 

I  by  it,  sulijected  to  oer 

I  incorporation  once  ti 

I  give  it  a  control  over 

l  the  introtluction  of  I 

I  iiished  an  cxuinplo, 

I  ilividcil  ticlwcen  the  t 

two,  constititlo  as  yet 

\Vc  here  abstain 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


153 


.^^,y(M«omo  psrtleR  to  tho  laid  articles  of  aiioclntion,  or  may  have  withdrawn  (herefrom  line* 

''ii'ihall  be  the  duty  "f  the  coinptrollnr  to  caugB  the  Btntement  reniiirert  to  be  made  hy  tliia  section,  to 
J  iibli«l'-d  in  a  newHpaper  printed  In  the  roiiiity  where  the  place  of  biisir  "        '  '    " 

I  »*''  .  1  .„H  in  ilifi  utiilp  naner :  the  expense  of  which  shall  Im  paid  by  snr 

I  Mialve  nnt  and  transmit  the  slatunieiit  required  in  the  Inst 
tlie  period  when  the  same  is  reqnired  to  be  made,  or  shall 


I  '^'"uii  mi  in  the  stnip  paper ;  the  expense  of  which  shall  be  paid  by  snrh  assoi-lation. 
'""«  jf  lucli  association  shall  neglect  to  1 

Mtiint  lectinn,  for  one  ninnlh  bfyond  tli    . 

'  lilcany  «f  the  provisions  nf  this  act,  such  association  may  he  proceeded  against  and  dissolved  bjr 
te  court  (if  cliancory,  in  ttie  same  manner  as  any  nionied  corporation  may  be  proceeded  against  and 

^'fw  If  any  portion  of  the  oriirinal  capital  of  any  snch  association  shall  he  withdrawn  for  any  pur- 
,.iih»teverwlillst  any  debts  of  tlic  association  remain  uiisatistied,  no  dividends  or  profits  on  the 

'hiM  of  till)  capital  stocit  of  tho  association  shall  thereafter  be  n)a'le,  until  the  deflcit  of  capital  shall 
I  hive  been  marie  good,  either  liy  snbscriotion  of  the  sh^iretiolders,  nr  out  of  the  siibsei]ucntl)r  accruing 

mill! "f  •'"'  association  j  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  any  such  dividends  liave  been jnade,  it  shall  be 

L  duty  of  the  chancellor  '      " 

tiiiiinn  acid  distributing  its  property  and  ctfects  among  j 

jffl  Such  nssooiation  sliall  he  liable  to  pay  tho  Imlder  of  every  hill  or  note  put  in  circiilnllon  as 
I  miiey.  the  payment  of  which  shall  have  been  demanded  and  refused,  damages  for  non-payment 

llifteor ' 


Sie  duly  of  the  chancellor  to  make  the  necessary  orders  and  decrees  for  closing  the  afltairs  of  the  asso- 
I  .Lmn  and  distributing  its  property  and  effects  among  its  creditors  and  shareholders. 

.Such  nssooiation  shall  he  liable  to  pay  tho  Imlder  of  every  hill  or  note  put  in  circiilnllon  as 

!,  the  payment  of  which  shall  have  been  demanded  and  refused,  damages  for  non-payment 

icif.  ill  lieu  of  interest,  at  and  after  the  rate  of  fourteen  per  cent,  per  annum,  from  the  time  of 

''"  jj^fpfiisal  until  the  payment  of  such  evidence  of  debt,  and  tlie  damages  thereon. 

,  30.  Thi'  president  and  cashier  of  every  association  formed  piirsunni  to  the  provisions  of  this  act, 

I  chill  at  all  limes  keep  a  true  and  correct  li^'t  of  the  names  «f  the  sliarelioldersof  such  association,  and 

(hall  file  a  copy  of  such  list  in  the  oflire  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  where  any  office  of  such  associa- 

lion  mny  be  located,  and  also  in  the  ofl'ice  of  the  comptroller,  on  the  lirut  Mondays  of  January  and 

I  Julv  in  every  year. 

I    }'31.  h  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  ossociation  formed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  to  make  any 
lofilj  bills  nr  notes  of  a  denomination  less  than  one  thousand  doiliirs,  to  be  put  iu  circulation  as 
I  Dionev,  jiayalile  at  any  other  place  than  at  the  office  where  the  businuss  of  the  association  is  carried 
onaniionductiMl. 
J  32.  The  legislature  may  at  any  time  niter  or  repeal  this  act. 

>  33'  No  association  of  personsaiitliorised  to  carry  on  the  business  of  banking  under  this  act,  shall 
I  iiaiivtimc,  for  the  space  of  twenty  days,  have  on  liar.d  at  their  place  of  business,  less  than  twelve 
and  a  half  per  cent,  in  specie  on  the  amount  of  the  bills  or  notes  in  circulation  as  money. 

It  has  been  already  mentioned,  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Gallatin,  that  the  State  baiikR,  on 

I  the  Ist  January,  1816,  a  short  time  only  before  the  incorporation  by  Congress  of  the  Bank 
of  the  United  States,  amounted  in  number  to  246,  with  a  capital  of  alwut  $90,000,000,  and 
that,  in  1830,  their  number  amounted  to  as  many  as  330.  From  this  date,  iiowevcr,  down 
to  the  present  moment,  their  number  has  been  continually  increasing ;  until  it  has  at  length 

fiteached,  including  branch  banks,  to  between  800  and  900.  A  very  general  conviction  has 
ensued  of  the  expediency  of  some  modification  or  change  in  a  system  presenting  so  many 
dilTetent  sources  of  a  paper  currency,  all  of  them  in  a  considerable  degree  independent  of 
each  other,  and  liable,  in  consequence,  to  frequent  and  extensive  expansions  and  contraction* 

lofllieiriBsucs. 

To  guard  against  the  evils  of  the  banking  system,  the  banks,  in  many  of  the  States,  an 

I  obliged  to  make  an  annual  statement  to  the  legislature  of  their  condition,  specifying  the 
amount  of  their  capitals  paid  in,  of  their  bills  in  circulation,  of  their  deposites,  and  of  the 
specie  in  their  vaults.  In  Nev  York,  commissioners  arc  appointed  by  the  legislature  to 
ctamine  into  the  affairs  of  the  bank.i,  and  to  make  report  accordingly.  But  the  measure,  in 
relalinn  to  the  banking  system,  which  is  peculiar  to  that  Slate,  is  tho  establishment  of  a 
"safety  fund,"  as   a  security   to  the  public  against  losses  resulting  from  the  failure  of 

I  banks.    One  half  per  cent,  on  the  capital  of  these  institutions  is  exacted  from  them  annu- 

lally.   When  the  fund,  thus  obtained,  shall  amount  to  half  a  million  of  dollars,  no  farther 

I  payment  on  their  part  is  to  be  made ;  and  this  amount  is  put  out  at  interest  and  accumu- 
lates, until  the  failure  occurs  of  some  bank,  whose  notes  it  is  then  appropriated  to  redeem. 
Ki  snon  as  the  fund  shall  again  fall  below  a  half  million  of  dollars,  the  half  per  cent,  above 
nifntionetl  is  again  exacttnl,  and  so  on.  Another  measure,  which  has  been  adopted  as  a 
Mcurity  against  over  issues  by  the  banks,  is  the  compelling  of  them  to  pay  a  very  high  in- 
terest, commonly  12  per  cent,  or  even  as  much  as  24  per  cent.,  upon  every  sum  which  they 
refuse  to  pay  in  specie,  whether  of  their  notes  in  circulation,  or  of  the  deposites  made  wjth 

I  them.    And  in  simo  of  tho  States  the  banks  have  been  prohibited  from  iHsuiiig  any  notes 

I  below  the  denomination  of  five  dollars. 

Notwithstanding,  however,  all  the  contrivances    hitherto  invented  for  remedying  the 

I  acknowledged  evils  of  our  exi.sting  banking  system,  the  opinion  of  the  public  seems  to  be 
at  present  diviiicd,  between  first,  a  preference  for  a  currency  purely  metallic  ;  secondly,  for 
one  to  consist  in  part  of  metallic  money,  and  in  part  of  a  paper  money  to  be  issued  exclu- 
sively hy  the  general  governmctit,  or  by  some  institutioti  created,  or  cominissioners  appointed 
by  it,  subjected  to  certain  checks  and  responsibilities,  to  prevent  over  issues  ;  thirdly,  for  tho 
incorporation  once  more  of  a  bank  of  the  United  States,  with  a  cafiital  sufliciently  large  to 
give  it  tt  control  over  the  other  batiks  of  the  country,  numerous  as  they  now  are ;  and,  lastly, 
the  introduction  of  the  free  system  of  banking,  of  which  the  State  of  New  York  has  fur 
iiishecl  an  example.  Perhaps,  indeed,  we  ought  rather  to  have  said  that  jiublic  opinion  wag 
Jividcd  between  the  two  last  mentioned  schemes,  since  those  who  are  advocates  of  the  fornter 
two,  constitute  as  yet,  without  doubt,  only  a  small  minority  of  the  peoiilc. 
Wc  here  abstain  altogether  from  expressing  our  own  preferences ;  contenting  ourselves 

SO 


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154 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


W  :!'  ..1-?P 


with  the  remark,  in  reference  to  fhe  proposed  free  oystem  of  banking,  that  in  our  view  it « 
Binguliir  that  the  principal  evils  which  pertain  to  the  existing  system,  and  which  pertain  to 
it  especially  on  account  of  the  great  multiplication  of  the  sources  whence  paper  money  U 
issued,  should  look  for  a  remedy  to  the  enactment  of  a  law,  granting  lilicrty  to  the  invest. 
ment  of  capital  without  limit  in  the  business  of  banking,  and  therefore  also  to  the  issuiiii 
of  paper  money  without  limit.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  devise  means  to  secure  the  publif 
against  losses  which  may  ari?e  from  the  ultimate  failure  of  banks  to  comply  with  their  eni 
gagemciitd ;  and  it  is  against  losses  of  this  nature  that  the  advocates  among  us  of  a  free 
trade  in  banking  seem  to  have  been  particularly  solicitous  to  provide.  These  losses,  indeeij 
have  been  sufficiently  extensive,  and  injurious  to  the  community.  Mr.  Gallatin  enumcralcj 
as  many  as  165  banks  which  either  failed,  or  discontinued  their  business,  from  thclst ot 
January,  1811,  to  the  Istof  July,  1830.  Still  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  distreiaei 
and  lasses  which  have  arisen  from  fluctuations  in  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  circulatini 
medium  have  been  of  far  greater  amount  Againot  these  evils,  little  or  no  provision  seeiiu 
to  have  been  deemed  requisite. 

No.  I.— Comparative  View  of  the  Condition  of  all  tlie  Bunks  in  the  United  States  at  four  (liflereot 

periods. 


Number  of  ImnliB  from  which  returns  have 

been  received,  .... 

Nuniher  of  liranches  from  which  returns  have 

heen  received,  -  .  .  . 

Nuniher  of  banks,  the  aflUirs  of  which  have 

been  cxliniated,  for  want  of  returns, 
Nuniher  of  branchi-s,  the  affiiirs  nf  which  have 

heen  estimated,  for  want  nf  returns. 
Whole  number  of  hanks  In  oi»eration. 
Whole  number  of  bronchos  in  operation,     - 
Wliule   number  of  bunks  and   branches    in 

opi>rntinn,     •  .  .  .  . 

Capital  paid  In,  -  .  .  - 

f.nans  and  diaconnls,  -  •  .  . 

Stocks,  ..... 

Real  estate,      ..... 
Other  investments,      .  .  .  - 

Due  from  other  banks,  ... 

Notes  of  other  banks  on  hand, 
Specie  fiinds,  .  .  .  .  - 

Specie,  ..... 

Circniatinn,      ..... 
Deposites,        -  -  .  _  . 

Due  other  banks,         .... 
Other  liabilities,  .... 

Atrerepnte  of  hank  accounts, 
A^irregate  of  investments  supposed  to  yield 

IncDme,         ..... 
Excess  of  snch  investments  above  amount  of 

capital  paid  in,  -  . 

AifRrogate  of  deposites  and  circulation, 
Aceregate  of  deposites,  circulation,  and  sums 

due  to  other  banks,  ... 

Aggregate  of  specie,  specie  funds,  notes  of 

other  banks,  and  sudih  due  by  other  banks. 
Excess  of  immediate  liabilities  beyond  imme. 

diate  means,  .... 

Total  of  means  of  all  kinds. 
Total  nf  liabilities,  exclusive  oflliosc  tostnck- 

hnlders,         -  .  .  .  . 

Total  of  liabilllips  of  the  banks  to  one  another. 
Total  of  liabilities  to  all,  except  other  banks 

ami  stiickholders,     .... 
Net  circulation,  .... 


According  to  returoi  nearett 


Jin.  1,1M4.     I    Jan.  1,  IMS.    |     Jin.  I,  ISM.        J.n.  l.isn,   | 


406 


100 


906 


«2no,no.i,<>44 

3'il,ll<),'t99 
0,113,105 
10,S.')0,0i)O 
1,723,547 
87,329,645 
22,1.54,919 
26,041,753 

94,839,570 
75,t>66,98fi 
26,602,293 

816,047,441 

342,806,331 

142,800,387 
170,50ii,556 

197,103,819 

76,l'i0,317 

120,982,.'),32 
418,932,018 

ir7,10«,S49 
76,086,857 

121,121,993 
72,681,051 


S15 

141 

43 

5 
958 
146 

701 

#231,250.337 

365,163,834 

9,210,.579 

11,110.107 

4.612.221 

40,081,038 

21,086.301 

3,061,819 

43,937,025 

103,692,495 

83,081,365 

38,972,578 

19„320,475 

974,643,887 

390,156,801 

158,906,407 
186,773,860 

225,746,438 

108,109,783 

117,576,655 
498,326,587 

245,060.913 
100,142,917 

141,n^3,9Vfi 
83,eofl,lSl 


559 

146 

8 


567 
146 


■13 

#251,875,292 

4,57,506,0K0 

11,709,319 

51,191.375 

9,975.22(1 

6l,870,9,'i5 

32,11.5,138 

4,f-00,076 

40,019,594 

1';0,S0I.038 

11.5,101,440 

.^O,402,.'?f.9 

25,999.234 

1,205,879,130 

403,385,000 

241,409,708 
255,405,178 

305,807,847 

128,811,7031 

176,996,084^ 
622,196,703 

331,807,081 
131,394,162 
I 
281,401.712 
108,185,900 


631 

IM 

S 


154 


*2!)0,77S,(I«I 

52,M15;(R 

12,l(r,ll5, 

19,0M,451: 

in,42.1,f?ill 

59.ti8,'!,lllO 

36,53.1,5« 

S,3M,J«I 

37,915.310 

149,l().'i,M; 

127,3!):,l«l 

l,r2,S28,;45 

567,C'(l,e95 

276,938,S« 
276,fffl,0;5 

339,004,19 

I39.4-9,KT 

199,521.01« 
706,4i)0,i:!| 

375,  Wl,® 
158,618,555 

313.mSIH 
112,652,363 


No.  II.— Condensed  Statement  of  the  Condition,  at  different  intervals,  of  all  the  Hanks  in  the 

United  Ht  ites. 


Xnmber  of 

N.imber  nf 

1 

biriks  from 

hinki    tba 

T'lhl 

lymntiml  dls- 
couutt. 

Ditc. 

which      TC' 

ailtin     of 

numb.-rof 

Specie. 

Circulilhn. 

Depoiitps. 

rapinl. 

turns     are 

vvhi'h   ire 

baiika. 

riiccivpil. 

L'sliinatcJ. 

Jan   1.  1811, 

51 

38 

SO 



*l5,4on.oai' 

2S,10().0n0 



.52.«)l.«|: 

—     181.5, 

120 

88 

208 

... 

17.000,000 

45,500,000 



62.1;i!1.5!«li 

—    wts. 

131 

112 

2!6 

— 

19.0(10.0110 

68,000.000 

— 

S9,*H.J2'!i 

—      IS^O, 

213 

05 

308 

— 

10.S2«,2>n 

44,^63,31! 

35.010.170 

137.110.611' 

—      li^SO, 

2S2 

48 

330 

#•300,451 .2H 

22,lU,9ir      01.3M,8«8 

5.-i,559.»'W 

l).5.1')2.2f>*' 

—      1831, 

406 

100 

.506 

321,1  KMli!) 

—              9l,K39,.570 

75,f.fl0.«S0]  20n,IKI.i.(l((| 

—      1S3\ 

515 

43 

.558 

.3n5,in3.s:!i 

43.9.17.025    10:1.092.195 

S3,0'^;i, 305   2.11, '^'O.??: 

—    I'sno, 

5. -9 

8 

.5*,7 

457,.''0fi.fl>^0 

40.019,591    MO.:iOI.03S 

115,10l,4<0  2i;.K5.2M 

-      1837, 

632 

2 

634 

525,115,702 

.37,91.5,310    119,18.5.890 

127,397,18.-;   290.772.Wll 



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No.  IX.— Statement  of  tho  Condition  of  the  Bank  of  ilie  United  States  in  the  Year  1838,  on  ihMj« 

mentioned.  "'" 


RESOURCES. 

Bill!)  and  notes  discounted, 

lit  dh.  day  or  Jan. 

of  May. 

or  Jung. 

ofNovmte, 

>3,t,870,2n8  ."il 

«31,035,913  2!) 

930,069,002  23 

#32.0.W,09i  M 

•''.'■S.1,476;9 

7.062,155  !S 

25.7nD,?73Sl 

1,515,11)1  fi 

Siieeie,       .        .        - 

3.770,8B  53 

4,409,330  92 

6,457,853  48 

Notes  and  chccligof  other  b:inh», 

1<),I•!0..^7,'^  36 

2ll,075,.';63  09 

20,6!)9,03!)  62 

Due  l)y  banks,  - 

38,470,200  (kS 

29.3T9,fl!)i  40 

27,483,106  .15 

Ileal  estate  and  other  property, 

1,5()4,772  53 

l,5!)7,in3  83 

l,.ViO,723  64 

ICxpenses,  -        -        - 

. 

133,478  4» 

ll9,8r.  05 

l.'!7,3.32  19 

00,409  7' 

Stocks,      ... 

. 

14,802,108  93 

17.0:<),078  03 

18,1.56,084  29 

17,4fi6,8li  71 

Hills  of  exchange,     - 

. 

10,313,12!)  13 

13.7«5,826  95 

14,!)05,433  06 

t'.5iS,I9ti  kj 

Miscellaneous,  - 
Totals,   -       -       - 

LIABILITIES. 

- 

4,123.5(>5  69 

4,213,220  43 

4,311,335  18 

l,HO(l,il57  57 

#120,203,881  84 

$122,185,043  ya 

#123,770,690  01 

«ff7,2l)'J,3l>7  M 

— 

C.ipitnl  stock,    - 

'  -*  '   *"W 

035,000,000  00 

$3->,oon,ooo  00 

#35.000,000  00 

$35,non,ooo  m 

iN'olcs  in  circulation, 

. 

0,708,0117  02 

0.451,005  17 

0,077,738  98 

4,220,651 11 

Due  to  hanks,    - 

. 

28,970.01!)  13 

25,  !2:!..130  .IS 

23,:iy7,305  10 

If'.SjJ.SlS  % 

KepiiailOH, 

. 

2,.54),31fi  81 

4,3lit,:Wl  .33 

3,8.)1,8I6  12 

5,(168,121 37 

Divldoiula  unpaid,     - 

. 

72,ii;f7  !l!) 

95.,V;4  49 

81,326  49 

S0,1H  H 

C.intlncnnt  funi* 

. 

I.lOO.fioJ  !M 

1,157,516  .'■.7 

1,131,123  39 

1.10!),17!IGj 

I'rolit  and  loss,  - 

. 

5.191,718  83 

5.2.)5,il72  02 

5,2J5,972  02 

2,S!1,fii7  fO 

Discount,  exniiange,  and  interest, 

1,200,810  11 

1.4!»5.12n  80 

1,831.115  89 

l.'lt'i.OIS'lS 

Aliscullaiieoiia,  - 

. 

4,'),319,M0  !Hi 

53,2S-,181  23 

47,138,201  i)6 

?fl,3H8,l)01  5j 

Tot.ils,    ... 

.S12li,203,K81  SI 

'*122,I85,013  !)9 

#123.770,690  04 

fiTifimM  «j 

"From  docutnente"  (wo  quote  from  the  Journal  of  Commcrpe  of  January  18,1 
"apjii'mlcil  (o  the  iinniiiil  Report  of  the  Comptroller,  just  piibiiehcJ,  It  appears  that,  undo  I 
thf!  (loneriil  Bankiiii?  Law  passod  at  tho  la-t  srssioii  of  the  Legislature,  certificates  lia« 
been  filed  in  the  oHlee  of  tho  Secretary  of  Slate  from  fifty -Foiin  bankitig  assorialioiM, 
with  an  ajTujrpgato  capital  subscribeil,  of  ?12,.319, 17.5,  and  with  a  reserved  right  to  inmaa  I 
the  same  to  the  aggregate  amount  of  $487,680,000.    The  articles  of  association  are  so  jl 
framed  ai  to  cover  this  enannouH  amount,  in  ca.-ie  it  should  ever  be  wanted.    The  diirs-  ( 
lion  of  the  associations,  as  contemplated  by  their  articles,  varies  from  2.5  years  to  4050 1 
years.     At  the  time  of  makini?  out  the  Comptroller's  statements,  24-  of  the  fifty-six  asgocii. 
tions  had  In-en  organized,  and  had  applied  to  that  nlliecr  fir  bills  in  the  aggregate  amounlof 
?2,493,090 ;  comprising  290,000  one  dollar  bill.s,  i;.'J.04.')  twos,  20,000  threes,  2 lS,fiOOIiv«i 
3:J.300  tens,  12.50  twenties,  900  fifties,  1150  hundreds.  00  five  hundreds,  and  .50  thousjidJ 
Sixteen  n.'-sociations  had  already  made  tiansfus  of  State  storks,  or  State  stocks  and ninit. [ 
gages,  to  the  Comptroller,  in  the  aggregate  amount  of  $1,170,090  of  storks,  and  ?422,5m| 
of  mortgaires.     The  particulars  of  these  various  items  will  bo  found  in  the  niinexed  tal.k 

"Several  as.i<ociatiims,  for  which  bills  have  been  ordered,  have  their  serurities  rcadv, jbI I 
will  transfer  them  to  the  Comptroller  as  soon  as  the  bills  can  be  prepared.  The  process »( I 
engraving  the  plates,  from  which  the  bills  were  to  be  struck,  oceu[)ied  so  much  time,  thatit| 
was  only  a  few  weeks  since  any  of  the  assoriations  could  be  tupplied.  A  fuithcr  dclajiil 
occasioned  by  the  circunistancc  that  all  the  bills  are  reqiiired  to  bo  conntrrsiiinfdliytlKl 
Registers,  who  are  only  two  in  numlior,  Messrs.  John  O.  Cole  and  J.  M.  Woodward,  ami  I 
whose  |)ens  cannot  move  fust  onongli  to  supply  the  demand  from  so  many  a»sofialioiis,i!l 
desiring  to  cointnence  operations  immediately.  Tho  whole  amount  countersigned  prior  In  I 
tho  29th  of  December  was  $370,200.  The  securities  lodged  with  the  Comptroller  are  111 
be  applied  exclusively  to  the  redemption  of  llie  bills  whirli  nre  coiintert-icrned  and  rc;i<lftell 
in  the  Comptroller's  olRce;  /.  e.  in  ca.se  Raid  bills  should  fail  to  be  redeemed  by  theas.w*! 
tions  at  their  counters.  'I'ho  interest  on  tho  securiiies  is  pnid  to  tho  associations  so  Inagul 
they  continue  to  redeem  their  bills.  In  any  event,  tiie  holders  of  llie  bills  orosHlo;iltl 
securities,  held  by  the  Comptroller  as  !i  guard  against  contingencies,  being  alone  sm'kiralfoil 
their  redemption.  The  mortgages  lodged  with  the  Comptroller,  are  required  by  ihebnul 
be  only  upon  '  improvwl,  productive,  unim'unibered  lands  within  this  State,  worth,  itidcm''! 
ently  of  any  buildiogD  thereon,  at  least  double  the  uinniint  for  which  they  shall  besoiiu*! 
gaged.'  And  only  one  half  of  the  securities  lodged  with  the  Comptroller  can  consist*' I 
mortgages  at  all.  The  residue  must  consi.'-.l  of  State  or  national  stocks.  The  amouiiloil 
bills,  given  out  by  tho  Comptroller  to  any  n.ssocialion,  is  never  to  exceed  tiie  iiinoimt  otiM'| 
ritirs  lodged  by  said  assoriation  in  his  hands.  In  the  rase  of  each  n-scociatioii  he  ^f>'»t 
commissioners  to  view  tho  premises  on  which  mortgages  arc  od'ercd,  and  to  makcaliil 
report  to  him  both  in  regard  to  litlo  and  value.  On  the  whole,  we  do  .nt  see  but  every  [*| 
citutiun  lias  been  taken  to  guard  the  intcretits  of  bill-holders,  which  the  chso  admits  oI.' 


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-2?l-.5  i'^-zS^.t  L-I'rli^  J  ^^•?c"  i  ?  si's  2?.?  Si-e^  of  ?'8'*.1's.5r;?£r|f°a-,Y| 


;;  ;:  Rr 


!.^! 


>1 


>!i  ■    . 


Hliif:. 


'ii 


'III  ^  *• 


IJ  '■'i 


■    i 


M; 


.'hi 


f  ii 


J 


4.' 


164 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


No.  XI.— Statement  of  the  Amnnnt  nnd  kindi  of  Securities  plcdxcd  hy  the  eevernl  Banki  wlilchhm  ^B  P'<^' 
gone  into  operation  under  the  GenernI  lliinking  Lnw.  ™  ^H  !. . 


NamN  of  Buik<. 


Bank  of  Western  New  York,  Rorhester, 
North  Aniericnn  Trust  and  Bunking  Com- 

pniiy.  New  York,  .  -  . 

Hnnk  of  the  United  States  in  New  York, 
Mei'.hanicg'Biinkine  Association,  NowYork 
'^tnten  Island  Bank,  Port  Richmond, 
l.ockport  Bank  and  Trust  Company,  Lock- 

pnrt. 

Hank  of  Syracnse,  Syracuse, 

Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  of  Gene- 
see, Biitavia,       .  -  .  . 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Orleans,  Gaines, 

Merchants'  nnd  Farmers'  Hank,  Itliica,  - 

Willniiffhhy  Bank,  Brooklyn, 

New  York  State  Stock  Security  Bnnk.New 
York, 

Millers'  Bank,  of  New  York,  Clyde, 

The  Powell  Bank,  Newburgh,     - 

Bank  of  Central  New  York, 

The  Wool  Growers'  Bank  of  the  State  of 
New  York,         .  .  -  - 


Data. 


1838. 
.July,  14 

Nov.  1,14. 
Auk.  13. 
Nov.  6. 
Oct.  29. 

Oct.  .31 
epi.  3. 

J  Sept. 17. 

Oct.  29. 
Oct.  24. 
Nov.  6. 
C  Nov.  1. 
I  Dec.  19. 
Dec.  15. 
Dec.  27. 

Dec.  20. 
Dec.  31. 


Sccuriliea, 


SUte  Stuck!. 


Indiana, 

Arkansas, 
Micliigan, 
Maine, 
Indiana, 

AInhaina, 

Michigan, 

Arkansas, 

.Michigan, 

Indiana, 

Michigan, 

Maine, 

New  Vork 

do. 
Arkansas, 
Michigan, 
Mii'liitran, 
Arkansas, 

Maine, 


Raie 
per  cent 


0 
5 
5 

5 
6 

s 

6 
5 
5 
S 
0 


Amount. 


$ 

100,000 

200,000 

200,(H>0 

1)0,000 

'i5,000 

100,000 
50,000 

100,000 

.^0,000 
40,000 
.10,000 
10,000  J 
15,000  5 
100,000 
50,000 

10,000 
10,000 


1,170,090 


Unnrti  ami 
MorlgaifFi 


102,000 

00,000 
25,000 

29,G0fl 
20,800 


48,300 
27,200 
50,000 


50,000 
10,000 


To'it. 


20fl.'iM| 
50,IW 
l».(.|10 


Mm 
io,w 


4n9(lOJl^H,W^ 


In  here  concluding  what  we  have  thought  proper  to  add  to  the  author's  article  on  banlbj, 
properly  so  called,  we  earnestly  recommend  to  our  readers,  Iwsides  the  American  woiki 
already  referred  to  in  the  pri  -ding  pages,  the  Financial  Re^i.iter,  in  two  8vo.  volume 
t,-(iitod  by  Condy  Raguct,  F.m\.  It  emltracrs  a  great  mass  of  information  on  cuncnoy  and 
hanking,  of  high  interest  to  the  merchant  as  well  as  to  the  political  economist,  and  reiiderej  | 
accessible  on  tlie  cheapest  terms. 

In  regard  to  Savings'  Banks,  we  may  mention  that  their  introduction  into  the  United  Siatu 
dates  from  the  month  of  December,  1816.      The  "  Philadel|)!iia  Saving  Fund  Socii'ty"  wk 
then  instituted  by  a  number  of  intelligent  and  philanthropic  citizens,  with  the  olyert  in  vim 
of  [iromoting  habits  of  foresight  and  saving  among  the  labouring  poor  of  their  vicinity,  .(i 
was  to  have  been  expected  trom  the  novelty  of  the  undertaking,  and  the  difficulty  niik 
which  the  habits  of  a  people,  and  especially  of  the  comparatively  uneducated  portion  oft 
people,  can  b<?  in  any  way  changed,  the  amount  of  the  deposites  made  with  the  sociely  vn  \ 
M  tirst  quite  inconsiderable.     During  the  first  13  months  the  deposites  had,  in  fact. onl' 
reached  the  sum  of  $8,94.5.41.     The  society   was  incorporated  by   the  legislature  of  lli 
State  in  February  1819;  and  on  the  Slst  of  March  of  that  year,  when  the  finds  wcrctnin>| 
ferred  to  the  corporation,  they   amounted  to  $45,IM.85.     That  the  institution  liad,  inll»| 
mean  time,  Iteeii  managed  with  due  discretion  and  skill  Wijs  testilied  by  the  Icgislaira  I 
nmking  the  articles  of  u.ssociation  and  the  by-laws  of  the  society  the  bas^is  of  the  ario( 
incorporation.     From  the  date  of  the  passing  of  this  act.  however,  the  deposites  iK'saii » 
increase  more  rapidly  than  they  had  hitherto  done.     In  1821,  they  exceeded  §200,000;  k\ 
maximum  of  deposites  tlien  allowed  lieing  !?300,000.     'i'he  legislature,  by  asu[)])lfmfr!ia'( 
act  passed  in  March  1824,  just  as  the  deposites  were  approaching  tlie  sum  just  nicnlioiifj, 
extended  the  maximum  allowed  to  an  amount  twice  a.s  large.     And  as  the  depositor c* 
linued  to  augment,  the  mnximiim  was  still  further  e.\tended,  uiitiJ  nt  present  )51,5OO,O0D»l 
the  amount  of  deposites  which  is  authoris«'d  to  he  recciveil. 

I'he  interest  allowed  to  depositors,  originally  4  f%  per  cent.,  was.  in  consequence  of aM  I 
in  the  general  rate  of  interest,  redui:ed  in  Ueci'inl)er  1820,  to  4  per  cent;  and,  since  Ftbn- 1 
nry  I82S,  no  deposite  greater  than  200  dollars  could  be  received  from  the  same  piTjou  | 
any  one  year. 

The  di'posiies  receivejl  in  1837,  a  year  of  extraordinary  pecuniary  pressure,  aiii  .r.ui  I 
to  $422,698.92  ;  while  the  paymenU  to  depositors  were  $.712,44  1.90.  In  18.18,  «hep.  1^1 
pressure  was  in  a  coiisideralde  di'gree  alleviated,  the  deposites  received  exceeded  the  |i'.t  [ 
nients  to  the  depositors  ;  the  former  amounting  to  $4.59.7 1 1 .38 ;  and  the  latter  to  J419,084S<  I 

The  whole  amount  of  deposites,  since  the  establishment  of  the  society  down  to  thedoij 
of  the  year  1838,  wa.s  §6,794,913.03;  that  of  deposites  returned,  during  the  same|)etioi[ 
«.'>,720,474.43. 

The  l)enefits  of  the  institution  have  been  extended  to  38,743  depo.-iilors. 

Since  the  eslaiiil.:hment  of  tlie  "Philadelphia  Saving  Fund  Society,"  and  especially siM I 
the  experience  of  its  successful  operation,  other  societies  have  sprung  into  cxi.-!tenre  at.Xcl 
V/fk,  I3o8t«ti|  Baltimore,  and  cbiewhere  in  the  United  States,  conducted  on  similar  primi  I 


™,.   The  details  givei 
is  of  the  mode  in  whic 
We  sultjoin,  as  a  fartl 
Philadelphia  Society ; 
payments. 

Jln  J 

Wbehbas.  a  voluntary 
I  iKidd,  under  tlie  title  of  " 
I  mil  lias  been  established 
I  liiil  security  on  real  estati 
I  eh.iiiiiSi  labourers,  serva 
I  (fciitily  and  interest.     Ar 

I  liiivf  I'f")'"!  <" '"^  liorpeln 
hj  Uiv,  with  perpetual  s-u 
I  jsiiiihein  may  seem  pro 
I  iKsscssed  of,  or  entitled  t 
I  ibe  purpose  of  tlie  said  ini 

Tliereforc, 

{ 1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the 
I  n  Gtural  ^ssemblij  met,  i 
I  Saiiutnl  Ardit-r,  Richard 
I  nof.  Ri-nhon  Ilaiiics,  Tho 
1 1!.  Mortis,  Isaac  W.  Norr 
I  Saiiiiiel  ^packman,  John 
Sniiili,  and  Matlliew  (,'.  U 
.laleime hflily  politic  anil 
unti.PHiA  Saving  Tlnd 
I  hprcliy  made  ablo  and  cap 
I  lain, lothcni  and  their  8iii 
jeiTi'ilsof  what  kind,  natii 
I  mise,  liiirpain  and  salo,  tie 
I  mwleipf  coiiveyanci;  or  tri 
I  a..iirp.  Inmsfor,  ulipn.  pn; 
I  ihi'V  liavi'  in  thi'  saiiu-,  an 
I  taiil  sncicly  by  their  by -la 
I  Willi  llie  riMils,  issues,  pri 
I  fffiiiillii?  salf,  :)lii;iiali(rn,  i 
I  fiiiiilinn.  ncri.fdinii  to  tlu 
i  ci>ri!iiij!  to  tlio  provisions, 
I  iselli'itu.'illy  and  tiilly,  a 
siitiiliiiii  ;u'.il  law/  ot'll 
I  .tiyli'iind  title  aforesaid,  si 
[  !\VTCil,  defi'iid,  and  bo  di' 
I  al^^ii  m;ike,  have,  ami  use 
jiuillhave  power  also  to  i: 
I  tiL'iiliitions,  as  shall  to  ll 

ii'r  lie  directed),  seem  ii 
j  iMry  to  the  constilutinii  ; 
I  !iii!iilir suili  act.",  niattiT; 
I  netessary  for  the  piirposei 
[  latioiis,  and  |irovisioiis,  hf 

}1  Jlnd  If  If  fiirti  er  en 
\  prnvision?,  shall  fnriii  and 

1.  The  institution  sliai 
I  fir*t  Monday  in  Jiuiiiary.  < 
I  Sfitelary,  TreasuriT,  luiil 
I  (I'ii  iif  liny  nianagor,  «  lio 
I  be  vacated  by  the  board  f 
I  thi^  Imard. 

2.  Tin;  maiiaKor?  shall 

I  whi'iini.iy  oi'ciir  in  tlioir  ( 
j  ni(!v;i|«  and  new  appointn 
j  Hull  tliirtt  101  iiiana^'ors  nr 

3.  .N'ocnioliiiui'iit  white 

4.  The  money  di'posit.  il 
|a<i!iiim,  mill  sli.ill  lii'  ri'pai( 
I  limp  of  siirh  IU'liri'. 

No  sum  le^«  iliun  one 
l»  >  inynienls,  mil, I  they  i 
I  fills  |iir  aiiioini,  or  iwo  f 
jbi'liulned,  will  hour  intore 
I  f.  Iiiteri'sf  is  to  he  o.-tjiii 
I  ii!^:i'l  SII11I8,  no  inlereol  wi 
livo  or  niori'  iiianiiKi 
If  i  led  by  tho  lioaril  of  nii 
If  I'lunny  shall  be  (Iriiwii 
I  The  deposits  ami  payi 
jllp,""itini;  money,  sli  ill  In'. 
|p!i:.iii(MitRhalt  beri'|;iil!irly 
I  II.  A  fasli  hook  ami  lo^et 
ItKiiiiiiiiedialoly  ontoriol. 
I  111.  X  lionk  shall  hp  kopt 
|P'^Mii  iir  persons  to  whom 
I  dm;'  .ed  of  hy  will. 
I  II  I'lie  inaiiazors  shall  t 
[Tr  iJ  ir.T's  aecoiiot,?  ami  i 
1^.  Thu  D'.ttnagers  shall  I 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


105 


I  nlw.   The  details  given  above  will  serve  as  n  favourable  illustration  of  their  nature  as  well 
Lof  the  mode  in  which  the;  have  liccn  administered. 

We  sulijoin,  as  a  farther  illustration  of  their  nature,  the  original  act  of  incorporation  of  th« 
Philndflphia  Society ;  together  with  its  "  rules  and  regulations  respecting  deposites  and 


JIn  Act  iiuorporating  the  PhilaiMphia  Saving  Fund  Snritly. 

Whereas,  n  voluntary  nssnciation  of  a  imint)cr  of  the  ritizi'ns  of  Pliiladplpliia  nticl  its  neiphbnar- 

I  hodil  under  the  tille  of  "The  Philadelphia  Savino  Find  Ho(ii:tv,"  lins  l'(ir  some  time  i^iisted, 

"  I  I'ljj  been  estiiblishod  for  the  sole  piirpofe  of  rcceiviiiK  uml  liivcsllnR  in  piililic  Mtork  or  siitistan- 

lial  si'curlty  on  real  fstiitc,  such  small  sums  as  may  he  8;iveil  from  the  earniiigB  of  tradesmen,  me- 

I  th.iriirs,  labourers,  servants  and  others,  and  of  airnrdintt  to  industrious  persona  the  advunlat'eg  cif 

I  jffiirily  and  liitcreat.     And  wlicrcas  the  members  of  this  so(  iety  hy  their  memorial  to  the  lepisliiture 

Ibvi'  iirayed  to  be  perpetuated,  and  brought  into  leiial  existence  liy  beins!  ineorpDraled  and  establishert 

bv  law.  wilh  pcrpetnal  suci  ei^sion,  for  the  purpose  of  rec,  iving,  lioldiiij;  and  improving,  in  such  way 

I'toiliein  may  seem  proper,  all  such  real  and  personal  extate,  as  the  said  iiislirution  shall  become 

li's'isfcil  nf,  or  entitled  to,  hy  cit'l,  grant,  devise,  bequest,  purchase,  deposit,  loan  and  payment,  for 

llie  piitiMise  of  the  said  institution. 

Tlicrefnrc, 

J  I,  Be  it  enacted  hy  Ike  Siviite  and  IfoMse  nf  Reprrsentalire.i  nf  the.  Cnniwov^rralih  nf  Pennnvlrania 
I  jj  Oriterui  ^ssemblij  met,  and  it  in  nereby  enartnt  by  the  aiilhiirilij  nf  llie  fumr.  That  Andrew  li^iyard, 
gaiii«i:l  Archer,  Uidiard  Uaclie,  Charles  N.  Uancker,  Clement  V.  Middle,  BamiwI  lireck.  Turner  (Ja- 
nwr,  R'Mihcn  Ilaines,  Thomas  Hale,  Adam  Konlgmaclier,  I.udwi!;  Kriimhbnar,  John  ^T'Crea,  t^ainuel 
II,  Morris,  Isaac  W.  Norris,  Richard  I'eters,  .Inn.,  Condy  Hneiiet,  .lopeph  Hotch,  William  Schlatli-r, 
giiiiiiiel  Spacknian,  John  C.  .Stocker,  John  iSlrawbridm',  Unlierts  Vaox,  John  Vauphan.  Daniel  H. 
gniilli.and  Matthew  (,'.  Kalslon,  and  their  successors,  iVri^ver,  he,  and  they  are  licrehy  erected  and 
wie  one  body  politic  and  corporate,  in  de  il  ,>nd  in  law.  by  ilic  name,  slyl  •  and  liile,  of  'Thk  I'lii- 
uiiHPHlA  Savino  I'ind  Soi  iktv,"  and  liy  the  same  name  sinill  have  pirpcliial  t-nccession,  and  arn 
hcrcliy  made  able  and  capable  in  law,  to  Imve,  purchase,  receive,  take.  In. id.  |uif.sess,  enjoy,  and  re- 
tain, Id  lliem  and  their  successors,  lamis,  r"nls,  tenements,  hercdilanienls,  sloi  k,  gO'ds,  cliattcls,  and 
elfi'i Is  of  w liat  kind,  nature,  or  qnalily,  socvei,  whether  real,  personal,  (ir  mixed,  liy  gift,  grant,  de- 
mise, liargain  and  sale,  devise.  iH'quest,  testament,  lepacy,  loan,  deposit  or  advance,  or  by  any  other 
ttindeof  conveyance  or  transfer  wliatever.  and  the  same  to  give,  grant,  bargain,  sell,  deniir-e,  c<mvey. 
a'-iirP.  transfer,  alien,  p'ly,  release,  and  dispose  of,  fur  tlw  v^  Inde  or  any  less  es;ate  or  property  lliau 
Ihc'vliave  in  the  same,  and  also  to  improve  an.l  aiignienl  tlie  same,  in  su(  h  n, aimer  and  Inrni  as  the 
Mill  fdciely  by  their  by-laws  and  regulations  .  ''alt  order  and  direct,  and  shall  and  may  apply  the  same 
Willi  llie  ri'Mls,  issues,  profits,  income,  inlerest  an.i  ,..  '-^  of  such  estate,  and  the  moneys  arising 
Nil  tlic  sale,  alienali'n,  disposal,  or  emidoymenl  thereof  to  the  uses,  eoiis  and  pnrpo;  es  of  their  in- 
sliiiiliiin,  nifi'fding  to  the  rules,  reculal'ins  anil  orders  of  Iheir  society  now  in  force,  or  which,  ac- 
ci ri!iii(,' 10  the  provisiims,  hereinarter  made,  shall  from  lime  to  time,  be  dei  hired,  touchii  g  the  snme, 
BsellVilually  and  tully,  as  any  natural  per^on  or  l)od>  pi.litic  or  corporate  within  this  stale,  by  the 
fii  siiliilieii  and  laws  of  this  comnioiiwealtli,  can  d  and  pertVrm.  And  the  said  society,  liy  llie  name, 
.•lyiaiid  title  afnri  said,  sliall  and  may  sue,  and  be  sued,  plead,  and  be  impleaded,  ansv\  er,  and  be  an- 
suriiL  defend,  and  be  defeiided,  in  all  courts  of  !aw  williin  Ihi^  coiiimonwe.illl;  and  elsewhere,  ami 
al-i  make,  have,  and  use  a  common  seal,  ami  the  same  br,  ak,  alter  and  renew  in  llnir  phasure ;  and 
fhill  have  power  also  to  make,  establish,  ordain,  and  piil  in  execiiliim,  such  by-laws,  i  rilinaiices  and 
n;iilalinns,  as  shall  to  Ihem,  or  a  majorit)  of  such  (imriim  of  Ihem  (as  has  alieady  or  sliall  liere- 
.Hii'i  lie  directed),  seem  meet  or  cunvenieiil  for  the  government  of  such  corporation,  not  being  ton- 
Ir.rj  ID  llie  constitution  and  laws  of  tins  .oinniiiiweallli ;  and  generally  to  do  and  exemle  all  and 
siiisiilir  snrli  arts,  matters  and  things,  w  liicli  to  the  said  diriioralion  shall  cir  may  apiierlain,  and  he 
lii'iessary  for  the  purposes  thereof,  siihjei  t  nevertheless,  to  the  rules,  regulations,  restrictions,  linii- 
liilimis,  and  provisions,  herein  proscribed  and  declared. 

^i..1mlbr  It  fiiril er  I'liurtfcl  ly  the.  aiiiliarilij  •  f.iirsiiid.  That  the  following  rules,  limitations  and 
prnvisioiiF,  shall  firm  and  he  fniidiimental  iirtn  hs  of  ih"  conslitutimi  of  the  1 1  rpeiiiinii. 

I.  The  iiistitntioii  shall  he  conducted  by  Iwenty-fiv,"  niamiL'crs,  who  shill  annually,  on  the 
Hift  Monday  in  January.  <  lionse  one  of  their  number  as  I'resiileiil,  and  shall  have  pewer  to  a]ipoint  a 
Knrilary,  Treasurer,  and  such  other  othcers,  us  the  business  of  tlie  corpoiation  may  leiinire.  The 
fill  III' any  manager,  \>  ho  shall  lia\e  i.egleili  '  ■  :  lieiid  lor  tlirei' successive  staled  meetings,  may 
bf  vuated  by  the  board;  and  any  ot  theortlit  the  society  may  be  r'jmoved  at  the  pleasure  of 

ihH  hoard. 

'.'.Tlie  leanagers  shall  have   piuct  to  fill  n 
ttlii  li  may  occur  in  their  own  beily  nr  ollicers  . 
nii'v;il<  and  new  appointmenis  ;  and  no  anpoii.ime 
lli.ui lliiriii'ii  nianagers  are  present 
3.  No  caiiiliimeiil  whatever  shall  he  rece  veil  by  the  presl.'entnr  mana"ers  for  Iheir  service  , 

I  The  innney  ileposited  shall  bear  ■  iiiliTeni  at  llie  rate  nf  fnur  and  eicht-leiilhs  perc'iit.  per 
aiiiiiiiii.aiiil  shall  he  repaid  when  reij,'  .  ,  iipnu  iwo  weeUs'  nulice.  Willi  llie  inlerest  thereon,  to  tha 
tiiiii"  iif  siiiii  net  ice. 

S  No  sum  Icsii  than  one  dollar  nil-ill  be  received  as  a  depisit,  am!  no  interest -hali  be  allmved  nn 
J'  V  iiiyincnip,  mil, I  they  amount  to  the  sum  of  live  dellars,  the  inlerest  on  wliich  will  be  '.wt  nty-lonr 
cms  |ii'r  aiiiiiim,  or  two  cenls  per  calemlar  innntli.  Kvery  additional  sum  of  live  dollars  that  may 
bi'lml.'i'il,  will  benr  interest  in  the  same  mann.  r. 

f.  Iiilcrisi  is  Id  be  e^lilllalel|  iiycalendir  i.iiiinlis.  and  in  order  to  avoid  the  calculation  of  days  upon 
fi.'i'l  Slims,  no  mleresl  will  lieal'low.'!!  fir  the  IViiclional  \<-\ti:'  of  a  iniuiih. 

ivv"  iir  mere  iiiaiiiiKers  shall  atiind  at  the  nllice  of  ihe  soci 'ly,  at  such  limes  as  may  be  ap- 
[  (     li'l  by  the  liiiard  of  imniagers,  to  receive  deposils.  ami  to  pay  such  sums  as  may  he  withdrawn. 
/■^   i'iHiii.y  s|ii|i|  lie  drawn  out  under  li\e.  dollars,  unless  to  dose  aii  account. 

"  Tilt  ile^nsils  and  payments  shall  he  regularly  entered  in  He  hooks  of  the  office,  and  every  person 
df.i  -iliag  innney,  sli  ill  b,^  furnished  wi'h  a  duplicate  of  liiu  or  her  utt.mnt,  in  which  every  deposit  or 
piiii.cnt  shall  be  regularly  enlereil  as  sunn  as  niacle. 

I).  .\  lasii  honk  ami  le','er  shall  bu  kept  at  .lie  oiili:e,  in  whic:h  tl..i  deposit  money  and  payments  shaH 
bo  iiiiiiK'diiitely  entered. 

III.  .\  liiiok  sliall  be  kept  at  the  office  in  which  I'very  depositor  sball  he  at  liberty  to  appoint  soni« 
P"Miii  iir  pi-rsiins  to  whom,  in  the  event  of  his  or  her  ileatli,  the  r.ioncy  shall  he  paid,  if  not  ollierwis« 
din'  -pil  iif  hy  will, 

II  The  nianazers  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  every  month,  and  five  shall  be  a  quorum.  The  books, 
Tf- IS  in'r's  arcollnt.^  and  other  documents  sh. ill  b"  produced  at  such  meeliii!;s. 

1^  Till!  managers  sliall  be  at  liberty  any  time  to  ruluse  deiiosiis,  and  on  yiving  one  month'j  notic« 


bv  bail  )t,  after  notice  of  one  month,  any  vacancy 
:tt  i-lhirds  of  the  memliers  present  to  UL'ree  in  all  re- 
I'lit  oi  .enioval  to  take  place  when  a  less  number 


i     il 


l^'^''.      ii 


;      :|-l 


%^ 


m 


il!  11* 


i  h 


1 ;  !^ 


I  n 


pr  h  ■  il 


m 


^i-'Lld^t^.i     -I  If 


;:!! 


Plbi 


ii-i 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


iti 


to  return  lucb  as  have  been  made,  with  intrrest  Ihcreon,  to  be  calculated  to  that  time  nml 

]3.  A  report  Rhall  Iiu  anmiilly  prcpuri'd  by  tliren  niulitfirs,  wlin  shnll  nnt  be  nmnaeers  nrnfflcorj  I 
the  corporal  Ion,  cl)0!"'iit  by  the  hoard,  mid  siich  report  shall  ho  piihlihhiul  in  one  or  more  of  th/ 
y.ettea  of  the  (Mty  of  l'!.iia(lnl|iliiii  uml  the  iiiiinuKurs  Hliall  uniiiially  transmit  one  copy  oftlu'/'d 
rc'i'ort  to  the  spoiker  oT  tlic  SiMiile,  iind  oiu!  copy  to  tli^!  e:p.'iiki'r  of  the  House  of  Heprospnlanvp' 

11.  Tlie  iiiamigor.s  shall  mil  receive  ilcposiia  from  any  diie  p  rscm,  to  a  ((reater  unioiint  thnn  fir 
liiiuilreil  dollars  iii  any  ime  year,  and  the  aiiuiiiiit  of  the  deposits  received  liy  the  corporation  shall  i 
no  tiioe  excecil  ilirce  hundred  thousond  dollars.  '      " 

H  3.  ^nd  be  it.  further  enueleii  bii  the  outliority  iif.irc.iidtl,  Tliat  until  the  election  of  the  officers afot. 
Bald,  pursuant  to  this  act.  the  otlicerH  now  elected  and  nppnititeii  »haU  be  and  continue  oflicprsofii! 
Haidsdcicly;  and  t''''t  no  inisr.oirier  of  the  said  eorporalinn,  in  any  deed,  testau.M'l  or  gift  onji' 
devise,  or  other  inslrunient,  or  contract,  or  ronveyaiiC(s  shall  vitiaio  or  defeat  the  s:inie,  ifitie,f!j 
rorporiilion,  sliall  he  suliiei'nlly  (le.scrihed  to  ascertain  the  intent  of  the  party  or  parties,  to  give  I 
vise,  bequeath,  assure  to  or  contract  with  the  corporation  hereby  created,  by  the  name  afornuaid  \'m 
Bhall  any  of  the  iion-u.sers  of  the  said  privileges  herel>y  grantcpl,  create  any  forfeiture  of  the  gi'm. 
but  the  same  may  be  .  rcised  by  tlii  said  corporation  ;  and  nolwithstanding  any  failure  toiniciii 
aiiy  of  the  tinicsnpp  !  ;  ^d  iierein  or  by  the  by-laws  anil  ordinance.s  of  the  said  society,  to  hnlj  iik'iI 
nnimal  or  other  meeli.  for  eleiiions  or  other  sulijecis  lor  consideralioii,  the  officers  then  iiio6« 
nhall  continue  to  lioll  and  exercise  their  renfiective  ofiires,  until  others  shall  be  duly  elected  In  siir. 
ceed  them,  at  some  I'ulure  nieetini;  of  the  said  society,  which  the  said  corporation  is  hereby  aullioN 
ised  to  hold,  for  .^udi  purpose. 

J  I.  ^nd  be  it  further  enacted  b;i  the  authority  nf(ire>!itiJ,  That  if  at  any  time  the  said  corporation  sluO 
misuse  or  nhu^e  any  of  the  privileijes  Krnnted  hy  this  act,  or  If  it  shall  appear  that  the  said  privile,™ 
are  injirioua  to  the  citizens  <>f  this  eomuKriwealth,  the  legislature  sliail  have  power  to  revoke  anJ 
annul  tiieui,  at  any  time  they  may  deem  the  same  expedient. 

Rules  and Iiej;n!atii'ns  re.'peeiinff  Vcpoti's  and  Payments. 
"'      '  1.  Of  Depofitf. 

1.  Kvery  person  dcsirona  of  hecomini:  a  depositor  with  this  society,  shall,  at  the  time  of  niatim 
the  first  deposit,  si^n  his  or  her  n:ime  in  a  Imok  iirovided  for  thc^  purpose,  atul  shall  slate  lilsurliet 
bisinesH,  oceupaliou  or  calliiiK,  and  place  of  residence,  which  shall  he  recorded  in  the  same  Imnk 

2.  No  money  will  he  r^'C-'ived  from  any  d.'posilor,  unless  his  or  her  lioiik  he  brought  al  tiiulimc 
and  the  soci.'ty  will  nol  hold  ilself  acconnfible  for  any  nmuey  brou?lit  to  ils  oliice  to  bo  dppnsiifj' 
unless  an  entry  thereof  h"  nrade  in  the  hook  of  the  depositor  by  the  proper  otBccr  of  the  society  d 
the  time  of  makinc  the  deposit. 

3.  No  sum  li'ss  lliin  one  dollar  can  be  reieived  as  a  deposit,  and  no  person  can  deposit  toagnrter  I 
amount  than  two  hundred  dollars  in  ar,y  one  year. 

■1.  Whenever  the  nuun-ys  standins;  to  the  credit  of  any  depositor  shall  amount  to  the  sum  of  cm 
thousand  dcdiars,  ini  further  deposit  can  be  received  from  sucli  depositor;  and  compound  Inlcreit 
(iiiall  ecas"  ro  he  eomp^ited  in  f.ivinir  of  such  depositor. 

5.  Kvery  deposit  mad.'  hy  one  person  forIh(!  benefit  of  another  person,  shall  be  expressed  tolfii 
trust ;"  and  no  deposit  shv.ll  be  received  or  he  expres.sed  to  be  received,  from  one  person  "iij"  jnotiitr 
person,  or  by  one  person  "fur"  nimlher  [lersiui. 

fi.  No  deposit  will  he  received  in  the  name  of  any  tmitirnrporrtfcil  society  or  nssocialiiin  nf  porsrr!. 
In  all  cases  in  which  any  such  society  or  association  s'lall  he  desirous  of  making  a  depesit,  tlv  fia  I 
may  hi  done  in  the  name  i  f  some  person  "in  triitt  fvr"  such  society  or  association;  midii 
every  such  case,  the  trustee  alone  will  lii;  entitled  to  receive  paymeptsj  and  !iis  receipt,  with  ll»'ri«. 
duction  of  the  hook,  will  he  considered  hy  this  soci  oy,  and  is  a^rei'd  by  the  depr.sitors  to  l;i',  asf. 
rient  discliargi!.  In  case  of  the  death  of  such  Irii-'l"',  or  in  cisp  fh.'  si'ciety  or  association  i|i  '  i 
for  whom  the  deposit  was  made,  shall  be  desiiniis  of  appointing  another  in  his  place,  the  vacauj 
nil  it  he  tilled,  or  the  subsliluti'  ii  made,  according  to  l^w. 

2.   Of  the  intercut  payable  to  DepnHtnr.i. 
tMa  society  at  the  rate  of  /.'j.t  per  ecnt,  per  annum  ;  but  no  intorcslii  I 


Kvery  additiiuial  suiiiol'/ci 


1.  Iiiterest  is  allowed  1 
allowed  on  any  deposits  until  they  amount  to  the  suni  of  Jicii  dtilUrs. 
dollars  will  bear  interrst  in  tlo'  same  manlier. 

2.  Interest  is  estimated  hy  calendar  moiillis,  and  no  iiiterest  is  allowed  for  tile  fractional  parlsofi 
month. 

3.  The  interest  payable  on  deposits  will,  at  the  conclusion  of  every  year,  either  be  added  to  lb) 
principil,  ;iu(l  will  from  lini'  to  hnie  beeoiin'  princip.il,  anil  hear  tile  same  interest,  or  wdl  Lciuijli 
llie  depositor,  according  to  the  rules  prescribed  for  payments. 

3.   (f  pnyntents  to  rjrpnsi'ors. 

1.  Nn  depositor  can  receive  any  payment  without  having  given  two  weeks'  notice. 

1.  Wh<*"i  notice  is  given,  the  bonk  must  lie  sioit  to  the  olhce,  .'iiid  the  Tniasurer  must  be  irformeilil  I 
the  time  h  w  mucli  is  wanted  ;  and  if  the  wliolo  amount  is  wanted,  the  book  must  ho  left  at  tlieoiiti  | 
for  settlement. 

H    At  the  cvpiralion  of  ilii>  two  weeks,  pa'  inent  will  be  made  of  the  anuiotil  required. 

<l.  In  all  cases  in  whi'  h  the  whole  amount   -^  vc;i  lidrawu,  the  hook  m\v^  be  given  up  to  the  .'"ci'ly. 

S  No  sum  lewnilian  live  dollars  can  be  weiidrawn,  iiiil-.ss  to  close  an  account,  or  ui  payumnlolii' 
ter.-st  to  a  depw^ior. 

fi.  iNo  payui'-ri;  <:an  in   iiiy  cas"  be  made,  unless  the  b.io'.i  is  pri)duced  al  the  time  of  giviii;iiii'i: 
and  at  the  e.Kpiration  of  ih  •  two  weeks 

T.  No  check  or  I'rdir  for  Ibe  payment  of  money  will  he  accepted  ;  and  no  transfer  or  assigiUiicnlilil 
the  hook,  or  of  liie  siiouey  bebin^'iiitf  to  a  dep  siior,  can  be  atkiiowh'du'ed. 

B.  1»  '-use  liny  dn^.  ,sitor  shall  hi;  iiw-hle  by  r  -iihoii  iif  sickness  m-  othiT  infirmity,  or  of  ab-c  irofrin  I 
Ibe  city    In  nllriid   /f  person  to  receiv-'  any  payment,  b''  or  sh'*  may  receive  Ito'  s  nee  hy  icciiimfl 
power  of  atlorncy  »ity  executed  aMi  prnveii  or  aeknovcledged.     Illank  poW'is  of  attorney  fLTlta  | 
(/ilirp'>se  wiM!>^  f\nm*ttrA  It  ritii^ .  a!  Ito«  ollice  (tf  iiie  society. 

'J.  Incuse  ..''  Ml'  d^iih  of  /  d.-;,  il.'r,  uayineh'  can  be  made  rnnly  to  his  or  bcr  executors  or  tin  I 
liisfiator.  ir  -■  ML'  iho  l*ook.  iMHvt<s  an  appoimnieiit  shall  hav»'  been  made  by  such  depositor  1 1 tin  I 
hook  of  ,  1  of  .1  p»>f«i«i  lo-uiiceive  the  same,  agreeably  to  the  lUth  article  of  the  coiisliliil:«i  I 

of  this  so.  . 

10    In  all  Cis.s  HI  whicUilfposils  are  madn  in  the  names  of  iwn  or  more  pr-rsons.eitlier  iiitlicit'ii  I 
right,  or  in  trust  I'or  oihers,  they  must  all  apiiear  at  thentfc   w  the  lime  payment  is  desired,. 'nid!!!!  | 
joint  r.'ceiiit,  e.xcepi  in  ctse  <>f  death  or  inability  as  aforesa''<.  nnh'ss  at  til.  time  of  niaMiisllicfc 
posit.  II  is  rvtirc-si'd  on  the  iioiik  of  I  lie  sociciy,  and  signed   by   ,iuch  persons,  that  the  depusii  ii;ijlt  | 
wiliidrawa  t>y  '•eiijter  of  ihtm,"  ur  ''unj'  two  uf  tjionii"  ^  utA^wiacj  as  the  case  may  Iju. 


BANGKOK. 

4.  f)/  flnuftw  /(,*(,  dcftroyrd,  J^-n. 


167 


t  Incase  nny  (Inpnsitor  sliall  Ihsb  IiIh  fir  licr  luiok,  or  th«  fiaiiic  slinll  he  dcctroytd  or  IVaudulently 
b alni'il  from  pmh  ilopdHitdr,  iimntMlhH'  iidlicc  llipreof  in  lo  lii-  pivcn  nt  Itie  otiicc  of  llio  poclcty. 

2  AlVr  lli«  (ixpiniticin  of  llio  two  we  ■!>«  from  llii;  liim-  of  uotire  )!lv(ti)  lliai  any  book  Ijhh  been  lo»l 
nli'slrciyoil,  if  a  tinlisfi:ct<jry  e.\|)laimti(m  bn  eiver,  ninl  a  boml  of  ind"niiiily,  with  n  siifliciisnt  surety, 
?;' ]yji,  in  the  society,  tbc  amount  tu  the  credit  uf  tliu  depoEilor  In  tlie  books  of  thn  gocicty,  will  be 

tmiil  to  liin)  or  lier. 

1  ifllfliiill  aiipear  tlmt  llin  hook  hns  been  friiiiiliilfntly  ohtaiiiptl  from  the  depopitnr  na  nforonnid, 
ihesocioly  sli""  ""•  '"^ ''"'''«  I"  P''y  •''"  'I'lioiint  di.'poslti-rt,  or  any  part  tin-roof,  und  will  not  furnish 
Inotlicr  l"i"l«  •"'  ""•'  'Icpositor,  unloss  sntisfactc.ry  eviilt'iiro  lip  prcMluccd  that  notli'p  of  the  iippliration 
inlliBBOcli'ty  for«iiih  piirpoBe,  was  L'ivoii  at  b'nst  llilrty  ilnyB  previously,  to  the  pcrpou  In  whose  handa 
lielinok  was  supposeil  to  he,  or  if  tlie  person  be  not  known,  tliat  notice  of  audi  application  ivasciven 
Lrllic  Kaiiic  fpacc  of  time,  in  at  least  one  daily  newspaper  published  in  thia  city;  and  a  bond  of  hi- 
Lnilty  shall  also  be  civcn  as  aforesaid. 

Vlluny  person  shall  present  a  deposit-hook  at  tlieo(fl<c  of  this  society,  and  allege  himself  or 
liCTgelf  uiiliuly,  to  lie  the  dipouitor  named  therein,  an.l  slriU  thereby  obtain  from  the  otficurH  of  thlH 
'  l,,ly  iiie  iiniount  deposited,  or  any  part  ther.Mif,  and  ^U<  actual  depositor  shiiil  not  have  given  pre- 
vious netice  at  the  oflice,  of  his  book  having  been  lost  or  taken  from  him,  this  society  will  not  bo 
(ejnonsilili'  for  tlie  loss  so  sustained  by  any  depositor,  tieillier  will  this  institution  be  liable  lo  make 
miillixi  same,  provided  that  such  payment  lias  been  eiileted  in  the  book  of  the  depositor  ut  the  time 
wlien  uiiule. 

5.  Depoaitcrg  to  einrn  thes-r  U!:h.t,  Ifc. 

Every  pi-rson  making  n  deposit  for  the  first  time  is  to  si^-n  a  book  conlainin);  there  Rules  nnd  RcKii- 
|«lion»,  whinli  lie  llierehy  siuoilies  Ills  iisseiit  to  and  his  willingness  to  be  bound  by  :  and  by  receiving 
IhebiKik  with  tliese  llules  and  Re(;ulations  printed  tber'  ,  he  is  informed  of  the  same  :  and  any  aller- 
mjnii  made  in  these  regulations,  and  any  new  ri'gula.i'.is  n  ade  liy  the  managers  shall  be  e(iually 
liiniliiig  nil  all  deii'ositors  as  tiioso  by  them  sulscribed,  aft'/  the  same  shall  have  been  duly  umd« 
known.— Will.  F.d.\ 

BANGKOK,  the  capital  of  the  kitigdom  of  Sia-it.  situated  ahout  20  miles  from  the  sea, 
onliotli  sides  of  llie  river  Mcnara,  but  chiefly  on  i.s  left  or  eastern  bank,  in  lat.  13°  40'  N., 
loiii!.  101°  10' E.  The  Menam  openji  in  the  eetilro  ne.iily  of  the  boltoni  or  the  (5ulf  of 
Slam.  There  is  a  bar  at  its  nioutli,  consisting,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  mud  flui  10  tniles  in 
(loplli,  Tlic  outer  edge  of  tliis  flat,  which  is  little  more  than  200  yards  broud,  is  i'ai.dy  tind 
of  harder  mnterials  than  the  inner  part;  which  is  so  soft,  that  when  a  ship  grouii  !s  on  it 
(liirin?  tlie  elil),  she  often  sinks  S  feet  in  the  mud  and  day,  which  supports  her  uprigl.t,  so 
that  .'^he  is  but  little  iiiconvcniencrd.  The  highest  water  on  the  bar  of  the  Mcnaiii,  from 
Fcliruary  to  September,  is  about  13^  feet ;  and  in  the  remaining  4  months,  somewhat  more 
ihan  14  feet, —  a  dilVomice  probalily  produced  liy  the  accumulation  of  water  at  the  licad  of 
llic  liav  alter  the  sou-h-west  monsoon,  and  by  the  heavy  floods  of  the, rainy  season.  On 
account  of  lite  deficiency  of  water  on  the  bar,  vessels  sent  to  Bangkok  had  better,  perhaps, 
not  exceed  200  or  250  tons  burden.  In  all  other  respects,  the  river  is  extremely  safe  iintl 
romnnNlious.  Its  mouth  is  no  sooner  approached,  than  it  deepens  gradually  ;  and  at  Pak- 
11,1111.  two  miles  up,  there  are  6  and  7  fathoms  water.  This  depth  increases  as  you  a.scend, 
ami  at  Baiic:kok  is  not  less  than  9  futhams.  The  only  danger  is,  or  rather  was,  a  sand  bank 
(i|V  I'akiiain.  Inire  at  low  water ;  luit  on  this  a  fort  or  battery  has  been  erected  within  the  la.st 
l.iv  years,  atVording  at  all  times  u  distinct  beacon.  'I'lie  channel  of  the  river  is  so  equal,  that 
nsliip  may  range  from  one  .side  to  another.  ap|ir(incliing  the  banks  so  closely  that  her  yards 
may  literally  overhang  thcni.  The  iiiivigation  is  said  to  be  equally  safe  all  the  way  up  to 
the  old  cajiital  of  Vnlhia,  80  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

The  city  of  Bangkok  extends  along  the  banks  of  the  Menam  to  the  distance  of  about  2-^ 
miles;  but  is  of  no  great  breadth,  probalily  not  e.vceediiig  H  mile.  On  the  left  bank  there 
i»  a  lone;  street  or  row  of  floating  houses;  each  house  or  sltop,  for  they  arc  in  gi-ncral  both, 
consisiingof  a  distinct  vessel,  which  may  be  moored  any  where  along  the  banks.  Besides 
the  principal  riv.r,  which  at  the  city  is  about  a  (luarter  of  a  mile  broad,  the  country  is  ititer- 
srtvd  Iw  a  great  number  of  triluilary  stream.^  and  ciinais,  so  that  almost  all  intercourse  at 
I)ani;kuk  is  liy  water.  'I'he  population  has  been  computed  at  50,000  or  00,000,  half  of 
whnmare  Oliiiiese  settlers. 

The  total  area  of  the  kingdom  of  Siain  has  been  estimated  at  190,000  square  miles,  nnd 
llie  puptdatiun  at  only  2.79(),.'S00.  |irincipally  resident  in  the  rich  valley  of  the  Menam.  Of 
the  entire  popiilalicii.  it  is  supposed  that  not  less  than  440,000  are  Chinese.  The  common 
liPCfssaries  of  lite  at  Bangkok  are  exceedingly  cheaji.  A  cwt.  of  rice  may  always  be  had  for 
'*'.  and  very  often  for  l.v.  Other  necessaries,  such  as  salt,  palm-sugar,  spices,  vegetables, 
fish,  and  even  llesh,  are  proportion  ably  cheap.  'J'lie  price  of  good  pork,  for  example,  is  'Zhd. 
I'trlli.  A  duck  may  be  had  for  "id.  and  a  fowl  for  <ii1.  The  neighbourhood  of  Bangkok  is 
one  of  the  most  productive  places  in  the  world  for  lino  I'ruils  ;  for  here  are  assembled,  and  to 
lie  had  in  the  greatest  perfection  and  abundatice,  the  orange  and  the  lichi  of  China,  the 
niaiigoe  of  Hiiidostan,  and  the  mangostcin,  duriaii,  and  shaddock  of  the  Malay  countries, 

X'lwirf,  )[f/r.l,iv,  ,nul  MeitsurFi'.  —  i'vM  and  cop|«'r  are  not  used  as  money  in  f  iam,  and  the  currency 
riin>i,vtsonlyof  luwrie  shells  anil  silver.  The  deiioiiiinalioiis  ari'  as  I'lllivv  : — VKKIblaor  cowries  ninku 
I  fi'lini-nunJ! ;  •:  p'tiai-nuiiL'S.  1  siiiL'-p'hai  j  i  sing-p'liais,  I  fuang;  2  fuaniis,  1  salung  ;  4saluiigs,  1  tal 
onirnl;  SOtiiiils.  I  lailie;   KKI  ealties,  1  piciil. 

Tlii'Hiriniliinl  coin  is  tin;  iial.  which  r.iitopoaiis  liav;'  called  a  tical;  len  there  are  also  coins,  tnou(!h 
leta  Ire^uciitiy,  of  tiie  lower  dunominutmns     Tliese  are  of  a  rude  and  peculiar  form.    They  are,  in 


I  I  : 


Mi;    '■ 


:   I   :i 


5  I 


1'  'I'M'if 


:'^    'r  :t: 


'!:.  :f 


ii;  I , 


iJ 


Ir 


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it! 


\^]f 


*■■■.;.! 


.■  iJiWnlli-'if!! 


I'c'i 


les 


BANGKOK. 


fcct,  nnthlni  more  thiin  ini:ill  bll»  of  n  sliver  bnr  bunt,  and  thn  endii  bftnton  lofelher.  TTiMif,  i. 
preneit  with  two  or  three  siiiiill  stniiips,  nut  nivc^riii)}  ihi-  wliohs  siirlucc  of  the  coin.  Tlie  miiclS 
pjcul  are,  of  courifl.  only  usuil  in  »|MMikiiig  of  large  giiiiiM  of  money.  (Jubl  mid  illver  are  weijheiiJ, 
•mnll  weights,  which  huve  the  lamedenoniiniitidnMiiH  the  coins.  'I'lir  p'!iai-niing,the  InweiiofihM 
la  In  this  caae  subdivided  into  32  snitns,  or  red  beiins,  the  Mrug  p  ccituriua  of  botitnisls.  ™ 

The  bnt,  or  tical,  was  assayed  n  the  mint  of  Cab  iiitii ;  It  wan  tViund  to  wciRh  336  grains;  iii||,gj 
«rd,  however,  was  unr.ertniii,  and  Ihn  valiio  of  dlflTT.Mit  spni^iinens  varied  from  I  rupee  3  anii  iij 
3  pice,  to  1  rupee  Sanai  and  7  pice.  The  value,  therefore,  In  sterling  money,  is  about  i$.  td.,tUi!k 
■o  considered. 

In  rosperlto  ordinary  measures,  the  Siamese  cattle  Is  double  the  weljiht  of  the  Chinese  rattle,  «||U 
as  is  well  known.  Is  eipial  to  It  lb.  avoirdupois.  The  picul,  however,  is  of  thr  same  weiitht, coniJ. 
Ing  in  the  one  case  of  .W  catties  only,  and  in  the  other  of  1()0.  In  weifbing  rice  and  salt,  a  large  iii«" 
■ure  Is  used,  consisting,  in  respect  to  the  first  of  'H  piruls,  and  of  the  last  of  23  piculs.  Rleeii  % 
measured  by  the  basket,  of  which  IflO  fn  lo  the  large  measure  above-mentioned. 

The  long  measures  arc  as  fullow  :-'13  finger  breadths  make  I  spin  ;  '.2  spans,  1  cubit ;  4  cahlti  ||^. 
thom  ;  aofnthdins,  1  sen  ;  and  100 sen,  1  yuta,  or,  as  it  is  more  commonly  pronounced  by  the  gJa'nitK 
yut.  The  fathom  is  the  measure  of  most  frequent  use,  and  the  Hinniese  have  a  pole  of  tliiii|eni|k 
divided  into  its  frnctionni  parts.  This,  as  nearly  as  can  bo  ascertained.  Is  equal  lo  al<nul  6  fee) | 
inches.  The  sen  appears  to  be  also  used  in  the  admeusurenicnt  of  land,  and  to  be  the  name  uf  a  inuiH 
measure  of  30  fhthonis  to  the  side. 

Port  Regulations  and  Ditliei. — As  soon  as  a  European  ship  reaches  the  bar  of  Slam,  she  mini,  i,. 
cording  to  the  regulations  of  the  country,  coinninnicate  with  the  cliier  of  the  village  ol'  Paknain, li 
the  month  of  the  Mcnam,  and  from  him  obtain  a  pilot.  At  i'akuani,  the  rule  is  to  hiiiil  uiiiiiiUNiiion 
cannon,  and  small  arms;  but  this  regiilalii)n  is  not  very  rlBidlyiiisit.ted  on.  The  diilles  nnilmh.l 
Imposts  levied  on  external  trade  are  somewhat  complex,  and  dilfer  in  some  degree  arcnriliri;  tn  \\n 
class  of  vessels  subjected  to  them,  and  which  consist  of  Junks  carrying  on  trade  with  China  Pionei 
junks  of  the  island  of  Ilai-nan,  junks  trading  to  the  Malay  HIaiids.  and  Knropean  Ahippin;.  riit 
Imposts  consist  of  a  duty  on  the  measurement  or  diinensions  of  the  vessel ;  an  a<;l  ttalnren  ilmviip,,) 
Imports  ;  and  a  rated  taritf  in  most  rases,  with  an  ad  rnlnrfta  duty  in  a  few,  on  exporid  Tlie  lini 
named  class  of  vessels,  viz.  :  (lie  lai^e  junks  trading  with  iIk^  principal  ports  of  China,  pnynomu. 
Rurenient  or  import  duties,  becaii-ie  tlicsM  are  vesnels  heloiigiii!;  to  the  king,  or  to  the  princM.orfoiir. 
tiers,  licensed  to  engage  freely  in  this  branch  of  trade.  The  Kai-nan  junks  pay  40  tlcals  pnr  fihwn 
fathom,  on  the  oxtreiiin  liri-adth  of  ihe  ves.nel.  The  jiiiiki*  trailing  to  the  Malay  countriia,  In  ijeuot 
measurement  duty,  !.t}  i:)l)  liculs  each,  without  regard  to  size.  Neither  of  these  vessels  pay iminiti 
duties.  The  menVurom'iit  duties  on  Ruropean  v(;sscls  are  estimated  at  IIH  ticalsper  fillinin,  boilh 
Kii  incnnRlderahIo  impost  in  the  torm  of  an  anrhorase  fee.  The  cargoes  of  these  alone  pay  an  liii{Xiit 
duty,  which  is  reckoned  at  8  per  ri>nt   ad  valorem,  levied  in  kind. 

The  tarilfon  oxpnrts consists  nf  spocii'.v  duties,  nl'  which  the  fdlowing  arc  specimens:— 

Ivory  ......  pL-r  picul  -  -    21  licalj, 

Stick  lac-------  -  -     \ 

8ui.'nr, if  exported  umlcr  a  European  flag  -  -  .  .    ij 

Ditto  —  un  Indian  Mag  .  -  .  .    i 

Cotton  wool  .--...  ..^ 

Trade, — The  I'oreiRii  trade  of  Siain  U  conducted  with  Cliinn,  Cochin  China,  Cambopj, 
and  Tonquin,  Java,  Singapore,  and  the  other  British  ports  within  the  Straits  or  Malacci, 
with  an  occasional  intercourse  with  Bombay  and  Siiriit,  England  and  America.  The  moil 
important  branch  of  tiie  foreign  trade  is  that  with  China.  This  is  wholly  carried  on  ia 
vessels  of  Chinese  form,  navigated  by  Chinese,  but  the  ctreater  portion  of  them  are  buili  in 
Siam.  The  whole  of  the  Chinese  trade  centres  in  Bangkok,  with  the  e-tceplion  of  a  few 
junks,  which  trade  to  Sungora  and  Ligor.  The  ports  of  (^hina  wliich  carry  on  trade  wiih 
Siam,  are,  Canton,  Kiang-tnui,  and  Chaiiiriim,  in  ilie  province  of  tiuanlong;  Amoi,  or '^■■iiti 
in  Fokien ;  Limpo,  or  Ximpo,  in  ( !hekiuii'r  ;  with  !Siaiig-hat  and  Saochen,  in  Kianj-nan; 
besides  several  ports  of  the  great  island  Hai-nan.  These  junks  are  expected  in  Siam  in  the 
following  onkr; — those  of  the  island  of  Hai-nan  usually  arrive  in. January  ;  and  llioscfrom 
the  provincvs  of  Canton,  Fokien,  and  (Jhekiang,  in  the  latter  end  of  Feltruary,  and  iliran 
to  thr  l»eainning  of  April.  They  all  sail  from  the  Mcnuin  in  tlie  months  of  Jinic  and  July, 
when  the  aouth-wi»8i  monsoon  is  at  its  height,  and,  of  course,  there  is  but  one  voyage  pof' 
formed  yeurlv.  The  tmports  from  (Jhina  are  very  numerous,  consisting  of  what  are  called 
in  eoinmercittl  language  "  assorted  cai'goes."  Tile  following  is  a  list  of  the  princi(>al  coi* 
llio«iities: — Coarse  earthenware  and  porcelain,  .•■pelter,  ijuickHilver,  tea,  laeksoy  (vermicelli), 
dried  fruits,  raw  silk,  crapes,  satins,  and  other  silk  lulirics,  nankeens,  shoes,  fan'^,  umbrfilas, 
writiwg  paper,  saiTilicial  paper,  incense  rods,  and  many  other  minor  articles.  Not  tlie  le*« 
vitlualile  part  of  the  importations  are  itnniigranls. 

The  ex|Mirts  from  Siam  are  also  very  various,  but  the  followincr  list  eomnrehends liie  iBUt  I 
Cimsiderable : — Black  pepper,  .sugar,  tin,  cardamoms,  enirle-wood,  sapan-vvoixl,  red  Mianijroie 
bark,  cose-wood  for  furniture  and  cabinet  work,  cotton,  ivory,  stick  '  le,  rice,  nreca  nuts,  srf 
fish;  •'  :  hides  and  skins  of  oxen,  butfatoes,  elephants,  rhinocerose,^,  deer,  tiijers,  itoiiarils. 
otters,  civet  cats,  and  pangolins;  of  snakes,  and  rays,  with  the  belly-shell  of  u  »}wcifs of 
land  tortoise;  the  horns  of  the  butllilo,  ox,  deer,  and  rhinoceris  ;  the  Uuies  of  the  o\,  hullili), 
elephant,  rhinoceros,  and  tiger ;  drieil  deer's  sinews;  t!ie  feathers  of  the  pelican,  of  seveiil 
species  of  storks,  of  the  peacock  and  kingfisher,  &e. ;  and,  lliially,  esculent  swallow-;'  wf^ 
The  tonnage  carrying  on  the  China  trade  amounts  in  all  to  probalily  about  1.30  junks  in 
number,  a  few  of  which  arc  of  1,000  tons  burden,  and  the  whole  shipping  is  not  short  i 
36,000  tons. 

The  trade  with  the  different  countries  of  the  Malay  Archipelago  forms  the  ne.xt  mostin> 
poi-tant  branch  of  the  Siarae.se  commerce,  and  the  only  one  respecting  whicli  it  can  I*  n«» 
■ary  lo  give  any  particulars  in  this  place     It  ib  conducted  with  the  following  ports:— Palain, 


BANKHUPT  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


tm 


Kilmtsn,  Trinijnno,  Pahonof,  Rhio,  Sinafapsre,  Malncca,  Pnnnng,  Data\ia,  Samarang, 
Chenhon!  Palomhang,  and  Ponlianak.  In  thi«  intercourse,  the  utajile  exports  of  Siam  ar« 
wit,  oil,  and  rice ;  to  which  may  be  added  the  minor  articles  of  itick  lac,  iron  pant, 
Jrse  earthenware,  hog»'  lard,  &c.  The  returns  are  British  and  Indian  piece  goods,  opium, 
with  a  little  glass  ware,  and  some  British  woollens  from  the  Eu7opean  settlements,  with 
commodities  suited  for  the  Chinese  market,  such  as  pi^pper,  tin,  dragon's  blood,  rattana, 
bichiHle-mer,  esculent  swallows'  nests,  and  Malay  camphor  from  the  native  ports. 

The  following  are  lieiieved  to  be  the  quantities  of  the  two  grentest  staple  articles  of  Siamese 
export;  viz.  clayed  sugar,  1U,000  tons;  black  pepper,  3,533  tons. 

(We  are  indebted  for  thiM,  as  we  have  been  for  many  other  excellent  communications,  to 
I  our  esteemed  friend,  John  Crawfurd,  Esq.,  who  ascertained  the  psrtirulnrs  on  the  spot.) 

BANKRUPT  Ann  BANKRUPTCY.  In  the  general  senHC  of  the  term,  bankrupt  is 
equivalent  to  insolvent,  and  is  applied  to  designate  any  individual  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 
Bui  in  the  Inw  of  England  bankrupts  form  that  particular  class  of  insolvents  who  are  en- 
mei  in  trade,  or  who  "  seek  their  living  by  buying  and  selling,"  and  who  are  declared, 
upon  the  oath  of  one  or  more  of  their  creditors,  to  have  committr<l  what  the  law  has  defined 
llabeiMactofbankruptei/.  At  present,  however,  we  shall  merely  lay  before  the  reader  a 
few  uliscrvations  witii  ri'spect  to  the  princi|)le8  and  leading  provisions  embodied  in  the  law  as 
to  bankruptcy  and  insolvency;  referring  the  reader  to  the  article  lysotvKxcv  and  Bank- 
ii'PTcr,  for  a  detailed  statement  of  these  and  the  other  provisions  in  that  law. 

"All  classes  of  individuals,  even  those  who  have  least  to  do  with  industrious  undertakings, 
ire  exposed  to  vicissitudes  and  miHfortuncs,  the  occurrence  of  which  may  render  them  inca- 
pable of  making  good  the  engagements  into  which  they  have  entered,  and  render  them 
liaiikriipt  or  insolvent.  But  though  bankruptcy  is  most  frequently,  perhaps,  produceil  by  un- 
conlrollable  causes,  it  is  frequently  also  produced  by  the  thoughtlessness  of  individuals,  or 
Uy  ihcir  repugnance  to  make  those  rctrenrhinenta  which  the  state  of  their  aft'iirs  demands; 
I  and  8v;iii?»imes  also  by  fraud  or  bad  faith.     Hence  it  is,  that  the  laws  with  respect  to  bank- 
I  raptoy  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  the  judicial  system  of  every  state  in  which  commerce 
I  has  niade  any  progress,  and  credit  been  introduced.    They  dilfcr  exceedingly  in  different 
I  countries  and  stages  of  society ;  and  it  must  he  acknowledged  that  they  present  very  many 
I  liifficultieg,  and  that  it  is  not  possible,  perhaps,  to  suggest  any  system  against  which  pretty 
i  plausible  objections  may  not  be  made. 

"The  execrable  atrocity  of  the  early  Roman  lavvs  with  respect  to  bankruptcy  is  well 
I  known.  According  to  the  usual  interpretation  of  the  law  of  the  twelve  tables,  which  Cicero 
I  has  so  much  eulogised",  the  creditors  of  an  insolvent  debtor  might,  after  some  preliminary 
I  formalities,  cut  his  body  to  pieces,  each  of  them  taking  a  share  profiortioncd  to  the  amount 
I  of  his  debt;  oml  those  who  did  not  choose  to  resort  to  this  horrible  extremity,  wero 
I  authorised  to  subject  the  debtor  to  chains,  stripes,  and  hard  labour ;  or  to  sell  him,  his  wife, 
I  anil  children,  to  perpetual  foreign  slavery  trans  Ti/beniit.'  This  law,  and  the  law  giving 
I  fathers  the  power  of  inflicting  capital  punishment  on  their  children,  strikingly  illustrate  tho 
I  ferocious  and  sanguinary  character  of  the  early  Romans. 

"  There  is  reason  to  think,  from  the  silence  of  historians  on  the  subji'ct,  that  no  nnfortu- 
I  nate  debtor  ever  actually  felt  tho  utmost  severity  of  this  barbarous  sciitenrc  ;  but  ihi^  history 
I  of  the  republic  is  full  of  accounts  of  popular  commotions,  some  of  which  led  to  very  impor- 
f  tant  changes,  that  were  occasioned  by  the  exercise   of  the  {)owcr  given  to  the  creditors  of 

•isiavinj  their  debtors,  and  subjecting  them  to  corporal  punishnieiits.  Tho  law,  however, 
Icntinued  in  this  state  till  the  year  of  Rome  427,  120  years  after  the  promulgation  of  the 
Itivelve  tables,  when  it  was  ref/caled.  It  was  then  enacted,  that  the  persons  of  dcbturs  should 
Jceasctobe  at  the  disposal  of  their  creditors,  and  that  the  latter  should  merely  be  authorised 
Ito  seize  upon  the  debtor's  goods,  and  sell  them  liy  auction  iu  satisfaction  of  llieir  claims.  In 
jihc  subseijuent  stages  of  Roman  jurisprii.lonce,  further  changes  were  made,  which  seem 
[pneraliy  to  have  knined  to  the  side  of  the  delitor;  ami  it  was  ultimately  ruled,  that  an  itidi- 
jvijinlwho  liul  become  insolvent  without  having  conihiitied  any  fraud,  sh..,d(l  upon  making 
latf«i(; /)f/)i(/mw,  or  a  surrendir  c*"  his  ciiiiro  property  to  his  creditors,  bo  oiititled  to  an 
|exemptioii  from  all  personal  penalties. — {Tcrmson,  Hiatiurc  dc  la  Jurvpnideiire  Rumaine, 

|p.n7.) 

"Tholaw  of  England  distinguishes  between  the  insolvency  of  periann*  engaged  in  trade, 
lanililmt  nf  others.  The  fonira- r  can  alone  be  nwdc  baidini|,ts,  and  ^re  dealt  with  iu  a  com- 
Iparativcly  lenient  manner.     -The  law,'  says  lilackstone,  'is  cautious  of  •iicouniiring  prodi- 

plily  anil  extravagance  by  indulgence  to  debtors;  and  ihoreforc  it  allows  the  benefit  of  the 
llawjof  bankruptcy  to  none  but  actual  traders,  since  that  set  of  men  are,  generally  s[>e»king, 
llhciinlv  persons  liable  to  accidental  losses,  and  to  an  inability  'if  p:iyiiig  their  debts  ft.Uiout 
|iiny  Idult  of  their  own.     If  person*  iri  otiifr  sitiiatlijus  i»f  life  run  in  debt  without  tiie  jxjwoi 

lof  payment,  they  must  take  the  cwMe^  juencos  of  their  owa  indiscrvliou,  ev«n  though  they 


"tiiant  Diiiiii-a,  licet !  1     mil  qiioil  » . 

milii  viii.'liir  iliiiiile.  iiii  tiiliniunim  til)i>ll  . 
■"■■el  utilitntw  uliertutv;  supiTure.— TJe 
Vol,  I._P 


■  ifiT-i*    OMlierritU;  iiiniiiuni  pliilnRopli   rum  iinua 
'iiui  I- Allen  et  iM[tila  vidvrit  et  iiutiioritutis  jxiQ 


I ; 


::  ■■■! 


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■1  ^' 


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hi! 


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X% 


1  •'!  ;  M 

'      i'-ii 


170 


BANKRUPT  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


iia'^la 


moot  with  sudden  accidcnta  timt  mny  reduce  their  fortuncfi;  for  the  law  hoKIa  it  to  Lc » 
unjiimifiulilo  pructioo  fur  any  person  but  a  trader  to  eiirunibor  himHolf  with  debts  of  any  cun. 
mdi!ral)lu  v:iIur,  If  a  i;untlcniun,  or  one  in  n  lllierul  i  rofuiiHiiin,  at  the  titnu  of  ('oiiliuciinrii^ 
di'bts  hai  a  tmilU-ifut  fund  to  pay  them,  the  delay  of  payment  is  a  specicH  of  diHbiinrxiv.'aiii] 
n  temporary  injustice  to  his  creditors  ;  and  if  at  such  time  ho  has  no  Kuniciont  fund,  liie  ilij. 
honesty  and  injustice  are  the  greater:  lie  cannot,  tiicrcforc,  inurnuir  if  ho  sulVer  tliu  puiii4 
incnt  he  has  vuiuatarily  drawn  upon  himself.  But  in  niurcantile  transactions  the  ca-iiiiirai 
otht  rwise  ;  trade  cannot  be  carri  d  on  without  mutual  crc<iit  on  both  sides  ;  the  contniclini 
of  debts  is  here  not  only  jiisliliabic,  hut  necessary  j  ami  if,  by  accidental  calamities,  m  by  i!ij 
hiss  of  a  ship  in  a  tempest,  the  failure  of  brother  traders,  or  by  the  nonpayment  of  persomiui 
of  traile,  a  uicrcliinit  or  trader  becomes  incapable  of  dischargiiiK  his  own  debts,  it  i.i  hi^  ims. 
fortune  and  not  his  fault.  To  the  misfortunes,  therefore,  of  debtors,  the  law  hiw  given  ■ 
enmpassionato  remedy,  hut  denied  it  to  their  faults  ;  since  at  tlie  saino  time  that  it  proviJoj 
fur  till' security  of  commerce,  by  enaoliinj  th;it  every  eonniil«;iablo  tri>Jer  may  be  declanj  | 
bankrupt,  for  tho  licnelit  of  his  creditors  as  well  as  himself,  it  Ims  also,  to  discourage  cxttun. 
ginicc,  declared  that  no  one  shall  be  capable  of  being  made  a  b.uikrupt  but  only  a  trailer,  iioi 
capable  of  receiving  the  full  benefit  of  the  statutes  but  only  an  iiidusirioua  trader.' — (Cui^i 
mentarlcs,  book  ii.  cap.  31.) 

".\fter  the  various  proceedings  with  respect  to  ba.ikrujitey  haveheen  gone  llirnuMiiif 
nothing  he  discovered  to  impoaeh  the  honesty  of  the  debtor,  bo  is  allowed  a  certifiwic  oi 
discharge,  provided  three  out  of  five  of  his  creditors  both  in  nnn^ber  and  value  agree  to  sifn 
it  The  bankrupt  is  then  entitled  to  a  reasonoblo  allowance  out  of  his  elfects;  wliicli  ij 
however,  made  to  depend  partly  on  the  m.ignitudc  of  his  dividend.  Thus,  if  bis  cfTocts  will 
not  j)ay  half  bis  debLs,  or  10.';.  in  tiic  pound,  he  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  comini8.siunen 
and  assignees,  to  have  a  competent  sum.  allowed  him,  not  exceeding  3  per  cent  iipoiihii 
estate,  or  300/.  in  all ;  but  if  his  estate  pay  10s.  in  the  pound,  he  is  to  be  allowed  .5  \m  rent, 
provided  anch  allowance  do  not  exceed  400/. ;  12,s'.  fu/.  then  TA  percent,  under  a  limitaiion 
ns  before  of  its  not  exceeding  500/.;  and  if  1.5.v.  in  the  pound,  then  tho  bankrupt  shall  U 
allowed  1 0  per  cent,  ujmn  his  estate,  provided  it  do  not  exceed  COO/. 

"According  to  our  present  law,  when  a  person  not  a  trader  becomes  insolvent,  he  miy 
after  being  actually  imprisoned  at  the  suit  of  .somo  of  his  creditors  for  fourteen  days,  jircsont 
a  petition  to  the  court  to  be  relieved  ;  and  upon  surrendering  his  entire  property,  hci^,  uii. 
less  something  fraudulent  be  Ohtablislied  against  him,  entitled  to  a  discharge.  While,  how. 
ever,  the  ccrtilieate  given  to  tho  bankrupt  vclicves  him  from  all  future  claims  on  nc  count  of 
debts  contracted  previously  to  his  bankruptcy,  the  discharge  given  to  an  insolvent  onlr 
relieves  him  from  imprisonment;  in  the  event  of  his  afterwards  accumulating  any  pro])crl¥, 
it  may  be  seized  in  payment  of  the  debts  contracted  anterior  to  his  insolvency.  This  |iriiici. 
pie  was  recognised  in  the  cesaio  bonorum  of  tlie  Romans,  of  which  the  insolvent  act  is  nearly 
a  ropy. 

"  It  may  be  questioned,  however,  notwithstanding  what  Blaekstono  has  stated, 'vh  .'.,tt 
there  be  any  good  ground  for  making  a  distinction  between  the  insolvency  of  traikrs  anil 
other  individuabi.  There,  are  very  few  trac'es  so  hazardous  as  that  of  a  farmer,  and  yet 
should  he  become  insolvent,  he  is  not  entitled  to  tlic  same  privileges  he  would  have  cnjiyeil 
had  he  been  the  keeper  of  an  inn,  or  a  commission  agent !  The  injustice  of  this  distil  ctiuii 
is  obvious;  but,  without  dwelling  upon  it,  it  seems  jjretty  clear  that  certilicates  shouU  lie 
grmted  iiuliscriiTiinately  to  all  honest  debtors.  Being  relieved  from  all  ccmcernastaliii 
previo\is  incumbrances,  an  insolvent  who  has  obtained  a  certificate  is  prompted  to  ncit 
himself  vigorously  in  future,  at  the  same  time  that  his  friends  are  not  deterred  from  coming 
forward  to  his  asf 'stance.  But  when  an  insolvent  continues  liable  to  his  previous  dehls,  iw 
one,  however  favour.dily  disposed,  can  venture  to  ai.l  him  with  a  liien  ;  atid  he  is  discouragoil, 
oven  if  lie  had  means,  fr.im  attempting  to  earn  any  thing  more  than  a  bare  livelilioou; .«) 
that,  while  ereditors  do  not,  in  one  case  out  of  a  hundred,  gain  the  smallest  sura  by  tlii 
constant  liability  of  the  insolvent,  his  energies  and  uselulness  are  forever  p.iraly-icd. 

"The  p  ilicy  of  imprisoning  for  debtsecMns  al-io  exceedingly  questionable.  Notwillistanil. 
ing  the  deference  due  to  the  great  authorities  who  huve  v:;iuicati'd  this  practice,  I  coiifosl 
am  unable  to  diseover  any  thing  very  cogent  in  the  reasijuings  advanced  in  its  favour.  Pr* 
vided  a  person  in  iii'iolvent  circumstances  intimate  hii  situation  to  his  creditors,  and  ollirlo 
make  a  voluntaiy  surrender  of  his  projierty  to  lliem,  he  has,  as  it  appears  to  uic,  donf  all 
that  should  be  p/qnireil  of  him,  and  ought  not  to  vnulergo  any  imprisonment.  If  ho  hiiJ  Je- 
ceived  bis  creditors  by  false  representations,  or  if  he  eoiieeal  or  fraudnleiillj  convey  away 
any  jiart  of  his  property,  he  should  of  course  be  subjected  to  the  jiahis  and  penalties  iitlaAiJ 
to  swindling;  but  when  pueh  practices  ar(^  not  alleged,  or  cannot  be  proved,  sound  policy,! 
nnpreheiid.  would  dictate  tliat  creditors  ought  to  hive  no  power  over  the  persons  of  ikil 
del)tors,  am!  tliat  they  slmuld  b^  e.ititled  only  to  their  cTeets.  The  maxim  c.irvcr  iwiifnU 
is  not  more  trite  tlian  true.  It  is  said,  that  the  fear  ot"iin;irisnnin;'nt  operates  as  a  chovtw 
prevent  persons  from  getting  into  debt;  and  so  no  doubt  it  does.  But  then  it  must,  oiilte 
othci  hand,  be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  power  to  imprison  tempts  individuals  to  trust  toiu 


BANKRUPT  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


171 


'  llucncc  to  cnforro  paymrnt  oftlicir  rliiiiii<i,  and  niakontbom  Iru  caiitiouH  in  thoir  inquiriet 
"- 10  the  f onililion  nriil  eirrumntaiiccB  of  those  to  whom  they  give  credit.     The  rnrrlcMncM 


(iflrailtwiif"  aiiJ  ihi'ir  pxtrcnu)  CHniCHliifHS  tu  ohtuiii  cuHtoiti,  arp,  more  thun  uny  tliirm  else, 
the  ercat  caufc  of  iiiaolvcncy  ;  niiil  the  power  of  iinpriHoiiiiiff  mrroK  'i'ikIh  to  foBter  and  en- 
raunwo  lti<:i"'  hiibilM.  If  a  trndcwinnn  trunt  nil  individual  witii  i\  loan  of  monry  or  Kooda, 
tvhirli  lie  '\»  unnlilo  to  pay,  he  huK  made  a  had  H[)eciilit*.ion.  But  why  oiiglit  ho,  borniiKe  he 
hail  dono  so.  to  l)e  allowed  to  anvnl  the  debtor's  pemon  1  If  he  winhrd  to  have  perfect  hocu- 
riiy,  he  either  nliould  not  have  dealt  with  him  at  all,  or  dealt  with  him  only  for  ready  money ; 
lucii  iransaetioiiH  are,  on  the  jiurt  of  tradeHineii  iM'rIijrIly  voluntary  ;  and  if  they  pliice  undue 
foiitWince  ill  a  debtor  who  hiin  not  misled  tlicm  hy  erroneous  rcprcBCiitations  cf  his  alfairs, 
tlicy  have  tliemselves  only  to  blumo. 

"It  would  really,  therefore,  ax  it  appears  to  uh,  bo  for  the  ailviintace  of  creditors,  were  all 
™j,jl,)focee<ruiR«  ai?ainst  the  peijoiix  of  lioncdt  dobtors  aboliiihed.  The  dependence  |>liiced 
on  tiii'ir  clHcaey  is  deceitful.  A  tradPHinan  ou;(ht  rather  to  triift  to  his  own  prudence  and 
MiMcity  to  keep  out  of  scrajiea,  than  to  the  law  for  redretts;  ho  may  deal  upon  credit  with 
thii*  whom  ho  knows ;  but  he  should  deal  for  ready  money  only  with  those  of  whosa 
fircunwtaiiws  and  characters  ho  is  cither  ignorant  or  suKfiicious.  By  brini^ing  penal  Htatutes 
to  Ills  aid,  he  is  rendered  remiss  and  ncnlii?nnt.  He  has  the  only  elltctual  means  of  security 
in  his  own  hands ;  anil  it  seems  highly  inexpedient  that  he  should  be  taught  tu  neglect  them, 
aiiil  put  his  trust  in  prisons, 

'•his  pretty  evident,  too,  that  the  eincacy  of  imprisonment  in  deterring  individuals  from 
running  inio  debt  has  boeii  greiitly  overrated.  Insolvents  who  ore  hoiicrt,  must  have  suf- 
fircJ  from  misfortune,  or  been  dimi|ipi)iiited  in  the  Iioiich  they  entertained  of  being  able,  in 
oneway  or  other,  to  dischan^e  their  di.'bis,  The  fear  of  imprirtonincnt  does  not  greatly  in- 
(luonce  such  persons ;  for  when  they  contract  debts,  they  have  no  doubt  of  their  ability  to 
rayliifin.  And  though  the  inipriHOnment  of  lioiiti  fde  insolvents  were  abolished,  it  would 
give  no  I'licouriigcment  to  the  practices  of  those  who  endeavour  to  raise  money  by  fiilsie  re- 
iircacntations ;  for  these  are  to  bo  regarded  as  swindlers,  and  ought  as  such  to  bo  subjected 
to aili'iiunte  punishment.     (8eo  (Jukiiit.) 

"But  the  regulations  with  respect  to  bankrniitcy  and  insolvency  differ  radically  in  other 

important  respects.     An  individual  cannot  be  subjected  to  the  insolvent  law,  except  by  hia 

Kiivi  w/,  that  is,  his  |)etitioiiing  for  relief  from  actual  imprisonment  for  debt;  and,  on  the 

I  otiier  hand,  an  individual  cannot  be  made  a  bankrupt  and  subjected  to  the  bankrupt  law,  ex* 

fi'|ilby  the  act  of  ««r;/Acr,  that  is,  of  a  petitioning  creditor*,  as  he  is  called,  swearing' that 

till'  iiiilividual  in  question  is  indebted  to  him,  and  that  he    believes  he    has    coniinittcd 

j  ivliat  is  termed  an  act  of  bankruptcy.    TheBC  dilfereiices,  cou|)led  with  the  refinements 

'  introduced  into  other  branches  of  the  law,  givi-  rise  to  very  extraordinary  results. 

I     "While  the  law  of  England  gives  the  creditor  an  unnecessary  degree  of  power  over  the 

I  debtor's  person,  it  does  not  give  him  sullicieiit  power  over  his  property.     In  this  respect,  in- 

.  '"d,  it  is  so  very  defective,  lliiit  one  is  uliiiost  tempted  to  think  it  had  l)een  intended  to  pro- 

I  molt  ilic  ]iiwtice8  of  fraudulent  debHrs.     'J'lie  property  of  persoiw  subjected  to  thcbunkrui)t 

I  laws,  as  well  na  those  who  r/iante  to  suljirt  tlirm.''clre,<i  to  the  insolvent  laws,  is  jilaced 

nl  the  disposal  of  assignees  or  trustees  for  the  benent  of  their  creditors ;  but  when  a  jierson 

jKKOssed  of  property,  but  not  subject  to  the  bankrupt  laws,  contracts  debts,  if  he  go  abroad, 

or  live  within  the  rules  of  the  King's  Hench  or  the  Vleet,  or  remain  in  prison  without 

H'lilioning  for  relief  (in  neither  of  which  cases  can  he   be   nuljectcd  to   the   iuKolvcnt 

laws),  ho  may  moat  [irobably  continue  to  eiiji>y  the  income  arising  from  that  property  witli* 

out  molestation. 

"Iliijtruc,  the  law  s:\ys  that  the  creditors  shali  be  authorised  to  seize  the  debtors'  lands 
CTl/ifwor/.v, — a  descripliim  which  an  unlearned  perRoii  would  be  apt  to  conclude  was  abun- 
ilaully  comprehensive  ;  but  the  law  is  so  interi)reled,  that  neither  funded  property,  money, 
nor  peouritit's  for  mone;',  are  considi'red  goods.  If  the  debtor  have  a  copyhold  estate,  it  can- 
rml lie  touched  in  any  way  whatever;  if  his  cstnle  be  freelnild,  (he  ciedilor  may,  after  a 
tedious  piociss,  receive  the  rents  and  profits,  but  no  more,  during  the  litetinie  of  his  debtor. 
i^^hould  the  debtor  die  before  judgment  against  him  in  n  enuit  has  bei'ii  obtaini'd,  then,  unless 
llii'di'lit  l>e  on  bond,  the  creililor  has  no  reci)urse  upon  the  land  h  It  by  the  debtor,  \\liatever 
niiiy  lie  its  tenure  :  '  nay,  though  his  money  biu-rowed  on  note  or  bill  has  been  laid  out  in 
lijyiiiK  land,  the  debtor's  heir  takes  that  land,  wholly  dischai-gcd  of  the  debt !'"  -{Lord 
llim<j:li(!iit'.')  Speech  nil  llir  Stale  of  the  Linr,  p.  100.) 

"InciHiseiinence  of  ibis  ])reposteriuiidy  al*urd  syrtem,  nn  individual  known  to  have  a 
hrie  incon.c,  and  enjoying  a  proportii  nully  extensive  credit,  may,  if  be  go  to  Paris  or  Drui*- 
Hs,  fir  conliui'  himself  within  the  ruli  ^  el  the  King's  Bench  or  Fleet,  deliaud  his  creiliiora 
ot  every  tarlhing  he  owes  them,  withoi  t  their  being  entitled  to  touch  any  part  of  bis  fortune. 
All  owners  of  funded,  monicd,  and  copyhold  projiorty,  have  a  licence  given  them  to  cheal 

»  One  rrcilitir,  wlioso  ilelit  is  to  ilic  ninoiiiit  of  upwards  of  lOOf. ;  or  two,  whose  debts  ainnuut  to 
m.;  lit  lliree,  wliosu  di'lila  aiHi  uiil  Ivi  2U0i, 


I     t  I    ,  i.ij 


Vmti 


H|i;  '   I     ■■ 


i-i 


!'!    :  , :'    is: 


il* 


wm\  '^ 


■  i 


rt  i^ 


i\ 


;IH 


BARCALAO,  BARCELONA. 


with  impunity  ;  and  tto  only  wonder  ii,  not  tliat  lome  do,  but  that  a  va*t  number  mottih 
not  avail  thomitclve*  of  thia  Mingular  privilrj^e.  In  point  of  fart,  thsrvfore^  the  pow«r  of 
impriaonment  ia  operative  only  on  the  really  neoeuit'^Uii— on  thoHe  from  whom  it  cu 
extract  little  or  nothing.  The  rich  debtor  la  aHldom  auhjccteJ  to  ita  operation;  hen! 
aorta,  before  a  writ  can  be  exocutcil  againat  him  cither  to  the  Continent  or  the  ruin, 
and  thpn  laugha  at  the  impotent  wruth  of  thoHe  kO  haa  defrauded,  and  perhnpa  ruiiui 
That  auch  a  ayatem  of  law  kI<  ild  he  auUl-red  t.i  e«iat  in  a  commercial  rountry,  uj 
ao  little  outcry  be  raised  agaiusi  it,  u  truly  astoniahini;,  and  atrikingly  oxemplitifi  tj], 
power  of  hiibit  in  reconciling  ua  to  the  moat  |(crniciou(i  ubHurditieii,  Can  any  one  vog, 
der  at  the  frequency  of  fraudulent  bankruptcy,  when  it  ia  thiiH  filtered  and  cncourai;!'!!' 

"A  reform  of  the  bankripi  iw  on  the  principles  already  mentioned,  acemn,  therefore,  14 
be  in)|i»'riouHly  citlled  for.  !':.  iwila  were  forcibly  atated  by  Mr.  Brougham  (nowLorJ 
Brougliiim)  in  hi*  '  Speech  on  the  State  of  the  Law.'  He  boa  also  pointed  out  tlic  rtmnliii 
nicasurcM  nccewary  to  be  adopt<-il  to  render  this  important  department  of  commercial  jtirii. 
prudence  conslHteiit  with  the  ohvioua  princi|ili>fi  of  juiitice  and  common  aonRO.  ■  Let  ilu 
whole,'  gays  ho,  'of  every  man's  property,  real  and  personal — his  reul,  of  what  kind  totnt 
copyholil,  leasehold,  freehold  ;  his  personal,  of  whatever  nature,  debts,  money,  stock,  rhatleli 
— 1)6  tuken  for  the  payment  of  all  his  debts  C(iually,  and,  in  coses  of  insolvency,  let  ail  l<e  ilii. 
tribut<!d  ratt.ilily  ;  let  all  he  possessos  be  sifted,  bolted  from  him  unsparingly,  until  ull  hii 
crcditorii  are  sutiMfied  by  ])aynieiit  or  composition ;  but  lot  his  person  only  bo  taken  «hfii 
he  conceals  his  goods,  or  has  merited  punishment  by  fraudulent  conduct.' — ([ip.  106—1 10.) 
Were  thorio  measures  adopU^d,  and  a  certificaic  given  to  every  man  who  has  been  divested  of 
liis  property  for  hehoof  of  his  crcditor/t,  and  against  whom  no  charge  of  frauil  has  bocn  «. 
•ablinhed,  there  would  bo  little  room  for  improvement  in  the  principles  of  the  law  of  \mi- 
r.iptcy." — (Hoe  my  Frinciplen  of  Political  Economy,  3d  ed.  pp.  884 — 271.) 

[For  Bankrupt  laws  in  the  United  Stotcs,  see  orticic  IvsoLVKsicr. — Am,  Ed.] 

BARtJALAO,  oil  BACALAO,  the  Spanish  name  for  cod. 

BAKCKLONA,  the  capital  of  Catalonia,  and  the  principal  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Moii. 
terranean,  in  lat.  41°  22'  N.,  and  long.  3°  10'  K.  It  is  a  strongly  fortified,  well-built  ciiv, 
The  population  is  supposed  to  amount  to  about  150,000.  Barcelona  is  eminently  dli- 
tinguishcd  in  the  history  of  the  middle  ages,  for  the  zeal,  skill,  and  success  with  which  hn 
citizen!)  prosecuted  commercial  adventures  at  a  very  eorly  period.  She  would  seem  alsou 
be  entitled  to  the  honour  of  having  compiled  and  promulgated  the  famous  code  of  maritiiM 
law  known  by  the  name  of  the  Consolirfo  del  Mare,-  and  the  earliest  authentic  notices  of 
the  practice  or  marine  insurance  and  of  the  negotiation  of  bills  of  exchange  are  to  be  founil 
in  her  annals.*  Catalonia  has  continued,  amidst  all  the  vicissitudes  it  has  undergone,  tobe 
the  most  industrious  of  the  Spanish  provinces ;  and  several  valuable  and  extensive  manu- 
factures have  been  established  it  Barcelona.  Latterly,  however,  her  commerce,  owin;;  tn  1 
variety  of  causes,  but  principally  to  oppressive  restrictions  on  the  importation  of  foreijii 
goods,  and  the  emancipation  of  Si>uth  America,  has  very  much  declined. 

The  Unrhour,  which  is  naturally  bml,  \»  formed  by  n  mole  or  Jetty,  which  has  recently  been  11 N 
deal  t'lilargi-il,  rtiiuiinK  nut  to  a  cons  lieralile  diKtunce  in  a  snutlierly  direction,  ni\d  li»\inKa  liibi- 
huiixu  anil  sninv  butteries  nKiir  its  ev.remity.  The  depth  of  water  within  the  mole  \*  t'ruiii  Vixat 
feet;  bnt  them  ia  a  bar  between  t'.ie  mole  and  Monjiii,  which  has  frcqnently  not  nmrc  limn  luffrt 
water  ;  and  which  woiihl,  it  in  bi><ioved,  entirely  nhut  up  the  liarbour,  were  it  not  occnHiinaliylra. 
ered  by  meana  of  dreilsiug  machii'eH.  Vessels  in  the  harbour  moor  at  a  short  distance  from  tlie  iiwl'i 
where,  thi>n{(li  cxpoHeil  to  the  so  itherly  ^alcs,  they  are  so  well  protected  that  no  accident  of  iinyton- 
sennenci!  has  taken  place  since  lie  dreadful  storm  uf  IH'il.  I,ari;c  ships  must  anchor  oulxidutlip  mole, 
and  ill  winter  are  much  inrnmn.odod  by  winds.  Vessels  enterini;  the  hnrhoiir  are  iiniler  noolillealiiii 
In  take  a  pilot  on  Imard  ;  bit  they  are  always  in  attendance,  and  it  isgenerally  deemed  safest  10  liit) 
their  axsistaiice  in  passing  the  bar. 

Tariff.— Of  prohibited  articles,  the  most  important  are  tnbacco,  cotton  goods,  salt,  gunpowder, 
brandy,  carpets,  leather,  baizes,  soap,  wearing  apparel,  hemp,  fire-nriiis,  copper,  beds.  iiiatinssM, 
furniture,  maniilacturud  tin,  flour,  and  all  sorts  of  grain  and  pulse,  manufactured  cast  iron,  euitbci. 
ware,  blankets,  paper,  nil-cloths,  sealing-wax,  &c. 

The  following  were  the  duties  on  the  principal  articles  allowed  to  he  imported  into  Barcelona  b 
1833 :— 




Sn-tni>h 

Forpign 

Etii(. 

Nal. 

K"r. 

Arliclei. 

Span. 
VVn. 

National 

Fnrri^n 

Riy. 

Niiirml 

ft. 

VVli. 

riij. 

Fl.ai5. 

Wis. 

ill*. 

Fl«<. 

Fl.>s. 

Flag 

W«. 

KU<. 

14 

Slorl. 

Stcrl. 

Jiter'inj 

..    d. 

..    rf. 

..    .'.     ..11 

Cnl<OB 

lb. 

16  marari. 

2i  manv*. 

lb. 

0     11 

0     1-8 

OyewocU 

<)ui[>t.al'61  manin. 

8  reala 

.— 

0   4     1  i! 

Suiar 

amiha 

4  realj 

8  real* 

— 

0    01 

0    O-? 

Full 

do.    |36  ffala 

IS  reala 

— 

'  i  '!l 

ill. 

8^  finnvt. 

1  ml 

—     0    0-6 

0    ii 

Irfiiihoflli* 

iln.    li!6  real. 

3i  reals 

— 

6   J     ! 

Ciicfrt 

lb. 

10  iiianvi. 

20  niaravi. 

—     0    0-7 

0     1-4 

Slavei 

1,1 00    20  rfals 

40  rcala 

l.oeo 

4   0.(1 

f  OllSL- 

quitidl 

!l  rrali 

20  r^ali 

cut.    1     7 

4    0 

Lhtew 

quintal  I2^it.a!9 

I7i  rralj 

CIVI. 

2   6     J  )  1 

lltieswax 

lb. 

•M  mar  in. 

..',9  ntaravk 

0    2)iO    4 

lar 

jrmba     3  maravii. 

1  real 

lb. 

0   31  |D  (J 

Huriii 

((iiinlal 

ireaU 

t;20  reals 

cwt.    10   14    0    [lliitler 

lb.        liriala 

^iioala 

— 

*  For  proofs  of  this,  see  the  articles  Maritime  Law,  I.ssdrancp,  &c.  in  this  Dictionary.  The.V(. 
ffloriiij  lliatotieat  tobrt  la  Mwina,  Comertio,  S[C.  ilt  Barcelona,  by  Capnmny,  in  4  vols.  4lo,  is  one  ni  tin 
most  valuable  and  authentic  works  that  has  ever  been  palilishedon  the  commerce,  arts,  and  commer- 
cial and  maritime  legislation  of  the  midille  ages.  The  first  volume  is  the  most  interesting,  at  tolU 
the  gi'iieral  reader;  the  others  consisting  princip.illy  of  extracts  from  the  archives  of  the  cily.  TbHi 
<•  a  brief  but  preity  good  account  of  the  early  trade  of  Barcelona,  drawn  principally  from  t'aiUMiiJ 
In  the  work  of  Ueppiiiu,  Histuire  du  Commerce  eiUre  le  Levant  tt  I'Kurofc  depuis  lea  Cruuadu,  Jj't.tii*  | 
1.  c.  S. 


1    All  trtMf  whptsvsr, 

„p,m«di  Slid.  *'•"<'•• 

k|l.l«ilo«  of  HP"'"' <", 
.oltenlhaireclprmltyb 

Mpiirliilen  wilhuui  an 
]  l,i  iirotiiliil  or  restrict  ih 

CvtM-lum  »nd  H'arrtWi 

Mill ;  •lufh  **•■  «.    .  „     1 
";;,  ( Mrira.-T1if  r.illowln« 

jii  inn  banleo,  uolofcllui  »l»l 

Im;- 


Sp.»iAV».l. 

Real! 

iKhWlJl            •         • 

7 

S,«ili).    -      • 

rln«lii(«<|W'' 

' 

Ui'tra     •      ■  .    • 

ripuidotiMpo''./ 
LiiliMMuicotTirrifa 
lyillM(lrialp«rl<m) 
UirMKliMry  coniiibu. 

10 

ao 

iiiiii 

Hnmak        •       • 

1 

Tend     • 

»7 

Titiu  Ibe  rati  al  4d.,  Ihii  iri 

I  4i(i,  lof  Ml.  on  11"^  Hritnh  il"- 

cJmmijni.B  it  al  llie  r«lf  o(  2 

I  iMf  i«ii'.  on  lli'iw  lecfivnl  on  i 

tjii  (nr  rrtily  ronwy,  awl  »iiiii' 

URanlilt  illifiiulil  i»  l-»  1*'  "I 

t  iji|ni3lli»liniriilf  in  Barcpti'na. 

I     Imrtiitt  nn  abir*  it  tilecleil 

[  biws  li'1%  ^^-  ■'^  u)  know  u  b 

Jiiu.-Ai  Ilk  CittUim-houw,  i 

/iii|Mrt».— Account  of 
;  telona  during  the  Throe 


Coiton 

Id 

18,001 

Snfiir 

14,10 

lliilei 

67,50 

Cocoa 

4,in 

Cofliis 

1,40 

Bte>'-w«x  - 

i,ao 

Uom« 

111,00 

Specie 

M,40 

Dve  woods  - 

l.'i.OO 

70,00 

Iron  hoops  - 

22,00 

Stavei 

400.00 

tTieiise 

2,0fl 

Tar 

7( 

Butler 

.' 

Indigo 

20 

Peiiper 

e( 

Cinnamon    - 

85 

Grain  is  usually  repre 

i  Importation  from  ubrnai 

from  the  interior,  or  by 

or  tile  Imports  specifli 

poiti  from  France  are 

I  dwindled  to  almost  nntl 

;  liarilwarc,  and  woollen 

lupplied  by  Sweden  am 

ontoaconBiderahle  exl 

foporrt.— The  princi| 

\  kt,.  Hut  no  vessels,  ex 

diea,  arc  loaded  here  ;  i 

10  be  employed  in  the  c 

neatly  ceased.    The  coi 

incrcaninii.    The  princi 

nipntly  fhlpped  at  Villn 

cork  bark,  wool,  fruits, 

average  4/.  per  pipe,  an 

of  wine,  and  6,000  no.  I 

deal  of  brandy  is  sent 

of  Xerci ;  and  the  latt 

preparation  of  the  wini 

Tarrasona  to  England. 

In  mi,  only  m  forei 

r2 


Niiirml 

Fv. 

1. 

ri.<. 

y^ 

Sltr'in,'. 

M 

1,    ,'. 

i.i 

0    4 

1  1 

7   i 

9) 

f,   i 

1) 

0 

4  0 

.1 

1   6 

11 

0   0  01 

OlJ 

0    31 

ilJ 

BARCELONA. 


178 


111  irttelM  my»\»i«r,  the  prnduc «  of  the  ■oil,  or  the  niMnnfkrtare  of  the  Kotinlry,  mey  hi  preeent  b* 
•iiviilBii;  ""dt  "'  ""'"  '"•""<«ei,  wlllioiil  payinc  any  duly.     In  Ihli  reipfcl  there  li  nothhii  In  tM 


tot- 
Ihi  no 


"ftii *««r<«— IT" ("llowlnf  •«  <h*  v»rliin  chirna  n(  •  pabllc 
I  Jk  mn  tinlioi  uuloulliii  ud  looliiii  biIib)  organ  in  wrc>- 


ipuahVt 


«l. 


>'fW  Ho. 

(imlnotpin* 
umrtD    ■      •      ■ 

Li|M'bouM  ol  TarriU 
LmdJDf  (Inal  per  ton) 
i:ilniiirljMnr  coaliibu- 

tiOII 

Hn  Mit 


Roll. 


llrllUh  VmmI. 


Hnli 


Ifjiiuiion  of  Hpnin  In  whif  h  li>  ohiect )  but  ihr  govitrnniint  neenn,  like  niiny  i  th«'ri,  to  liave 
ii'llfn  lh»l  rpil|iri"lty  l«  the  liHglnnlnr,  thi>  middle,  nnd  the  end  of  rnnunerce,— that  there  can  I 
I  Mnitlitl"n  wllhuut  an  eniiivnient  inipnrtaiion  i  and  that,  to  prohibll  ur  reilrlct  the  latter  la,  In 
lo  ijruhililt  or  reitrlct  the  former. 

Mil  wii|lili  mill  \m  rl|nrninl;  irinirnltil.    A  nralui  of  S  par  ctnl, 

»,  lm»t»rr,  ulliiwiil,  III  rmrr  in)  in«airliv>i  in  iV  |iri'|«rlloll  lj»- 
IwBrii  lim\tn  •nd  N|iiinlih  wrl<hli,  bul  i(  llw  wilitil  if  «iijr  |.ir«l 
•Iwuhl  luni  iiul  liiUa  i/croiil,  itnKr  ihiii  ll  inaikril  m  II  e  naiiW 
Inl,  llw  auriilua  la  uiial,  al  Ihr  imiia  llii.ii  Ihal  iho  Impiirlar  loan 
Ilia  Ik  mill  i«  llir  3  |air  crul.  •lliiucil  by  law,  and  Uciinm  lialila  la 
ih<  prnahiea  nl  •nuiiKlltir  'I  hr  lairi  luuallv  allnwril  hy  iiirn-lianla 
arr,  on  llavaim^ili  >u|.ir  IS  Mr  (.inl.  j  on  raltrt^  |«r  ccul,,  ii>i'liial«« 
III  (III!  I.ait«l|  IraK,  Kk,  In  ^liicji  ii  u  conliiiMtl  i  tinn>ri<n  an>l  lr|>p«r 
9  ixr  cam.)  l'>ruaailiucocaiiop4IU.  LarUii)  nihar  cmioa  lib. 

7J        |»TC»I. 

7 ,  Stntlmt  of  illanria  ait  il«r  al  IhrMlnna,  IjuI  Ihfjr  may  alwayi 
It  ba  obiaiuad.  Veal  coala  about  7d.  |nr  lb.,  awl  bixuii  about  b  dullan 
10      |«r  «>»l. 

0         Monty.— Atcmnf  ara  brpi  in  litrai  ot  M  nnUm,  3  tO  if mfM,  or 

t      4MI  ii.Jllaa.    'IhaliLnlalikanueiliviJril  Inio  tiaii  •>' plaid  Cata- 

211      Inn,  III  3  ntitdot  path  )  and  into  nn/ai  ardifra,  of  i  miiilra  aach* 

llriicB,  U'7  of  Ilia  liiiihtri  ur  ID  nf  Ihe  lallir,  >^  I  lilra  I'uluJulk 

2,4i'()         '1  tio  'i*'n  Valalan  ii  u  2i.  4rf.  ali  rlir.K  nmly. 

300         'I  ha  fui'  ifwrii,  iir  liard  ilnllar,  ia  valuta  al  37  It  lutUui  Catalan, 

rijiht  }U(  ll  \lo\Ui*  niiikinx  IA  /i/.riu. 
40  ll'i  iiiMt  ani/  Afiarui »  — 1  lwr»  ara  anllan  ililrrf  panrira  anion|n4 

Ilia  weinlilt  mil   nmuurra  In  llir  diHarinl  .Sgaiiluli   |riitinri>,  anil 

3,140      lliari'  »  a  <'"y  (ml  il.ai  tr[nncy  In  Ilia  arrnintf  of  ihn  aiilln'ia  oho 
liavo  oriliau  u|4iiilhtiii.    The  (ulluwiiii  tlaliiiiieiiliaiu  lakra  liom 
16P      Nflkantrtrlier  :— 

1  lir  quintal  i(  illvidrd  into  4  arroitu,  nr  104  Hit.  of  12  m.  to  Iha 
piiuiiil.  'llinlHiunil  b;  t'l74  Ku|IMi  |niii.>  B'4kilol  i-M13A'6  t 
of  Hnllinil.  too  Iha,  of  narnlnna  --  Mt  2ltl  Ika.  aviiitmi|'>ii. 
^|.ji  1  1  he  yard  iilii.cd  cana,  iadividiid  iolii  |i  |  ajnioa.  nf  4  itmrlif,  a.id 
Ituil  Ir.ihra  rery  nearly,  Hniaa.  ICO  tanan  .-u  t3  4(11  inrlret  si 
T'.  ■&  yarda  of  Aniatrnlam  s*  5ti*&l4  Knuhtli  yarda. 

Ilir  i/iMr.Vffliur  inraiure  for  (rain,  ia  itivirlad  int'>        (iTlmiei 
and  41  (ilioiim.     ICO  quarterai i>  lUMO,  or  23  I-.'    -t  incbnler 
I  Dobaiik-     'luarten. 

,.... ^ 1liaai>|a, ormruura  fur  lli|iilda,  ia  diviilRl  Inlii  Itmrfimetir 

Mivawa  on  ihipi  ia  tllecttd  by  iudividuali,  l^ut  iiiauruicca  on  j  anftnl,  H  corfannai,  and  Ii  miloditlai.    It  ii  kc  3i  7  KiiMlmb 
knur*,  li'ts  Ar.  axe  iii;knoM  u  heni.  M«  inl;  Kalluiia.    4  calf  aa  s  1  f  if  e.    'Jbe  pipa&f  Majorcao.lciiuiaiua 

rsiu.'Ai  Uk  Cubltiui.hbuie,  rval  tiiw  only  are  allowed ;  and  the  |  107  corlanea. 

/iii|»)r(<.— Account  of  the  Quantity  and  Vnliir  or  tlio  princtpal  Foreign  Artitlci  Imported  Into  Bar- 
!  (elona  during  tliu  Three  Years  ending  with  lf)3l. 


7H 

1^ 

10 

(1 
b 

IC:i 
300 

40 
16 

67i 


ADrhoren 

Diiuliia  do. 

Naw  do.     • 

riranini  of  port         • 

(jtiitern 

Captain  uf  Ilia  port    > 

l.i<hl'hnuai:  nf  Tarrifa 

Nrw  niola  iH  raala  p«r 

Ut|l> 

Loallnifl  rati  par  Ion) 
k^atrrfordinary  cmitribu. 
liou 


Cnninlar    I 
rvtiuired 


Tltlu  Ibt  raal  at  4d,,  Ihli  would  ba  W,  1 1 

diiPiUoM.  oulheilriti>hil<i. 
I    Offlmiinoil  ii  al  Iha  ralr  of  2  I  -3  par  cent.  < 

I  ptr  ctii'.  on  lli'iaa  lerci  vad  on  ri<iiHigiiiMint. 
'  lilj  Iftr  ffaiiy  ronnny,  and  aoiiioliinaa  im  cr^-' 

ii.inajilila  iliiruuni  n  l-'i  |i«r  caul,  ptr  nioulli 

imniibltihnirnla  in  Parrel«na. 


'lUei, 


Value  io 

Vtlu*  In 

Va'w  In 

iiticlit. 

InIS2S. 

Starling 

laisao. 

Harling 

In  1^1. 

Hlrtling 

Colton 

Money. 

Miiliay. 

Monry. 

IS.OOO  bales 

£ 

100,000 

38,000  hnlea 

£ 

137,000 

43,400  bales 

£ 

860.000 

Snwr 

14,100  boxes 

118,000 

83,600  boxoa 

11*1,000 

S0,.30(l  boxes 

I(i0,0fl0 

IlillliS 

67,500 

54,000 

62, 100 

62,U00 

75,000 

60,INIO 

Ciicna 

4,100  bags 

a'>,ooo 

»,m)  bnga 

50,000 

7,300  bags 

41,000 

Coffee 

1,400  cwt. 

8,H00 

3,030  cwt 

4,500 

620  cwt. 

1,800 

Beei'-wax   - 

i.aoocwt. 

4,800 

700  cwi. 

1,100 

460  cwt. 

8,400 

llonii 

111,000 

3,200 

133,600 

3,600 

93,000 

2,000 

Specie 

91,400  dollars 

10,300 

3U,8HH  dollars 

7,eoo 

380,700  dollars 

70,800 

Dye  wood!  - 
Fiih 

l,%0()Ocwt, 

9,000 

5,mi0  cwt. 

3,000 

lfl,00Ocwt, 

0,(500 

70,000  cwt. 

84,000 

42,000  cwt. 

50,000 

ft»,3flO  cwt. 

77,000 

lion  hoops  - 

92,000  bundles 

17,000 

6,000  bundles 

5,000 

4,0(M)  bundles 

3,800 

Slaves 

400.000 

6,400 

830,000 

14,850 

702,000 

16,000 

C'lieese 

2,000  cwt. 

6,000 

1,000  cwt. 

3,000 

2,000  cwt. 

6,000 

Tar 

700  barrels 

600 

180  barrels 

800 

~- 

Butter 

.10  cwt. 

800 

— 

— 

— 

__ 

Indigo 

200  cwt. 

8,000 

750  cwt. 

30,000 

WIO  cwt. 

36,000 

Pejiper 

600  cwt. 

1,800 

HK)  cwt. 

l,t.()0 

700  rwt. 

1,400 

Cinnamon    - 

S50  cwt. 

10,000 

600  cwt. 

32,000 

1,000  cwt. 

40,000 

Grain  is  usually  represented  as  forming  an  important  nrticle  in  the  imports  into  Barcelona  ;  hut  Its 
Importation  from  abroad  is  prohibited ;  and  the  wants  of  the  city  are  supplied  either  by  land  cttrria|« 
from  Ihe  interior,  nr  by  coiisling  vi^sselg  from  tbe  Bpanifih  ports  more  to  Ihe  north. 

Of  the  imports  specified  above,  the  greater  portion  are  furnir>hed  bvCuha  iind  I'orto  Rico,  The  Im- 
pom  from  Krnnce  are  also  considcriible.    Those  from  Kngliind,  wniih  were  once  very  large,  have 

I  dwindled  to  almniii  nothing.  The  only  goods  now  oiieiily  imuorted  from  Great  liritain,  are  iron  hoon«, 
lianlwarc,  and  woollen  etuflTit,  and  tlieso  In  too  small  iiuanlities  to  deserve  notice.  Fish  is  principally 
iupplied  by  Sweden  and  Ueiiniark.    Bniuggling,  particularly  In  tobacco  and  printed  cottons,  is  carried 

1  on  10  a  considerable  extent. 

Cijwrfi,— The  princi|)al  exports  are  wrought  silks, soap,  flre-arms,  paper,  hats, lares,  ribands, Meel, 
kf,.   But  novesnels,  exrept  u  fow  that  take  on  board  ni»nnfactiired  gnods  fur  the  Sparish  West  In- 

.  din,  are  loaded  here;  and  even  this  trade  is  much  fallen  off. /Upwards  of  2,000  hands  used  formerly 
10  lie  employed  In  (he  city  In  the  maimfUcture  of  shoes  fur  the  colonies;  but  their  export  iias  now 

I  nearly  ceiiHcd.  The  cotton  nianufactiire  has  made  some  iiro^'rcss  in  the  town  and  its  virlnily,  nnd  ia 
incieaainir.  The  principal  nrtirics  of  native  prndiico  that  (/'atalnnin  has  to  ex|)ort  arc  nieM  coiive- 
nifntly  fhipped  at  Vlilanova,  Tarragona,  and  Salon.  They  consist  of  wine,  brandy,  nuts,  almonds, 
cork  bark,  wool,  tniUs,  &c.  Of  these,  Cuba  takes  annually  about  13,000  pipes  of  wine,  worth  at  an 
ivernje  4(.  per  pipe,  and  about  .1,000  pipes  of  brandy,  worth  H.  per  do.;  Hiiiitli  America,  16,000  pipes 
of  wine,  and  6,000  no,  brandy  ;  the  north  of  Eurnpo,  2.0(10  pipes  ot  wine,  and  2,000do.  brandy.  A  good 
deal  of  brandy  U  sent  to  Cadis  and  Cette :  most  part  of  the  former  fliids  its  way  into  the  wine  vaulti 
of  Xerci;  and  the  latter,  being  conveyed  by  the  canal  of  l.angiiedou  to  the  Gnrnnne,  is  used  in  th« 
pteiiaration  nf  the  wines  of  Dordeaiix.  From  a.'i.OOO  lo  nO.nOO  bajis  of  nuls  ore  annually  sent  from 
Tarragona  to  Knglaiid.  Tarragona  also  exports  abnul  I2,(l()()  bags  nf  ulmnnds. 
ui  im,  only  128  foreign  ships,  of  the  burden  of  15,130  tons  entered  Uartelona.    Of  these,  31 


'  I'. 


M 


\i  « 


t  T 


1  . 


r.ji 

if;  Ii 


!l' 


lift 


itr 


■'■  ! 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/y 


{./ 


^ 


^ 

A<^ 


^^ 


1.0 


I.I 


i^lM    |2.5 
■^  1^    12.2 


1.8 


11.25  i  1.4 


PS 


0% 


r. 


M 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  M580 

(716)  S72-4S03 


'■m 


BARILLA,  BARK. 


^'."Ilil 


:i   ; 


Tuton,  Si  flardinian,  10  flweiliih,  IS  English,  14  French,  8  American,  Ste.  The  ■]iiptb«limt|.,h 
the  port  carry  on  no  fori-ign  train  except  to  the  Spanish  West  Indieo  ;  Ihey  are  fu#  in  mimter  ,ij 
are  daily  decreasing.  Those  enirn^ed  In  the  coiiitini;  trade  are  usually  of  vciry  small  burden  Th! 
cuatotiis  duty  In  the  same  year  did  not  exceed  I00,000<.  '  "" 

(We  Imve  derived  these  dntnils  from  various  sources ;  bat  principally  from  the  Cmul'tAmi^,,,. 
Circular  Querica,  and  from  Inglu't  Spain  in  1830,  vol.  11.  pp.  !Wl-387.  and  364.)  "* 

:  BARILLA  (Da.  Soda,-  Fr.  Soude,  Barillei  Ger.  Suda,  Barilla;  It.  Barrigliat  Port 
Sofda,  Batrilhat  Rus.  Soeianka;  Sp.  Barrillat  Arab,  Kali),  carbonate  of  sodt—fji, 
Alkali  Ktt),  is  found  native  in  Hungary,  Egypt,  and  many  other  countricB.  It  is  larn|t 
used  by  blearhers,  manufacturers  of  hard  soaps,  glass-miikors,  Ac.  The  barilla  of  coranicw 
consists  of  the  ashes  of  several  marine  and  other  plants  growing  on  the  sca-sliorc.  TIicIm 
or  Alicant  barilla,  is  prepared  from  tho  Salaokiaoda,  which  is  very  extensively  cultivated  fur 
this  purpose  in  the  huerta  of  Murcia,  and  other  places  on  the  eastern  shores  of  Spain,. 
(T(.u)mend's  Tiavelsin  Spain,  vol.  iii.  p.  105.)  The  plants  are  gathered  in  September 
dried  and  burned  in  furnaces  heated  so  as  to  brhig  the  ashes  into  a  state  of  iraperfeafusim 
when  they  concrete  into  hard,  dry,  cellular  masses  of  a  greyish  blue  colour,  Sicily  and 
Tencriflb  produce  good  barilla,  but  inferior  to  that  of  Alicant  and  Cavthngena.  Kelp.whjJi 
is  a  less  pure  alkali,  is  formed  by  the  incineration  of  tho  common  sea-wrack. — (See  Kbu.) 

The  Saracens  established  in  Spain  seem  to  have  been  the  first  who  introduced  iht 
manufacture  of  barilla  into  Europe.  They  called  the  plants  employed  in  ^ts  prepa-ation 
kaH ;  and  this,  with  the  Arabic  article  al  prefixed^  has  given  rise  to  tho  modem  chemicil 
term  alkali. 

Of  184,649  cwt  of  barilla  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  1831,  61,921  cwt  came  frm 

Spain,  95,995  from  Tencriffc,  and   23,807  from   Sicily.      The  values  of  these  sjwifj 

arc,  for  the  most  part,  in  the  proportion  of  about  13,  9,  and  10;   that  is,  if  Spanbh 

barilla  fetch  13/.  a  ton,  TenerifTs  barilla  will  fetch  9/.,  and  Sicilian  10/.      Prime  qualit;io  I 

barilla  is  tu  be  distinguished  by  its  strong  smell  when  wetted,  and  by  its  whitish  colour.  Pu. 

ticular  attention  should  be  paid  to  have  as  little  smell  or  dust  as  possible.    Tho  duties  oa  | 

barilla  have  recently  been  very  considerably  reduced. — (See  Tauiff.) 

At  an  average  of  the  thre^.  yeiirs  ending  v.'ith  18.11,  tlic  Imrilla  entered  I'or  home  consumpl']]  I 
amhuiitrd  to  35o,3Si)  cwt.  a  year.    In  18:)3,  it  prodnred  \5,'Si'H.  Ha.  id.  nctt  revenue. 

(The  duties  on  barilla  used  in  the  bleaching  of  linen  are  to  be  repaid  to  the  poran 
using  it,  under  such  regulations  as  the  commissioners  of  customs  may  issue. — (4  &  6  TO 
4.  c.  89.  §  \\.)—Sup.) 

[Barilla  is  imported  into  the  United  States,  free  of  duty,  chiefly  from  the  Canary  Utsik.  I 
The  value  of  it  annually  imported,  on  an  average  of  four  years  ending  with  1837,  amount- 
ed to  little  more  than  100,000  dollars;  scarcely  any  of  which  was  subsequently  exported- 
Am.  EJ.] 

BARK,  the  outer  rind  of  plants.    There  is  an  immense  variety  of  barks  known  in  mji.  | 
merce,  as  cinnamon,  Peruvian  bark,  oak  bark,  quercitron,  &c.      The  term  "  bark"  is,  lio». 
ever,  generally  employed  to  express  either  Peruvian  bark,  or  oak  bark ;  and  it  k  these  oni;  I 
that  we  shall  describe  in  this  place. 

1.  Peruvian  or  Jesuits'  Bark  (Fr.  Qutnquinn  i  Ger.  Kron-china,'  Du.  ChitiaiialA 
Sp.  Quina,  Quinquina  ,•  Lat.  Quinquina,  Corti'X  Peruvianm),    There  arc  three  principil 
species  of  this  bark  known  in  commerce,  which  have  been  elaborately  described  by  Dr.  A. 
T.  Thomson,  from  whoso  account  the  following  particulars  are  selected. 

The  first  species  is  the  pale  bark  of  the  sho{>s.  It  is  the  produce  of  tho  Cinchona  laiuifiii,  I 
and  is  the  original  cinchona  of  Peru.    It  is  now  very  scarce.     It  is  imported  in  che* 
covered  with  skins,  each  containing  about  200  lbs.,  well  packed,  but    generally  misid  | 
with  a  quantity  of  dust  and  other  heterogeneous  matter.     It  consists  of  pieces  8  or  1 
inches  long,  some  of  them  being  scarcely  one-tenth  of  an  inch  thick,  singly  and  douklj  I 
quilled,  or  rolled  inwards;  the  quills,  generally,  being  in  size  from  a  swan's  quill  to  la 
inch  and  a  half.    It  is  internally  of  a  pallid  fawn  or  cinnamon  hue ;  but  approxinute^i ' 
on  being  moistened,  to  the  colour  of  a  palo  orange.     When  in  sub.'^tance  it  has  scitctli 
any  odour:    but    during   decoction  the  odour  is  sensible,  and  agfreeably  aromatic,  Tin  | 
tosta  is  bitter,  but  not  unpleasant,  acidulous,  and  aui^tcro. 

Tho  second  species,  or  red  V  irk,  is  obtained  from  the  Cinchona  oblongifolia,  growinRontlu 
Andes.  It  is  imported  in  chests  containing  from  100  to  150  lb:<.  each.  It  consisUof 
variously  sized  pieces,  most  of  them  flat,  but  some  partially  quilled  or  rolli^d.  The  intemil 
part  is  woody,  and  of  a  rust  red  colour  ;  it  has  a  weak  peculiar  odour ;  and  its  taste  ia  much 
less  bitter,  but  more  austere  and  nauseous,  than  tliat  uf  tho  other  barks. 

The  third  species,  or  yellow  bark  of  the  shops,  is  obtained  from  the  Cinchona  cordifoh 
growing  in  Quito  and  Santa  Fe.    It  is  imported  in  chrsts  containing  from  90  to  100 ' 
each,  consisting  of  pieces  8  or  10  inches  long,  some  quilled,  but  the  greater  part  flat.  Tin 
interior  is  of  a  yellow  colour,  passing  to  orange.    It  has  nearly  tho  same  odour  in  decocfa 
as  the  pale ;  the  taste  is  more  bitter  and  less  nuetero,  and  it  excites  no  astrinRcnt  fwlus 

hen  chewed.  The  goodness  decreases  when  the  colour  varies  from  orange  yellow  to  [lii 
yuUow ;  when  of  a  dark  colour,  betwoon  rod  and  yellow,  it  ahould  be  rejected. 


.TiVVi^^i  'BARLtJT.     V?Wif  /  a 


W5 


It  it  needles*  to  add,  that  bark  is  one  of  the  most  vahiable  medical  remedies     The  In 
I  jiiD)  were  anacquainted  with  its  uses,  which  seem  to  have  been  firet  discovertd  by  the 
j  JesuiU   ft  ^"^  introduced  into  Earope  in  1632,  but  was  not  extonpively  used  tiP.  the  latter 
I  Dart  ofthc  seventeenth  century.     According  to  M.  Humboldt,  the  Jesuits'  bark  annually 

Hported  from  America  amounts  to  from  12,000  to  14,000  quintals.    Of  these,  8,000  aro 

fiin^shcd  by  Santa  F^,  and  1 10  by  Loxa ;  Peru  furnishing  the  remainder,  which  is  shipped 

at  Callao,  Guayaquil,  &c. 

2.  OflA  Bark  (Fr.  Eeoree  de  la  Chine;  Gor.  Eiehenrindf.  ,•  It.  Corteeeia  delta  Querela { 
\u.i  Quercus  cortex).    The  bark  of  the  common  oak  is  a  powerful  astringent,  and  is  pre* 

ferreil  to  all  other  substances  for  tanning  leather.  The  bark  of  the  larch  is  now,  however, 
I  used  for  the  same  purpose.  The  import  of  oak  bark  is  very  considerable ;  but  owing  to  the 
I  cork  tree  being  a  siMJcies  of  oak  (  Quercus  Suber),  bark  for  tanning  and  cork  bark  are  usually 
I  mixed  together  in  the  parliamentary  returns.  The  latter,  however,  does  not  amount  to  a 
I  tenth  part  of  the  whole  quantity  imported.  The  imports  of  both  sorts  amounted,  in  1831,  to 
1 931 075  cwt.,  which  is  about  the  average  importation.  Of  this  quantity,  no  less  than 
1 608304  cwt  were  brought  from  the  Netherlands  (Holland  and  Belgium),  62;437  cwt  from 
I  Germany,  &c.  Cork  bark  is  almost  entirely  imported  from  Ituly,  Spain,  and  Port<7gal ;  the 
I  imports  from  them  being,  in  the  al)Ove-mcntioncd  year,  Italy  95,lfi3  cwt.,  Spain  78,067  cswt., 
I  mil  Portugal  only  187  cwt.  The  quality  of  bark  varies  according  to  the  size  and  age  of 
I  the  tree,  the  season  when  it  is  barked,  &c.,  so  much,  that  the  price  varies,  at  this  moment, 
I  fiam  about  5/.  to  about  10/.  per  ton.  The  duty,  which  is  139.  4<f.  a  ton,  produced  in  1833, 
I  in  Great  Britain,  22,251/.  0*.  5rf.  nett 

Quercitron  is  the  bark  of  a  species  of  oak  tree  (Qiierctia  tincforta).  It  is  not  nsedi  at 
i  least  in  this  country,  for  tanning,  but  for  imparting  a  yellow  dye  to  silk  and  wool.  It  is 
I  principally  imported  from  North  America.  The  price  varies,  at  present,  according  to  the 
I  quality,  from  about  12«.  6</.  to  10».  a  cwt.,  duty  (Is.)  included.  At  an  average  of  the  three 
I  jcars!  ending  with  1831,  the  entries  for  home  consumption  were  25,01.')  cwt.  a  year. 
I  We  are  indebted  for  the  discovery  and  application  of  the  useful  properties  of  quercitron  to 
I  Dr.  Bancroft.  The  doctor  obtained  a  patent  for  his  invention  in  1775;  but  the  American 
I  war  breaking  out  soon  after,  deprived  him  of  its  advantages.  In  consideration  of  this  cir* 
Icumstancc,  parliament  passed,  in  1785,  an  act  (25  Geo.  3.  c.  38.)  securing  to  him  the 
|pri»ilogc8  conveyed  by  bis  patent  for  14  years.  At  the  expiration  of  the  latter  period,  the 
[House  of  Commons  agreed  to  extend  the  doctor's  privilege  for  an  additional  7  years ;  but  the 
I  House  of  Lords  rejected  the  bill.  Like  too  many  discoverers.  Dr.  Bancroft  profited  but 
I  little  by  his  invention,  though  it  has  been  of  great  use  to  the  arts  and  manufactures  of  the 
I  country  .—(See  Bancroft  on  Permanent  Colours,  vol.  ii.  p.  112.,  and  the  Report  of  tlte 
I  Committee  nfthe  House  of  Commons  on  Patents,  Appendix,  p.  1 75.) 

Oak  bark,  the  prodnce  of  Europe,  is  not  to  be  imported  into  tlie  United  Kingdom  for  home  ronsumiv 
Itinn,  except  in  Brltisli  ships,  or  in  ships  of  ilie  country  of  wliirh  it  is  tlic  prodnce,  or  in  ghips  of  tlie 
Icoimlivfrom  wliicli  It  is  imported,  on  pain  of  forfuiting  the  goods,  and  100(.  by  the  master  of  the  ves- 

|$el.-(7i8  0«o.4.  c.  58.) 

BAULEY  (Fr.  Orge  ,•  Ger.  Gersten^raupen  r  Dii.  Ri/g  ,•  It.  Orzo  ,•  Sp.  Cebada  ,•  Rus. 
iFatsehmea iLaU  Hordeum  f  Arab.  Dhourra  ,•  Hind,  Jmo),  a  species  of  bread-corn  (Hurdeum 
IliR.),  of  nhich  there  are  several  varieties.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  most  European 
Icountrica,  and  in  most  of  the  temperate  districts  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It  may  also  be  raised 
[between  the  tropics;  but  not  at  a  lower  elevation  than  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet,  and  then  it 
iis  not  worth  cultivating.  I^arge  quantities  of  barley  have  been,  for  a  lengthened  period, 
iTaiiied  in  Great  Britain.  Recently,  however,  its  cultivation  has  been  supposed,  though 
IproliriWy  on  no  good  grounds,  to  be  declininir.  In  1765,  Mr.  Charles  Smith  estimated  the 
Inumber  of  barley  consumers  in  Englnnd  and  Wales  at  730,000 ;  and  as  a  large  proportion 
|of  the  population  of  Wales,  Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland  continue  to  subsist  chiefly  on 
/  bread,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  this  estimate  may  not,  at  present,  be  very  wide 
lof  the  mark.  But  the  principal  demand  for  barley  in  Great  Britain  is  for  conversion  into 
iDiait,  to  bo  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ale,  porter,  and  British  spirits;  and  though  its  con- 
liu!nption  in  this  way  has  not  certainly  increased  proportionally  to  the  increase  of  wealth  and 
Ipopulation,  still  there  does  not  seem  to  bo  any  grounds  forsupposin;*  that  it  has  diminished. 
iBarley  is  also  extensively  used  in  fattening  black  cattle,  ho^s,  and  poultry.  It  now  geno- 
|nliv  follows  turnips,  and  is  a  very  important  crop  in  the  rotation  best  adapted  to  light  soils. 
T"he  principal  barley  counties  of  England  are  Norfolk,  Sudolk,  Cambridge,  Bcdfonl,  Herts, 
Vicestcr,  Nottingham,  the  upper  parts  of  Hereford,  Waiwick,  and  Salop.  The  produce 
l«rie«,  according  to  soil,  preparation,  season.  Sec,  from  about  20  to  60  or  70  bushels  an  acre. 
[The  most  usual  crop  is  from  28  to  36  or  38  bushels.  The  Winchester  bushel  of  good 
Tinglish  barley  gtnerally  weighs  about  50  lbs.,  but  the  best  Norfolk  barley  sometimes  weighs 
p3  or  64  lbs.  Its  produce  in  flour  is  about  12  !bs.,  to  14  lbs.  grain.  Barley  is  a  tender 
Want,  and  easily  hurt  in  any  stage  of  it.s  growth.  It  is  more  hazardous  than  wheat,  and  is, 
^nerally  speaking,  raised  at  a  greater  expense;  so  that  its  cultivation  should  not  bo 
Attempted  except  when  the  soil  and  climate  are  favourable  for  its  growth. — (For  detail*  aa  to 


m^ 


BARLEY-SUGAR— BARRATRY. 


1i; 


tb«  priCM  of  tittrley,  the  quantities  imported  and  exported,  Su^  aee  Cotm  Liwii  m  Cou 
Tbabi.  And  for  further  details  as  to  its  consumption  and  culture,  see  Smith's  'tnulnn 
the  Com  Trade,  2d  ed.  p.  182. ;  Brown  on  Rural  Affairt,  voL  ii.  p.  42. ;  Loudm't  Encvt, 
^Agrieultwrt,  J^) 

[Barley  has  long  been  cultivated  in  various  parts  of  America,  especially  in  Cuudi,igj 
In  the  States  as  fax  south  as  Viiginia. 

There  are  two  species.  One  of  these  is  called  winter  barley,  from  the  seed  being  imig 
in  autumn,  and  remaining  in  the  earth  during  the  winter.  It  ripens  about  July.  Thegna 
is  longer,  and  (he  hull  thicker,  than  in  the  other  species.  In  weight,  it  seldom  exceedi47||t 
to  the  bushel.  Under  favourable  circumstances,  50  bushels  have  been  raised  from  an  un  (^ 
ground ;  though  the  produce  generally  does  not  exceed  25  or  30. 

The  other  species,  called  spring  barley,  is  sown  in  the  spring,  and  also  ripens  about  Job, 
This  species  has  two  varieties,  distinguished  from  each  other  by  the  number  of  ronmf 
grain  on  the  head,  as  two-rowod  and  four-rowed  barley.  The  crop  is  generally  from  25  it 
80  bushels  per  acre,  and  frequently  weighs  from  48  to  52  lbs.  per  bushel.  By  coniigo) 
consent,  however,  among  the  dealers  in  this  article,  the  weight  of  a  bushel  is  fixed  at  48  Ik' 
at  which  rate  it  is  now  altogether  bought  and  sold. 

Barley,  in  the  United  States,  is  generally  raised  for  maUinff,  and  is  seldom  made  init 
flour,  barley  bread  being  almost  unknown.  Small  quantities  are  hulled,  and  uwd  ig 
soup  and  for  medicinal  purposes.  It  is  also  used  as  food  for  cattle ;  but  only  occaaioDilli, 
as  the  price  of  it  is  ordinarily  much  greater  in  proportion  than  that  of  Indian  com  oioou, 

New  soils  are  K'st  fitted  for  the  cultivation  of  barley ;  and  it  is  a  very  uncertain  crop  a 
lands  on  which  it  has  been  often  sown.  Hence  its  culture  has  been  abandoned  in  mo; 
■colons  of  the  country,  where  large  quantities  were  formerly  raised. — Am,  Ed.] 

BARLEY-SUGAR  (Fr.  Sucre d'orge ,-  Ger.  Ger»temueker t  It.  PennUo,-  Sp.  Alfeni^uti 
Lat  Alphenix),  a  preparation  of  sugar,  candied  with  orange  or  lemon  peel. 

BARRATRY,  in  navigation,  is,  in  its  most  extensive  sense,  any  fraudulent  or  unlaw&l 
act  committed  by  the  master  or  mariners  of  a  ship,  contrary  to  their  duty  to  their  ownen,iiid  I 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  latter.  It  appears  to  be  derived  from  the  Italian  word  bamtrm,^ 
cheat.  It  may  be  committed  by  running  away  witli  a  ship,  wilfully  carrying  her  out  of  ibi 
course  prescribed  by  the  owners,  delaying  or  defeating  the  voyage,  deserting  convoy  withoai 
leave,  sinking  or  deserting  the  ship,  embeading  the  cargo,  smuggling,  or  any  other  offiaw  | 
whereby  the  ship  or  cargo  may  be  subjected  to  arrest,  detention,  loss,  or  forfeiture. 

It  is  the  practice,  in  most  countries,  to  insure  against  barratry.    Most  foreign  juriats  hol^  I 
that  it  comprehends  every  fault  which  the  master  and  crew  can  commit,  whether  it  uia 
from  fraud,  negligence,  unskilfulness,  or  mere  imprudence.    But  in  this  country  it  i>  nileJ, 
that  no  act  of  the  master  or  crew  shall  be  deemed  barratiy,  unless  it  proceed  from  a  trimim 
or  fratidukit  motiva 

"  Barratry  can  only  be  committed  by  the  master  and  mariners  by  some  act  contrary  to  thai  I 
duty,  in  the  relation  in  which  they  stand  to  the  owners  of  the  riiip.    It  is,  therefore,  an «(  | 
fence  against  them,  and  consequently  an  owner  himself  cannot  commit  barratry.    He  mn, 
by  his  fraudulent  conduct,  make  himself  liable  to  the  owner  of  the  goods  on  board,  but  notb 
burrotry.    Neither  can  barratiy  be  committed  against  the  owner,  with  hit  cmttntt  k  I 
diough  he  may  be  liable  for  any  loss  or  damage  occasioned  by  the  misconduct  of  the  imifei 
to  which  he  ct>nsents,  yet  this  is  not  barratry.    Nothing  is  more  clear  than  that  a  maneu 
never  set  up  as  a  crime,  an  act  done  by  his  own  direction  or  consent" — (Marshall  on  Iniv 
ottee,  booki.  e.  12.  §6.) 

When,  therefore,  the  owner  of  a  ship  is  also  th^  master,  no  act  of  barratry  can  beca»  | 
Bitted ;  for  no  rnan  can  commit  a  fraud  against  himself. 

It  is  a  maxim  in  law,  that  firaud  shall  not  be  presumed,  but  must  be  clearly  proved;  ni  I 
it  is  a  rule  in  questions  of  insurance,  that  he  who  charges  barratry  must  substantiste  it  tf 
ooncSuiive  evidence. 

It  is  not  necessary,  to  render  an  act  barratrous,  thtk.  onld  be  committed  with  acrirni- 1 

nal  intent  as  respects  the  owners,  in  order  to  injure  u         ^r  to  benefit  the  captain  orcrev, 
It  may  even  be  committed  with  a  view  to  promote  ihe  owner's  interest;  for  an  ilie^dmi  I 
done  without  the  authority  or  privity  of  the  owners,  and  which  proves  detrimental  to  then^ 
is  barratiy,  whatever  be  the  motives  in  which  it  originated.    Lord  Ellenborough,  in  an  ibli  | 
judgment,  has  laid  it  down  as  clear  law,  "  that  a  breach  of  duty  by  tlie  master  in  respect  ii( 
his  owners,  with  a  fraudulent  or  criminal  intent,  or  ex  makfie'o,  is  barratry ;  that  it  mika  I 
no  diflerence  whether  this  act  of  the  master  be  induced  by  motives  of  advantage  to  hinueit 
malice  to  the  owner,  or  a  disregard  of  those  laws  which  it  was  his  duty  to  vbeif ;  and  ihitil 
is  not  for  hiii  to  judge  or  suppose,  in  cases  not  intrusted  to  his  discretion,  that  he  is  not 
breaking  the  trust  reposed  in  him,  when  he  endeavours  to  advance  the  intereetd  of  hi 
cwmers  by  means  which  the  law  forbids,  and  v/hich  his  owners  also  must  be  taken  to  his 
forbidden." 

1'he  circumstance  of  the  owners  of  ships  being  permitted  to  insure  against  the  bamti7of 
ttw  master  and  mariners  can  hardly  (ail,  it  may  be  not  uncharitably  presumed,  of  rendeiiii  I 


BARREL— BATAVIA. 


177 


di'inlM  Knipnioua  in  their  inquiries  with  recpect  to  their  character  than  they  would  other* 
mt  be.  Perhaps,  therefore,  it  might  be  expedient  to  prohibit  such  insurances,  or  to  lay 
wine  icitrictions  upon  them.  They  were,  indeed,  expressly  forbidden  by  the  Ordinance  of 
Rotterdim;  and  Lord  Mansfield,  whose  authority  on  all  points  connected  with  the  law  of 
innnnce  is  so  deservedly  high,  seems  to  have  thought  that  it  would  be  well  to  exclude  bar« 
ntry  entiraly  from  policies,  and  to  cease  "  making  the  underwriter  become  the  insurer  of  the 
conJuct  of  the  captain  whom  he  does  not  appoint,  and  cannot  dismiss,  to  the  owners  who 
on  do  either."  But  though  it  were  expedient  to  pievent  the  owners  from  making  an  in- 
nrance  of  this  sort,  nothing  can  be  more  reasonable  than  that  third  parties,  who  freight  a 
ihip,  or  put  goods  on  board,  should  be  allowed  to  insure  against  such  a  copious  source  of 
joK— (For  a  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  see  the  article  Marixi  Ixsub&hce;  and 
MmluJlon  Insurance,  book  i.  c.  12.  §  6.,  and  Park  on  Insurance,  c.  6.) 

Owners,  masters,  or  seamen,  who  wilfully  cast  away,  burn,  or  destroy  ships,  to  the  prejo* 
hm  of  freighters  or  insurers,  incur  the  penalty  of  death. — (See  Seamkn.) 

BARREL,  a  cask  or  vessel  for  holding  liquids,  particularly  ale  and  beer.    Formerly  the 
|l«irelof  beer  in  London  contained  only  32  ale  gallons  —  32^  Imperial  gallons:  but  it  waa 
mactnl  by  43  Geo.  3.  c.  69.,  that  36  gallons  of  beer  should  be  taken  to  bis  a  barrel ;  and  by  • 
I  the  6  Qeo.  ^  c.  58.  it  is  enacted,  that  whenever  any  gallon  measure  is  mentioned  in  any 
Incue  kw,  it  shall  always  be  deemed  and  taken  to  be  a  standard  Imperial  gallon.    At  pre> 
I  Kill,  therefore,  the  barrel  contains  36  Imperial  gallons.    It  may  be  worth  while  observing 
that  the  barrel  or  cask  is  exclusively  the  produce  of  European  ingenuity;  and  that  no  such 
I  uticle  it  known  to  any  nation  of  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  who  have  not  derived  it  from 
I  Earopetns. 
[In  the  United  States  the  barrel  in  use  is  uniformly  one  of  31^  gallons. — Am.  Ed.] 
BARWOOD,  a  red  dye  wood  brought  from  Africa,  particularly  from  Angola,  and  the 
I  liter  Gaboon.    The  dark  red  which  is  commonly  seen  upon  British  Bandana  handkerchiefs 
I  is  for  the  most  part  produced  by  the  colouring  matter  of  barwood,  saddened  by  sulphate  of 
linw.— (BORcrv/}  on  ColuursA     The  imports  of  barwood,  in  1820,  amounted  to  246  tons  16 
|c«t  It  fetches  at  present  (October,  1833)  from  9/.  to  lU  a  ton  (duty  Ss.  included)  in  the 
I  London  market 

BASKETS  (Fr.  CorbeiUes/  Oer.  KSrbei  It.  Paniere,-  8p.  Canastas,  Canastost  Rus. 
liTmnu)  are  made,  as  every  one  knows,  principally  of  the  interwoven  twigs  of  willow, 
foiier,  birch,  &c,  but  frequently  also  of  rushes,  splinters  of  wood,  straw,  and  an  immense 
I  number  of  other  articles.  They  are  used  to  hold  all  sorts  of  dry  goods,  and  are  constructed 
I  of  every  variety  of  quality  and  shape.  Besides  the  vast  quantities  produced  at  home,  some 
lof  the  finer  kinds  are  imported  under  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  20  per  cent  In  1832,  this 
idnty  produced  1,044/.  Is.  9d.,  showing  that  the  value  of  the  foreign  baskets  entered  for 
[home consumption  in  the  same  year  had  been  6,221/1  I8s.  9d. 
BAST,  for  straw  hats  or  bonnets.    See  Hats. 

BATAVIA,  a  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East 

[Indies,  and  the  principal  trading  port  of  the  Oriental  isiands,  in  lat  6°  12'  8.,  long.  106^ 

Im'  E.,  iituated  in  the  north-west  part  of  the  island,  on  an  extensive  bay.    The  harbour,  or 

I  rather  road,  lies  between  the  main  land  and  several  small  uninhabited  islands,  which,  during 

Ithe  boiiiterous  or  north-western  monsoon,  afford  sufficient  shelter  and  good  anchorage. 

|8hips  of  from  300  to  500  tons  anchor  at  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  shore.    A  small  river 

Inns  through  the  town,  navigable  for  vessels  of  from  20  to  40  tons,  from  the  sea,  a  couple  of 

Inilles  inland ;  a  number  of  canals  branch  off  from  it  into  different  parts  of  the  town,  afford* 

ling  great  conveniences  for  trade.     Batavia  was  formerly  so  notorious  for  its  insalubrity,  that 

iGeneral  Daendels  was  anxious  to  transfer  the  seat  of  government  to  Sourabaya ;  but  being 

nhwarted  in  this,  he  set  about  building  a  new  town,  a  little  fiirther  inland,  on  the  heights  of 

|Weltevieden,  whither  the  government  offices  were  immediately  removed.     Most  of  the 

principal  merchants  have  now  their  residences  in  the  new  town,  repairing  only  to  the  old 

|atr,  when  business  requires  it,  during  a  portion  of  the  day.    In  consequence,  the  old  town  is 

t  present  principally  occupied  by  Chinese,  and  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  colonists, 

Kveral  of  its  streets  having  been  deserted  and  demolished.     Recently,  however,  the  Baron 

Capellen,  whose  enlightened  administration  will  long  be  gratefully  remembered  in  Java, 

lenaibie  of  the  superior  advantages  of  the  old  town  ns  a  place  of  trade,  exerted  himself  to 

«vent  its  further  decay,  by  removing  the  causes  of  its  unhealthiness ;  to  accompUsh  which, 

he  widened  several  of  the  streets,  filled  up  some  of  the  canals,  and  cleaned  others,  demolished 

Heless  fortifications,  &c. ;  and  the  effect  of  these  judicious  measures  has  been,  that  Batavia 

•  now  as  healthy  as  any  other  town  in  the  isknd.    The  population,  according  to  an  accurate 

ieniiu  taken  in  1824,  consisted  of  3,025  Europeans  and  their  descendants,  23,108  natives, 

|U,708  Chinese,  601  Arabs,  and  12,419  slaves;  in  all,  53,861  persons,  exclusive  of  the 

|irrison.    As  the  population  has  increased  since,  it  may  at  present  be  estimated  at  about 

pO,000,  independently  of  the  military,  of  which  there  are  always  a  considerable  number. 

Amongthe  principal  merchants  arc  Uutch,  English,  Americans,  French,  and  Germans.    The 

■land  of  Java  forms  the  most  important  portion  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East,  and  ia, 

Voul  23 


m 


^*;    BATAVIA.     r^fr 


>  ''3 


^fi 


ii;: 


1    '  i 


!} 


in  fact,  one  of  the  finest  colonics  in  the  worlJ.  It  contains  an  area  of  50,000  square  mJa 
with  a  population  of  6,000,000  individuals,  or  130  to  the  square  mile.  The  annual  revenue? 
the  Dutch  government,  which  possesses  about  two  thirds  of  the  island,  amounts  to  about 
3,000,000/.  sterling;  and  the  military  force  amounts  to  about  15,000;  of  which  not  less  Jm 
8,000  are  European  troops,  teing  about  one  tliird  of  the  whole  European  force  in  British  l2 
which  has  a  population  of  90,000,000,  and  an  area  of  between  1,200,000  and  1,300,000  miu, 
miles  of  territory. 

The  staple  products  of  the  island  are  rice  (of  which  25,500  tons  were  exported  in  \m] 
a  variety  of  pulses,  vegetable  oils,  tobacco,  sugar,  and  coffee.  The  production  of  mmt 
rapidly  increasing.  In  1832  the  exporU  were  estimated  at  200,000  piculs  (12,000  tom). 
but  it  was  supposed  that  the  exports  in  1833  would  not  fall  short  of  18,000  tons;  and  utC 
Dutch  authorities  have  made  extensive  contracts  with  the  owners  of  large  tracts  of  land  to 
talie  sugar  at  very  remunerating  prices  for  some  years  to  come,  it  has  l)een  calculated  thit 
the  exports  of  1831  would  amount  to  400,000  piculs,  or  about  24,000  tons.  The  piodue. 
tion  of  indigo,  cocoa,  tea,  and  raw  silk,  is  making  considerable  progress.  The  tin  exponeij 
from  Batavia  is  brought  from  Banca,  the  copper  from  Japan,  tlie  finer  spices  from  tin 
Moluccas,  and  the  pepiwr  from  Sumatra. 

In  1 828,  the  exports  from  and  imports  into  Batavia  were,  in  quantity  and  value,  as  follow ;_ 


TbffE 


Exporis. 

Imports. 

Articlei. 

Picuhor 

136  lln.  each. 

FlorliH. 

Artlcln. 

PieuUol 
136  lbs.  each 

Wm. 

Coffee 

416,171 

8,021,fl39 

Cutlon  maiiutacturot,  Netherlaodi 

_^ 

1S«' 

Mace           • 

600 

96,07K 

Enslish 

_ 

Cloves         ■       • 

1,83] 

22U,107 

French 

^ 

Nutiuen      - 

1,647 

2iI.I2l 

VVoollon      dllto       Netlierhndt 

^ 

Rice             .       . 

419,499 

1,194. 1!« 

En(lisli  and  French 

_ 

W 

Tin      -       • 

19.'i54 

666,5421 

Pro?iiioot  froia  Enjlinil  only      . 
nranily  iind  senev*      .... 
Wines  -       ...•,• 

Suynr* 
Birdi*  neili 
Piece  gtHvli 

25,869 

4>6,0M 
62l,3!i2 

499,470 

- 

^1 

_ 

Opium,  Levant     •      -       -       .      • 

559 

7i;a 

Java  tobacco 

— 

401. 00>! 

Beaiial 

110 

i& 

Pepper        ■       > 

8,226 

15I.,t37 

Lead 

S,S91 

'W 

tUtiani 

31,301 

141,506 

Copper,  Rurofw  -       .       -       -      . 

354 

U.III 

SAit       . 

21,930 

iw.ao 

J.ip.in 

11,631 

X 

Jnpan  *nd  suuUI  wood 

''f''!; 

96,474 
04.044 

Steel  from  the  Nethcrland*  •       .      - 

726 

■      • 

IBS 

EnglaiKl 

404 

nm 

Arrack 

. 

Le{.333 

S8,362 

Sweden  -       -       -       . 

1^ 

iili 

Hides           .       . 

.      - 

— 

62.140 

Iron  tnm  Sweden       .       •      .      • 

8,900 

tvn 

Turmeric     • 

•     •     •     . 

S.I12 

42,oas 

KngUnd       .... 

4.593 

x-ja 

Horsm  384  (lo  the  Isle 

of  France} 

— 

«,»7S 

Nelherianda 

9,033 

1M« 

Tortoiseshell 

37 

67,941 

Cotton  pi«;e  sooils,  Benjal  and  Uidn* 

» 

Mi 

Japan  camphor     - 

-      •       •       • 

489 

43,200 

Cotton  yarn  fmm  the  Netberlandi 

99 

W 

•— 

2,9W,:i3« 

ditto       Giiiliih     .... 
a\niliir  (terra  Japonica)      • 
Rittans        .       •              ... 
I'ripaiitf  (Holothurion) 
Silk  and  cotton  piece  joods,  Chineie  ma- 

249 

HM 

I'rcMure 

"" 

1,209,29.1 

w«il 

XWai       •      • 

TT 

l7,49J>tl 

_ 

MW: 

i 

nufactur« 

^ 

II«J1 

Marine  stores       -       -       ,       ,       . 

«_ 

iSljS 

Articles  nut  spccifted   .       .      •       • 

^ 

3,38,!! 

»e3  *i^!... 

'ireasure 

Total        .       . 

\;!,-m 

The  following  Table  shows  the  different  Countries  with  which  Batavia  CRrries  on  Trade,  and  tin  | 

Value  of  the  Export  and  Import  Trade  with  each,  in  1628. 

Imports. 

E.tports. 

Fraui 

MerchaodiM. 

Traunre. 

Total. 

To 

Merchandise. 

Tieasum 

Tom 

Florins. 

Flariii: 

rivrint. 

Florin: 

Flminf, 

Tiom. 

Netherlands    - 

6,459,932 

1,001,013 

7,461,765 

Netherlands    - 

9,198,929 

279,601 

9,3«8JJ 

England 

3,l(!6,515 

— 

2,166,515 

England 

200,962 

165,750 

3«,;ii 

France     - 

13!),302 

— 

139,302 

France    - 

102,628 

7,650 

!10,ffl 

Hamburgh 

59,93-2 

16,830 

76,7(52 

lltiniburgh 

85,174 

— 

ews 

Gibraltar 

18,275 

89,250 

107,525 

Sweden 

2,1,6,52 

-^ 

93,(9 

Sweden  - 

30,384 

— 

30,384 

U.S.  of  America 

120,880 

— 

120,S 

U.  a.  of  America 

305,101 

697,210 

1,002,371 

Cape  Good  Hope 

1,970 

— 

LW 

Cape  Good  Ilopo 

1,624 

— 

1,024 

Isle  of  France 

89,547 

62,523 

I51,W 

IsIr  of  France 

21.051 

— 

31,051 

Mucha     - 

2,9,481 

— 

m 

Persian  Uulf  - 

1,510 

— 

1,510 

Persian  Gulf  - 

112,957 

— 

vm 

Bengal    • 

737,'124 

10,200 

747,62j 

Dombay  - 

3,053 

— 

m 

Siam 

131,004 

— 

131.001 

Hen  gill     - 

77,197 

9.010 

79,ffl 

Cochin  China  - 

4,909 

— 

4,009 

Siam 

77.451 

92,785 

100,9 

China 

685,500 

S,40S 

690,97  i 

Cochin  China - 

21,883 

— 

21.S 

Macao     - 

65,628 

— 

65,62S 

China 

1,474,486 

87,167 

l,5«l,6iJ 

93,«r 

Manilla   - 

29,01-9 



29,',18'.» 

Macao     - 

78.361 

15,536 

Japan 

1,087,231 

— 

1,007.231 

Manilla   •       - 

35,210 

.37,500 

mi 

New  Holland  - 

7,013 

2,550 

10,163 

Japan 

991,203 

22,050 

Eastern  Ar-  /_ 
chipelago    5' 

Toul      - 

3,326,415 

793,316 

4,319,761 

N('W  Holland  - 

Eastern  Ar-  \ 

chipelago   y 

75,083 
271,544 

1,377 
605,314 

76,(9, 

4,r6,Si(| 

15,3.>9,3?7 

2,616,707 

17,976,091 

Total      - 

16,290,010 

1,209,294 

17,49!I,3II 

J 

jlfHerlandi 

Enelish       -       "       ' 
American  (0.  States)  • 
Chinese 
Siitmes*     - 
Native        -       - 
Vaiioui  other  flags     • 


_ 


J11I8J8,  lie  Number  of  S 


OuH 


Flaj. 


Netherlands 
Knflish     - 
French 
Hamburgh 
Danleb 
Sweiiish    - 
Rossinn     - 
Spanish     - 
rorttisuest 
American 
Chinese     - 
Siamese     - 
Other  Asiatic 


'  Th«  quantity  of  sugar  exported  in  1329  had  risen  to  80,000  piculs,  and  the  indigo  to  l,Wlb!, 


.V(i/e,— Taklnsr  the  lap' 
I  aid  inwards  126,556  tons. 

fiirj  tltgttlations.—1\a 
Ironimanderofa  sliip  arrit 
I  pprs  In  Iniiii,  until  his  vcsi 
I  fol  tfl  wait  on  the  mnetei 
I  frst  of  the  wholo  car:;o  m 
I  in  Ihe  roads. — Itti.  The  n 
Jthen  lie  first  lanilfl,  Wlilcl 
I  tame  aiithnrity.— 5th ,  No 
I  •-ftli,  >'o  goods  can  be  sh 
Jlioivcver,  is  never  refiisetl 
I'prnhiljllion  does  not  exter 
Voril'.— With  respect  tr 
Itries  to  the  westward  nf  ti 
J  of 'Jfj  per  cent.,  and  unde 
||ifice  at  Batavia,  not  in  t 
|iliil):,allother  articles,  if 
I.Taluc,  of  16'36  per  cent.,  a 
lilie  maniifncture  of  the  ^ 
Itinfcthe  sepantion  of  Bel 
T;ilaimin(!  this  privilei^o  1 
fir)',  i«S  florins  per  piciil ; 
itielherlands  bottom  to  a  N 
j»vfrcniiniry,  pays  Iflorin 
Viliilyfree.  Kice,  on  wb 
wcoyangof  27  piculs.  i 
|«  Netherlands  ship,  2  flori 
TratlinjCompanv. 
i  GiMds  are  received  in  «i 
|Anjie  in  Java,  and  Rhio  ii 
Tnmice  value. 

.ifoney.— Accounts  ars  k( 
lepresented  hy  a  proper  co 
pne  value  aa  the  florin  cti 
>un(!  sterlinif,  hut  the  con 
jfintinental  India,  aro  rece 
pile.atlhernteof  100  ft)r  2l 

li'«^?to.— The  Cbinesie  ' 
IlirnnnhoutJava  and  the  ol 
•  ili  hundredth  part.  The 
Miaviaithai  been  long  as 
^mpd'mi  surVlledeJat 
*of  Hi  House  of  CtmnioTi 
torn  the  same.) 


Fluia 
Hun 

lata 

siui 

■m 

U.III 

Uffi 

im 

IMI 
tSit 

4i.a 

KH 


Trad 

e,  and  UK 

im 

TotiL 

IT, 

Fmni. 

i,fini 

9.m^ 

,750 

!10,ffl 

,650 

„ 

85.1? 

_ 

m 

- 

i2o,a 

,523 

1!1,M 

IIW 

_ 

_ 

3« 

.010 

79,9 

;,785 

W» 

„ 

21.8 

,107 

,53fi 

i,5«i.g 
93,sr 

,500 

m 

„05( 

,377 

•,m 

,3U 

4,r6,a 

,294 

17,1»,3I1 

- 

."■v'BA.TATU.:7.fI 

The  Etportt  and  Imparts  under  different  Fltgi  were  m  ibllotrt^ 


(1V9 


Imports. 


ly'ftlierlsnds 

Entlisl'  - 
imerican  (U. 
Chinese  - 
Siamese  - 
Native 
VaiioM  other 


States) • 
flags     • 


Flcrint. 

13,843,001 

l,«8*i,7l3 

1,715,306 

47a,Oi« 

814,802 

473,083 

328,163 


17,076,094 


Ctnl. 

88 

97 

to 

73 

3S| 


55 


Exports. 


Netlierlands 
En|,'li!4h  .  -  . 
French  ... 
American  (U.  States) 
Biameso  ... 
Chinese  ... 
Portuguese 
Various  other  foreign 


Knriw 

Ctml. 

11,986,010 

36 

3,312,449 

3t 

1C0,035 

SO 

l,3a4,«0 

34 

814,803 

<M 

951,133 

97 

103,833 

85 

334,487 

17,409,341 


13 


In  1829  ibe  Number  of  Ships  and  Amount  of  Tonnage  entering  Inwards  and  clearing  outwards  under 
'  dilfereiit  Flags  were  as  follow  : — 


Outwards. 

Inwards. 

n* 

Number  of 
V(suolv 

Tonm^B  in 
L.'uti. 

r.y. 

NumWiif 
Veml). 

TonMne  In 
Uitt. 

Xelherlands      - 

En«li«h     • 

French      ... 

Hamburgh 

Danleh      -      - 

Sweillsh    .      •       - 

Riusinn     ... 

Spanish     .      -       - 

PortUBiiese 

American 

OiiiieM     ... 

Siamese     ... 

Olhcr  Asiatic     - 

843 

68 

g 
1 
1 

1 
1 
a 

4 

19 
8 
7 

26 

45,689 
14,778* 
86H 
1.17 
65 
66 
IM 
420 
C62J 
3,116 
805 
308 
813 

Netherlands 
English       -       -       - 
French        ... 
Hnniburgh  ... 
Danish        ... 
Swedish     ... 
Kuesian      ... 
Spanish      ... 
PnrtiiguetH 
American  -       .       - 
Chinese      ... 
Siamese      .       -       - 
Other  Asiatic     • 

801 

54 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

14 

8 

0 

85 

45,684 
10,799* 
6{»* 
137 
85 
66 
1.53 
505 
963* 
■    9,087 
605 
497* 
804 

1,026 

es.iwi 

060 

63,278 

.We.-Taklnff  the  Ins'  ^  tons,  the  quantity  of  tonnage  which  cleared  outwards  will  be  136,389, 
I  jDil  JLwards  126,550  tons. 

Port  Ktgulation».—Tbe  following  is  the  substance  of  the  pr»t  regulations  of  Batavia ;— 1st.  The 
Iroramanderof  a  ship  nrrivinp  in  llio  roads,  is  not  to  landhimself,  or  permit  any  of  his  crew  or  pnssen- 
1  prstn  land,  until  his  vessel  ba  visited  by  a  boat  from  the  gunrd-Bhip.— 2d.  Tlio  mnster,  on  landing  is 
I  (jHt  10  wait  on  the  master  attendant,  and  nflorwnrtls  repf 't  himself  at  the  phllce  offlro.— Sd.  A  manl- 
I  f.stof  tlie  whole  curao  must  bo  delivered  iit  the  Custom-lioiiee  within  34  hours  of  tlie  ship's  arriving 
I  in  Ihe  roads. — llh.  The  muster  of  the  vessel  must  lodge  the  ship's  papers  with  thu  master  iittendant 
lirlien  he  first  lands,  Which  are  duly  delivered  up  to  hitn  when  ho  recelVi's  his  port  clearance  from  the 
I  Eime  authority.— Sth.  No  goods  can  be  shipped  or  landed  af>er  sunset,  under  n  penalty  of  SOO  florins. 
I '-{ih.  No  goods  can  be  shipped  on  Sunday  without  a  special  permission  from  the  water  fiscal,  which, 
I  hwever,  Is  never  refiised  on  application. — 7lh.  No  nmekets  or  ammunition  can  be  iijiportcd ;  but  the 
IprohiljilloD  docs  not  extend  to  fowling  pieces  exreertlns  100  florins  valne. 

1  7'ari|'.— With  respect  to  the  tariff,  all  foreign  woollens  and  cottons,  bcini  the  mnnnfhcfure  of  conn. 
I  Irii-s  In  the  westward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  imported  under  a  foreign  Hag,  pay  an  ad  ralorem  iaty 
|i)f2f'j  per  cent.,  and  under  the  Netherlands  flag,  of  121  per  ccnt.ithiit  is,  a  duty  upon  the  wholesale 
IfHre  at  Baiavin,  not  in  bond.  With  the  exception  of  wines,  spirits,  atid  opium,  which  pay  a  rated 
I  dill  jT,  another  articles,  if  imported  under  a  foreign  flag,  pay  an  ad  valorem  Aaiy,  rated  on  the  invoice 
Inluc.of  I6'3S  per  rant.,  and  ^f  under  the  Netherlands  flng,  of  b'l9  p<!r  cent.  Cottons  and  woollens, 
Itlie  maniifnctiire  of  the  Netherlands,  if  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  origin,  are  dutyfree;  but 
Itinro  the  separation  of  Belgium  and  Holland,  there  have  been  no  Iniportntioiis  of  cotton  nianufuctures 
Itlsiinini!  this  privilege  The  export  duty  on  cotBjo,  if  exported  on  n  foreien  bottoifa  to  u  foruign  couu- 
iiry, is  5 florins  per  picnl ;  if  on  a  foreign  bottom  to  a  port  in  the  Netherlands,  4  florins;  and  if  on  a 
pielherlatids  bottom  to  a  Netherlands  ;;iirt,  2  florins.  Siij-'.-ir,  If  e.vported  on  a  foreign  bottom  to  what- 
ever connlry,  pays  1  florin  per  pi';.il ;  but  if  exported  on  a  Netherlands  bottom  to  a  Netherlands  port, 
iilnty  free.  Uice,  on  wbAlaver  bottom  exported,  and  to  whatever  country,  pays  a  duty  of  3  florina 
jKTcnyangof  27  piciils  fin,  exported  on  a  foreign  ship  to  whatever  port,  4  florins  per  picul;  and  by 
IJXellierlands  ship,  2  florins  per  plciit.  The  trade  in  spices  is  now  monopolised  by  the  Netherlands 
iiadiniCompanv. 

(HMdsare  received  in  entrrpdt  not  only  at  Batavia,  but  at  the  ports  of  Samarang,  Sonrnbaya,  and 
■Anjle  in  Java,  and  Rhio  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  1  per  cent,  levied  on  tbo 
Tivoice  valne. 

.Voiin/.— Accounts  are  kept  at  Batavia,  In  the  florin  or  guilder,  divided  into  centimes,  or  100  parts, 
jepreseiited  hy  a  proper  coinage  orduits.  The  florin  is  a  new  coin  made  expressly  for  India,  but  of  Ihtt 
fvm  value  as  the  florin  current  in  tlie  Netherlands.  It  Is  usually  estimated  at  the  rate  of  12  to  tho 
Wnd  sterling,  hut  tlie  correct  par  is  11  florins  58  centimes  per  pound.  Doubloons,  and  the  coins  of 
Foniinental  India,  are  receivable  at  the  Custom-house  at  a  Hxed  tariff;  the  .Spanish  dollar,  forexani« 
plf.  at  the  rate  of  ItK)  ft)r  260  florins. 

K'ti^kt.—ne  Chinese  weights 'are  invariably  used  in  conmierclal  transactions  at  Batavia,  and 
ftrninhOHt  Java  and  the  other  Dutch  possessions  in  India.  These  are  the  piriil,  and  the  cattle,  which 
||it« hundredth  part.  The  picul  is  commonly  estimated  at  125  Dutch,  or  133*  lbs.  avoirdupois,  hut  at 
latavia  ithai  been  long  ascertained  and  considered  to  be  equal  to  136  lbs.  avoirdupois. — (Uogtmlorp, 
F»»pii'(Eil  iVT  Vile  de  Java,  cap.jp.  Ice;  Evidence  of  Gillmn  Mnclaine,  Knij.  before  the  Select  Covimit- 
itcfiit  House  of  Commons  on  the  Affairs  of  the  Eaat  India  Company,  1831,  and  vrivaU  eomnunicattvtu 
lointheiBine.) 


it  i 


1f6 


BATTEN— BEECH. 


(BUtamenta  whh  taapect  to  the  InporU  tiid  Biporu  of  J«Ta  intinn  th«  Tean  18S0-UM,) 


Tnn. 

IniioHiof  Cotton 
ValiHlariMioh 

porta,  Vtia* 
UrlorlM. 

Eiportu 

Til, 
ricuto. 

11,428 

Bipoili, 
Vila,!, 
riotiab 

I4,S01,77» 

CnOtt. 
~Mii7« 

Sonr. 

PiOlll. 

Rice 
CoywHU. 

In  '140. 
l>Mod<,aM 
AnalnnUn 

i»a 

16,651  »TS 

108,340 

I4,IUI 

n,i»< 

I8SI. 

NdlKb.         I,3«>,M» 

14,178,401 

29>,09r 

I10,2M 

18,637 

42,841 

30,266 

I4,70»,I4« 

itat. 

NiUidi.           n.uo 

I»,1I0,«W 

314,173 
3«0,lll 

246,8:3 

33,073 

118,211 

47,801 

31,081,089 

ini. 

roraifii        3,SM,0(H 

17,M4,»n 

»I0,»4: 

30,314 

217,480 

Ratura 
wutinf. 

1834. 

IXmlpi        4,lll,3n 

453,008 

367,131 

21,379 

160,424 

33,16  > 

u,03i,in 

w 
""75 

i«»r 

'vHn 

3 

Amonc  the  aiticlei  importAd  into  Java,  In  1834,  were  copper.  Iron,  iteel,  kt.  value  8rs,lM(io,iu, 
lllati  and  earthenware,  990,3ttl  do.;  wlnea  and  ipirlti,  931,34&  dn.;  prnvliinnt,490,l$e,  he.  Tktiai 
value  of  the  exporu,  In  I8S4,  waa,  30,0)1,317  florlna,  which,  at  SOd.  to  the  florin,  U  equal  tol,4l8tti 
We  have  not  learned  the  exact  amount  of  the  Importf  during  the  aamo  year,  but  takioi  t|Jm!| 
t,Om,(miN.  the  whole  trade  of  the  lilani  would  amount  to  about  4,400,000{.  or  4,SOO,0(KU. 

Htmarlu  on  the  itbovi  Statemtntt.—TY^ne  statement*  »hnw,  that  the  trade  of  Jtivahai  IncreaieitTm 
materially  since  1830.  In  fact,  there  wants  nothing  but  an  enlightened,  liberal  admlnistnukiii  iL 
by  dealing  fhirly  by,  and  giving  confidence  to  the  natives,  should  develope  the  resources  oftiili'iii)^ 
Inland,  to  render  Java  by  fur  the  mnet  valuable  of  all  the  eastern  colonial  itossessions  of  snyEoroMi 
power.  It  is  due  to  the  Dutch  to  state,  that  their  colonial  government  is  now  materially  iraprovedu 
compared  with  what  it  formerly  was ;  but  It  is  still  susceptiblo  of  much  amendment;  and  Ith  ir'ti 
hoped,  seeing  the  wonderftil  Influence  that  a  more  liberal  system  has  had  in  Cuba,  and  nthtr  ronin 
colonies,  and  even  in  Java  itself,  that  the  administration  of  the  latter  will  he  still  farther  improrej 

It  Is  stated  in  the  Dictionary  (p.  .)  that  the  export  of  colTee  from  Java  might  be  estimated  ttitiii 
18,000  tons  I  but  it  appears  frnm  the  above  table,  that  It  has  Increased  so  rapidly  that  it  anioanted  ii 
1834-9,  taking  the  picul  at  l.W  lbs.,  to  61,681,088  lbs.,  or  to  above  37,000  tonal  The  export  of  inn  | 
(luring  the  lame  year  exceeded  32,300  tons.— Sii;p.) 

QATTEN,  a  name  in  common  use  for  a  scantling  of  wood  2  J  inches  thick  and  7  widt  | 
If  above  8  inches  wide,  it  is  called  deal. 

BAZAAR,  a  term  used  in  the  East  to  designate  a  market,  or  building  in  which  nriogi  I 
articles  of  merchandise  are  exposed  fur  sale.    Bazaars  are  now  met  with  in  most  large  cilia 
of  Europe.    There  are  several  in  London,  of  which  the  one  in  SohoHiquare  u  th«  nut 
considerable. 


BDELLIUM  (Arab.  Aflatonn),  a  gum-resin,  semi-pellucid,  and  of  a  yellowish  brown « 
dark  brown  colour  according  to  its  age,  unetuons  to  the  touch,  but  britde ;  soon,  howm, 
softening  between  the  fingers;  in  appearance  it  u  not  unlike  myrrh,  of  a  bitterish  taste,  vd 
moderately  strong  smell.  Two  kinds  have  been  distinguished :  the  opoailpamm  of  lis 
ancients,  which  is  thick  like  wax ;  and  the  common  dark  sort  It  is  found  in  Peniid 
Arabia,  but  principally  in  the  latter ;  all  that  is  met  with  in  India  is  of  Arabic  origin.  Tin  | 
tree  which  produces  it  has  not  been  clearly  ascertained. — (iltnajte's  Materia  Indiea.) 

BEACONS,  in  commerce  and  navigation,  public  marks  or  signals  to  give  warning  of  I 
rocks,  shoals,  dec.  No  man  is  entitled  to  erect  a  light-house,  beacon,  &c,  without  beiii  I 
empowered  by  law.  The  Trinity  House  corporation  are  authorised  to  set  up  beacon  b  I 
whatever  places  they  shall  think  fit ;  and  any  person  who  shall  wilfully  remove  or  run  don  I 
any  buoy,  beacon,  &c.  belonging  to  the  Trinity  House,  or  to  any  other  corporation,  inilii>  I 
dual  or  individuals,  having  authority  to  establish  it,  shall,  besides  lieing  liable  to  the  exptnal 
of  replacing  the  same,  forfeit  a  sum  not  less  than  10/.  nor  more  than  60/1  for  every  mH\ 
fence.— (6  Geo.  4.  c.  125.  §  91.)— (See  Bdots.) 

BEADS  (Fr.  iZo«a<m  /  Ger.RoHnkrdnze/  livL,  Patemostm  t  IL  Corone  .•  8p.Cormi),  I 
■mail  globules  or  balls  used  as  necklaces,  and  made  of  different  materials;  as  pearl,itei(| 
amber,  garnet,  coral,  diamonds,  crystal,  glass,  &c.  Roman  Catholics  use  beads  in  rehawl 
ing  their  Ave  Marias  and  Patcmostera.  Glass  beads  or  bugles  are  imported  in  Isrgeqai^l 
titles  into  India  and  Africa,  and  also  into  Borneo  and  Sumatra.  They  are  brought  ptitl;! 
from  Europe,  and  partly  from  China  and  the  Peraian  Gulf.  The  glass  beads  sent  fas  I 
England  are  all  imported,  principally,  we  believe,  from  Venice.  The  non-manofactuRiil 
this  country  is  said  to  be  a  consequence  of  the  excise  regulations  on  the  manu&cture  of  glia  I 

BEANS  (Fr.  Fevett  Ger.  Bohnen,-  It.  Fave,-  Rus.  Booba.-  Sp.  Habaa;  Lat.  FMjA 
well-known  vegetable  of  the  pulse  species,  largely  cultivated  both  in  gardens  aniliielda,  Itl 
cultivation  is  of  much  importance  in  rural  economy,  inasmuch  as  it  has  gone  far  to  w[»| 
■edfl  fallows  on  strong  loams  and  clays. 

BEAVER.    See  Skins. 

BEECH  (Fagua  tylvailea),  a  forest  tree  to  be  met  with  every  where  in 
Tbffre  is  only  one  species,  the  difference  in  the  wood  proceeding  from  the  difierenceofdl 
■nd  situation.  A  considerable  quantity  of  beech  is  grown  in  the  southern  parts  of  Boibl 
It  js  not  much  im4  in  building,  as  it  soon  rots  in  damp  places;  but  it  is  used  as  pileiii| 
puwff  Wb^^  \\  y*  co4*^i)tlv  wet.    It  is  manufactiircd  intQ  a  great  variety  of  tools,  foririiiil 


,n  BEEF— BERRIES.. T 


181 


l„  gtii  hardncM  anil  aniform  textara  render  it  lupntor  to  all  other  Mrta  of  wood ;  it  ia  alao 
«l!nii»«ly  w*! '"  making  furniture. 

BEEF,  u  every  one  knowa,  ia  the  flcah  of  the  ox.  It  ia  uaed  either  freah  or  aalted. 
raraeriyit  mu  uual  for  moat  iamiliea,  at  least  in  the  country,  to  lupply  themaelvea  with  a 
iiock  of  nit  beef  in  October  or  November,  which  aerved  for  their  conaumption  until  the 
Miuini  lummer;  but  in  coniequence  of  the  univeraal  eatabliahment  of  marketa  where  freah 
beef  mty  be  at  ail  timea  obtained,  the  practice  ia  now  nearly  relinquished,  and  the  quantity 
of  wiltd  beef  made  use  of  aa  compared  with  fVeah  beef  ia  quits  inconaiderable.  Large 
wiipliet  of  laltrd  beef  are,  however,  prepared  at  Cork  and  other  places  for  exportation  to 
La  Eist  and  Weat  Indiea.  During  tlie  war,  large  supplies  were  also  required  for  victualling 
the  navy.    The  vessels  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade,  and  in  ahort  voyages,  use  only  freah 

The  English  have  at  all  timea  been  great  consumers  of  beef;  and  at  thia  moment  mora 
beef  i>  uaed  in  London,  aa  compared  with  the  population,  than  any  where  else. — (For 
further  detail*  with  respect  to  the  consumption  of  beef,  &&,  sec  Cattlb.) 

liEER.    ^  ^^*  '^^^  Bbkr.  S) 

BELL-METAL  (Fr.  Metal  de  Fontt  ou  de  Claehtai  Ger.  Giiekenguti  Du.  Klohpytt 

1 8pb  Camponilf  Rus.  Koloklnaja  mjed),  a  composition  of  tin  and  copper,  usually  consisting 

of  3  parts  of  copper  and  1  of  tin.    Ita  colour  is  grryish  white ;  it  is  very  hard,  sonorous, 

10(1  el«8til^    Less  tin  is  used  for  church  bells  than  for  clock  bells ;  and  in  very  amall  bells,  a 

I  liiile  line  is  added  to  the  alloy. — (  Thomton'a  Chemutry.) 

BEr»1^0IN.    SeeBAisAM. 

ItERGEN,  the  first  commercial  city  of  Norway,  situatnd  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  bay,  in 
[III 60°  84'  N.,  long.  6°  80'  E.  Populntion  21,000.  The  bay  is  inclosed  on  all  sides  by 
I  nigged  locks  and  islands :  the  water  is  deep ;  but,  owing  to  the  number  and  intricacy  of  tha 
I  passages,  the  access  to  the  town  is  attended  at  all  times  with  a  goo<l  deal  of  difficulty,  and 
I  ihould  never  be  attempted  without  a  pilot.  Codfish,  salted  or  dried,  is  one  of  the  principal 
iutidesof  export;  when  dried,  it  ia  called  stock-fish,  and  goea  chiefly  to  Italy  and  Holland. 
I  The  cod  fishery  employe  several  thousand  persons  during  the  months  of  February  and 
IMtrch;  and  the  exports  amounted,  in  1830,  to  184,064  barrels.  The  herring  fishery,  which 
I  used  to  be  very  successfully  carried  on  upon  the  coasts  of  Norway,  has,  for  a  good  many 
Ijeara,  been  comparatively  unproductive.  Whale  oil,  skins,  bones,  tar,  with  immense  num* 
I  ben  of  lobsters,  &c.,  are  exported.  The  exports  of  timber  from  Bergen  are  inconsiderable, 
luHi  none  has  latterly  gone  to  England.  Norway  timlier  is  not  so  large  as  that  brought 
Iftom  Pnusian  ports,  nor  so  free  from  knots ;  but,  being  of  slower  growth,  it  is  more  compact, 
linil  less  liable  to  rot  The  planks  are  either  red  or  white  fir  or  pine :  the  red  wood  is  pro- 
Iduced  from  the  Scotch  fir ;  the  white  wood,  which  is  inferior  in  price  and  estimation,  is  the 
ipioduce  of  the  spruce  fir:  each  tree  yields  diree  pieces  of  limber  of  11  or  12  feet  in  length ; 
lind  i>  70  or  80  years  of  age  before  it  anives  at  perfection.  The  planks  or  deals  of  Bergen 
itre,  however,  a  good  deal  inferior  to  those  of  Christiania.  The  imports  into  Bergen  prin- 
Idpally  consist  of  grain  from  the  Baltic ;  and  salt,  hardware,  coffee,  sugar,  &c.  from  England. 

I  For.ViniH,  Wtiirhl>,n.ni  MeaBtiret,  see  Christiamia  ;  where  there  are  further  details  as  totha  trade 
lind  naviiratlnn  of  Norway. 
We  subjoin  an  account  of  the  principal  exports  from  Bergpn  in  1639. 


iBnnei      .  .  - 

Itiih,  Lobsters     - 

Cod,  smoked  and  dry 

-  salt 

—  Me,  ditto 
Pickled  sprats 

iRomi,  nx  and  cow 
|llou,roclc 


SO  tons. 
35Q,OflO  number. 

15,873  tons. 

184,064  iHurrels. 

13,«27     do. 

1,912  kegs. 

178  cwt. 

131  tons. 


Oil,  whale      - 

Skins,  gnat,  buck,  and  deer  • 
sheep  and  lamb 
fo.x,  martin,  otter,  &e. 

Tar      .  .  .  . 

Wood,  timber  and  deals 
staves 


i  'i^jr.  "i." 


3,403  tuns. 
440  cwt.      ' 
7i»  do.        'l\ 
97  skins.   ,V 
4.51  barrels  ,- 
3^0  tons. 
800  number. 
(Private  information.) 

The  berries 


1"?. 


BERRIES  (Baecx),  the  fruits  or  seeds  of  many  different  species  of  plap.ts. 

piotedin  London  Price  Currents  are  bay,  juniper,  Turkey,  and  Persian. 

1,  Bay  Berries  (Fr.  Buiea  de  Lwirier  ,•  Ger.  Lorbeertn ;  It,  Bacchi  di  Latiro  ,•   Sp. 

Saywi),  the  fruit  of  the  Laurua  nohilis.    This  tree  is  a  native  of  the  south  of  Europe, 

lut  it  is  cultivated  in  this  country,  and  is  not  uncommon  in  our  gardens.    The  berry  is  of 

1  oval  shape,  fleshy,  and  of  a  dark  purple  colour,  almost  black ;  it  has  a  sweet  firagrant 

)dour,  and  an  aromatic  astringent  taste.    Bay  berries,  and  the  oil  obtained  by  boiling  them 

1  water,  are  imported  from  Italy  and  Spain. — {Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

i.  Juniper  Berries  (Fr.  Genivrier  t    Du.  Setenboom  ,•  It.  Gitiepro/  9p.  Embro),  the 

nil  of  the  common  juniper  (J(mt;}eru«  commuiits).    They  are  round,  of  a  black  purple 

il'iur,  and  require  two  years  to  ripen.    They  have  a  moderately  strong,  not  disagreeable, 

lut  peculiar  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent,  sweetish  taste,  which,  if  they  be  long  chewed,  or 

piieviously  well  bruised,  is  followed  by  a  considerable  bitterness.    I'hey  are  found  in  this 

nuntry;  but  most  of  those  made  use  of  here  are  imported  from  Holland,  Germany,  and 

|lalj.   They  should  be  chosen  fresh,  not  much  shrivelled,  and  free  from  moukliness,  which 

hj  are  apt  to  contract  in  keeping.     On  distillation  with  water,  they  yield  a  volatile  essential 

jvery  subtile  and  pungent,  and  in  smell  greatly  reseml'Uug  the  berries.    The  peculiar 

Voul,— Q 


mi 


m 


BERYL,  BETEL-NUT. 


ttnrom  and  cliurotio  qnatitiM  of  Ocnov«  d«ipend  principollj  on  the  prmenee  of  tfiiioil,  8,,^ 
lish  ((in  if)  rniid  to  bo,  for  the  mo^t  part,  flavoured  with  oil  of  turpentino.— (Lenn,*,  j|5 
Med.t  Tkotmmt'i  Difpe'isitfnri/.) 

The  duty  on  juniper  IktHok,  previoaily  to  1809,  wm  Mn.  Id.  a  cwt.,  being  monthuKK 
per  cent,  im  their  ftrice  in  himd.  The  oppreaoivoneM  of  thia  duty  •ocinn  to  have  |)«fn  ^ 
principal  reason  why  turpentine,  which  in  point  of  flavour  and  all  other  renperti  is  m  jg, 
finrior,  haabeon  larg«ly  U(cd  in  profKrenoe  to  juniper  bcrriefl  in  the  preparation  of  ((in,  Thji 
opprcaiive  duty  wan  reiluceil,  in  1833,  to  2s.,  and  we  entertain  little  doubt  that  thii  wiMigj 
iiboral  measure  will  at  no  distant  period  occaxion  the  receipt  of  a  grenter  amount  of  mnw, 
at  the  same  time  that  it  cannot  fail  materially  to  improve  the  beverage  of  a  large  propottiog 
of  the  people. 

Itiilian  juni(K)r  berries  fetch  at  present  (Sopt.  1833),  in  the  London  niarkol,  from  9»,  64 
to  109.  %d.  a  cwt.,  duty  included ;  and  German  and  Dutch  ditto,  from  8«.  to  9«. 

3.  Tttrkeif  Yellow  Bvrritt,  the  unripe  fruit  of  tlio  Rhamntr  infudoriiu  o(  Linnma 
'I'hcy  are  used  as  a  dye  <lrug,  in  preparing  a  lively  but  very  fugitive  yellow,  for  topical  a, 
plication  in  calico-printing.  Considcrabiu  ((Utintilioa  of  tluim  aro  exported  from  S.iionica,to 
which  they  aro  brought  from  ThO'4Haly  and  Albania.  An  inferior  sort  is  produced  inFnnce; 
—{Rancri'fl  on  Coloun.)  The  duty  on  Turkey  borrioii  is  2s.;  and  their  price,  doty  ig.  I 
eluded,  in  the  Iiondon  market,  is  (Hept.  1833)  Hi».  to  .Sti*.  a  cwt. 

4.  Pemian  Ytlhw  Berriet  are  aaid  by  the  merchants  to  ho  of  the  same  species  ns  the  Tarkn 
yellow  lierries.  The  colours  which  they  yield  are  more  lively  and  lasting.  They  ire  hiiih 
priced,  fetching  (duty  2.4.  included)  from  1I0.«.  to  13U.f.  a  cwt.  Hitherto  the  importi  h»i 
been  very  inconsidoroble ;  the  yellow  berries  (Turkey  as  well  as  Persian)  entered  for  home 
consumption  during  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  being  only  1,039  cwt.  a  year,  'ilienca  | 
revenue  derived  from  all  sort*  of  berries  importod  in  1832,  was  3,062/.  12.i.  id. 

BURYfj.  called  by  the  jewellers  Aqunmnrine.    This  stone  was  suspected  by  Plinj  tobi  I 

a  variety  of  tlie  emerald  ;  a  conjecture  which  modem  mineralogists  have  completely  conlint. 

cd.    Tlie  term  emerald  is  applied  to  that  particular  variety  which  presents  its  own  pecniiii 

colour,  or  emera'd green ;  while  that  of  beryl  is  given  indiscriminately  to  all  the  othnvinei 

ties ;  as  the  aea  green,  pale  blue,  golden  yellow,  and  colourless.     Pliny  says  that  the  hcrylii 

found  in  India,  and  rarely  elsewhere ;  but  besides  India,  it  is  found  in  Peru  and,  Brull;  it 

Nantes  and  Limoges,  in  Prance;  in  the  Wicklow  mountains,  in  Ireland ;  in  the  dbttiict  ot 

Cairngorm,  in  Scotland ;  and  in  various  other  placcs.^(  P/i'n.  Hid,  Nat.  lib.  xxxvii.cup.S,; 

Ency.  Brit,  new  edit.) 

** Those  only  wlilch  are  of  goml  colour  and  snttirfotit  dnptli  nre  mnnyftictiired ;  they  hnvesprtiif,  I 
lively  street.  If  In  gxutd  proportion  niiil  well  polifihed.  LiirKe  stonvs,  fmiii  one  to  three  iind  fuut  nunici, 
ure  iiKt  ^ucoiiimon,  hut  froiu  thfiir  bulk  nru  only  in  reiiuent  as  vjiccinicny  for  (lie  cubinct :  anialla 
HtoncB  enitable  for  RcckliiroH  may  tie  ImUBht  nl  low  pricvs,  withhi  the  r<inch  «>f  v.w.ty  dositiiilloni^ 
purchnters ;  rluK  atones  may  bo  had  at  a  fi!W  HhillliiKH  each ;  and  larger,  fur  brooches  or  BtuU,  (m 
U.  to  SI.  and  often  lower."— (.Ware  «»  Oiamomh,  S(c.  %\  Edit.) 

BETEL-NUT,  on  ARECA  (Sans,  and  Hind.Si4//f/ri/  Malay,  Ftnang,-  Javan.  Jumii) 

the  fruit  of  the  Arecti  CTtechn,  a  slendor  and  graceful  palm,  rising  to  the  height  uf  about  30 1 

or  40  feet ;  it  produces  fruit  at  the  age  of  five  or  six  years,  and  continues  bearing  till  iU23i 

or  30th  year.    The  fruit,  which  is  the  only  part  of  the  jialin  that  i^  made  use  of,  is  cala  | 

both  in  its  unripe  and  in  its  mature  state.     When  ripe,  it  i.s  of  tho  size  of  a  small  pgg,i 

fifan  orange  colour;  the  exterior  part  consists  of  a  soft,  8[>ong;y,  fibrous  matter,  inclosing  1 1 

nucleus  resembling  a  nutmeg  in  shape,  internal  structure,  and  colour,  but  usually  larger,  nil 

always  harder.  A  single  tree  produces,  ncconliny  to  itii>'situation,  age,  culture,  &c.,  from  200 1« 

800  nub.  They  are  objects  of  great  importance  in  the  East,  forming  the  principal  ingrcfatot 

a  compound  in  universal  use  ns  a  masticatory  in  all  Central  und  Tropical  Asia.    The  olha 

ingredients  are  the  leaf  of  tho  Betel  pepper — (which  sec),  in  which  the  arcca  nut  is  wta^ 

ped  ;  a  little  Cnrir am — (which  see)  ;  and  generally,  but  not  always,  a  little  catechu  orlera 

japonica — (see  C.iTECHu).    The  whole  compound  is  called  Met,  and  is  used  to  an  eitrat 

of  which  it  is  diflicult  for  a  European  to  firm  a  just  idea.  All  individuals,  without  exccptioo 

of  age  or  sex,  begin  at  an  early  period  to  accustom  themselves  to  betel.  They  are  unceisiiif  | 

ly  masticating  it,  and  derive  a  gratification  from  its  use  that  strangers  can  neither  unJfr- 

stand  nor  explain.    It  reddens  tho  saliva,  gives  a  bright  hue  to  the  lips,  and,  in  course  of  I 

time,  renders  the  teeth  quite  black.     It  is  said  to  dispel  nausea,  excite  appetite,  and  strengtiieii  | 

the  stomach.     Besides  being  used  as  an  article  of  luxury,  it  is  a  kind  of  ceremonial  w  " 

regulates  the  intercourse  of  the  more  polished  classes  of  the  East.     When  any  person  of  I 

consideration  visits  another,  after  the  first  salutations,  betel  is  [irosented ;  to  omit  it  on  th< 

one  part  would  be  considered  neglect,  and  its  rejection  would  be  judged  an  aftront  on  iIk 

other.    No  one  of  inferior  rank  addresses  a  dignified  individual  without  the  previous  preci* 

tion  of  chewing  betel ;  two  people  seldom  meet  without  exchanging  it;  and  it  is  alwm 

offered  on  the  ceremonious  interviews  of  public  missionaries.    Tho  areca  nut  is,  in  con* 

quence,  an  article  of  very  extensive  trade.     The  countries  which  yield  it  mo-st  largely  l« 

exportation  are  Malabar,  Ceylon,  and  Sumatra.     Of  the  extent  of  this  trade,  some  nolin 

may  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  the  imports  of  arcca  into  Bengal  in  1629-30,  were  695 


.iy/nafu\  BETEL-LEAF— BILBAO. '0   Jl'^ 


leb 


Ml,  ind  into  Canton,  2,S9'1  toni,  though  Dontrnl  and  Southcrr  ""hinB  iiro  rountnps  in 
which  «««'•  la'(l«''y  produrrd.— (Hco  the  article  Bftel  in  •'—  ""— '  -'"''"■  "'  •'•-  »*— - 
"'Kiiannlttti  Bell's  liepiiu)  of  the  Extfriial  Commrrcf  nf 


I   Crau'tr 
I  irchiotlnto,  vol.  i.  p.  108.,  vol.  iii.  p.  4 14. ;  Chintur.  Knltnilar  and  Nrghterfot 


Brtel  in  the  new  I'diiion  of  the  Eney. 

imfTcf  nf  Bengal  I   Crawford' t  Indian 

fur  1832,  &r.) 

"BirBL'i'BAF  "(Hind.  Van  /   Mnlay,  Sireh  ,•  .lavnn.  Sum),  thr  ji-af  Bluidod  to  in  tho 

I  (jMoing  orticle.  It  in  the  produce  of  a  ipocics  of  popper  vine  {Piper  betel),  and  Bomc- 
wli»tre«eniWe»  the  ivy  leof.  In  their  fresh  itlate,  \\eif\  li'ovrn  form  an  important  artirle  of 
Etfttrn  tr»lflc,  being  every  where  used  in  the  preparation  of  betfl.  The  Piper  betel  i%  a 
Mwlfi'  P'""''  ""'  po'"*  '"'''  I'l**""'  '"  t''"  ground,  roiin<l  which  it  twines  itwlf.  In  con»o- 
diifnc*  of  the  great  conoumption  of  it*  leaven,  it  is  cxti-nBivcly  cultivaterl  throughout  Tropical 
\i%  It  growH  in  the  gre8le«t  perfection  in  rich  hoIIh  close  to  the  equator ;  and  w  raifled 
with uiore '''fl'<'"'ty  the  further  we  recede  from  it. — {Ency.  Britannieti,  new  edition, article 
^Uli  Crawfiird'a  Ind  an  Arcliipelogo,  vol.  i,  p.  403J 

BlizOAR  (Arab.  Fadiij ,•  Hind.  Zeher-moriih ;  Per*.  Padzehr  Kanie),  a  concretion 
ibund  in  the  stomach  of  an  anlnial  of  the  goat  kind  ;  it  has  a  smooth  glossy  surface,  and  is 
of  I  (lurk  green  or  olive  colour ;  the  word  bezoar,  however,  has  lately  been  extended  to  all  the 
coiKiftion*  found  in  animals  ;•— such  as  tho  k'g  hesnnr,  found  in  tho  stomach  of  the  wild 
boar  in  India;  the  bovine  bezoar,  found  in  the  gall-bladder  of  the  ox,  common  in  Nepaul; 

'  uiJllie  eamcl  bezoar,  found  in  the  gall-bladder  of  the  camel ;  this  last  is  much  prized  us  a 

I  leilow  paint  by  the  Hindoos.  Tho  fmest  liezoar  is  In-ou^ht  to  India  from  Uornco  and  tlie 
ira-ports  of  the  Persian  Gulf;  the  Persian  article  is  jmrticularly  S(jught  after,  and  is  said  to 
be  procured  from  animals  of  the  goat  kind,  Cup-n  Gazelln.  Many  extraordinary  virtues 
were  formerly  ascribed  to  this  subiitanoo,  but  without  any  sufTiciunt  reason. — {Ainslie's  Ma- 
lm Indica.) 

BILBAO,  oB  (as  it  is  commordy,  though  incorrectly,  written  in  this  country)  BII-BOA, 
imifporttown  of8|>ain,  in  the  province  of  Biscay,  on  the  river  Ybai  Cabal,  about  9  milos 

I  from  Poitugolete.    Population  14,600. 

Pjrt._Xhe  bay  of  llilhan  lies  between  Punto  Ontru  on  Its  ensf,  nnd  Pitnto  T.mutrn  on  Its  western 
I  tide, dlitant  ahoiit  3  miles.  It  stretches  H.  K.  tn  within  }  nf  n  mile  nf  rnrtiiiiiilctft,  in  int.  4;'!''  W  10" 
N.,  Inni;.  V  M}'  W.,  neur  the  nioutli  nf  the  fiver  on  wliieli  llilliuu  Ih  linllt.  The  water  in  tlm  Imy  vn- 
[ies from ."i  to  10  and  llfiithnnis.  There  is  a  harat  tlic  niuiitli  of  the  river,  between  Santnrre  and 
PnrtuipWe, on  which  there  in  not  nhove  fonr  feet  water  nt  ebb  tide.  Ili(!li  water  ill  tnll  and  rhaii^re 
gl3li.  p.  M.  6l>rinK  tide!)  rise  about  13  feet;  and  l.irne  Nhips  lakinir  ndvantat:e  of  them  sometimes 
aicrnii  the  river  na  far  as  llilbun;  but  they  usually  load  ami  unload  by  liphters,  eitlier  at  Pnrtuuelcte, 
oral  OInviiign,  4  ndlea  lielow  the  town.  I'ilola  are  to  lie  had  at  .''aiitiiriB,  withmil  llie  liur.  1m  win- 
ter, nlicavy  sea  iometlmes  sets  into  the  Imy ;  but  if  the  pilot  ciiniiot  go  off,  he  places  himself  on  one 
(if  the  batteries  tn  tiie  iN.  W.  of  Snntnrce,  and  makes  f>iirnnl8  with  a  red  finir,  so  as  tn  direot  the  ship 
lothehest  anciinraiie  ground.— (See  i-auric's  excellent  Chart  uf  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  w'Hh  lUe  builing 
I  Dirutinu  that  accoinpnny  it.) 

Trade. — Bilbao  is  favourably  situated  for  commerce.    The  Biscayans  arc  distinguished 

I  for  the  ical  and  courage  with  which  they  have  defended  their  peculiar  privileges,  and  for 

their  industry  and  activity.    Bilbao  and  Santandcr  are  the  principal  ports  through  which 

the  extensive  province  of  Old  Castile,  and  large  portions  of  Leon  and  Navarre,  most  easily 

fomttranicate  with  foreign  countries.    They  have  in  consequence,  particularly  the  former,  a 

pretty  considerable  foreign  trade.     Wool  is  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  export ;  but  since 

the  introduction  of  Merino  sheep  into  Germany,  and  their  cxtraordinar}'  increase  in  that 

country,  this  branch  of  Spanish  commerce,  though  still  of  a  good  deal  of  importance,  has 

materially  declined.    Since  the  abolition,  in  1B20,  of  all  restrictions  on  the  exportation  of 

corn,  flour,  &c.,  tho  shipments  of  wheat  from  Bilbao  have  been,  in  some  years,  very  con- 

liderablc.    The  supplies  arc  principally  brought  from  the  provinces  of  Palencia,  Valladolid, 

anil  Zamora,  which  yield  immense  quantities  of  wheat.     The  distance  is  from  130  to  140 

English  miles;  and  owing  to  the  badness  of  the  roads,  and  the  deficient  means  of  transport, 

therateof  carriage  advances  enormously  when  there  is  any  extraordinary  foreign  demand. 

I  If  the  Canal  of  Ciintile,  intended  to  unite  the  Douro  with  Reynosa,  Bill«o,anJ  Santander, 

were  completed,  it  would  make  a  considerable  revolution  in  this  trade.     Tho  cainpoH, 

or  plains,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Douro,  are  amongst  the  iinci^t  wheat  countries  in  the 

hvorld;  the  crops  being  frequently  so  abundant,  that  the  peasants  decline  reaping  the  fields 

|ata(]ifltancefrom  the  villages!     In  1831,  146,234  quarters  of  Spnish  wheat,  principally 

jfrom  Bilbao,  were  imported  into  Great  Brit'titi.    The  iron  manufactures  of  Biscay  are  in  a 

I  state  of  considerable  activity,  and  some  part  of  the  produce  is  exportetl.     The  principal  ar- 

j  tides  of  importation  are  wove  fabrics,  cod-fi.sh,  cutlery,  and  jewellery  ;  sugar,  coflce,  cacao, 

land  other  colonial  products,  spices,  indigo,  &c.     In  1831,  210  foreign  ships,  of  the  burden 

■  of  18,822  tons,  entered  (he  port  of  Bilbao.    The  countries  to  which  these  ships  belonged 

I  are  not  mentioned;  hut  in  1828,49  British  ships,  of  the  burden  of  6,051  tons,  entered  thu 

I  port— (We  have  derived  these  details  from  the  Foreign  Quarterly  Review,  No.  9.  art.  Spain  ,• 

UhAnnmiredu  Cam merce  Maritime  (or  1633,  p.  265.;  the  i'ar/.  Poper,  No.  550.  Sew. 

11833;  tni  private  ivfurmaiiun.) 

I   Mniu,  H'eigktg,  and  Measures,  same  as  tbnsp  of  Capik  ;  whirh  see.    We  may  mention,  however 
ItljatUielUueji'a,  or  measure  tor  grain,  is  equivalent  lo  t'U3  Winchester  q\iarters. 


si.'! 


■I'l. 


■ill 


184 


BILL  OF  EXGHANOE--BILL  OF  LADING. 


-.•.._-«%  iuJ    M 


Bll/i  OF  EXCHANGE.    8«e  Etcii*:viii. 
BIIiL  OF  HEALTH,  ■  certiAcato  or  inntruiMnt  fiipiod  by  conmil*  or  other  pro|i«r  i^  I 
thoriliea,  delivered  to  the  mMtrra  of  ihiiM  at  the  time  of  thrir  clrarinK  out  fmm  til  porti . 

Elacea  Huapected  of  being  particukirly  auliject  to  infiTliuus  ditordrn,  fertifyinj  the  itiiKif 
ralth  at  the  time  that  auch  ahipe  tailed.  A  ekan  liill  import*,  that  at  the  time  thuthiriiii 
Bailed  no  infectioua  diaorder  waa  known  to  exUt.  A  lutjttHtd  bill,  cnminonjr  callHi 
tuuehed  patent  or  bill,  iraporta  that  there  were  rumoura  of  an  inlt'ctioua  diaorJnr,  huttlaii 
had  not  actually  appeared.  Afoul  bill,  or  the  abaence  of  clean  bill*,  importa  that  tha  iLi 
waa  infected  when  the  veaael  Bailed. — (See  QvARANTina.) 

BILL  OF  LADINO,  ia  %  formal  rrct'ipt  aulwcribml  by  the  maator  of  a  ahip  in  hit «  i 
pacity  of  canior,  acknowledging  that  he  ha*  roceivetl  the  goo<l)i  HpeciAed  in  it  on  boenl  lii 
ahip,  and  binding  himaelf  (under  certain  eiicc|>tion«)  to  driiver  tttem,  in  the  like  mi 
order  a«  received,  at  the  place,  und  to  the  individual  named  in  the  bill,  or  hit  aiaiKni,  on  hi 
or  their  paying  him  the  atipulatcd  freinht,  dec.  When  gooila  ere  tent  by  a  iliip  hired  k  | 
charter-party,  the  billa  of  lading  are  delivere<l  by  the  matter  to  the  merchant  hy  whom  tit 
ahip  ia  chartered ;  but  when  they  are  tent  by  a  general  ahip, — that  ia,  by  a  ahip  not  hind 
by  charter-party,  Imt  employed  aa  a  general  carrier,— each  individual  who  tomlii  gooJigg 
board,  receivci  a  bill  of  lading  for  the  tame.  In  all  catea,  therefore,  the  bill  of  lading  ii  it 
evidence  of  and  title  to  the  goodt  thippcd. 

The  liability  of  a  carrier,  at  common  law,  to  deliver  thegooda  intruitod  tohi«care,iict»  I 
celled  only  by  "  the  act  of  Ood  and  the  king't  eneroiea."  But  to  limit  thit  rci<poniiil)ilit;,t||| 
following  exception  it  now,  invariably  almoet,  introduced  into  the  claute  in  billa  of  lading,  bindi 
ing  the  niaater  to  the  delivery  of  the  gooda: — "The  act  of  God,  the  king't  entmf,fn, 
and  all  and  every  other  dangers  and  uec'drntt  of  the  uai,  riven,  an3  naviKatim,  >/ 
whatever  nature  and  kind  rnever,  excepted." 

Billi  of  lading  are  not,  in  general,  immediately  given  by  the  maatcr  on  rceeivin}  ihi 
goods.  The  usual  practice  ia  for  the  niaMter  or  liit  deputy  to  give  a  common  receipi 
for  the  goods,  which  is  deliveretl  up  on  receiving  the  bill  of  lading.  The  latter  thotijij 
always  be  required  within  24  hours  afVer  the  goods  are  received  on  board. 

Three  sets  of  all  bills  of  lading  are  made  out  on  stamped  paiicr :  one  of  these  should  })tn- 
mittcd  by  tho  firet  post  to  the  person  to  whom  the  goods  are  consigned,  a  second  b«ing  sent 
to  him  by  the  ship;  the  third  is  retained  by  the  shipper  of  the  goods.  The  montcr  ought i 
ways  to  retain  copies  of  the  bills  of  lading  for  his  government  A  stamp  duty  of  3i,  ii 
charged  on  all  bills  of  lading,  whether  for  goods  exported  or  carried  coastwise. 

The  usual  form  of  a  bill  of  lading  ia  aa  follows  :— 


W.  B. 

No.  l.a. 


■)JV.  B, 
10.  i  the  fonil  ihip  called 


fllllPPED,  In  good  order  and  wpII  cnndilioned,  by  ./f.  B.  merchnni,  in  indiipm 
ilihip  called  ,  whiTL'ofC'.  D.  Is  inaatur,  now  in  the  river  Tliain)^i,in< 

hnuhd  fur  ,  the  fnodH  fiiilnwins,  viz.  [krrt  iliteriht  the  ponilt.]  marked  anj 

numbered  as  per  margin,  to  he  delivKred,  in  the  like  gnod  i>rdfr  and  mntiliion,  at 

aforesaid,  (the  ael  nf  OuU,  Ike  king's  tntmita,  fire,  and  all  and  trert'lig 

i>  danger!  and  aeeUenU  of  ike  neai,  rhen,  and  nartgation,  of  vkalrrer  natvre  and  aiiii. 

titer,  excepted,)  unto  tlio  snid  A.  B.  or  his  asiigns,  hn  or  Wwy  pnying  fnr  tti«  mid  (nodi 

at  the  rate  of  per  pipcc  freixht,  with priniiiKf  nndaveruK)' act  Uiitdiiied.  Inwilnes 

■  whereof,  1  the  said  mooter  of  the  ««' '  »hip,  hnve  ntilrnied  Id  three  liilln  of  ifiillnj,(iflhii 

tenoiir  and  date  ;  any  one  of  which  biils  being  acconipliahed,  the  other  two  :i  re  tnbcvnil 

Loudon,  this  day  of  ,  1834.  V.  U.,  Muln. 

But  in  the  case  of  ships  homeward  liound  from  the  West  Indies,  which  send  their  boats  to 
fetch  the  cargo  from  the  shore,  the  exception  in  the  bill  of  lading  is  usually  expressed  aa  fol- 
lows:— "The  act  of  God,  the  king's  enemies,  fire,  and  all  and  every  other  dangers  anJani- 
dents  of  the  seas,  rivers,  and  navigation,  of  whatever  nature  and  kind  soever,  save  rlsh  i/ 
boat»,  go  far  as  ships  are  liable  thereto,  excepted."  Other  exceptions  may  be  and  are  somt- 
times  introduced ;  Imt  the  above  is  the  general  form. 

Tranffr  of  BilLt  of  Lading. — Bills  of  lading  are  transferable  either  by  blank  or  speciii 
indorsement,  like  bills  of  exchange.  And  whatever  may  be  tho  chnrdcter  of  the  person  to 
whom  the  goods  are  consigned,  whether  he  be  a  buyer,  or  merely  the  factor,  agent,  orbrokn 
of  the  consignor,  the  Ar>nayfr/e  holder  of  the  bill  of  lading  indorsed  by  the  coimio^ncc,  is  en- 
titled to  the  goods,  and  may  claim  them  from  the  master,  if  he  can  prove  that  he  ms  pu^ 
chased  tho  hill  for  a  good  ennsideralion ,-  but  unless  he  can  do  this,  he  b  not  entitled  to  ihi 
goods. — (Holf,  Law  of  Shipping,  2d  ed.  p.  363.) 

Formerly,  a  factor,  though  he  might  sell,  could  not  plertge  the  goods  of  his  principal.  But 
the  hardship  and  inconvenience  arising  from  this  rule  were  such,  that  it  was  set  aside  hjtht 
act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  94.  The  second  section  of  this  act  declares,  that  any  person  in  possessioa 
of  a  bill  of  lading  shall  be  deemed  the  true  owner  of  the  goods  specified  in  it,  so  as  to  nab 
a  sale  or  pledge  by  him  of  such  goods  or  bill  of  lading  valid,  unless  the  person  to  whom  tht 
goods  are  sold  or  pledged  has  notice  that  the  seller  or  pledger  is  not  the  actual  and  bona  jilt 
owner  of  the  goods. — (See  Factor.) 

Delivery  under  BUI  of  Lading. — It  being  usual  to  sign  and  deliver  three  bills  of  laJinji 
it  is  possible  that  there  may  be  conflicting  demands  upon  the  captain  by  the  different  holdeiii 
Nothing,  however,  is,  in  such  a  case,  required  of  hun,  except  that  he  act  with  good  faith, and 


From  Mil  January,  18M, 


BILL  OF  SALE— BILL  OF  Sl'ORE. 


hilM  M  of  hi*  jutlgment  \  and  that  h«  mak*  dclWarjr  of  the  good*  to  tha  p«non  who  flnt 
^1  them  of  him,  U|x>n  proaFiilment  of  the  bill  of  lading,  jmniidtd  the  eireumttatfea  bt 
iiutk  01  tojuttifif  M  tufpieion  of  his  having  unfairly  got  potamwion  of  it  If  ha  act  dif- 
mllf,  ha  ii  aniwerable,  according  to  the  pecidiaritie a  of  the  caae,  to  the  peraon  injured  by 

I  ygligcnca ;  the  bill  of  lading  biting  not  only  the  inatructiona  of  the  merchant  to  him,  aa 
eanu  or  lervant,  but  hia  own  eaiwcial  agreement  to  deliver  according  to  ita  con* 

idonf* 

Who*  Hveral  billa  of  lading  of  ■  different  import  have  been  signed,  no  regard  ia  to  be 
Ito  lh(  time  when  Ihey  were  flrat  aigned  by  the  master;  but  the  peraon  who  flrata  gfta 
J  poMMiion  of  one  of  them  from  the  owner  or  ahipper,  haa  a  right  to  the  consignment ; 
J  where  luch  billa  of  lading,  though  different  upon  the  face  of  them,  are  constructively 
,  wM,  ind  the  master  haa  acted  bonafidt,  a  delivery  according  to  such  legal  title  will  diih 

^,e  him  from  all.— (//o//,  p.  37ft.  and  377.) 

BILL  OF  SALE,  a  contrac*  under  seal,  by  which  an  individual  conveys  or  paaaes  away 
t  righl  and  intcreat  he  haa  in  the  gooda  or  chattcia  named  in  the  bill.    The  property  of 

Jm  ii  tnniferred  hy  bill  of  aale. — (See  Rcoistht.) 
BILL  OF  8I0HT.    When  a  merchant  is  ignorant  of  the  real  quantities  or  qualitiea  of 

jDT  goods  assigned  to  him,  so  that  he  ia  unable  to  make  a  perfect  entry  of  them,  he  must  ac< 

Laint  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  the  circumstance ;  and  they  are  authorified,  upon  the 

ignorter  or  his  agent  making  oath  that  he  cannot,  for  want  of  full  information,  make  a  per- 
ttnlry,  to  receive  an  entry  by  bill  itf  tight,  for  the  packages,  by  the  best  description  which 
ibe^ven,  and  to  grant  warrant  that  the  same  may  be  landed  and  examined  by  the  im- 

Mrttr  in  prrsenco  of  the  officers ;  and  within  3  days  after  any  goods  shall  have  been  so  land* 
I,  tbc  importer  xhall  make  a  perfect  entry,  and  shall  either  pay  down  the  dutica,  or  shall 

Idoly  wuehouse  the  same.— (3  6c  4  Will.  '4.  c.  52.  §  24.) 

I  In  default  of  perfect  entry  within  3  days,  such  goods  are  to  be  taken  to  the  king's  ware- 

\i>m\  snd  if  the  importer  shall  not,  within  1  mouth,  make  perfect  entry,  and  pay  the  dutica 

itreon,  or  on  such  parts  as  can  be  entered  for  home  use,  toguthor  with  charges  of  moving 

I  warehouse  rent,  such  goods  shall  lie  sold  for  payment  of  the  duties. — §  36, 

The  East  India  Company  are  authorised  without  the  proof  before-mentioned,  to  enter 

I  by  bill  of  light,  and  to  make  perfect  entry,  and  pay  the  dutica  within  3  montha,— 

I  ID, 

BILL  OF  STORE,  is  a  license  granted  by  the  Custom-house,  to  merchants,  to  carry 
uh  itores  and  provisions  as  are  necessary  for  a  voyage,  free  of  duty. 
"   '^3  act  3  and  4  Will  4.  c.  63.,  returned  gooda  may  be  entered  by  bill  of  store,  aa 

Frnm  Jth  jHniinry,  18SA,  It  shall  be  Inwflil  to  re-Import  Into  tho  Untied  Kin|ii1nm,  frnm  any  pinre,  in 
biliipof  any  country,  anv  goods  (except  as  herein-nfter  excepted)  whicli  hIirII  Imve  been  lefially  ex- 
pAited  rroiii  the  United  Kingduin,  and  to  enter  the  name  l>y  bill  of  gtnre,  referring  to  the  entry  nut- 
Kiril*,  and  exportntinn  thcreor;  provided  the  property  in  such  goods  continue  in  the  person  by  whom 

kr  on  whole  account  the  some  have  l>een  exported ;  and  if  the  goods  so  returned  be  foreign  goods  which 

VJ  b«riirc  been  legally  im|Kirted  into  the  United  Kingdom,  the  same  duticg  sliull  hu  piiyahle  thereon  as 
(rniilil.  at  the  time  nf  such  re-iniportnlion,  he  payable  on  the  like  goodx,  under  the  same  circiiniatances 
of  imimriation  ns  those  under  which  auch  goods  liad  l)een  originally  iin|iorted ;  or  auch  gooda  may  be 
KiiehiiuKd  upon  a  first  Imporlalion  tliereof ;  provided  alwaya,  that  the  aeveral  aorta  of  gooda  eiiu- 
beraieil  or  described  in  the  list  following  ahall  not  be  re-imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  for  Aowi 

kit,  ij|Kin  the  ground  that  the  aiime  had  been  legally  exported  f-oni  thence,  but  that  the  aame  ahall  be 

Seenieil  to  be  foreign  goodH,  wliether  originally  such  or  not,  and  shall  also  be  deemed  to  be  imported 

■urllie  lint  tiuie  into  the  United  Kingdom ;  viz. 

1  Ooods  exported,  tekieh  may  not  be  ri-hnported  for  Home  Vte. 

torn,  (train,  meal,  flour,  and  malt ;  hops,  tobacco,  tea. 

tooiii  for  which  nny  bountv  or  any  drnwbacic  of  excise  had  been  received  on  exportation,  unless  hv 
!|)eclnl  pcrniisalon  of  the  couimiasioners  of  cuatoms,  and  on  repayment  of  auch  bounty  or  auch 
drawback. 

II  goods  for  which  bill  of  atore  cannot  be  issued  in  manner  herein-after  directed,  except  small  rem- 
nant! of  Britieh  gooda,  by  special  permiaaion  of  the  comniiaaionera  of  cuatoms,  upon  proof  to  tlicir 
fatisfaction  thnt  the  same  are  British,  and  lind  not  been  aold,— }  33. 

The  ptraon  in  whose  nanic  nny  gooda  ao  re-imported  were  entered  for  exportation,  shall  deliver  to 
Uii' searcher,  at  the  port  of  exportation,  un  e.xact  account  signed  liy  hiui  of  tlio  piirtlculnrs  of  auch 
koinli, referring  to  the  entry  and  clearance  outwards,  and  to  the  rnttirn  iiiwnrda  of  the  snnic,  with 
yemarkinnd  numbers  of  the  packages  both  inwnrds  and  outwnrda  ;  and  thereupon  the  searcher. 
Hi"?  that  ("urh  gooda  lind  been  legnlly  exported,  aliall  grant  a  bill  of  store  for  the  same ;  and  if  Ihx 
(frmn  in  whose  name  the  goods  were  entered  fur  exportation  was  not  the  proprietor  thereof,  but  hi» 
kern,  he  aliall  declare  upon  onth  on  such  liill  of  atore  the  name  of  the  per^'on  by  whom  he  was  em- 
Vnyed  aa  auch  agent ;  and  if  the  person  to  whom  such  returns  are  consigned  slinll  not  lie  such  pro- 
nletnr  and  exporter,  he  shall  declare  upon  oath  on  such  bill  of  store  the  niinie  ofthe  person  for  whose 
peiiichgoods  have  been  consigned  to  him;  and  the  real  proprietor,  UHcertuiiied  to  be  such,  shall 
Take  oath  U|ion  such  hill  of  store  to  the  identity  of  the  goodn  so  cxpurted  mid  so  returned,  and  ttint 
lewaaattlie  time  of  exportation  and  of  re-importntion  the  proprietor  of  such  goods.nnd  thntthesauio 

ladnotduring  such  time  been  sold  or  disposed  of  to  any  other  person;  and  such  athdavita  shall  ha 
We  bet'ore  the  collectors  or  comptrollers  at  the  ports  ol  exportation  and  of  iniporliition  respectively, 
Ntliereupnn  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  admit  such  gooda  to  entry  by  bill  of  atore,  and  grant 
Weir  warrant  accordingly.—}  34. 

(The  6  &  7  Will,  4.  c.  60.  enacts,  that  goods  legally,  exported,  and  which  are  after- 
ra  ,l3  re-imported,  may,  if  the  proprietor  thereof  be  resident  abroad,  be  entered  by  bill  of 
tore,  on  the  proprietor  subscribing  a  declaration  as  to  the  identity  of  the  goods,  and  that 

Vol.  I.— n,  2  j}4 


'^■:|j  §   3 


I  :  1 


I 


!  I- 


166^ 


BILLINGSGATE— BIRDS'  NESTS. 


,  !.. 


i|'  ;  :  I  . 


tltey  dill  and  do  belong  to  him,  and  have  not  been  aold  or  disposed  of  to  any  other  person  • 
such  dccluratioii  to  bo  subsciib.d  bcfaiv  the  British  Consul,  &c. — (§  8.) — Sup.)  ' 

BILLINGSGATE,  a  market  for  fish,  contiguous  to  the  Custom-house  in  London.  Ii' 
held  every  luwful  day,  and  was  established  in  16tf9  by  stat  10  &  II  Will.  3.  c.  24.  ETnt 
person  buying  fish  in  Billingsgate  market,  may  sell  the  same  in  any  other  market-pUcea 
places  within  the  city  of  London  or  elsewhere,  by  retail,  with  this  condition,  that  none  bm 
fishmongers  be  permitted  to  sell  in  fixed  shops  or  houses.  No  person  or  persons  shall  our 
chase  at  Uillingsgate  any  quantity  of  fish,  to  be  divided  by  lots  or  in  shares  amongst L" 
fishmongers  or  other  persons,  in  order  to  bo  afterwards  put  to  sale  by  retail  or  othcrwL. 
nor  shall  any  fishmonger  engross,  or  boy  in  the  said  market,  any  quantity  of  fish,  but  wk 
shall  be  for  his  own  sale  or  use,  under  the  penalty  of  20/.  No  person  is  to  have  in  hii 
po.'ssossion,  or  expose  to  sale,  any  spawn  of  fish,  or  fish  unsizeable,  or  out  of  seaMn.--(3c 
Geo.  3.  c.  118.)  The  minimum  size  of  the  lobsters  to  be  sold  at  Billingr,zate  L>  fixed  W 
statute, — (See  Lobsteii.)  ^ 

No  fish  of  foreign  taking  or  curing,  or  in  foreign  vessels,  is  to  be  imported  info  the  UniicJ 
Kingdom,  unJer  penalty  of  forfeiture,  except  turbots  and  lo^isters,  stock-fish,  live  eels,  ancho. 
vies,  sturgeon,  botargo,  and  caviare.  Fresh  fish  of  British  taking,  and  imported  in  Britiih 
ships,  and  turbot,  however  taken  or  imported,  may  be  landed  without  report,  entry  orwai 
rant— (6  Geo.  4,  c.  107.) 

For  some  further  remarks  with  respect  to  this  subject,  see  Fish. 

BIRCH  (Fr.  Bouleau ,•  Du.  Berke ,•  Get.  Birke ;  It.  Beful/a,-  Lat.  Betuki  Pol 
Brznza;  Rus.  Bereza;  8p.  Abeditl,  Betulla),  a  forest  tree  met  with  every  where  in  the 
north  of  Europe.  It  is  applied  to  various  purposes.  In  Lapland,  Norway,  and  Sweden 
the  long  twigs  of  the  birch  are  woven  into  maU  and  twisted  into  ropes;  the  outer  bait 
forms  an  almost  incorruptible  covering  for  houses;"  and  the  inner  bark  is  used  in  periodsct 
scarcity,  as  a  substitute  for  bread.  Russia  leather  is  prepared  by  means  of  the  empvreo. 
matic  oil  of  the  birch.  It  is  an  excellent  wood  for  the  turner,  being  light,  compact  mj 
easily  worked.  Its  durability  is  not  veiy  great.  It  is  sometimes  used  ui  the  manufaclDti 
of  horring  barrels. 

BIRDLIME  (Ger.  Vogellefm,-  Fr.  Glu,-  It.  Pania,-  Sp.  L;^..  Rus,  Ptitselidm) 
exudes  spontaneously  from  certain  plants,  and  is  obtained  artificially  from  the  middle  bait 
of  the  holly.  Its  colour  is  greenish,  its  fiavour  sour,  and  it  is  gluey,  shining,  and  tenaciou, 
The  natural  is  more  adhesive  than  the  artificial  birdlime. — (Thonuion^s  ChemiKtry.) 

BIRDS' NESTS  (Ger.  Indianische  Vbgelnenter ;  Da.  Indiaansche  Fugeliunljes i  Yt. 
Nids  de  Tunkin ;  It.  Nidi  di  Tunchino ;  Sp.  Nldn>s  de  la  China ;  Java.  Susu  ,■  Malav, 
Sarungburuiig),  the  nests  of  a  species  of  swallow  peculiar  to  the  Indian  islands  {Himik 
esculent  a),  very  much  esteemed  in  China.  In  shape  this  nest  resembles  that  of  other  swal' 
lows ;  it  is  formed  of  a  viscid  substance ;  and  in  external  appearance,  as  well  ns  corsistence, 
U  not  unlike  fibrous,  ill-concoctcd  isinglass.  Esculent  nests  are  principally  found  in  Jiti, 
in  caverns  that  are  most  frequently,  though  not  always,  situated  on  the  sea-coast  Maot 
conflicting  statements  have  been  made  as  to  tlie  substance  of  nests  ;  some  contending  tbtf 
they  are  formed  of  sea-fuam  or  other  marine  products,  and  others  that  they  are  elaborald 
from  the  food  of  the  bird,  &C)  But  these  are  points  as  to  which  nothing  satisfactoijii 
known. 

We  borrow  from  Mr.  Crnwfiird's  vnltmWe  work  on  llie  Kiuttm  ^retiipeln/ro  (vol.  lii.  pp.  43?-4r), 
the  liillnvving  iiiitlipiitic  and  curious  dctnils  as  to  tlin  trntik  in  tills  siiipnlfir  production:— "The bs  I 
nests  am  those  obtaiiiiMl  in  docp  damp  caves,  iind  siicli  us  are  taken  Ix'fore  tlic  l)irds  liavc  liiiil  ilitii 
cutis.  Tlie  tonrso.-'t  are  tliose  olitaiiied  after  Hie  yonng  are  fledged.  Tlio  finest  nests  are  tlie  whiwi, 
that  is,  tliosc  takonheforc  the  nest  has  tioen  rendered  impure  hyf!ief>od  nndfTrcs  oftlie  yoiins li*, 
Tliey  nr(^  taken  twice  a-yeur,  and,  If  re).'ularly  collert"d,  and  no  nnustial  injury  he  niioreil  to  then, 
veriis,  will  produce  very  "eiiually,  the  qiiaiitiiybhinjj  very  little,  if  at  all,  imprtpved  liy  the  cavmtei  1 
left  alld^ietlier  unmnlosted  fur  a  year  or  two.  Some  of  the  caverns  are  e.\tr<'niely  difficult  of  nftf.i, 
anil  the  nests  can  only  be  roll  'cled  by  persons  ncrustoined  from  their  youth  to  the  office.  Theimn 
remarkable  anil  productive  caves  in  Java,  of  which  I  superintended  a  moiety  of  the  cellecilondi 
B^iveral  years,  are  those  ti(  Karang-bahing,  in  the  province  of  Haglen,  on  the  south  coast  of  the  islinj. 
Here  I  lie  cavi:s  are  only  to  \ie  approached  by  a  perp  mdlciil.ir  descent  of  ninny  hundred  fjet.hy  laJte 
of  Ijaiiiboo  and  rattan,  over  a  sea  rnlling  vinlently  against  the  rocks.  When  the  moiitli  of  the  cavm 
is  att'diieil,  the  perilous  otfice  of  takiii);  the  nests  iiiiist  often  he  perforiiied  by  torcli-li|.'lil  hyivnr. 
trating  into  recesses  of  tlie  rock  where  the  slightest  trip  would  be  instantly  fatal  to  the  ndveiturtn, 
whe  se.i  notliiiiB  bi'low  them  but  Hie  turbiil.Mit  surf  niaklnp  its  way  into  the  chasms  oftlie  rnoli, 

'•The  Lilly  preparation  which  the  birds'  nests  undergo  is  that  of  simple  dryinsr.  without  dirpftn. 
posure  to  the  sun,  after  which  they  arc  packed  in  suiall  boxes,  usually  of  half  a  piciil.    They  aim.  I 
sirled  for  tin;  Cliiiiese  market  iiit.i  three  kinds,  accurdiii!,'  to  their  <|ualitii's,  dlstinauisbed  liilii,/ir,'ii!r 
beit,  nec'iinl,  and  ihird  (pialiries.    Caverns  that  are  reeularty  managed,  will  afford,  in  100  paMJ.Si) 
part.,  of  tliose  of  the  first  (|ii.ility,  35  parts  of  those  of  the  s  'cond,  11-7  parts  of  those  of  the  third. 

"  The  common  prices  for  liirds'  nests  at  Canton  nrc,  I'lr  the  first  sort,  no  less  than  3,M  Sinnii!! 
dollars  tli.!  picul,  or5Z.  IH.,-.  IJi/.  per  lb.;  fir  the  second,  2,800  rSpaiiish  dollars  per  picnl;  nmlfirllK 
lliiril,  1,000  Spanish  dollars.  From  tlie.<  ■  prices  It  \i  suffiiicntly  evident,  that  the  birds'  ncMsare  i» 
more  than  an  articli' of  e\p;;nsive  lii.xiiry.  They  are  consumed  only  by  th-  creat  j  and,  imlfed,* 
liest  part  is  sent  to  tlie  capital  for  the  coiisuiiiplion  of  111  ■  cniirt.  The  seiisuil  Chinese  use  tliein.ml'r 
Ih:;  iinattination  tlint  they  are  powerfully  Htiinulatini;  and  tonic;  but  it  is  probable  that  tin irin'M 
valuable  quality  is  their  baini;  perfectly  liarmle..<s.  Th"  people  of  .Inpan,  who  so  nincli  resi'iiiMMV 
Chinese  ill  many  of  their  habits,  have  no  taste  f'r  the  edible  netits;  and  how  the  latter  nninmili 
taste  fur  this  tureii;n  cuiumudity  U  i.o  lus«  singular  than  their  pcruevering  iu  it,    Amung  the  weiitn 


BISMUTH,  BITUMEN. 


18t 


there  h  nothinr  parallel  to  it,  unlets  we  except  the  whimateal  eatimatlon  in  which  the  Rnman» 
Em  »oine  articles  of  luxury,  remarliable  for  their  scarcity  rather  tiian  for  any  quuliiiea  ascribed  to 


'^^T' CnvtarH  estiinnfca  the  whole  quantity  of  birdu'  nests  exported  from  the  Archipelago  at  m,V)0 

IP.  wfiilh  ft^M*'-    "'J'he  value,"  he  olisurves,  "of  this  immense  pro|ierty  to  the  country  which 

lucesit  re«l9  U[ion  the  capricious  wants  of  a  single  people.    It  is  cliiinied  as  the  exclusive  pro- 

fv (if  llic  eovpreigii,  and  every  where  forms  a  valuable  branch  of  his  income,  or  of  tlie  revenue  of 

h  .late    This  value,  however,  is  of  cour»e  not  equal,  and  depends  upon  the  situation  and  the  cir- 

iiiiBces  connecled  with  the  caverns  in  which  the  nests  are  ffund.    lioing  often  in  remote  and  se- 

""'iicred  situations,  in  a  country  so  Inwit'ss,  a  property  so  valuable  and  enpuKed  is  subject  lotliii  per- 

J  mldclireiiti""  of  freebooters,  and  it  not  unfre-;ucntly  iiapnens  that  an  attack  upon  it  is  tl:e  prin- 

I    loM?ct  nf  the  warfare  committed  by  one  petty  state  afainst  another.    In  sueii  situations,  the 

K'.n!.infl  of  affording  them  protection  is  so  heavy,  that  they  are  necessarily  of  little  value.    In  situa- 


'i  L  where  the  caverns  are  ditlicult  of  access  to  strangert,  and  whrre  tlierc  ri 
lln itnnqaillity  to  secure  them  from  internal  depredation,  and  in  admit  of  tlie 
Sniii  mlier  expense  than  the  simple  labour  of  collecting.'  tliem,  the  value  of 


reigns  cnougli  of  order 
e  nests  being  obtained 
f  the  properly  is  very 


,,,ii  The  caviirns  of  Karang-bolavg,  in  Java,  are  of  this  desrription.  These  annually  nllbrd  %biO 
r  „f  nests,  wliich  are  worth,  at  the  Batavia  prices  of  3,200,  2,.'i00,  and  1,200  Spanish  dollars  the  picul, 
f  rlhf  respective  kinds,  nearly  139,000  Spanish  dollars  ;  and  the  whole  expense  of  colji-cting,  curinj:, 
'  J  .,ji.|(j,i«,  amounts  to  no  more  than  11  iicrcent.on  thid  amount.  The  price  of  birds'  nusis  is  of 
I:' 5  J  monopoly  price,  tbe  quantity  produced  being  by  uature  limited,  and  iiirapalile  of  angmentu- 
liim    Tlie  value  of  the  labour  expi.'ndi^d  in  bringing  birds' nests  to  market  is  bii 


but  a  trifling  portion  of 


fiirnportion  - 

BISMUTH  (Ger.  Wismuth;  Dii.  Bismuth,  Bergstem ;  Tr.  Bismuth;  It.  Bismulte; 
|8n.  Bismuth,  Piedra  inga  ;  Rus.  Wiimut  ,•  hoL  Bismuthum),  a  meta!  of  a  reddisli  white 
Icolour,  and  almost  destitute  of  taste  and  smell.  It  is  softer  tharj  copper ;  its  specific  gravity 
lis  9822.  Wlicn  haiiimered  cautiously,  its  density  is  considerubly  increased ;  it  breaks, 
■however,  when  struck  smartly  by  a  hammer,  and,  consequently,  is  not  malleable,  nei- 
lllier  can  it  be  drawn  out  into  wire;  it  melts  at  the  temperature  of  476°. — (Thomson's 
ICktmistry.) 

"Bwmuth  is  used  In  the  composition  of  pewter,  In  the  fabrication  of  printers'  types,  and  in  varioui 
IclliiT  metallic  mixtures.  With  an  equal  weight  of  lead,  it  forms  a  brilliant  white  alloy,  miicli  liarder 
llban  lead,  and  more  malleable  than  bismuth,  tliough-not  ductile;  and  if  the  proportion  of  lead  be  in- 
itreaseii,  It  is  renderjd  still  more  maileahle.  Eight  parts  of  bismuth,  5  of  lead,  and  3  of  tin,  consti- 
ItiiMlic fusible  nietiil,BoiiietlnieR  called  Newton's,  from  its  discoverer,  which  melts  at  the  heat  of  boil- 
lintMtrr,  and  may  lie  fused  over  a  caudle  in  a  piece  of  stiff  paper  without  burningthe  paper.  Pew- 
Iteri'ts'  snider  is  formed  of  one  liart  of  bisuiuth,  with  5  of  lead,  and  3  of  tin.  It  forms  the  basis  of  a 
liViiipallietlc  ink."— (l^rc.) 

BITUMEN  (Got.  Judenpech ;  Du.  Jodenlym  i  It.  Asfallo,-  Sp.  Affalfn ,-  Port.  .4.y- 
hkllo !  ^MB.  Affutt  I  Lat  Asphaltum,  Bitumen  Judaicum).  This  term  includes  a  con- 
lEidcrable  range  of  inflammable  mineral  substances,  burning  with  flame  in  the  open  air.  They 
Idill'erifi  consistency,  from  a  thin  fluid  to  a  solid  ;  but  the  solids  are  for  the  most  part  lique- 
hableat  a  moderate  heat  They  are, — 1.  Naphtha  ,•  a  fine,  white,  thin,  fragrant,  colourless 
Icil,  which  issues  out  of  white,  yellow,  or  black  clays  in  Persia  and  Media.  This  is  highly 
Near  the  village  of  Amiano,  in  the  state  of  Parma,  there  exists  a  spring  which 
lyirldB  this  substance  in  sufiicient  quantity  to  illuminate  the  city  of  Genoa,  for  which  purpose 
jit  is  employed.  With  certain  vegetable  oils,  naphtha  is  said  to  form  a  good  varni.sh. — 3. 
iPf/roitiw  is  much  thicker  than  naphtha,  resembling  in  consistence  common  tar.  It  has  a 
Ittrong  disagreeable  odour,  and  a  blacki.sh  or  reddish  brown  colour.  During  combustion,  it 
lemil'i  a  thick  black  smoke,  and  leaves  a  little  residue  in  the  form  of  black  coal.  It  is  more 
libumlant  than  the  first  mentioned  variety,  from  which  it  does  not  seem  to  difler,  except  in 
Ikingmore  inspissated.  It  occurs,  oozing  out  of  rocks,  in  the  vicinity  of  beds  of  coul,  or  float- 
ling'  upon  the  surface  of  springs.  In  the  Birmnii  empire,  near  Kainanghong,  is  a  hill  con- 
llaiiiing  coal,  into  which  620  pits  have  l>oeii  sunk  for  the  collection  of  petroleum,  the  annual 
Iproduce  of  the  hill  being  about  400,000  hogsheads.  It  is  used  by  the  inhabitant'!  of  that 
Icoiintry  as  a  lam]i  oil,  and,  when  mingled  with  earth  or  a.shcs,  as  fuel.  In  the  United  8tates 
li'.  is  found  abundantly  in  Kentucky,  (Ihio,  and  New  York,  where  it  is  known  by  the  name 
|ol'&«ecfl  or  Ginestc  oil.  It  is  also  obtaitied  from  wells  in  the  island  of  Zante,  Herodotus 
Jtflls  us,  that  he  has  seen  these  wells — (lib.  iv.  c.  195.) ;  and  tbe  description  he  has  given  of 
lllicm,  uiid  of  thv'  mode  of  obtaining  the  petroleum,  corresjioiid:},  in  all  rc8i)ect«,  with  tho 
liocnimls  of  the  beat  modern  travellers.  The  average  annual  produce  of  the  Zante  spiingai 
Is  about  100  barrels. — (Ch^ind/er's  Travels  in  Greece,  4to  tnl.  p.  301.;  Holland's  Travels 
fa  (iVfwe,  4to  rd.  p.  18.)  Petroleum  is  particularly  abundant  in  Persia.  ''When  taken 
|from  the  pit,  it  is  a  thick  liquid  rescnibling  pitch.     The  bottoms  of  most  vessels  which  navi- 

nite  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  are  covered  with  it,  niid  it  is  also  used  in  lamps,  instead  of 

|(iil,  hj  the  natives.     The  most  productive  fountains  are  those  of  Kcrkook,  Menduli,  and 

Badku,    The  wells  in  the  iieighliourhooil  of  the  latter  seem  to  bo  quite  inexhaustible,  being 

liw  sooner  emptied  than  they  again  begin  to  fill.     8ome  of  thoin  have  been  found  to  yield 

]froiii  1,000  to  1,500  lbs.  a  day  V'—Kinne!r'a  Persian  Empire,  p.  39.  and  S.'ig,)— 3.  Mai/ha, 

I  Sea-ioax,  is  a  solid  whitish  substance,  not  unlike  tullow.    It  melts  when  heated,  ai>d  in 


;  *  I 


fl 


0 


188 


BLACKING— BOATS. 


mn'' 


%.i..:[ 


eooling  awumes  the  conststence  of  white  cerate.  This  is,  moat  probably,  the  bitumm  eoi,  i 
didum  of  Pliny  (^H'ut.  Nat.  lib.  xxxt.  c.  15.).  It  in  not  used  as  pitch ;  but  it  affords  t  beiitr 
light  than  petroleum,  and  emits  a  less  disagreeable  smoll.  It  is  found  on  the  surface  of  i|ie 
Baikal  Lake  in  3iberia,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Bucktiari  in  Persia,  and  in  iom 
other  places. — 4.  Elastic  Bitumen  yields  easily  to  pressure ;  is  flexible  and  elastic  It  etniti  1 
a  strong  bituminous  odour,  and  is  about  the  weight  of  water.  On  exposure  lotheiiritl 
hardens,  and  loses  its  elasticity.  It  k  Hes  up  the  traces  of  crayons  in  the  same  manner  a 
caoutchouc,  or  Indian  rubber,  whence  it  has  obtained  the  name  of  mineral  caouklmie,  ft 
has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  the  lead  mines  of  Derbyshire. — 5,  Compact  Bitunif)  g 
Asphaltum,  is  of  a  shining  black  colour,  solid,  and  brittle,  with  a  conchoidal  fracture.  Iti 
specific  gravity  varies  from  1  to  1'6.  Like  the  former  varieties,  it  bums  freely,  and  Iwa 
but  little  residuum.  It  is  found  in  India,  on  the. shores  of  the  Dead  Sea, in  France, ig 
Switzerland,  and  in  large  deposits  in  sandstone  in  Albania ;  but  nowhere  so  largely  m  jg 
the  island  of  Trinidad,  where  it  forms  a  lake  three  miles  in  circumference,  and  of  a  thick- 
ness unknown.  A  gentle  heat  renders  it  ductile,  and  when  mixed  with  grease  or  connioo 
pitch,  it  is  used  for  paying  the  bottoms  of  ships,  and  is  said  to  protect  them  from  the  teredo  I 
of  the  West  Indian  seas.  The  ancients  employed  bitumen  in  the  construction  oftlw 
buildings.  The  bricks  of  which  the  walls  of  Babylon  were  built  were,  it  is  said  (^Hemlulm, 
lib.  i.  §  179.),  cemented  with  hot  bitumen,  which  gave  them  unusual  solidity. 

BLACKING  (Ger.  Schuhschwarze,  WicJue.-  Pr.  Noir  (de  cordonnieru)  i  li,Nmk\ 
vgntr  le  searpe  ,■  Sp.  Negro  de  zapatos),    A  factitious  article,  prepared  in  various  wan 
used  in  the  blacking  of  shoes.    It  is  in  very  extensive  demand. 

BLACK-LEAD, OR  PLUMBAGO  (Du.  Potloot ;  Fr.  Mine  dephmh  nmr,Vhmhit\ 
mine,  Potelot  ,•  Ger.  PoUloth,  Reisshley ;  It  Miniera  dipiombo,  Ptombaggine,  Cmnkf 
Lat.  Plumbago;  Sp.  Piedra  mineral  de  plomo),  a  mineral  of  a  dark  steel  grey  colour.and 
a  metallic  lustre ;  it  is  soil  and  has  a  greasy  feel ;  it  leaves  a  dark  coloured  line  nhen  drfiini  I 
along  paper.     It  is  principally  employed  in  the  making  of  pencils;  it  is  also  employed  in  the 
making  of  crucibles,  in  rubbing  bright  the  surface  of  cast-iron  utensils,  and  in  diminishii); 
friction,  when  interposed  between  rubbing  surfaces.    The  finest  specimens  of  this  minenl  | 
are  found  in  the  celebrated  mine  of  Borrowdale,  in  Cumberland,  worked  since  the  days  of 
Queen  Elizabeth. — {Thomson's  Chemistry.)     Recently,  plumbago,  of  a  very  good  quality,  I 
has  been  imported  from  Ceylon. 

BLACK-LEAD  PENCILS  (Du.  Potlootpennen ;  Fr.  Crayons  noirs ;  Ger.  Bleystljlt. 
It.  Lapis  nero;  Port.  Lapis  negro  ,•  R\i9.  KaranasiAil ;  Sp.Lapiz  negro),  are  formed  of 
black-lead  encircled  with  cedar. 

BLOOD-STONE  (Ger.  Blutstein  ,•  Fr.  Pierre  sanguine  d  crayon  ,•    It.  Sanguignii 
Sp.  Piedra  sanguinaria  ;  Lat  Hsematiles),  or  the  Lnpts  hmmatites,  a  species  of  calcedon;,  I 
is  a  mineral  of  a  reddish  colour,  hard,  ponderous,  with  long  pointed  needles.    It  is  fbuiid 
among  iron  ore  in  great  abundance.    These  stones  are  to  be  chosen  of  the  highest  colour, 
with  fine  strin  or  needles,  and  as  much>like  cinnabar  as  possible.    Goldsmiths  and  gilden  I 
use  it  to  polish  their  work.     It  is  also  used  for  trinkets. 

BLUBBER  (Ger.  Thran,  Fisehtrani  Du.  Thraan i  It  Olio  di  pesce.-  9p. Grm, 
Aceite  de  pescadi)  ,•  Rus.  Sato  worwannoe,  Worwan  ,•  Lat.  Oleum  piscinum),  the  fat  of 
whales  and  other  large  sea-animals,  of  which  train  oil  is  made.  The  blubber  is  the  «/<;/))  of 
the  animal:  it  lies  under  the  skin,  and  over  the  muscular  flesh:  it  is  about 6  inchoin  I 
thickness,  but  about  the  under  lip  it  is  2  or  3  feet  thick.  The  whole  quantity  yielded  bj 
one  of  these  animals  ordinarily  amounts  to  40  or  50,  but  sometimes  to  80  ormorcnt 
Formerly  train  oil  was  manufactured  from  the  blubber  in  the  seas  round  Spitzbergcn,  anil 
other  places  where  whales  were  caught ;  but  the  practice  is  now  to  bring  the  blubber  home 
in  casks,  and  to  prepare  the  oil  afterwards. 

It  Is  enactoil  by  the  6Geo.  4.  c.  107  J  44.,  that  before  nny  blubber,  train  oil,  upermncetl  oil,  head  nut- 
ter, or  wh:\le  fins,  slinll  be  entered  na  being  entirely  tlm  prodiicn  of  een-nniniiils  cnnpht  by  the  cre<ri  I 
of  ships  fltteil  nut  in  tbK  Unitiid  Kingilnin,  or  Ihn  islands  of  Jersey,  (•iiernsi'y,  8arl<,  and  Man.lhi 
master  of  the  ehip  importing  tiuch  goods  shall  make  oath,itnd  tiie  importer  aUo  sliall  niul(eaalb,toih( 
best  of  his  knowledge  iind  belief,  that  tlte  same  are  tlie  produce  of  tlsh  or  creatiires  living  in  ttipsti 
taken  and  caught  wholly  by  the  crew  of  such  ship,  or  by  the  crew  of  some  ntlUT  fhip  (naini.i?il)litiH 
out  In  the  United  Kingdom,  or  in  one  of  the  islands  of  Gnernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Hark, or  Mil 
(naming  which). 

Before  binbber,  train  oil,  &c.  can  be  entered  an  from  a  British  ponseHflion,  a  certiflrale  miislli! 
obtained  from  the  Ciistom-hnns'!  officer  at  such  British  poBseHsion,  or  in  dcflmll  of  such  nfflocrlKin 
there,  from  two  principal  inhabitants,  notifying  that  oatii  had  l)een  made  before  him  or  tliom  tlialt'itt 
blubber,  &c.  was  the  produce  of  fish  or  creat\irea  living  in  the  sea,  and  hud  l)ccii  taken  by  llrlli»li ■ul)' 
Jects  usually  residing  in  some  part  of  liis  Majesty's  dnmiiiions;  and  tlie  importer  is  to  malic ojlb,lt 
the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief,  to  the  siime  etfect. 

The  ganging  of  casks  of  oil  and  blubber  is  dispensed  with  since  1825.    They  are  to  be  pasacdatlM  | 
rate  of  120  gallons  the  pipe,  and  63  gallons  tha  hogshead. 

BOATS  are  open  vessels,  commonly  wrought  by  oars,  and  of  an  endless  variety  of  8hap(^  | 
according  to  the  purposes  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied. 

It  Is  ordered  by  stat.  0  Geo.  4.  c.  109.,  that  every  boat  belonging  to  or  attached  to  any  ntliervcwl 
shall  have  painted  ou  tlir  outside  of  the  stern  of  such  boat,  the  uume  uf  thu  vessein'"!  place  to  wl»t 


IKedwithtlienameof 
IClnving  double  sides 
|S^^bol^pil«.;'°iherd 

IttTwater  directly 

I  Toorfronisbipswestw 
Iwheie  the  distance  to  the 

lihiil  be  taken. 

I  Toorftnmshfpseastw 

I  To  01  from  vessels  roi 
■watermen  detained  by 

,  JjTtn* /or  •''«''•<'/< 
■  Becoiidliaur  - 
I  TolMtfromTA.  M.  toi 
I  my  Day  to  Michaelmas 


I  loidoB  Bridge 
I  goiilbwark  Bridge 
I  Blackfriars  Bridge 
I  Waterloo  Bridge 
I  Wentniinster  Bridge 
I  Umbeth  Stairs 
IVauiliall  Bridge  . 

ThefsrefroDienheroi 


Paiiagt  i 


lloiidoiiBrldgeto 
Cbeisea  Bridge 
Wandiworth 
Putney  - 
Fuiliam 
Barn's  Elms  - 
HammersmUh 
Cliiawick 
Barnes  - 
Hortlake      - 


Greenwich    -       - 
Forsftillboatloadof 

P«»a«iM.-Taklng  mo 
,  Waterman  to  have  a  I 
I  KiMcnger  ii  discharged 
I  Refuiingtotakeapat 

mil- 

Unneceitarily  delayln 
,  Reftifing  to  permit  ai 
I  aumame,  or  the  number 
I  exceeding  M. 
I  JliilwOTiiBy-Iiii()«ni(i 
I  naira,  while  wilfully  all 
Refusing  to  give  his  ti 
Obstructing  any  other 
I  eiceeding  II. 
I   Tawing  or  being  to\i 

I  Agreeing  to  take  any 
I  agreed  for,  not  exceedli 
I  Only  two  boats  to  l>e 
I  to  tailing  turn  as  aforei 
I  any  other  bout  lying  al 
I  proceeded  two  boats'  I« 
]  Tlie  offices  of  Harbc 
I  Blackwall. 

BOLE,  a  friable 
JHtoS.  It  is  found 
I  and  in  Armenia,  Ital} 
I  French  boles  were 
I  medica,  but  they  are 
I  nian  bole  still  conti 
Persian  Gulf.    It  if 

I  very  frangible ;  it  is 

I I  line  flesh  red,  whi( 
[  such  as  the  Ottoma( 
I  cf  hunger  by  ealin 


BOLE. 


<-\n 


189 


I^Monn,  Mi  the  maiter'i  name  within  lide  of  the  traniom,  In  white  or  yellow  Roman  lettera,  S 
Iwhei  lone,  on  a  black  itround,  under  pain  of  forfeiture.  Boats  not  belortging  to  ve^ieli,  are  to  be 
I  ^^j  ,rjth  the  name  of  th«  owner  and  place  to  which  they  belong,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture.  All 
ItMiiliavini!  double  sides  or  bottoms,  or  sccr**'  places  tnr  the  purpose  of  concealing  goods,  or  having 
Im  holt  pipe< "'  other  device  for  the  purpose  of  running  foods,  are  to  be  forfeited. 
I  il(r>i^i«M  »/  tVoUmm  on  tA<  TAaniM.— From  Ctaeltie-    'ridge  towards  Windsor,  id.  per  half  mile 

I  Otm  the  water  directly  between  Windsor  and  iJrc v'         *vhnrf,  Greenwich  (excepting  the  Sunday 
Ittriet).  tiM one  person,  id. ;  two  persons,  ltd.  each ;  c      .  Ung  two  persons,  Id.  each. 
I  TonrVrnnisliips  westward  ofOreenwlch,  for  one  \tfz..  .i,  3d.;  e.xcceding  one  person.  Id. each;  and, 
Ivhere  ibe  distance  to  the  ship  does  not  exceed  the  distance  across  the  river,  the  fare  across  the  river 

To  or  fVnm  ships  eastward  of  Greenwich,  at  the  rate  of  6d.  [ler  half  mile. 

To  or  from  vessels  for  passengers,  for  one  person  id. ;  exceeding  one  person,  3d.  each,  with  not 
lureedini  M  lbs.  of  luggage  fur  each.    After  this  at  tho  rate  of  \s.  per  rwt. 
WaleroeD  detained  by  passengers  to  be  paid  fur  time  or  distance,  at  the  option  of  the  watermen. 


».  d. 
fy  niM/or  a  Pair  o/Oar«.— First  hour  -    it  0 
iBeeomiliour  -  -  -  -  -     1  6 


$.d. 

1  0 

12  0 


Each  succeeding  hour 
For  the  day     .  -  -  - 

To  lut  from  7  a.  m.  to  S  p.  m.  between  Michaelmas  and  Lady  Day ;  and  firom  0  a.  m.  to  6  r.  M.  firom 
llidf  Day  to  Michaelmas.  .    ,  ,   , 

■    '  BovLLER'a  Fares.  ,'■  .'•!■/ 


Th»  Bridget  ^e.  stand  in  the  folUiving  order. 


Uigdon  Bridge 

Nine  Eiina 

Shadwell  Dock  Stairs 

J 

goiiihwirk  Bridge 

Red  House,  Battersea 

Kidney  ditto 

Blackfriars  Bridge 

Swan  Stairs,  Chelsea 

Limehoiise  Hole  ditto 

Waterloo  Bridjie 

Clie<8ea  Bridge 

Ditto,  Torrington  Arms 

ffestmlnsler  Bridge 

Iron  Gate 

Deptford,  George  Stairs 

Umbetb  Stairs 

Union  Stairs 

Ditto,  Low-Water  Gate 

Viujball  Bridge 

King  Edward  ditto 

Greenwich,  Crawley's  Wharf. 

Tbe  fate  from  either  of  the  abo^ 

'e  places  to  tbe  next  is  3d.,  and  so  on  in  proportion. 

Paitagt 

Boat»,—Oi 

irs'  Fare  8  Passengers.    Sculler's 

Fare  0  Passengeri. 

each 

each 

each 

london  Bridge  to 

t.  d. 

London  Bridge  to                t.  d. 

London  Bridge  to 

«.  d. 

Chelsea  Bridge     - 

.06 

Brentford     -       .       -    1    3 

Walton-ui>on-Thames 

I    0 

Wandsworth 

.    0    7 

Isieworth     -       -       -    1    3 

Shepperton  ... 

9   0 

Putney  -      •       - 

.    0    8 

Richmond    -       .       -    1    3 

Wey  bridge  ... 

S    0 

Nbam 

-    0   8 

Twickenham       -       -    1    6 

Laleham      .       .       . 

S    0 

Barn's  Elms  - 

-    0    8 

Tide-end  Town  -       -    1    6 

Chertsey      ... 

a  0 

Hammersmith 

■    0    9 

Kingston      -       -       -    1    6 

Staines        .       .       . 

e  s 

Cliiiwiek      - 

.    0    0 

Ildmpton  Court  -       -    1    9 

Datchet       ... 

3    0 

Baraei  ... 

.    1    0 

Hampton  Town  -       -    1    9 

Windsor      ... 

3    0 

Hortlike      •      - 

.    1    0 

Sunbury      -       -       -    1    9 

Deptford      - 

.    0   0 

Blackwall    •       -       •00 

Gravesend  ... 

1  e 

Greenwich    - 

-  0  e 

Woolwich   -       -       -10 

For  a  ftili  boat  load  of  luggage,  same  as  for  8  passengers.  For  half  a  load,  same  as  for  4  passengers 

PnitJIiw.— Taking  more  than  fare,  not  exceeding  %. 

Waterman  to  have  a  list  of  fhres  in  his  boat,  and  on  not  permitting  the  passenger  to  examine  it,  th« 
jptienger  is  discharged  flrom  paying  his  fore,  and  the  waterman  may  be  fined  not  exceeding  il. 
I  Befuiing  to  take  a  paesenger,  or  not  answering  when  called  by  the  number  of  his  boat,  not  exceed. 
|ln|«. 

Unnecetsarily  delaying  a  passenger,  not  exceeding  51. 

Sefbaing  to  permit  any  person  to  read  the  name  and  number  of  his  boat,  or  to  tell  his  Christian  or 
linniame,orthe  number  of  his  boat,  on  being  paid  kufare,ot  making  use  of  any  abusive  language,  not 
I  eiceedlng  il. 

Rulti  ami  Bf-lawa  made  ty  the  Court  of  Mdermen,  lith  of  April,  1838. — Letting  his  boat  remain  at  any 
I  niirs,  while  wilfully  absent,  or  not  being  ready  to  take  a  passenger  into  his  boat,  not  exceeding  W. 

Refilling  to  give  his  name  or  number,  or  that  of  any  other  waterman,  not  exceeding  W. 

Obitructing  any  other  waterman  in  taking  in  or  landing  a  passenger,  or  obstructing  a  passenger,  not 
I  eiceeding  It. 

Towing  or  being  towed  by  any  other  boat  without  the  consent  of  all  the  passengers,  not  exceed- 
[iigSI, 

Agreeing  to  take  any  less  sum  than  the  rate  allowed,  and  afterwards  demanding  more  than  the  sum 
I  agreed  fiir,  not  exceeding  !1. 

Only  two  boats  to  be  placed  aboard  anv  steamboat  at  the  same  time  in  turn.  Waterman,  previous 
1  totalling  turn  as  aforesaid,  to  lie  with  his  boat  upon  his  oars  at  least  one  boat's  length  distant  from 
[  any  other  bout  lying  alongside,  and  shall  not  approach  nearer,  until  after  the  former  boat  shall  liave 
I  proceeded  two  boats'  length,  not  exceeding  9/. 

The  offices  of  Harbour-masters  are  in  Little  Tharoea  street,  St.  Catharine's ;  and  Canal  Office, 
I  Blackwall. 

BOLE,  a  friable  earthy  substance,  a  species  of  the  soapstone  family.    Specific  gravity 

1 1*4  to  3.  It  is  found  in  the  island  of  Lemnos,  vrheiice  it  is  sometimes  called  Lemnian  earth ; 

ind  in  Armenia,  Italy,  France,  Silesia,  various  parts  of  South  America,  &c    Armenian  and 

I  Fretich  boles  were  at  one  time  not  uncommon  in  this  country,  being  used  in  the  materia 

I  oiedica,  but  they  are  now  entirely,  or  almost  entirely,  discarded.     In  India,  however,  Arme- 

I  nian  bole  still  continues  to  be  in  extensive  demand.     It  is  brought  to  Bombay  from  the 
>  Persian  Gulf.    It  is  soil,  feclb  greasy  to  the  touch,  adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue,  and  is 

very  frangible ;  it  is  generally  of  a  yellowish  brown  colour ;  though  sometimes  it  is  seen  of 

I I  fine  flesh  red,  which  is  the  variety  held  in  the  highest  estimation.  Some  savage  nations, 
■uch  as  the  Ottomaques,  described  by  M.  Humboldt,  are  in  the  habit  of  allaying  tho  pains 
of  hunger  by  eating  boles.    The  Javanese,  when  they  wish  to  become  thin,  eat  cakes^ 


'^!. 


lii 


■M 


m 


.M^ 


.i ' 


m 


rl9|0 


BOHEA,  BOMBAY. 


;i 


rh 


t: :  P!' 


i^mi 


V: 


:  '  ir 


cMe<\ tanaampo,  made  of  bole. — (Lewi$,Mal,  Med'ca/  Thomaon^a  Chemitlry .  MntuX 
Mat.  Indlca.)  "         '■ 

BOIIEA.  a  species  of  tea.    See  Tba*' '""  '  ;• '""' ';"" ' 

D0A1BAY,  a  lea-port  on  the  western  coast  of  British  India,  bein^,  after  Calcutta  nvll 

■  Canton,  the  greatest  commercial  emporium  in  the  East;  Int.  18°  56'  N.,  long.  72° 57' p I 
It  is  situated  on  the  south-eastern  eztreinity  of  a  small  island  of  the  same  name,  wpanyl 
from  the  main  land  by  an  arm  of  the  sea,  forming,  with  the  contiguous  islands  of  ColaU  I 
Salsette,  Butcher's  Island,  and  Garanjah,  one  of  the  best  harbours  in  India.  BomSI 
Island  was  ceded  by  the  Portuguese  to  the  English  in  1661,  as  the  dower  of  Queen  CaiJI 
rinc,  wife  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  taken  possession  of  in  1664 ;  so  that  it  has  been  !o  Ji 
occupation  abnut  170  years,  being  by  far  the  oldest  of  our  ]  -sessions  in  the  East.  In  I661I 
it  was  transferred  by  the  crown  to  the  East  India  Compo  y,  by  letters  patent,  in  fiee  injl 
common  soccage,  on  payment  of  the  annual  rent  of  10/.  But,  by  the  present  charter,  iilm I 
reverted  to  the  crown,  with  the  rest  of  the  Company's  assets,  being  held  by  the  ComMntiil 
trust  merely.     On  its  cession  to  the  crown  of  England,  in  1661,  its  population  did  notfi.l 

■  cecd  15,000  souls,  the  outcasts  of  the  natives  of  India.  It  now  contains  15,474  housal 
valued  at  3,606,434/.  and  a  population  exceeding  229,000.  The  following  etatcmcnl  of liel 
population  of  Bombay,  at  ditferent  periods,  will  show  its  progress : — 


lOfVt,  when  taken  possession  of 
171fi,      -  -  -  . 


-    15,000  1  191« 
.    16,000  I  1830 


-    I6',5.M 


-V" 


'  n'i;,'<i 


Total  ii^l 


The  census  of  1816  exhibits  the  proportion  of  the  different  classes  of 
follows:—  t  Minn 

Britisli,  tiot  military        "1''       .  .  j^glO     Hlnilnos 

Ditto,  military  and  marine  -  -  8,460     Parsees 

Native  Christians,  Armenians,  and  de- 

scenjiints  of  Portugiicso  -  -  11,5110 

Jews  .....         800 

Mohammedans        ....  S8,000 

Th3  fort  stands  on  the  south-east  extremity  of  the  island,  on  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  iu-l 
mediately  over  the  harbour.    The  fortifications  are  extensive,  and  on  the  sea  1 
strong. 

Bombay  Harbour  is  one  of  the  safest  an<]  most  commodious  in  India.  It  is  bounded  nn  the  weititjl 
north  by  t lie  island  of  Colabnh,  or  Old  Woman's  Island,  Bombay  Island,  and  the  idnndorSalMiK.I 
The  first  two  are  separated  only  by  a  narrow  creek  fordaltle  at  low  water,  and  Uiunhay  IsUndnil 
joined  to  Salsette  by  n  causeway  constructed  in  1805.  On  the  east  side  of  the  harbour,  bclwedijl 
and  the  main  laud,  is  Bntciier's  Island,  distaut  about  4  miles  from  ISombay  ;  and  InuncdiatelyMiiil 
ISutclior's  Inland  is  the  famous  island  of  Klc^plianta.  About  3  miles  south  from  Hutclicr's  hlam|i9!|ii| 
island  of  Oaranjah,  on  the  western  side  of  which,  next  the  harbour,  is  an  extensive  slioal.  S.W.feil 
C'aranjah.  distant  about  5  miles,  is  Tull  point ;  between  which  and  Colabuh,  or  Old  Wnninn's Islail, I 
is  the  cntratice  to  the  harbour.  Tliere  is  a  light-house  on  the  southern  extremity  of  Colabah  jilagj,! 
elevated  about  150  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  which  in  clear  weather  maybe  seen  it  the  illsliiw  I 
of  7  leagues.  The  point  on  wliich  the  light-house  stands  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  an  cueminl 
r.3ef  of  rocks  divided  into  prongs  :  of  these,  the  most  dnncerous  is  the  prong  stretching  S.  W.  aboalll 
miles  from  the  lieht-house,  and  forming  the  northern  boundary  of  the  entrance  into  the  harbnur.  fit  I 
reefstretvhine  W.N.W.  from  Tull  point  about  3^  miles,  forms  the  southern  boundary  oftheentrajwi  I 
the  breadth  of  the  channel  between  them  being  about  3  miles,  with  a  depth  of  from  7  to  8  falhoit.  I 
In  going  Into  the  harbour,  it  is  necessary  to  clear  a  sunken  rock,  lyin?  almost  due  east  fromthelij!i|.| 
liouse,  at  about  H  mile  distant ;  and  also  a  bank,  called  the  middle  ground,  lying  nearly  opposiitltl 
and  about  ij- mile  from  the  southern  extremity  of  the  town.— (See  JVicAo/a-oii  and  IVaUon's  PUnl\ 
Bombay  Harbour.) 

Doclcs. — Bombay  is  the  only  port  of  consequence  in  British  India  in  which  the  rise  ml  I 
fall  of  the  tide  are  so  considerable  as  to  admit  of  the  formation  of  extensive  wet  docks.  All 
ordinary  spring  tides,  the  rise  is  about  14  feet,  but  occasionally  as  high  as  17.  Thoa]»| 
cious  docks  constructed  by  the  East  India  Company  are  their  property,  and  are  for  the  n 
part  under  the  direction  of  Parsees,  who,  exceptitig  the  Chinese,  arc  tho  most  industnoiii  I 
and  intelligent  people  of  the  East.  The  expense  of  repairing  ships  in  them  is  enwuioiBi I 
Merchant  vessels  of  great  size,  or  from  1,000  to  1,200  tons  burden,  for  the  cotton  tdebl 
China,  have  been  built  in  these  docks.  Frigates  and  line-of-battlo  ships  have  also  bccnocti'l 
sionally  constructed  in  them,  sometimes  under  the  exclusive  direction  of  Parsceartifeis I 
Sltips  built  at  Bombay,  on  account  of  tho  timber  being  brought  from  a  great  dL<tance,»l 
very  costly ;  but  being,  contrary  to  tho  practice  in  other  parts  of  India,  entirely  constructed  I 
of  teak,  they  are  the  most  durable  vessels  in  the  world,  requiring  little  repair,  and  oU<!nni>l 
ning  50  or  60  years.  Being  for  the  most  part  built  by  natives,  without  any  very  stricttp'l 
plication  of  the  rules  of  art,  they  are  commonly,  though  not  always,  heavy  sailers. 

Monies. — Accounts  are  here  kept  in  rupees;  each  rupee  being  divided  into  4  qimrtcrs.nncieacliqMiW  I 
into  IflO  reas.  The  rupee  is  also  divided  into  16  nnnas,  or  50  pice.  An  urdec  is  2  reas ;  a  domiil 
reas  i  a  dooganey,  or  single  pice,  4  reas ;  a  fuddea,  or  double  pice,  S  reus ;  n  paunchea  is  i  nfuill 
and  a  gold  mohur,  13  rupees.  Of  thesi>,  the  anuas  and  reas  only  are  imaginary  monies.  TlieMl 
of  Bombay  are  the  mohnr,  or  gold  rupee,  the  silver  rupee,  and  their  divisions;  also  ihoiimiblenJI 
iingle  pice,  the  urdee.  and  doreea,  which  arc  copper  coins  with  a  mixture  of  tin  or  leurt.  Tli«foll«'| 
iny  is  tlm  assay  and  sterling  value  of  the  preseut  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  Bombay :— 


BOMBAY. 


Idl 


Gold  mobiir 
Silver  rupee 


QixM  Weight. 

gn. 

ITflO 


Vote  Metal. 

(fr: 

16i68 


tlerilntVilUk 

sg'is 

3-48 


"i'(  iiii> 


■lit) 

.,,.i.,,;,       SaU  M$(uure.  'ift' 

euhic  india 
m  Adowlies  =  1  Parnh  -      160761     "  " 
IflOPanhg     =  1  Anna  =>   J60761        '-''■' 
IH  Annas       =  1  Rash    =  2572170 

The  anna  weighs  2^  tons,  and  the  rash  40  tons. 

Liquor  Measure.  '"  ^'",V"'' 

(Spiriti  and  Country  Amick.) 

The  seer  weighs  60  Bombay  Rupees,  and  equal! 
1  lb.  8oz,  ^^.  i  and  SO  seers  make  the  niaund. 


.''"l": 


tons'  Metuure. 
I 

16  Tiissoos  -  1  Ilath  ■ 
24  TusBOOS  =  1  Guz    ■ 


18 

^27 


sti!:j 


1 1,  ^  Eatt  India's  Company's  financial  accounts  rendered  to  parliament,  the  Bombay  rupee  !• 
Wkoned  at  is.  3d.  Tlie  charge  for  coinage  in  the  Ronibay  Mint  is  21  per  cent,  for  gold,  and  3  per 
m[  foriilver,  Including  the  charges  for  refining.  The  machinery  for  ibis  mint  was  sent  out  from 
Iniiand  «  few  yetin  ago,  and  is  complete,  but  very  costly.  At  Bombay  there  are  no  banl(s,  aa  at 
ji^raiand  Calcutta,  and  paper  money  is  unknown  in  mercantile  transactions. 
\ffciiUsuid  Jlliaskre».—-'Iho  weights  and  measuiea  used  at  Bombay  are  as  follow : —         .>t>:.-oijTM 

Gold  and  Silver  Weight.  «».  «■  dr. 

«^^  7  Pailies  =  1  Parah  =    19    9    9-6 

1  Wall  »     4-475  8  Parahs  =  i  Candy  =  156  18  12-8 
40Wall9=  1  Tola  -=  170.  ,;, ,  ,- 

Pearl  fVeigkt.      ■'- 

1  Tucka  ■»   0-208 
ISlTtiokns  =  1  Rnttee"   3 
S4  Buttees  =  1  Tank    •=  79 

Commtrcial  Weight. 

Avoiplupoli. 
lbs,   02.   dr. 

1  Tank    =00  2-488 
TSTanks  =  1  Seer     =   0  U  3-3 
jOSeers  ^lMaund>°28    0  0 
I  Theie  weights  are  used  for  all  heavy  goods,  ex- 

(emingealt.  _ 

Oram  ^^cas1ure. 

Vi.  fiz.    dr. 

2Tipprees  =  l  Beer  =0  U    3-3 

4  Seers  =lPaily=  8  12  12-8 
J  All  the  foregoing  standards  are  likewise  divided  into  halves,  quarters,  &c.  The  preceding  weight! 
Iiii  mcaiiires  are  generally  used  in  Bombay ;  but  it  souietinies  occurs  in  mercantile  transactions,  that 
IiNalioiis  nre  nmde  in  pounds  and  niaiindg,  which  lasl  wclgbt  is  reckoned  at  40,  401,  41,  43J,  and  44 
im;  and  sometimes  in  Surat  candies  of  20,  21,  and  2-2  maunds. 

Shipping,  Commerce,  SfC. — At  Bombay  there  is  an  insumnce  society  with  a  capital  of 

Jlacsofnipecs,  or  about  200,000/.  sterling;  and  there  are  also  private  underwriters  who 

ksiire  separately  on  ships.    In  1820,  and  we  believe  the  number  continues  about  the  same, 

Uierc  were  45  registered  ships  belonging  to  this  port  engaged  in  the  trade  to  China  and 

Europe,  the  aggregate  burden  of  which  amounted  to  about  20,000  tons,  giving  at  an  average 

I  tons  to  each  ship.    These  are  for  the  most  part  navigated  by  Indian  seamen  or  Las- 

[ars,  those  of  Bombay  being  accounted  by  far  the  l)est  in  India ;  the  master  and  superior 

lliceit  only  being  Englishmen.    Besides  these  large  vessels,  there  is  a  numerous  class  of 

Jativecrafl^  under  various  forms  and  names.    In  1820,  they  were  computed  to  amount  in 

II  to  near  47,000  tons,  of  from  2  to  175  tons  each.    These  vessels,  besides  furnishing  the 

bm  with  firewood,  hay,  straw,  &c.  from  the  neighbouring  continent,  navigate  coastways 

rem  Cape  Comorin  to  the  Gulfof  Cutch,  and  sometimes  cross  the  sea  to  Muscat  and  the 

Jkrabian  Gulf.    During  the  eight  fair  months,  that  is,  from  October  to  May,  the  largest  sized 

Jessels  perform  five  or  six  trips  to  Damaun,  Sural,  Cambay,  Broach,  Junibosier,  and  Cutch, 

(ringing  from  these  ports,  where  they  sometimes  winter,  and  where  many  of  tlieir  owners 

sWe,  cotton,  ghee,  oil,  pulse,  wheat,  cotton  cloths,  timber,  firewood,  putchok,  mawah,  &c. ; 

Ind  return  to  the  northern  ports  laden  with  the  produce  of  Europe,  Bengal,  and  China. 

The  capital  employed  in  this  trade,  in  the  minor  articles  of  commerce,  exclusive  of  cotton, 

5  been  estimated  to  amount  to  1,500,000/.  sterling. 

The  island  of  Bombay,  a  small  and  sterile  spot,  containing  only  iihout  18J  sqiiare  miles, 
ifTords  no  produce  for  exportation  ;  indetxi,  hardly  yields  a  week's  consumption  of  corn  for 
« inhabitants.  Neither  is  the  neighbouring  territory  fruitful ;  nor  does  the  whole  presidency 
f  Qoinlmy,  although  estimated  to  contain  about  70,000  square  miles,  and  from  10,000,000 
1.000,000  inhabitants,  yield,  with  the  exception  of  cotton  and  rice,  any  of  the  great  colo- 
p  staples,  such  as  coffee,  sugar,  and  indigo ;  a  circumstance  that  seems  mainly  ascribable 
oihe  impolitic  restraints  upon  the  employment  of  British  settlers  and  capital  that  have  been 
jitheito  imposed  by  law,  and  acted  upon  with  peculiar  rigour  in  this  and  the  sister  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  in  contradistinction  to  the  greater  latitude  affDrclfd  in  Bengal.  Bombay 
I.  notwithstanding,  a  great  emporium  for  the  exports  and  imijorts  of  foreign  countries.  Its 
lincipal  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  countries  on  the  Gulfe  of  Cambay,  Persia,  and  Arabia : 
^ih  Calcutta,  China,  Great  Britain,  and  other  Europcon  countries,  and  the  United  Stales 
I  America.  From  the  countries  on  llic  Gulf  of  Cambay  it  receives  cotton  wool  and  grain ; 
1  from  the  Persian  and  Arabian  Gulfs,  raw  silk  of  Persia,  copper  from  the  same  country, 
Jii)  also  pearls,  galls,  coffee,  gum  arable,  bdellium,  copal,  myrrh,  olibanum,  and  asafuQtida, 
pin  dates,  and  other  dried  fruits,  horses,  and  bullion.  Its  exports  to  Arabia  and  Persia 
joosist  of  grain,  raw  sugar  from  China  and  Bengal,  British  cotton  manufactures,  woollens, 
'  metals,  pepper  and  other  spices.  From  Calcutta,  Bombay  receives  raw  silk,  sugar, 
igo,  and  grain;  and  exfrarts  to  it  oak  timber,  coir,  or  the  fibre  of  the  coco  nut  husk,  with 
no  nuts  and  Bandol-wood.    The  trade  between  Bombay  and  Calcutta  has  declined  sinca 


:ii'     \ 


i'Ui 


J 


J  - 


192 


BOMBAY. 


:  10 


the  abolition  of  the  reitricUve  system  in  1816  gave  to  Bombay  a  wider  intercounei^ 
foreign  countries.    Previously  to  Uie  opening  of  the  tratie,  Calcutta  was  the  entnpU  b2 
which  many  of  the  productions  of  the  neighbourhood  of  Bombay  used  to  find  a  nurketb 
distant  countries.    In  1813  and  1814,  according  to  the  Custom-house  returns  of  Calcuiii 
the  value  of  the  imports  into  it  from  Bombay  amounted  to  400,000/.  sterling ;  in  I819  ^ 
1820,  to  360,000i^;  and  in  1837  and  18S8,  to  200,000^    The  exports  from  Ctlcutut 
Bombay  in  the  first-named  year  amounted  to  280,000/.;  and  in  1827,  to  only  half  ik_ 
■mount    The  greatest  branch  of  the  trade  of  Bombay  used  to  be  that  widi  China;  bgtJ 
has  considerably  declined  of  late  years.    The  principal  article  of  export  is  cotton  wool  J 
which  opium  has  been  added  since  we  obtained  possession  of  the  province  of  Malna.  t(|| 
minor  articles  are  pepper,  sandal-wood,  Arabian  gums,  salt-fish,  fish  maws,  and  sharks'  iiJL 
The  imports  consist  of  alum,  camphor,  cassia,  nankeens,  rhubarb,  tea,  raw  sugar,  vcrmiUoo,! 
and  other  paints,  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  bullion.    In  1828  and  1829,  the  nuolnl 
of  ships  which  cleared  out  from  Bombay  for  Canton  was  36,  of  the  burden  of  25,731  lonl 
but  the  number  which  entered  from  thence  was  only  30,of  the  burden  of  17,534  tons;  nml 
of  the  ships  which  cleared  out  having  made  intermediate  voyages  after  discharging  ihgi 
cargoes  at  Canton.  I 

The  principal  export  from  Bombay  to  Great  Britain  is  cotton  wool,  after  which  foUnl 
pepper,  cardamoms,  Arabian  gums  and  drugs,  and  Persian  raw  silk.  The  chief  impom  ml 
cotton  fabrics  and  cotton  twist,  for  both  of  which  Bombay  is,  after  Calcutta,  the  grewtl 
mart  in  India ;  woollens,  iron,  copper,  spelter,  glass-ware,  &c  Sec  Bombay  tradei  mil 
France  and  Hamburgh,  but  not  to  any  considerable  amount.  Neither  is  her  trade  witliiliil 
United  States  of  America  of  much  importance.  The  following  statements,  drawn  upfhal 
paiiers  laid  before  parliament  in  1830  and  1831,  show  the  whole  amount  of  the  trade  wl 
ried  on  by  Bombay,  including  Surat,  with  Great  Britain,  foreign  Europe,  and  Amcria,ii| 
the  years  1813  and  1814,  and  1828  and  1829 :—  <     .     -. 

Imports  into  Bombay  and  Surat. 


From  Great  Britain 

—  France 

— ■     Hamburgh  - 

—  America 

Total      . 


1813  and  1814. 


Mtrehudba, 


£ 
375,716 


375,716 


Bullion, 


£ 
110 


no 


Total. 


£ 
S75,826 


375,896 


1836  and  1839. 


Merchudiir. 


£ 

761,318 

63,391 

7,339 

1,401 


853,394 


BulUoD. 


Tml 


£ 

781,M 

(3,%l| 

7,]» 

1,«1 


8S3,3»I 


Exports  from  Bombay  and  Sorat. 


To  Great  Britain 

—  Prance     - 

—  Hamburgh 

—  America 

Total 


1813  and  1814. 


MtrobaadiH. 


£ 
135,343 


135,343 


BaUtoiL 


£ 
160,811 


169,811 


Total. 


£ 

305,154 


305,154 


1836  and  1829. 


Merdumliw. 


£ 

694,654 
5,905 


700,649 


Bullioa. 


£ 
139,113 


139,113 


TM 


833,78; 


m,n 


In  some  of  the  intermediate  years  between  1814  and  1829  there  was  some  tradebetveal 
Bombay,  Portugal,  and  Brazil,  but  not  very  considerable.  It  will  appear  from  these  sttl»| 
ments  that  the  present  imports  into  Bombay  from  Great  Britain  amount  to  above  780,00(11,1 
and  the  exports  to  near  840,000/.;  the  first  having  increased  since  the  opening  of  the  k  I 
trade  by  500,000/1  sterling,  or  above  180  per  cent,  and  the  latter  by  somewhat  more  ihaj 
that  amount. 

Dock  Regulatimu.—Kt  daylight  the  wickets  of  the  gates  are  opened.nnd  at  ToVlnck  theaenlrrnkl 
Half  an  hour  after  sunset  the  gates  are  ihut,  the  wicket  of  the  centre  gate  being  left  oper  till  HI 
evening  gun  be  fired.  No  boats,  saving  those  belonging  to  the  Company's  marine  department,  01  li I 
Majesty's  navy,  are  permitted  to  come  to  the  dock-ynrd  stairs ;  but  muat  use  the  piers  expreiilrwl 
structed  for  their  accommodation.  No  meat,  stores,  or  baggage  for  the  merchant  shipping.  01  ijl 
description,  are  to  be  passed  through  the  dock-yards.  After  the  firing  of  the  evening  gun,  noM)! 
belonging  to  the  ships  in  the  harbour,  below  the  rank  of  a  cominiaiinnnd  officer,  is  to  he  alloweiliil 
land  or  enter  the  dock-yard,  without  the  express  permission  of  the  master  attendant,  or  other  coin' I 
tuted  authorities.  .      1 

Boats*  crews  are  not  to  be  permitted  to  quit  their  boat  at  the  st.-iirs,  after  the  hour  of  ihulUnf  ijl 
gntes.  Small  craft  are  not  to  deliver  firewood  or  any  other  lading  within  the  limits  «'^i''°!^l 
without  the  superintendent's  sanction.  The  ships  and  vnggels  in  dock  nre  not  to  land  anrlii^l 
whatever  on  the  pier.  No  cargo  of  any  description  is  to  lie  Itinded  in  or  passed  through  the  y^'^IJI 
or  to  any  ship  in  dock,  without  the  superintendent's  peruiisslun  in  writing.  No  Ure  uriigtatiialliinil 


LilwnHnTshlpnrves. 
L»e»  for  which  either  ma 

lEiportofCotton  ftom  Bt 


\ 

c 

m 

To  China.               1 

f 

Biln. 

Mm. 

II; 

Bala.    Bi 

\i,\.<- 

tB,4in 

76,788  3S 

iffi 

U,l» 

70,885 

!3,0I5  H 

m 

14,686 

109,537 

118,228  21 

in 

la^oB 

\m^ 

Mfiai  43 

in 

ISSB 

1(0,(00 

117,1(0  «i 

n 

t*,4% 

ea,06a 

100,558  23 

m 

n^ 

117,989  I40,27«  17 

IBI 

1* 

\ifiit 

115,274  132,852  17 

From  l.MO  to  9,000  bait 
liaiiy'svessi-is  are  noiiiinn 
|iip<in  the  Custom-house  re 
I  {Jee  Milburn'i  OrUiita, 
Itilbltr ;  Kelly's  Cambut 
lifMabar;"  Pari.  Papei 
1 1831;  SttoHi  ApftfiiliT  to  . 
|ii/S(rtiiiitA4'  C«.,&C.) 

BOMBAZINE,  a  ki 
I  into  France  and  other 
llarger  quantities,  than  ii 

BONES  of  cattle  an 
llbr  knives,  and  various 
inutntious  jelly  may  be  < 

Bones  have  latterly 
Imanure  for  dry  soils,  wi 
lin  the  form  of  powder,  v 
lliive  undergone  the  pro 
Ibuihels  of  dust,  or  40  bi 
lit  home,  they  have  begi 
IprincipBlly  from  the  N< 
■Tesjcls  belonging  to  thei 
■lily  imported  for  the  [ 
Ithat  it  was  not  too  mucl 
leipcndcd  on  this  artici 
Imarket.— (Loutfon'a  E 
11827.) 

^Hoiitit  of  tile  Declared  \ 
Years  ending  with  llie  ( 
(Pari.  Pafir,  No.  708.  S( 


\m 
\m 
\\m 
\m 

Ml 

\\m 
\m 

\\m 

\m 
\m\ 
\\m 


Eo|laod. 


IWIared  Viilue. 

£  I.  i. 

15,896  13  11 

9,438  0  5 

14,995  IS  6 

43,940  17  11 

86,571  5  8 

94,747  16  1 

77.956  6  8 

59,783  9  II 

5<1,741  II  10 

5S,233  16  5 

65,623  10  0 

77,847  4  4 


V01.I.-R 


829. 

"■" 

ToUL 

£ 

63,591 

i,«i 

853,3m 

829. 

■^ 

1W. 

£ 
833,76? 

839,761 

BOMBAZINE,  BONES.  108 

>■  boinl  *nr  ihlp  or  veiael  in  dock,  without  tli«  amhority  of  the  luperintendent,  to  whom  tho  pur« 
I  coKi  for  which  either  may  be  required,  niuat  bu  siuied  in  writing. 

I  Eiport  of  Cotton  IVom  Bonibny  to  China,  England,  &c.,  with  pricei,  Oeighti,  Slc.  from  1634  to  1831, 


ToChlM. 

1 

! 

4 

6 
% 

Onnd 
TottL 

PrioofSuntI 
Cot  00  ftt 
Ctaifol 
784  (In. 

PrinoT 
Dbellira. 

RatMorrnifhl 

lo  England  ucrToo 

of  4i  Bain,  or 

atwul   1,630  Iba. 

lUlnor 

rnif  hi  lo 
China  Mr  Can- 

If 
tiln. 

i;,uc 

taim. 

1 

I 

X 

^ 

1 

II 

X      '4 

BlllH. 

Bala. 

Balai. 

(Mm. 

Daln. 

Bilo. 

RipMt. 

Ruiwn. 

L.  >.     L.   1. 

Rupm. 

in 

a3,4o; 

76,786 

39,331 

3,834 

NOM. 

64U 

122,681 

140 

170 

163 

136 

14U 

138 

(t   0  lo  9    0 
II    0-12  10 
9    0-7    7 

30,  40,  SO 
io;  70^  35 

iSiS 

12,130 

TO,S85 

ia,o\i 

3^454 

I4,I2» 

I,S5B 

300 

134,467 

146 

192 

166 

134 

175 

151 

6  10  -  6    0 
10    0-8    0 

48,  40,48 

m 

l«,6K 

10O,SS7 

118,238 

21,262 

7,404 

4,838 

2,097 

163,824 

l2r, 

166 

137 

110 

128 

120 

8    0  —  9    0 
7    0-6    0 

46,40^44 

IB 

HM 

10^,596 

U4fi6i 

43,870 

10,118 

8,S23 

4,261 

191,461 

110 

130 

122 

93 

116 

109 

6  0  -  6  10 

7  0  —  6  10 

40,  SJ,  IS,  » 

i«i 

15,M 

I02,MO 

UlflDS 

62,103 

l»,6»4 

10,811 

3,9!>2 

214,633 

104 

136 

120 

100 

118 

106 

•■10-9    0 
0  16  -  0  15 

2>),  26,28 

» 

U,499 

SHOffl 

IOO,H8 

23,608 

II^U 

ll,0J8 

3,442 

160,208 

■  16 

140 

126 

105 

128 

117 

1    0-9    0 
16—10 
1  16  —  3  10 
4    0-4    0 

20,  18,  tH 

i» 

jyoo 

IIT,M9 

140,272  17,308 

14,458 

7,542 

2,960 

182,671 

114 

120 

116 

80 

no 

89i 

a^  38,40 

161 

1* 

I7,S« 

115,274 

133,852  17,666 

22,233 

9,470 

3,413 

189,938 

100 

no 

104^ 

70 

81 

75V 

5    0  -  6  10 
;    8    8  —  6  10 

25,  55,  4» 

From  l,MO  to  3,000  bulea  may  be  added  to  the  exports  to  China  for  each  year,  aa,  after  the  Com- 
Ipiny'sveasi'ls  arc  nniiiiimlly  Iciaded,  the  captains  take  from  300  to  500  bales,  which  are  never  placed 
lup<iii  the  Cu9ioni-house  records. 

I  {?te  Milbum's  Oriental  Commerce ;  IfamUton'$  Rast  India  Gazetteer,  18S8 ;  Bombay  Calendar  and 
llUliiiir;  Kelly's  Cambiti ;  lyilson's  Seviete  nf  the  External  Commerce  of  Bengal,  under  head  "Ceait 
\ij Mtlabar ;"  Pari.  Papers  relative  to  the  Finances  of  Iiid'a,  and  Tirade  of  India  and  China,  1830  and 
I  |^3I ;  SceoHd  Jlppcrtitiz  to  Report  <//  fjke  SelMt  Committee  on  Public  Departments,  ISSti,  p.  374 ;  Circular 
\ilBtdiB\tKl(  Co.,tic.) 

BOMBAZINE,  a  kind  of  silk  stuff,  originally  mannfactured  at  Milan,  and  thence  sent 
I  into  France  and  other  countries.  Now,  however,  it  is  nowhere  manufactured  better,  or  in 
|lari^r  quantities,  than  in  this  kingdom. 

B0NE8  of  cattle  and  other  animals  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts,  in  forming  handles 
llbr  knives,  and  various  other  purposes.  So  long  as  bnnes  are  preserved  fresh,  a  highly 
Inutritious  jelly  may  be  obtained  from  them. 

Bones  have  latterly  been  employed,  particularly  in  Lincolnshire  and  Yorkshire,  as  a 
Imanure  for  dry  soils,  with  the  very  best  effect.  They  are  commonly  ground  and  drilled  in, 
lio  the  form  of  powder,  with  turnip  seed.  Their  effect  is  considerably  increased  when  they 
■have  undergone  the  process  of  fermentation.  The  quantities  employed  are  usually  about  2S 
Ibuihels  of  dust,  or  40  bushels  of  large,  to  the  acre.  Besides  the  immense  supplies  collected 
lit  home,  they  have  begun,  within  these  few  years,  to  be  largely  imported  from  the  Continent, 
Iprincipallj  from  the  Netherlands  and  Germany.  They  occupy  about  40,000  tons  of  small 
IvesjcU  belonging  to  these  countries.  Mr.  Huskisson  estimated  the  real  value  of  those  annu- 
lillv  imported  for  the  purpose  of  being  used  as  manure  at  100,000/. ;  and  he  contended, 
Itiiat  it  was  not  too  much  to  suppose,  that  an  advance  of  between  100,000^  and  200,000/. 
leipcnded  on  this  article  occasioned  600,000  additional  quarters  of  corn  to  be  brought  to 
tmtkei—{Lm4cl(m'a  Encyelopwdia  of  Agriculture;  Ab".  Hutkusori'a  Speech,  May  7, 
|lS27.) 

lAccniinl  of  the  Declared  Value  of  the  Bones  Imported  Into  Great  Britain  during  each  of  the  Twelre 
Vcars  eiiiling  with  tiie  (ifth  of  January,  1833 ;  and  of  the  Amount  of  Duty  charged  on  the  same.— 

(/'arl.  Pafier,  No.  70S.  Sesa.  1833.) 


\  Vein, 


\m\ 
\m 

1S24 

1S26 

h«7 

\m 
\m 
\m 
\\m 


Importa  into 


En|land. 


Dfclared  Value. 

£  s.  i. 

15,998  19  11 

9,438  0  9 

14,;^  IS  8 

43.940  17  11 

66„W1  .-5  8 

94,747  18  1 

77,956  6  8 

59,783  9  11 

50,741  II  10 

58,233  16  5 

65,623  10  0 

77,847  4  4 


Scolland. 


Declared 
£ 
69 
63 
83 
83 
1.19 

ats 

1,798 
3,874 

13,333 
8,529 
7,07,1 

13,908 


Value. 
s.     d. 


Oreal  Britain. 


neclared 

£ 
15,968 

9,190 
14,477 
44,023 
86,710 
94,993 
79,754 
62,6.'>6 
73,063 
66,763 
73,697 
91,755 


Value. 

>.  d. 

9  11 

13  9 

19  8 

11  11 

10  3 


Italy. 


£  I. 

159  14 

94  16 

144  16 

440  6 

867  4    10 

999  19      0 

839  1 

654  14 

748  7 
688  1 

749  0 
940  9 


i. 
4 
4 
1 

3 


V01.I.-R 


Sfi 


?!     i 


Ig^  BOOK,  BOOKS,     rf 

There  are  no  means  of  (lis^nguMhing  between  the  bones  imported  for  manure  ind  for 
other  purpoaes. 

BOOK,  BOOKS  (Gcr.  Bilcher {  Du.  Bothen,-  Da.  Boger ,-  8w.  Bdckeri  Tt.Lm-.. 
It.  Libri.  I  Sp.  Libroa ,-  Port.  Livroa  .•  Kiw.  Kiiigi  ,•  Pol.  Ksiaski,  Ksicgi  •  Lat.  Libr!) 
■  written  or  printed  treatise  or  treatises  on  any  bruncli  of  science,  art,  or  literature,  compoai^ 
in  the  view  of  instructing,  amusing,  or  persuading  the  reader. 

Copyright  is  the  right  whicli  the  authors  of  books  or  treatises  claim  to  the  excluiivo  pri, 
vilege  of  printing,  pubUshing,  and  soiling  them. 

Books  are  sometimes  blank,  as  account  books ;  but  these  enjoy  no  peculiar  privileges,  ami 
do  not  come  within  the  scope  of  our  inquiries. 

Books  are  divided  into  the  following  classes,  according  to  the  mode  in  whicli  the  «Iit»u 
of  the  paper  on  which  they  are  printed  or  written  are  folded  :  viz.  foUn,  when  the  ihcetij 
folded  into  two  leaves;  quarto,  when  folded  into/>wr/  oe<aro,  when  folded  into  eight/  dwt- 
dccimo,  when  tho  sheet  is  folded  into  twdvt,  <Scc.  In  making  these  classificationg,  no 
attention  is  paid  to  tho  size  of  the  sheet. 

I.  Progress  and  present  State  of  the  Law  as  to  the  Copyright  of  Books.— Ixhuhnj^ 
doubted  whether  in  anti^juity,  an  author  had  any  exclusive  right  to  a  work,  or  whetlitr 
having  once  published  it,  he  could  restrain  others  from  copying  it,  and  selling  cnpies.   Wj 
incline  to  think  that  he  could.    The  public  sale  of  copies  of  works  is  often  refenrod  to  in  tin  | 
claHsics;  and  in  such  a  way  as  warrants  the  inference  that  they  were  protluctive  to  the  author, 
which  could  not  have  been  the  case  had  every  one  been  permitted  to  copy  them  at  piemuif. 
Terence,  in  one  of  his  plays  (Pml.  in  Eunuch.  1.  20),  says,  Fabulam,  quam  nunc aclmi  I 
surnus,  postquam  mdiles  emerunt ;  but  why  should  the  magistrates  have  bought  it,  had  it  | 
been  free  to  every  one  to  copy  it  1     Martial,  in  one  of  his  epigrams,  says — 

Sunt  qtiidam,  qui  me  iliciml  non  enne  po'i'tam: 

Had  qui  mt  veiidit,  bibliopoln,  putat.  Mart.  lib.  xlv.  Ep.  194. 

This  evidently  conveys  the  idea  that  he  had  assigned  the  right  to  sell  his  book  toasin^  I 

person,  who  profited  by  it.     Passages  to  the  same  eifect  may  be  found  in  Horace  {De  .Irfc 

Po-ticd,  line  345.),  Juvenal  (Sid.  7.  line  SX),  &c. 

It  would  have  been  singular,  indeed,  had  it  been  otherwise.     Of  all  the  species  of  pro. 
jierty  a  man  can  possess,  the  fruits  of  his  mental  labours  seem  to  be  most  peculiarly  his  m. 
And  though  it  may,  we  think,  be  shown,  that  many  serious  inconvenieiicies  wouM  result  I 
from  giving  the  same  absolute  and  interminable  property  over  ideas  that  is  given  overmateriii 
objects,  these  inconveniencies  could  hardly  have  been  perceived  in  antiquity. 

It  will  also  be  observed,  that  in  antiquity  a  copyright  was  of  much  less  value  than  in  modeni  I 
times.    Books  could  then  not  only  bo  multiplied  by  copying  them  with  the  pen ;  and  if  an; 
one  chose  privately  to  copy  a  work,  or  to  buy  it  of  another,  it  must  have  been  very  di  iirall 
to  hinder  him ;  but  when  printing  had  been  introduced,  the  greater  cheapness  of  books  nol 
only  extended  the  demand  for  them  in  far  greater  proportion,  and  consequently  rendeteJ  | 
copyrights  more  valuable,  but  it  also  aftbrded  the  means  of  preventing  their  piracy.   Prinl 
ing  is  not  a  device  by  which  a  few  copies  of  a  book  can  be  obtained  at  a  cheap  rate.  Iti)  I 
productive  of  cheapness  only  when  it  is  employed  upon  a  large  scale,  or  when  a  consideraWe  I 
impression  is  to  be  thrown  off.     And  hence,  after  its  invention,  piracy  could  hardly  be  co* 
mitted  in  secret:  the  pirated  book  had  to  be  brought  to  market ;  the  fraud  was  thus  sure  lo  | 
be  detected,  and  tho  offending  party  might  be  prosecuted  and  punished. 

For  a  considerable  time  after  the  invention  of  printing,  no  questions  seem  to  have  occiirreJ  I 
with  respect  to  copyrights.  This  was  occasioned  by  the  early  adoption  of  the  liccnsiiH  I 
system.  Governments  soon  perceived  the  vast  importance  of  the  powerful  engine  that  y  [ 
lieen  brought  into  the  field;  and  they  endeavoured  to  avail  themselves  of  iU  energies  by 
interdicting  the  publication  of  all  works  not  previously  licensed  by  authority.  Durinsftlu 
continuation  of  this  system,  piracy  was  effectually  prevented.  The  licensing  act  (i'i  k  1)  I 
Chas.  3.  c.  2.)  and  the  previous  acts  and  proclamations  to  the  same  effect,  prohibitoil  lie  I 
printing  of  any  book  without  consent  of  the  owner,  as  well  as  without  a  licence.  In  lOH  I 
the  licensing  act  finally  expired,  and  the  press  then  became  really  free.  Instead,  howcm,  I 
of  the  summary  methods  for  obtaining  redress  for  any  invasion  of  their  property  cnjojetlbyl 
them  under  the  licensing  acts,  authors  were  now  left  to  defend  their  rights  at  common  hii;  I 
and  as  no  author  or  bookseller  could  procure  any  redress  for  a  piracy  at  common  L'w,escc[*  I 
in  so  far  as  he  could  prove  damage,  property  in  books  was  virtually  annihilateJ ;  it  beinjij  I 
most  cases  impossible  to  prove  the  sale  of  one  printed  copy  out  of  a  hundred.  Under  the*  I 
circumstances,  applications  were  made  to  parliament  for  an  act  to  protect  literary  properti,  I 
by  gTanting  some  speedy  and  effectual  method  of  preventing  the  sale  of  spurious  coiiiw.  li  I 
consequence,  the  statute  8  Anne,  c.  19.  was  passed,  securing  to  authors  and  their  as3i!!n«)| 
the  exclusive  right  of  printing  their  books  for  14  years  certain,  from  the  day  of  pubiicatioi, 
witli  a  contingent  14  years,  provided  the  author  were  alive  at  the  expiration  of  the  fa 
term.  Persons  printing  books  protected  by  this  act,  without  the  consent  of  the  authors  oil 
their  assignees,  were  to  forfeit  the  pirated  copies,  and  Id.  for  every  sheet  of  the  Sam  j 
Such  books  as  were  not  entered  at  Stationers'  Hall  were  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  thisatt  j 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


19S 


It  had  been  niBtomary,  for  some  time  previoui  to  thin  period,  for  the  libraries  of  the 
Univenitiee  of  Oxford  and  Vi-  klge,  6cc.  to  get  a  copy  of  muRt  bookii  entered  at  Station- 
ers'Hall;  and  the  act  of  Aio  aade  it  imperative  that  one  copy  of  all  worka  entitled 
to  its  protection  ihould  be  delivered  to  the  following  librarie* ;  viz.  the  Royal  Library,  now 
^inferred  to  the  British  Museum ;  the  Libraries  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  the  Libraries 
of  the  four  Scotch  Univen)ities ;  the  Library  of  Sion  College,  London ;  and  that  of  tha 
Ftrulty  of  Advocates  in  Edinburgh ; — in  all,  nine  copies. 

Theactof  Anne  did  not  put  to  rest  the  questions  as  to  copyrights.  The  authors  con- 
tended that  it  did  not  aflect  their  natural  ownership,  and  that  they  or  their  assignees  were 
eiititlod  to  proceed  at  common  law  against  those  who  pirated  their  works  after  the  period 
mentioned  in  the  statute  had  expired.  The  publishers  of  spurious  editions  resisted  these 
pretensions,  and  contended  that  there  was  cither  no  right  of  property  at  common  law  in  the 
productions  of  the  mind ;  or  that,  supposing  such  a  right  to  have  existed,  it  was  8Ui>erseded 
bv  the  statute  of  Anno.  There  was  some  ditrvrcnco  of  opinion  in  the  courts  as  to  these 
points;  but  Lord  Mansfield,  Mr.  Justice  Blackstone,  and  the  most  eminent  Judges,  were 
favourable  to  the  claims  of  the  authors.  However,  it  wos  finally  decided,  upon  an  appeal  to 
the  House  of  Lords  in  1774,  that  an  action  could  not  bo  maintained  for  pirating  a  copy- 
right after  the  term  specified  in  the  statute. — (Godaun  on  the  Law  of  Patents  and  Copy- 
righti,V.ZQ5.) 

The  act  of  Queen  Anne  referred  only  to  Great  Britain ;  but  in  1801,  its  provisions  were 
extended  to  Ireland ;  the  penalty,  exclusivo  of  forfeiture,  on  printing  or  importing  books  with- 
out consent  of  the  proprietor,  was  also  increased  from  Id.  to  3d.  a  sheet.  In  return  for  this 
concession,  two  additional  copies  of  alt  works  entered  at  Stationers'  Hall  wore  to  be  dulivcred ; 
one  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  one  to  the  King's  Inns,  Dublin. 

Every  one  must  be  satisfied  that  14  years'  exclusive  possession  is  far  too  short  a  period  to 
indemnify  the  author  of  a  work,  the  composition  of  which  has  required  any  considerable 
amount  of  labour  and  reaearch ;  though  38  years  is,  porhapp,  all  things  considered,  as  pro- 
per a  period  as  could  be  fixed  upon.  Now,  the  grand  defect  of  the  statute  of  Anno  con- 
sisted in  its  making  the  right  to  the  exclusive  possession  fur  28  years  contingent  on  the  fact 
I  of  a  person  having  lived  a  day  more  or  less  than  14  years  after  the  publication  of  his  work. 
This  was  making  the  enjoyment  of  an  important  right  dependent  on  a  mere  accidental  cir- 
cumstance over  which  man  has  no  control.  Could  any  thing  be  more  oppressive  and  unjust 
tiian  to  hinder  an  author  from  bequeathing  that  property  to  his  widow  and  children,  that 
would  have  belonged  to  himself  had  he  been  alive  T  Nothing,  indeed,  as  it  appears  to  us, 
can  be  more  obvious  than  the  justice  of  extending  all  copyrights  to  the  same  period,  whether 
the  authors  be  dead  or  not. 

But  though  the  extreme  hardship,  not  to  say  injustice,  of  the  act  of  Queen  Anne  had  been 
repi!atcdly  pointed  out,  its  provisions  were  continued  down  to  1814,  when  the  existing  copy- 
right act,  54  Geo.  3.  c.  166.,  was  passed.  This  act  extended  the  duration  of  all  copy- 
rights, whether  the  authors  were  dead  or  alive,  to  28  years  certain ;  with  the  further 
provision,  that  if  the  author  should  be  alive  at  the  end  of  that  period,  he  should  enjoy 
i  the  copyright  during  the  residue  of  his  life.  We  subjoin  the  principal  clauses  of  thu 
itatute. 

Raring  recited  the  nets  8  Anne,  c.  10.  and  41  Geo.  D.  c.  107.,  it  enacts  that  ro  much  of  the  said  seve- 
ral recited  acts  as  requires  that  nny  copies  of  any  hoolis  which  shall  be  printed  nr  published,  or  re- 
printed and  pul)li8hnd  with  additinna,  aliull  be  delivered  liy  the  printers  therciif  tn  the  wnrelinuse- 
keeper  of  the  suid  Cninpany  of  Stationers,  for  llie  use  of  nny  of  tlie  libraries  in  thcnaid  aot  nieiitinned, 

I  and  as  requires  the  delivery  of  the  said  copies  by  the  wureliouse-keepor  for  the  nee  of  the  said  libra- 
rio,  and  as  imposes  any  penalty  on  such  printer  or  warehouse-keeper  for  not  delivering  the  said 

I  copies,  shall  he  repealed. 
And  ihiit  11  printed  copies  of  the  whole  of  every  book,  and  of  every  volnine  thereof,  upon  the  paper 

I  npon  v.liich  llie  larcest  number  or  iinpn-ssioii  of  such  Imok  shall  be  printed  for  sale,  tngelhor  with  all 
maps  and  prints  belimcini;  thereto,  which  from  nnd  after  the  passing  of  thiii  art  shall  be  printed  and 

I  published,  on  demand  thereof  being  made  in  writing  to  or  left  M  the  plane  of  abode  of  the  publisher 
or  publishers  thereof,  at  any  time  williin  twrlve  montliH  next  after  the  publication  thereof,  under  the 
hind  of  the  warehouse-keeper  of  the  Company  of  l<tiitioners,  or  the  librarian  or  other  person  thereto 

Uiithoriecd  b^  the  persons  nr  body  politic  and  corporate,  proprietors  or  munapers  of  the  libraries 
f'lllnwinj!;  videlicet,  the  Urilish  Museum,  Sion  Colleire,  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford,  tlie  Public 

I  library  at  Cambridge,  the  Library  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  at  Edinbiiigli,  the  Libraries  of  the 

I  Four  Universities  of  Scotland,  Trinity  College  Library  and  the  King's  Inns  Library  at  Dublin,  or  so 
many  of  such  11  copies  as  sbnll  be  respectively  demanded,  shall  be  delivered  by  the  publishers  thereof 
respectively,  within  1  month  after  demand  made  thereof  in  writing  us  afun-said,  to  the  wareliouae- 
Ifeeper  of  the  said  Company  of  Stationers  ;  whicli  copies  the  said  warehouse-keeper  shall  reeeive  for 
Ihe  use  of  the  library  for  which  such  demand  shall  h  :  so  muile  ;  and  he  is  hereby  required,  within  1 
uinnthnfler  any  such  bonk  or  volume  phall  bo  so  delivered  to  him,  to  deliver  tlie  same  for  the  use  of 
luchliliriiry.    And  if  any  such  publisher  or  warehousc-keepiT  sbull  not  observe  the  directions  of  this 

I  art,  lie  and  they  so  making  default  shall  forfeit,  besides  the  value  of  the  said  printed  copies,  the  sum 

I  of  5(.  for  each  copy  not  so  delivered  or  received,  togetlier  with  the  full  costs  of  suit;  to  be  recovered 

I  byactinn  la  any  court  of  record  in  the  United  Kingdom.— J  2. 

I    Provided  always,  that  no  snch  copy  shall  hu  so  demanded  or  delivered,  &c.  of  the  second,  or  of  any 

I iUbsepient edition  of  any  such  boojc,  unless  the  same  shall  contain  additions  or  alterations;  and  in 

I  case  any  edition  after  the  first  shall  contain  any  addition  or  alternthin,  no  printed  copy  thereof,  sImU 
M  demanded  or  delivered,  if  a  printed  copy  of  such  additions  or  ulterutioua  only,  printed  in  an  uni . 


n 


'H 


A{ 


«l:;^ 


ii  '-I'  ■*' 

5  :l  lil 


lllf  I   I 


r^i 


il 


IM 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


.'  ;' 


Ufm 


form  miiniiar  with  lh«  former  edition  of  inch  book,  be  dallverH  to  etch  of  the  llbrarlae  tfhrcuUi 

SrovUad  aUo,  thmt  the  copy  of  every  book  that  ehall  be  demiinded  by  the  Bililth  MuMum  iIhII  hi 
elivered  of  the  beet  paper  on  whtch  lucli  work  ihell  be  printed.—)  9.  " 

And  whereat  by  the  aald  recited  acte  It  li  enacted,  that  the  huthor  of  any  book,  and  the  inlnnnf 
auoh  author,  ehould  have  the  lole  liberty  of  printing  and  r '  Printing  inch  book  for  the  lei m  of  u  yem 
Itc;  and  It  wae  provided,  that  altor  the  expiration  of  the  iiild  term  of  U  yearn,  the  right  ui  ptiMiJ, 
or  dlipoelng  of  coplea  iliould  return  to  the  authore  thereiif.  If  they  were  then  living,  for  another  itiu 
of  14  yeara:  and  whereas  It  will  aflVird  further  encouragement  to  literature,  If  the  duration  of  igrb 
cnpyruht  were  extended  i  be  It  enacted,  that  the  author  of  any  book  or  bonki  eompoeed,  and  im 
printed  and  publlihed,  or  which  ihall  hereafter  be  ciunpoird,  and  be  printed  and  iMibll«hed,KDillik 
aaelgne,  ihal)  have  the  lole  liberty  of  priming  and  reprinting  luch  book  or  book*,  li>r  the  full  icim  J 
(ie«iily>«^AI  yean,  to  commence  from  the  day  of  tiret  puliliahing  thniamet  and  aliio,  irtheamhor 
iliall  be  living  at  the  end  of  that  period,  fur  the  reiidue  of  hie  natural  life ;  and  if  any  bookwlici  „ 

firlnter,  or  other  person  whatsoever,  in  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Ureal  llrltain  and  lieliM 
n  the  Islet  of  Man,  Jersey,  or  Guernsey,  or  in  any  other  part  of  the  Urilisli  dominions  iliKii,  fn,. 
and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  within  the  timet  granted  and  limited  by  this  act,  print,  reprint,  cr 
import,  nr  shall  cause  to  be  printed,  die.  any  such  hook,  without  the  consent  of  the  author,  or  oi'htr 
proprietor  of  the  copyright,  nrst  had  In  writing  t  or  knowing  the  same  to  be  so  printed,  fcc.  wiihuui 
euch  consent,  shall  sell,  publish,  or  expose  to  siiId,  or  cnuHe  to  be  sold,  die,  or  shull  have  in  hjiuji. 
tesslou  for  sale,  any  such  book,  without  such  consent  flr«l  had  and  obtained ;  such  offender  iluii  bi 
liable  to  a  special  action  at  the  suit  of  the  author  nr  other  proprietor  of  such  copyright ;  and  er«n 
such  author  or  other  proprietor  may.  In  such  special  action,  recover  damages,  with  double  coitijinj 
every  such  oflnndur  sniill  also  forfeit  such  book,  and  every  sheet  of  such  book,  and  shall  dellvet  iIm 
a.-ime  to  the  author  or  other  proprietor,  to  be  made  waste  paper  of,  and  shall  also  forfeit  the  mm  ofu 
for  every  sheet  thereof  either  printed  or  printing,  or  published  or  ex|iosed  to  tale  i  the  one  moieii 
thereof  to  any  person  who  shall  sue  for  the  sunie.— f  4. 

And  In  order  to  atcertnin  what  books  shall  be  from  time  to  tlhie  published,  the  publUhenorertrt 
book  demandable  under  this  act  shall,  within  1  calendar  month  at\er  the  day  on  which  any  lucli  tm[ 
ahall  be  flrst  sold,  puhlishnd,  advertised,  or  otTured  fur  sale,  within  the  hills  of  mortality,  or  within  J 
calendar  months  in  any  other  part  of  the  United  KIniidoni,  enter  the  title  to  the  co|iy  of  every  mcii 
book,  and  the  namet  and  place  of  abode  of  the  publisher,  in  the  register  book  of  the  Company  of 
Stationcrt  in  London  (for  every  of  which  several  entries  the  sum  of  9*.  shall  be  paid,  and  nu  mn) 
under  a  penalty  of  the  sum  of  it.,  together  with  eleven  times  the  price  at  which  such  books  iliiill  k 
•old  or  advertised ;  to  he  recovered,  together  with  full  costs  of  suit,  by  persons  authorised  to  iiie,;iii4 
who  shall  first  sue  for  the  tame  :  provided,  that  In  the  case  of  magazines,  reviews,  or  otiier  |i«[ini|kt| 

rubllcationt.  It  thull  bo  tufliclent  to  make  such  entry  in  the  register  hook  of  the  euid  Couipany  wiihii 
month  next  after  the  publication  of  the  first  number  or  volume  :  provided,  that  no  failure  in  mtkiu 
any  such  entry  shall  in  any  manner  affect  any  copyright,  but  shall  only  subject  the  person  uuk.ni 
dejaull  to  the  penalty  aforesaid  under  this  act.—)  5. 

Provided  always,  that  if  any  publisher  shall  be  desirous  nf  delivering  the  copy  of  such  bonk  oi 
Yolume,  on  behalf  of  any  of  the  said  libraries,  at  tuch  library,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  him ig 
dnllver  the  tame  at  such  library ;  and  tuch  delivery  shall  be  held  at  equivalent  to  a  delivery  tuUie 
aald  warehouse-keeper. 

And  if  the  author  of  any  book,  which  shall  not  have  been  pnblithed  14  yean  nt  the  time  of  pMli| 
this  act,  ihall  be  living  at  the  taid  time,  and  if  such  author  shall  afterwards  die  before  the  expitaliui 
of  the  said  14 years,  then  the  personal  representative  of  the  said  author,  and  the  aMignn  of  gucb  pet. 
■onal  representative,  thill  have  the  tole  right  of  printing  and  publishing  the  said  book  for  the  funbu 
term  of  14  years  after  the  expiration  of  the  flrst  14. 

And  If  the  author  of  any  book  which  has  been  already  published  ihall  be  living  at  the  end  oft 
yean  after  the  tirtt  publication,  he  or  she  shall,  for  the  remainder  of  hit  or  her  life,  have  the  wit 
right  of  printing  and  publlahing  the  tame. 

Aciiona  and  luitt  thall  be  commenced  within  13  montha  next  after  tuch  offence  committed,  ot  bi 
void  and  of  uo  effect. — )  {  7, 8, 9, 10. 

Musical  <x>mpoaitions,  engravingf,  maps,  sculptures,  models,  Sk.  enjoy  a  siinilar  ptiv 
toction. 

The  great  practical  difficulty  in  interpreting  the  copyright  acta,  is  in  diatinguishing  l» 
tween  an  original  vfotk  and  a  copy  made,  animo  furandi,  from  one  already  in  existence. 
The  following  is  a  summary  of  Mr.  Godnon's  remarlts  on  this  subject : — 

"The  identity  of  a  literary  work  conalsts  entirety  In  the  stnliaunts  and  language.  The  aaRH  (on. 
eeptiona,  clothed  In  the  same  words,  must  necessarily  be  the  tame  composition  ;  and  whatever  melM 
it  taken  of  exhibiting  that  composition  to  the  ear  or  the  eye,  by  recital,  or  by  teriting,  or  by  jniniinr, 
in  any  number  of  copies,  or  at  any  period  of  time,  the  property  of  another  person  has  been  riolaldi 
for  the  new  book  is  still  the  Identical  work  of  the  real  author. 

"Thus,  therefore,  a  transcript  of  nearly  all  the  seutimenta  and  language  of  a  book  Is  a  glarini  pj. 
racy.  To  copy  part  of  a  hook,  either  by  taking  a  few  pages  veriatim,  when  the  sentiinenti  ate  not 
new,  nr  by  Imitation  nf  the  principal  ideas,  although  the  treatises  In  other  respects  arc  differem,  li 
also  considered  to  be  illegal. 

"Although  It  wat  held  by  Ellenborough  C.  J.  that  a  variance  in  form  nnd  manner  is  a  varlince  ii 
tubttttiut,  and  that  any  material  alteration  which  it  a  mtUuration  cannot  be  considered  as  a  piracy; 
yet  a  piracy  is  committed,  whether  the  author  attempt  an  original  work,  or  cull  his  book  an  ubtidf- 
ment.  If  tlie  principal  parts  nf  a  book  are  servilely  copied  or  unfairly  varied. 

"  But  If  the  main  design  be  not  copied,  the  circumstance  that  part  of  the  composition  of  oi:e  anihor 
is  found  in  another  is  not  of  ittfelf  piracy  sufficient  to  support  an  action.  A  man  may  fairly  adopt  pirl 
of  the  work  of  another;  He'diay  sd  make  u^e  of  another's  labours  for  the  promotion  of  scienrr.ud 
the  benefit  of  the  public,  but  having  done  so,  the  question  will  be.  Was  thu  matter  so  taken  uied^itlf 
with  that  view,  and  without  what  may  be  termed  the  animue  furandi  f 

"  In  Judging  of  a  quotation,  whether  it  is  fair  and  candid,  or  whether  the  person  who  quolei  Im 
been  swayed  by  the  animus /aiaiUi,  the  quantity  takeu  and  thetiwaner  in  which  It  iiadapted,iif 
course,  mutt  be  considered. 

"  If  the  work  complained  of  be  in  mbstanr^  a  copy,  then  it  it  not  necestary  to  show  the  intentlonu 
pirate ;  for  the  greater  part  of  the  matter  of  the  booic  having  been  purloined,  the  intention  ia  apparenl, 
and  other  proof  it  superfluous.    A  pinicy  has  undoubtedly  been  committed. 

"  But  if  only  a  rmall  portion  of  the'  work  is  quoted,  then  it  becomes  necessary  to  show  that  It  m 
done  animo /itrandf,  with  llie  intonlfon  of  depriving  the  uuthor  of  his  Just  reward,  by  giving  hii  woik 
to  the  public  in  a  cheaper  form.    And  then  the  mode  of  doing  it  becouies  a  subject  of'^lnquiryi  fotitii 


BOOK.  BOOKS. 


107 


,n|i|(|«nt  to  eonitltate  ii  plmry,  thnt  pnrt  nf  one  mithor'i  honk  It  (Viiind  In  ttint  of  anoflier,  nntcn 
fiL  nMrly  Ihe  whole,  or  fo  iiiuih  ai  will  iliow  (lirliin  b  qiieillon  of  fiicl  for  the  Jury)  tliat  It  wta 
iM  wlih  s  !>■<'  Ii>'*"l>  *"<' ''""  ""  t"*!'*!'  which  accuinpanlet  it  hni  been  eolovrailn  Introduced."— 

""ir  *  work  be  of  inch  a  llbeMmm  or  miichlevoui  nntiiro  an  to  ofTrrt  the  puhlie  moral;  and  that  thfl 
ihnr cannot  maintain  iin  action  nl  liiw  ii|hiii  it,  a  court  of  pqiiliy  will  not  Inti-rpoHo  wllh  nn  liijunc- 
!  .  M  nrotcrt  ihnt  which  cnnnot  be  culled  property.    Kven  if  tliere  be  a  doubt  aa  tu  ita  evil  lendancy, 
ili  lord  Chancellor  will  not  lnterfere."-(0«i/«n.  p.  919.) 

n.  Exptdimei/  oflimiiing  Copyrlqhti  to  Twenty-right  Years. — It  ii  argued  by  many 
ihitcopyrighta  iliould  be  made  per}ietual ;  that  were  this  done,  men  of  talent  and  learning 
Kouid  devote  themaelvca  much  more  readily  than  at  preaeiit  to  the  composition  of  worka  xt- 
quiring  great  labour ;  inaamuch  a«  the  copyright  of  auch  worka,  were  it  perpetual,  would  be 
in  ulequate  proviiion  for  a  family.  But  we  duul)t  much  whether  thcae  onticipationa  would 
be  realiied.  Mo»t  booka  or  manuacripta  are  purchased  by  the  bookaellera,  or  publiahed  upon 
the  prenumption  that  there  will  immediately  be  a  conHidcrablo  demand  for  tliern ;  atid  we  ap« 
prebend  that  when  copyrights  are  secured  for  28  years  certain,  very  little  more  would  bo 
(ivcn  for  them  were  they  made  perpetual.  AVIien  an  annuity,  or  the  rent  or  profit  ariaing 
out  of  any  fixed  and  tangible  property,  with  respect  to  which  there  can  bo  no  risk,  ia  sold,  if 
the  number  of  years  for  which  it  is  to  continue  be  considerable,  the  price  which  it  is  worth, 
mil  which  it  fetches,  does  not  differ  materially  from  what  it  would  bring  were  it  perpetual. 
But  the  copyright  of  an  unpubliHhcd  work  is,  of  all  descriptions  of  property  in  which  to  spe- 
culate, the  most  hazardous ;  and  the  chances  of  reaping  contingent  advantages  from  it,  at  the 
diitance  of  28  years,  would  be  worth  very  little  indeed.  . 

Those  who  write  books,  and  those  who  publish  them,  calculate  on  their  obtaining  a  ready 
inJ  exteneivc  sale,  and  on  their  being  indemnified  in  a  few  years.  Very  few  authors,  and 
itiil  fewer  booksellers,  are  disposed  to  look  forward  to  so  distant  a  perio<l  as  28  years  for  re- 
muneration. They  are  mostly  all  sanguine  enough  to  suppose  thut  a  much  shorter  term  will 
enable  them  to  reap  a  full  harvest  of  fame  and  profit  from  the  publication  ;  and  we  doubt 
much  whether  there  be  one  case  in  a  hundred,  in  which  an  author  would  obtain  a  larger 
lum  for  a  perpetual  copyright,  than  for  one  that  is  to  continue  for  the  period  stipulated  in 
the  late  act. 

But  while  the  making  of  copyrights  perpetual  would  not,  as  it  appears  to  us,  be  of  any 
material  advantage  to  the  authors,  there  are  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  it  would  be  di»> 
advantageous  to  the  public.  Suppose  an  individual  calculates  a  tuble  of  logarithms  to  fivo 
or  seven  places;  if  his  computations  be  correct,  no  improvement  can  be  made  upon  them,  to 
the  extent  at  least  to  which  they  go ;  but  is  he  or  his  assignees  to  be  entitled,  in  all  lime  to 
come,  to  prevent  other  individuals  from  publishing  similar  tables,  on  the  ground  of  invasion 
nfprivatc  property  1  Such  a  pretension  could  not  be  admitted  without  leading  to  the  most 
mischievous  consequences;  and  yet  there  is  no  real  ground  (though  the  courts  have  at- 
tempted to  make  one)  on  which  die  claim  in  question  and  others  of  the  same  description 
could  be  rc8i«,ted,  were  copyrights  made  perpetual,  and  placed  in  all  respects  on  the  same 
fooling  as  other  property.  We  therefore,  are  clearly  of  opinion  that  good  policy  sug- 
gests the  limitation  of  the  exclusive  right  of  printing  and  publishing'  literary  works  to 
such  a  reasonable  period  as  may  secure  to  authors  the  gieatcr  ])art  of  the  profit  to  be  de- 
rived from  their  works ;  and  that  this  period  being  expired,  they  should  become  public 
property. 

Perhaps  the  period  of  S8  years  might  be  advantageously  extended  to  35  or  40;  but  we 
are  satisfied  that  more  injury  than  benefit  would  resul*  to  literature,  by  extending  it  beyond 
that  term.  In  France,  copyrights  continue  for  20  years  after  the  death  of  the  author.  In 
most  of  the  German  states  they  are  perpetual ;  this,  however,  until  very  recently,  hardly  in- 
demnified the  authors  for  the  ease  with  which  spurious  copies  might  be  obtained  from 
other  states.  But  by  a  late  resolution  of  the  Diet,  a  copyright  secured  in  one  state  is  good 
in  all. 

III.  Taxes  on  Literature. — These  taxes  have  been  carried  to  such  an  extent  in  England 
u  to  be  in  the  highest  degree  injurious.  They  are  at  one*  impolitic,  oppressive,  and  unjust ; 
imiwlitic,  because  they  tend  to  obstruct  the  growth  and  difTusion  of  knowledge ;  oppressive, 
lecause  they  very  fiequently  swallow  up  the  entire  reward  of  the  labours  of  the  most  descrv- 
big  persons;  and  unjust,  because  they  are  not  proportioned  to  the  value  of  the  article  on 
which  they  are  laid,  and  are,  indeed,  much  oftener  paid  out  of  cajiital  than  out  of  profit. 

These  taxes  consist  of  the  duty  on  paper — (See  Papkk),  the  duty  on  advertisement— 
(SeeAnvKRTisKMKNTs),  and  the  11  copies  given  to  the  public  libraries.  The  follow 
ing statements,  drawn  up  by  a  very  competent  authority  (Mr.  Rees,  of  the  firm  of  Longman, 
Rees,  and  Co.),  show  the  mode  in  which  they  operate.  They  refer  to  an  octavo  volume  of 
500  pages,  the  paper  such  as  this,  with  the  ordinary  quantity  of  matter  on  the  page,  and  sold 
ly  retail  for  12*.  a  copy. 

Estimate  of  the  cost  of  such  a  volume,  when  500,  750,  and  1,000  copies  are  printed, 
ihowing  what  part  of  this  cost  consists  of  taxes. 
b2 


101 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


rivt  Ilunirtd  CopU*. 


Prinllni  ind  eorraelioM 

Pii|M>r 

HonrillnL 

Adverlla 


1.- 


11  eoplM  to  public  llhrarlei. 
14  cupls*  (lujr)  to  kuthur. 

479  enple*  (br  lala  it  8s.  M.  .  .  - 

Uniluct  coil        .  .  .  •  • 

Proflt  10  aiithnr  ar.rt  puhllihnr,  eommliiian,  and  inla- 
nit  on  capital,  Kk*n  aU  ur$  soli    .  .  • 

Btvin  Hundrsd  and  Fift)  CopUs. 
Priiillni  and  eorrecilona    .  •  .  -  • 

Papnr  -....-. 

BiHinUnii     ..-•••- 
AdvurtUIng  ..•-.. 

11  eoplei  to  public  tibrarlei. 
14  copiei  to  aulhori. 

733  cnpici  fnr  lale  at  8f .  M.  ... 

Uoduct  cult        ..... 

Prnflt  to  author  and  puhllihcr,  eommliilun,  and  Inte-  X    .qq 
reit  on  capital,  wjkia  all  art  sold     -  -  -         J 


£  I  d. 
100  17  II 
107    6    0 


S3    9  II 


£    s.  d. 

!tOS    8    9 
805    1    0 


1    5 


On§  Thousand  Copisi, 


Printing  and  eoneetlons 

Paper 

Boarding 

Advackliing 


11  enplea  to  public  llbrarlei. 
14  coplei  to  author. 

07S  cnpioR  fnr  inle  at  Ss.  M. 
Deduct  coit 


C<at 


»-r. 


£  s.  d. 
(M  18  0 
W  10  0 
10  0  0 
MOO 


107    e   0 


8s  e  0 

67  1»  0 

19    0  0 

37    0  0 


SOS    1    0 


£  $.  d. 

410    0    3 
344  14    0 


Proflt  to  author  and  publisher,  eommtiilon,  and  Inte-  \    .o.  .» 
reit  on  capital,  aken  all  art  sold     .  .  -  j 


108  14  0 

77    0  0 

30    0  0 

49    0  0 


0  0  0 

•  II  III 
» 1 1 

9  0  0 


3011  t 


0  t  0 

lilt  4 

4  11  T 

11   5  0 


3SI«U 


A  0  ( 
17   5  » 

«  7  5 
13  ID  0 


844  14    0 


r  t  i 


The  following  ntatement  shows  the  operation  of  the  Jutics  on  a  pamphlet  of  6  Hhecto  i 
80  pages,  of  which  600  copies  are  printed :— 


Pamphlet,  Fiv  Hundrsd  Xnmbir. 

£  s.  d. 

Printing 14  14    0) 

Extrai          -          -          -          -           -          -          -            aSOj 

Pnp<!r           ......... 

Stitching      ......... 

Advertfiing  (lay)   -_. 

39  copies  fnr  authnr  and  public  libraries. 

475  copies  for  inle,  K  for  il.  Us.            -           -           -           61    8    0 
Proflt  to  author  and  publiiher,  interest,  &e.  afttr  all 
art  sold iE17  13    8 

Cmt. 

Duty. 

£   s.  d. 

10  10   0 

0    0    0 
0  13    « 

7    8   0 

£  i.i 

0  0  0 

1  0  0 

0  0  0 
3  3  t 

33  13    6 

3  3  t 

These  statements  set  the  oppressive  operation  of  the  taxes  on  literature  in  a  very  strildnj 
point  of  view.  Where  the  edition  is  an  average  one  of  750  copies,  the  duties  amount  li 
about  a  seventh,  or  14^  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  edition.  If  the  edition  consist  nf  SOOoi 
750  copies,  the  duties  amount  to  more  than  the  entire  remuneration  of  the  author;  and  if 
it  consiHt  of  1,000  copies,  they  amount  to  about  as  much  ! 

It  is  essential,  however,  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  previous  statemcntr  show  only  hav  tbe 
duties  affect  books  when  the  entire  impremon  is  sitld  vffat  the  full  publication  pria ;  but 
this  seldom  hiippcnn.  Excluding  pamphlets,  it  may  be  truly  atlirmed,  that,  at  an  avenge, 
the  original  impression  of  half  the  books  printed  is  hardly  ever  sold  off,  except  at  a  ruinoiit 
reduction  of  price.  Now,  if  we  suppose,  in  the  previous  example  of  an  edition  of  750  copia, 
that  only  625  instead  of  725  were  sold,  the  result  would  lie  that  only  57/.  19.^.  would  remain 
as  profit  to  the  author  and  publisher,  and  as  a  compensation  for  interest,  the  risk  of  ind 
debts,  &c.  Were  only  500  copies  sold,  the  cost  wouI<l  not  be  more  than  balanced;  tmi 
theie  would  be  nothing  whatever  to  remitnerate  the  author  for  his  labour,  or  the  booiisplW 
fi)r  the  use  of  his  capital.     Were  only  400  copies  sold,  government  would  have  received  i'i 


|(),  UAof  duly  fton 
l„,l„»llfr  38/.  15*. 

ff.liu'd,  »»«ul<'  **  •  •" 

art,  iniuad  of  Iwing 

Thrre  ii  a  radical  d 

Tlic  dfinind  for  it  is  c 

mull,  !'»'»> '"  "*"***•  " 
miililiMoftheinbroi 

Ifiivf  ih*  cuHtoniary  rii 

diirffpnt.    The  taiie  f 

fidui  individuals  arc  e> 

inil  ev«n  ««  to  the  sale 

ilTnir,  that  a  publisher 

Cfiliptrtof  it»r.'gulBi 

liunii-nnkf  r  or  the  toh 

On  I  inte  investigot 
ihilof  130  works  pub 
the  80  that  did  pay,  15 
iKond  editions  had  n 
piibliihfd.  ti  fourth  do 
pnled  with  advantuf. 
fc  alTmn  that  not  one 

Now,  when  such  is 
nine  duly  on  all  work 
fall  principally  on  the 
thor  and  jiublisher  j  bi 
nauy  rancs  tliore  are  i 
ofthe  unfortunate  out 
oisfsbyalhrowofthei 
V  ihrK  has  Xtatn  in  t( 
l«oki  must  be  taxed,  I 
oliliijed  to  keep  an  ace 
not  let  the  loss  arising 
■peculations  are  unsuc 
ti'inoftixBtinn,  than  \ 

The  reduction  of  tb 
Dut  the  above  stateme 
idfquate.  It  acknow 
dutv  ought  to  have  be( 
170,000/.  a  year ;  and 
peal,  and  b)  thcrepea 
peater  proiluctiveness 
lion.  The  advertisem 
un  pamphlets :  it  may, 
in  80  far  at  least  as  the 

But  we  object  altc 
published.  It  is  not  f 
wise  than  unjust.  T! 
tifs  according  to  the  n 
however  imposed,  by  i 
among  the  poorer  an 
tame  time  that  they  c( 
have  every  quality  tha 

The  delivery  of  elev 
exjjensive  class  of  woi 
iuch  works  would  in  i 
to  make  such  a  sacrifn 
A  tax  of  this  sort  w( 
luch  is  not  the  object 
the  eleven  copies  are 
iielonging  to  particula 
Why,  when  an  authc 
Ihe  lawyers  of  Edinbi 
tliese  bodies  pretend 
eipedlent,  in  order  ti 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


100 


IJi,  Urf.  rf  •'"•y  ^'*^  •  upwiiktlon  hy  which  the  •iillior  hml  lo«t  all  hU  lihour,  bimI  the 
luiiMllvr  3AA  "^"^  <*^  '■■*  capital !  'Phe  nirri*  pnmilliility  of  mirh  ft  aiinpoditinn  \m\nt( 
rriliinli  wouM  he  a  iiifncipnt  Krmiinl  for  a  rpviiion  of  thn  (hittm  ;  liiit,  in  |)oint  of  (net,  aurh 
tun,  itnt»B«l  of  IminB  merely  ix)ii«ili|e  or  rare,  are  of  tvrry  day  imirrfnre  f 

Tlirre  i*  a  radical  ilitreri'iice  l)vtwcrti  the  drnianil  for  lioukN,  or  oi  I'ikkI  for  the  mind,  ami 
M  for  the  lio<ty>  The  latter  in  alwnya  aure,  under  any  circiimiitanrt's,  to  romtimnd  •  mIi*. 
Tlif  demand  for  it  in  comparatively  coPHtant ;  it  cannot  lie  diN|ienw'tl  with.  It'  h  lux  be  laid  on 
mull,  hil»,  omhoeii,  it  will,  pcrhapa,  aomcwhut  leHKen  the  demand  for  these  articl*"' ;  but  tho 
ninntiliw  of  them  brought  to  market,  in  future,  will  aell  for  such  nn  ad  iineed  price  mh  will 
Ifiivf  the  lUtitomBry  riito  of  profit  to  their  proilucera.  IJut  wilh  boi>!ia  the  ra*v  i»  aitoRither 
dllK'n'nl.  The  tante  for  them  ill  pruverbiallv  capricinua;  lo  inuci  ro,  that  the  Mi»it  sa(;a- 
rioui  inilividuaU  arc  every  doy  deceived  in  their  anticipationM  an  to  ti,  hHcm-hii  of  new  woffcn, 
mil  even  m  to  the  lale  nt  new  edition*.  Rut  if  a  lionk  do  not  take,  it  in  in  very  ruinoun  an 
ilTdr,  thtta  publiRlier  i*  ^Ind  to  diapoae  of  the  greater  [mrt  of  an  impreanion  ut  a  fourth  or 
(All  pert  of  itn  regular  price;  and  ia  oi\en,  indeed,  obliged  to  aell  it  na  watte  paper  to  thu 
Itunk-niikf  r  or  the  tobacconiat. 

On  t  Inte  invcatigation  into  the  afTaim  of  an  extennive  puhliahinK  concern,  it  wna  found, 
ihitnf  130  works  publinhed  hy  it  in  a  pven  time,  A/Vy  hod  not  paid  their  expense*.  Of 
thc80  that  did  pay,  13  only  had  arrived  at  a  aecoml  edition;  but,  in  muHt  iuHliincea,  theae 
iKond  cditioni  had  not  been  profitable.  In  generol  it  n)ay  be  e«tiinnteil,  that  of  the  liookit 
niibliihed,  nfmirth  do  not  poy  their  oxpenHca;  and  that  only  orte  in  eiifht  or  ten  can  be  re- 
prlnled  wilti  advantaf^e.  Aaroa[)eclii  pamphlet*,  we  know  we  are  within  tlie  mark,  when 
»f  nHinn  that  not  one  in  fifty  poy  a  the  exponwa  of  its  publication ! 

Now,  when  tuch  is  the  fact,  can  any  thing  be  more  glaringly  unjuKt  than  to  impoae  the 
lamc  duly  on  all  work*  before  they  are  publiahcd  1  In  a  very  few  cosea,  such  duly  may 
fall  principally  on  the  huyera,  and  l>e  only  a  reaanimhle  <leduction  from  thn  profits  of  the  au- 
thor and  publisher;  but  in  a  vast  number  more  it  swallows  them  up  entirely  ;  and  in  very 
Kiaiiy  rates  there  are  nn  profits  for  the  duty  to  almorh,  so  that  it  fulls  wholly  on  the  capital 
ofthe  unfortunate  author  or  publisher.  Were  the  judges  of  the  courts  of  low  to  decide 
nucs  by  a  throw  of  the<lice,  there  would  lie  quite  as  much  of  reason  and  justice  in  their  decisions, 
vihrrehai  lieen  in  the  proceedinga  of  our  finance  ministers  as  to  taxes  on  literature.  If 
l)ook»  mutt  be  taxed,  let  publishers  be  put  under  the  gtm^eillnnee  ofthe  excise ;  let  them  1« 
obliged  to  keep  an  account  ofthe  books  they  sell,  and  let  them  be  taxed  accordingly ;  but  do 
not  let  the  loss  arising  from  nn  unsuccessful  literary  speculation — and  more  than  half  such 
(peculations  ore  unsuccrssful — l)c  aggravated  to  a  ruinous  degree  by  the  pressure  of  a  sys- 
tem of  Lixatinn,  than  which  there  ia  nothing,  even  in  Algiers,  more  unequal  or  oppressive. 

The  reduction  of  the  advertisement  duty  has  done  something  to  lecsen  this  injustice. 
But  the  above  statements,  which  apply  to  the  reduced  duty,  show  that  the  relief  is  most  in- 
ailrquate.  It  acknowledges,  without  correcting,  the  evil.  Instead  of  being  reduced,  this 
duty  oui;ht  to  hove  been  entirely  repealed.  Before  the  reduction  it  only  amounted  to  about 
170,000/.  a  year;  and  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  the  loss  of  revenue  occasioned  by  its  re- 
peal, and  b)  the  repeal  of  half  the  paper  duty,  would,  at  no  distant  period,  be  made  up  by  the 
greater  productiveness  of  the  remaining  duty  on  paper,  resulting  from  its  greater  consump- 
tion. The  advertisement  duty  presses  very  severely  on  all  sorts  of  works,  but  particularly 
on  pamphlets :  it  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  have  utterly  destroyed  the  latter  cIobs  of  publications, 
in  80  far  at  least  as  they  are  a  source  of  profit. 

But  we  object  altogether  to  the  impoHiiion  of  taxes  on  books  previously  to  their  being 
published.  It  is  not  possible,  for  the  reasons  already  slated,  thot  such  taxes  can  be  other- 
wise than  unjust.  This  objection  to  them  might,  indeed,  be  removed  by  imposing  the  du- 
ties according  to  the  number  and  value  of  the  copies  actually  sold.  Siill  such  duties  must, 
however  imposed,  by  raising  the  price  of  books,  and  preventing  the  dillusion  of  knowledge 
among  the  poorer  and  least  instructed  classes,  be  in  the  utmost  degree  injurious ;  at  the 
same  time  that  they  can  never  be  rendered  considerably  productive.  They  seem,  in  fact,  to 
have  every  quality  that  taxes  ought  not  to  have,  and  hardly  one  that  they  should  have. 

The  delivery  oi  eleven  copies  to  public  libraries  is  exceedingly  burdenbon)e  upon  the  more 
exiiensive  class  of  works,  of  which  small  impressions  only  con  be  printed  ;  eleven  copies  of 
such  works  would  in  many  instances  \\e  a  very  tiiir  jirofit  for  the  author ;  and  the  obligation 
lo  make  such  a  sacrifice  has  frequently,  indeed,  caused  tluir  publication  to  be  abandoned. 
A  tax  of  this  sort  would  not  be  tolcroble,  even  were  it  imposed  for  a  public  purpose  ;  but 
such  is  not  the  object  of  its  imposition.  Though  called  public,  the  librarica  which  receive 
the  eleven  copies  are,  with  the  exception  of  the  British  Museum,  private  eMablishmenls. 
belonging  to  particular  corporations  or  institutions,  and  accessible  only  to  their  members. 
"  liy,  when  an  author  produces  a  book,  should  he  be  compelled  to  bestow  copies  of  it  on 
Hie  lawyers  of  Edinburgh  and  Dublin,  and  on  the  Universities'!  On  what  principle  can 
tliese  bu<lies  pretend  to  demand  from  him  a  portion  of  his  property  1  Perhaps  it  might  be 
wpcdient,  in  order  to  insure  the  preservation  of  every  work,  that  copies  of  it  should  \m 


■II 


!       f 


l!t^ 


;  i 


.♦ii: 


M 


it  -^-1 


200 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


dfiporited,  one  in  London,  one  in  Edinburgh,  and  one  in  DtiMin.  Even  this  wouU  be  nil 
ing  upon  authors  to  make  a  considerable  sacrifice  for  the  public  advantage.  But  to  call  imoi, 
them  to  sacrifice  ten  copies,  exclusive  of  that  given  to  the  British  Muncum,  for  the  bcn2 
of  so  many  private  irutitutions,ia  a  proceeding  utterly  at  variance  with  every  principle  of 
justice. 

The  law  of  other  countries  is,  in  this  respect,  far  preferable  to  ours.    In  America,  Pmaii  I 
Saxony  and  Bavaria,  only  one  copy  of  any  work  is  required  from  the  author ;  in  Francewd 
Austria,  ^wo  copies  are  required ;  and  in  the  NetlierUiids //tree.    The  governmenta  of  ik> 
most  despotical  states  treat  au.hors  better  than  they  have  hitherto  been  treated  by  the  Ie,n4 
ture  of  England. 

IV.  Book  Trade  of  Great  Britain. — London  is  the  great  centre  of  the  British  hook  tradf 
the  number  of  new  publications  that  issue  from  its  preiisos  being  far  greater  than  all  ibi 
appear  in  the  rest  of  the  empire.  Within  the  course  of  the  last  forty  yoars,  however,  mam 
very  important  works,  have  been  published  at  Edinburgh ;  but  the  latter,  us  well  as  ihoi 
that  appear  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  Glasgow,  &c.,  are  principally  disposed  of  by  theLodiJon 
trade.  The  booksellers  of  Edinburgh,  and  of  all  the  provincial  towns,  have  agents  in  Loj. 
don  to  whom  they  consign  a  certain  number  of  copies  of  every  work  they  publish;  and  to 
whom,  also,  they  address  their  orders  for  copies  of  such  new  or  old  works  as  they  haveocci. 
si(m  for.  The  London  booksellers,  who  act  as  ageiitS'  for  those  in  the  country,  arc  in  ibe 
habit  of  regularly  despatching  parcels  to  their  correspondents  on  the  last  day  of  each  month 
with  the  magazines  and  other  monthly  publications;  but  if  any  new  work  of  intere^ 
appears  in  the  interim,  or  orders  be  received  from  the  country  that  cannot  bo  conveniently 
deferred  to  the  end  of  the  Tionth,  a  parcel  is  immediately  forwarded  by  coach.  The  bodk'. 
sellers  of  Edinburgh  and  T)  ublin  act  as  agents  for  those  of  London,  and  supply  the  Scotcli 
and  Irish  country  trade  with  the  metropolitan  publications. 

The  price  of  new  works  is  fixed  by  the  publishers,  who  grant  a  deduction  to  thcretai 
dealers  of  from  20  to  25  per  lent.  on  the  price  oi  quartos,  and  from  25  to  30  per  cent,  on 
that  of  octavos,  and  those  of  s  nailer  size.  The  credit  given  by  the  publishers  to  the  tetaih 
varies  from  seven  to  twelve  montlks;  a  discount  being  allowed  for  prompt  payment  at  the 
rate  of  5  per  cent  per  anr  am. 

From  inquiries  we  nave  made,  we  believe  it  may  iie  laid  down  that  alx)ut  1,500 
rnlumes  of  new  p'- Plications  (exclusive  of  reprints,  pamphlets,  and  periodicol  publicathiu 
not  in  volumes)  arc  annually  produced  in  Great  Britain  :  and,  estimating  ttie  average  im- 
pression of  each  volume  at  750  copies,  we  have  a  grand  total  of  1,125,000  volumes;  the 
value  of  which,  if  sold  at  an  average  publication  price  of  9s.  a  volume,  would  be  506,25Dl 
The  number  of  repruited  volumes,  particularly  of  school-books,  is  very  groat;  and  if  to  the* 
we  add  the  reviews,  magazines,  pamphlets,  and  all  other  i>ublications,  exclusive  of  newipj. 
pers,  the  total  publication  value  of  the  new  works  of  all  sorts,  and  new  copies  of  old  work!, 
that  are  annually  produced,  may  be  estimated  at  about  750,000/.  At  an  average  of  thi 
three  years  ending  with  1831,  1,176  new  works  were  annually  entered  in  Stationers'  Hall; 
but,  as  no  account  is  kept  of  the  size  or  price  of  these  works,  this  return  furnishes  no  clae 
by  which  to  judge  of  the  number  of  volumes,  their  magnitude  or  value.  This  deficiency 
might  easily  be  supplied  cither  by  the  Stationers' Hall  or  tlie  British  Museum  keeping la 
account  of  the  size  and  price  of  all  the  new  books  coming  into  their  hands,  and  making  an 
annual  abstract  of  the  same. 

The  old  book  trade  carried  on  in  Great  Britain  is  very  extensive,  and  employs  manj 
dealers.  The  price  of  old  books  depends  very  much  on  their  condition  ;  but,  indepcndentlj 
of  this  circumstance,  it  is  very  fluctuating  and  capricious;  equally  good  copies  of  the  same 
works  l)eing  frequently  to  be  had  in  some  shops  for  a  half  or  a  third  of  what  they  ran  In 
bought  for  in  others. 

V.  Res;ulalioi}s  as  to  Iinporfalinn  nf  Works. — For  the  duties,  see  TAniFF.  To  prevent 
foreign  books  and  maps,  the  property  of  individuals,  from  being  charged  with  duty  mote 
than  once,  the  proprietor  shall,  on  each  importation  8ub:^equent  to  the  original  one,  mak( 
oath,  that  the  dutii-s  were  paid  when  they  were  first  imported,  or  that  he  purchased  tlieiDij 
this  country  in  a  fair  way  of  trade  ;  that  they  are  the  identical  books  or  maps  he  cx|ii)rtfil 
from  tliis  kingdom,  and  that  they  are  now  brought  back  for  his  private  use,  and  not  for  salt, 
— (Treasury  Order,  3d,  and  Ciisfonui  Ordfr,  8th  of  October,  1818.) 

No  books,  first  composed,  written  or  printed  in  the  United  Kingdom,  imported  foi  sale, 
except  books  not  reprinted  in  the  United  Kingdom  within  20  years,  or  being  parts  of  colb 
tions,  the  greater  part  of  which  had  been  conipn.«ed  or  written  abroad,  shall  bo  imported  into 
the  United  Kingdom,  under  forfeiture  thereof. — (3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  53.  §  58.) 

Books  first  composed  or  written,  or  printed  and  published,  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
reprinted  in  any  otlicr  country  or  place,  may  not  be  entered  to  be  warehoused. — §  59, 

'i'ho  permission  to  import  English  works  reprinted  abroad  for  |irivate  use,  is  limited  tm 
tingle  copy  of  each  work,  brought  as  a  part  of  a  passenger's  baggage,  for  tlie  private  use  of 
Uie  parties  themselves. — ^Treasury  Order,  29tli  of  June  1830.) 


daring  each  of  tli 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


201 


Amount. 

Teir. 

Amnunt. 

Tew. 

AmounL 

£      i.  d. 
12,987    8    9 
13,035    7  11 
15,339    1    9 
17,2.37  17    3 

1825 
1820 
1837 

£     1.  d. 
17,095  18  6 
10,785    3  8 
11,133    3  9 

1828 
1829 
1830 

£      «   d. 
11,028  18  1 
11,400    8  3 
11,869    4  4 

L  .nt  nf  the  Ammint  of  Duty  paid  upnn  the  Foreign  Bnnka  Imported  into  the  TTntted  Kingdom 
r      during  each  of  tlie  Ten  Yeari  ending  with  1830.— (Port,  Paper,  No.  146.  Scs8  1832.) 

Tar. 

1951 
1S« 

i*a 
m 

VI.  Book  Trade  of  France, — The  activity  of  the  French  press  has  been  very  greatly 
Increased  since  the  downfall  of  Napoleon.  The  Count  Daru,  in  a  very  instructive  work 
hiitions  Statisliqites  sur  la  Lihrairie)  published  in  1827,  estimated  the  number  of  printed 

kMts  exclusive  of  newspapers,  produced  by  the  French  press  in  1816,  at  68,852,883 ;  and 

182,5,  at  128,011,483  !  and  we  believe  that  the  increase  from  1823  down  to  the  present 

leriod  has  been  little  if  any  thing  inferior.    The  quality  of  many  of  the  works  that  have 

,„vntly  issued  '"rom  the  French  press  is  also  very  superior ;  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether 

Bch  works  as  the  Biographic  Universelle,  the  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  the  Art  de  verifier 

,  j)f^oj  in  .38  vols,  octavo,  and  the  two  octavo  editions  of  Bayle's  Dictionvy,  could  have 

jen  puhlished  in  any  other  country.    The  greater  number  of  new  French  works  of  merit, 

jr  which  it  is  supposed  will  command  a  considerable  sale,  are  immediately  reprinted  in  the 

Aelherlands  or  Switzerland,  but  principally  in  the  former.    To  such  an  extent  has  this 

kinlical  practice  been  carried,  that  it  is  stated  in  the  Requite  presented  by  the  French  book- 

yim  to  government  in  1828,  that  a  single  bookseller  in  Brussels  had,  in  1825  and  1826, 

md  the  first  six  months  of  1827,  reprinted  318,615  volumes  of  French  works!     Having 

Cothing  to  pay  for  copyright,  these  counterfeit  editions  can  be  aflbrded  at  a  lower  price  than 

lose  (hat  are  genuine.    This  is  a  very  serious  injury  to  French  authors  and  publishers,  not 

jnly  by  preventing  the  sale  of  their  works  in  foreign  countries,  but  from  the  ease  with  which 

fpurious  copies  may  be  introduced  into  France. 

All  the  French  booksellers  are  brevetea,  thot  is,  licensed,  and  sworn  to  abide  by  certain  pre- 

icrii)ed  niles.    This  regulation  is  justly  complained  of  by  the  publishers,  as  being  vexatious 

ind  oppressive ;  and  as  tending  to  lessen  the  number  of  retail  booksellers  in  the  country, 

liiil  to  prevent  that  competition  which  is  so  advantageous. 

'  The  discount  allowed  by  the  French  publishers  to  the  retail  dealers  is  not  regulated,  as  in 
England,  by  the  size  of  the  volumes,  but  by  the  subjects.  The  discount  on  the  sale  of  hooka 
If  history,  criticism,  and  general  literature,  is  usually  about  25  per  cent. ;  in  the  case  of 
mathematical  and  strictly  scientific  works,  it  is  seldom  more  than  10  or  15  per  cent.;  while 
bpoii  romances,  tales,  &c.  it  is  often  as  high  as  50  or  60  per  cent. 

VII,  German  Book  Trade. — "  This  trade  is  very  much  facilitated  by  the  book  fairs  at 
icipsic;  the  Easter  fair  being  frequented  by  all  the  booksellers  of  Germany,  and  by  those  of 
lome  of  the  neighbouring  countries,  as  of  France,  Switzerland,  Denmark,  Livonia,  &c.,  in 
Lriler  to  settle  their  mutual  accounts,  and  to  form  new  connections.  The  German  publisher 
lenilii  his  publications  to  the  keeper  of  assortments  d  condition,  that  is,  on  commission,  for  a 
terlain  time,  after  which  the  latter  pays  for  what  have  been  sold,  and  may  return  the  re- 
mainder. This  is  not  so  favourable  for  the  publisher  as  the  custom  in  the  French  and  Eng- 
|kh  book  trades,  where  the  keepers  of  assortments  take  the  quantity  they  want  at  a  fixed 
late.  In  the  German  book  trade,  it  is  the  custom  for  almost  every  house,  either  in  the  coun- 

or  abroad,  which  publishes  or  sells  German  books,  to  have  its  agent  at  Leipsic,  who 

mm  and  distributes  its  publications.     A.,  of  Riga,  who  publishes  a  book  calculated  for 

Sic  German  trade,  has  his  agent  B.,  in  Leipsic,  to  whom  he  sends,  free  of  expense,  a  number 

f  copies  of  his  publication,  that  he  may  distribute  the  now  work  to  all  the  booksellers  with 

Jthom  he  is  connected,  from  Vienna  to  Hamburgh,  and  from  Strasburgh  to  Konigsberg,  each 

|fnhom  has  his  agent  in  Leipsic.     Instructions  arc  also  given  as  to  the  number  of  copies  to 

•  sent  to  each.    B.  delivers  those  copies  in  Leipsic  to  the  agents,  who  send  them  every 

keck,  or  more  or  less  frequently,  by  the  post  or  by  carriers,  at  the  expense  of  the  receiver. 

!l.,ofStrastiurgh,  who  finds  that  he  has  not  received  copies  enough,  writes  for  an  additional 

lunilier  of  copies  to  his  agent  D.,  of  Leipsic :  D.  gives  the  order  to  B.,  who  delivers  the 

liiraber  wanted  to  U.,  to  be  transmitted  to  C.     This  arrangement  is  advantageous  to  the 

Efniian  book  trade,  as  well  as  to  Leipsic.     The  dealer  receives  every  thing  from  Leipsic ; 

Ind  as  a  great  number  of  packets,  with  books  from  all  parts  of  Germany,  arrive  there  for 

lini  every  week,  he  can  have  them  packed  together  and  sent  at  once.     Tlie  can  iagc  is  thus 

Bucb  less  than  if  the  packets  were  sent  to  him  sejiarately  from  the  diflereiit  jiiaces  ;  and  tho 

pole  businefi:^  is  simplified.     The  booksellers  are  also  enabled  to  agree  with  ease  on  a  cer- 

liii  discount  per  cent.     No  such  intimate  connection  of  the  booksellers  has  yet  been  formed 

1  any  other  country.    The  German  booksellers  rarely  unite,  as  is  the  practice  in  England, 

1  undertaking  the  publication  of  extensive  works." — (German  CunversationS'Lexicon, 

Imcrican  edition.) 

:  The  literary  deluge  which  commenced  in  Germany  in  1814  still  continues  to  increase 

26 


1     I 


|i  I, 


>)i, 


;! 


;JI 


.1 


'  i    ; 


:m\ 


k     i 


bl  :i>  l 


hi. 


( :<i 


202 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


For  the  2,000  works  which  were  then  nbout  the  annual  complement,  we  have  now  alogi 
6,000.  The  catalogue  of  the  Li'i|)8ic  fair  for  Michaelniog,  1830,  contains  3,444  articles  „f  | 
which  8,764  ore  actually  publisliwl ;  and  if  these  are  aJibd  to  the  3,162  announiedin il. 
Easter  catalogue,  the  number  of  Imoks  published  in  1830  will  amount  to  6,026.  The  num. 
bcr  published  in  1829  was  5,314 ;  in  1828, 5,654  ;  in  1827,  6,108 ;  previously  to  which  the 
number  had  never  exceeded  6,000.  Magazines  and  (lopular  EncyclopaediaM  have  incrcegeil 
in  the  same  proportion ;  and  the  public  has  shown  as  great  a  desire  to  read,  as  the  leanidj 
have  to  write.  Private  libraries  are  diminishing,  while  the  public  ones  are  daily  increasiii> 
— (Foreign  Qnarierly  Review,  No.  XIV.  p.  551.)  *• 

(We  are  glad  to  have  to  announce  that,  during  the  course  of  the  present  year  (1835)  I 
the  taxes  alTectiiig  books  have   been    very    materially  diminished, — Ist,  ))y  the  duiieil 
on  paper  having  been  reduced  a  half,  or  from  Srf.  per  lb.  to  1  J(/. ;  and  2d,  by  iu  havim 
been  enacted  that  Jine  only  instead  of  eleven  copies  of  new  works  are  in  future  to  be  fur. 
nished,  at  the  expen^se  of  authors  and  publishers,  to  public  libraries.     (6  &  7  Will.  4,  can 
110.)     These  important  reductions  will  be  of  the  greatest  service  to  tlie  interests  of  lib>n, 
ture,  and  will  contribute,  in  no  slight  degree,  both  to  lessen  the  risk  of  publication,  ami  u  I 
reduce  the  cost  and  price  of  books.     It  is  to  bo  hoped  that,  at  no  distant  period,  the  remain.  I 
der  of  the  paper  duty  and  the  advertisement  duty  may  both  be  repealed.     However  rediicni  I 
all  duties  on  books  are  liable  to  the  fundamental  ohjectiim   (see  Diet.  p.  198.)of  l)eiii|| 
imposed  on  articles  that  may  not,  and,  indeed,  very  fre(|uently  do  not,  sell ;  and  when  loth  I 
is  the  case,  the  duties  have  to  be  either  partially  or  wholly  paid  out  of  the  capital  of  ih«  I 
authors  or  publishers.     The  advertisement  duty  is  still  very  heavy,  and  it  is,  at  the  saim  I 
time,  most  unfair.     What,  in  fact,  can  be  more  subversive  of  every  principle  of  justice tb  I 
to  impose  the  same  duty  on  the  announcement  of  the  publication  of  a  sixpenny  pamphlct,ii 
on  that  of  the  sale  of  an  estate  worth  100,000/.  1     Luckily,  this  duty  may  be  relinquiilied 
without  any  sensible  sacrifice.    The  total  produce  of  the  advertisement  duty,  in  ]$3i, 
amounted  only  to  the  trifling  sum  of  96,910/. ;  and,  as  its  repeal  would  be  of  as  mucbjei- 1 
vice  to  commerce  as  to  literature,  it  cannot,  surely,  be  permitted  to  exist  much  longer. 

Compensation  is  to  be  given  by  the  public  to  the  six  public  libraries  that  have  abandonn!  I 
their  claim  to  copies  of  each  new  work.  The  Advocates'  Library  of  Edinburgh  Etill  relaini 
its  privilege  of  receiving  a  copy ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  see  why  it  should  bo  entitled  to  anysudi 
distinction.  It  is  essentially  a /^Wva^e  im/<7u<(on,  from  which  the  public  arc  carefully  ei- 
eluded,  and  there  neither  is  nor  can  be  any  good  reason  why  an  author  should  be  obliged  bi 
present  it  with  a  copy  of  his  works. 

The  following  statement  maybe  substituted  for  that  given  in  the  i)/c/.  p.  19S.  Itii| 
derived  from  the  same  source,  and  shows  the  /we^en/ cost  of  printing  and  publishing u 
octavo  volume  of  about  500  pages, — the  paper  such  as  this,  with  the  ordinary  quantity  of 
matter  on  the  page, — when  5U0,  750,  and  1,000  copies  are  printed:  It  further  shows  vthii 
portion  of  the  cost  consists  of  duty,  and  the  profits  of  tlio  author  and  publisher  on  eacknli'  I 
tion,  supposing  the  volume  to  be  sold  by  retail  at  12.f.  a  copy,  and  the  entire  edition  tol»  | 
sold  off.    A  similar  statement  is  subjoined  for  a  pamphlet  of  80  pages. 


Five  Hundred  Copiei, 


Printing  and  corrections 

Paper 

BoardinK 

Advertising 


5  cnpios  to  pnhlic  lihrarlos. 
14  copies  to  autlior,  &c. 

481  copies  fnr  sale  at  Ss.  5d.  -  -  - 

Deduct  co3l         ...... 

Fnr  prnlit  tn  aiittior  and  pul)li!<her,  commission,  and  in- 7 
tureat  on  capitul,  when  all  are  sold.  -  -  5 

Seren  Hundred  and  Fifty  Copies. 
Printing  and  corrections    -  -  -  -  » 

PapiT  ...-._. 

Boinling      ....... 

Advcrlising  -..-.. 

A  copies  to  pulillc  libraries. 
M  copies  to  autlior,  &c. 

731  copies  for  sale  at  Sa.  id.  .... 

Deduct  cost         ...... 

For  profit  to  niillior  and  puldisher,  co.nmiflslon,  and  in-1 
ternst  on  ca|iital,  triien  all  sold.       -  -  .  y 


£ 

1-0  18 


«.   d. 


31  10     5 


£  ».  a. 

307  Vi    7 
2(W    0    0 


««    fi    7 


Total  Cojt. 


£  s.   d. 

m  18  0 

32  0    0 

10  0    0 

<10  0    0 


170  18    0 


OS  8  0 

48  0  fl 

15  0  0' 

50  0  0 

308  6  0 


WtierofDni., 


£  ».  1 

0  0  gjl 

4  9  0! 

out: 

10  0  Ol 


13  1  H 


0  0  Ol 
6  9  01 
13  3 
1210  0 


30  n 


Sicopiesfor  autbor  a 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


208 


One  noiuand  Copies. 

Prinliii|«'>d"=''"«'="°""    ...---. 

Paper        --""■"*"           " 
tmiiint    --------- 

iilrertiiing           .          -          -                     .          .          -          - 

5  copies  tn  puhllc  librarlei. 

H  copies  to  author,  &c.             .■     .    .    • 

£    f.  d. 

DSI  copies  for  Bale  at  8*.  5d.            -          -           -          -    413  16    « 

Ucductcost 346  14    0 

Total  Co«. 

Wb<m>r  O11I7. 

£    s.  d. 
103  14    0 
64    0    0 
30    0    0 
60    0    0 

£   I.  d. 

0  0    0 
8  13    0 

1  11    0 
15    0    0 

346  14    0 

14  14    0 
5    5    0 
5    0    0 
0  13    6 

10    0    0 

35    3    0 

._  ,     i 

.    .  ,i 

0    0    0 
0    0    0 
0  13    5 
0    0    0 
3  10    0 

rnrDrollt  to  author  and  pubiwiier,  commUBlon,  ana  in-  J     ib«    o    o 
,f,„inn capital.  wAenuH  sow        -            -            -           f     "o    ^    » 

Pamplilet  of  5  sheets,  500  prinUd. 

Prinlini?      -_         "j,"..       " 

Eitrs  corrections  and  altcrationa            ..... 

P«per        --------          - 

flilcl)in«     ....--... 

Advertising  (say)   -.------ 

U  copies  for  author  and  public  libraries. 

« copies  for  sale,  at  25  for  3i.  14».              -           -           .    51    6    0 
Deduct  cost          -           -           -           -           -           -35  11    6 

35  11    6 

3    3    S 

for  profit  to  author  and  pumlsiicr,  interest  &c.  vmen  all  >      15146 
artsoU.        -----            .           i 

hmporiation  of  BooJcs. — Under  the  late  law,  such  books  as  might  lie  imported  were  nd- 

Ittfll,  provided  they  were  of  editions  printed  in  or  since  the  year  1801,  on  payment  of  a 

Ity  of  5/.  a  cwt. ;  but  this  duty  has  been  reduced  to  2/.  10s.  a  cwt ;  with  the  additional 

]i)viso,that  the  books,  besides  being  printed  in  or  since  1801,  are  in  foreign  livinij;  lan- 

Ki^es.— (4&d  Will,  4  c.  89  §  15.)     This  condition  was  inserted  principally  to  obviate 

erisk  of  dictionaries,  or  the  class  books  used  in  our  schools,  being  supplied  from  the  Con- 

leiit;  the  booksellers  contending  that  the  2/.  10«.  a  cwt  of  duty  was  insuflicient  to  balance 

!  influence  of  the  paper  duty,  and  the  peculiar  burdens  incident  to  the  getting  up  of  books 

)  this  country.    It  has  been  alleged,  indeed,  that  it  will  not  elfect  its  purpose ;  bocauee,  as 

Iconlended,  both  Latin  and  Greek  are  living  languages ;  the  former  being  spoken  in  cer- 

lin  parts  of  Hungary  and  Poland,  and  the  latter  in  Greece!     But  the  intention  of  the 

^slature  is  too  ohvious  to  admit  of  its  being  defeated  by  any  quibbling  of  the  sort  now  men- 

bned,   By  a  living  language  is  meant  a  language  spoken  by  a  nation  or  people,  and  not  by 

Ifew  learned  individuals ;  and  the  dialect  of  the  modern  Greeks  is  abundantly  diH'creiit 

loin  that  of  their  ancestors.    The  duty  of  1/.  a  cwt.  on  foreign  books  printed  prior  to  1 801 

Rght  to  be  repealed ;  it  throws  obstructions  in  tlie  way  of  their  importation,  while  it  is  quite 

ductive  of  revenue. 

^miesling  of  English  Boohs  from  abroad. — Very  considerable  loss  is  sustained  by  literary  men  and 
noksellerj, by  the  clandestine  inipcirtation  of  English  worlts  printed  abroad,  of  wliiili  the  copyright 

ijnolespircd.  There  is  hardly,  in  ftict,  one  of  onr  popular  authorB,  copies  .  f  whose  works,  printed 
jFrince  or  America,  may  not  be  readily  procured  in  London  ;  and  as  tho«e  by  whnin  they  are  printed 
Ire  npitlier  cnpyrisbt  nor  paper  duty  io  pay,  they  are  able  niateriully  to  undersell  the  native  article. 
[isfiirely  iimiccesBnry  to  say,  that  every  practicable  efTort  should  be  made  to  hiiidiT  such  an  inva- 
p  of  private  property ;  anil  in  this  view  we  ht'R  to  suppcst,  that  the  permission  given  to  persons 
fciiinc  from  abroad  to  bring  with  them  single  copies  of  all  prohibited  works,  ought  to  be  withdrawn. 
iopi  119 a dnnr  for  smuggling  and  fraud;  and  there  is  neither  sense  nor  jiititire  in  allowing  any  indi- 
Idiiil  loinviide  the  rights  of  another,  merely  because  he  has  been  across  the  Cliantiel.  A  sipecitic 
■Tinliy,  tecoverahle  by  a  sumniary  process,  ought  abo  to  be  imposed  on  every  individual  offering 

Kli  liiiiikft  fur  Biile.    This  would  be  much  more  elfectuul  in  preventing  stich  practices  than  the  exist- 

I law-See  Diet.  p.  1«6.— Si/p.) 

I  [In  addition  to  the  statements  of  the  author  concerning  copyright  in  the  difTcrent  Euro- 
ian  f ountrics,  wc  may  mention  that  the  government  of  Denmark,  by  an  ordinance  of  the 
Ihof  May  1828,  not  merely  sanctioned  a  perpetual  right  of  literary  property  in  its  own 
Ihjpcts,  but  even  went  so  far  as  to  assert  a  similar  right  in  the  couc  of  foreigners,  by  pro- 
piliiij;  all  reprints  of  foreign  books,  excepting  by  un  itiithoritv'  to  do  so  derived  from  their 
pihors  or  proprietors  abroad.  Copyright  in  Russia,  by  0  law  emicted  in  1828,  was  conferred 
Jon  an  author  and  his  heirs,  until  the  ex[)iratiiin  of  2.5  ycavrf  after  \m  death.  A  law  of  the 
pth  January  1817,  common  to  both  Holland  and  Uel^iuin,  and  proluibly  still  in  force,  not- 
lilhftanding  the  separation  of  the  two  countries,  guarantees  the  right  of  literary  property 
|ra|)criod  extending  from  the  publication  of  a  book  until  20  years  after  the  death  ol  an 
I'T ;  any  edition  of  his  work,  published  without  his  consent,  being  rendered  liable  to 
liillscalion.  The  publisher  is  also  subjected  to  a  penalty,  e(iuivaU'nt  to  the  price  of  2000 
1'ii's,  to  accrue  to  the  benefit  of  the  party  injured,  and  is  obliged  to  pay  a  considerable  fine 
)  be  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  poor.     On  again  ofFendiiig  in  a  similar  manner,  the 


1.1 


If    <■ 


JW:;.;: 


is 


If 


:>t 


.!    ■ 


illiiil 


wm 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


:,:   1 


I  "\ ' 


publisher  may  be  declared  incapable  of  pursuing  his  occupation.    The  disturbed  condip 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  for  some  years  past,  renders  what  the  law  is  in  those  countriei 
ceming  the  press  and  literary  property  of  comparatively  little  moment.    And  in  tesiMJ 
Italy  and  Switzerland,  whatever  protection  to  authors  is  professedly  granted  liy  thei;^ 
nientfl  of  die  different  stales  into  which  they  are  subdivided,  these  states  are  so  numerous " 
BO  independent  of  each  other  in  their  legislation  on  the  subject  of  literary  property,  thitt, 
little  protection  is  in  reality  afforded.    A  work  which  appears  at  Florence  may,  for  em, 
be  immediately  reprinted  at  Modeiia ;  and  the  possibility  of  any  pecuniary  advanUnb 
derived  by  the  author  from  his  labours  may  thus  be  at  once  entirely  frustrated. 

An  author,  in  the  United  States,  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  May  31>it,  1790,'roiii 
encouragement  of  learning,  &c,"  had,  if  a  citizen  or  a  resident  in  the  country,  an  eicliu 
copyright  in  his  works  conferred  upon  hira  for  a  term  of  14  years, — a  right  renewablenL 
this  term  shall  have  expired,  provided  the  author  be  then  living,  in  favour  of  him  ami l 
legal  representatives,  for  the  farther  term  of  14  years.    By  an  act  passed  February  3d  \m 
the  privilege  in  question  is  to  be  enjoyed  in  the  first  instance  during  a  term  of  28yeats'|i 
if,  at  the  expuration  of  this  term,  the  author,  or  his  widow,  or  any  child  of  his,  be  still  li'm, 
it  may  be  enjoyed  for  14  years  more.    The  expense  of  procuring  a  copyright  is  very  triiiu 
and  only  one  copy  of  a  work  is  required  from  the  author,  which  is  to  be  delivered  to  & 
Secretary  of  State,  to  be  preserved  in  his  office. 

Latterly,  there  has  been  almost  every  where  a  tendency  to  extend  the  right  of  litem 
property ;  and  the  justice  as  well  as  expediency  of  assimilating  it  to  the  right  of  propeitr  j 
material  things,  by  making  it  perpetual,  has  been  argued  with  much  earnestnesg  and  foig 
The  desirableness,  too,  of  an  international  copyright  law,  placing  the  rights  of  authors 
same  footing  in  every  portion  of  the  civilised  and  literary  world,  has  been  of  latefrquem 
expressed  in  quarters  entitled  to  the  highest  respect  These  topics  were  brought  to  the  o 
sidcration  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  the  winter  of  1837,  by  a  petition  sii 
by  56  British  authors,  asking  the  privilege  to  secure  copyrights  for  their  works  intheUoi 
States.  The  committee  of  the  Senate,  to  whom  this  petition  was  referred,  made  a  m 
favourable  to  the  object  of  the  petitioners,  accompanied  by  the  following  bill,  whicli  \ 
however,  not  acted  upon. 

A  Bill  to  amtitd  the  act  entitled  "An  Act  to  amend  the  several  acts  reipecling  copyrigii." 
"Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  JlmerUa  in  Ciii.. 
lusembled,  Tliat  tliu  provisions  of  the  net  to  amend  the  several  acts  respecting  copyri^lils,  uhicbr. 

Ka9ECcl  on  the  third  day  of  February,  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-one,  sli:ill  be  extcmleil  lo,iDdii 
eneflts  thereof  may  be  enjoyed  by,  any  suliject  or  resident  of  t>ie  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Brils 
and  Ireland,  or  of  France,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  they  were  citizens  or  residents  of  ilie  liu 
Slates,  upon  depositing  a  printed  copy  of  the  title  of  the  book  or  other  worit  for  which  a  copjriiili 
desired,  in  the  clerk's  office  of  the  district  court  of  any  district  in  the  United  States,  aiidcomiM 
with  the  other  requirements  of  the  said  act :  Provided,  Thnt  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  any  of  if 
works  enumerated  in  the  aforesaid  act,  which  shall  have  been  etched  or  engraved,  or  prInteiliM 
published,  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act :  And  provided,  also.  That,  unless  an  edition  of  theiij 
for  which  It  is  intended  to  secure  the  copyright,  shall  be  printed  and  publish'-d  in  the  United  i\sn 
simultaneously  with  its  issue  in  the  foreign  country,  or  within  one  month  alter  depositing  asi(on 
said  the  title  thereof  in  the  clerk's  uftice  of  the  district  court,  the  benefits  of  cnpyrigiit  hereby alloiJ 
shall  not  be  enjoyed  as  to  such  work." 

For  a  concise  and  excellent  view  of  what  has  been  done  c;i  the  subject  of  copyii 
generally,  both  abroad  and  at  home,  we  may  refer  the  reader  to  the  little  work  eniit 
"  Remarks  on  Literary  Property"  by  Philip  H.  Nicklin,  Esq.,  lately  published.  He  willj 
well  repaid  for  the  time  he  may  spend  in  its  perusal. 

The  progress  of  publication  and  of  the  book  trade  in  the  United  States  has  been  eica 
ingly  rapid.  Previous  to  the  year  1803,  most  of  the  books  published,  besides  the  BilJt 
were  such  as  were  adapted  for  elementary  instruction  in  the  schools.  In  that  year  tk\M 
of  the  Bible  was  set  up  by  Mathew  Carey,  Esq.,  then  actively  engaged  in  the  businesil 
bookselling  and  publishing,  and  kept  permanently  &t:indiiig  in  the  4to  form.  Longil 
wards,  however,  pocket  Bibles  and  other  kinds  continued  to  bo  imported,  chiefly  from  S«l 
land.  There  cannot,  at  the  present  time,  be  less  than  100  sets  of  stereotype  plat(!s,ofii 
rious  sizes,  in  use  for  the  printing  of  Bibles. 

.^t  the  date  above  mentioned,  such  standard  works  as  Shakspcare  and  the  Pil;ni'| 
Progress  were  constantly  imported.    Now  there  must  be  half  a  dozen  sets  of  plates  of  Siul 
speare  alone. 

A  fact  evincive  of  the  great  extent  to  which  the  book  trade  is  carried  on  is  the  divisiondl 
labour  which  exists  among  our  principal  booksellers  and  publishers.  One  deals  exclusmlf 
in  law  books ;  another  confines  his  attention  to  medicine ;  another  again  to  theology;  asiil 
fourth  is  concerned  only  with  school  books. 

The  most  extensive  and  costly  works  have  been  printed  in  the  United  States;  i 
Rees's  and  Brewster's  Encyclopoidias. 

The  first  trades'  sale  took  place  in  1824.  Since  that  time  the  amount  of  books  anniiJ 
disposed  of  at  trades'  sales  has  been  constantly  increasing;  until  the  amount  atpresciitl) 
probably  reached  the  sum  of  half  a  million  of  dollars. 


Mpr. 

Forth 

Cash  ;  amount  at 

Exchequer  Bill 

Bills  Becfivabl 

Three  AND  A  HAL 

Debenture  Acco 

Ship  Amelia  ;  oi 

Adventure  in  If 

7 

James  Bailey  & 

a 
i 

Thomas  Watson 

" 

William  Spence 

iM 

ttpt. 

F 

8 

To  Bills  Pavab 

3 

To  Insurance  ; 

9 

To  Morris  Pitm 

4 

To  James  Fordf 

7 

To  Simon  Frazf 

1 

To  James  Alla* 

8 

To  Qeorqe  and 

Balance,  being  tli 

1 

BOOK,  BOOKS. 


205 


I  The  sale  of  five  bookselling  establishments,  it  is  said,  amounted,  in  1836,  to  f  1,350,000. 

And  it  was  stated  in  a  report  made  to  the  United  States  Senate  during  the  late  session  of 
jwss  "that  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  the  United  States,  in  the  various  braiichea 

C^tfi  with  book-making  and  periodical  publication,  is  estimated  at  200,000,  and  the 
11111  employed  in  those  branches,  at  from  30  to  40  millions  of  dollars." 
fne  progress  of  authorship  in  this  country  has  been  perhaps  more  rapid  than  in  any 
It  commenced,  of  course,  with  the  books  used  in  schools,  for  which  there  was  a  large 

miiu].  The  authors  of  such  books,  it  is  probable,  derive  a  larger  revenue  from  their  works 

1  ia  any  other  country.    American  school  books  are  now  constantly  reprinted  in  Eng- 
This  is  even  occasionally  true  in  reference  to  American  editions  of  the  Greek  and 

m  classics  in  use  for  purposes  of  instruction.  Books  of  science  also,  which  are  used  in 
colleges  and  higher  seminaries,  have  become  almost  universally  American.  Step  by 
we  have  risen,  until  Irving  and  Cooper  ha\e  obtained  higher  prices  for  their  works 

I  bave  been  received  in  Europe,  except  by  a  very  few  authors.     Of  Prescott's  "  Ferdi- 
nand Isabella"  3,000  copies  have  been  printed,  and  nearly  all  have  been  sold  in  16 
koihs.   Of  Bancroft's  "  United  States"  4,00U  have  been  sold.    A  single  publisher  is  said 
Uare  paid,  in  the  five  years  preceding  1834,  $135,000  for  copyrights,  out  of  which 

001)0  were  for  two  works  only.  Carey,  Lea,  and  Blanchard  subsequently  paid  $30,000 
li'singleyearto  American  writers;  and  Harper  and  Brothers  have  paid  about  the  same 

aforseverol  years  past. 
iThe  imports  of  books  into  thiacountry,  in  the  years  1834,  1835, 1836,  and  1837,  amounN 
Jin  value  to  $175,635,  $204,953,  S293,371,  and  $248,164,  respectively;  and  the  exports 
(books,  during  the  same  period,  to  $42,543,  $67,354,  $61,553,  and  $4 1,438.  The  former 
lie  chiefly  from  England  and  France ;  while  the  latter  were,  for  the  most  part,  destined  for 
(Mexican  and  South  American  market.    It  may  be  added  too  that  the  exports  consisted 

itly  of  books  printed  in  the  United  States. — Am.  Ed.] 
fBOOK-KEEPING,  the  art  of  keeping  the  accounts  and  books  of  a  merchant.    Book- 

>pii)g  by  double  entry  means  that  mode  or  system  in  which  every  entry  is  double,  that  is, 
tbothadebtor  and  a  creditor.  It  is  called  also  the  Italian  method,  because  it  was  first 
I  in  Venice,  Genoa,  and  other  towns  in  Italy,  where  trade  was  conducted  on  an  ex- 
uive  scale  at  a  much  earlier  date  than  in  England,  France,  or  other  parts  of  Europe.   This 

ihod,  however  familiar  to  merchants  and  book-keepers,  seems  intricate  to  almost  all  who 
|ve  not  practised  it;  nor  is  the  dryness  and  difficulty  of  the  task  much  lessened  by  the 
M  works  on  the  subject,  which,  having  been  compiled  more  by  teachers  than  by  practi- 
I  merchants,  contain  a  number  of  obsolete  rules  and  unnecessary  details.  The  most  eiTect- 
I  mode  of  giving  clearness  and  interest  to  our  remarks  will  be,  first  to  state  a  few  mer- 
JDlile  transactions,  and  then  to  explain  the  nature  of  the  accounts  and  entries  which  result 

ithem. 
|Thc  Journal  of  a  mercantile  house  ought  to  open,  at  the  beginning  of  each  year,  with  an 

neration  of  their  assets  and  debts,  as  follows ; — 


oliorf 

SUNDRIES  Drs.  to  STOCK. 

£      «.  d 

For  the  following,  being  the  assets  of  the  house. 

1 

Cash  ;  amount  at  the  bankers'  this  day  (1st  Jan.)         ... 

2,55  J    0    0 

1 

Exchequer  Bills  ;  amount  in  hand        ..... 

5,?i0    0    0 

/ 

Bills  RecEivADLE;  in  hand,  ns  per  bill  book      .... 

7,300  L-J    0 

1 

Three andahalfpgr  cent.  Stock, 6,000{.,  valued  at  901.  V  lOOt. stock 

5,400    0    0 

8 

Debenture  Account  ;  drawbacks  receiviible  at  the  Custom-house     - 

S13    0    0 

6 

Ship  Amelia  ;  our  three  eighths  of  tlial  vessel              ... 

3,000    0    0 

7 

Adventure  in  Irish  Linen  ;  amount  in  hand,  computed  at  cost  price  . 

3,467    0    0 

James  Uailev  &  Co.,  Uverpnol;  due  by  them    .... 

1,350  10    0 

Thomas  Watson,  &  Co.,  Dublin;  do.      ..... 

3,530  12    0 

William  Spence  &  Co.,  Plymouth ;  do.  - 

970    0  10 

£  33,391  17  10 

4 

STOCK  Dr.  to  SUNDRIES. 
For  the  debts  of  the  house,  as  follows  :— 

ToBillsPavablbj  amount  of  acceptances  at  this  date 

To  Insurance  ;  amount  of  premiums  duo  to  underwriters 

To  Morris  Pitman,  Trinidad :  balance  due  to  him        ... 

To  James  Forbes,  Deniarara  ;  do. 

To  Simon  Frazer,  London  ;  do     . 

To  James  Allan  &  Co.,  Kingston,  JnmaicH  ;  do. 

ToGEORosand  William  Fox,  Falmouth  i  do.    .... 

Balance,  being  the  present  capital  of  the  house              ... 

£      t.  i. 

3,350  10    0 

1,880  15    0 

1,370    5    0 

720    5    0 

960  IS    0 

1,150  10    0 

330  15    0 

8,753  15    0 
83,638    2  10 

JE38,391  17  10 

Vol 

1.-8 

-* 

:i:^ 


^m 


'M 


'ij 


V   I: 


,M 


,   ! 


i      -l 


206 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


BOG 


.|i ;  t.^ 


f  ■''■ 


:m.l: 


I  'I  if  :':  f  "!  .' 


|l"!- 


Let  the  transaction  to  be  first  explained  be  an  order  for  goods  from  a  con„ 
abroad*    A  house  in  Jamaica  sends  instructions  to  the  house  at  home  to  buv  andiZ] 
quantity  of  manufactured  articles,  suited  to  the  Jamaica  market,  as  follows : '      ™1 

Order  fiom  Jamen  Allan  tc  Co.,  of  Kingston,  Jamaica,  to  IIenrt  Bauolav  &Do,,of  Loni 
J.  A.        Linen;  I.int  SIrelitz  OgnntxirRs,  14  bales,  about  (M.  ^  yard. 
It  Co.  Heat  tow  StrKlitz  do.,  >)  bales,  4d.  or  Hd. 

Bt!8t  white  Platiling,  1  case. 

Linen  ticic  assorted,  }ths  width,  Od.,  ]«.,  Is.  Sd.;  10  pieces  each,  cut  ug in e.. 
lengtlis.  *     *'" 

ffoollens ;  5  bales  Penistones,  |ths  wide,  best  Indign  bl\ie,  U.  u  yard. 
Cottona ;  SO  pieces  stout  CHlico,  38  yards  ouch,  Jths  wide,  4d.  a  yard. 

50  do.  do.  do.  Itlis,  superior,  9d.  a  yard. 

100  do.  stout  calico  shirting,  iths  wide,  superior,  fid.  a  yard 
Hati ;  4  dozen  gentlemen's  superfine  blacic,  30«.  ench. 
8  do.  do  drab,  20«.  each. 

1  do.  youth's       do.  black,  15».  each. 

SO  do.  tVIt  hats,  for  negroes,  23s.  ^  dozen. 
Shoen ;  10  dozen  prime  calf-sldn  shoes,  full  size,  O.ts.  ^  dozen. 
10  do.    youth's  do  539.  ^  dozen. 

9  do.    gentlemen's  dress  do.  73s.  ^  dozen. 

This  order  the  London  merchant  divides  among  six,  seven,  or  more  wholesale  dejia 
according  to  their  respective  lines  of  business.  Each  dealer,  or  tradesman,  as  he  is  c. 
monly  called,  provides  his  portion  of  the  order  in  the  course  of  the  fortnight,  three  M 
or  month,  allowed  him  by  the  merchant ;  and  when  the  goods  are  packed  and  ready  to  s| 
be  sends  in  his  account,  or  bill  of  parcels,  thus  :— 

London,  ^hFehrun/Mt 
Bought  of  Simon  Fbazeb. 


Messrs.  Henry  Babclat  &  Co, 


J.  A. 
&Co. 
No.  8. 


10  pieces  best  tow  Strelitz  Osnaburgs,  146  yards  each,  at  id.  V  yard 
Inside  wrapper,  16  yards,  at  3d.  -  -  -  -  -         • 

Cord,  bale,  and  press  packing  .  -  .  .         . 

Then  follow,  stated  in  like  manner,  the  particulars  of  Shales,  No.  9.  to  16. 
both  inclusive,  amounting  to  ..... 


J.  A. 

Jfc  Co. 
39. 


40. 
41. 


Messrs.  Henrt  Barclay  St  Co. 


iiii 

oig 


London,  20(*  feiriwr},  li 
Bought  of  J.  Borradaile  &,  Co. 


Case,  1  dozen  and  2  youths'  bats  and  bands,  at  15s.  each 
Case  (small)  ...... 

Case,  0  dozen  felt  hats  for  negroes,  at  22s.  ^  dozen     - 
Case  (large)  ...... 

Do.  the  same  ...... 


£  s.  i. 
-    10  10    0 
-040 

£U 
10  HI 

1011 

-  9  18    0 

-  0  16    0 

"                             • 

1011 
£Kil 

The  merchant,  having  received  the  whole  of  the  bills  of  parcels,  fixed  on  a  vessels 
agreed  for  the  freight,  proceeds  to  make  an  entry  at  the  Custom-house,  and  to 
goods.  That  done,  the  next  step  is  to  prepare  the  Invoice,  or  general  account  of  the  d 
ment,  as  exhibited  in  the  next  page. 

This  invoice,  being  sent  out  by  the  vessel  to  Messrs.  Allan  &  Co.  conveys  to  tlinl 
number  of  particular.^  in  a  short  space  ;  viz.  the  mark,  the  numbers,  the  value,  and  then 
tents  of  each  package.     In  former  times  it  was  the  practice  to  miikc  an  invoice  ven' 1) 
inserting  in  it  a  literal  copy  of  each  bill  of  parcels,  but  it  has  now  become  usual  to  n 
each  tradesman  deliver  a  duplicate  of  his  account,  to  be  sent  abroad  with  the  (jwli.i 
which  case  the  invoice  may  be,  like  the  above,  little  more  than  a  summary  of  the  \i\st 
parcels.   This  method  has  two  advantages ;  it  saves  time  at  the  counting-house  of  theei[a 
er,  and  it  affords  to  his  correspondent  an  assurance  that  no  more  is  charged  to  li 
has  been  actually  paid  for  the  articles. 

An  invoice  ought  to  be  made  out  with  the  utmost  care,  for  it  is  a  document  off 
importance  in  several  respects :  first,  between  the  exporting  merchant  and  his  con«[ii 
ent  abroad;  and  next,  when  in  the  hands  of  the  latter,  it  may  and  gener;<'!.  :  I'l.  'Jl 
voucher  for  calculating  the  import  duty,  as  well  as  for  the  sales  etfected  to  .j'  lili'jorot 
dealers. 

The  sum  insured  by  the  exporting  merchant  generally  exceeds  the  amount  of  thcinii 
by  2  per  cent.,  because  the  recovery  of  a  loss  from  insurers  involves  a  charge  of  f " 
auount    It  is  thus  neccssaiy  to  cover  not  only  the  price  of  the  goods,  and  the  cbar^l 


ming,  insurance,  and 
(lo«,toc8ny  to  theci 

jiuction. 

iitoicrof  Goods  shipped 
Kingston  in  Janiaici 


3. 

3. 

7. 

e.ioi9. 

lfl.(o24. 

|».lo38. 

39. 


Puncheon  e 
parcels 
Do. 
French  calf 
3  trunks 

Case  linen  \ 
g  bales  host 
of  parce 
1  cose  whit 
7  cases  the 
14  bales  lint 

1  case  ynut! 

2  cases  felt 


Entry;  dut; 
Cartage,  wl 
Frelglit  and 
Insurance  c 
Policy  c 

Commisaioi 
do 


At  6  month 
London 


Joi'n 

Mioof 

J 

For  goods  ship 

1 

To  James  .Iohj 

1 

To  John  Wu,s 

1 

To  Simon  Fra" 

1 

To  John  Mack 

a 

To  James  Bori 

2 

To  Molling  & 

3 

To  FREtoHT  A( 

3 

To  l.NSURANCE 

3 

To  Charoes ; 

3 

To  Fbopit  ani 

I  The  preceding  invoice, 
uprises  a  variety  of  art 
»ont  of  sugar  planters 

^icB  of  Plantation  Store 
Master,  for  Kingston,  Ju 

risk. 


Jj.T. 

■I.  to  6. 


6  bains  lint  Os 
derson 

Then  ftillow,  li 
riniis  other  packr 
posing  the  sliipm 


Custom-houRe 
Freight,  prima 
CominiBsion  oi 

Insurance  on  t 

Policy  dm 

Commission,  i 


j£*^,idofOetobtr, 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


807 


insurance,  and  freight,  but  such  further  Rum  as  may  enable  the  shipper,  in  case 
7^\o  cany  to  the  credit  of  his  correspondent  the  amount  of  the  invoice,  clear  of  any 
iJuction. 

L  ,.j gf  Goods  >htppe<1  by  Henry  Dabclay  &  Co.,  in  tUo  Raalin;  J.  Thnmson,  from  London  to 
kintston  in  Jamaica,  on  account  and  risk  of  Messrs.  James  Allan  tc  Co.  of  Kingston. 


1 

3. 

7, 
8.1019. 

,    "• 

If.  to  24. 

li.lo38. 
39. 
40,1. 


£  t.   d. 


93  7 
64  16 
23  0 
67    3 


Funclieon  strong  calf-skin  slioes,  V"  3.  Jolinson's  bill  of 
liarcels  ...... 

Do.  do.  4?'do.    - 

French  calf-skin  slioes,  <?■  do.     - 

3  trunks        do.  -  ^''do.     - 

Case  linen  tick  assorted,  per  J.  Wilson's  bill  of  parcels    . 

g  bales  heat  tow  Osnaburgs,  10  pieces  each,  V  Simon  Frazer's  bill 

of  porceig  ..--.. 

1  case  white  Flatillaa,  ^  Moiling  &  Go's,  bill  of  parcels 

7  cases  the  same,  ^  dp.  -  -  ' 
14  bales  lint  Osnaburgs,  ^  J.  Mackenzie's  bill  of  parrels 

1  case  y-nuth's  hats  and  bandd,  ^  J.  Borradaile  &  Go's  bill  of  parcels 

8  cases  felt  bats,  do  ^  do.        -  . 


Entry  J  duty  on  part  at  i  ^?'  cent.;  bond  ond  debenture 
Cartage,  wliarfage,  and  shipping  charges 
Freiglit  and  primage  38J.  T«.;  bills  of  lading  3«.  Crf. 
Insurance  on  1,9002.  at  Mia.  'ti>'  1001.  .        £30    0    0 

Policy  duty       .  -  .  -  3  18    9 

Commission,  5  ^?' cent,  on  liSS.''/.  -  .  . 

do  \  >?  cent,  on  1»500{.  insured 


£  B. 

4  8 

7  9 

38  10 


33  IS 

60  15 

7  10 


£  «.  i. 


378  15  11 
43    0    0 


S36    5 

41    0 

287    4 

367  10 

10  14 

21    8 


1,284  18    3 


158  n    0 


Errors  excepted. 


£1,443  10    0 


At  6  months  credit ;  duo  6th  of  September. 
London,  6lh  of  March,  18:i0. 


Henry  Barclay  &.  Co. 


Journal  Entries  resulting  from  the  foregoing  Invoice. 


James  Allan  iSc  Co.  Drs.  to  Sundries. 
For  goods  shipped  to  them  in  the  Rawlins,  Thomson,  for  .Tamaica. 
To  James  Johnson  ;  amount  of  shoes,  f  his  bills  of  parcels 
To  John  Wilson  ;  linen  tick  ^  do. 

To  Simon  Frazer  ;  tow  Osnaburgs  ^  do. 

To  John  Mackenzie  ;  lint  Osnaburgs  ^do. 

To  James  BoRRAnAiLE  &  Co.;  hats  ^^  do. 

To  MoLLiNQ  &  Co.;  for  Platillas  ^  do, 

To  Freioht  Account  ;  freight,  primage,  and  bills  of  lading 
To  Insurance  ;  premium  and  policy  ... 

To  CiuncEs ;  entry  outward,  duty,  and  shipping  charges    . 
ToFrofit  AND  Loss;  for  commission  ... 

* ,        ■'     - » ■ 


£    $.  d. 


278  15  11 

42  0 

0 

236  5 

0 

367  10 

0 

32  2 

0 

328  5 

4 

38  10 

6 

33  18 

9 

11  17 

6 

74  6 

0 

£1,443  10 

0 

I  The  preceding  invoice,  being  for  account  of  a  mercantile  house,  who  sell  again  to  dealers, 
uprises  a  variety  of  articles :  as  a  further  specimen,  we  subjoii.  two  short  invoices,  for 
mtA  of  sugar  planters,  and  confined  to  articles  consumed  on  their  entatcr. 

NICK  of  Plantation  Stores,  shipped  by  Henry  Barclay  k  Co.  Ir.  the  Mventvre,  3.  Williamson, 
Master.for  Kingston,  Jamaica,  by  order  of  Mr.  James  Thomson,  Planter,  and  for  his  account  and 

risk. 


JJ.T. 
Il.loli. 


6  bales  lint  Osnaburgs,  ^  bill  of  parcels  from  James  An- 
derson .....    £210 


0    0 


Then  follow,  in  like  manner,  the  mark,  number,  and  contents  of  va- 
rimia other  packages  of  plantation  stores  (hats,  shoes,  nails.  Sec),  com- 
posing the  shipment ;  amounting  in  all  to  .  . 

Charges.  £  s.  d. 

Custom-house  entry,  and  shipping  charges  -  -  2  12    6 

Freight,  primage,  and  bills  of  lading  .  -  18    7    6 

Coininission  on  2,.'?742.  ut  21  ^  cent,  -  -  5'J    7    0 

Insurance  on  2,550/.  at  2i,  ^  cent, 

Policy  duly    .... 
Commission,  i  ^  cent.        ... 


51  0 

0 

6  10 

0 

12  15 

0 

^'^n,id  of  Oetoher.  1830. 


Errors  excepted. 


Henry  Barclay  &  Cu, 


i; 


I  's 


1  ; 


lip 

'it! 


1   '    1 


li't 


f 


l 


.I'i 


.iiiji' 


a  < 


i     i 


208 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


iNTOloa  of  80  Barrel!  of  Herrinri,  ihlpped  by  HEimv  Barclay  A  tin.  of  London  In  ik.  .  I 
Janiei  Ferrler,  bound  to  Barbadoei,  by  order  and  for  account  and  risk  of  John  IlmVL.  ""^lil 
Planter,  and  coniigned  to  him  at  Bridgetown,  Barbadoei.  "■"ouioi,  t^^^ 

London,  ISth  of  Pa  \iii 
J.  H.   I  00  barrel!  prime  white  herringi,  deliverable  at  Bridgetown,  Barbadoei.  fren 

I        of  charge!,  at  W*.  V  barrel  -  -  .  -  -  £6j  n 

TIili  Invoice  Is  very  ihort ;  the  areement  having  been,  that  the  herrings  should  be  d^i,„.7'  ■ 
9xed  price,  all  charges  included.  "  ""ueiiveredinl 

AccovnT  OF  Saiks.— We  come  now  to  a  transaction  of  a  different  kind ;  to  the  hIi>.>I 
poods  imported  from  abroad.  A  merchant  in  England  receives  from  a  corresoonl  I 
whether  in  India,  the  West  Indies,  or  North  America,  notice  of  a  shipment  of  Funar  Iff  I 
iico,  or  other  produce,  about  to  be  made  to  England,  with  instructions  to  elTect  insurance  I 
the  computed  value.  This  is  the  first  step  in  the  transaction  ;  on  the  arrival  of  the  vJI 
the  goods  are  entered,  landed,  and  warehoused ;  and  a  broker  is  instructed  to  report  on  iSI 
state  and  prospects  of  the  market.  On  a  sale  taking  place,  an  account  is  made  outandn 
warded  to  the  correspondent  abroad,  as  follows: —  ' 


Account  Sale  of  7  Hlids.  Sugar,  by  the  C»re!i,  from  Trinidad,  for  account  of  Mubris  Pitticik  h. 

of  Trinidad.  '^ 


Insiirnnre  on  Vtit.  at  60s. 

^\m.         -  -    £S    9    0 

Policy       -  -      0  10    6 


Freight  of79cwt.85lh«.  nl  6s.  4?'cwt 
Priiimcc.  picraep,  and  trade 
Duty  nn  79cwt.  3S  lbs.  at  27<.  V  cwt. 
Entry  .  .  . 

Dock  dues  .  .  . 

Landwaiters  and  entry 
Wnrehnuse  rent,  10  weeks 
Sninpllnf;     .  .  .  . 

Inourancefl'om  Are 
Interest  on  freight  and  duty 
Brokerage,  1  ^  cent. 
Commission,  3  <?■  cent. 
i  ^  cent,  on  17SI.  insured 

Nett  proceeds,  due  3d  of  May,  1830. 


London,  U  ofJIprU,  1831. 


£  I.  d. 


!>  19 
33  19 
0  Q 
106  19 
0  6 
3 
0 


13 
16 


1  19 
0    3 


153    8    9 
81  11    3 


£334    0    0 


M.P. 

l.to7. 


cwl.  qra.  Ibt. 
7  Hhdi.  welKhlng  87  3  31 
Deduct  draft       -     0    0    14 


Deduct  tare 


t,.i 


Errori  excepted. 


Henrt  Barclay  k  Co, 


We  have  here  on  one  side  of  the  account,  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  goods  9olil;oi| 
the  other,  the  various  charges  attending  the  bringing  home,  the  warehousing,  and  the  sale  if 
the  articles. 

The  quantity  of  goods  accounted  for  in  an  account  sale  must  be  the  samea«ig||ii| 
invoice;  if  it  be  less,  whether  through  damage  at  sea,  through  waste  or  any  otiier  cause,  lliil 
extent  of  the  deficiency  should  be  explicitly  stated.  By  the  "  overtokcr"  in  the  followii;! 
sale  is  meant  the  additional  barrel  or  package  required  for  the  coffee  taken  outof  suchofll>| 
tierces  as  have  been  opened  on  account  of  breakage  or  other  damage. 

Allowances  of  Weight, — The  tare  is  the  weight  of  the  cask,  and  difl'ers,  ofcouneil 
almost  every  package:  but  trett  (see  the  following  sale)  is  a  fixed  allowance  of  5  ikpl 
tierce  in  the  case  of  coffee,  intended,  like  draft  in  the  case  of  sugar,  to  insure  good  mv^i\ 
the  buyer,  and  to  enable  him  to  do  the  same  to  those  who  purchase  again  from  him. 


Account  Salb  of  20  Tierces  of  CoflTee,  tf'  Vitloria,  from  Demerara,  for  Account  of  James  FoiBt!,|| 
Esq.,  Demerara. 


CHARGES. 

Iniiurnnce  on  3U  tierces  at  35f.  a 
tierce,   7002.    at   SOs.  ;    policy 

3Hs.  9d. 

I  FreiKht  on  114  cwt.  at 

,         7s.  td.  ^  cwt.  -         £43  19    0 

Primage,  pierage,  and 
1        trade       -       -  17    6 


Dr>ck  dues      -       .       -       .       . 

LaiidwHiters,  entry,  and  part  of 

bond        -        .       .        .        . 

Insurance  from  fire       .       .       . 

Carried  forward   ... 


£    a. 

19    6 

rf. 
9 

J.  F. 

No. 
l.toSO. 

44    3 
10    0 

6 

1 

1    3 
0  PJ 

6 
6 

£76    0 

4 

Gross  WelRht.  Tare. 

Ciot.  qrt.  tbt.  Cwt,  qn.  Ibt. 

5  tiercel    30    1    7  3    2  15 

5    do.        33    3    5  4    0    5 

4    do.        34    3    4  3    3  16 


87    1  16       10    2   8 
Trett  0   2  14 


Deduct    U    0  33 


U    0  22 


Nett  70    0  a2atl3ls.6(/,1 

wt.; 


Carried  forward 


«>cwt 


£  I.  il 


GHAIOn. 

Brought  forwa 

iMiHeialechsrgei       -       - 

I  Brokerage.  1  f""'-     -       - 
lowlMlon.SHg:cent.ona7W. 
IComnilMlon,  ^  <?  cent,  on  701 
iniured  -      •       -       - 


|\i:ii  proctedi,  due  3d  of  May,  18 


Uiiiiit,U  of  Jlpril,  1631. 


Journal  Entrii 


To  Morris  Pitman  s  pro( 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


200 


AocouHT  Bali— muKnhmI. 


CHAIOU. 

Broti(tit  forward 

IpBhileialechMlw      -       -       . 

f:SCf»r«n.:onei«.: 

ISfnlwIon.  *  ^t  caiit.  on  700*. 

iuured  -      -       -       -       • 


l»tl 


procMdi,dueSdorMay,1831 


£m  i   0 


'■i  ' 


Utitn,3dof^ril,im. 


£T6    0  4 

1    7  8 

0  10  7 

M  18  0 

S  10  0 


lOi  IS    9 

571  13    1 


J.  F. 

No. 
I.to90, 


nroiiKht  forwnrd 
QroM  Weight.      Tara. 

Cut.an.lU      C««.(n,tti. 

Stiarcea    17    I    1        S    0   0 
3    do.       19    3  IS        9    1  19 


37    0  10         4    1  94 
Trett  0    1    1 


Daduet     4    9  33 
Nett    33    1  19 


4    939 


t    190f.\ 
if  cwt.  / 
Groaa  WAlRht.      Tare. 

Cwl.fr>.  lit.     Cwt.fn.U 

Overtakac  9    10        0    3; 
Trett  0    0  11 


Daduet 
Nett 


0    330 

TTif 


0    3  90 


•t    117f. 
V  cwt. : 


Errora  excepted. 


Dlacount,  1  V  cent. 
Groii  proceed! 
IlENav  Barclav  Jt  Co. 


£483  17    • 


194    9   4 


39  IS 

0 

863  3 

8  lA 

I 
7 

£876  5 

8 

Freight  ii  charged  on  the  weight  of  the  produce  only ;  not  of  the  produce  and  packages 
pther.  This  allowance  is  of  old  standing,  and  is  to  be  traced  leas  to  the  reason  of  the 
ic,  than  to  the  competition  prevailing  among  shipmasters. 


Journal  Entries  resulting  (Vom  the  preceding  Accounts  of  Sale. 


June,  1831. 
THOMAa  KcMBLS  k,  Co,  Dra.  to  Svhdribs. 
To  BuoAR  V  Ctna. 
Proceeds  of  7  hhdi.,  M.  P.  1.  to  7.,  aold  by  them  at  one  month's  credit,  (Vom 
3d  of  April         .--...... 

To  CorrSE  <f  Vlttvria. 
Proceeds  of  30  tierces,  J.  F.  I.  to  30.,  aold  at  one  month'a  credit,  from  3d  of 
April      - 

SuQAR  ^  Ceres  Dr.  to  Sonbribs. 
To  Insurance  Account  ;  for  premium  and  policy         .... 

To  Freioht  Account;  for  freifiht,  primage,  and  pierage  .  .  . 

To  Customs  Inward  ;  duty  and  entry     ...... 

CiiAROEs;  dock  dues,  93«.  10<<.;  warehouse  rent,  39«.  3d. ;  landwaiters,  10«. ; 
sampling,  3t.  Od.  t  and  Are  insurance,  6«.       .  ... 

To  Thomas  Kemble  &  Co. ;  brokerage,  1  i^«ent.  .... 

To  Profit  AND  Loss;  for  commissiona    -  -  -  .         £3  10  10 

Interest  on  (Vtiight  and  duty        .  .  .  -  .  1  19   3 

To  HoBRis  Pitman  ;  proceeda  due  3d  of  May,  1831        .... 

Coffee  ^  Vittoria  Dr.  to  Sundries. 
To  Insurance;  for  premium  And  policy   ...... 

To  Preioht  Account  i  freight,  primage,  and  pierage    .... 

To  Charoes  ;  dock  dues,  landwaiters,  insurance  from  Are,  and  public  aale 
charges  .......... 

ToThomas  Kemble  <c  Co. ;  brokerage    ...... 

To  Profit  AND  Loss;  for  commissions    ...... 

To  James  Forbes  ;  nett  proceeds  due  3d  of  June,  1830  .... 


£ 

t. 

i. 

934 

0 

0  \ 

678 

9 

8  ' 

910 

5 

6 

9  15  0 
9t  4  H 

107  9  0 

9  13    6 
9    0    0 


7    3    1 
81  II    3 


331    0    0 


1»    6  9t 

44   9  6 

13  l8  7 

6  la  7 

90    8  1 

571  13  1 


£676    5    7 


w 


i'li 


I  If 


V- 


1^4 


Ve  haw  thus  given  an  example  of  the  transactions  which  form  a  great  part  of  the  busi- 
I  of  our  merchants ;  the  export  of  manufactured  goods,  and  the  import  and  sale  of  pro« 
e  received  in  return.  Our  next  illustration  shall  be  of  a  meichanf  s.  Cashbool^ '  tho 
pwing  is  an  example  of  the  entries  for  a  month : — 

•3  27  :  I 


m 


m.\k 


t,-  l-   ?  f    I: 


■      ] 

'si    Iv 


aio 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


Dr. 


CA8II. 


I 


m  V 


■   ,"'i  I'''  I'll 


1830. 
lUr.  1 

3 


15 


IS 


To  balance  at  the  Bank«r'i 

To  »MpJlm*Ut,  recelvcil  of 

Jiiniea  Jocoha,  Tor  rreliilit 

To  bill!  receivables  rncelvril 

Pitymenl  of  No.  051.  un  J. 
Inndnrinn       ■       .       . 
To  Jninea  Bailey  It  Co.,  rn- 
ciiived  payment  «f  llioir 
itriin  at  afghl  on  J.  Bain- 
brldte      -       .       .       . 
To  William  Bpence  it  Co., 
received  biilaixe  of  ilieir 
nccniint    .        .        .        . 
To  dobentiire  nccnnnt,  re- 
ceived drawback  on    to- 
bacco ihlppud  liy  the  Plo- 
ver -       .       .       .       . 
To    bllta    recelvnhio,    dig- 
counted  at   the  bankers, 
Ilarriion  ft  Co.,  due  15— 
IH  March  -        .        .        - 
To  proHt  and  loii!i,  rncelved 
5  if  cent,  discount,   on 
paying  with  ready  mnney, 
the  account!  per  coiitni, 
not  due  till  aix   montlia 
hence,  froin 

Jnmes  Johnion  £13  10  0 
John  WIlRon  -  a  U  0 
Simon  Frazer  -  11  16  0 
John  Mnckeii7,io  18  7  6 
James  Borraduile 

It  Co.     -        ■     0  16  0 
Moiling  ft  Co.  •   16    8  3 


£     I.  d. 

9,550    0  0 

175    3  0 

300    0  0 

159  10  0 

700    0  10 

15    8  0 

730  10  0 


63    8    S 


£1,857    0    7 


PAID. 


IH.1II, 
Mar.  8 

4 

6 

7 
18 


31 


By  lillli  payable,  paid  Nn. 
SOI.  to  JiiuieH  lliii'ding     ■ 

By  (<enrK«  and  Willliiin  Fox, 
paid  their  balance  ut  ac- 
count      .       -       .       . 

By  John  Hniith  ft  Pom,  pnld 
J.  Jackiun  for  llieir  ac- 
count      .       .       .       . 

By  billa  payable,  paid  No. 
S60.  to  J.  Htewnrt     - 

By  Inlerent  paid,diiicount  nn 
llnrriaon  ft  Co.,  3  ninnthii 

By  J.  Jolinaon,  p:iid  bin  bill 
of  pnrcelH         .        .       . 

By  John  WilBon        do,     - 

lly  Hiuion  Frazer      do.     . 

Ily  John  Mackenzie  do.     - 

lly  Janiea  Borraiiuilu 
ft  Co  do. 

By  Mollinirft  Co.      do.     . 

Ity  churgug  piiid,  pnstnge, 
and  petty  dlKburtionieiits 
this  month,  per  petty  cuah 
book  .  -  .  . 
By  balance,  carried  to  next 
niontli       -       .       .       . 


I 


15 


10 « 
lit 

00 

ooj 
iio! 

IS  II 
Oi) 
51 

10 

ni 
u 

!i 
131 


These  tranuactions,  wheti  put  into  the  Journal  form,  stand  thus : — 


rolloaf 
Lalgrr. 


i 


Mascr,  1830. 
CASH  Dr.  to  SUNDRIES. 

Received  thla  month.  i  jh 

To  Ship  Ambi.ia. 

3d.    Freight  Oom  Jamei  Jacob*  -  •         ' 

To  BiLUi  RSCEIVABLE. 

6th.    Received  payment  of  J.  Anderson,  due  this  day 
IBlh.    Discounted  Harrison  and  Co.,  due  9th  May 


JiJOO    0 
730  10 


To  James  Bailby  ft  Co. 

Oth.    Received  their  draft  on  Balnbrldge,  dtie 
To  William  Sfence  ft  Co.  "'" 

15th.    Received  balance  of  their  account        .  .  . 

To  Debenture  Account.  i 

15th.    Drawback  on  tobacco  by  the  Plover      •  .  . 

To  PRoriT  and  I.ork. 

Ibth.    Received  discount  on  sundry  accounts,  per  cash  book 


£  i.i 

75  3  1 

930 10  ( 

15ilOt 

U  0'< 

IJ  81 

63  3) 

£1307  0 ; 

Folio  of 
Ledger. 


8 
I 
I      J 

i  « 
I  1 


SUNDRIES  Drs.  to  CASH. 
Paid  this  month  as  follows : 

BiLU)  Payable. 

Sd.    Paid  No.  361.  .... 

7tb.    Do.         369.  ...  . 

Customs  Inward. 

S3d.    Paid  duly  on  sugar,  ^  Cerei,  79  cwt.  25  lbs.  at  37<. 
<|»cwt.  .... 

Entry  .... 

Simon  Fra7ER. 

18th.    Paid  his  bill  of  parcels 

Seth.    Paid  J.  Jackson  for  his  account  • 

Ihtersst  Account. 

18th.    Paid  discount  on  Harrison  ft  Co.  •         • 
Jambs  Johnson.  u  ' 

IBth.    Paid  hU  bUI  of  parcels  -  •  •■ 

' '        Carried  forward. 


£  145  10 
10-2  15 

0 
0 

106  10 
0    6 

0 
0 

2.16    5 
08    0 

0 
0 

The  above  shows, 

J  {tttin  paying  the  sam 

llw  parties  receiving  i\ 

We  are  next  to  statt 

BiLis  Receivable 

I  indrbteJ  to  the  liouso. 

I  either  bills,  specie,  or 

I  ilmott  the  only  mode  ( 

I  the  bill  book,  with  a  m 

,VtL  Rinmd  fromtoAom.!  Dt 

(J«'l  Mtrcb  Rilley  *  Co.  W. 
SI  10  da.  WahunftCo.  J.  J. 
ffillMn.    |S|Macii<iCo.|T.J 

TbeJoniiNAL  Exth 


I  Sr.    flrlim  ly      PUu€  and  . 


Tiic  Journal  entries  f 


Jamm  Allan  , 
0.  ft  W.  Fox. 
Simon  Frazeb 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


911 


7*«r 

BUNURIEH  Dm.  to  CAHIl-c«ii(iiiii<i(. 

£   1.  d. 

M». 

Brought  forward 
John  Wilhoii. 

l,06i  13    g 

18th.    Pa  III  Ml  bill  of  parcel!              ..... 

43   0    0 

Jonn  MACKENtii. 

Itjtii.    Paid  hli  bill  of  parceli              ..... 

Sfl7  10    0 

Janek  Uorradailc  fc  Co. 

18tli.    Paid  their  bill  of  parceli            ..... 

33   3    0 

MOLLINO  k,  Co. 

18th.    Paid  their  balance  of  account    .          .         .          •        . 

338    ft    4 

Okoror  and  William  Fox. 

34th.    Paid  their  balance  of  account    ..... 

330  19    0 

CHARnll. 

Slit.    Paid  poitage,  and  petty  diiburiements  thif  month     - 

19    3    0 

£2,170    7    7 

The  above  Bhowa,  that  for  all  aums  received,  the  account  of  cash  ia  made  debtor,  and  the 
I  pitlics  paying  the  same  ore  made  creditora ;  while  for  all  auma  paid,  the  coah  ia  credited,  and 
thtpartiei  receiving  them  are  made  debtora. 
We  are  next  to  state  the  mode  of  entering;  bill  tranaactiona. 

Biua  Receivable. — We  have  seen  by  the  Balance  sheet  that  acveral  correspondents  are 

I  indebted  to  the  house.     The  debts  of  correspondents  abroad  may  bo  reduced  by  remitting 

either  billa,  specie,  or  merchandise  for  sale :  from  correspondents  in  England,  bills  are 

ilinoet  the  only  mode  of  remitting.     When  bills  como  to  hand,  the  rule  is  to  enter  each  in 

I  the  bill  book,  with  a  minute  statement  of  the  date,  term,  aum,  and  other  particulara  thua : — 


Si  £Miwd 


8!»1  Mtrcb 
en  lodo. 

kBillMo. 


mlley  k  Co. 
V/attoakCo. 
Sp<DCfl  k  Co. 


Drawn  by 


vr.  Adum 
J.  Xictibt 
T.  JohDMn 


Dolt. 


Drlfut,  I  M>r. 
Cork,    3  do. 
Falnio.  Silo. 


Term< 


I   do. 
I  do. 


Drawn  on 


T.  Jonn,  Dublin 
J.  Adanii,  L.oiidnD 
T.  Altao.  Liverpool 


To  ordtr  o/ 


A.  Willlaini 
O.  Wilaon 
1).  Jonn 


Diu. 


1-4  M»jr 
3-6  April 
S-8Miy 


L. 

sac 

136 
280 


/low  dttp,  o/. 


Riinier  k  Co. 
Sniilh&Cn. 
Ovorend  A  Co. 


The  JocRNAL  Entries  for  theac  billa  are  aa  follows : — 


riiio  of 


BILLS  RECEIVABLE  Dr.  to  SUNDRIES. 
For  the  following  remitted  this  month : 

To  Jamer  Bailey  k  Co. 

Nn.  630.  on  T.  Jonea,  Dublin,  due  4th  of  May 
To  T.  W.tTsoK  &  Co. 

Nn.  631.  on  J.  Adams,  London,  due  6th  of  April     . 
To  William  Spence  tc.  Cn. 

No.  632.  oil  T.  Allan,  Liverpool,  due  8th  of  May     - 


£  s.  d, 
390  0  0 
139  0  0 
!60    0    0 


£745    0    0 


Biua  Payable. — ^The  entries  under  this  head  are,  of  course,  wholly  different  from  the 
ding,  being  for  acceptancea  of  the  house  given  on  account  of  sums  owing  by  ittocorrea- 
fondenta.    Each  acceptance  ia  entered  in  the  book  of  bills  payable,  thus : — 


ilnwn  iy 


J.AIIukCo. 
G.  AW,  Fox 


|jj|l,airll 


PlMctand  Dolt. 


Jamaica,  15  Jan. 
Falmouth.  7  Mar. 
Hull,  6  Mar. 


2*0  Order  >/ 


J.  Jonea 
I.  Thompaon 
0.  Darclay 


On  Accowii  of 


J.  Allan  ft  Co. 
G.  ft  W.  Foi 

J.  Suiith  ft  Soni 


Trrm, 


90  dajri'  aight 
16  daya'  dito 
1  monlh'a  date 


W^CTi  acfrp'td. 


12  Marcli 
14    do. 
16  «kt. 


But. 


10— 13  June 

22-26  Marth 

5— H    ditto 


Sunu 


I.  I.  d. 
I7S  10  0 
73  18  0 
13.!  ID    0 


The  Journal  entries  for  these  bills  are  as  follows : — 


SUNDRIES  Drs.  to  BILLS  PAYABLE. 

For  the  following  bills  accepted. 

James  Allan  b.  Co.    No.  151.  their  draft,  due  13th  of  June 

0.  tW.  Fox.    No.  1,12.  their  drift,  due  25th  of  Mnrch 

BiMON  Frazeb.    J.  Clark's  draft  on  his  occount,  due  8th  of  March 


-May,  1830.- 


CASII  Da.  to  THOMAS  KEMBLE  &  Co. 

27th.    Received  from  them  proceeds  of  augnr  V  Ctres 
Less  their  brokerage 

30th.    Received  coffee  ^  VitUtria     -  .  - 

Less  brokerage  ... 


234    0 
2    6 

0 
9 

676    5 
6  16 

6 

7 

£  $.  d. 

175  10  0 
73  15  0 
132  10    0 


£381  15    0 


S31  13    3 

669    8  U 


£901    2    3 


WW 


,l: 


U 


\:t\     \ 


■•'['■ 


\-:'-  n. 


ri  ■  Mi 


tlfl 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


>      1 


<! 


I 'I'll 


The  praeeiMnK  wilriM,  few  u  they  ara  compured  to  the  monthly  trannetkmi  of  i  liog. 
of  buiinoM,  ara  tufncient  to  ihow  the  natura  of  a  Journal  as  well  aa  of  the  lubaidiuY  bocU 
(for  caah,  billi,  invoices,  and  account  aale*,)  from  which  it  ia  compoaed.  The  Jounial,  bcjni 
a  complete  racord  of  the  buaineas  of  the  houie,  ia  very  wied  and  comprehenn'ive  in  i{ 
nature,  and  may  be  termed  an  index  to  every  book  of  conaequence  in  the  countini-houM, 
But  while  in  the  caah  book  every  payment  or  receipt  ia  entered  on  the  day  it  takn  dIm 
■nd  in  the  bill  booka  every  bill  ia  registered  on  the  day  it  cornea  to  hand,  or  is  acceptejjhe 
Journal  entries,  being  completed  only  at  the  end  of  the  month,  admit  of  being  combined  loi 
considerable  extent,  ao  as  to  exhibit  a  number  of  transactions  in  collective  suras,  ThiMi] 
the  acceptances  of  the  house  paid  in  the  courae  of  the  month  appear  in  the  Journal  enir?o( 
Bills  Payable  Dr.  to  Cosh  ;  they  are  arranged  in  this  entry  aa  they  full  due,  after  which  ihi 
whole  are  added  into  one  sum,  which  sum  alone  needs  be  carried  to  the  Ledger.  In  jiki 
manner,  all  bills  receivable,  whether  discounted,  or  kept  by  the  house  till  they  fall  dut  n 
collected  under  the  head  of  Dills  Receivable  Dr.  to  Cash,  summed  up  together,  and  carriol 
to  the  Ledger  in  one  line ;  a  point  of  great  importance,  aa  we  ahall  aee  presently,  in  facilitu. 
ing  the  balance  of  the  Ledger. 

We  proceed  to  give  a  specimen  of  the  Ledger :  the  whole  of  the  Journal  eDtriM  in  ib 
preceding  pages,  when  posted  into  the  Ledger,  will  stand  tbua  :— 


Dm. 


ISOOK-I 
J. 


Da. 

Stock. 

Ci. 

1831. 
Jan.  1 

1 

To  sundries 

£    1.  d. 

8,733  13    0 

1831. 
Jan.  1 

1 

By  sundries 

»».N1 17 10 

Da.                                                                Cash. 

Ci, 

Jan.    1 
Mar.  1 
May  30 

1 

4 

15 

To  Stock    - 
To  sundries 
ToT.KemblofcCo. 

3,330    0    0 

3,.W7    0    7 

Ml    3    3 

Mar.  31 

Byiundries 

«,I70  7  I 

Da.                                                   ExoHCQUBB  Bills. 

Cl 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock    - 

ft,aiO   0    0 

Da.                                   Thbib  AMD  A  HALr  raa  Cbmt.  Stock. 

Ci 

Jan.   1 

1 

To  stock    - 

5,400   0   0 

':      ■ 

Da.                                              Jambs  Johmson ,  London. 

Ci 

Mar.   1 

4 

To  cash     - 

378  15  11 

Mar.  0 

e 

By  J.  Allan  4  Co. 

973  IS  1 

Da.                                               John  Wilson,  London. 

Ci. 

Mar.  1 

4 

Toeasb     • 

43    0    0 

Mar.e 

0 

By  J.  Allan  «c  Co. 

49  0  0 

Da.                                               Simon  Fbaxeb,  London. 

Ci 

Mar.  30 
31 

4 

To  cash 

To  bills  payablo     • 

334    9    0 
133  10    0 

Jnn.    1 
Jan.    6 

9 

0 

By  stock     - 

By  J.  Allan  tt.  Co. 

MO  19  t 
936  i  0 

Or.                                             John  Mackenzib,  London. 

Ci 

Mar.  8 

4 

To  cash     - 

367  10    0 

Mar.  0 

0 

By  J.  Allan  tt  Co. 

33710  0 

Das.                                     Jambs  Bobradailb  &  Co.,  London. 

Ci). 

Mar.  1 

4    To  caah      - 

33    3    0 

Mar.  S 

g 

By  J.  Allan  Ic  Co. 

39  S  0 

Das.                                             MoLLiNo  k.  Co.,  London. 

Cu. 

Mar.  1 

4 

To  casli      - 

338    5    4 

Mar.  0 

0 

By  J.  Allan  tt  Co. 

'    398  5  1 

1 

Mu. 
t 

1     ( 

11 

To  fiinilrles 

To  bills  puyable    - 

Di. 

i?rU 

1    11 

To  sundries 

Di, 

Di. 

Di, 

Mir,  3 

4 

To  cash     - 

Di, 

Di. 

AprU9 

4 

To  cash     • 

Di. 

Aprils 

S 

To  sundries 

Di, 

V.    ,;■,    ■ :'    : 

Di. 

Dag. 

Th 

April  3 

11 

To  Bundries 

Di. 

J 
J 

nil.   1 
jr  3 

1 
5 

To  stock     . 

To  sundries           .  1 

DM. 


BOOKKEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 

J,  ALLAH  it  Co.,  Kln|itan,  Jamaica. 


tit 


lir.  ( 
II 


To  •iindrlat 
To  bills  puyabi* 


1,443  10    0 
17S  10    0 


Jan.  1 


By  ilock    - 


I,1M  10   0 


Di. 

THC  Ciaii. 

ea. 

April  1 

11 

To  lundrlM 

334    0    0 

AprUa 

11 

ByT.K«inblcfcCo. 

334    0    0 

Dl. 

P»IGHT  AcroUWT 

• 

C*. 

t 

Mar.   0 
April  3 
May    S 

0 
II 
13 

Ry  J.  Allan  ft  Co. 
Ry  mivar^  Cerei 
Hy  coffee  V  Vittoria 

VI  10    0 

at  11  11 
4t  a  0 

Dl. 


iNsuRAMci  Account. 


Jan.    1 
Mnr.  0 
April  3 
May  3 

3 
0 
11 
13 

By  stock     • 
By  J.  Allan  ft  Co. 
Ry  aiifnr  ^  Ctrm 
By  coffee  *>^Ki«<>rta 

1,600  IS    0 

83  18    0 

5  10    0 

10    0    9 

Dl. 

Crabobs. 

Cb. 

Mat.  J 

4 

To  eaih     - 

- 

15  a  0 

Mar.  0 
April  3 
May  3 

0     Dy  J.  Allan  k  Co. 
11     By  sugar  ^  Ctrii 
13     By  coffee  <?■  Vittoria 

11  17    0 

5  13  e 

13  18    7 

Dl. 

PROriT  AND  Lost. 

Cr. 

■•ft 

r'"  ^"' 

Mar.  0 
.Mar.  8 
April  3 
May   3 

0 
4 
11 
13 

By  J.  Allan  ft  Co. 
By  cash 

By  suuar  ^  Ctret 
ay  cnftee^  Vittoria 

74    9    0 

03    8    0 

7    3    1 

SO    8    1 

Dl. 

Customs  Ihwabds. 

Cb. 

AptUi 

4 

To  cash     - 

107    9    0 

April  3 

11 

By  sugar  $>'  Ceru 

107    5    0 

Dl. 

CorrBB  PBB  Vittoria. 

On. 

AprUJ 

3 

To  iundrlei 

- 

070    S    0 

April  3 

11 

By  T.  Kenible  ft  Co. 

070    5   0 

Dl. 

Morris  Pittman,  Trinidad. 

Ch. 

...    ;.      -■■..- 

•     ■'  " 

Jan.    1 
April  3 

3 
11 

By  stock     - 

By  sugar  ^  Ceres 

1,370    5    0 
81  11    3 

Dl. 

James  Forbes,  Demarara. 

Cr. 

.      - 

!    ,  '• 

,Tnn.    1       2 
May    3     13 

By  Blork    - 

By  coffee  l^riMorio 

720    5    0 
571  13    1 

Dm. 

Thomas  Kemble  &  Co.,  London. 

Drs. 

April  3 

11 

To  sundries 

■ 

910    5    6 

April  7 

30 

May  30 

11 
13 
15 

By  siiliar  <■>■  Ceres 
By  coffee^^  Vittoria 
By  cash 

3    0    0 

fi  16    7 
901     2    2 

1 

910    5    6 

Dl. 

Bills  Receivable. 

Cb. 

Jin.  1 
Mir  3 

1 
5 

To  stock     - 
To  sundries 

_ 

7,300  15    0 
743    0    0 

Mar.  1 

4 

By  cash    - 

930  10    0 

314 

Ob. 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 

Bills  Pavabls. 


C». 


Mar.  7 

4 

To  cash      - 

- 

338    5    0 

Jan.    1 
Mar.  3 

2 
5 

By  stock     - 
By  sundries 

3,359  10  0 
381  IS  0 

Dr. 

Ship  Amelia. 

Ci, 

Jan.  1 

1 

To  Btock    - 

- 

3,000    0    0 

Mar.  1 

4 

By  cash 

175  !  0 

Db. 

Adventure  in  Irish  Linek. 

Cfc 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

2,467    0    0 

Dr«. 

James  Bailey  St  Co.,  Liverpool. 

Cm. 

Jan.   1 

1 

To  stock     • 

- 

1,350  10    0 

Mar.   3 
M.ir.  » 

4 

5 

By  cash    - 

By  bills  receivable 

152  i:  c 
350  0  0 

DBS. 

Thomas  Watson  &  Co.  Dublin. 

Cri, 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

- 

3,530  13    0 

Mar.  3 

5 

By  bills  receivable 

135  0  0 

DBS. 

William  Sfenoe  &  Co.,  Plymouth. 

Cm. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

- 

970    0  10 

Mar.  3 
Mar.  5 

4 
5 

Bv  raph     - 

By  hills  receivable 

m  010 
260  0  0 

DBS. 

Georqe  and  William  Fox,  Falmouth. 

Cm, 

Mar.  4 
Mar.  6 

4 

To  cash      - 

To  bills  payable     - 

330  15    0 
73  15    0 

Jan.  1 

2 

By  stock    - 

320  IS  0 

Ob. 

Debenture  Account. 

C«. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  Block     - 

- 

S13    0    0 

Mar.  5 

4     By  cash     - 

15  SO 

Dr. 

Interest  Account. 

Ci. 

Mar.  S 

4    To  cash      - 
1 

- 

»    1  10 

The  LedijDr  is  thus  a  refrister  of  all  the  entries  in  the  Journal ;  and  a  regi-iter  so  airanjrf 
B8  to  exhibit  on  one  side  all  the  sums  at  Debtor;  on  the  other  all  those  at  Creditor.  Itii 
kept  in  the  most  concise  form,  the  insertions  in  it  hardly  ever  exceeding  a  line  each,  or  cot  I 
tuining  more  than  the  title  of  the  entry  in  the  Journal.  On  opening  a  page  in  the  Ledger, 
a  person  unacquainted  with  book-keeping  is  apt  to  consider  this  brevity  unsatisfactory;  ud 
it  was  formerly  the  practice  to  add  in  each  line  a  few  explanatory  words.  Thus  thcentiiti 
in  the  account  of  Simon  Frazer,  which  in  our  preceding  page  are  briefly 


£  9.  d. 
3.14  a  0 
132  10    0 


March  2fl.    To  cash  ..... 

31.    To  bills  payable  .... 

would,  at  an  earlier  date  in  the  practice  of  book-keeping,  have  been  expanded  to 

£    s.  d. 

March  IS.    To  cash  paid  for  eonds  per  Rawlins   ...       2.%    5  0 

20.    To  ditto  paid  .1.  Jiicksnn  for  hisncnrmiit        -  -         98    0  0 

31.    To  bills  payable,  paid  J.  Clarl<s' draft  for  his  account      132  10  0 

This  method  is  still  followed  in  some  counting-houses,  and  such  explanatory  adJilionsiit  I 
certainly  conducive  to  clearness ;  but  they  are  practicable  only  in  a  house  of  limited  businw; 
wherever  the  transactions  are  numerous  and  varied,  they  should  be  left  out  of  the  LcJget,  I 
for  two  reasons;  they  increase  greatly  the  labour  of  the  book-keeper,  and  they  never  can  bt  I 
■o  full  or  circumstantial  as  to  supersede  the  account  current  book. 


The  same  Ledger  m 
I  book,  or  the  extent  oft 
I  loplace  in  succession  l 
I  to  b«  followed  by  that 
J  longing  to  the  house ; 
I  with  Jamaica  should 
I  colonics.  J 

I  Balancing  fhe  Ledgi 
I  nJ  Creditor  side  of  ev 
iMchiand  carrying  sue 
I  ihe  balance  sheet.    Or 

i  them  to  stand  thus 


And  so  on  with  everj 
jijput  in  the  balance  jihf 
I  the  total  at  the  Debtor  8 
I  Creditor  side;  and  if  it( 
jtlicosamination  perseve 
Jnotexcecdafew  shillinj 
I  discrepancy  shows  the  e 
jlioninqupstion.    It  ofb 
iJergoes  a  change  fron 
|of  discovering  the  error 
Itmall  sum.    Differences 
Itfae addition;  fractional  >. 
Ilhe  error  or  errors  may  b 
|«nd  upwards  which  havi 
Ilhe  whole;  and  young 
llthour  of  revising,  adding 
Iples  of  the  balance  being 
Icarerul  and  experienced 
linj  perplexity  of  balanc 
Ikeeping  proccaa ;  as  wel 
Ijournal  into  the  Ledger, 
|balance  sheet,  which  is  g 
Accuracy  in  addition  i 
Ikeeper.   Of  the  extent 
Ijudge  who  have  experiei 
Rhich  clerks  in  banking- 
balance  which  c 
ihe  transactions  of  a  yeai 
Ihcrefore,  to  divide  each 
This  lessens  the  risk  of  f 
Sim,  than  to  do  at  oni 
Another  important  pc 
-edger  entries ;  in  other 
Ihe  Journal  which  are  p 
.whether  receivable 
kraount  of  each  specific  I 
inJ  generally  does,  comp 
peneraily  form  so  large 
wok-keepers  directly  frot 
Bent  in  the  Journal  form 
I  rule  it  is  better  to  tak( 
)  Ledger  entries  the  tr 
Red  100.    The  time  rei 
'■  amply  made  good,  b) 
flfe  of  the  Ledger  at  th 
We  have  said  the  clost 
[he  period  for  striking  a 
Thus,  among  We 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


m 


The  same  Lfilgcr  may  continue  in  use  from  one  to  five  years,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
I  Imok  or  the  extent  of  tlio  transactions  of  tho  house.  On  opening  a  new  Ledger,  it  is  proper 
I  niace  in  succession  accounts  of  the  same  class  or  character :  thus — Stock  account  ought 
1 10  be  followed  by  that  of  the  Three  per  cent,  consols,  exchequer  bills  or  other  property  bc- 
I  kmsin?  to  the  house ;  and  if  the  business  be  with  the  West  Indies,  it  is  fit  that  accounts 
■ith  Jamaica  should  be  placed  near  those  with  Demerara,  Trinidad,  and  other  sugar 

Bakncing  the  Ledger. — ^I'his  important  operation  is  performed  by  adding  up  the  Debtor 

jjid  Creditor  side  of  every  account  in  the  Ledger,  ascertaining  the  difference  or  balance  in 

I  Mch  and  carrying  such  balance,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  the  Debtor  or  Creditor  column  in 

I  ihe  balance  sheet.    On  closing,  for  example,  a  few  of  the  preceding  Ledger  accounts,  we 

1  them  to  stand  thus : — 


Debtors. 


Creditors. 


Cash     -         - 
Jaino!  Allan  &  Co. 


£     t.   d. 

3,537  15    4 
408  10    0 


Simon  Frazer 
Freight  Account 


£  n.  d. 
780  5  0 
107    4  11 


And  90  on  with  every  account  except  Stock,  which,  having  no  entries  in  the  current  year, 
lis  put  in  the  balance  .sheet  exactly  as  it  was  in  the  beginning  of  the  year.  Including  Stock, 
I  the  total  at  the  Debtor  side  of  the  balance  sheet  ouglit  to  agree  exactly  with  the  total  at  the 
I  Creditor  side ;  and  if  it  do  not,  it  is  a  rule  in  all  well-regulated  counting-houses  to  follow  up 
I tlic  examination  pcrseveringly,  until  they  are  made  to  agree.  The  apparent  difference  may 
Inot exceed  a  few  shillings  or  a  few  pence ;  still  the  search  is  continued,  because  the  smallest 
Idiscrepancy  shows  the  existence  of  error,  and  to  an  extent  perhaps  greatly  beyond  the  fiac- 
■  lion  in  question.  It  often  happens,  indeed,  that,  as  the  examination  proceeds,  the  dilference 
luiidergoes  a  change  from  a  smaller  to  a  larger  amount,  and  without  increasing  the  difficulty 
I  of  discovering  the  error,  which  is  as  likely  to  have  occurred  in  the  case  of  a  large  as  of  a 
limallsam.  Differences,  when  in  round  sums,  such  as  10/.  100/.,  or  1,000/.,  generally  lie  in 
I llie addition;  fractional  sums  frequently  in  the  posting.  All  this,  however,  is  uncertain ;  for 
Itbe  error  or  errors  may  be  in  any  month  in  the  year,  and  in  any  one  of  the  thousand  entries 
lind  upwards  which  have  been  made  in  the  course  of  it.  Hence  the  necessity  of  examining 
llhe  whole;  and  young  book-keepers  are  often  obliged  to  pass  week  after  week  in  the  tedious 
lltbour  of  revising,  adding,  and  subtracting.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  sometimes  exam- 
Iplesof  the  balance  being  found  on  the  first  trial ;  hut  such  ca?es  are  rare,  and  occur  only  to 
Itarcful  and  experienced  book-keepers.  The  only  effectual  means  of  lessening  the  labour 
lind  perplexity  of  balancing  the  Ledger,  is  to  exercise  great  care  in  every  stage  of  the  book- 
Ikecping  process ;  as  well  in  making  the  additions  in  tho  Journal,  as  in  posting  from  the 
Ijournal  into  the  Ledger,  and  casting  up  the  Ledger  accounts ;  and,  lastly,  in  adding  up  the 
Ibalance  sheet,  which  is  generally  of  formidable  length. 

Accuracy  in  addition  is  one  of  the  main  requisites  in  a  clerk,  and  particularly  in  a  book- 
Ikeeper,   Of  the  extent  to  which  it  may  be  attained  by  continued  practice,  those  only  can 
Ijudge  who  have  experienced  it  themselves,  or  have  marked  the  ease  and  correctness  with 
which  clerks  in  banking-houses  perform  such  operations.     They  are  in  the  h-ibit  of  striking 
balance  which  comes  within  small  compass ;  but  a  merchant's  balance,  comprising 
ihe  transactions  of  a  year,  extends  commonly  over  a  number  of  folio  pages.     It  is  advisable, 
Iherefore,  to  divide  each  page  into  portions  of  ten  lines  each,  adding  such  portions  separately. 
Ifbis  lessens  the  risk  of  <>rror,  as  it  is  evidently  easier  to  add  five  or  six  such  portions  in  suc- 
mn,  than  to  do  at  once  a  whole  folio  containing  fitly  or  sixty  sums. 
Another  important  point  towards  agreeing  a  balance,  is  to  limit  carefully  the  number  of 
ledger  entries ;  in  other  words,  to  comprise  as  much  as  possible  in  those  aggregate  sums  in 
Ihe  Journal  which  are  posted  in  the  Ledger.    Thus,  in  the  case  of  the  monthly  entries  for 
,  whether  receivable  or  payable,  while  the  inner  column  of  the  Journal  contains  the 
kmountofcach  specific  bill — the  final  column,  that  which  U  carried  to  the  Ledger — should, 
Ind  generally  does,  comprise  a  number  of  bills  in  one  sum.     Entries  in  the  cash  book,  which 
generally  form  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  transactions  of  the  month,  are  carried  by  some 
wok-keepers  directly  from  the  cash  book  into  the  Ledger,  without  an  intermediate  arrange- 
ment in  the  Journal  form.     In  some  lines  of  business  this  plan  may  answer  ;  but  as  a  gene- 
1  rule  it  is  belter  to  take  the  trouble  of  journiilising  the  cash,  thereby  comprising  in  30  or 
)  Ledger  entries  the  transactions  of  the  month,  which,  when  posted  se[)arately,  would  ex- 
Red  100.    The  time  required  for  re-writing  or  rather  re-casiing  them,  will,  in  most  cases, 
!  amply  made  good,  by  exhibiting  the  cash  in  a  proper  form,  md  by  facilitating  tho  lm« 
»ice  of  the  Ledger  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

We  have  said  the  close  of  the  year,  because,  in  nine  mercantile  houses  out  often,  that  is 
|lie  period  for  striking  a  balance.     In  some  branches  of  trade,  however,  the  case  is  other- 
Thus,  among  West  India  merchants,  the  30lh  of  April  is  the  time  of  balancing, 


J 


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216 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


^if: 


becauie  at  that  Reason  the  sales  of  the  preceding  crop  are,  in  general,  completed,  and  tk 
of  the  current  year  not  yet  begun. 

Arrears  in  book-keeping  ought  to  be  most  carefully  >•  voided^-calctilated  as  they  areini 
engender  mistakes,  and  to  produce  loss  from  delay  in  adjusting  accounts.  The  practiced  I 
balancing  the  Ledger  every  six  months,  and  of  transmitting  as  often  accounts  current  to  tk 
correspondents  and  connections  of  merchants,  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  become  general.  If  ■ 
however,  hardly  practicable  in  cases  where,  as  too  often  happens  in  the  lesser  mercanii  I 
establishments,  the  book-keeper  is  charged  with  a  share  of  the  active  management.  Eienivl 
tion  from  interruption,  and  removal  from  the  bustle  of  current  business,  are  main  teqiisiu,! 
to  accuracy  and  despatch  in  accounts.  In  examining,,  or,  as  it  is  called,  collating  the  booli  I 
the  book-keeper  requires  not  only  a  retired  apartment,  but  the  assistance  of  a  clerk  1^1 
purpose  of  calling  tlicm  over.  A  similar  arrangement  for  another  purpose — womoinkl 
composing  the  Journal,  the  book-keeper  dictating  from  the  subsidiary  books  to  a  clerk  nliMi  I 
writing  forms  the  draught  or  rough  copy  of  the  Journal,  has  as  yet  been  seldom  ailopitj  I 
although,  when  properly  applied,  it  is  highly  conducive  both  to  accuracy  and  expedition.    I 

A  Ledger  must,  of  course,  have  an  index  ;  but  it  is  very  brief,  containing  merely  tlietiilal 
of  the  accounts  and  a  reference  to  the  page,  as  follows  :— 


Allan  &  Co.,  James     - 
Amelia,  sliip    - 


Folio 
3 
6 


Bniley  &.Co.,  James 
Bills  payable 


7 


The  Subsidiary  Books. — In  former  times,  when  business  in  this  country  wagconducttjl 
by  most  persons  on  a  very  limited  scale,  the  accounts  of  a  number  of  merchants,  or  rather  of  I 
those  dealers  whom  we  should  now  think  it  a  compliment  to  call  merchants,  were  often  keM  I 
on  a  plan  somewhat  like  that  at  present  followed  by  our  shopkeepers.  The  merchant  or  hii  I 
chief  clerk  kept  a  daily  record  of  transactions,  whether  sales,  purchases,  receipts,  or  piT.I 
raents,  in  a  diary,  which  was  called  a  Wustc-book,  from  the  rude  manner  in  whicii  tlit| 
entries  or  rather  notices  in  it  were  written,  Itoing  inserted,  one  by  one,  soon  after  the  tnoi.  I 
actions  in  question  took  place.  From  this  diary  the  Journal  and  Ledger  were  posted ;  uj  I 
liook-keeping  by  double  entry  being  in  tliose  days  understood  by  few,  one  person  frequenijl 
kept  the  books  of  several  merchants,  passing  one  or  two  days  in  Uie  week,  at  the  house  of  I 
each,  and  reducing  these  rough  materials  into  the  form  of  regular  entries.  Inproresjofi 
time,  as  transactions  multipUed  and  mercantile  business  took  a  wider  range,  separate  boob  I 
were  more  generally  required  for  particular  departments,  such  as  a  bill  book  for  all  biiii of  I 
exchange,  and  a  cash  book  for  all  ready  money  transactions.  This  had  long  been  the  cue  I 
in  the  large  mercantile  towns  of  Italy  and  Holland;  and  above  a  century  ago  it  became  1 1 
general  practice  in  London  and  Bristol,  which  were  then  the  only  ])laces  of  ex  tensive  bii»  I 
nessin  England.  But  in  English,  as  in  foreign  counting-houses,  the  bill  book  andevcnthil 
cash  book  were  long  considered  as  little  more  than  memoranda  of  details ;  not  as  books  of  I 
authority,  or  as  lit  documents  for  Journal  entries:  for  that  purpose  the  diary  only  nasuwdl 
In  time,  however,  the  mode  of  keeping  these  subsidiary  books  improved,  and  merchiulil 
Iiecame  aware  that,  when  cash  or  bill  transactions  were  properly  entered  in  them,  the  Jon- [ 
nal  might  be  posted  from  them  as  well  as  from  the  diary.  I 

Similar  observations  are  applicable  to  the  other  subsidiary  books,  viz.  an  invoice  book  for  I 
goods  shipped,  and  an  account  of  sales  book  for  goods  received  and  sold.  When  from  thi  I 
gradual  improvement  in  the  management  of  counting-houses  these  books  wcrekeptiriil 
manner  to  supply  all  that  was  wanted  for  Journal  entries,  the  use  of  the  diary  wasdispeiiWl 
with  for  such  entries  also.  And  at  lost  it  was  found,  that  in  all  well-regulated  counlin^  I 
houses  the  books  kept  for  separate  departments  of  the  business  were  sufticient  fortheml 
position  of  the  Journal,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  transactions  out  of  the  regular  courxi I 
which  might  be  easily  noticed  in  a  supplementary  book  called  a  Petty  .Tuunial,  orabookdl 
occasional  entries.  The  consequence  was,  that  the  diary  or  waste  book,  formerly  thegroiiDJ'| 
work  of  the  Journal  and  Ledger,  became  excluded  from  every  well-regulated  counting-houal 
This  has  long  been  the  case,  and  the  name  of  waste  hook  would  have  been  furgotten, mil 
it  not  found  in  the  printed  treatises  on  book-keeping  which  have  appeared  from  time  toiimi;! 
•nd  have  been  generally  composed  by  teachers  in  schools  or  academies,  who,  unacquainril 
with  the  actual  practice  of  merchants,  were  content  to  copy  and  reprint  what  the;  Ul 
Uid  down  in  old  systems  of  book-keeping.  ■  .  ^ 

The  subsidiary  books  required  in  a  counting-house  are,  the  Cash  book ; 

Book  of  Acceptances  of  Uie  house,  or  Bills  PayaMe; 

Book  of  Bills  Receivable,  or  bills  on  other  merchants  which  are  or  have  been  in  posseisiotj 
of  the  house. 

Bought  book,  or  book  for  bills  of  parcels ;  '       ,      , 

Invoice  book,  or  register  of  goods  sold  or  exported ; 

Account  of  Sales  book  ; 

Insurance  Policy  book,  containing  copies  of  all  policies  of  insurance ; 

Pettjy  Journal,  or  book  for  such  occasional  entries  as  do  not  belong  to  anyofltiil 
preceding. 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


I  ire  the  authorities  from  which  it  is  now  customary,  in  evi  y  well-regulated  house, 

I    MmDOW  the  Journal.    Their  number  indicates  a  repartition  or  st  ^division,  to  a  consider* 

\.  j^t,  of  counling-house  work,  and  nowhere  is  such  repartition  productive  of  greater 

i  ntaie.    How  much  better  is  it  to  enter  all  bills  receivable  in  one  book,  all  bills  payable 

inother,  and  all  cash  transactions  in  a  third,  than  in  any  way  to  blend  these  very  distinct 

I   tries !    1'he  c^^t  of  this  subdivision  is  to  simplify  the  Journal  entries  in  a  manner  highly 

"'nducive  to  accuracy  and  despatch ;  and  to  present  such  means  of  checking  or  examining 

I  ta  that  many  transactions  may  be  stated,  and  an  account  extended  over  a  number  of 

jjliM,  without  a  single  error. 

The  uw  of  most  of  the  subsidiary  books  is  sufficiently  pointed  out  by  their  names ;  but  it 
I  HUT  be  well  to  add  a  few  remarks  on  the  "  Bought  book,"  or  receptacle  for  the  accounts  of 
I  eooJs  purchased.  A  bill  of  parcels  is  the  name  given  to  the  account  of  good  j  supplied  by  a 
imuiufactarer,  tradesman,  or  dealer,  to  a  merchant  Such  accounts  soon  become  numerous, 
I  J  jti,  evidently  of  consequence  to  adopt  the  best  method  of  keeping  them.  In  former 
I  times  it  was  the  practice  to  fold  them  up  in  a  uniform  size,  and  after  writing  on  the  back  the 
lnamesoftlie  respective  furnishers,  to  put  them  away  in  bundles.  But  wherever  the  pur- 
I  chases  of  a  merchant  are  extensive,  and  the  bills  of  parcels  numerous,  the  better  mode,  after 
|imn<nng  them  alphabetically,  is  to  paste  them  in  a  large  book,  generally  a  folio,  made  of 
liilaeor  sugar-loaf  paper :  this  book  to  have  its  pages  numbered,  and  to  have  an  alphabetical 
■index.  Any  single  bill  of  parcels  may  thus  be  referred  to  with  the  same  ease  as  we  turn  to 
lu  account  in  a  ledger ;  and  one  of  these  folios  may  be  made  to  hold  a  very  great  quantity 
lof  bills  of  parcels ;  as  many  as  would  form  a  number  of  large  bundles  when  tied  up  on  the 
Iplin  of  former  times. 

Book  of  Bills  Payable. — ^The  notice,  or,  as  it  is  termed,  advice  of  bills  payable  after  sight, 
^nerelly  comes  to  hand  before  the  bills  themselves.  As  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  latter 
K  uncertain,  the  better  plan  is  not  to  enter  them  from  the  advice  among  the  other  bills  pay* 
ble,  but  to  appropriate  a  space  of  ten  or  twelve  pages  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  book 
|of  bills  payable,  and  to  insert  there  the  substance  of  the  advice  received. 
There  are  a  few  books  in  every  counting-house  which  do  not  form  part  of  the  vouchers 
rmaterialifor  the  Journal;  viz.,  the  Account  Current  book,  containing  duplicates  of  tho 
»antg  furnished  by  the  house  to  their  different  correspondents  and  connections ; 
The  Letter-book,  containing  copies  of  all  letters  written  to  the  correspondents  or  conneo 
9  of  the  house ; 

Tha  Petty  Cash  book,  or  account  of  petty  disbursements,  the  sum  of  which  is  entere<l 
t  a  month  in  the  cash  book. 
The  Order  book,  containing  copies  of  all  orders  received ; 

The  Debenture  book,  or  register  of  drawbacks  payable  by  the  custom-house.        ''       ' 
It  was  formerly  a  practice  in  some  houses  for  the  book-keeper  to  go  over  the  letter  book 
It  the  end  of  each  month,  that  he  might  take  note  of  any  entries  not  supplied  by  the  subsi- 
/  books.    This,  however,  is  now  unnecessary ;  these  books,  when  carefully  kept,  con* 
ifling,  in  one  shape  or  other,  every  transaction  of  the  house. 

The  Principle  of  Double  Entry. — From  these  explanations  of  the  practice  of  book-keep- 
ki  ve  must  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  a  topic  of  more  intricacy — the  origin  of  the 
lent  system,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  was  ado(ited.  To  record  the  transactions  of  a 
lerchant  in  a  Journal  or  day  book  was  an  obvious  arrangement,  and  to  keep  a  Ledger 
r  systematic  register  of  the  contents  of  the  Journal  was  a  natural  result  of  his  busi- 
les,  particularly  when  conducted  on  credit.  Such,  in  a  rude  form,  are  the  books  of  our 
ikeepers,  who  enter  their  sales  and  purchases  in  a  day  book,  and  in  their  Ledger  carry 
e  former  to  the  Dr.  of  their  customers,  the  latter  to  the  Gr.  of  the  wholesale  dealers  who 
JDpply  them  with  goods.  By  making  at  the  end  of  the  year  a  list  of  the  sums  due  to  him 
f  bis  customers,  and  of  those  due  by  him  to  wholesale  dealers,  a  shopkeeper  may,  after 
Ming  to  the  former  the  value  of  his  stock  on  hand,  make  out  an  approximative  statement 
f  his  debts  and  assets.  Now,  that  which  in  this  manner  is  done  indirectly  and  imperfectly, 
k  Is  the  object  of  double  entry  to  do  with  method  and  certainty.  The  shopkeeper  makes 
ntalist  of  debtors  on  one  side  and  to  creditors  on  the  other,  but  he  cannot  make  them 
■lance,  because  his  entries  have  been  single ;  that  is,  they  have  had  no  counterpart  On 
Biking  a  purcha^  of  cottons  from  Messrs,  Peel  of  Manchester,  or  of  woollens  from  Messrs. 
lott  of  Leeds,  he  merely  enters  the  amount  of  their  credit  but  he  makes  no  one  Dr.  to  them, 
'ause  the  goods  are  not  sold ;  and  to  introduce  an  imaginary  account  would  be  too  great  a 
pncnicnt  fur  a  plain,  practical  man.  But  a  person  accustomed  to  double  entry  would, 
lithout  any  eftbrt  of  thought,  make  "  Printed  Calicoes"  Dr.  to  Messrs.  Peel,  and  "  Ker- 
jtymeres"  Dr.  to  Messrs.  Gott,  for  the  respective  amounts ;  after  which,  as  the  sales 
jroceeJed,  he  would  make  the  buyers  Drs.  to  these  accounts  for  the  amount  of  their 
irchases. 

We  thus  perceive  that  the  intricacy  in  the  application  of  double  entry  was  not  with  the 
kr^onal  so  much  as  with  the  nominal  accounts.  Let  us  refer  to  the  country  where  houk 
I  Vol.  I.-T  88 


218 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


I     H 


keeping  ?  f.s  first  studied,  and  take  as  an  example  the  case  of  Dona,  a  merchant  in  Geon 
shipping,  in  a  former  age,  silk,  of  the  value  of  200/.,  bought  from  Flori,  in  Piedmont.^ 
Henderson  &.  Co.,  silk  manufacturers,  in  England,  on  the  terms  of  charging,  notanadili. 
tional  price,  but  a  commission  of  5  per  cent  with  interest  until  reimbursed  his  advance,  in 
entering  the  transaction,  Doria's  book-keeper  would,  as  a  matter  of  course,  make  Hcndersou 
debtors  to  Flori  200/.  for  the  cost  of  the  silk ;  but  he  might  not  so  readily  find  a  creditor 
for  the  \0L  commission,  or  the  7/.  interest  eventually  due  on  the  advance.  The  cusIoq  m 
this  primitive  era  of  book-keeping  probably  was,  to  introduce  tlie  firm  of  the  house  into  dieit 
books,  making  Hendersons  debtors  to  Doria,  for  the  10/.  and  7/.;  but  as  the  practice  of  took. 
keeping  improved,  it  was  found  preferable  to  avoid  inserting,  on  any  occasion,  the  firmof 
the  house,  and  to  substitute  nominal  accounts,  such  as,  commission,  interust,  bills  payabk 
bills  receivable.  These,  attention  and  practice  rendered  in  time  familiar  to  the  book-keeper 
who  learned  to  open  his  Journal  at  the  beginning  of  a  year  by  making  the  parties  who  owed 
balances  to  the  house  debtors,  not  to  the  firm  by  name,  but  to  Stock ;  and  those  to  nhoot 
the  house  was  indebted,  crtuitors  by  Stock.  As  the  transactions  of  the  year  proceeded  hg 
made  those  to  whom  money  was  paid  debtors,  not  to  the  firm  of  the  house,  but  to  Cash' 
and  those  ibr  whose  account  bills  were  accepted  debtors  to  Bills  payable;  so  that  book! 
keeping  by  double  entry  assumed  its  present  form  gradually  and  almost  imperceptiblj. 

What  are  the  advantages  of  this  method  compared  to  that  of  single  entry  1  First,  i*  sup.  I 
plies  a  test  of  accuracy,  inasmuch  as,  the  entries  on  the  debtor  side  of  the  Ledger  being  equal 
to  those  on  the  creditor  side,  their  respective  totals  ought,  as  a  matter  of  course,  to  balance, 
Ailer  going  through  this  proof,  personal  accounts  of  whatever  length  may  be  settled  with 
confidence ;  while  in  a  general  account,  such  as  kerseymeres  or  printed  calicoes,  the  valiu 
sold  and  the  value  remaining  on  hand  may  be  ascertained  by  merely  balancing  the  account 
in  the  Ledger,  without  the  repeated  references  to  the  sales  book  that  would  otherwise  b« 
required.  Without  double  entry,  a  dealer  could  hardly  estimate  his  property  unless  he  took 
stock ;  but  with  it  an  extraction  of  the  Ledger  balances  fulfils  that  object,  and  stock-taking, 
however  proper  as  a  test  of  the  honesty  of  servants,  becomes  quite  unnecessary  as  a  menu 
of  calculation.  In  short,  in  regard  to  any  person  in  trade,  whether  merchant,  dealer,  ot 
manufacturer,  double  entry  forms  the  connecting  link  of  his  accounts,  and  affords  a  read? 
solution  of  any  inquiry  as  to  the  appropriation,  increase,  or  diminution  of  his  capital,        I 

This  advantage  may  fortunately  be  obtained  without  any  great  sacrifice  of  time  or  labour.  I 
Of  the  books  of  dealers,  manufacturers,  and  retailers,  nine  parts  in  ten  may  continue  to  b«  I 
kept  by  single  entry  ;  for  the  addition  of  a  few  pages  of  double  entry  in  the  form  of  asuin- 1 
mary,  at  the  end  of  the  month  or  quarter,  will  be  sufficient  to  exhibit  the  result  of  agtettl 
extent  of  transactions.  | 

Nominal  Accounts. — Of  these  our  limits  permit  us  to  notice  only  two ;  Profit  anillosi  I 
and  Merchandise.  The  former  contains  on  the  creditor  side  all  the  entries  of  commission  I 
earned,  and  gains  obtained  on  particular  adventures ;  while  the  debtor  side  exhibits  the  lossa  | 
incurred,  whether  by  bad  debts  or  by  unsuccessful  purchases.  Every  house  keeping  regi 
books  must  have  a  profit  and  loss  account,  but  a  merchandise  account  is  altogether  optioiiil  I 
Thoi^e  who  have  such  a  head  in  their  Ledger  are  accustomed  to  make  it  Dr.  to  the  deaienorl 
furnishers  from  whom  they  make  purchases,  and  to  credit  it  in  return  by  the  correspoodenli  I 
or  connections  to  whom  they  make  sales.  In  many  houses,  however,  there  is  no  suck  I 
intermediate  account;  the  parties  to  whom  the  goods  are  sent  being  made  Drs.  at  once  to  I 
the  furnishers  of  the  goods,  as  in  the  case  of  the  shipment  to  Jamaica  stated  in  our  precediii|| 
pages. 

A  merchant,  before  estimating  his  profits,  ought  to  charge  interest  on  each  head  of  I 
investment  His  clear  profit  cannot  be  ascertained  without  it ;  and  the  practice  of  chtr^  I 
ing  it,  is  a  lesson  to  him  to  hold  no  property  that  does  not  afford,  at  least,  interest  oa  hal 
advances.  I 

Mercantile  books  and  accounts  must  be  kept  in  the  money  of  the  country  in  which  the  I 
partners  reside.  A  house  in  Rotterdam  composed  of  English  partners  necessarily  keep  tbeii  I 
accounts  in  Dutch  money,  although  their  transactions  may  be  chiefly  with  England.  Fur-f 
ther,  books,  it  is  obvious,  can  be  kept  in  only  one  kind  of  money ;  and  when  a  merchant  ill 
England,  receives  from  a  distant  country,  accounts  which  cannot  at  the  time  be  tnlerediil 
sterling  for  want  of  a  fixed  exchange,  these  accounts  should  be  noted  in  a  separate  book,] 
until,  the  exchange  being  ascertained,  they  can  be  entered  in  the  Journal  in  eterling. 

A  book-keeper  will  do  well  to  avoid  all  such  puzzling  distinctions,  as  "J.  Johnson,  mj  I 
account  witli  him ;"  and  "  J.  Johnson,  his  account  proper ;"  on  the  plain  ground  that  eveiy  I 
account  in  the  Ledger  ought  to  be  the  general  eu;count  of  the  person  whose  name  it  bean,  I 

Errors  excepted, — This  expression  is  merely  a  proviso,  that  if  any  mistakes  be  discoveidl 
in  the  account  in  question,  they  shall  be  open  to  correction.  I 

Accounts  Current. — An  account  current  generally  contains  all  the  transactions  of  ibi I 
liouse  with  one  of  its  correspondents  during  a  given  time,  generally  six  or  twelve  momk I 
Tbo  following  (■  an  example  :— 


llleiin.  J^MEs  Allan  tc 


Utdot,  3Ut  of  Decem< 


lllr.  Jones's  book  is  entitlei 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


210 


tmn- 

James  Allah  k.  Co. 

Jamaica,  in  Account  Current  with  Henry  Babclav  &  Co.,  Londoa. 

■ — 

n»« 

niyi 

Dr«. 

to  31 
Dec. 

iDtereil. 

Cri. 

to  31 

Uec. 

loleiML 

1531. 
neSO 

To  balance  of  lait 

£    1.   d. 

1831. 
Aug.  10 

By    proceeds 

£ 

•.   d. 

account     - 

867  10    0 

184 

1,595 

of  20  tierces 

iljl 

To  your  draft  to  J. 
Smith,  due  Aug.13. 

colTcB      ^?■ 

138    0    0 

140 

179 

Louisa,  due 

iji 

To  invoice  of  goods 

Sept.  10. 

410 

0    0 

12 

450 

^    Amelia,     due 

By  your   re- 

Oct. 9.       -        - 

753    0    0 

83 

624 

mittance  on 

)cl.lO 

To  cash  paid  J.  Har- 

J.    Austin, 

vey  on  your   ac- 
count 

due  Oct.  10. 

350 

0    0 

83 

28', 

75  10    0 

82 

63 

Sept.  15 

By    proceeds 

Toinsurance  on  pro- 

of 17  hhds. 

duce    Bliipped    by 

sugar,      ^ 

you  in  the   .^nn, 
Nolies,  £1,400,  at 

Hercules, 

due  Oct.  15. 

238 

0    0 

77 

173 

Sguinens  per  cent. 

Sept.  20 

By  cash   re- 

£29   8    0 

ceived  ft-oni 

Policy     3  10    P 

33  18    0 

J.  Johnson 
on  your  ac- 
count    - 

tt.3l 

Poitage  and    petty 

260 

0    0 

102 

265 

charges  during  this 

Dec.  31 

Balance  of  in- 

half year  - 

1  15    0 

terest  car- 

To commission,  i  ^ 

ried  to  Dr. 

- 

— 

1,270 

cept.  on  £203  paid, 

Balunceofac- 

Do.  on  £860  re- 

count car- 

ceived on  your  ac- 

ried to  your 

count 

4   6    0 

Dr.  in  new 

To  balance  of  inte- 

account 

631 

8    7 

rest  this  half  year. 

1,276  divided  by  73, 

il      -       -       - 

17    0   7 

?ted. 

; 

b 

1,879    8    7 

3,160 

7^879 

8    7 

2,460 

1           1 
Errora  excei 

1 

^nJiiii,  3Ut  of  Deember, 

1831. 

Hen 

BY  Barclay  &  Co. 

We  have  here  on  the  Dr.  side  all  the  payments  made  or  responsibilitieB  incurred  for  the 
nespondents  in  question,  and  on  the  Cr.  side  the  diiTcrent  receipts  on  their  account.  The 
ktuest  for  the  half  year,  the  commission  on  receipts  and  payments,  the  postug^e  and  petty 
barges,  being  then  added,  the  account  may  be  closed  and  the  balance  carried  to  next  year, 
topiesofaccounts  current  ought  to  be  sent  off  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  day  to  which 
fey  ire  brought  down ;  and  with  that  view  they  ought  to  be  written  out  from  the  Ledger 
tforethe  close  of  the  year  or  half  year,  particularly  as  the  entries  for  interest  and  commis* 
ton  can  be  made  only  afler  they  are  written  ouu  The  whole  ought  then  to  be  copied  into 
e  account  current  book. 

I  Bat  in  some  counting-houses  the  account  current  book,  instead  of  being  copied  from  the 

flger  and  Journal,  is  posted,  like  the  latter,  from  the  bill  book,  the  cash  book,  the  invoice 

Mk,  and  the  account  of  sales  book.    It  is  then  considered  a  check  on  the  Journal  and 

;er;  and  from  the  comparative  ease  with  which  it  is  posted,  may  be  completed  and 

e  use  of  before  the  latter  are  fully  brought  up,    This  is  certainly  an  advantage  in  houses 

Iheie,  from  pressure  on  the  book-keeper,  the  .lournal  and  Ledger  are  in  arrear,  but  such 

'  t  never  to  be  the  case  for  any  length  of  time ;  while  as  to  the  former  point — that  of 

kming  a  check  on  the  Journal  and  Ledger — the  fact  is,  that  these  books,  from  the  mode  in 

Ihichthcy  are  kept,  are  much  more  likely  to  be  correct  than  the  account  current  book. 

1  Prkkd  Works  on  Book-keeping, — To  the  publication.s  of  old  date  by  teachers  have  suc- 

iiicdiin  the  present  age,  several  treatises  on  book-keeping  by  accountants.  Some  of  these 

f  of  very  limited  use,  being  directed  more  to  recommend  a  favourite  practice  of  the  author 

I  some  particular  branch  of  book-keeping,  than  to  convey  a  comprchen^iva  view  ofitha 

■item.   The  only  works  on  the  subject  entitled  to  that  character  are  two  :  one  by  the  late 

Tenjamin  Booth,  published  above  thirty  years  ago ;  the  other  by  Mr,  Jones,  an  accountant 

kliOnJon,  printed  so  lately  as  the  year  1831.     Booth  was  a  man  of  ability,  who  had  expe- 

fm  both  as  a  merchant  and  a  book-keeper,  having  passed  one  part  of  his  hfe  in  London, 

e  other  in  New  York.     The  reader  of  his  work  findfi  a  great  deal  of  information  in  short 

Impass,  without  being  perplexed  either  by  superfluous  detail  or  by  fanciful  theory.* 

I  The  form  of  Mr.  Booth's  Journal  and  Ledger  is  similar  to  what  we  have  given  in  the 

Keding  pages,  and  to  the  practice  of  our  merchants  for  more  than  a  century :  it  was  by 

■•Tlietllio  of  the  book  is  "  A  Complete  System  of  Book-keepini(,  by  Benjamin  Booth."    London, 
^.  ininlio.    Printed  for  OroBvenor  and  Chater,  and  for  the  late  J.  Johnson,  St.  Paul's  Church- 

llli.  Jonei'ibook  ia  entitled  "  Tbe  Science  of  Book-keeping  exemplified."    4to.  London,  1831.  4i.  U. 


<'f-'\ 


!*!S 


!  1 


Hi 


V 

I 


I  11 


H 
n 


1 


«''! 


220 


BOOTS—BORDEAUX. 


ill- 


It    !! 


much  the  best  work  on  book-keoping,  until  Mr.  Jone»  devised  sevenil  iniprovementiciln.1 
lated  to  lessen  the  risk  of  error  in  Inuh  Journal  and  Ledger.  One  of  these  improvcmentiJ 
the  use  of  two  columns  for  figures  in  each  page  of  the  Journal,  one  for  the  Dn.,  the  otfuil 
fortheCrs. :  by  inserting  each  sum  twice,  the  hook-keeper  obtains  the  means  of  nrov|g,| 
the  Journal  additions  page  by  page.  The  posting  from  the  Journal  to  the  Iiedger  la  iu| 
simplified  and  rendered  less  subject  to  error  by  the  use  of  these  columns.  In  regard  toilnl 
great  task  of  balancing  the  Ledger,  Mr.  Jones's  plan  is  to  do  it  quarter  by  quarter,  makinil 
use  of  a  separate  book,  called  a  baiance  book,  in  which  are  inserted  the  totals  on  each  ukdl 
tlie  Ledger  accounts  at  the  end  of  three  months.  By  these  means,  the  agreement  if  iln I 
general  balance  is  made  a  matter  of  certainty  after  completing  the  additions.  Other  parti  of  I 
Mr.  Jones's  book,  viz.  his  formulae  for  books  on  the  single  entry  plan,  and  for  the  accouiiiil 
of  bankers,  contain  suggestions  of  evident  utility.  His  volume  consists  of  two  parti;  ih|l 
printed  part  (ISO  pp.)  containing  the  treatise,  with  directions;  and  the  lithographed  pml 
(140  pp.)  giving  copious  examples  m  two  seta  of  books,  one  kept  by  single,  the  other bi  I 
double  entry.  If,  on  a  reimpression,  the  author  were  to  divide  the  work,  and  to  sell  the  sjo.  I 
gle  entry  part  separately  from  the  double  entry,  the  price  of  each  might  be  moderate,  ami  J 
great  service  would  be  rendered  to  the  mercantile  public.  I 

BOOTS  ANn  SHOES,  the  external  covering  for  the  legs  and  feet,  too  wclllnomitiil 
require  any  description. — (For  an  account  of  the  value  of  the  boots  and  shoes  annuadypnyl 
duced  in  Great  Britain,  see  Lbathbd.)  I 

BORAX,  on  TINCAL  (Arab.  Bumk .-  Pers.  Tunkar),  one  of  the  salts  of  soda.  Tnj 
salt  is  obtained  in  a  crystallificd  state  from  the  bottom  of  certain  lakes  in  Thibet  It  is  fognjl 
dissolved  in  many  springs  in  Persia,  and  may  be  procured  of  a  superior  quality  in  Cbini,  I 
It  is  also  said  to  be  found  in  Saxony  and  South  America ;  but  it  is  more  abundant  in  Thiht I 
than  any  where  else.  When  dug  up  it  is  in  an  impure  state,  being  enveloped  in  a  kindof  I 
fatty  matter.  It  is  then  denominated  tincal ;  and  it  is  not  till  it  has  lieen  purified  in  Euro|«  I 
that  it  takes  the  name  of  borax.  The  process  followed  in  its  purification  was  fiir«|iiii|| 
time  known  only  to  the  Venetians  and  Hollanders.  Borax  is  white,  transparent,  nihet  I 
greasy  in  its  fracture,  ita  taste  is  styptic,  and  it  converts  syrup  of  violets  to  a  green.  ItKii| 
(lily  dissolves  in  hot  water,  and  swells  and  bubbles  in  the  fire.  It  is  of  great  use  as  a  fiml 
for  metals. — {Thomson's  Chemistry,  Vre^s  Dictionary,  ^c.) 

the  bnrax  entered  for  liome  consumption  amniinled,  at  an  average  of  tlie  3  years  endiniwIthlL. 
to  l'l,SOtf  lbs.  a  year;  the  total  Imports  diirinK  the  3  years  ending  with  163S  having  been  170,39illiiil 
year.  Previously  to  1833,  it  was  subject,  refined,  to  a  duty  of  S(w.,  and  unreflnetl,  to  a  dutyorili.| 
a  cwt.  In  1833,  hnwevvr,  these  duties  wero  reduced,  the  furnicr  to  10«.,  and  the  latter  tn  44.ini,| 
Their  produce  in  that  year  amounted  to  883{.  lis.  Id.  Borax  is  worth.  In  bond,  unrefined,  3J.  15<.  loKj  I 
roflned,  il.  lOt.  to  U.  a  cwt. 

BORDEAUX,  a  large  and  opulent  commercial  city  of  France,  situated  on  the  Garotntl 
about  76  miles  from  iU  mouth,  in  lat  44"  50 J'  N.,  long.  0°  .34'  W.  Population  UO.Otl 
The  commerce  of  Bordeaux  is  very  extensive.  The  Garonne  is  a  noble  river,  with  liepdi  I 
of  water  sufficient  to  enable  large  ships  to  come  up  to  the  city,  laying  open,  in  conjunciiMJ 
with  the  Dordognc  and  their  tributary  streams,  a  large  extent  of  country.  The  comment  I 
of  Bordeaux  is  greatly  promoted  by  the  famous  canal  of  Languedoc,  which  communicatti  I 
with  the  Mediterranean.  By  its  means  Bordeaux  is  enabled  to  furnish  the  south  of  Fran  I 
with  colonial  products  at  nearly  as  cheap  a  rate  as  Marseilles.  Wines,  brandies,  and  fniili  I 
are  the  staple  articles  of  export ;  but  the  merchants  apply  themselves  more  parti?uIarlyloilii| 
wine  trade.  Most  part  of  their  other  business  is  confined  to  dealing  upon  commit,  ion;  btt I 
this  they  conduct  almost  invariably  on  tlieir  own  accoimt.  The  reason  they  assign  forlliiil 
is,  that  the  difficulties  attending  the  purchase,  racking,  fining,  and  proper  care  of  wines,  k  I 
ha  to  render  them  fit  for  exportation,  are  so  very  great,  as  to  make  it  almost  impossibletil 
conduct  the  business  on  any  thing  like  the  ordinary  terms  so  as  to  satisfy  their  emplojni  I 
Colonial  products,  cotton,  &c.  form  the  principal  articles  of  importation. 

Money  la  the  same  at  Bordeaux  as  In  other  pnrts  of  France.  All  accounts  are  kept  in  francs,  iheiv  I 
of  exchange  being  33  fr.  20  cent,  the  pound  sterling. — (Sec  Exchanoe.)  .    I 

H'eigliU  and  Measurer. — With  the  exception  of  wines  and  brandies,  the  new  or  decimal  pyslemisol  I 
general  application  in  Bordeau.v,  both  in  wholesale  and  retail  operations.— (See  Weiouti.  andMU'  [ 

SURE8.) 

Wine  is  still  sold  by  the  tun  of  4  hogsheads.    The  hogshead  contains  SO  veltes. 

Brandy  by  the  50  veltes. 

Spirits  of  wine  by  the  velfe. 

The  velle  is  an  obi  measure  of  which  50  are  equal  to  3'8  hectolitres. 

Oil  is  sold  by  weight  (per. "iOkilog.)     .lO       —  81}  iniperiul  gallons. 

Krirance  to  the  iJieer.— This  lies  between  Pointde  laCoubreon  the  north,  and  Point deGraveotlli  I 
south,  bearing  from  each  other  nearly  S.  U.  and  N.  W.,  distant  about  4  leagues.  There  arc  ligbuoi  I 
both  these  points,  but  neither  of  them  is  elevated  to  any  great  height  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Ts  I 
niiddle  part  of  the  entrance  to  the  river  is  encumbered  with  extensive  sand  banks  and  rocki.  Oi  I 
one  of  the  hitter,  in  lat.  45°  351' N.,  long.  1°  10'  W.,  stands  the  Tour  de  Corrtouan,  one  of  Ihcnwl 
celebrated  ll|iht-hous°B  in  Europe.  It  wos  erected  in  1610 ;  but  has  been  materially  imprnvfd  s»» 
It  is  206  feet  high.  The  light,  which  is  revolving,  exhibits  in  succession  a  brilliant  light,  af<'i'lj|eli|»i  I 
and  an  eclipse,  the  changes  f<  owing  each  other  every  half  minute.  It  may  be  distinguished  aim  I 
distance  of  8  or  9  leagues.  The  point  dc  la  Coiibre  is  2J  leagues  N.  i  W.,  and  the  Point  di"  Gran^  I 
l«4(ue  S.  E.  by  E.  i  £.,  from  the  Tour  de  L'ordouan.    There  are  two  main  channels  for  enteiugis  I 


V-'i 


BORDEAUX. 


S9t 


_,_lh«  P«M«  *'  Nord,  iind  the  Pnsic  ile  Orave.  The  former  lies  hetwoen  the  north  nlde  of  the 
UTrinil tlm  binkt  in  the  miildlfl,  about  1^  mile  aouth  from  the  Point  dn  la  Coiilire ;  the  wntcr,  whera 
taliiiircit  being  about  4^  fathom*.    The  coiirin  hence  in  nearly  H.  E.  i  K.    The  other  principal  pai- 

£!l^lieiween  the  Tour  de  Cordouan  and  the  Point  de  tirave,  nearly  in  a  N.  N.  E.  and  8.  H.  W. 

■nviiln  In  aoioe  placet  It  hnM  not  more  than  13  feel  water  i  and  !■  in  ail  respects  very  inferior  to 
Ar  Pi»>xi?«>  which  ia  nlwaya  to  he  preferred,  especially  with  a  large  ihip.  The  tides,  both  ebb 
Id lood  itt  through  the  chnnneis  with  Rreat  rapidity,  so  that  a  good  deni  of  caution  is  re(|uired  on 
utiiithetiver;  but  having  once  entered,  there  is  no  further  danger,    i^pring  tides  rise  from  14  to 

ii{Lt,andnesps  frnmT  t(i8;  hut  ttiey  depend  a  good  deal  on  the  direction  of  the  wind.    All  vei> 

kli  eictpt  French  cnaateri  under  80  tons  burden,  and  small  craft  rnim  the  north  of  8paln,  entering 
ibironne  are  obliged  to  take  a  pilot  on  board  ni»  soon  as  one  offers  hiuiself.    In  sununer,  pilots  are 

aiuiifreaiiently  met  with  30  or  40  miles  west  of  the  Tour  de  Cordouan ;  Itut  in  winter  they  HPldoin 

ligliire  Ar  beyond  the  hanks,  and  sometiines  cannot  proceed  even  thus  far.— (See  Laurit'*  Plan  of 

1  In '!  BiitAV,  with  the  Sailing  Directiniu,  •(•c.) 

l^Uiniif.—ln  1831,  the  arrlvols  at  Bordeaux  ware- 
French  flrom  French  cnionlei     • 

—  foreign  countriei   - 

—  fishery        .  .  - 

—  eoatting  trade 
Foreign  abipe  f^om  foreign  countriei     • 

Total 


Shipe. 
l03 

Tons. 

«,7in 

140 

87,226 

934 

9,1M 

3,341 

108,370 

114 

]e,4S3 

.    8,938 


18i,036 


Ujtilsiiibtrstioa  dei  Douantt,  p.  343.)    It  is  stated  in  the  Ruumi  Annuel,  published  at  Bordeaux,  tha 
Ytlie  114  foreign  sliips  entering  the  port  In  1831,  SO  were  Kngllsh.    In  1833,  there  were  ninety-five 

Tinli  from  England ;  and  there  was  also  a  considerable  Increase  in  the  arrival!  IVom  the  north. 

« entire  produce  of  the  customs  dutiei  at  Bordeaux  in  1S31,  was  10,41.%6tt3  francs. 

<  Cikirrw.— Account  of  Fort  Charges,  Brokerage,  and  other  public  Disbursements,  payable  in 
[  Bordeaux  on  accoitnt  of  a  French  or  English  Vessel  of  300  Tons  Burden,  from  a  Port  of  r'ngland  to 
I  Boideaux,  or  from  Bordeaut  to  a  Port  of  England,  or  from  or  to  any  other  British  Possession  In 

I  Europe. 


Httun  et  Cbuict. 


limn  ud  pilo)i«<  timn  m  to  Bonteanz,  Ibr  i  tomI  dnwiog  14  FmMh 
I  iiinurOSaS'Viii.BritUi)  .  .^         .  .  .  . 

miamtaim     .---■•••. 
llfcililiaKlopuiiimorlpf  hor         ...... 

lhchi){TCMliilCuitoin.|wiue,aiidl>n>li0ngatnw«nfc         .  .  . 

lidmUnmk  Ibr  fnlglit  in)  TUHniim,  8  fr.  (4>.  lOd.)  to  steh  imnptiwr 
|l^u(emoao7ioduvl|ationdunoQ300toiia  .  .         .  • 

lTiitiszofinnkelauuo«,lurl)ouroMiler,  Ac  .  .  ,  . 

llhmMudMfhtliit   ...  .  .         .  . 

lliDKUIiaiaud<»il,irr,I5c.|)<rt<)ii(t>.)  .  .  .  .         . 

IConlVbill.  Vntlb«(Ea(liihvcnib),  IT(r.25c.(lSi.)    . 
iNobfernnBoidettixtoiai     ....... 

Ikte^couiaioi  milwtnli,  can  and  iltendance  for  eipedilini  the  fend 
*    liilallul,We.|»rlon(M.),Mv  liOfr.  atinoil(4l.  I6f.)        ) 

Loidcd  Mr  cliarter  or  on  owiwr^  account,  I  fr.  (lOtf.)  per  ton  Vsvaitn 
d  In  tr'-"  "-*"-"- *-" — '—  ' 


iMled  b  tniflil,  I  fr.  H  c>  (Ih  34.)  per  ten 


Oo  a  Fr.  or 

Brit.  Vend. 

Un  1  For^gn  Veael. 

InFmch 

Money. 

In  8lerlln( 
Muney. 

In  French 
Munoy. 

In  Slerlint 
Money. 

fr.    e. 

£.  «.  d. 

fr.     c 

L.  $.  a. 

>l8  9e 
61    0 

to  0 

100   0 

8  16   2 

3  18  10 
0    8    0 

4  0    0 

247  50 
61    0 
10   0 

too  0 

9  18   0 
S  18  10 
0   8   C 
4  0   0 

49$   0 

14  75 

15  0 

19  16    t) 
0  II  10 
0  12    0 

1,239  0 

14  75 

15  0 

49  11    1 

0  11  10 
0  12  0 

as  0 

8  16    0 

24S94 

9  16   8 

800  0 

12   0  0 

800   0 

U  0   0 

1,434  66 

67   7  10 

2.232  59 

89   6    1 

I  *  B.-No  regard  paid  to  the  nature  of  the  cargo,  as  all  goods  are  Importable  either  for  consump- 
■nortiportation,  which  does  not  expose  vessels  to  pay  more  or  less  charges. 
iBritliliveHels  are  on  a  perfect  equality  with  French  vessels  when  they  come  from  British  ports  In 
lirope,  otherwise  they  pay  pilotage  qnd  tonnage  dues  like  all  other  foreign  vessels,  ui  stated  in  the 

keigo  column. 

Umrcru.—The  fbllowing  is  a  note  of  the  leading  articles  Imported,  by  the  ships  not  of  Europe,  In 
■Bind  I8S8,  since  which  they  have  not  materially  varied.    They  are  taken  from  the  ship  brokers' 
nitt,  no  ofBclal  account  being  published  by  the  Customs. 

1838. 

33,748  hogsheads 

4,783  boxes 

S40  tierces 

1,808  casks 

89,317  sacks 

1,949  hogsheads 

8,490  casks 

608  tierces 
97  540  J  'acks  or 
^'•'"t  bales 

51  hogsheads 

S35  casks 

13^  sacks 

343  bales 

81  698  ( *''*'*  '"oks, 
'  "^/andpackages 
0 Ceases  and 
Cserons 
gmS  bundles  3  to 
'      I  5  lbs. 
333    casks 
337    bales 
434    do. 
a    chests 
9,093    do. 


18J7. 

hpr  • 

•     16,094 

8,073 

313 

1,M0 

8,717 

WTee  . 

-       3,273 

4,800 

736 

88,fl«l 

beoa  . 

130 

1,904 

3J,494 

imento 

•       1,996 

epper 

-      88,498 

DDimon 

149 

3,635 

iorci . 

543 

<!.bnilied 

3,997 
614 

uiUi 

53 

% 

•       4,144 

lav. 

1838. 

Indigo 

1,143 

1,568   serons 

Lac  dye 

0 

810    chests 

Campeaehyandl 
other     dye     > 

f  parcels. 

118 

I53<  quantiUea  . 

woods         -  3 

(.unknown 

Cochineal 

1,348 

3,930   serons 

Annotto 

080 

660    casks 

Gums(di(rerent7 
kinds)           5 

0,433 

"•"'    and  sacks 

Quercitron     - 

340 

116   casks 

Quino 

4,793 

35a  serons 

Bablap 

518 

308   bales 

Jalap  • 

853 

717    serons 

BarsaparUla   - 

390 

830    do.  and  bale* 

Saltpetre 

9,467 

8,713    sacks 

SaflVon 

0 

110    bales 

Tea     - 

070 

09    chests 

Rice    - 

8,530 

4,300   casks 

White  and  yeU  7 
low  wax         > 

460 

«8o{2S;' ■"''■• 

Curcuma 

1,130- 

3,034    sacks 

Ivory 

38 

70   teeth,  Jke. 

Mother  of  pearl 

003 

0   canisters 

Cotton 

0,439 

,ggg    bales  ana 

m 


}     ■]  : 


h^ 


).■'. 


■•  .i)' 


ril 


\  w 


int 


ii  :,'! 


m  I 


m 


BORDEAUX. 


il:i' 


'  J.I'  ik 


■ufi  ^«t  ,j.i.  .;,■,    . 

18Sr. 

.8M. 

Raw  illk 

40 

.f  rnnAiiand 
"t  bnl«i 

Wool,  ('nihmcre 

A 

0    hnlei 

l>o.    Vvr»     - 

3 

file    ilo. 

Tiidn  (new  rum) 

I,0S1 

4(iO    piinchoona 

(Jnlntta    bliifi    ' 
Cinth               -I' 

139 

400    balea 

American  lildei 

47.1IB 

15,738    ilnRle 

IflU 

0    bnloi 

Ox  horna 

10,000 

31,700 

Olilnchllln 

216 

0    rinr.ena 

Raw  Rkini 

S5 

80    hnl«« 

Tohncco 

4,5M 

4  flirt  J ''"«"''•'"'• 
^''""landbnlea 

Cliinra 

170,000 

60,000 

rifBr* 
Riittnni 
Qiiickfilvar     • 
Tin,  Peru  and  i 
Diinca  ( 

I,.'nd 
Copper 
I'liclna 
Cold    - 

Silver 


iwn. 
too 

1,«04 
3,739 

9,759 

0 

4,400 

5 

7S5 

8,9M) 

105 

35 

33 


,„««»  bom 

10.370  Mcii,,, 

fi04  ban 

JI.MS  ui„„„ 

3>*'0  do. or  bin 

'"  mm 

29  Injiiij 

Vn  doubloon, 

^1  cheiti 

40  Inioii 


:iCliojfior 


1,559,569   3,784,831    dolUr, 

In  nililltlon  to  tile  articlcR  above  aiipclfled.  there  were  nliin  received  for  re-expnrtmlnn  coi»lii>  i 
quantllleaof  linr  iron,  nlenoila,  and  tools  from  Rnelnnd,  Rpnin,  and  Sweden;  zinc  frnmrpmh 
and  llntMiH  from  Enfilimd,  Iliillnnd,  anil  Oerinnny  :  for  consumption,  lend,  tin  plates,  mnl  (iiilLii"'i' 
armiiiic-.  litlinrire,  niiniiim,  &r.  from  P.nHlnnd  ;  lend,  hIopI,  olive  oil,  liquorice,  paste,  mltrn  inH    i 
n-anini  from  Hpnin  ;  stcrl  from  Rcrnmiiy  ;  olive  oil  from  llnly  ;  llah,  glue,  and  tallow  from  n,     F 
tImlH'r  fioni  llultic  ports ;  cheese,  stock-flsh,  &c.  from  Hollnn'd.  ""i' 

F.rpnrtM.—U  Is  Impossible  to  procure  even  approximate  iuformatinn  renardintt  llie  o»ii)i(i(i,,„fi| 
■evernl  articles  of  exportation.    No  reports  are  published  by  the  Custonii,  nor  do  tlicy  allow  pii 
of  the  entries  outwards  to  be  taken. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  spcclca  of  articles  exported  from  Bordeaux  to  the  dl(rerfintMrii(ifiul 
world  ;—  '  ""i«| 

To  Martinique  and  (Jiiada/oiipe.— Provisions,  flour,  wine,  brandy,  and  a  small  quantity  of  nunniu 
tared  goods.  ""■ 

To  JSowrfton.— Wines,  provisions,  cattle,  flirnlture,  coarse  and  flno  hardwarei,  perfumery  illk « 
ton  and  linen  atufls,  stationery,  fashionable  articles,  &c.  ' 

To  the  United  States.- 

fuctnred  goods. 

TV(  Spaninh  America,  Cuba,  ^e.— Wines,  brandy,  silks,  cloths,  stationery,  fashions,  jBweilerr  t 
ftimery,  saddlery,  &c.  ''' 

7V  the  South  Sens. — Wines,  brnndv,  liqueurs,  and  all  sorts  of  manufhctured  articles. 

T^t  the  Fast  Indies  and  CAinn.— Wines,  brnnily,  furniture,  silver,  &.c. 

7>) /;it;r''""'.— Wines,  brandy,  liqueurs,  fruits,  tartar,  cream  of  tartar,  plums,  chesnuti,  vilm 
loaf  sugar  to  Guernsey  and  .lersey,  elover  seed,  annotto,  corn,  flour,  skins  raw  and  drei«ed,corli  wn 
and  corks,  vinegar,  turpentine,  resins,  tec. 

To  the  M'orth  of  Kurope.— Wines,  brandy,  spirits  of  wine,  tartur,  cream  of  tartar,  colonial produl 
loaf-sugar,  molnssfs,  &c.  ■ 

H'ine. — This  forum  the  great  article  of  export  from  Bordeaux.  The  estimated  produce  of  ilie4_ 
partment  of  the  Uironde  in  wines  of  nil  kinds,  and  one  year  with  another,  is  from%!0,(IOOto2!(ji| 
tuna ;  the  disposal  of  which  Is,  approximately,  as  follows : — 


-Wines,  brandy,  almonds,  prunes,  verdigris,  and  a  trifling  quantity  of  i 


Consumed  In  the  department 
Expedited  to  tlie  difli^rent  parts  of  France 
Converted  into  brandy 
Exported  to  foreign  countries 

The  exporta  to  foreign  countrlea  aro  as  follow  :— 

To  Eneland 
,  ~ ,  ,  Holland 

The  north  of  Enrope 
■....-     ^        America  and  India 


about 


50,000  turn. 
125,000   - 
35,000    - 
50,000   - 
250,000  tUM, 


1.500  to  9,000  tuna. 
12,000  -    15,000  — 
97,000  -  34.000  — 

1,000  -     1,200  — 


41,500  to  52,000tun8. 

The  red  winea  are  divided  Into  three  great  classes,  each  of  which  is  subdivided  into  tevenl  km| 
Class  I.  embraces  the  Mednc  wines, 
!  9.  —  Orave,  and  St.  Emilion, 

3.  —  common,  or  cargo  wines. 

The  jlrgt  class  Is  composed  of  the  " grands  crus,"  the  "cms  bourgeois,"  and  the  "cnuordinilm'| 

The  "grnnds  crus"  are  further  distinguislied  as  firsts,  seconds  and  thirds. 

Tbn  firsts  are  the  wines  of  Clidteau  Mnrgnux,  I.nlitte,  l.nlour,  and  Ilaut-Drion.    Tiie  latter  ii|»| 
perly  a  Grave  wine,  but  it  is  always  classed  amongst  the  first  Medncs. 

Tim  seconds  are  tiie  wines  of  Rau/nn,  Leoville,  l.arose,  Mouton,  Gerse,  See, 

The  thirds,  wines  which  are  produced  by  the  vineyards  touciiing  tliose  above  named,  udiiki 
diflriT  little  in  quality  from  tliem. 

The  quantity  of  "grands  crus"  wine  of  the  above  description  does  not  exceed  3,000 turn, indrtl 
at  from  1,000  (r.  to  3,.')00  fr.  \M-r  tun  on  the  tees.  I 

The  "crus  hourireois"  consists  of  the  superior  Marpaux,  St.  Jiilien,  Panilinc,  Rt.  Eslaplie.kil 
quantity  estimated  aliout  2,000  tuns,  and  prices  on  tlu>  lees  800  fr.  to  1,800  fr.  per  tun.  I 

The  "  crus  ordinaires,"  soil  at  300  fr.  to  700  fr.  according  to  the  year  and  the  quality.  Qiiulit*! 
S.V000  to  35,000  tuns. 

Tlie  whole  produce  of  Medoe  is  therefore  about  40,000  tims. 

Tile  "grniKls  crus"nnd  "cms  iiourgeois"  require  4  years'  care  and  preparation, before delimjsl 
use  or  for  exportation  ;  and  tiiis  ancineiits  their  price  I'rom  30  to  35  per  cent.  I 

The  second  class  is  com|)ose(l  of  tiie  red  wines  of  Grave  and  St.  Kwilinn,  which  arc  in  grcnlerqM 
tity,  and  amongst  them  some  of  a  very  superior  qiinlitv,  tlial  are  generally  bought  for  iiilxin!™! 
Medoc.    The  first  quality  of  these  wines  sells  from  800  fr.  to  1,800  fr.  per  tun.    Tiie  second  (liialiM 
Qneyrles,  Monlferrand,  Hassans,  fee— 300  fr.  to  fiOO  fr.  ^ 

The  third  class  consists  of  tile  coiunion  or  cargo  wines,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  coniuinojl 
the  country,  or  converted  into  brandy.    Tiie  portion  exported  ia  sent  ofT  the  yuur  ofilifw™! 
Prices  from  IfiO  fr.  to  250  fr.  per  tun. 

The  white  wines  of  the  first  "crus,"  such  as  Ilaut-Barsac,  Prclgnac,  Beaumes,  Snutfrne,«J 
only  fit  for  use  at  the  end  of  4  or  6  years,  and  for  exportation  at  the  end  of  I  or  2  years  more. 
on  the  leea  vary  from  800  fr.  to  1,500  fr.  per  tun. 

The  "grand  crua,"  of  white  Qruvt  St.  Bries,  Carboiileux.  lliilamcn,  &.C.,  aell.in  coodyetn,! 
800  flr.  to  800  fr. 


BORDEAUX. 


988 


hfrrlnrwhIW  wlncii  1.10  ft.  to  •lOO  ft.  por  ttin. 

Thr  einenKeii  n(  nil  klnda  to  llie  wlnn-nrnwer  nf  Moilnr,  fur  the  riiltlvatinn,  (nttiRririK,  nnd  makins 
III ffiM.  mil  tlie  caak,  arc  entiniuted  to  uninuiit,  In  the  ninit  fuvourulilo  yean,  to  M  Ir.  por  hogihead, 

"riumetchniitVln  P'^nernl  piirchniie  np  the  flnniit  erut  nn  iinnn  ai  iiifflclrntly  ndvnncnil  to  tiidffa  of 
fJifcliiraclfr;  n  ■  morn  l'r«i|uenlly  llify  nrc  hniieht  up  fur  n  nerlnB  of  yHiirH,  whrlher  »fMid  or  had. 
Svrvjrdranfipor.ed  to  lliolr  celliim  <ir  "chnv","  In  Uiirdi'iinx,  lOKltiiiitod  and  prntect«d  bynurronnd- 
?"^L„(,_si  to  p.eai'rve  a  tnlurahlH  eqnnhln  tprnnitrtitiirH  IhrniiKliniit  th«  ycuri  and  in  thnie  they 
Hvn  nnil'uiiilerKn  nil  the  dlHRrent  procomei  of  IliiInK,  racking,  mixing,  ftc.  conildered  neceiinry  to 
^,.,',l„in  10  till;  diffi'rcnt  taiitea  of  the  foreign  rnninmpm. 


I  li  prellv  teiiornlly  ttin  prnclice  to  ndupt  the  wliu-i  fur  the  Enrllnh  market  by 
I,.  ,.i,„j  flill-hodicd,  Biid  high  fliivonriMl  wIiior  of  Ihn  Ulinim;  tiiicli  ns  llerinlin 
|^„_,,pecii\lly  the  flrit,  by  which  inpann  thoy  nrn  hardly  cognlmihle  hy  f 


plentlfiil  do«e  of 
CAtn  Rntle,  and 
jtc  flavour.    Per- 


liMlhe  principal  renaon  for  keeping  theaa  winea  ao  long  before  Ihuy  lire  nac  .,  -a  to  (;lve  them  time  to 
iKiuireihnmnitpnpoiia  flavour,  dpatroyed  hy  the  mixture  of  Neveral  dlfTurent  qunlitiea.    The  winea 

mnped  <i^ii>T  ihn  titlna  of  Chfttonu  Miir|:niix,  I.nflltf,  nnd  l.ntoiir,  are  niao  mixed  with  the  winea  of 

ibeiurTOundlnKvlneynrdn,  whirh,  from  liie  n^ituro  of  the  aoll,  and  proximity,  riinnot  be  greatly  dif- 
JftnnI  Otiinrgnod  winea  are  nUo  anidto  enter  largely  Into  the  compnailion  ofthnae  ccliibrntcd  crtii; 
luulilioic  of  a  auperior  year  are  employed  to  bring  iip  the  quiility  of  one  or  two  bad  yeara,  ao  that  It 
Ikeiiy  to  conceive,  that  the  famoua  wineg  of  1811  and  of  the  yeara  1HI.1,  1610,  nnd  I82S,  are  not 
T„,^llyejhauited.    Some  houaei  pretend  to  keep  their  winci  pure;  but  tlie  practice  of  mixing  li, 

Cuny  rate,  vary  general. 
The  purclmno  of  the  winea,  whether  from  the  grower  or  merchant,  la  nlwnya  efTerted  through  a 

kfokfr.  There  are  a  few  of  them  who  have  acquired  a  repntatinn  for  accuracy  in  dixaectlng  the  dlf- 
>Riil  fltvouri,  and  in  tracing  the  reaulls  of  the  wince  by  certain  meaaurea  of  training,  or  treat- 

Cniltnil  take*  off  ;ienrly  half  the  higheat  priced  winea,  and  very  little  of  any  other  quality.  Except 
h  BiirdaaNX  ilaclf,  there  la  but  a  very  moderate  portion  of  the  au|ierior  Medoc  consumed  In  France. 
The  capital  even  dcinnnda  only  lecond,  third,  and  fourth  rate  winea. 

1  TlieDiitcti,whn  are  largo  conaiimera  of  llordeaux  wine.go  more  eronomically  to  work.  Theyaend 
mielitothe  river  in  the  wine  acnaon,  with  akill'ul  aiiperrnrgoea,  who  go  nmongal  the  Krowera,  and 
Mrclmiethe  winea  thcniaelvca,  cheaper  even  than  a  broker  would  do.  They  live  on  board  the  ship, 
bkclhcirown  time  to  aelect,  nnd  wait  often  for  moniha  before  their  cargo  ia  completed;  but  they 
inain  iheir  ohject,  getting  a  aupply  of  good  aound  wine,  and  at  aa  low  a  rate,  with  all  charges  of 
t»mmt  Included,  aa  the  wine  merchanta  can  di^liver  it  into  their  atores  In  Hnrdenux.  They  never 
RTtliiiio  old  wine;  they  take  only  that  newly  made,  which,  being  without  the  support  of  stronger 
Mird  wines,  miiat  be  conaumcd  In  the  criumn  of  3  or  .1  yenrH.  They  follow  the  same  system  at  Bay. 
Mne,  where 'i or  .lahlpa  go  annually  for  the  white  wines  of  Jurancon,  &c. 

[The  cargo  winea  are  so  manufactured  that  it  is  hardly  posatbli-  to  know  of  what  they  are  composed. 

Iityare  put  free  on  board  fl>r  S/.  per  hogaliend  and  upwards,  according  as  they  are  demanded.   They 

tiiichaa  will  net  bear  exposure  in  a  slaas  when  shipping:  the  tasters  have  a  small  flat  silver  cup 

iipreiily  for  them.    These  wines  are  principally  shipped  to  America  and  India,  and  some  at  a  higher 

VlMtolhe  north  of  Europe. 

fTlie  principal  wine  merchants  have  agents  In  London,  whose  business  is  more  particularly  to  intro> 
»  their  winea  to  family  nso ;  and  it  Is  to  that  end  they  pay  them  from  SOOl.  to  800(.  for  travelling 
jeniei  and  entertainments,  besides  allowing  3  per  cent,  or  more,  on  the  amount  of  sales.  Thef 
|eiitrally  look  out  for  individuals  for  their  agents  of  good  address,  and  some  connection  amongst  tha 
upet  claaie*. 

IBniiiiiiM  and  Spirits  of  H'ine. — The  quantity  distilled  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bordeaux  It  «ftl- 
'  ■  19,(KH)|  


ited  at  about 

Ditto,  In  the  Armagnnc 
Ditto,  In  the  Matmaudui* 


I  pieces,  of  SO  veltes  each. 
90,000  ditto 

8,000  ditto 

48,000  pieces,  ordinary  proof. 


Kthiiqnantity,France  takes  off  ahont  33,000  pieces  for  consumption;  England,  3,900 ;  United  States, 
t,0OO;  India,  2,500 ;  north  of  Europe,  .1,000;  in  nil,  43,000  pieces. 

lUn^edoc  produces  annually  about  40,000  pieces,  of  80  veltes  each,  the  greater  part  of  which 
Bnei  to  Bordeaux  to  be  forwarded  to  the  difTerent  ports  of  the  north  of  France,  or  to  foreign 
prnitriea. 

I  France  eonaumes  about  two  thirds  of  the  above  quantity ;  the  remaining  one  third  goes  to  the  north 
If  Europe. 

I  The  pricea  of  brandy  are  from  ISO  ft.  to  ISO  fr.  per  SO  veltes,  ordinary  proof;  spirits  of  wine,  from 
IfrtoSfr.  pervelte. 

lit  is  at  the  port  of  Formny,  on  the  Chnrenfe,  that  the  greatest  shipments  of  brandy  take  place  to 
^gland.  Cognac,  from  which  the  brandy  takes  its  name,  and  where  there  are  large  distilleries,  is  a 
viraeuea  up  the  river.  The  quantity  exported  ia  far  greater  than  what  is  made  at  Cognac— the 
boleading  distillers  there  (Martel,  and  Ilenessey)  buying  great  quantities  from  the  small  cultiva- 
jrs.  The  greater  part  of  the  wines  made  about  Angoui^inc,  and  thence  down  toward  the  sea,  are  of 
prior  (lualily,  and  fit  only  for  making  brindy  ;  nnd  ao  liiili!  do  the  prices  vary,  that  the  proprietors 
tok  upon  it  nearly  in  the  same  light  as  gold.  When  they  augment  their  capital  by  savings  or  profits, 
lii  employed  in  keeping  n  larger  stock  of  brandy,  which  has  the  further  advantage  of  paying  the  in- 
Tcit  of  their  cipitul  by  its  improved  value  from  age.  England  is  said  to  receive  upwards  of  6,000 
fcce?  annually  from  Charente. 

lAl  Bordeaux,  as  at  Paris  and  Marseilles,  there  is  a  constant  gambling  business  in  time  bargains  of 
wnis  nfwine.  It  |g  in  the  form  of  spirits  of  wine  thnt  nearly  all  the  brandy  consumed  in  France  ia 
INiicd;  aa  in  this  form  there  is  a  erentsavingincarringe.— (For  an  official  account  of  the  exports 
Iwineand  brandy  from  France,  see  Wink.) 

IThe  fruits  exported  consist  almost  entirely  of  prunes  and  almonds.  The  latter  come  principally 
^Uniuedoc. 

The  policy  of  the  Spanish  government  toward  her  American  colonies  during  the  last  10  years  haa 
kn  the  cause  of  a  great  many  very  wealthy  eipaiiiardd  suttllne  in  Bordeaux;  and  their  number  haa 
m  stiU  further  increased  by  the  Spaniards  cxpi>lli>d  from  Mexico,  who  do  not  choose  to  employ  their 
rtiines  in  their  native  country.or  find  greater  fhc.illtins  for  employing  them  in  Bordeaux.  These  are 
ipoiiesilon  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Spanish  American  trade  of  this  port,  and  are  viewed  with  a 
WJealouseye  hy  the  old  merchants.  They  have  also  contributed  greatly  to  beautify  the  city,  by 
■litoyinii  their  wealth  in  building,  which  they  have  done  to  a  considerable  extent.  They  have  also 
need  the  rate  of  interest,and  contributed  to  the  facilities  of  discounting  billa :  the  Spanish  bouses 
Tiall;  diMount  long  bUl*  at  U  or  3  per  cent,  lower  than  the  Bank. 


:  1 


'! 


lii 


I-  ^r: 


.1' 


it! 


4 


ill       i  IE 


2S4 


BORDEAUX. 


l! 


M-^':n^H 


?.  ill 


Borilnniix  potgnsfKS  inmr  Irnn  rniinitnrlna,  cotton  fnetnrlM,  iiignr  reflnerlni,  flnti  wotitt,  ke  Ui  I 
labour  and  llvinR  arn  too  liiRli  In  admit  nf  Its  bflcnniliiK  a  cnnalclrrohia  mniiiifnctiirini  city.        ' 

Banking  KttablithMiHti.—ThrKt  li  only  one  liiiiikliiK  company  In  liorilttnux— Itin  "  lloriti>ii)<(  |i,.|, » 
It  hnH  n  capital  of  3,000,000  fr.,  In  »har«ii  of  l,<K)0  fr.  cncli.  It  I««iich  niitu«  for  l.TOOaud  500 f,  im 
and  'Ml.)  pnyuble  In  ipecle  on  demand.  Its  nffiiirii  are  nmnnKPd  by  a  Board  nf  direciors,  named  by  ih> 
SO  principal  ■hnreholil«rs.  Thli  Board  Axes  the  rate  of  discount,  and  lli»  number  ofiinmciitliatiiiitM 
to  guarantee  ench  bill ;  It  being  left  to  the  discount  commltlen  to  Judye  of  tltH  rospoimibiliiy  of  ,|? 
signatures  on  the  bills  presented.  At  prenent  the  bank  discounts  bills  on  Burduiiux,  lmvln|  3  monih  I 
to  run,  and  guaranteed  by  3  slitnntnres,  at  i  per  cent.,  and  those  on  I'uris  at  11  per  rem.  I 

Whim  bills  are  presented,  not  having  the  rei|ulr«d  number  of  names,  or  these  deemed  ■iiiplc{ii« 
thev  take.  In  guarantee,  public  stock  bonds  or  other  eflecti— advancing  to  the  extent  of  9.|iHhio( 
their  current  value.  I 

The  hank  advances  |ths  of  tlin  valua  nf  gnM  and  silver  In  ingots,  or  in  foreign  innncy,  dtni^iKj  1 
with  lliem,  at  the  rate  of  9  per  cent,  per  annum.  It  also  accepts  in  deposit,  diamonils,  plate,  and  even  I 
kliul  of  valuable  property,  engaging  to  redeliver  the  same  in  the  stats  received,  for^p«r  cent,  m  I 
quarter,  or  1  per  cent,  per  annum.  ' 

Thoite  wlin  liuve  accounts  current  with  the  bank  may  have  all  their  payments  made,nnil  money  rt-  ■ 
eeivivd,  by  the  bank,  without  fee.  It  allows  no  Interest  on  balances,  and  never  makes  advanceielllxr  I 
on  ptrtonal  teeuritg  or  on  mortgage. 

On  the  3Ist  of  December,  1834,  the  bank  notes  in  circulation  amounted  to  IS.aso.nnfl  fr.  (sw.oooi.) 

The  affliirs  of  the  bank  are  subject  to  the  inspection  nf  the  Prefect,  to  whom  lialf  yearly  rrinttiof  I 
its  situation  are  made.  Tliese  an;  printed  entire,  and  distributed  to  the  SOprincl|iai  sharij|ioldenii»| 
abstract  being,  at  the  same  time,  published  in  the  Bordeaux  Journals.  I 

After  the  revolution  nf  .luly,  1830,  there  was  a  severe  run  on  the  itank;  and  owing  to  the dllllciih  I 
of  procuring  gold  from  Paris,  the  directors  were  obliged  to  limit  thtiir  delivisries  In  ii|i«ci«loJ(lOfr.  I 
(90^)  in  !i  slnale  payment ;  hut  notwithntandirig  this  circumstance,  no  noten  weru  pnitKiti<di  Jndtkil 
moment  supiiliea  of  gold  could  be  ol)tained  from  Paris,  the  operations  of  the  hunk  remininii  thelniiul  | 
course  1  and  tier  affairs  have  been,  during  the  last  3  years,  uncommonly  jtrospi-roua.  Excluiivenribl 
diviilund  of  9  per  cent.,  the  hank  accumulated.  In  1831,  a  surplus  profit  of  *'i,UOU  fr. ;  and,  in  INI im  I 
■urplus  profits  wer«  390,000  fr.,  or  10,00()<.  I 

Bruktr:— No  one  is  allowed  to  act  as  a  mercantile  broker  In  France,  who  is  not  39  years  of  age,  nt  I 
who  has  not  served  4  years  in  a  commercial  house,  or  with  a  broker,  01  a  notary  public.  TImjuhI 
nominated  by  the  king,  after  their  qualifications  have  been  ascertained  by  the  CImniher  nrConiiuero,  I 
All  brokers  must  deposit  the  sum  of  8,000  fr.  in  the  treasury,  as  a  guarantee  for  their  rtnduclillrl 
which  they  are  allowed  interest  at  the  rata  nf  4  per  cent.  At  present  them  are  InBardeaniiliii^l 
brokers,  34  merchandise  do.,  30  wine  and  spirit  do.,  7  insurance  do.,  and  30  money  and  «xchaD|edi.:  I 
the  latter  form  a  separate  class.  I 

All  foreigners  are  obliged  to  employ  ship  brokers  to  transuct  their  business  at  tlie  Ciiitom-bonK;  I 
•nd  altiiough  niaators  and  owners  of  French  vessels  might  iininetimes  dlspeiiiie  with  their  icrvlw,  I 
thev  never  do  so,  finding  It  to  be,  in  all  cases,  most  advantageous  to  use  their  Intervention,  111 
duties  outward  on  vessels  and  cargoes  are  paid  by  the  ship  brokers,  who  invariably  clear  outillTa.1 
■els,  French  a*  well  as  foreign.  I 

Rat f  of  Committion.—l.  Ship  brokers :— Vessel  in  ballast,  SO  cents  (9d.)  per  ton;  v«imIIiiiMI 
percliarter  or  on  owners' account,  I  fir.  (lOrf.)  per  ton.  3.  Merchandise  brokers  :—^  per  cent.  onto.  I 
lonial  produce, and  other  goods.  3.  Wine  and  spirit  brokers:— 3  per  cent,  on  wine, 4be,  4. Inn. I 
ranee  brokers : — ^  per  cent.  9.  Money  brokers  :— 4  per  cent,  on  Paris  and  foreign  paper;  i perron  I 
on  B4irdeauz  do.  6.  Merchants : — 3  per  cent,  on  all  sorts  of  operations  between  natives ;  }|  perctn  I 
on  all  sorts  of  operations  biUween  strangers ;  9  per  cent,  on  litigious  nffiiirs;  1  per  cent,  on  goodiiil 
trantitu,  when  the  constituent  is  present  (  k  per  cent,  on  banking  affairs.  I 

IiuuraHce  o{ »Uip»,  houses,  and  lives  is  eflbcted  at  Bordeaux.  The  first  is  carried  on  partly  b;lrf. I 
viduals,  and  partly  by  companies ;  the  last  two  by  companies  only.  The  partners  In  theie  until,  r 
tions  are  generally  liable  onlv  to  the  amount  of  the  shares  they  respectively  hold.  I 

For  statements  as  to  the  frarekousing  Sgstem,  Smugirlinr,  Ue.,  the  reader  Is  referred  to  the  mldi  I 
Havre.  [ 

Quarantine  is  performed  at  Trompeloup,  where  a  spacious  lazaretto  has  been  constructed.  Bur- 1 
deaux  is  a  favourable  place  for  repairing  and  careening  ships,  and  Ibr  obtaining  supplies  of  ill  mh  I 
of  stores.  I 

The  exekangi  or  laoiisy  krokirt  of  Bordeaux  follow  a  kind  nf  business  pretty  similar  to  the  Undn  I 
private  bankers.  Tbeyrccelve,  negotiate,  and  pay  hills  and  orders,  of  such  iiouses  as  have  accoiiM  I 
open  with  them,  charging  and  allowing  an  interest  on  balances,  which  varies  from3ito4i|Krttil.l 
according  to  circurtistaiices.  They  charge  i  per  cent,  (br  negotiating  bills,  and  i^  per  cunt,  on  all  ik  I 
puyiupiits  they  make.  I 

There  are,  besldea,  numerous  eapilalista  who  employ  their  spare  funds  in  discounting  bllli.  Tkt;  I 

E refer  bills  at  long  dates,  and  take  from  3  to  6  per  cent,  discount,  according  to  the  confidence  lhi;| 
ave  in  the  paper  presented.  I 

There  are  not  wanting  individuals  who  guarantee,  with-their  namea,  every  sort  of  paper  preMMei,  I 
taking  from  9  to  60  per  cent,  for  the  risk.  I 

Customary  Medt  of  Pugmtnt,  and  Length  of  Cr«ijt.— Colonial  produce,  spices,  dye  stufTs,  and  imUIi  I 
•re  usually  sold  for  cash,  with  3  per  cent,  discount.  Corn,  flour,  brandy,  and  several  other  artkla,  I 
are  sold  for  nett  cash,  without  discount.  | 

Wines  are  generally  bought  of  the  cultivators  at  IS  and  IS  months'  credit,  or  C  |)er  cent,  dlurail  I 
When  they  change  hands  amongst  the  merchants,  the  practice  is  to  sell  for  cash,  allowingJotSpifl 
cent,  discount.  I 

The  U9uge  is  generally  established  in  Bordeaux,  to  consider  all  paper  having  less  thanSOdarilil 
run  03  caek;  and  with  such  all  payments  are  made,  where  there  is  nut  an  express  stipuliiion  10k  \ 
paid  in  coin. 

7tir<«.— Tlie  tares  allowed  In  Bordeaux  are  as  follows : — 


Jk  Cufom-lumt. 
Cothin  ia  bslm,  (  psr 
ccut. 

81111W  ill  hhdi.,  11  per 

ctst 
Do.  in  nso,  Hiranuli, 

He.,  1.5  pw  cent 
rwi.  in  ImI«  ttmH  Bsur- 

Imiii,   Miuritiu,.  Ma- 

nilU*  ftc,  nelt. 
IK  cUyeii,   in    hMi., 

wkiie  and  bnmi,  li 

rercent. 


InCommm, 
ItUge  iqtiira  balei,  6  iwr  ccat. 
Soulier  do,,  8  per  cent 
Itousd  do.,  4  parcml. 
Ia  hhdi-  17  per  cent. 

Tret  per  MkI.,  I  kll.  (2-U  Ibe.) 
In  cuw,  Havanaan,  kc ,  14  per  cent 

Tret  per  caie,  I  kil.  (3-2«  Ibt.) 
Is  lelM  fritn  Itaurlxn,  lie.,  real. 

Maeritiiu,  M«uilU,a&,  Spcreenl. 

cured,  in  bhdi,  trhilr,  12  per  ceaL 

Trutperhhd,,  Ikll. 
Clayrd  do,,  brown,  13  per  cent 

Tret  per  hlkl.,  I  kil. 


M  Cuilom^oiiH. 
Rice,  from  ill  eountriee 

none. 
CnlTce  in  htfh  te'*  sett, 

or  2  per  eeat 


Cocoa  in  toft,  tare  netl, 
or  2  per  cent. 


Pepper  la  bafs,  2  per 
ccat. 


^  ht  Ccmma» 

Tare  nell,  or  12  per  ceil. 

In  ban  wei|tb!ng  «  kiL  (IM  hU  I 
kil.  1 

Du.  rnm  60 14  lo  13  bH.(l3iloniM  ] 
I  1-2  kit. 

Do.abovc-iikil.(l«8ll»,),Jkil 

In  bap  weighiuf  CO  kil.  (IN  Mil 

DoSOIJkillonkil.  (IXuMNI 

Do.  above  75kil.  (168  lbi.Wyv   ,t 
In  b^i  weighinf  60  kil.  (IM  "li ' 


BORDEAUX. 


S38 


l^iibn^l  P" 


llhi,  ;•  **.  m\ 


but,  nil 


ff%  VBfn^HV*^B» 

r  fram  tO  !•)  to  79  kll. 


In  tn(i  waichlnc  from  60  1*1  U 

(Otto  IWI'ja.),  I  l-Jkll. 
la  talis  130 10  liO  kil.  (991  to  I 


SM  llM.), 
Uto  VliU.(llllolMlta.),  2 


2kU. 
Id 

kil< 

In  eknH,  ml  tor*. 
Id  Mnint  »il«hln(  Imm  4S  to  56  kll.  (101 

to  l»  llM.)]  T  k'l. 
Do.  U  l-llnM  kil.  (KB  to  I4«  ll».),akll. 
Dn.a»l'»to7Skil.  {inain11iHIU.),l)kil. 
Do.Tlt  13  to  W  kll.  (I  W  lo  ai3  ibt.),  10  kll. 
1)0.  M  M  to  107  kil.  (SU  to  240  lU.),  1 1 

kll. 
Id  cuki  of  100  kil.  nnd  thai*  (448  Ibt.), 

12ij«rcrnl. 
Do.  (rom  190 14  to  SOO  kll.  (337  to  448 

Ibi.),  Ift  Mr  cent. 
Do  fmn  120  to  130  kil.  (2«  to  338  Ibi.), 

80  |Mr  MDl. 


Peru? i«a  titrk,  rul  tare. 


Aahof,  pot  and  pnrt,  12 

per  rent. 
Cinntmnn  In  chMtt,  12 

prr  cent. 
Do.  in  Uleih  2  per  cent. 
Clovee,  reel  larr* 


rnchtnrel,  reel  tare. 
Gum  in  cuki,  do. 
Mire  ind  mitmcp,  do. 
Anno! In,  Done. 

SerMparllle,  ml  lire,  oi 
2|ier  cent 


Aiffii 

In  rhetti,  tare  nett. 


In  Mrona  weichinf  from  4S  to  V7 14  klL 

(101  to  18*  Ike.  1,8  kll. 
Do.  eo  to  75  kll.  ( 134  to  188  Ibe.),  10  kIL 
FM  and  peart,  12  per  ceoL 

CnloD.  i  n  lemia,  or  alntle  tclee,  S  UL 

1)0.  Id  douMe  Mea,  8  kiL 

Chin»,  Id  chceti,  real  lai*. 

In  raita,  real  tare. 

In  h^ee  wviihlni  fromSOIJ  toW  kIL 

(88  to  1 12  lie.),  real  tare,  or2  kll. 
In  h*(e,  1111(10,1  kil. 
Rral  tare. 
Real  Ian. 
Uml  tare. 
In  raiki,  4  par  cast  Ibr  [mm,  tut  I  per 

cent.  tare. 
lnbtl*e,6kU. 


V  Tilt  Inatrnctive  detnllB  with  respect  tn  the  tmde  of  Rordeniiit  given  above,  80  very  Ritperinr  to 
^tat ire  m  he  found  in  any  other  piiblicutlnn,  hnve  been  princl|Hilly  derived  from  a  coininiinicBtlon 
f  Mr.  Biichinan,  uf  the  hoiinA  of  Jaiiii-g  Morrison  nnd  Co.,  whonc((iilred  hia  inforimitlon  on  the  upot  i 
Ini  H)iii«  pkrtlciiinrR  hHve  been  ivurneil  from  the  carefully  druwn-up  Huawera  made  by  the  Consul  tp 

e  CimUr  (iutrU: 

Optrolionnfihe  French  commercial  Si/atem  nn  the  Trade  of  Bordeaux,  Ae. — The  trade 
fihu  great  city  has  lutrt-red  severely  from  the  short-sighted,  anti-social  policy  of  the  French 
tieniinent,  This  policy  was  first  broadly  laid  down,  and  systematically  acted  upo.i,  bj 
kipolion ;  and  we  l)elicve  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  show  that  the  privations  it  entailed  on 
epple  of  the  Continent  powerfully  contributed  to  accelerate  his  downfall.  But  taoM 
I  whom  he  has  been  succeeded,  have  not  hitherto  seen  the  expediency  of  retumini^toit 
NDiler  ayatem ;  on  the  contrary,  they  have  carried,  in  some  respects  at  least,  the  ' '  conti- 
mtal  i^atem"  to  an  extent  not  contemplated  by  Napoleon.    Notwithstanding  the  vast  im- 

inre  to  a  country  like  France,  of  supplica  of  iron  and  hardware  at  a  cheap  rate,  that 
lliich  is  produced  by  foreigners  is  excluded,  though  it  might  be  obtained  for  half  the  price 
iflbat  which  is  manufactured  at  home.  A  similar  line  of  policy  has  been  followed  as  to  cot- 
1  yarn,  earthenware,  ^c.  And  in  order  to  force  the  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the  beet- 
got,  oppressive  duties  have  been  laid,  not  only  on  foreign  sugar,  but  even  on  that  imported 
ithe  French  colonies.  The  operation  of  this  system  on  the  commerce  and  industry  of 
I  country  has  been  most  mischievous.  By  forcing  France  to  rai.se,  at  home,  articles  for 
e  production  of  which  she  has  no  natural  or  acquireil  capabilities,  the  exportation,  and 

«)uently  the  growth,  of  those  articles  \i  the  production  of  which  she  is  superior  to  every 
Iher  country,  has  been  very  greatly  narrowed.  All  commerce  being  bottomed  on  a  fair 
inciple  of  reciprocity,  a  country  that  refuses  to  import  must  ceaso  to  export.  By  exclud- 
(foreign  produce — by  refusing  to  admit  the  sugar  of  Brazil,  the  cottons  and  hardware  of 
iDglanil.the  iron  of  Sweden,  the  linens  of  Germany,  and  the  cattle  of  Switzerland  and  Wir- 
Diberg— France  has  done  all  that  was  in  her  power  to  drive  the  merchants  of  those  coun* 
■  from  her  markets.  They  are  not  leas  anxious  than  formerly  to  obtain  her  wines,  bran- 
ailks ;  inasmuch,  however,  as  commerce  is  merely  an  exchange  of  products,  and 
I  Fiance  will  accept  very  few  of  the  products  belonging  to  others,  they  cannot,  how 
ixious  soever,  maintain  that  extensive  and  mutually  beneficial  intercourse  with  her  they 

' :  otherwifie  carry  on  :  they  sell  Uttle  to  her,  pjid  their  purchases  are  of  course,  propor- 
knally  diminished. 

iTIiisjindeed,  is  in  all  cases  the  necessary  and  inevitable  effect  of  the  prohibitive  tfystem, 
I  never  fails  to  lessen  exportation  to  the  same  extent  that  it  lessens  impottation ;  so  that, 
pen  least  injurious,  it  merely  substitutes  one  sort  of  industry  for  another — the  production 
I  the  article  that  had  been  obtained  from  the  foreigner,  in  the  place  of  the  production  of 
Mt  which  had  been  sent  to  him  as  an  equivalent — (See  Gommkbcb.) 
^Fraoce  is  not  only  extremely  well  situated  for  carrying  on  an  extensive  intercourse  with 
eign  countries,  but  she  is  largely  supplied  with  several  productions,  which,  were  she  to 
M  a  liberal  commercial  system,  would  meet  with  a  ready  and  advantageous  sale  abroad, 

1  enable  her  to  furnish  equivalents  for  the  largest  amount  of  imports.  The  superiority 
IjDved  by  .\mboyna  in  the  production  of  cloves  is  not  more  decided  tlian  that  enjoyed  by 
tancein  the  production  of  wine.  Her  claret,  burgundy,  champagne,  and  brandy,  are  un- 
filled; and  furnish,  of  themselves,  the  materials  of  a  vast  commerce.    Indeed,  the  produc- 

lofwineu,  nextto  the  ordinary  business  of  agriculture,  by  far  the  most  extensive  and 
Kuahlc  branch  of  industry  in  France.  It  is  estimated  by  the  landholders  and  merchants  of 
kilepartment  of  the  Gironde,  in  the  admirable  Pit  Hum  d  Memoire  a  I'Appui  presented 
jthcmtothe  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1828,  that  the  quantity  of  wine  annually  produced 
I  France  amounts,  at  an  average,  to  about  40,000,000  hectolitres,  or  1,0«0,000,000  gallons; 
It  iu  value  is  not  less  than  from  800,000,000  to  1,000,000,000  francs,  or  from  32,000,000/. 
|W,noo,000/.  sterling  ;  and  that  upwards  of  three  millions  of  individuals  are  employetl  in 
iproduction.    In  some  of  the  southern  departments,  it  is  of  paramount  importance.    The 

platioQ  of  the  Gironde,  exclusive  of  Bordeaux,  amounts  to  432,839  individwds,  of 

29 


\\iit 


Mi  ,1; 


'irr 


i;?i: 


',. '  x,r 


■:i.  :! 


220 


BORDEAUX. 


whom  no  fewer  than  25fi,000  arc  nuppowul  to  Iw  Jiriurtly  rngaa^il  in  tho  cultitntinn  of  il, 


virin. 


Here,  thon,  in  a  branch  of  industry  in  which  Fninrr  hii»  no  comiwtilor,  whiih  e?pn  noi 
afTitrds  employ mont  for  about  a  tenth  part  of  her  populution,  and  whicli  i«  auArrpiiiii,^ 
imUiftniW  oxlonMon.  The  value  of  the  wineH,  bruudie*,  vini'nars,  Ac.  exported  fromFnuc.  I 
at  an  avcrnqe  of  tho  3  yearn  ending;  with   1790,  amounted  to  alwut  51,000,000  franr(,i|, 
upwiirdii  of  two  millions  Hterling.  The  urmuni  exp<)rt»  of  wine  from  Uordoauit  only.ciadl. 
Pil  100,000  turn*;  ami  as  the  Hupply  of  wine  mi^ht  bo  increaaed  to  ulmoHt  niiy amw 
Franre  h;w,  ill  this  single  article,  the  mt-uiis  of  carrying  on  the  inoitt  cxtciiHive  ami  lu,-,i|i,  I 
tomnierco.     "  Lo  (fouvernenieiit  Francais,"  says  Mr.  Chaptal,  in  his  work  Sitr  tMt^ 
Franaiinf,  "  doit  les  plus  grands  cncouraKemonts  a  la  culture  des  vigiius,  scit  (|u'il  corwi.iin 
H04  prodiiiti  rniativoment  ^  la  consomination  interieure,  soil  qu'il  lo«  onvisai^c  jmu«  lini),  I 
port  de  notre  commerce  avec  retrungcr,  doni  it  cut  fit  effet  la  bimr.  itusentidk," 

But  instead  of  labouring  to  extend  this  great  branch  of  industry,  govvrnincnthiudin.  I 
•entcd  to  sacrifico  it  to  the  intorcHts  of  the  iron-founders,  and  tho  [danters  of  Martitii(iu(]iii|  I 
Ouailaloiipe  !  We  do  not,  indeed,  imagine  that  they  were  at  all  aware  that  such  wjulJ  U 
tho  effect  of  their  policy.  Theirs  ii»  only  one  instance,  among  my  riiulH  ttmt  may  Iw  t^ntM  I 
to  prove  that  ignorance  in  a  mini.stry  in  quite  as  pernicious  as  bad  intrutioiis.  Thcoms^l 
ration,  apparently,  not  a  very  recondite  one,  that,  not withstnnding  the  bounty  uf  imon,  I 
wine  was  not  gratuitously  produced  in  France,  and  eould  not,  therefore,  be  exported  rim  I 
for  an  equivalent,  would  seem  never  to  have  occurred  to  the  ministers  of  Louih  anJChiihl 
X.  But  those  whose  interests  were  at  stake,  did  not  fail  to  apprise  them  of  the  holloirii(<«  I 
of  their  system  of  policy.  In  1822,  when  tho  project  for  raising  the  duties  on  sugar,  iroii,[ 
linens,  &C.  was  under  discusxinn,  the  mcrchant'i  of  Bordeaux,  Nantes,  Marseilles,  and otiw I 
great  commercial  cities,  and  the  wine-growers  of  thoCiiroiulo,  ond  some  other  departaif ll^ [ 
presenttMl  petitions  to  the  Chambers,  in  which  they  truly  stated,  that  it  was  a  contnJIctioi  I 
and  an  alwurdity  to  attempt  selling  to  the  foreigner,  without,  at  the  same  time,  huyiiijjlTnl 
him;  and  expressed  their  conviction,  that  the  imposition  of  tho  duties  in  question  wouU  lie  I 
fatal  to  the  commerce  of  France,  and  would  consequently  inflict  a  very  serious  injiiryonlkl 
winegrowers  and  silk  manufacturers.  These  representations  did  not,  however,  meet  wiiii I 
very  courteous  reception.  They  were  stigmatined  as  the  work  of  ignorant  and  iiil«i!*|| 
persons.  The  Chambers  approved  the  policy  of  ministers  ;  and  in  their  ardour  to  cjtml I 
and  perfect  it,  did  not  hesitate  deeply  to  injure  branches  of  industry  on  which  Bevcrai mil 
lions  of  persons  are  dependent,  in  order  that  a  few  comparatively  insignificant  buiinawl 
nowise  suited  to  France,  and  supporting  100,000  persons,  might  bo  bolstered  up  ull 
protected  ! 

I'he  event  has  shown  that  the  anticipations  of  the  merchants  were  but  too  well  faunilei| 
There  is  a  discrepancy  in  the  accounts  laid  before  the  late  Commbsion  dT.nfutt'^X 
government,  and  those  given  in  the  above-mentioned  Pi'lltion  et  Memoire  a  tAppuilmt 
the  Girondo.  According  to  the  tables  printed  by  the  Commi^^sion,  tho  export  ofwinefml 
France  is,  at  this  moment,  almost  exactly  the  same  as  in  1789.  It  is,  however,  plain  lUl 
had  there  not  been  some  powerful  counteracting  cause  in  operation,  the  expurt  of  wincooM 
to  have  been  very  greatly  augmented.  The  United  States,  Russia,  England,  Prussia,  dl 
■II  those  countries  that  have  at  all  times  been  the  great  importers  of  French  wines,  haveniiil 
I)rodigiou9  advances  in  wealth  and  population  since  1789;  and,  had  tho  commerce  ril 
them  not  been  subjected  to  injurious  restrictions,  there  is  every  reason  to  think  that  iIhI 
imports  of  French  wine  would  have  been  much  greater  now  than  at  any  former  perioJ, 

But  the  truth  is,  that  the  accounts  laid  before  the  (Commission  arc  entitled  t"  c«rcn!lj| 
little  credit.  In  so  far  as  respects  the  export  of  wine  from  Bordeaux,  which  has  always  tail 
the  great  market  for  this  species  of  produce,  the  statements  in  tho  Mrmoire  dFAppmum 
taken  from  the  Custonj-house  returns.  Their  ac^,uracy  may,  tlierefore,  bo  dcpendwl  ii|» 
ind  they  show  an  extraordinary  falling  olf.  Previously  to  tho  Revolution,  tlio  «p">j 
amounted  to  100,000  tuns  a  year — (Peiiehet,  Statialiqut  EUinentaire,  p.  133.) ;  but  mtl 
1830,  they  have  only  been  as  follows : — 

Tnns,  Tims.  Tuns.         |  Tuni 

1820,  61,110  IMS,    SO.ftM  IM4,    ,^9,825  1P20,  l^.K 

1821,  63,211  1823,    51,52a  1825,    46,311  |  1»27,   «,<« 

It  is  also  stated  (Memoire,  p.  33.),  that  a  largo  proportion  of  these  exports  has  lie^^nc 
on  speculation;  and  that  the  markets  of  Russia,  the  Netherlands,  Hamburgh,  iScc,  ared 
ted  with  French  wines,  for  which  there  is  no  demand.  "  Dans  co  moment,"  (35ili  .^pil 
1828,)  it  is  said  in  the  Mimoire,  "  it  existe  en  consignation,  a  Hambourg,  13,000  ilS.d 
barriques  de  vin  pour  compte  des  proprietaircs  du  departement  de  la  Girondc,  quiitiq 
irop  heureux  s'ils  ne  perdent  que  leur  capital." 

This  extraordinary  decline  in  the  foreign  demand  has  been  accompanied  by  a  coireip 
iiig  glut  of  the  home  market,  a  heavy  fall  of  prices,  and  the  ruin  of  a  great  number  of « 
chants  and  agriculturists.  It  is  estimated,  that  there  were,  in  April,  1828,  no  fewer  l> 
|}pO;000  tuns  of  wiiic  in  the  Gironde,  for  which  no  outlet  could  be  found ;  and  thegliit^ 


mmufiitturing  iiidus 


BORDEAUX. 


227 


A.  j^,f  departmnnUi,  U  ioitl  to  Imvi-  Ikm-ii  proportionally  «roat.     Tlio  full  in  tlio  prlre  of 
■  f  |,|y,  reacted  on  the  vini-ynnlH,  iinwt  of  which  linvp  brr onir  qnito  unnnliMiMc  ;  and  a  total 


it()ph««  I*'"  P"' '"  •''•"'■y  ""^  "^  injprovrinrnt 


Nor  have  nrnttcrn  Ix-rn  in  th«  Iriist  amrnd- 
(j'liurinn  the  nirrciit  year:  on  tho  contrary,  they  MPin  to  hf  p^radtially  (^ottinK  worxe, 
teliiiih"  jiovpfty  of  the  proprietor*,  that  wine  iH  now  fretpicnily  ftcizi'd,  and  noli!  Iiy  tho 
n'vfniio  iif'"'''f*  '"  pnvmrnt  of  arrrar*  of  taxPK;  and  it  ap[)«ani,  from  nonio  lato  NtatcnicntH  in 
iho  ilfmorinl  Hordeluii  (a  ncwHpaf)cr  [luhlinliml  at  Uordeuux),  that  tho  wino  ho  nold  lian 
not  nvfnliy  iVtrhed  more,  at  an  average,  tliaii  almiit  two  thirrls  of  the  rost  of  ita  prn<luction  ! 
The  foilowini?  official  account  of  the  exports  of  wine  from  the  (lirondc,  during  tho  3  yeara 
rnilini!  with  1831,  acta  tho  extraordinary  iivilino  of  tiiia  important  trade  in  tlio  moot  atriking 
loinlofview:— 

Y„,  I  Urn.  ln<p.  Ciil.     |    Y'ir.  LI'rri.  Imp.  Oal.     t   Tt.ir.  Mim.  Imp.nal. 

m      43,833,0<14 "  9,<H3,053   I   IS30        88,5S1,'«I3  "  6,!WI,419   |   l»al        2t,l()0,Rai  "  5,370,110 

The  exporta  of  brandy  have  declined  in  about  the  same  degree  ;  and  the  foreign  ahipping 
(lequfnting  the  port  has  been  diniiniHhed  nearly  a  half. 

Such  are  tho  clTcctH  that  the  rcHtrictivo  aynti'in  of  policy  has  had  on  tho  wine  trade  of 
Franco,— on  a  i)riuich  of  indiiHtry  which,  as  we  have  already  seen,  employs ///cct  mUliuiis  of 
peoiik  It  in  latiHtiictory,  however,  to  oliHervc,  thiit  the  landowners  and  nierchanta  are  fnlly 
iwarcofthc  nource  of  the  misery  in  which  they  have  been  involved.  They  know  that  they 
ire  not  lulTtiring;  from  hostile  or  vindictive  measures  on  the  part  of  foreigners,  but  from  tlio 
blind  ami  8t'nseles8  plicy  of  their  own  government;  that  they  are  victims  of  an  attempt  to 
counlfract  the  most  obvious  prinriples — to  make  France  prmluoe  articles  directly  at  home, 
BJiich  iilic  might  obtain  from  the  foreigner  in  exchange  fur  wine,  brandy,  &e.  at  a  third  or 
t  fuurth  part  of  the  expense  they  now  cost.  Tfiey  cannot  cxjimi,  Iccuufe  lliti/  arc  nut 
oHiiw'dlo  imparl.  Hence  they  do  not  ask  for  bounties  and  prohiiiitioiis;  on  the  contrary, 
ihey  tlixdalm  all  such  quack  nostrums ;  and  demand  what  can  ulune  bo  useful  to  them,  and 
Icncficial  to  the  country, — a  free  commercial  Bysteni. 

"Cor«ld^r<en  Iiil-ni6ine,"  >ay  llio  lanilownors  nnil  nierclmnls  of  llin  flhonde,  "lit  ^yciemn  prolil- 
Ibiiif  fit  III  pluf  deplorable  iles  rrreiirs.  l.a  nature,  ilunH  sn  varii'iC)  iiiliiiie,  a  d<!|iiirtl  fl  tliaqii  'irfSe 
lifiillriljiils  iiiirliculiiTx;  ellu  u  iiiiprliii^  tiiir  cliaciuc  sol  hii  vi'ritaliiti  deuliimtioii,  ct  c'cst  par  In  i.iver- 
|iilHi'<pri>ilull!*  Ft  ili'D  liexoins,  qiiVllu  »  voiilii  uiiir  li.'s  Iiiiiiiimi'h  par  nil  lien  niiivcri<el,i.'t  operer  eiiire 
|eiiicesra|i|>riichemenlti  qui  out  proiliiit  lu  roiuinerce  et  la  clvillHaliun. 

I   "QuelliM:<t  In  liani!  (In  Bystdnie  pruliiliitil'l   tne  verilal<lo  cliiiii6ru,i|iii  conslstc  i.  csauycrUo  vcndre 
IH'flnntiT  iirins  adiplcr  rin  Inl. 

"Huplli' est  iloric  la  nuim^n"'-!!''''  I:»  |)Iiis<  Imtnediate  ilu  syBtinie  prolilliltir,  nil,  en  iraiitrr*  termefi, 
|dur:i<iii()|Hile)  Cent  ipio  le  payn  i|nl  est  pinco  snut  Koii  i  iiipiie  ne  pent  vendre  ses  proilnits  £l  I'lttrnn- 
'nt.  L°  voilil  done  rei'diil))  dami  Inl-nienie  ;  et  (k  riinpcisuiljilitij  du  vcndru  cu  (iii'il  u  du  Irup  vieiit  se 
[Jiii;iiirelaii«ces9lt«  de  imyer  pins  iher  re  qnl  Inl  mniKine. 

J  "Ndlrc  iniliiBlrie  ne  demandolt,  pour  fructilier,  ni  la  fjvenr  d'lin  inonopole,  nl  relte  fmiln  d'artlfirea 
Itl  di!  ffcoura  duiit  lileii  d'niitrcs  ont  impure  lu  lurijeaii  au  pays,  line  xngu  liberty  iMinmierciuU',  una 
|((nn«iiiie  miliiiqne  fcindt^e  siir  la  initiire,  <'n  rapport  avec  la  livlliiiatiiin,  en  liarniDUie  avec  touii  lea 
linlWlfi  v'rilaljles;  telle  <tolt  son  sent  hestdn.  Mvrie  &  xciii  efiser  iiiitnrel,  elle  se  meruit  t'tendnu 
Id'ellc-mime  iiar  la  France  de  1SI4,  roimiift  sar  cellc  de  1789;  elle  nnrolt  fiireii'  la  pins  riclii!  hninrlie  de 
|Kin  agriculture;  elliMinndt  fait  circulcr,  ct  dans  bum  hiiI  natal,  el  dans  tout  le  sol  du  riiyaiinie,  una 
|>«re  de  vie  et  de  riclieuse ;  elle  nnroit  untore  nitlru  snr  iios  plnveH  le  coinniLicedii  nioiide ;  et  la 
Ifniice,  nu  lieu  de  B'(!rii»er  avec  cfTurt  en  pays  innniifuctnrlor,  auroit  reciuninis,  par  la  force  dca  choses, 
line iiiprrloritu  incontpfUalde  coinnie  pays  agrirule. 
"LeEysteniRCdiitraire  a  previdu. 

"k  riiined'nn  des  plus  iiiiportants  departcmcnts  de  la  Frunre  ;  la  dttredpc  des  df'pnrtements  cir- 
Itniivoiilnii;  led^ptrisiienient  gen^^ral  dn  Midi;  unc  iinincnn(3  pnpulation  atln(|ii<!e  dans  sen  moyens 
Id'Mlitenc*;  un  capitol  I'liornie  rnniproinia  ;  la  perspective  de  ne  pouvoir  pn'tever  I'iinp/^t  sur  notro 
liol a|i|uuvri  et  dt'pouille ;  un  prfeiudica  iniiiiense  pour  tons  les  d'.parlenients  duiil  nous  sfniiino  tribu- 
pires;  iindt^cruisscnii^nt  rapide  dnns  celles  de  nos  ciiiisiiininatloiis  qui  protitoiil  an  Nurd  ;  la  tita;,'na- 
hioii  jrm'ruls  du  ciinniicrre,  avec  tons  les  di'p.aslres  qu'elle  entralne,  tonics  lea  perte.-i  qn'elle  prodult, 
kt IdUi  Ipk diminmfiea  eu  niatirlels,  nu  piditiques  nu  nioranx,  qui  en  Hinit  riiu'vitalde  suite;  entin, 
piie.inti.'wenieiit  de  plus  en  pins  irreparable  do  tons  nos  niiuiens  rnppnrls  roninierciaiix  ;  les  untres 
Vopl" s'HnricliiBsant  de  nos  pcrtes  et  duvidoppant  leiir  !'y^^tinle  niinniercial  siir  les  d'liris  du  notre; 
"Ti'Isxiiit  Ic9  fruits  aniers  du  syBt*me  dnnl  nous  avons  tie  les  printipales  victinies." 

Such  is  tho  well  authenticated  account,  laid  before  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  by  12,5G3 
bndiiwners  and  merchants  of  the  Oironde,  of  the  pracliail  operation  and  real  eflect  of  that 
btrj  system  of  policy,  which,  extraordinary  as  it  may  seem,  ha.s  been  hpld  up  for  imitation 
othe  iiarliament  of  England ! 

The  effect  of  this  system  upon  the  silk  trade  of  France,  the  most  important  branch  of  her 

hmufmturing  uidustry,  and  one  in  which  she  had  long  the  superiority,  is  similar,  and 

panlly  less  destructive.     Her  prohibitions  have  forced  others  to  manufacture  for  themselves, 

0 that  the  foreign  demand  for  silks  is  rapidly  diminishing.     It  is  stated,  in  Observations 

mressia  a  la  Commission  d'Enquefc,  by  the  delegate  of  the,Chamber  of  Commerce  of 

Xyong,  that  the  silk  manufacture  is  in  the  worst  possible  state,    "  Ce  qui  doit  surtout  ex- 

fciicr,  he  observes,  "  la  sollicitudc  du  gouverncment,  et  le  decider  a  cntrer  dans  nos  vues,  c'est 

^iM iifliyrahk,  alarmant,  de  la  fabrique  deLyon:  les  quatre  annees  de  1824  a  1827 

tfrent  aur  les  quatre  annees  precedentes  un  deficit  qui  excede  150  mille  kilog.  pour  lea 

wiej  expeditions  d'Allemagne ;  I'annee  1828,  et  I'annee  couranto,  1829,  nous  donnent  une 

fto^ession  d^croissanto  plus  effrayante  encore." — (p.  11.)      It  is  further  stated,  in  a  Report 

w!  the  manufacturers  of  Lyons,  that  tliere  were  26,000  looms  employed  in  that  city  in  18S4, 


< 


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mmw 


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li  'I ' ; 


|i!'£ 


;l^i.1  . 


h 


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iJ 

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mul 

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228 


BOSTON. 


whilo  at  present  there  arc  not  more  than  15,000.    The  competition  of  Switzerland  viili; 
land  has  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  producing  these  efTects.    At  Zurich,  where  then      ' 
only  3,000  looms  employed  in  1815,  there  were,  in  1830,  more  th»n  6,000;  andatEl!! ' 
feld,  where  there  were  none  in  1815,  there  were  then  aliove  1,000.    Switzerlimd  U  gSi 
hnve,  in  all,  11,000  looms  employed  at  this  moment  (1833)  in  the  manu^tureof  dI '"  I 
broad  silks.  f*" 

Besides  the  injury  done  to  the  wine  trade  of  France  by  her  anti-commcrcial  system  iiU 
been  much  injured  by  the  oelrois,  and  other  duties  laid  on  wine  when  used  for  home  co 
sumption.  These,  however,  have  been  modified  since  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe'  i 
it  is  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  the  experience  that  has  been  afforded  of  the  ruinous  ef'tt^ 
of  the  prohibitive  system,  and  the  more  general  diffusion  of  correct  ideas  with  respect  to*ik 
real  sources  of  wealth,  will  at  no  distant  period  cause  the  adoption  of  such  changes  in  ^ 
commercial  legislation  of  Franco,  as  may  render  it  mote  conducive  to  her  interest,  ami  m 
in  accordance  wiih  the  spirit  of  the  age.  If  we  were  hostile  to  France,  we  should  wishher 
to  continue  the  present  system ;  but  we  disclaim  being  actuated  by  any  such  feelings.  W 
are  truly  anxious  for  her  prosperity,  for  her  sake  and  our  own ;  for,  unless  she  be  surrouJ! 
ed  by  Bishop  Berkeley's  wall  of  brass,  whatever  contributes  to  her  prosperity  must,  in  som 
degree,  redound  to  the  advantage  of  her  neighbours. 

"  Were  such  narrow  and  m^ilignnnt  politics  to  meet  with  success,"  said  Mr.  Hume  mit 
ing  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and' when  the  prosperity  of  others  wasgencnllj 
reganlcd  with  an  evil  eye,  "we  should  reduce  all  our  neighbouring  nations  to  the  samesiai 
of  sloth  and  ignorance  that  prevails  in  Morocco  and  the  coast  of  Barbary.  But  what  wooU 
be  the  conse(|ucncc  1  They  could  send  us  no  commodities ;  they  could  take  none  from  uj. 
our  domestic  commerce  itself  would  languish  for  want  of  emulation,  example,  and  instniii! 
tion ;  and  we  ourselves  should  soon  fall  into  the  same  abject  condition  to  which  we  haj 
reduced  them.  I  shall,  therefore,  venture  to  acknowledge,  that  not  only  as  a  man.butasj 
British  subject,  I  pray  for  the  flourishing  commerce  of  Germany,  Spain,  Italy,  ami  ein 
France  itself.  I  am,  at  least,  certain  that  Great  Britain,  and  nil  those  nations,  would  floutiil 
more,  did  their  sovereigns  and  ministers  adopt  such  enlarged  and  benevolent  sentimenli 
towards  each  other." — (£.'s.wy  on  the  Jealmtsy  of  Trade.) 

For  a  more  ample  exposition  of  the  nature  and  elTects  of  the  French  commercial  systen 
the  reader  is  referred  to  an  article  in  the  99th  number  of  the  Edinburgh  Review,  conhi. 
butcd  by  the  author  of  this  work.  Most  of  the  foregoing  statements  are  taken  from  Ihii 
article. 

[To  one  residing  in  the  United  States,  where  the  population  is  so  very  locomotive  Ihn 
almost  every  person  is  occasionally  a  traveller,  it  must  appear  singular  that  only  two  A 
genccs  should  daily  leave  a  city  as  considerable  and  important  as  Bordeaux,  for  Pati^ 
and  only  a  single  diligence  shou!*}  leave  it  in  the  opposite  direction  for  Spain.  SmVa, 
nevertheless,  the  fact  Steam  navigation  has  been  introduced  on  the  Garonne,  both  aljoq 
and  lielow  Bordeaux.  And  since  the  year  1825,  three  packets  regularly  sail  between  tint 
city  and  the  Havanna.  and  six  others  between  it  and  Mexico. 

The  chief  imports  from  Bordeaux  into  the  United  States  are  wines,  white  as  nellasi«| 
brandies,  cordials,  olive  oil,  and  fruits  of  various  descriptions.  But  our  commerce  withilM 
port  has  very  much  declined  since  Havre  has  grown  into  importance. — Am.  Ed.] 

BOSTON,  a  commercial  city  of  the  United  States,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts,  and  Ihi 
largest  town  of  New  England,  in  lat.  42°  33'  N.,  long.  71°  4'  W.  Population,  in  183^ 
C2,U00.  The  city  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  near  the  bottom  of  a  large  and  deop  bay.lvinj 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  water,  except  on  the  south,  where  it  is  joined  to  the  main  Ida! 
by  the  narrow  isthmus  called  Boston  Neck.  But  it  communicates,  by  means  of  extcnsin 
wooilcn  bridges,  with  Charleston  on  the  north  side  of  the  bay,  and  witi»  Dorchester  on  liii 
south.  Boston  Bay  is  of  great  extent,  and  is  studded  with  many  islands.  The  plu 
on  the  opposite  side,  will  give  a  better  idea  of  it  than  could  be  derived  from  any  descrip- 
tion. 

Sliippinjr.—\ecnrA\\)f  In  the  official  accniints  Iniil  Iinrori;  Cnnffrens,  IStli  of  Fiilininry,  1833,  lhpre(s.| 
teri'il,  (■iirolled,  anil  lic«iiii»(l  tnniiagc  liirlniisiiiiR  In  Koslon  in  1831  aniniinliMl  In  138,l''4lniiii,ornhitl| 
Sl.OSt  inns  wure  (•inplnyvil  in  (Iik  ciiustniK  triKlu,  anil  I7,TS4  in  llm  lixliitrios.*  | 

In  I831,tli(tre  arrivml  rroiii  I'oriMgn  imrtsTMi  sliipij,  of  tin;  linnluii  nf  I2li,y60  Inns.  Of  thea« wtn,  I 
Aiiii!rlcan,  ATI  sliitm,  Innnaci;,  113,780;  and  lirilisli,  8li  iilii|ig,  lonimffit  9,350.  Willi  tlii!  e.\i-c|iiioiif<| 
Htveilvn,  which  sx'nt  3,  Ihi-re  was  lint  iiinrK  Ihaii  I  filii|>  frnni  any  nthnr  cniinlry!  In  1831,  lliei'orei|i| 
arrival*  were  I.OlM  nhiju,  innnage  iini  vtatuil ;  or  llieKi!,  843  weri;  Aniurican,  unil  311  Uritisli.  I 

The  arrivals  coaslwisu  in  1832  weru  3,S3li;  nf  tlivai!  were  Ii3  sliips,  51-1  briiJM,  3,332  sc|iooiieri,u4l 
S3H  slnnpg.  • 

8*i|)piH,f  C»«v«».— For  an  account  of  these,  see  New  York. 


*By  eompnrinsthls  return  with  that  Tor  1828,  given  in  the  former  ertitinn  nf  this  work,  IlicrewmUl 
appear  tn  have  lieun  a  r.nnsiderablu  falling  nff  in  Ihu  iiilerini  in  ihe  ainoiint  nf  Khippitigi  lliH.h)i'[ 
M\w,  is  not  reuily  tlie  easy     Fur  uii  uxp|unu«iuii  of  tiie  i^iiwrvpuncy,  soo  i^rt.  New  Yuhk. 


BOSTON. 


229 


*"^^  ft       ^i^i^nk  1    \S  %A  (•     ■ 


u-       \p^  'WWW    >!^:^  i«j  5         \      s>«jav:,::*(»»7 


rf^n- 


1 


Niulic  Miles, 


It(f<rijieet  to  Plan. — A,  oiifor  liplif-lionsp,  65  fcot  Inch,  Imvinir  n  revnlvitiB  lielit,  niterntitely  brilliant 
j 40 and  nhscnred  20  fiecoiid!).  B,  hiioy  on  the  oulwnrd  ndeo  of  the  nhoul,  off  Alderloii  Point.  C,  D,  K, 
jCrem,  Middle,  and  Outward  Drewster's  Islnmls.  F.  Oi-orce's  Jsliind.  The  piiSBnpe  for  ships,  lying 
jklwpmlhis  island  mid  the  rocks  on  I  ho  opposite  side  of  Lovcll's  Island  (n),hRin(5  very  narrow,  It  is, 
liiKirecl,  ihe  key  of  the  hnrhnur;  and  laree  siinis  linvo  recently  heen  expended  on  its  fori  ifinntion. 
j  To  I  he  soul  li  of  f!«nr({i''s  Island,  and  Rainsford's  Island  (H),  is  Nautasltet  road,  where  there  is  good 
j  anclioraite.  Tiic  outer  harbour  lies  to  the  west  of  I.ovcH's  (G)  and  Oeor^'c's  (F)  Islands,  being  sepa- 
I  tilfil  from  llii!  Inner  harbour  by  rustic  Island  (M),  and  Oovernor's  Island  (N.)  On  the  north  end  of 
I  Ifliip  Island  (I)  is  a  harbour  fixed  light,  27  feet  high.  K,  Deer  Island.  I-,  Spectacle  Island.  O,  Middle 
|(iroiinil,dryat  |  ebb.  P.  Upper  and  Middle  Ground,  having,  at  ebb,  only  5  feet  water,  Q,  Tlioinson'H 
lUhnil.  R,  Dnri'hester  Point.  8,  East  Boston.  T,  Charlcstown.  M,  N,  and  .S,  are  all  fortified.  Tlw 
I  toiirsc  that  a  ship  ought  to  steer  is  marked  bv  the  dotted  line,  lending  between  the  light-house  and 
I  tl'lerlxn  Point,  and  between  Oeuriie'B  Ulaiid' (F)  and  Lovell'i  Uluud  (G).  The  louildiligl  ore  luid 
I  loiui  In  fnllinrns  at  low  water, 

Voi„  I.— U 


Sf5P.^ 


ai..i 


i 


h  ■ 


'^i;ii 


:Ki 


i::  ^'f 


'U 


;'^ .  i  I 


;i'i  f. 


\U' 


y  ir 


''  I    4. 


I        'i'l 


■llf  i  !':;■ 


1^^'^ 


*|! 


230 


BOSTON. 


'!  :  ii  ■ 


/Tow  (ff  «R(<r  tAa  l>ar(.— In  cnminp  frnin  the  Allniitic,  a  ship  should  bring  the  Klht-hoiiae  tnlu. 
by  N.  to  W,  N.  W.,  and  run  direct  for  it.    The  Inrpost  ihlpi  may  i)nsB  it  at  witliTn  tegii  than  nT.L  . 
length.    If  there  be  no  pilot  on  buirtl.  or  tlie  ninster  be  unncqualnted  with  tlieharl)our  nrihp  -1 
1)6  north-WRStRrly,  wliicli  is  tlie  most  unfavoiiruhle  for  entering,  she  had  lietlor  steer  W  hv «  ? 
Knntasltet  roads,  where  she  niny  unclior,  nnd  get  »  pilot.  '  '  "W 

Mooring,  l(e. — Generally  speaking,  there  is  suliiciont  depth  of  water  to  enable  tlie  Inrsest  >lii 
come  up  to  town  at  all  times  of  the  tide.  They  usually  moor  nionpside  quayr  ni  whiirfs  wliBr...," 
lie  in  perfect  safety.  Tliere ore  in  all  about  €0  wharfs  j  which,  for  the  most  lart,  are  b'liil  o, nf' 
with  a  superstructure  of  stone  and  eiirlh.  The  two  principal  are  "  Long  Wliari  "'  550  ,iiril«  in  K? 
and  "  Central  Wharf,"  413  yards  long  by  SO  in  breadth,  having  a  range  of  loft-  :  icK  store.  a?,H  5'' 
bouses  along  iti  whole  length.  "  "  *•"• 

Pilotuffe.—tio  particular  place  is  specified  at  which  vessels  must  heave  to  for  a  pilot.  But  nil  v».  i   I 
with  the  exception  of  coasters  under  200  tons,  and  American  vessels  Inden  wltli  plaster  of  i'nri«  • '' 
Hritish  America,  if  bailed  by  a  pilot  within  about  li  mile  of  the  outer  light,  must  lake  lilm  on  iu»°? 
under  a  |)enalty  of  50  dollars.  If  they  have  got  within  this  disiiiiice  before  Iteinj!  hailed,  the  oUiMi/ 
to  take  a  pilot  on  board  ceases.    This  regulation  has  obviously  been  dictated  by  u  wish  to  liavp  ikl 

I lilots  constantly  on  the  alert ;  it  being  supimsed  that  musters  not  well  acquainted  with  tlie  liavu'i 
leave  to  to  take  one  on  board,  tliough  they  have  got  witiiin  the  free  limits.  '  "  | 

Table  of  the  Rates  of  Pilotage  on  Outward  and  Inward  bound  Vessels  in  the  Port  of  Bonon, 


Outwani. 


FroniNin'.  1. 1 1. May  I. 


}shi))s 
drwjt. 
W:iler. 

7  ft. 

8 

9 
10 
II 
13 
13 
14 
IS 
16 


DnI. 

.ShilK 

per 
Fool. 

dnvs. 

Water. 

Ot)0 

17  ft. 

000 

IH 

O'UO 

19 

Oi»5 

SO 

100 

31 

105 

33 

1  10 

33 

MO 

34 

110 

35 

110 

Dot. 
fcot. 

110 
180 
1-30 
1-50 
SOO 
8-50 
3-75 
3-75 
9-75 


FmniMiy  I.  loNov.  2. 


!ihi|i9 

Wol. 

drug. 

t«r 

W.vrr. 

Fnni. 

7  ft. 

0-75 

8 

075 

9 

0-75 

10 

0-60 

11 

0-85 

13 

OHO 

13 

01(5 

14 

01)5 

15 

0-95 

in 

0»5 

Slli|« 
ilrnx. 
Wilier. 
17  ft. 
18 
19 
30 
31 
23 
33 
34 
35 


per 

FOMI. 

100 
100 
1  85 
1-50 
1-75 
200 
325 
325 
3-25 


Inward. 


From  Nov.  1.  In  May  I. 


Shlpi 
drwif. 
W.il(r. 

7  ft. 

6 

9 
10 
II 
13 
13 
14 
IS 
10 


l)nl. 

p.r 

Fool. 

1-45 

1'45 

1-45 

1-56 

1-72 

177 

177 

187 

1-87 

187 


Shipi 

drwr. 

Water. 

17  ft. 

18 

19 

30 

21 

23 

23 

34 

3S 


Uol. 

1*' 

Font. 

1-87 
250 
3-75 
300 
4-00 
4  00 
400 
4  00 
400 


Careentn/r,  Stores,  4'«-— ""s'""  •'  "  ^'•'''y  fivoiiraldo  place  for  careening  and  repairhig  Ehlpi,  All 
kinds  of  siipiilics  may  he  had  of  the  liest  <|uiillty  and  at  nioilnrnli!  prices. 

Ciistomn  lici:c»iic.—T\\e  amount  collecled  at  Hoston  In  lS3i  Wiiti  5,227,502  dollars=  1,170,2081. ii.- 
(For  an  Account  of  the  American  warelioiisiii!:  system,  see  New  Vohk.) 

Immigratiun. — The  niimber  of  imniipriinis  arriving  at  IIokIiiii  is  not  great,  seldom  exceeding  l,600ii  I 
n  year.    A  city  ordinance  directs  that  the  masters  of  vessels  brinfiiiiK  imniicraiils  shall  enlci  iiiioi 
bund  with  sureties  to  the  amount  of  2Ufl  dollars  for  each  iiiimi).'raiit,  that  he  shall  not  liecnme n clm;e  i 
upon  the  slate  for  3  years,  or  pay  a  coniiiiiilalioii  of  five  dolliiix  on  aecoiiiit  of  each  iiiilividiinl.  lint 
this  ref:iilatioii  docs  not  apply  to  imiuipranis  having  a  reasonahle  amount  of  property;  tile  declualioi 
of  the  foreign  consuls  as  to  tliis  jioint  is  commonly  acted  upon. 

Trade  of  Boston,  i(C, — Boston  has  a  very  extensive  trade  with  the  southern  states  d  1 
with  foreign  countries,  and  is  also  one  of  the  principal  scats  of  the  American  fisheries.  Slit 
is  wholly  indebted  to  her  southern  neighbours,  and  principally  to  New  York,  Mar}'ianJ,d 
Pennsylvania,  for  supplies  of  flour  and  wheat,  and  for  large  quantities  of  barley,  maiit, 
oatmeal,  oats,  &c.,  as  well  as  for  cotton,  tobacco,  staves,  rice,  &c.  Of  these,  the  imports  of 
flour  may  amount,  at  an  average,  to  about  400,000  barrels  a  year ;  all  sorts  of  grain  to  aloat  I 
2,000,000  bushels  ;  cotton,  160,000  bales;  staves,  3,000,000,  &c.  Her  returns  arc  madt, 
partly  in  native  raw  produce,  as  liccf,  pork,  lard,  &c. ;  partly  and  principally  in  the  pnxlw 
of  her  manufacturing  industry,  in  whi(;h  MaHKachusctts  is  decidedly  superior  to  every  oik 
state  in  the  Union ;  iind  partly  in  the  produce  of  her  fiwhcrics  and  foreign  trade.  Attn] 
average,  Boston  annually  sends  to  the  southern  ports  of  the  Union  about  15,000  han'olsof 
licef  and  pork;  10.5,000  barrels  of  mackerel,  herrinirs,  alcwivcs,  &c. ;  20,000  quintalsof 
dried  nnd  smoked  fish  ;  3,500,000  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  ;  600,000  bundles  of  paper; I*  | 
sides  a  very  large  amount  of  cotton  and  woollen  maiiufartured  goods,  nails,  furnilure,con|. 
age,  &c. ;  so  as  to  leave  a  large  balance  in  her  favour.  Her  ex|>orts  of  native  produce  to 
foreign  countries  consist  principally  of  the  same  articles  fhe  tends  to  the  southern  slites;  liit 
she  also  exports  a  largo  amount  of  the  foreign  produce  she  had  previously  imported.  Tlit 
imports  from  abroad  consist  principally  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods ;  linens,  canvas, &x; 
hardware,  silks,  sugar,  tea,  coflec,  wines  and  brandy,  s]iicrH,  hides,  indigo,  dye  woods,  &(i 
The  total  imports  from  foreign  countries  into  the  stale  of  Massachusetts  in  the  yuareniliii;  I 
30th  of  September,  1832,  amounted  to  1 8, 11 S, 000  dollars;  while  the  exports  of  native  p 
dace,  during  the  same  year,  amounted  to  only  4,6.56,635  dollars,  and  of  native  und  forrigi 
produce  together,  to  11,993,763  dollars;  the  balance  against  Massachusetts  being paiJo!f 
by  bills  upon  the  southern  states,  to  which  she  exports  much  more  than  she  imports,  An 
York  alone  is,  in  fact,  supposed  to  be  at  all  times  indebted  to  Boston  about  6,000,UUU  dollan 
Wc  subjoin  a  stunmary 


.iceount  of  th 

Imports  froi 

Ruisia      -  J 

givfilen  and  Denmarl 

Brazil 

England     -  - 

Brilisli  East  Indies 
Bo,  West  Indies 
Di).  American  proi 

Cnbaand  Spanish  W 

Cbiiis 

from  other  places  to: 

Total  value  of  import 

To  oilier  ports  in  Mas 

from  various  places 

Tola!  value  of  ini 
Massachusetts 

14,859,056  dollars  = 

i(iiii*j.-In  January, 
I  Boston.  Of  the  latter, 
I  nrmci|isi  circunistancci 
I  lejder  i<  referred  to  thi 

Banki. 


U.S. Branch  - 
American 
MaisaclHisettg 
New  England 
Sl;ile  Biinli     - 
Wasliinflon   - 
Conimonwealth 
Eagle  - 
Globe  - 
Union  - 
Uoslon 
City    - 

Fnlumliian     - 
Franklin 
Treninnt 
,\nnh  Dank    - 
giiflhlk 
Allaiillc 


8<illiat  there  were  in  1 
I  this  sum  for  the  same  ] 
Inndrrillscoiiiit  is  estin 
1  l'«r*  Munisir,  29th  o 
hsmma  Companies. 
I  companies,  and  to  8om< 
I  amounted  in  .laiiiiary, 
I  lives.  The  stocks  of  t 
|S'll3|ierc«nt. 

Cmlil.— Foreign  goo 
I  In  13  inontlis :  average 
I  credit  is  given.  Discoi 
Cmmiisiun. — The  rn 
I  im  included)  to  7^  p 
I  charged.  The  oidinnr; 
I  lion  merchants  may  b 
I  i;ar|riic3  are  sold  by  bro 
I  keragc. 

Bnniriiprcy.— The  la' 

Preferences  are  very  fr 

bankrupt's  fuinily,  to  f 
I  my  real  claim  to  such  i 

Millies  in  the  >vay  are  i 
I  Hic  nut  thorniiglily  bc< 
I  impliiy  none  ^  ?  l)>e  m 
.Wmry.— hi  MnsfHch 
I  found  sterling  =  W.  0». 
I  tf.  fee  New  York.) 

We  have  derived  I  !ie 
[  lion,  and  partly  from  tl 

[Actonling  to  a  ce 


BOSTON. 


231 


teeount  of  the  Trade  of  Bogtnn  and  MassachusettB  with  Foreign  Couiitriei  In  1831. 


iM)]f 

.to  Not,  1. 

Dol. 

Shii, 

H 

Fnol. 

(Jnvf. 

fi 

MO 

ITft. 

1« 

110 

J8 

\fH 

I'Ifl 

19 

\n 

I'Sn 

20 

]■» 

125 

21 

SS(1 

i:«) 

22 

.Tim 

las 

23 

m 

135 

24 

SID 

1'35 

2S 

M 

1-35 

Importj  from 

Collan. 

Eipniti  10 

Dol  tin. 

gS'en  and  Denmark      - 

Brazil        -          -          - 

Ennland     ;  ,,' 

BrlHliEastlndlM 
Dn.  West  Indies           - 
D,,.  American  provincos         - 

Ciiba  and  Spanish  West  Indies    - 

China       .         •          -          - 

from  other  places  to  Boston 

Total  value  of  imports  to  Boston 

To  oilier  ports  iii  Massacliusetts  ) 

from  various  places         -        3 

Total  value  of  imports  into ' 
Massachusetts 

14.m056  dollars  =  3,210,527i.  12» 

i,m)«,soo 

333,800 

j06,500 

6,030,000 

685,000 

02,000 

02,100 

1,901,300 

763,000 

Knssia         .           .           .           - 
Sweden  and  Denmark      - 
Brazil          .... 
Entflaiid      .... 
British  East  Indies 
I)o.    West  Indies 
Do.    American  provinces 
Ciiha  and  Spanish  West  Indies    - 
China         •          -          •          - 

To  other  places  from  Boston 

Total  value  of  exports  from  Boston 
To  various    places  from  Other " 
I>ortg  in  Massachusetts    -        j ' 

Total  value  of  exports  from 
Massuchusetts 

176,.100 
285,600 
428,.'500 
200,000 
426,000 
80,500 
831,000 
1,077,000 
335,000 

13,278,000 
1,000,000 

3,530,000 
2,000,000 

13,278,000 
991,056 

5,530,000 
2,303,763 

14,260,056 

7,733,763 

.  sterling. 

7,733,763  dollars  =  1,710,096/.  13*.  6d.  sterling. 

ftiifa-In  January,  1833,  there  were  84  Banks  In  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  of  which  34  were  in 
I  ttKinn   Of  tlie  latter,  4  or  5  were  only  recently  established.    We  siilijoln  a  detailed  statement  of  the 
Siinl  circumstances  in  the  condition  of  the  Boston  banks  in  1830;  and  for  furtlier  particulars  the 
reader  is  referred  totlie  article  Banks  (Fobeion). 


Banki. 


B.S.Branch  - 
Amcricaa 
Mafiacbusetts 
New  England 
Stale  Bank     - 
Wasliinflon   - 
CoiiimoDweaith 
Eajle  - 
filobe  - 
Union  - 
Uoslon 
Ciiy    - 

Columbian     - 
Franlilin 
Trenioiit 
Nonh  Bank   - 
Suffolk 
Allintic 


Ehaiea. 


Totals    • 


15,000 
7,500 
3,300 
10,000 
30,000 
5,0'tO 
9.000 

or»i 


10,000 
5,000 
1,000 
5,000 
5,000 
7,500 
5,000 


149,200 


Each. 


100 
100 
850 
100 

60 
100 
100 
100 
lUO 
100 

75 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


Capital, 


DaUan. 

1,500,000 
750,000 
800,000 

1,000,000 

1,800,000 
500,000 
600,000 
500,000 

1,000,000 
800,000 
900,000 

1,000,000 
.■iOO.OOO 
100,000 
500,000 
500,000 
750,000 
500,000 


Timn  and  Rile  of 
Dividend. 


.Ian.  31— July  3i 
April  1  —Oct.  3 
April  3  —Oct.  2^ 
April  3  —Oct.  3 
April  2i— Oct.  21 
April  li— Oct.  2i 
April  3  —Oct.  3 
April  3  —Oct.  3 
April  2i— Oct.  3 
April  2  —Oct.  2} 
April  0  —Oct.  3 
April  li— Oct.  3 
April  2  —Oct.  2t 
April  3  —Oct.  3t 
April  0  —Oct.  2^ 
April  3i— Oct.  3t 
April  3  —Oct.  3 
April  2i— Oct.  li 


13,900,000  I 


Amount  of 
Divitiend. 


DotlarB. 

105,000 
33,500 
36,000 
641,000 
90,000 
18,750 
30,000 
30,000 
55,000 
44,000 
27,000 
45,000 
83,500 
6,500 
13,tOO 
33,750 
45,000 
20,000 


703,.N10 


So  that  tliere  were  in  1830,  in  Boston,  18  banks  with  a  capital  of  13,900,000  dollars.  The  dividends  on 
I  iliisBum  for  tlie  same  year  ninoiinted  to  703,500  dollars,  beiiip  at  the  rate  of  5'06  per  cent.  The  paper 
I  unileriliscoiiiit  is  estimated  to  have  exceeded  70,000,000  dollars. — {tStaUment  by  J.  II.  Goddani,  ji'ea 
1  riirlli.«(lMrti..«r,  2!tth  of  .laiiuary,  1831.) 

]  hmravu  Companies. — Insurance,  both  Are  and  marine,  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent  by  joint  stock 
I  companies,  and  to  some  extent  also  by  individuals.  The  stocks  of  the  different  insurance  companies 
I  amounted  in  January,  1833,  to  6,675,000  dollars.  Only  one  company  is  established  for  insurance  upon 
I  lives.  The  stocks  of  the  dilferent  insurance  companies  produced,  in  1630,  an  average  dividend  of 
1 5113  per  cent. 

I    CreJii.— Foreign  goods  are  frequently  sold  for  ready  mrney,  bnt  more  usually  at  a  credit  of  from  3 
|tol!!iMontli.i:  average  lencth  of  credit,  6  months;  but  o.    iron  and  some  other  articles,  12  months* 
I  ciedit  is  given.    Discount  for  ready  money  at  the  rate  of  I  per  cent,  per  animni. 
I    Cmnirn'MiiiR,— 1'he  rates  of  commission  are  arbitrary,  varying  from  2  to  5,  and  sometimes  {del  crt- 

im  included)  to  7i  per  cent.    On  small  accounts,  and  West  India  goods,  5  per  cent,  is  usually 

charged.  The  ordinary  rate  may  he  taken  nt  2}  per  cent. ;  but  compel Itinii  is  so  great,  that  cominis- 
I  tion  merchants  may  be  found  who  will  transact  business  on  almost  nn^  terms.  Sometimes  whole 
I  i;ar|;iic9  are  luld  by  brokers  on  an  agreement  to  receive  a  specific  sum  in  lieu  of  commissiou  and  bro- 
I  keragc. 

I  flii«*riip(ey.— The  law  as  to  bankruptcy  in  Massaehusctts  seems  to  be  in  a  most  disgraceful  state. 
I  Preferences  are  very  frequently  given  ;  and  property  is  in  ninny  instances  conveyeil,  fur  lieiioof  of  llie 
I  li:inhrupt'a  ruinlly,  to  persons  said  to  be  creditors  to  a  corresponding  amount,  without  their  having 
I  niy  real  claim  to  such  cbanicter.    It  is  true  that  these  conveyanoes  may  be  cancelled ;  but  the  difB- 

Millies  in  the  way  are  so  (treat,  that  they  are  seldom  set  aside.  The  safest  course  that  a  foreigner,  or 
I  Jiie  nut  thorniiglily  acqiiHinted  with  llie  city,  can  pursue,  is  to  deal  only  for  ready  money ;  and  to 

tmpliiy  none  ^  •  tl>i>  nioet  respectable  agents. 
ihmtj.—Xn  Mii^iachusette,  and  ibroiigliont  New  England,  the  dollar  passes  nt  6». ;  so  that  th« 

found  sterling  -  V.  0«.  8d.  Boston  currency.— (For  further  particulars  as  to  Money,  Weights,  Meaiuret 

tf.  seeNEW  YiiBK.) 

1  We  have  derived  t.'iese  details  partly  from  the  authorities  referred  to,  partly  from  private  informa* 
[  lion,  and  partly  from  the  elaborate  .inatcera  of  the  Vontul  to  the  Circular  Queries. 

[According  to  a  census  taken  in  May,  1837,  the  population  of  Doston  woa  80,395       .,,1,. 


!■    .  1 


eas 


BOTARGO— BOTTOMRY. 


mm 


From  an  abatniet  of  the  returns  made  by  the  banka  of  MaisachaMtta,  *ho«ing  their  cob.  i 
dition  on  the  10th  of  February,  I83S,  and  published  under  tlie  direction  of  the8<>cretatt^| 
the  Commonwealth,  it  appears  that  at  that  date  there  wore  no  less  than  188  banks  in  ilI 
State.    No  retoms  were  received  fVom  five  of  these.   The  aflrgrcgate  of  the  amounts  relumJ 
by  the  remaining  123,  together  with  those  returned  by  them  on  the  preceding  Istdatrf 
October,  were  u  follows : —  ' 


Circulation 

Balances  to  other  banks  - 

Deposites  not  on  Interest 

Do.      on  interest 
Rpecle       ... 
Bills  of  other  banks 
Balances  A-om  other  banks 
Loans        ... 
Nett  profits  on  hand 
Amount  of  last  dividend 


Oct.  I. 


#0,9(14,110 
5,108,013 
8,3.11,580 
S,SI8,484 
1,474,743 
3,054,80* 
5,(MI9,780 

60,308,131 
1,474,487 
1,038,850 


r*.i& 


♦9,100,m 
•1,531,813 
5,43«,53(l 
«,fl50,83J 
1,701,460 
8,:flO,«75 
4,037,018 

W,799,W7 
2,414,578 
1,041,350 


For  a  later  account  of  the  trade  of  Boston  with  foreign  countries  than  is  given  above,  tin 
reader  is  referred  to  the  article  Imports  and  Exports. — Am.  Ed.] 

BOTARGO,  called  in  Provence  Bouargiies,  a  sausage  made  on  the  shorcH  of  theMeiii. 
terranean  and  the  Black  Sea,  of  the  roe  of  the  mullet  The  best  comes  from  Tuniiuj 
Alexandria. 

BOTTLES  (Fr.  Bonteilks  s  Ger.  Boiiteilkm  It.  Bottlglie,-  Fiatchi  ,■  Rns.  BulmA 
Sp.  Botellan),  glass  vessels  for  holding  liquids,  too  well  known  to  require  any  (iewrinuoii 
They  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities.  The  duty  of  8s.  a  cwt.  on  bottle  glass,  like  tin 
duties  on  other  descriptions  of  glass,  is  both  oppressive  in  amount,  and  is  imposed  and  co|. 
lected  in  the  most  vexatious  manner.  The  manufacture  has  declined  considerably  linte 
1826. — (For  further  details,  see  Glass.)  1 

(BOTTLES  (STONE).— In  1812,  a  duty  of  2».6rf.  a  cwt.,  increased  in  1817to6»,m,  | 
imposed  upon  stone  bottles.    The  average  nett  produce  of  this  duty  has  not  recently  ex- 
ceeded 3,500/.  a  year.     But,  to  collect  this  insignificant  sum,  the  manufacture  had  to  li«  I 
placed  under  the  surveillance  of  the  excise,  and  those  engaged  in  it  subjected  to  variom  I 
troublesome  and  vexatious  regulations.    The  duty  did  not  extend  to  Ireland,  so  that  a  dtrn.  I 
back  had  to  be  granted  on  bottles  exported  to  that  country,  and  a  countervailing  duty  chartted 
on  those  imported  from  it.    This  unproductive  and  troublesome  duty  was  imposed  at  tin 
instance  of  the  glass  bottle  manufacturers,  who  contended,  that  if  stone  bottles  were  etempti 
cd  from  duties,  they  would  be  used  instead  of  glass  bottles,  to  the  injury  of  those  engaged  ig 
manufacturing  the  latter.     But  the  purposes  to  which  stone  bottles  and  glass  bottles  gn 
applied  arc  so  very  difTerent,  that  it  would  require  a  much  greater  reduction  of  the  price  of 
the  former  than  could  possibly  be  occasioned  by  the  abolition  of  the  duty,  to  makethemiie 
substituted,  to  any  extent  worth  mentioning,  in  the  place  of  the  latter.    These  views  wen 
ably  enforced  by  the  Commissioners  of  Excise  Inquiry;  aud  having  been  adopted  by  go 
vemment,  the  duty  has  been  abolished. — (4  A  5  Will.  4.  c.  77.;  see  also  F'fth  Report lij 
Commiasioiiert  of  Excise  Inquiry.) 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  duty  on  glnasi  bnttlos  may,  alfin,  be  speedily  pnt  an  end  in.  It  prndnis 
about  110,0001.  n  year.  We  noticed  (see  art.  Wine)  tlie  propriety  of  eiincling  niid  enlurcingsomeTe- 
gulatinns  as  to  the  siie  of  bottles.  Tlie  bottle  is.  In  fact,  a  very  important  measure ;  n  g.-eat  ddot 
^vine  and  other  liliiors  beiiiKSold  by  tlie  dozen.  Hut  there  is,  nt  this  iiionicnt,  the  greatest  disctrpin- 
cy  in  the  size  of  linttles  ;  and  it  appears  to  us  thnt  it  would  be  liishly  e.\p>-dicnt,  in  order  In  obviiii 
the  numerous  frauds  arisinK  Onm  this  source,  to  enact  that  all  bottles  he  made  to  roiituin  nolletiihu 
a  certain  spccifled  quantity,  and  to  plate  them  under  the  acts  relating  to  weights  and  jueaiufti, 
■  Snf.) 

BOTTOMRY  ktit>  RESPONDENTIA.— Bottomi^,  in  commercial  navigation,  is  i 
mortgage  of  the  ship.  The  owner  or  captain  of  a  ship  is,  under  certain  circumstancti^ 
authorised  to  borrow  money,  either  to  fit  her  out  so  as  to  enable  her  to  proceed  on  her  voj. 
4ge,  or  to  purchase  a  cargo  for  the  voyage,  pledging  the  keel,  or  bottom  of  the  ship  (a  partfin 
the  whole),  in  security  for  payment.  In  bottomry  contracts  it  U  stipulated,  that  i.' tlie  ship 
be  lost  in  the  course  of  the  voyage,  the  lender  shall  lose  his  whole  mnn<!y  ;  but  if  the  ship 
Mrrive  in  safety  at  her  destination,  the  lender  is  then  entitled  to  gt<t  back  his  principal,  and 
the  interest  agrreed  upon,  however  much  that  interest  inoy  exceed  the  legal  rate.— (flW 
Com.  book  ii.  c.  30.)  The  extraordinary  hazard  run  by  the  lenders  of  money  on  btHloniiy, 
who,  in  fact,  become  adventurers  in  the  voyage,  has  been  held,  in  all  countries,  as justifyinj 
them  in  stipulating  for  the  highest  rate  of  interest 

When  the  loan  is  not  on  the  ship,  but  on  the  goods  lader.  on  board,  which,  from  iheii 
nature,  must  lie  sold  or  exchanged  in  the  course  of  the  voyage,  the  borrower's  perMiul 
responsibility  is  then  the  principal  security  for  the  performance  of  the  contract,  which  a 
therefore  called  respondentia.  In  this  consists  the  principal  diiference  l)etwccn  botlomiy 
and  respondentia     The  one  is  a  loan  upon  the  ship,  the  other  upon  the  goods.  The  monet 


BOTTOMRY. 


8*1 


utolietl*'^  to  the  lendrr,  with  the  marine  interest,  upon  the  Ksfe  amvat  of  the  ship,  in 
ooe  eve  <  >"<}  '^^  ^^^  goods,  in  the  other.  In  all  other  respecta,  these  contracts  are 
itiv  the  Mine,  and  are  governed  by  the  same  principles.  In  the  former,  the  ship  and 
ile  being  hypothecated,  are  liable,  as  well  as  the  person  of  the  borrower ;  in  the  latter, 
.  lender  has,  in  general,  only  the  personal  security  of  the  borrower. 
'Pliii  contract,  which  mttat  always  be  in  writing,  is  sometimes  made  in  the  form  of  a 
i  poll,  called  a  bill  of  bottomry,  executed  by  the  borrower ;  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a 
i  or  obligation,  with  a  penalty.  But  whatever  may  be  its  form,  it  must  contain  the 
_ies  of  the  lender  and  the  borrower,  those  of  the  ship  and  the  master ;  the  sum  lent,  with 
/itipulited  marine  interest;  the  voyage  proposed,  with  the  commencement  and  duration 
i  the  risk  which  the  lender  is  to  run.  It  must  «how  whether  the  money  is  lent  upon  the 
lliip,or  upon  goods  on  board,  or  on  both ;  and  every  other  stipulation  and  agreement  which 
enrtiet  may  think  proper  to  introduce  into  the  contract — (See  the  Forms  at  the  end  of 
Jiuticle.) 

"It  18  obvious,"  says  Lord  Tenterden,  "  that  a  loan  of  money  upon  bottomry,  while  it 
ieves  the  owner  from  many  of  the  perils  of  a  maritime  adventure,  deprives  him  also  of  a 
t  part  of  the  profits  of  a  successful  voyage;  and,  therefore,  in  the  place  of  the  owners 
j^ee,  where  they  may  exercise  their  own  judgment  upon  the  propriety  of  borrowing 
toney  in  this  manner,  the  master  of  the  ship  is,  by  the  maritime  law  of  all  states,  precluded 
tom  doing  it,  so  as  to  bind  the  interest  of  his  owners  without  their  consent.  With  regard 
ti jampi  country,  the  rule  appears  to  be,  that  if  the  master  of  a  vessel  has  occasion  for 
loney  to  repair  or  victual  his  ship,  or  for  any  other  purpose  necessary  to  enable  him  to 
igplete  the  enterprise  in  which  she  is  engaged  ;  whether  the  occasion  arises  from  any  ex- 
locdinaiy  peril  or  misfortune,  or  from  the  ordinary  course  of  the  adventure ;  he  nmy,  if  he 
innot  otherwise  obtain  it,  borrow  money  on  bottomry  at  marine  interest,  and  j>U-dge  the 
liip,  and  the  freight  to  be  earned  in  the  voyage,  for  repayment  at  the  termination  of  the 
loyige.  When  this  is  done,  the  owners  are  never  personally  responsible.  The  remedy  of 
Ic  lender  is  against  the  master  of  the  ship." — {Law  of  Shipping,  part  ii.  c.  3.) 
[In  bottomry  and  respondentia  bonds,  the  lender  receives  the  whole  of  his  principal  and 
litercsl,  or  nothing ;  he  is  not  answeruhk  for  seneral  or  particular  ttverage*;  nor  will  any 
8  by  capture,  if  subsequently  recaptured,  aftocthis  claim.  In  this  respect  our  law  diifers 
a  that  of  France  {Code  de  Commerce,  art  330.)  and  most  other  countries:  the  lenders 
1  bottomry  bonds  being  there  subject  to  average,  as  our  underwriters  upon  policies  of  insu- 
loce.  No  loLS  can  avoid  a  bottomry  contract  unless  a  total  loss,  proceeding  from  a  ]>eril 
kibe  gea,  during  the  voyage,  and  within  the  time  specified  by  the  contract  If  the  loss  hap- 
1  through  any  default  or  act  of  the  owners  or  master,  to  which  the  lender  was  not  privy, 
I  may  still  recover. 

[There  is  no  restriction  by  the  law  of  England  as  to  the  persons  to  whom  money  may  be 
nl  on  bottomry  or  at  respondentia  except  in  the  single  case  of  loans  on  the  ships  of 
reignera  trading  to  the  East  Indies,  which  are  forbidden  by  the  7  Geo.  1.  stat  I.  c.  21.  §  2. 
[Itdocsnut,  however,  appear  to  be  necessary,  in  order  to  enable  the  master  of  a  ship  in  a 
reign  port  to  obtain  money  for  her  repair,  outfit  &Cm  that  the  contract  pledging  the  vessel 
jsecurity  of  the  debt  should  be  in  die  nature  of  a  bottomry  bond.  Provided  the  person 
po  advances  the  money  do  not  choose  to  take  upon  himself  the  risk  of  the  ship's  return, 
i  knot  stipulate  for  maritime  interest,  "there  seems,"  says  Lord  Tenterden,  "to  be  no 
m  why  the  master  should  not  pledge  both  the  ship  and  the  personal  credit  of  the 
iner."  And  in  the  case  of  money  advanced  in  this  way  to  refit  a  ship  in  distress  at 
maica,  which  was  captured  on  the  voyage  home,  the  lender  recovered. — {Law  of  Ship- 
Ing,  part  ii.  c.  3.) 

I  Bottomry  contracts  were  well  known  to  the  ancients.     At  Athens,  the  rate  of  interest  was 
It  filed  by  law ;  but  the  customary  rate  seems  to  have  been  about  12  per  cent    But  when 
ineywis  lent  for  a  voyage,  upon  the  security  of  the  ship  and  cargo,  the  interest  on  account 
'  superior  risk  encountered  by  the  lender,  was  in  most  cases  "^uch  higher.     In  voyages 
>  the  Taurica  Chersonesus  and  Sicily,  it  was  sometimes  as  s  30  per  cent — {Ana- 

Vnis's  Travels,  vol.  iv.  p.  369.  Eng.  trans.)  By  the  Rhodian  law,  the  exaction  of  such 
kh  interest  as  in  usual  bottomry  was  declared  to  be  illegal,  unless  the  principal  was  really 
1  to  the  dangers  of  the  sea. — {Boeckfis  Public  Economy  of  Athens,  vol.  i.  p.  177. 
hg.  trans.)  The  principle  was  adopted  by  the  Romans  who  gave  to  bottomry  interest 
t  name  of  na\Uietem  famus ;  and  has  been  transferred  from  the  Roman  law  mto  all  modem 
lies, 

•"Formerly,"  says  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall,  "  the  practice  of  borrowing  money  on  bottomry 
TO  respondentia  was  more  general  in  this  country  than  it  is  at  present.  The  immense 
paU  now  engaged  in  every  branch  of  commerce  render  such  loans  unnecessary  ;  and 
pey  is  now  seldom  borrowed  in  this  manner,  but  by  the  masters  of  foreign  ships  who  put 
Dour  ports  in  need  of  pecuniary  assistance  to  refit  to  pay  their  men,  to  purchase  provi 

*  Mr.  Serjeant  Mari>hall  doubts  this  j  but  it  was  so  decided  by  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  in  Jom 

I  WuiiwK,  B,  R.  MicU.  23  Geo.  3. 

c2     .  80 


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il 

.  11 


284 


BOTTOMRY. 


Biona,  &c.    Sometimes  officers  and  others  belonging  to  ships  engaged  in  longvoja* 
who  have  the  liberty  of  trading  to  a  certain  extent,  with  tlie  prospect  of  great  fto&\'\^ 
without  capitals  of  t^eir  own  to  employ  in  such  trade,  take  up  money  on  reBpondeiiiiiu  I 
make  their  investmenU;  but  even  this,  as  I  am  informed,  is  now  not  very  frequently  Joaea 
this  country." 

The  term  bottomry  has  sometimes  been  incorrectly  applied  to  designate  a  contract,  by  4, 
terms  of  which  the  ship  is  not  pledged  as  a  security,  but  the  repayment  of  money,  wiih, 
high  premium  for  the  risk,  is  made  to  depend  upon  the  success  of  the  voyage.  Tbin,  h«. 
ever,  is  plainly  a  loan  upon  a  particular  adventure,  to  Iw  made  by  a  particular  ship,  aixl  04 1 
a  loan  upon  the  ship,  and  of  course,  the  lender  has  only  the  personal  security  of  the  borronti 
for  the  duo  performance  of  the  contract.  And  it  seems  that  loans  have  somutiincs  been  ouili 
in  this  manner,  and  probably  also  with  a  pledge  of  the  ship  itself,  to  an  amuunt  exceediiu 
the  value  of  the  borrower's  interest  in  the  ship;  and  such  a  contract  is  still  legil in ijij, 
country  in  all  cases,  except  the  case  of  ships  belonging  to  British  sulyects  bound  to  otfoa 
the  East  Indies,  as  to  which  it  is  enacted  (19  Geo.  2.  c.  37.  §  5.), 

"That  all  siiins  of  money  l«nt  on  bottomry  or  nt  reiipnndnntia  upon  any  ship  or  uhlps  helongln. |,  I 
Iii9  Mnjenty'g  i^ubjects,  bounil  to  or  from  tliu  Hast  Indies,  aliall  be  lent  only  on  the  eliip,  or  on  Iheom.  I 
cliamliau  or  effects  liiden,  or  to  be  laden,  on  biiurd  of  :iucli  ship,  undslmll  lie  aoexpreased  inilieconij! 
tinn  of  the  bond,  and  the  benefit  of  salvage  shall  be  nllowed  to  the  lender,  his  ngenta  or  asBigni,  tfti 
•nlone  shall  have  a  right  to  make  assurance  on  the  money  so  'lent ;  and  no  borrower  cf  money .  n  bili. 
tomry  or  at  reepondentiu  as  ut'orcaaid,  Hhull  recover  more  on  uny  atsuruiicu  than  the  value  of  bii 
iiitereat  on  the  ^hip,  or  in  the  merchandises  and  elfurts  laden  on  buiird  uf  such  ship,  excluiivtofilit 
money  ao  borrowed  ;  and  fn  case  it  almll  appear  that  the  value  of  his  sliare  in  the  ship,  or  in  HitoH. 
chandises  and  elfecta  laden  on  board,  doth  not  animint  to  the  full  sum  or  sums  he  hnlh  borraweSu 
aforesaid,  such  borrower  shall  be  responsible  to  the  lender  tor  so  much  of  the  money  borrowed  aibt 
huth  not  laid  out  on  the  aliip,  or  merchandises  laden  thereon.  In  the  proportion  the  money  not  laidw 
shall  bear  to  the  whole  money  lent,  notwithstanding  the  ship  and  merchandises  be  totally  loit." 

Lord  Tenterdea  says  that  this  statute  was  introduced  for  the  protection  of  the  tradeofihel 
East  India  Company ;  and  its  rules  must  be  complied  with  in  the  case  of  bottomry  bj  ilu  I 
masters  of  ships  trading  to  the  East  Indies. 

For  a  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  see  Abbott  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  pattiLc,3,'| 
Mwnhall  on  Insurance,  book  ii. ;  and  Park  on  Insurance,  c.  21. 

I.  Form  of  a  Bottomry  Bond. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  by  these  presents.  That  I,  .*.  B.  commander  and  two-thirds  ownerof  ttesbl 
F.xeter,  for  myself  and  C.  D.,  remainiug  third  owner  of  the  said  ship,  am  held  and  firmly  hnundugul 
K.  f\  in  the  pennl  sum  of  two  thousand  pounds  sterling,  for  the  payment  of  which  well  and  truly  to)(  I 
made  unto  the  said  E.  F.,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrutors,  or  assigns,  I  hrreby  l)ind  myself, n I 
heirs,  executors,  and  administrators,  flvmly  by  these  presents.  In  wUnemi  whereuf  I  have  hereuD  I 
set  my  band  and  seal,  this  14th  day  of  Veeember,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1796.  I 

Whereas  the  above  bound  j1.  B.  hath  taken  up  and  receiveilofthe  said  E.  F.  the  full  andjii)l!ii| 
of  one  tlionsand  pounds  sterling,  which  sum  is  to  run  at  respondentia  on  the  block  and  freight  of  tliil 
ship  Kxeter,  whereof  the  said  .4.  B.  is  now  muster,  from  the  port  or  road  uf  Bombay  nn  r.  vnyueiil 
the  |iort  of  London,  having  permission  to  touch,  stay  at,  and  proceed  to  all  ports  and  iHaces  within  lie  I 
limits  of  the  voyage,  at  the  .ate  or  premium  of  taeniy-fioe  per  cent.  (25  per  cent.)  fur  the  voyage,  hi 
consideration  whereof  usual  risks  of  the  seas,  rivers,  enemies,  fires,  pirates,  fcc.are  tobeonaKcml 
of  the  atiid  K.  F.  And  for  the  further  security  of  the  said  E.  F.  the  said  A.  B.  doth  by  these prekjii I 
mortgage  and  assign  over  to  the  said  R.  F.  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  Ihenill 
(.hip  RieterixnA  her  freiulit,  together  with  all  her  tackle,  apparel,  &.c.  And  it  ia  hereby  declared thu I 
the  said  ship  Kutcr  and  Iter  freight  is  thus  assigned  over  for  the  security  of  the  respondentia  lilial 
up  by  the  said  A.  B.,  and  shall  be  delivered  to  no  other  use  or  purpose  whatever,  until  payinem^l 
this  iiiind  is  first  made,  with  the  premium  that  may  bccmne  due  thereon.  I 

Now  THE  Condition  of  this  obligation  is  such,  that  if  the  above  bound  Jl.  B.  his  lielrt,  eitti.! 
tors,  or  administrators,  shall  and  do  well  and  trul^  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid,  unto  the  said  £7,1 
or  his  attorneys  in  iMndon  legally  authori.-ied  to  receive  tiie  same,  their  executors,  adinlnistraton,iil 
assigns,  the  full  and  Just  sum  of  1,0002.  sterling,  being  the  principal  of  this  bond,  together  with liil 
premium  which  shall  become  due  thereupon,  at  or  before  the  expiration  of  nimty  dayaiitlerllieHlil 
arrival  of  the  said  ship  Enter  at  her  moorings  in  the  river  Thumes,  or  in  case  of  the  loss  of  tlitiiill 
ship  Exeter,  such  an  average  as  by  custom  shall  have  become  due  on  the  salvage,  then  this  obliniiitl 
to  be  void  and  of  no  ellect,  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force  and  virtue.  Ilnvingsigned  tnttireeMI 
of  the  same  tenor  and  date,  the  one  of  which  being  accomplished,  the  other  two  to  be  void  andofsl 
effect. 

Ji.  B.  for  self  1  „  , 
And  CD.*    r 

Bigned,  sealed,  and  delivered,  where  no  stamped  \  G.  II. 
,  paper  is  to  bo  bad,  in  the  presence  of  3 /.  A'. 

•  In  this  bond  the  occasion  of  borrowing  the  money  is  not  expressed,  but  the  money  was  In  r(ilii)| 
borrowed  to  refit  the  shi|>  which  being  on  a  voyage  from  Bcnirnl  to  London  was  obliged  tn  piitbattlil 
Bombay  to  repair.  See  The  Exeteb,  IVhiiford,  \  Itoli.  A.  R.  I7fi.  The  occasion  therefore  of  !x.rto«ii)l 
thu  money  gave  the  lender  the  security  of  the  entire  interest  of  the  ship.  But  this  bund,  alMl 
expressed  to  be  e.xocuted  by  the  master  for  himself  and  the  other  part-owner,  would  notbiiiillJil 
other  part-owner  personally,  unless  he  had  by  a  precionsdeed  authoiised  tlu)  master  to  execulesukM^ 
fur  Aim. — {Mbott  on  the  Laio  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  1.  }  3.) 

II.  Form  nf  a  Bottomry  BiU. 

TO  ALL  MEN  TO  WHOM  THESE  PRESENTS  SHALL  COME.  I,  Ji.  B  of  Bfn/r(il.niarinfr,|«ill 
owner  and  muster  of  the  ship  called  {.he  Exeter,  of  the  burthen  of  five  hundred  tons  and  upwardjucfl 
rilling  at  anchor  in  Table  Bay,  at  the  Cape  nf  Good  Hope,  send  greeting:  I 

WiiERGAS  I,  the  said  A.  B.,  part-owner  and  master  of  the  aforesaid  ship,  called  the  F.iiUr,  iwiil 
prosecution  of  a  voyage  from  Bengal  to  the  port  of  London,  having  put  into  Tabic  Bai/  for  the  |WI|mI 
of  procuring  provision  and  other  supplies  necessary  for  the  continuation  aud  peribrmsDU  ofilil 


BOUNTY,      md 


338 


.fgreiaid,  am  at  thli  time  necesiitatpil  to  take  up  upon  the  adveriturn  of  llie  iaid  «hip,  railed 

Ef'r  f»r  the  !um  of  ovt  thoueavd  poinida  sti^rling  iiiuiiu'!«  <if  Great  Britain,  for  si'ttiiii;  tijc  xiiiil  8liip 
r  and  Airnishini!  her  with  provisions  nnd  necesaarios  for  the  paid  voyage,  which  siiini  C.  D.  of 
I'r  Mof  Ouod  Hope,  niuiter  attendant,  liatli  ut  my  requeat  lent  unto  me,  and  supplied  nie  with,  at 
£  leiJltKe'i't  hundred  and  twenty  pauTufa  sterling  for  the  said  one  thounund  puimdn,  iieiiig  at  thu 
LiUnkuiidredatid  tmenty-tiro  younda  for  evi'ty  hundred  pounds  uiivatwcii  ng  aforesaid,  during  the 
Lw of  llie  said  ship  from  Toble  Bay  ia  London.  Now  know  yf,  that  I,  the  snid  .4.  £.,  by  tlicse 
L   1.11  in  for  mc,  my  executors  and  administrators,  covenant  and  grant  to  nnd  with  the  said  C.  D. 


X  laid sbipsliull,  with  the  first  convoy  which  sliall  offer  tox  England  utter  the  dale  of  these  pre- 

"ri«iil  nnd  depart  for  the  port  of  Xondon,  thereto  tiniah  the  voyage  aforesaid.  And  I,  tlie  said  A.  B., 
liiijeration  of  thi;  sum  of  cnc  thoutand  povnds  sterling  to  me  in  hand  paid  hy  the  said  C.  D.  at  and 

fra  Ihe  lealing  and  delivery  of  these  presents,  do  hereliy  bind  myself,  niy  heirs,  executors,  and 
E  initlrsinrs,  my  (roods  and  ciialtels,  and  partictilurly  the  said  sliip,  the  tackle  nnd  apparel  of  thu 
tp  and  aUoVie  freight  of  the  said  ship,  which  is,  or  shuil  become  due  for  the  afor<:i>nid  vojago 
Clni  Wo'io  the  port  of  London,  to  pay  unto  the  said  C.  /).  his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns, 

l.«ml( ivike  kvndredond  twenty  pounds  of  law {u\  British  mone^,  within  thirty  days  next  after 
life  arrival  of  the  said  eliip  nt  the  port  of  London  from  the  same  intended  voyage. 
F^  '  I  iiig  g^jd  A.  B.  do,  for  me,  my  e.\ecutorN  and  administrators,  t'oveiinnt  and  grant  to  nnd  with 
L«taid  C.  D;  his  executors  and  adniiniatrators,  by  these  presents,  that  I,  the  said  A.  B.,  at  the  time 
TMliiiianddelivering  of  these  presents,  am  a  true  and  lawful  luirt-owner  and  master  of  the  said 
tig  aiidtnve  (xiwer  and  authority  to  charge  and  engage  the  said  ship  wi'h  her  freight  as  aforesaid, 
y'lliatthe  «nid  iihip,  with  her  freight,  shall,  nt  nil  times  aller  the  said  voyage,  be  liable  and  charge- 
Uefortliepaymeiit  of  thesuid  twelve  hundred  and  twenty  pounds,  according  to  the  :rue  intent  and 
Eeininfof  these  presents. 

UxDlMilyi  It '8  hereby  declared  and  agreed  by  and  between  ">e  s-  ips  to  these  presents,  that 

I'^jfllif  laid  ship  slinll  be  lost,  miscarry,  or  be  castaway  '         c  i.  'il  at  the  said  port  of  iu«. 

afrnm  the  said  intended  voyage,  that  then  the  payment  of  'iid  Iw-  ndred  and  twenty  poundu 

^llnol  be  demanded,  or  lie  recoverable  by  the  said  C.  />.,  his  execiitcu,  ..auiinislrutora,  or'nsi^igns, 
Ct stall  cense  and  determine,  and  the  loss  thereby  be  wholly  borne  nnd  sustained  by  the  said  C.  D., 
hwcotnrsBiidHdniinietratnrs,  and  tliat  then  and  from  thenceforth  every  act,  matter,  and  thing 
[trtin  mentioned  on  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  said  A.  B.  siiall  be  void ;  any  niing  liereiu  contained  to 

KtoLliary  notwithstanding. 

In  wiTNEsn  whereof  the  parties  have  interchangeably  set  their  hands  and  seals  to  four 
bonds  of  this  tenor  and  date,  one  of  which  being  paid,  the  others  to  be  null  and  void. 

At  the  Cape  of  Oood  Hope,  this  15th  day  of  M'ovenber,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thouaaud  eight  hundred  and  thirty. 


■)E.F. 
Ao.H. 


A.B. 


(L.  ».) 


les  the  works  referred  to  by  the  author,  the  reader  may  consult  with  advantage  the 
bill  Lecture  of  Chancellor  Kent's  Commentary  on  American  Law.    It  contains  a  concise 

Ivery  lucid  statement  of  the  subject  of  maritime  loans. — Am.  Ed.] 
I  BOUNTY,  a  term  used  in  commerce  and  the  arts,  to  signify  a  premium  paid  by  govcrn- 
lent  to  the  producers,  exporters,  or  importers  of  certain  articles,  or  to  those  who  employ 
kps  in  certain  trades. 
1 1.  Bounties  on  Production  are  most  commonly  given  in  the  view  of  encouraging  the 

labluhmcnt  of  some  new  branch  of  industry ;  or  they  are  intended  to  foster  and  extend  a 

nch  that  is  believed  to  be  of  paramount  importance.  In  neither  case,  however,  is  their 
klity  very  obvious.  In  all  old  settled  and  wealthy  countries,  numbers  of  individuals  are 
_  s  leady  to  embark  in  every  new  undertaking,  if  it  promise  to  be  really  advantageous 
kthout  any  stimulus  from  government :  and  if  a  branch  of  industry,  already  established, 
)  really  impottant  and  suitable  for  the  country,  it  will  assuredly  be  prosecuted  to  the  neccs- 

^Mtcnt,  without  any  encouragement  other  than  the  natural  demand  for  its  produce. 

.  Btmiiuen  Exportation  and  Importation. — It  is  enacted  by  the  3  &  4  'Will.  4.  c.  Si.,  that  a  merchant 
lexpntter  claiming  a  bounty  or  drawback  on  goods  exported,  must  make  oath  that  they  have  been 
pilly  e.ipnrted,  and  have  not  been  relanded,  and  are  not  intended  to  berelanded,  in  any  part  oftlie 
■lied Kingdom,  or  in  tlie  isle  of  Man  (unless  entered  for  llie  Isle  of  Man),  or  in  the  islands  of  Farn 
jt'eitu:  nnd  it  is  further  enacted,  that  if  any  goods  cleared  to  be  exported  for  a  bounty  or  draw- 
|(li,Mi:ill  not  be  duly  exported  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  or  shall  be  relanded  in  any  part  of  the 
llird  Kiiijidnm,  or  in  the  islands  of  Faro  or  Fcrro,  or  .<!hnll  be  carried  to  the  islandi*  of  Guernsey, 
Iney,  Aldrriiey,  t^ark,  or  Man,  (not  having  been  duly  entered,  cleared,  and  shipped  for  exportation 
liudi  l«lands,)8iich  goods  sliall  be  forfeited,  together'with  tlieship  or  ships  employed  in  relnndingor 
vr.ing  them ;  and  any  person  by  whom  or  by  whose  orders  or  means  such  goods  shall  have  been 

»red,  relanded,  or  carried,  shall  forfeit  a  sum  equal  to  treble  the  value  of  such  goods.— {  i  87 — U5. 

13,  Policy  of  Bounties, — It  was  formerly  customary  to  grant  bounties  on  the  exportation 

fvarious  articles ;  but  the  impolicy  of  such  practice  is  now  very  generally  admitted.     It  is 

iversally  allowed  that  bounties,  if  they  be  given  at  all,  should  be  given  only  to  the  export* 

i  of  such  commodities  as  could  not  be  exported  witliout  them.     But  it  is  plain  that,  by 

Jiting  a  bounty  in  such  cases,  we  really  tax  the  public,  in  order  to  supply  the  foreigner 
iih commodities  at  less  than  they  cost.  A.  has  a  parcel  of  goods  which  he  cannot  dispose 
1  for  less  than  110/. ;  but  they  will  fetch  only  100/.  in  the  foreign  market ;  and  he 
fcimsand  gets  a  bounty  of  10/.  to  enable  him  to  export  them.  Such  is  the  mode  in  which 
Viniicson  exportation  uniformly  operate;  and  to  suppose  that  they  can  be  a  means  of 
iilching  ihe  public,  is  equivalent  to  supposing  tliat  a  shopkeeper  may  be  enriched  by  sell* 
jg  his  goods  for  less  than  they  cost ! 
jBut  however  injurious  to  the  state,  it  has  been  pretty  generally  supposed  that  bounties  on 

wttatlon  are  advantageous  to  those  who  produce  and  export  the  articles  on  which  they 
tpaiJ,   But  the  fact  is  not  so.    A  trade  that  cannot  be  carried  on  without  the  aid  of  a 


i: 


"  V  *;l  ■ 


m 


!i     I  • 


i  ■ 


\hi- 


!     Il'-i!' 


If'l,, 


1.    ;; 


1.  il 


BOX-WOOD— BRANDY. 

iKMinty,  must  be  a  naturally  diandvnnt«D;itous  ana.  Hence,  by  grantinf;  it,  individualii 
tempted  to  engage  or  cuntir.ue  in  businesaea  which  are  noccsiarily  very  inaecute  ami  u, 
lai'ely  capable  of  being  rendon-d  lucrative ;  at  the  same  time  that  they  are  prevent  i, 
trusting  to  the  bounty,  from  making  those  exertions  they  naturally  would  hnve  made  h 
they  been  obliged  to  depend  entirely  on  superior  skill  and  industry  for  the  sale  of  theirn 
duce.  The  history  of  all  businesses  carried  on  in  this  country  by  the  aid  of  bountin,  p 
that  they  are  hardly  leas  disadvantageous  to  those  engaged  in  them  than  to  the  public, 

The  truth  of  these  remarks  has  been  acknowledged  by  government  The  bounty  on  || 
exportation  of  corn  was  repealed  in  1816 ;  and  the  bounties  on  the  exportation  of  linim 
several  other  articles  ceased  in  1830. 

4.  Bounties  on  Shipping  have  principally  been  paid  to  the  owners  of  vessels  enganj  J 
ihe  fishery,  and  their  influence  will  be  treated  of  under  the  articles  Hihriks  Fitaiii  i 
Whale  Fishiht. 

For  an  account  of  the  bounties  that  still  exist,  see  the  article  TAmrF. 

BOX- WOOD  (Ger.  Buehabaum ,-  Du.  Palmhout  ,•  Fr.  Buia  ,•  It.  Busan,  Boast),  BmlA 
the  wood  of  the  box  tree  (Buxua  aempervirena),  growing  wild  in  several  places  in  GimL 
Britain.  This  tree  was  greatly  admired  by  the  ancient  Romans,  and  has  been  much  cuu] 
vatcd  in  modem  times,  on  account  of  the  facility  with  which  it  is  fashioned  into  difetgil 
forms.  Box  is  a  very  valuable  wood.  It  is  of  a  yellowish  colour,  closegrained,  very  iuil 
and  heavy;  it  cuts  better  than  any  other  wood,  is  susceptible  of  a  very  fine  polish,  anj  J 
very  durable.  In  consequence,  it  is  much  used  by  turners  and  mathematical  and  amM 
instrument  makers.  It  is  too  heavy  for  furniture.  It  is  the  only  wood  used  by  the  en^Tiul 
of  wood-cuts  for  books;  and  provided  due  care  be  exercised,  the  number  of  impresiiogil 
that  may  be  taken  from  a  box-wood  cut  is  very  great.  In  France,  box-wood  is  exteniittlr| 
Used  for  combs,  knife-handles,  and  button-moulds;  and  sometimes,  it  has  been  said,  as  atiil 
Rtitute  for  hops  in  the  manufacture  of  bear.  The  value  of  the  box-wood  sent  from  Spain  it] 
Paris  is  reported  to  amount  to  about  10,000  fr.  a  year.  In  1816,  the  box  trees  cut  domioil 
Box-hill,  near  Dorking,  in  Surrey,  produced  upwards  of  10,000/.  They  are  now,  liowei«;| 
become  very  scarce  in  England.  The  duty  on  box-wood  is  quite  oppressive,  being  511  atogl 
if  brought  from  a  foreign  country,  and  1/.  a  ton  if  from  a  British  possession.  At  an  ml 
rage  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  the  entries  of  box-wood  for  home  consumpdail 
amounted  to  382  tons  a  year.  In  1832,  the  duty  produced  1,867/.  17«.  id.  Tuikeybl 
wood  sells  in  the  London  market  for  from  7/.  to  14/.  a  ton,  duty  included.  I 

BRAN,  the  thin  skins  or  husks  of  corn,  particularly  wheat,  ground  and  separated  ttn\ 
the  corn  by  a  sieve  or  boulter. 

BR.\NDY  (Ger.  Brantavcin  ,•  Du.  Brandewyn  ,•  Fr.  Eau  de  vie,  Brandetin;  Ii| 
Aquarzmte  ;  8p,  Aguardiente  ,•  Fori.  Aguardente ;  Rus.  Winoi  Lat.  Vinum  arfwdifflU 
a  spirituous  and  inflammable  liquor,  obtamed  by  distillation  from  wine  and  the  husks  otl 
grapes.  It  is  prepared  in  most  of  the  wine  countries  of  Europe;  but  the  superiority  gf I 
French  brandy  is  universally  admitted.  The  latter  is  principally  distilled  atBordeaui,II»| 
chelle.  Cognac,  the  Isle  de  Rh6,  Orleans,  Nantea,  and  in  Poitou,  Touraine,  and  Anjoil 
That  of  Cognac  is  in  the  highest  estimation. 

Wines  of  all  descriptions,  but  chiefly  those  that  are  strong  and  harsh  (poiwci'l  &\ 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  brandy.  The  superior  vintages,  and  those  that  have  niostii'| 
vour,  are  said  to  moke  the  worst  brandy.  It  is  naturally  clear  and  colourless.  The  dillmtl 
•hades  of  colour  which  it  has  in  commerce,  arise  partly  from  the  casks  in  which  it  is^l 
but  chiefly  from  the  burnt  sugar,  saundcrs  wood,  and  other  colouring  matter  intentioiull;| 
added  to  it  by  the  dealers.  It  is  said  that  the  burnt  sugar  gives  mellowness  to  the  f1avouiai| 
the  liquor,  and  renders  it  more  palatable. 

The  art  of  distillation  is  believed  to  have  been  first  discovered  by  the  Arabians.  Fronil 
passage  in  the  Testamentum  Noviaaimum  of  the  famous  Raymond  Lully,  who  flouriBheilii| 
the  13th  century,  it  would  appear  that  the  production  of  brandy  and  alcohol  fromwineml 
familiar  to  his  contcmporarieii. — (p.  2.  edit.  Ai-gent.  1571.)  But  the  practice  docs  notiivl 
pear  to  have  been  introduced  into  France  till  1313. — (Le  Grand  d^Anssi  ViejimkX 
Franpia,  t.  iii.  p.  64.)  When  first  introduced,  brandy  or  burnt  wine  (nntm  a(lmtm]f 
appears  to  have  been  used  principally  as  an  antiseptic  and  restorative  medicine;  anililii| 
most  extravagant  panegyrics  were  bestowed  on  its  virtues.  It  was  described  as  a  soverti!il 
iTomedy  in  almost  all  the  disorders  of  thd  human  frame ;  it  was  commended  for  its  efficatjiil 
comforting  the  memory,  and  strengthening  the  reasoning  powers;  it  was  extolled,  in  ski,! 
as  the  elixir  of  life,  and  an  infallible  preservative  of  youth  and  beauty  ! — (Henderson'sSil 
of  Wine,  p.  24.)  Dr.  Henderson  says  that  the  experience  of  loter  times  has  shown  h»j 
little  this  eulogy  was  merited ;  but  in  this  he  is  contradicted  by  Burke,  who  maintains  nif 
equal  eloquence  and  ingenuity,  that  "  the  alembic  has  been  a  vast  benefit  and  blissisj 
^{Thoughts  and  Details  on  Scarcity,  p.  41.) 

Brandy  has  always  formed  a  vei>  prominent  article  in  the  exports  of  France;  fcwshi] 
■ailing  from  Bordeaux,  Rochelle,  or  Nantes,  without  taking  a  certain  quantity  of  it « I 
board.    The  following  is  an  account  of  the  exportation  of  brandy  from  France  duiif  I 


BRANDY. 


887 


jUtm  ending  with  1780,  and  the  14  yem  ending  with  l8'M.—(Enquite  ttw  Ut 


Redalilm. 

Twni 

HtetolibM, 

T»«fc 

RKtolllnr 

303,638 

1817 

. 

-      61,607 

IS33 

_ 

. 

•    310,039 

331,499 

1818 

- 

-      99,403 

1834 

. 

. 

■    317,Siy 

9S4,500 

1819 

- 

.    931,633 

1833 

. 

. 

.    330,037 

1830 

* 

.    333,349 

1830 

. 

• 

-    191,110 

184,160 

1831 

. 

•    133,106 

1837 

. 

. 

-    373,374 

137,S0H 

1833 

- 

.    330,180 

1838 

•• 

- 

.    403,307 

hs  • 
[i«  • 

J,  11  ilw  hectolitre  la  equni  to  36'43  wine  gallonf ,  «howa  that  the  exportation  In  1838  wai  equlva* 
iitoili^%73Bgnlluns;  but  It  hat  ilnco  declined  conddercbly. 

{DuliamBrandi/  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Quantities  ennsumed. — In  nothing, 
ijliM  the  injurioiu  operation  of  opprsMive  duties  been  so  atrikingly  exenaplifiod  as  in 
(ctMof  brandy.  At  the  latter  end  of  the^  17th  century,  when  the  duty  on  brandy  did 
jleiceed  9^  a  tun,  the  import)  into  England  amounted  to  about  6,000  tuna,  or  1,513,000 
isif^{HistoricalandPolitiailJiemarktonthe  Tariff  of  the  late  Treaty,  \189,  p.  113.^ ; 

new  at  present,  notwithataiiding  our  vast  increase  in  wealth  and  population  since  the 
Inferred  to,  we  do  not  import  more  brandy  than  we  did  then  !  Nor  is  this  extraordi- 

I  circumstance  to  be  ascribed  to  any  preference  on  the  part  of  the  public  to  other  beva- 

I,  but  is  wholly  owing  to  the  exorbitant  duties  with  which  brandy  is  loaded.  The  price 
fbnndy  in  bond  varies,  at  this  moment,  according  to  quality,  from  9a,  to  5«.  a  gallon 
Lperial  mcasureV  while  the  duty  is  no  less  than  2S«.  6d.  Had  the  imposition  of  such  a 
Cn taken  away  tne  taste  for  brandy,  it  would  have  been  con)parativeIy  innocuous.  But  it 
(done  no  auch  thing.    Its  only  ciffct  has  been  to  convert  a  trade,  that  might  otherwise 

e  been  productive  of  the  most  advantageous  results,  into  a  most  prolific  source  of  crime 

il  demoralisation.    The  temptation  to  smuggle,  occasioned  by  the  exorbitancy  of  the  duty, 

I  loo  overpowering  to  be  counteracted  by  the  utmost  penalties  of  the  law.    All  along  the 

("f  Kent  and  Sussex,  and  the  districts  most  favourably  situated  iiit  running  spirits, 
t  the  whole  of  the  labouring  population  are  every  now  and  then  withdrawn  m>m  their 

137  employments,  to  engage  in  smuggling  odventures.    The  efforts  of  the  revenue 

cen  to  seize  foreign  brandy  and  geneva  have  in  innumerable  instances  been  repelled  by 
Bloody  and  desperate  contests  have,  in  consequence,  taken  place.  Many  individuals, 
io,but  for  this  fiscal  scourge,  would  have  been  industrious  and  virtuous,  have  become 

\  predatory,  and  ferocious ;  tliey  have  learned  to  despise  the  law,  to  execute  summary 
nee  on  its  oificers ;  and  are  influenced  by  a  spirit  that  has  been,  and  may  be,  turned 

t  must  dangerous  purposes. 
I  Neither  can  it  be  truly  said  that  this  miserable  system  is  upheld  for  the  sake  of  revenue. 
1  the  contrary,  it  is  easy  to  show  that,  besides  the  other  mischievous  effects  it  entails  on 
epablic,  it  occasions  the  loss  of  at  least  1,000,000/.  a  year.  In  1766,  Mr.  Pitt,  by  a  wise 
itic  measure,  took  50  per  cent,  from  the  duty  on  brandy  and  geneva ;  (the  duty  on 
thtter  has  been  for  a  lengthened  period  the  same  as  that  on  brandy;)  and  instead  of 
lb; diminished,  the  revenue  was  increased.  In  1790,  when  the  duty  on  brandy  and  geneva 

I M,  the  wine  gallon,  the  quantity  retained  for  home  consumption  was  2,223,590  gal- 
During  the  3  years  ending  with  1803,  when  the  duty  was  9«.  2</.,  the  quantities  of 
indy  and  geneva  retained  for  home  consumption  amounted,  at  an  average,  to  about 
|lOO,000  gidlons ;  but  during  the  3  yeara  ending  with  1818,  when  the  duty  had  been  in- 
i  to  18«.  lOdL  the  wine  gallon,  the  quantities  retained  did  not  exceed  350,000  gallons, 
bile  the  quantities  actually  entered  for  home  consumption  were  considerably  less !  Since 
ko  the  consumption  has  increased  with  the  increasing  wealth  of  the  country ;  but  at  this 

nentithe  quantity  consumed  in  Great  Britain  is  fully  635,000  gallons  less  than  in  1790 ! 
lothing,  therefore,  can  be  more  palpably  erroneous  than  to  contend  that  the  revenue  is  im- 
nted  by  the  present  system.  Have  we  not  seen  the  revenue  derived  from  coffee  trebled 
[reducing  the  duty  from  \8.1d.io%d.'\  Have  we  not  seen  the  revenue  derived  from 
1  spirits  greatly  increased,  by  reducing  the  duty  from  fis.  %d.  to  2$.  the  wine  gallon  1 

1  where  is  the  ground  for  supposing  that  the  result  would  be  different,  were  the  duties 
I  brandy  equally  reduced  1  But  the  experience  afforded  by  Mr.  Pitt's  measure  in  1786,  is 
loaive  as  to  this  point  He  quadrupled  the  consumption  and  increased  the  revenue,  by 
png  a  half  from  the  duty  when  it  was  a  good  deal  less  oppressive  than  now.  Were  a 
wv  reduction  made  at  present,  does  any  one  doubt  that  a  similar  result  would  follow  1 
^uggling  and  adulteration  would  immediately  cease ;  our  trade  with  France  would  be 

f  greatly  extended ;  and  the  revenue  would  gain,  not  merely  by  a  direct  increase  of  duty 
It  indirectly  by  a  very  great  diminution  of  the  expensie  of  collection. 
IBut  the  efiect  of  the  increase  of  the  duties  on  brandy  in  Ireland  has  been  still  more  extia 
.   At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1802,  when  the  duty  was  7s.  3}A  the 
lion,  the  average  annual  consumption  of  brandy  in  Ireland  amounted  to  208,064 
lions,  producing  a  nett  revenue  of  77,714/.     Now,  mark  the  consequence  of  trebling  the 
JUes.  The  consumption  during  the  last  2  years,  notwithstanding  the  population  is  more 

1  doujiled,  only  amounted,  1^1  an  average,  to  80,199  gallon*,  producing  about  22^00/,  a 


J 


il,-'  I 


iM, 


238 


BRANDY. 


ii  '1 


if\4if'. 


l!"    r  I 


ypar  revenue .  Dr.  Swift  hai  shrewdly  romnrkpJ,  thnt  in  thr  arithmrtlo  of  the  cimma 
niid  two  (io  not  always  riake  four,  but  iioiiu'tiinrs  only  one.     I)ut  here  wn  ha«i<  ihrj? 
(luticit,  vttth  little  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  the  revenue,  and  leis  than  a  tenth  paMofii 
consumption ! 

It  in  surely  impossible  that  auch  a  system — a  system  evincing  in  every  |>ari  a  (U,^ 
ignorant  rapacity,  to  bo  paralleled  only  by  thnt  of  the  aaviigps,  who  to  got  at  the  fmit  * 
down  the  tree — fhould  be  permitted  for  a  much  Innijer  period  to  dixkfraco  our  fmcal 
Those  only  who  are  anxious  for  the  continuHnee  of  smuggling,  with  all  its  connenutnttm 
and  misery,  cnn  be  hostile  to  a  reduction  of  the  duty  on  brandy.    By  fixing  it  at  Oi 
gallon,  neither  the  consumption  of  Uritish  spirits  nor  rum  would  be  sensibly  aifoctcd 
middle  classes  would,  however,  be  aWe  to  use  brandy,  on  occasions  when,  perhnpii'ul 
pent,  they  use  nothing ;  its  clandestine  impirtntion  would  be  prevented ;  tlioie  eiimM] 
smiiggling  would  bo  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  industrious  pursuits,  and  the  minuftthi 
of  the  abominable  compounds,  that  are  now  so  fre<]ucntly  aulHititutcd  in  iu  atead,  wutiijk 
put  an  end  to.    It  is  not  easy,  indeed,  to  suggest  any  measure  that  would  bo  productiTeJ 
to  much  advantage,  and  be  attended  with  fewer  inconveniences. 

RcfulationH  a>  to  Importations,  dj-'  Driiiiily,  Rnncva,  and  oilier  rureign  «rilrlt>,  niiial  be  lmi»ri(d  J 
Incaiik4,lii  Clinks  ri>ntitlnlni:  not  Ic-tdth'in  40  gfillnnn,  under  |i<:n[tlty  l)rl'llrl'lMlllrt^— (:<k4  ((///("uj 
Thpy  must  nl»o  \ie  Inipiirtnd  in  ships  of  70  ions  hurdiin  or  iipwiirds,  and  are  not  to  he  «!ip<in  d lin 
bonded  wuruhouie  iixcept  ina  vosat'l  of  like  tonnniiu,  nnder  imin  iif  forfiHture.-  {Ibiii.) 

Brandy  is  nut  to  be  imported  except  In  Uritiuli  Nliips,  or  in  HliipH  of  llie  i:uuiitry  or  place  ofnM 
Ik  the  prodnct,  or  from  wlitch  It  la  imported,  on  nuln  of  forlVituro  thereof,  and  luo;.  by  Hib  miii., 
tiie  shlp.-(3  &  4  mil.  4.  c.  M.)  " 

Brandy  may  be  exported  to  Mexico,  Chili,  or  Peru,  in  casks  containing  not  teas  i\aa  15  niii 
eacli.— (7Veu».  Oril.  17th.  of  December,  1827.)  ' 

llrnndy  and  geneva  may  be  bottled  In  bonded  wnrelionse*,  for  exportation  to  Dritisli  poiimiou 
the  Kiiiit  Indies,  under  the  same  conditions  as  wine  and  rum.— (ijee  I^^pihits.) 

Ill  most  of  the  public  accounts,  tlie  imports  of  lir.tndy  and  geneva  are  blendtrd  tngctliet.  Ii„„ 
nppiMr,  too,  fronithe  note  to  the  fullowingacconnt,  that  ttierenro  no  means  of  ncnirriii.|y(ji<i|{g«j 
ins  lliein,  except  since  1"<I4.    The  reader  will  find,  in  the  articln  Hfikitb,  an  aridinit  iii'ilieqii,,!,^ 
of  brandy  and  geneva  (entered  for  borne  consumption,  und  the  rates  of  duty  upon  them,  in  mlj 
since  nbU.    The  tulluwing  account  siiows  the  consumption  of  brandy,  and  r^tcs  of  duty  onii 
IbH:— 

An  Account  of  the  Nunober  of  Gallons  (Imperial  Measure)  of  Foreign  Br.indy  enti-reil  for  1 
Consumption  in  Great  Uritain  nnd  Irclund,  tliu  Kates  of  Duty  alt'uctins  the  saniu,  itnil  llie  t 
nett  Produce  of  the  Duty,  each  Year  since  1614.— (Obtained  from  the  Ciintimi-housi',) 


Vetn. 

Quiutill 

n  rnleml  for  Home 
ontunipliou. 

Nelt  PrMucoof  Duty  (Cusl«n»  «nJ  Erclw). 

llila'>ID.<) 

iai  kiu^ 

Gt.  Brillio. 

Ireliul. 

I'nited 
Kiatf^lofil. 

Gral  Brilain. 

InUnil. 

Onite.1 
Kinptom. 

Ot.  nril,  1  h<^ 

Imp.  tat. 

Inp.  gal. 

Imf.  gal. 

L.     ,  1. 

d. 

/,.       ».     d. 

r.        : 

r.'. 

i.  1.    il|(  1  1 

1314 

500,.'i92 

7,169 

807,761 

."iRl.OSfl     1 

1 

6,618  13    4 

987,674  IS 

5 

1  2  6jiii;i 

18IS 

656,5.% 

9,160 

601,715 

740.747  12 

1 

4,701    6    1 

745,4 19  18 

2 

„ 

1816 

6.57,0<W 

6,275 

662,.t37 

742,304    8 

0 

4,124  19    5 

746,429    7 

5 

_ 

_ 

1^17 

634,017 

?,875 

637,8!B 

7I6,7.'«4    0 

(• 

3.2  IS    4    4 

719,982    4 

10 

_ 

^ 

1«I8 

431,583 

6,232 

537,81, -i 

699,586    0 

4 

6,287  10     1 

604,873  10 

5 

_ 

_ 

1810 

787,422 

7,080 

791,502 

80.1,068  19 

8 

6,090  17  10 

890,159  17 

6 

1    4  71 

_ 

1830 

843,861 

6,025 

8.W,88U 

950,275  16 

9 

9,219    8    6 

961,405    5 

3 

_ 

isai 

014,630 

6,001 

920,031 

1,0:I4,.127  17 

0 

.5,173  19    2 

1,0119,501  16 

2 

_ 

_ 

1.S24 

1,001,607 

7,.W 

1,008,015 

1,I.SJ,410    3 

5 

6,414    1  10 

1,138.830    5 

3 

— 

- 

1823 

1,083,104 

17,118 

1,100,223 

1,22.5,181  19 

7 

14,3.10    1     8 

1,839.812    1 

3 

— 

Ml 

l^t-t 

1,226,715 

984 

l,22-,(i9ll 

1,387,201    2 

8 

1,207    9    8 

l,:i88,411  13 

4 

— 

I82J 

1,321,327 

3,550 

1,321,877 

1,489,768  11 

4 

4,177    3    0 

1,493,943  15 

I 

— 

- 

1S56 

1,473.213 

7,371 

1,480,614 

1,636,499    6 

7 

8.307  15    3 

1,464,897     1 

10 

1    2  6 

1  II 

1847 

1,313,217 

7,271 

1,320,488 

1,471,501  13 

4 

8,a;B    5    0 

1,479,733  17 

4 

— 

- 

1828 

1,327,929 

7,5,16 

1,3.15,485 

1,490,793    4 

9. 

8,629  19  10 

1,499,423    4 

0 

— 

- 

1820 

1,301,450 

8,529 

l,mK^Q 

1,400,764  17 

6 

9,686  17    8 

1,470.451  15 

2 

— 

- 

18:i0 

(See  note 

below.) 

1,28!),«0- 

— 

— 

1,44.1,018    5 

8 

— 

- 

1831 

1,226,580 

8,821 

1,2.15,101 

l,378.2-t4    0 

0 

9,023    0    0 

1.388,106    0 

0 

— 

- 

IKfi 

1,670,075 

81,577 

1,601,652 

1,765,889    0 

0 

3.j,jil     0    0 

1,801,400    0 

0 

— 

- 

A"of«.— In  consequence  of  the  destruction  of  the  official  records  by  fire,  no  separate  afcniinltnl| 
rendered  of  the  consumption  of  brandy  and  geneva,  or  the  revenue  derived  tlixrufroro,  forlhef 
prior  to  1814. 

1'he  trade  accounts  of  Great  Rritnin  and  Ireland  having  been  Incorporated  during  1830,  the  pi 
lars  for  that  yeor  are  stated  for  the  United  Kingdom  mly.  ... ...      v"--     ■'■  •  ■ 

[By  the  act  of  March  8d  1827,  it  was  enacted 

}  1.  That,  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  'jrandy  may  be  imported  into  the  United  Sa 
rnsks  of  a  capacity  not  less  than  15  Kailons,  any  thji.it  in  r.ny  law  to  the  contrary  nntwif'slirf 
PrneUlcd,  homercr,  that  all  the  provisions  of  cxiBtini?  laws,  not  inrnnsistent  with  this  act,  relatii(| 
the  Importation  of  foreign  spirits,  be  complied  with  :  ./ind  provided  further,  Tliat  all  brandy, iBOT 
in  casks  of  n  capacity  less  than  ninety  gnllunD,  shall  be  deposited,  at  the  expense  aii(lrisl>ofll(i| 
porter,  in  such  public  or  other  wnreliouscs,  ats  chall  be  designated  by  the  collector  or  surveyor, fil 
port  where  the  same  shall  he  landed,  and  shall  be  removed  therefrom  in  the  manner  iirnHriMlfl 
HCt,  entitled  "An  act  providing  for  the  duposite  of  wines  and  distilled  spirits  in  public  wirebr^ 
aud  for  other  purposes." 

}  2.  That  brandy,  imported  in  casks  of  a  capacity  not  Ii?ss  ihon  fifteen  gallons,  may  be  cipc 
tbs  boneflt  of  a  drawback  of  the  duties  which  shall  bave  been  paid  thereon,  and  tlie  exponcitiM 


BRASS— BRAZIL  WOOD. 


830 


■imof  brnnrfy  •"  Imported.  tb'Ol  h«t  en(lll«fl  fo  trtoWt  a  rtHhonttira  or  dphenlnrxt,  for  tho  iimonni 
£  nrhilrawba-K,  asrrenlily  lu  the  rxlRlInn  Inwa  t  nnil  hIi  iirti  now  In  forcn  rpniilatinit  iho  nxporla- 
I  nnfinlrlK  •"'I  t''"  nll^wnnfR  ami  PRymenl  uf  druwhitrkit  nnd  debiititiiriii,  ihitll  bo  deiiniotl  appll- 
al°,  w  brandy,  Iho  Inipoitatlon  ofwhich  la  permlUed  by  thli  act." 

'Thii  ict  was  limited  in  its  duration  to  three  years;  but  it  wm  rc<enact^  in  February 
ywO,  anJ  i»  still  in  force. 
gftarticloSpiKiTH. — Am.  Ed.] 

BRASS  (Gci.  Messinft  ,■  Da.  Mating,  Muainif,  Gcdkoper  /  Ft,  Cutvre Jaune,  Lailon  / 

lOtturUi  8p.  Luton,  Aznfitr ;  Kua.  Scltnoi  mjed ;  Lat  Oriehaleum,  Auric halcuni)  is  a 

ititiuut  metal,  made  of  copper  and  zinc  in  certain  proportions.     It  is  of  a  beautiful  yellow 

joioiir,  matf  fusible  than  copper,  and  not  ao  apt  to  taniiah.    It  is  malleable,  so  ductile  that 

l|  niiy  be  drawn  out  into  wire,  and  ia  much  tougher  than  cupper.    Ita  density  is  greater  than 

L  mean  density  of  the  two  metals.   Dy  calculation  it  ought  to  be  7-63  nearly,  whenns  it  is 

ittQillv  8-39;  so  that  its  density  is  increased  by  about  one  tenth.     The  ancients  do  not  aecm 

(have  known  accurately  the  difTerenco  between  copper,  brass,  and  bronze.   They  conaider- 

i  bran  as  only  a  moro  valuable  kind  of  copper,  and  therefore  used  the  word  tea  to  denote 

Met.  They  called  coppei  a;«  c^/7rtum,  afterwarda  ci/jmunii  and  this  in  process  of  time 

I  converted  into  cuprum.    Dr.  Watson  has  proved  that  it  was  to  brass  they  prave  the 

aeoforichalcum.    Brass  is  malleable  when  cold,  uiilesa  the  proportion  of  zinc  bo  exces- 

;  but  when  heated  it  becomes  brittle.    It  may  be  readily  turned  upon  the  lathe  ;  and, 

ijpfj,  works  more  kindly  than  any  other  metal. 

friiere  is  a  vast  variety  in  the  proportion  of  the  different  species  of  brass  used  in  com- 
lercc;  nor  is  it  caay  to  determine  whether  the  perfection  of  this  alloy  depends  on  any  ccr- 
kin  proportions  uf  the  two  metals.  In  general,  the  extremes  of  the  highest  and  lowest  pro- 
[ortiiins  of  zinc  are  from  12  to  m  parts  in  the  100.  In  some  of  the  British  manufactories, 
f  brass  made  contains  one  third  its  weight  of  zinc.  In  Germany  and  Sweden  the  propor- 
jon  of  zinc  varies  from  one  fifth  to  one  fourth  of  the  copper.  The  ductility  of  brass  is  not 
Ijun'd  when  the  proportion  of  zinc  is  highest  This  metul  is  much  used  in  the  escapement 
Ibecis,  and  other  nicer  parts  of  watch-mnking :  and  bars  of  brass,  \ery  carefully  made,  feteh 

s  purpose  a  high  price. 

[  The  use  of  brass  is  of  very  considerable  antiquity.  Most  of  the  ancient  genuine  relics 
e composed  of  various  mixtures  of  brasis  with  tin  and  other  metals,  and  nri'  rather  to  be 
[nominated  bronze.  The  best  proportion  for  brass  guns  is  said  to  bo  1 ,000  lbs.  of  copper, 
)lli8,of  tin,  and  600  lbs.  of  brass,  in  11  or  12  cwt.  of  metal.  The  best  brass  guns  are 
\k  of  malleable  metal,  not  of  pure  copper  and  zinc  alone ;  but  worse  metals  are  usc<l  to 
ike  it  ran  closer  and  sounder,  as  lead  and  pot-metal. — {Tkonuiun's  Chemistry,  Encyc. 

I  BUCZILETfO,  an  inferior  species  of  Brazil  woo<1  brought  from  Jamaica.  It  is  one  of 
e  cheapest  and  least  esteemed  of  the  red  dye  woods. 

I  BRAZIL  NUTS,  or  Ckesnuta  of  Brazil,  the  fruit  of  the  Juvia  {Bertholletia  exeeba), 

fmajestic  tree  growing  to  the  height  of  100  or  ISO  feet,  abounding  on  the  banks  of  the 

Viiioca,  and  in  the  northern  parts  of  Brazil.     The  nuts  are  triangular,  having  a  cuneiform 

|pearancc,with  nutures  at  each  of  the  angles ;  the  shell  is  rough  and  hard,  and  of  a  brown- 

1  ujh  colour.   The  kernel  resembles  that  of  an  almond,  but  is  larger,  and  tastes  more  like  a 

mon  hazel  nut ;  it  contains  a  great  deal  of  oil,  that  may,  be  obtained  by  expression  or 

lerwise.   These  nuts  do  not  grow  separately,  or  in  clusters,  but  are  contained,  to  the  num- 

I  of  from  15  to  50  or  more,*  in  great  ligneous  pericarps  or  outer  shells,  generally  of  the 

e  of  a  child's  head.    This  outer  shell  is  very  hard  and  strong,  so  that  it  is  rather  difficult 

Iget  at  the  nuts,  which  are  closely  packed  in  cells  inside.    The  natives  are  particularly 

pd  of  this  fruit,  and  celebrate  the  harvest  of  the  juvia  with  rejoicings ;  It  is  also  very  much 

iemcd  in  Europe.    The  nuts  brought  to  this  country  and  the  Continent  are  chiefly  ex 

1  from  Para,  and  form  an  article  of  considerable  commercial  importance. — (Humboldt's 

\n.  Nar.  vol.  v.  p.  538.  Eng.  trans.) 

|Bll\Z(L  WOOD  (Fr.  Boia  de  Brisil,-  Ger.  Brasilienholz ;  Du.  BrasilierJunit ,-  It 
'ffiodelBragile,  Verzino  ,•  Sp.  Madera  del  Bresil ;  Port.  Pao  Braail).  It  has  been  com- 
knly  supposed  that  this  wood  derived  its  name  from  the  country  in  which  it  is  principally 
iducod.  But  Dr.  Bancroft  has  conclusively  shown  that  woods  yielding  a  red  dye  were 
led  Brazil  woods  long  previously  to  the  discovery  of  America ;  and  that  the  early  voyagers 
h  the  name  of  Brazil  to  that  part  of  that  continent  to  which  it  is  still  applied  from  their 
5  ascertained  that  it  abounded  in  such  woods. — (See  the  learned  and  excellent  work, 
^phy  of  Colours,  voL  ii.  pp.  316—321.) 

1  Is  found  in  tho  greatest  abundance,  and  is  of  tlie  best  quality,  in  the  province  of  Pernamhiico, 
pre  It  is  calltid  fflorforainAa,  or  Queen's  wood;  hut  it  is  also  found  in  many  other  parts  of  the 
mm  Hemisphere.  Tlie  tree  is  large,  cronlted,  and  knotty  :  the  leaves  are  nf  a  beautiful  red,  and 
^e  an  agreeable  odour.    Its  botanical  name  ia  Casalpinia  Brasiletto  ;  but  it  is  called  by  the  na- 

I  Dumbolili  sayj  he  had  most  frequently  found  from  15  to  22  nuts  in  each  pericarp ;  but  De  Laet, 
Jojivellie  first  and  most  accurate  description  of  this  fruit,  says  that  the  pericarp  is  divided  into 
lMpanmenu,each  of  which  euclosea  from  S  to  12  nuts.— (See  Huwbalt  in  <</«.  cit.) 


■.m 


h     '!- 


lit  I 


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u 


si: 


t40 


BREAD. 


\iu 


H'  1^ 


Wi 


<:■]   '   I'  :■  »■■ 


flj,  ■:;  j;l|i: 


tlYm  iUrifUang:    NolwithalandlM  Hi  nppartnl  hulk,  Mm  hiuk  hi 
inan'a  body  with  Iha  hark,  wUI  not  ba  lo  thick  aa  th«  leg  when  penlml 

Ihn  pul«  colour  II  hafore  had,  and  baeoniaa  red  i  and  whan  cbaw«d.  hai  ^  ^     ..,..    , 

varliiiia  piirpoiaa  hy  eablnat-inakara,  and  aduilta  of  t  bnautlftil  varnlah  ■  li.n  ita  prlncbil  u"  l  I 
4y«lnK  red  ;  and  though  thvcnlour  la  liable  tn  decay,  yel,  hy  mUlni  with  it  ndiin  (in<tti\rtiir  ii  i '  '*l 
Miidn  pnrmanpnt  t  there  la  alio  made  of  It,  by  meana  of  aelda,  •  lorl  of  liquid  lake  „, .»,!  ",'''1 
painting  In  minlntiire.  *""'"«,  ^i 

Brn/.il  wood  hni  been  for  many  yenra  pait  a  royal  monopoly!  Ita eipnrtatlon,  rirepi  nnirrn  I 
lovrrniiient,  hning  prohibited  iindt^r  the  levnri'iit  penaltiei.  Owing  to  the  Imiirnvlitiint  tnin'"'*'! 
Which  it  hill  been  cut  down  by  llin  gnverninent  afenli.  It  li  now  rnrelv  found  wlililn  ..,„...,,"' ^1 
of  tile  coail.  Indeed,  we  are  aixiired 
their  ematei,  and  uaed  the  timber  aa 
from  the  arhlirnry  ami  vexntioiii  nrnc 

lm|Mirif>d  into  Ihil  country  li  hut  Inconilderable,  Ha  price  In  the  London  m.irket,'a)ir.liiiiiV  I'^l 
duly  (iU.  per  ton),  varlei  from  W.  to  HIM.  per  Ion.— (/)e.  Btntrufl  (h  lo4.  cit.  A'wm  Jir<(r<..  r  '*■ 
Tra^'cllir,  vol.  ixix.  p.  87.  i  Jtfa/(i  Brun,  vol.  v.  p.  595.  Eng.  ed.  ife.)  '  '' 

BREAD,  the  principal  article  in  the  food  of  moat  civiliaeJ  nationi,  conaiiU  of •  put, 
dough  farmed  of  tho  flour  or  meal  of  dilTerent  aorta  of  grain  roixed  with  watnr,  iml  b|J 
>Vhcn  atale  dough  or  yeaat  ia  added  to  tho  freth  dough,  tn  make  it  awell,  it  ii  lul (JlI 
kavened  ,•  when  nothing  of  thta  aort  ia  added,  it  ia  aaid  to  be  unltavemd,  I 

1.  Iliittorieal  Sketch  of  Bread,— Tha  Preaident  de  Goguet  haa  eiidcuvourcd,  wiii  J 
uiuai  aagocity  and  learning,  to  trace  the  aucceaaive  atepa  by  which  it  ia  probable  men  i 
led  to  discover  the  art  of  making  bread — {Origin  of  Laws,  Jj^e.  vol.  i.  pp.  OS— 105,  £,. 
trans.)  ;  but  nothing  poHJtive  in  known  on  the  aubject  It  ia  cert;iin,  however,  from  thcit^l 
meiita  in  the  sacred  writiiiga,  that  the  u^e  of  unleavened  bread  woa  common  in  the  dm  ^1 
Abraliam — (Wen.  xviii.  8.) ;  and  that  leavened  bread  waa  uaed  in  tlin  time  of  MoshJo,/ 
prohibits  eating  tho  Paschal  lamb  with  such  bread. — (Exod.  xii.  15.)  Tho  Oreeki  aiiirg. 
Uiat  Pan  had  instructed  them  in  the  art  of  making  bread  ;  but  they,  no  doubt,  were  inJtliiL- 
(br  this  art,  as  well  as  for  their  knowledge  of  agric-uituro,  to  the  Egyptianx  and  Phanidigil 
who  had  early  aettlod  in  their  country.  The  method  of  grinding  corn  by  hand  milln J 
practised  in  Egypt  and  Greece  from  a  very  remote  epoch ;  but  for  a  lengthened  pcrind  |J 
Komnna  had  no  other  method  of  making  flour,  than  by  beating  rnaRted  com  in  mmtjl 
The  .Macedonian  war  helped  to  make  the  Romans  acquainted  with  the  arts  and  refiiKonJ 
of  Greece;  and  Pliny  mentions,  that  public  bakers  were  then,  for  tho  first  time,  utaliuiil 
in  Rome— (tfM.  Nat.  lib.  xviii.  c.  11.).  The  conquests  of  tho  Romans  dilfuwd,  tmoKj 
many  otl..3r  useful  discoverioa,  a  knowledge  of  the  art  of  preparing  bread,  as  practiaed  io  II 
through  the  whole  south  of  Europe. 

The  uae  of  yeaat  in  the  rutaing  of  bread  seema,  however,  from  a  passage  of  Pliny  (lib,  ni(| 
0.  7.),  to  have  been  practised  by  the  Germans  and  Gaula  before  it  was  practised  In  il. 
Romans;  the  latter,  like  the  Greeks,  having  leavened  their  bread  by  intermixing  (beiiA 
dough  with  that  which  had  become  stale.  The  Roman  practice  seems  to  have  supentul 
that  which  was  previously  in  uae  in  France  and  Spain ;  for  tho  art  of  raising  bread  b;  toJ 
mixture  of  yeast  waa  not  practised  in  France  in  modem  times,  till  towards  the  end  of  i 
aeventcenth  century.  It  deserves  to  be  mentioned,  that  though  the  bread  made  in  tUimjl 
was  decidedly  auperior  to  that  previously  in  use,  it  waa  declared,  by  the  faculty  of  medidiil 
in  Paris,  to  bo  prejudicial  to  health ;  and  the  use  of  yeast  waa  prohibited  under  the  ktiii 
penalties !  Luckily,  however,  the  taste  of  the  public  concurring  with  the  interest  of  theb^a^l 
proved  too  powerful  for  those  absurd  regulations,  which  fell  gradually  into  disuse ;  inJ  jmI 
has  long  been,  almost  every  where,  us(h1  in  preference  to  any  thing  else  in  the  manufactml 
of  bread,  to  the  wholeiomeness  and  excellence  of  which  it  has  not  a  little  contributed. 

I'he  species  of  bread  in  common  use  in  the  country  depends  partly  on  the  twteoflliil 
inhabitants,  but  more  on  the  sort  of  grain  suitable  for  its  soil.  But  the  superiority  of  uliail 
to  all  iitlter  farinaceous  plants  in  tho  manufacture  of  bread  ia  so  very  great,  that  wheremil| 
is  easily  and  successfully  cultivated,  wheatnn  bread  ia  used,  to  the  nearly  total  excluiioD» 
moat  olhera.  Where,  however,  the  soil  or  climate  is  less  favourable  to  ita  growth,  lyt.iXtl 
&c.  are  used  in  ita  stead.  A  very  great  change  for  the  better  has,  in,  this  respect,  lilal 
place  in  Great  Britain  within  the  last  century.  It  ia  mentioned  by  Harrison,  in  hit  deiai^l 
tion  of  Erigland  (p.  168.),  that  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIH,  the  gentry  had  wheat  suS 
for  their  own  tables,  hut  that  their  houtehold  and  poor  neighbours  were  usually  obligeij  It 
content  themselves  with  rye,  barley,  and  oata.  It  appears  from  the  householu  hook  ofSil 
Edward  Coke,  that  in  1596,  rye  bread  and  oatmeal  formed  a  cx>n!iidcrable  piirt  of  thedirtn 
Ncrvanta,  even  in  great  fomilies,  in  the  southern  counties.  Barley  broad  h  stated  in  li|| 
grant  of  a  monopoly  by  Charles  I.,  in  1626,  to  be  the  usual  fpod  of  the  ordinaiy  Mrtofjt 
pie. — (Sir  F.  M.  Eden  on  the  Poor,  vol.  i.  p.  ,56 1 .)  At  the  Revolution,  the  wheat  prodM 
in  England  and  Wales  was  estimated  by  Mr.  King  and  Dr.  Davenatit  to  amount  to  \XM 
quarters. — (Daoenunt'a  Works,  vol,  ii.  p.  217.)  Mr.  Charles  Smith,  the  very  well  inta 
author  of  the  Tracts  on  the  Com  Trade,  orir^iiially  published  in  1738,  states,  that  in  bitii 
wheat  had  become  much  more  generally  the  food  of  the  common  people  than  it  had  \mt 
16^9,  but  he  adds  (2d  ed.  p.  1S2.  Lond.  1766.),  that  notwithstanding  this  increase,** 
wry  intelligent  inquirers  were  oi'  opinion  that  even  then  not  more  than  half  the  people ^1 
England  f«l  oo  wheat    Mr.  Smith'a  own  estimate,  which  is  very  carefully  dnwaiip.iiif 


BREAD. 


341 


mill'  hiituff ;  for  taking  the  population  of  Eiiffland  and  Waloa,  in  1760,  at  6,000,000,  h« 
ir««d  *»•  Si^OOi^OO  were  coniumen  of  wheat ;  739,000,  of  barley  ;  88H,00O,  of  rye ; 
'^'i;23,0OO,  ofoat*.  Mr.  Smith  further  auppoaed  that  they  individually  conauraed,  th« 
linlclwi,  1  quarter  of  wheat;  the  aecond,  1  quarter  and  3  buihela  of  hurley;  the  third,  1 
I  uirtcr  ind  I  bunhcl  of  rye ;  and  tho  fourth,  S  quartera  and  7  buohria  of  oata. 
I  ^  About  the  middle  of  laat  century,  hardly  any  wheat  waa  uaed  in  the  northern  coontiea  of 
Ieii(I"ii1-  '"  Cumlwrland,  tho  principal  fiimiliea  uied  only  a  amall  quantity  about  Ghritt- 
I  '  Xbecrutt  of  thegooae  pie,  with  which  altnoHt  every  table  in  the  county  ia  then  aup> 
\m  »••<  It  ')>"  period  referred  to,  almoHt  uniformly  mode  of  barley  inoal. — (Eden  on  tht 

I  Enry  one  knowi  how  inapplirahin  thcae  itatemcnta  urn  to  the  condition  of  the  people  of 
■Jniitodtt  the  preaent  time.  Wheaten  bread  ia  now  univcraiilly  made  uie  of  in  towna  and 
liillim  uid  almost  every  where  in  the  country.  Barley  ia  no  longer  uaed,  except  in  the 
IdiililleHM  trwl  in  brewing ;  oata  are  employed  only  in  tlio  fecdinR  of  horaoi ;  and  the  consump- 
lioiiof  ry«  bread  ia  comparatively  inconsiderable.  The  produce  of  the  wheat  cropj  haa 
|bMi,itthe  very  leait,  Irebkd  aince  1760.  And  if  to  thia  immenae  increaie  in  the  supply 
Itf «heil,  we  add  the  atill  more  extraordinary  increase  in  the  aupply  of  butcher'a  meat — 
■(wirtCiTTLit),  tho  fact  of  a  very  signal  improvement  having  taken  place  in  the  condi- 
livgofthe  population,  in  respect  of  food,  will  be  obvious. 

I  Bat  great  as  has  been  the  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  people  of  England  since 

|n60,  it  ii  but  trifling  compared  to  the  improvement  that  haa  taken  place,  since  the  same 

liod,  in  the  condition  of  the  p«!ople  of  Scotland.   At  the  middle  of  last  century,  Scotch  agri- 

Uture  wu  in  llie  most  deprcfiscd  otato ;  tho  tenants  were  destitute  alike  of  capital  and  skill ; 

Kncropi  were  almost  wholly  unknown;  and  tho  quantity  of  wheat  that  waa  raixed  waa 

igite  inooniiderable.    A  field  of  8  acres  sown  with  i\\w  grain,  in  tho  vicinity  of  Edinburgh, 

1 1737,  was  reckoned  so  great  a  curiofiity  that  it  excited  the  attention  of  the  whole  neigb- 

)kM—{Hoberl aim's  Rural  llecoUrd'uma,  p.  267.)     But  even  ao  late  as  the  American 

II,  Itie  wheat  raised  in  tho  Lothians  and  Berwtckahira  did  not  exceed  a  third  part  of  what 

toon  grown  in  them;  and  tiking  the  whole  country  at  an  average,  it  will  be  a  moderate 

iUDUt«,  to  iay  that  the  cultivation  of  wheat  has  increased  in  a  tenfold  proportion  since 

^780.  At  that  period  no  wheaten  bread  was  to  bo  met  with  in  the  country  places  and  vlU 

I  of  Scotland;  out  eakea  and  barky  bannocks  being  universally  made  use  of.    But  at 

lent  the  case  is  widely  diflerent     The  upper  and  aliio  the  middle  and  lower  claiaes  in 

HI  and  villages  use  only  wheaten  bread,  and  even  in  farmhouses  it  U'vory  extensively 

uiiumeJ.    There  is,  at  this  moment,  hardly  a  village  to  be  met  with,  however  limited  ita 

ntent,  that  has  not  a  public  baker. 

In  many  parts  of  England  it  is  the  custom  for  private  families  to  bake  their  own  bread. 

~  I  it  particularly  the  case  in  Kent,  and  in  some  parts  of  Lancashire.     In  18U4,  there  waa 

tiiingle  public  baker  in  Mancheater ;  and  their  number  is  still  very  limited. 

2.  Rtgiilutions  as  to  the  Manufacture  tf  Bread. — Owing  to  tho  vast  importance  of  bread, 

bounufacturehas  been  subjected  in  most  countries  to  various  regulations,  aome  of  which 

kve  had  a  beneficial  and  others  an  injurious  operation. 

u.  Astize  nf  Bread, — From  the  year  1266,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  down  to  our  own 

hyi,  it  has  been  customary  to  regulate  the  price  at  which  bread  should  be  sold  according  to 

I  price  of  wheat  or  flour  at  the  time.    An  interference  of  this  sort  waa  supposed  to  be 

lary,  to  prevent  that  monopoly  on  tlie  part  of  the  bakera  which  it  waa  feared  might 

lerwise  take  place.  But  it  is  needless,  perhaps,  to  say  that  this  apprehension  was  of  the 

Nt  futile  description.      The  trade  of  a  baker  is  one  that  may  be  easily  learned,  and  it 

iquirej  no  considerable  capital  to  carry  it  on ;  so  that  were  those  engaged  in  the  businesa 

liny  particular  town  to  attempt  to  force  up  prices  to  an  artificial  elevation,  the  combination 

^ouJil  be  immediately  defeated  by  the  competition  of  others ;  and  even  though  this  were  not 

ecaw,  the  facility  with  which  bread  may  be  baked  at  home  would  of  itself  serve  to  nuUify 

I  efforts  of  any  combination.     But  the  assize  rcgulationa  were  not  merely  useless ;  they 

Kie  in  many  respects  exceedingly  injurious :  they  rendered  the  price  of  flour  a  matter  of 

|iniparative  indilference  to  the  baker ;  and  they  obliged  the  baker  who  used  the  finest  floui-, 

1  milk  the  best  bread,  to  sell  at  the  same  rate  as  those  who  used  inferior  flour,  and  \ ;  i\oim 

1  was  decidedly  of  a  worse  quality.    But  these  considerations,  how  obvious  aoevr  r  tboy 

lay  now  appear,  were  for  a  long  time  entirely  overlooked.     According,  however,  js  the  use 

Y wheaten  bread  was  extended,  it  waa  found  to  be  impracticable  to  set  assizes  in  amall  towiia 

1  villages ;  and  notwithstanding  the  fewness  of  tho  bakera  in  such  places  gave  them 

iater  facilities  for  combining  together,  the  price  of  bread  waa  aloiost  uniformly  lower  in 

lem  than  in  places  where  assizes  were  scL     In  consequence,  partly  of  this  circumstance, 

^t  still  more  of  the  increase  of  intelligence  as  to  such  matters,  the  practice  of  setting  an 

3 was  gradually  relinquished  in  most  places;  and  in  1815  it  waa  expressly  abolished, 

J  an  act  of  the  legislature  (55  Geo.  3.  c.  99.),  in  London  and  its  environs.    In  otltor  places, 

plough  the  power  to  set  an  assize  still  subsists,  it  is  seldom  acted  upon,  and  haa  fallen  into 

Dfuative  disuse. 

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BREMEy, 


■  b.  Regulations  as  to  tht  Weis^ht,  and  Ingredients  to  be  used  in  making  Bread.— K^  mi. 
ing  to  the  assize  acts,  a  sack  of  flour  weighing  280  lbs.  is  supposed  capable  of  beir.jr  | 
into  80  quartern  loaves ;  one  fifth  of  the  loaf  being  supposed  to  consist  of  water  and  I  I 
and  four  fifths  of  flour.  But  the  number  of  loaves  that  may  be  made  from  a  sack  of  II  I 
depends  entirely  on  its  goodness.  Good  flour  requires  more  water  than  bad  flout  and"!!  I 
flour  than  new  flour.  Sometimes  83,  83,  and  even  86  loaves  have  been  made  from  a  ^  I 
of  flour,  and  sometimes  hardly  80.  ^ ' 

Under  the  assize  nets,  hnkcrs  nre  restricted  to  bake  only  three  kinds  of  lirend,  viz.  wheaten 
ard  wheaten,  and  hoiisnhold ;  the  firet  being  made  of  the  finest  flour,  llie  8ecnn(i  of  the  whoip  5 
mixed,  and  the  third  of  the  croirser  flour.    The  Inaves  are  divided  into  peck,  half-peck  nndauirt 
loaves ;  the  legal  weight  of  earh,  when  baked,  being,  the  peck  loaf  17  lbs.  6  oz.,  the  half  DeckJu? 
11  oz.,  and  the  quartern  4  lbs.  51  oz.  avoirdupoig.  ''  ""•■ 


Now,  however,  it  is  enacted,  thot  within  the  city  of  London,  and  in  those  places  in  the  con     I 

■ niikeandsellbreod  nmilenftth.,71 

liarluy,  rye,  outs,  buckwheat,  Indian  corn,  pens,  beans,  rice,  or  potatoes,  or  any  of  them,  alons  »'i'  I 
union  salt,  pure  water,  ej;).'9,  milk,  barm,  leaven,  potato  or  other  yenst,  nndnimj  •»  j«c*  nr.!!  I 


where  an  assize  is  not  set,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  bakers  to  ninl< 


'wkfai,! 

common  salt,  pure  water,  eggs,  milk,  barm,  leaven,  potato  or  other  yenst,  nndnimj  iajMi  l*'"! 
tion.i  as  they  shall  think  fit.— (  3  Oeo.  4.  c.  10ft.  }  '2.,  nnd  1  &  2  Cfeo.  4.  c.  50.  i  2.)  '">"•  I 

It  is  also  enacted,  by  the  same  statutes,  that  bakers  in  London,  and  in  the  country,  that  is  (..gi 
places  10  miles  from  tlie  Royal  Exchange  where  an  assize  is  not  set,  may  make  and  sell  hreadli  A 
weight  nnd  size  as  they  think  fit,  nny  Inw  or  assi/e  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  But  it  jg  jilrl 
same  time  enacted,  tiiat  such  bread  shall  always  be  sold  by  avoirdupois  weiglit  of  10  ninices  in  lI 
pound,  and  in  no  other  manner,  under  a  penalty  for  every  olfc^nce  of  not  more  tha-  '"  ■ 

however,  French  or  fancy  bread,  or  rolls,  which  may  be  sold  without  previously  weigl....,  „„,, 

Bikers  or  selli^rs  of  bread  are  bound  to  have  fixed,  in  soiilo  conspicuous  pan  of  tlieir  shop  ,"™f  I 
and  scales,  vvitli  proper  weiglits  for  weighing  bread ;  and  a  person  purchasing  bread  may  require  jti  I 
be  weighed  in  his  presence.  Bakers  and  others  sending  out  bread  in  carts,  are  to  supply  them  m!  I 
beams,~8cales,  &c.,  and  to  weigh  the  bread  if  required,  under  a  penalty  of  not  more  than 51 -no,  I 
4.3.  106.  }8.)  ■   ''"*| 

Bakers,  cither  journeymen  or  masters,  using  alum  or  any  other  unwholesome  itigrcrtient,anilMi  L 
victed  on  their  own  c.uifession,  or  oti  tlie  oath  of  one  or  more  witnesses,  to  forfeit  nolcxcecilinjjii'l 
and  not  less  tli:in  5/.  if  beyond  the  environs  of  London,  and  not  exceeding  lU;.  nor  less  than  51} I 
within  London  or  its  environs,  .lust ices  are  allowed  to  publish  the  names  of  otfendera.  TlieaJill 
teration  of  meal  or  flour  is  punishatile  by  a  like  pi-nally.  Loaves  made  of  any  other  grain  thainvlai  I 
without  the  city  and  its  liberties,  or  beyond  10  miles  of  the  Royal  Exchnnge.tolieniarkpiln'illialiml 
lionian  M  ;  and  every  person  exposing  such  loaves  without  such  mark  sli:tll  forfeit  notmoretlunlkl 
nor  less  than  10s.  for  every  loif  fo  exposed. — (1  &  2  Oeo.i.  c.  .M.  JO.)  I 

Any  ingredient  or  mixture  found  williin  the  house,  mill,  stall,  shop,  &c.  of  any  miller,  mealmn  vl 
baker,  wliich  after  due  examination  shall  be  adjudged  to  liave  been  placed  there  for  thepiirpojend 
adulleralion,  sh  ill  be  forfi!itc<l ;  and  the  person  within  wliose  premises  it  is  foiuid  punished,  iiniih,! 
the  city  of  London  and  its  environs,  by  a  penalty  not  exceeding  lOJ.  nor  less  thrin 'lOj.  for  ihijtjil 
offence,  5/.  for  the  second  olT.'nce,  nnd  10/.  for  every  subsequent  olTence. —  (.3  Gen.  4.  c.  KM.  { u.j  (,(1 
if  witliout  London  and  its  environs,  the  party  in  whose  liouso  or  premises  ingredients  fur  adulirniitil 
shall  be  found,  shall  forfeit  for  every  such  offence  not  less  than  5/.  and  not  mure  tlmn20/.— (U2i]i,l 
4.  c.  5.  >  8.)  I 

Bakers  in  London  and  its  environs  are  not  to  sell,  or  expose  to  sale,  any  bread,  rolls,  or  cakpi, i),l 
bake  or  deliver  any  niuat,  pudding,  pie,  tart,  or  victuals  of  any  sort,  on  Sundays,  except  belweeiilil 
hours  of  nine  in  the  morning  and  one  in  the  afternoon,  under  penalty  of  lOs.  fur  the  first  offencf,4l 
for  the  second  otTunce,  and  40».  for  every  suliseqiient  olfencc. —  (3  Geo.  4.  c.  100.  J  16.)  '    I 

Bakers  in  the  country  are  prohibited  from  selling,  &c.  any  bread,  &.C.,  or  baking  or  delivennjirl 
meat,  &c.,  on  Sundays,  any  time  after  half  past  1  o'clock  of  the  afternoon  of  that  day,  nidiuiniittl 
time  of  divine  service,  under  penally  of  ts.  for  the  first  olFi-'nce,  10«.  for  the  second,  nnd  20». for  ik 
third  and  every  subsequent  oflence. — (59  Oeo.  3.  c.  "0.  i  12.) 

There  are  several  regulations  in  the  acts  now  in  force  with  respect  to  the  sale,  &c.  of  bread  vim, 
an  assize  Is  set ;  but  as  the  practice  of  .setting  an  assize  is  nearly  relinquished,  it  seems  nnnetessti) 
to  recapitulate  them.  The  weight  of  llin  assize  bread  has  already  been  mentioned,  and  llic  pmci|l( 
oil  which  its  price  is  fixed. 

Notwithstanding  llie  prohibition  against  the  use  of  nlnni,  it  is  believed  to  be  very  gencrallKi.| 
ployed,  particularly  by  the  bakers  of  London.— "In  llie  metropolis,"  says  Dr.  Thomison,  (StfjUi 
Ennje  Brit.,  art.  Bakinir),  "where  the  goodness  of  bread  is  estimated  entirely  by  its  whilonci.'.iiij 
usiuil  with  those  bakers  who  employ  flour  of  nn  iiitVrinr  quality,  to  add  as  much  alum  astoinin 
■alt  to  the  dough  ;  or,  in  oilwr  words,  the  quantity  of  salt  added  is  rtiminislied  a  half,  iind  llicil-i. 
ciency  supplied  by  an  equal  weight  of  alum.  This  improv.s  the  look  of  the  bread,  remleringnniil 
whiter  and  firmer." 

There  are  believed  to  be  about  1,700  bakers  in  London,  Westminster,  &c.  The  trade  whith  iH 
carry  on  is  in  general  but  limited,  and  it  is  not  reckoned  a  very  advantageous  line  of  bujiiicss, 

[Government  in  our  own  country,  too,  has  undertaken  to  regulate  the  quantity  and  quitlil 
of  a  loaf  of  bread.  There  is  a  law  in  Pennsylvania  inflicting  a  penalty  of  five  poundsonuJ 
baker  who  shall  mix  up  or  ailulteratc  his  bread  with  any  impure  or  unwholesome  in^litiilj 
and  he  is  obligctl  to  make  his  loaves  of  a  certain  weight.  The  legislation  of  other  $bieit(| 
the  subject  is  of  the  same  character. — Am.  Ed.] 

BREMEN,  one  of  the  free  Haiiseatic  cities,  situated  on  the  river  Wescr,  abt  ut  50 mikl 
from  iU  mouth,  in  lat.  53°  4i'  N.,  long.  8°  48'  E.  Population  about  40,000.  Its siluiliiil 
on  the  Wcser  renders  Bremen  the  principal  emporium  of  Hanover,  Brunswick,  H''3,'ie,d| 
other  countries  traversed  by  that  river.  'J'he  charges  on  the  buying,  selliii?,  and  slu'ppajl 
of  goods,  arc  very  moderate.  The  principal  exports  are  linens,  grain,  oak  bark,  glass, saul! J 
hams,  hides,  rapeseeii,  beef  and  pork,  rags,  wool  and  woollen  goods,  wine,  &c.  Thenlflll 
nnd  barley  shipped  hero  are  mostly  very  inferior;  but  the  oats  arc  useful  common  ft ' 
lieana  are  good.  The  lincn.s  arc  mostly  the  same  as  those  from  Hamburgh.  The  ini{)(iti| 
consist  of  coflee,  sugar,  and  other  colonial  products;  tobacco,  whale  oil,  iron, ricc,l" 
wines,  raw  coMon,  cotton  stuflti  and  yarn,  earthenware,  brandy,  buttc.  tar,  tea,  djevoo^l 
limber,  hemp,  Ac. 


A  Slalement  of  the  Q 


Barilla    - 

cwts. 

Brandy    - 

hhds. 

Baiter     - 

cwts. 

Coals      -       - 

lasts. 

Mee     - 

lbs. 

Copper    - 

cwts. 

Copperas  - 

do. 

Colion     - 

lbs. 

Currants  - 

cwts. 

Eirihcnware   - 

fuslic     - 

cwts. 

iBdlgl)       - 

lbs. 

Iron 

tons. 

linseed    - 

hrls. 

Hides      -      - 

No. 

Lopwood  - 

cwts. 

.Maboirany 

Oil,  Greenland 

brls. 

-..Newfoundland  rio.| 

-,  Norwegian 

do. 

-,  .Archangel 

do. 

-,  Sonlh  Sea 

do. 

Pepper    - 

lbs. 

Fiinento  - 

do. 

Pilth       -      - 

brls. 

BREMEN. 


2i3 


TiJnut  to  Bremen.— T^B  entrance  to  the  Weser  lies  between  the  Mellum  and  other  sandt  on  the 

ih-western,  ard  the  TepliTS  Plaat,  Ir.c.  nn  the  north-oaslern  side,    lis  courHe  from  Krcmerlehe  to 

^''"'".liij  nearly  S.  E.  and  N.  W.    It  in  buoyed  throughout.    The  buoys  on  the  riglit  or  sti^rboard 

'i!!  when  entering,  being  biacic  and  marked  with  letters,  while  those  on  the  Icit  or  larboard  are  white 

Jmimtered.    The  first  or  outer  bliick  buoy  has  a  gilt  key  upon  it,  and  is,  therefore,  called  the 

'°iiimI  or  key  buoy ;  it  lies  in  10^  fathoms,  bearing  N.  £.A  miles  from  Wrangeroog  light.    This  is  an 

'iSliiil!  ''?ht,  having  replaced  in  1H30,  the  old  coal-fire  beacon  on  the  island  of  Wrangeroog, 

miiie  to  the  northern  extremity  of  East  Fricsland.    It  is,  according  to  the  most  authentic  state- 

ml8  in  lat.  53°  47i'  N.,  long.  7°  51'  55' '  E.;  is  elevated  65^  feet  above  high  water  mark,  being  alter- 

iiflvviiible  and  invisible  for  the  space  of  a  minute.    A  liglit  vessel  is  moored  in  the  fair-way  of  the 

\Ve<er  between  the  black  buoys  E  and  F,  and  the  white  buoys  2  and  3.    She  has  two  roasts :  during 

]iv  ated  flag,  with  a  white  cross  upon  it,  is  kept  flying  at  the  mainmast ;  and  at  night  she  exhibits 

■litiiern  ligbls,  28  feet  p.oove  deck.    This  vessel  is  on  no  account  to  leave  her  station,  unless  coni- 

npllfdbythe  ice.    Lar^e  vessels  do  not  now  generally  ascend  furtuur  liian  Brcmerlehe,  on  the  east 

udeoftheriver,  about  38  miles  below  Bremen,  where  a  new  and  spacious  harbour,  called  "  Bremen 

Riren "  has  been  constructed.    But  vessels  not  drawing  more  than  7  feet  water  come  up  to  town ; 

ind  those  drawing  from  13  to  14  feet  may  conic  up  to  Vegesack,  about  13  miles  from  Bremen. — (See 

,lu5,jli>^  Directions  for  tin  JVorth  Sea,  published  by  Mr.  Norrie.) 

1 1  Slatement  of  the  Quantities  and  Value  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Merchandise  imported  into 
'  Bremen,  in  the  year  1835. — {Consular  Return). 


Imports 

Importi. 

Doeriplion. 

Dacription. 

QiiantiUn. 

Value. 

Quaniities. 

Value. 

£ 

£ 

Barilla    - 

cwts. 

6.277 

2,216 

Raisins    -       -  cwts. 

7,990 

7,383 

Brandy    - 
Butter 

hhds. 

1,284 

6,741 

Itice          -        -      do. 

33,655 

33,921 

cwts. 

10,377 

23,003 

Resin        -        -      do. 

3,810 

961 

Coals 

lasts. 

2.'}4 

842 

Rum         •        -casks. 

852 

15,720 

Coffee     - 

lbs. 

10,103,000 

263,138 

Salt          -        -  lasts. 

684 

2,118 

Copper    - 
Copperas  - 
Cotton 

cwts. 

1,107 

5,700 

Saltpetre  -       -  cwts. 

4,070 

6,2?7 

do. 

8,268 

2,220 

Sugar,  raw,      -       do. 

108,691 

215,571 

lbs. 

753,700 

31,404 

,  refined  -      do. 

17,9S1 

35,1)64 

Currants  - 

cwts. 

3,241 

6,518 

Syrup       -        -       do. 

9,675 

8,310 

Ejrthcnware  - 

— 

6,087 

Tallow     -        -       do. 

1,157 

1,941 

fastis     - 

cwts. 

11,607 

1,9S0 

Tiir           -        -    brls. 

6,119 

4,035 

fodigo 

lbs. 

20,800 

5,100 

Tea           -       -      lbs. 

415,800 

46.785 

Iron 

tons. 

2,817 

47,.325 

Tinplaffis  -        -boxes. 

1,RS6 

3,394 

linseed    - 

hrls. 

i\,'m 

22,878 

Tobacco,  leaf  -      lbs. 

21,170,870 

478,380 

Hides      -      - 

No. 

27,100 

32,205 

605,634 

27,017 

Lopvood  - 

cwts. 

12,080 

3,252 

4,8'J3,417 

55.031 

Maliouany 

— 

3,705 

,  segars      No. 

1,633,000 

3,8)0 

Oil,  Greenland 

brls. 

3,400 
4,.500 

Miscellaneous  - 

— 

271,617 

-iNewfoundlaim  im. 

-,  Norwegian 

do. 

6,7K0 

-     106,440 

Total 

1,802,553 

-,  .\rchangel 

do. 

600 

Further  imports  by  watc 

r  from  the"] 

-,  South  Sea 

do. 

22,000 

small   towns    situaler 

1   between  i 

32,553 

Pepper    - 

lbs. 

320,900 

S,347 

Bremen  and  the  mm 

ith  of  the  f 

Pimento  - 

do. 
brla. 

381,360 
501 

7,1.'!0 
324 

river  Weser 

■       -       -J 

Pitch 

Total  in 

ports 

1,835,106 

rjpor/s.— I-incns  are  one  of  the  most  important  articles  of  export  from  Bremen.    They  are  mostly 
■old  bv  the  piece.    The  dimensions  of  the  pieces,  and  their  prices,  are  similar  to  those  of^  Hamburgh, 
irhichsee.   The  Westphalia  hams  are  mostly  shipped  from  this  port. 
Diili«.— An  export  duty  of  |  per  cent.,  ad  valorem,  is  charged  on  all  merchandise  shipped  from 
iBmnen. 

The  Import  dnty  is  I  per  cent.,  ad  valorem,  on  all  articles ;  he  'ing  been  increased  a  third  per  cent,  by 
(Hioordlnanceof  1830. 

The  value  of  the  imports  is  calculated  according  to  the  invoice  price,  adding  thereto  the  freight  and 
fcheraleof  insurance  current  in  Bremen  ;  the  value  of  the  exports  ia  cstimateil  from  the  invoice  pric« 
linly.  fhoiild  there  be  no  Invoice  of  imports,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Importer  to  make  a  correct  estimnle 
Bribe  value  ii|ion  his  oath  as  a  citizen  ;  but  the  Custom-house  has  power  to  institute  a  stricter  ox- 
^iiiinilion,  If  the  estimate  appears  too  low. 

Kjiifriirton— Bremen  has  become  the  most  considerable  port  on  the  Continent  for  the  shipment  of 

^inlirants  to  the  United  States,  and  other  parts  in  America.    In  1832  the  number  of  emicrantsanioum- 

I  to  between  9,0(10  nnd  10,000;  and  their  conveyance  has  become  an  object  of  much  importance, 

pnictilarly  to  the  American  ahip-owiiers.    A  lnr((e  proportion  of  the  emigrants  are  from  Hesse. 

Siip-kroifrs  are  licensed  officers,  and  give  security,  to  the  amount  of  2,000  rix-rtnllars,  for  the  faith- 

M discharge  of  their  duties.    These  are  to  engnee  freights,  to  sell  vessels  hy  auction,  to  enter  ves- 

eli.  anil  udlect  freights.    They  are  not  permilted  to  liiive  piirtnera,  to  triinsiut  any  commercial 

ttiiness  on  their  own  account,  to  accept  commissions  <>x  consignments,  to  sell  ur  purchase  bills  of 

jifliangp,  or  to  enEnue  in  any  mercantile  concerns. 

None  but  appointed  brokers  of  this  class  can  undertake  any  of  the  duties  assigned  to  them.  Any 
person employinga non-appointed  broker,  is  deprived  of  It'gal  redress  against  the  unauthorised  agent 
y  whose  conduct  he  may  sustain  hijury. 

i  Shiii-broliers  lire  obliged  to  keep  a  register  of  all  vessels  coming  In  or  going  out,  of  the  names  of 
Ike  captains  who  employed  them,  to  procure  manifests  of  cargoes,  and  ;o  attend  to  the  payment  of 
lulionand  nllicr  dues  chargeable  on  vt'ssel  or  cargo. 

\  The  fees  ■   ,iwed  to  them  are,  for  chnrtcring  a  vessel  in  bulk,  18  grotes  per  grain  last ;  of  this  tho 
■  nerpajd  l2grotes,  and  the  freighter  six  grotes. 

I  Foroiitward-bouni)  vessels,  taking  morchandi,se  as  it  may  be  ofTered,  2  per  cent,  on  the  flreiglit. 
I  For  entering  a  vessel  from  sea  measuring  50  lasts,  5  rix-dullars  ;  measuring  100  ditto,  7i  rix-dol  ■ 
In;  and  If  she  measure  above  100  lasts,  10  rix-dollars. 

{ Entry  due>  are  to  b«  paid  by  the  consignees  of  foreign  vesseli  out  of  Uie  commisBion  they  maT 
Vrg«. 


U* 


u    ■ 


w 


J  '.\ 


■mil'' 


Si 


?i ! 


■  tLl'ilK 


■m 


'31 


:;  -; 


•in 


244 


BREMEN. 


•;i! 


!'.r^ 


It  ;; 


Per  the  eolleetioii  offlrelght  money,  the  broker  ti  entitled  to  receive  one  per  cent.,  but  ths  cmiitM, 
of  tiftrtifn  veiiBl  li  to  pny  tliiii  mm.  '™ 

XtfHlationt  of  the  Harbonr  of  Brnatn  Ilavm.—KW  veisola  entering  the  harbour  are  subject  to  ih> 
■uperintendence  of  the  harbour-niuiten,  whoie  directions  are  to  be  obeyed  by  ibu  captalni  u! 
crewi.  ^  I 

No  bnllait  or  rubbli^h  ii  to  be  thrown  overboard,  under  a  penalty  of  10  rix-dollitn  for  the  Hm  I 
ni7unce,  which  is  iiicreaxed  in  case  of  repetition ;  tlie  otfundur,  too,  i*  obliged  to  remove  the  articlei^  I 
may  have  lo  cast  into  the  liarb-iur.  I 

It  l8  not  permitted  to  keep  (tiinpowder  on  board,  and  any  which  may  be  in  the  veisci  mint  be  dti;,  I 
▼ered  up  within  two  hours  after  she  has  ronclied  her  berth :  non-coinpiiance  witli  thig  mibjecit  ii»  I 
party  to  a  flue  of  from  10  to  50  rix-dnllars ;  nor  is  it  permitted  to  dlschargu  any  fire-armi  in  pon      I 

The  use  of  all  fire  on  board,  from  sunset  to  sunrise,  is  prohibited ;  the  captain,  bowover,  mav  hin 
a  li^ht,  in  a  closed  lantern,  in  his  cabin.  ' 

The  crews  are  not  allowed  to  cnrry  on  shore  -ly  Are-arms,  dirks,  or  other  weapons. 

Vessels  passing  in  and  out  of  the  drawbridj^o,  or  which  niuy  remain  in  the  harbour  dutiDt  tn  I 
months,  are  subject  to  the  payment  of  the  following  rates,  viz. :—  '   ' ' 


nx.n.ot.  1 

.    40 

0 

.  "J 

0 

.  j> 

0 

.  as 

fl 

•   20 

0 

.    17 

30 

•    15 

0 

.    15 

n 

•    112 

36 

12 

30 

•   10 

0 

Below  en  Into  to  40  littt 
—      40  —  to  30  — 


<i.ai>, 
is 
>  E 


I(  vmkU  nmiala  lonnw  lima  two  nHmthi,  lliei  in  to  m  i.  I 
every  aOJItioual  moalh,  calcultlieftlweiitnixeoiiiHviuL.  I 
k  full  ninnlll.  ^*  | 

Veneli  of  300  taitt  and  upwanlt      •         •        , 
—  to  2ia  lula 


Dulutv 


300 

2-10  —  la  200  — 

V»  —  to  100 

100  —  to  00 


or  900  Usti  and  upwards  • 

BalowSOO  —  to2S0luis     • 

—  250  —  In  200  — 

—  2U0  —  10  IM  — 

—  ISO  —  to  120  — 

—  12J  —  lo  liiO  —  M)iiare-rl7^  • 

—  121)  —  lo  too  —  Kalliiils,  he. 

—  |f^  —  to  90  —  ilquareTK^ed         • 

—  too  —  k>   80  —  gallioli,  He. 

—  W  —  to  flO  —  iquiro-riilfed 

—  M  —  to  60  —  (illio'.i,  ke.  • 

.^rHeiih.— During  the  year  1831, 1,006  ships  entered  the  port  of  Bremen.  Of  these,  19t  were  Troi 
Hanover;  III  from  Great  Briluin  ;  103  from  th(!  United  Htntes;  44  frciin  I'rnnce ;  and  the  reniilniJei 
from  the  Netherlands,  Russia,  South  Atnuricii,  Spain,  8 weilcii,  &c.  The  shipping  cliurgcs  at  Btem 
are  particularly  low. 

Jfuney.— Accounts  are  kf>pt  in  thalnrs,  or  ri.t-dnllars,  of  72  srontes  or  erntes ;  thn  grntes  bcini  ft 
vided  iiitoSswnres.  The  Bremen  rix-dnllar current  is  worth 3*. 2J. sterling ;  undtliepurofeicluife 
is  1(.  sterling  ^  6  rix-dollars  11  protes  4  swnrus. 

fVcighta  and  JfM»«re.«.— The  coininercial  pound  =  2  marks  =  10  ounces  =  32  lotln  =7,600 Enilkj 
grains.  IIiMice,  100  lbs.  of  lircmnn  =  1098  iivoirdiipois,  or  4y-h85  kilog.  A  load  of  pfunil8c-,hwer=  Wllj 
but  C'lrriers  reckon  it  at  30S  lbs.  Acentner-  IIOIIis.;  ushi[>pound  =  21ccntnerg,nr21)0|l,a.;  jBaaj! 
f)f  iron  =:  120  lbs. ;  a  stone  of  fl.ix  =10  lbs.  ;  n  stone  of  wools  10  lbs.  A  ton  of  butter  great  niei. 
sure  -  300  lbs. ;  and  a  ton  of  do.  small  measure  =^  2:10  lbs. 

Thodry  mi-asures  are,  4BplntB  =:!l  viBrtel :  4  vlxrluUal  srhelT!!;  lOscheffoIs^l  quart;  4iiiiitti. 
I  last ;  the  Inst  =8070  butt). is  Wincheiiter  measure,  or  10087  quarterii ;  that  is,  10  qimrtersamlCt 
bushel.    A  barrel  of  salt  =:=  3^  schetTds.     A  last  of  coals  -2  chaldrons  Newcastle  measure, 

The  liquid  measures  are  8-8 quarts  :=1  vit-rtelt  5  viertels  »1  anker;  4  ankers-  1  tierce;  IMieni 
coxhoft ;  the  oxiioft  -- 58  English  wineirallons.  Wine  is  sometimes  soldbytheuliniut'lanken:^!;) 
Kng.  winuKalloiis,  A  barrel  of  whaieoll  r:::6  Bteckaii,or  216  lbs.  nettcSU  Eng.  winogalluni.  Aiti) 
last  of  herrings,  salt,  and  coals  =  12  barrels. 

The  Bremen  riot=  II'3S  Eng.  inches:  hence,  100  Bremen  feet:>&18  Eng.  ditto.  The  Bremen  ell  i 
8  feet ;  and  100  ells  of  Bremen  =<  63'2  Eng.  yards. 

7Vre«.  —Tlie  usual  tares  are,  on  sugar  in  casks  and  Brazil  chests,  17  per  cent. ;  on  IlavnnnahboiM, 
70  lbs. ;  Maryland  tobacco,  90  lbs.  per  hocshend;  ditto  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  llOllis.  por  hoaM; 
cotton,  round  bales,  4  percent  ;  square  ditto,  0  percent. ;  tea  ((green),  20II)B.  (ler  quarter  clu'stijiiit 
(black),  321bs.  per  quiirtur  chest.  Most  other  articles,  such  as  East  India  indigo,  rice,  coffee,  gpito, 
&c.  real  tare.— (Drawn  up  principally  from  the  communications  of  Bremen  merch.ints;  andfroiuik 
Digest  of  Customs'  Laws  printed  by  order  of  the  American  Congress,  vol.  1.  p.  434.  &c.) 

[The  mercantilo  marine  of  Bremen  has  of  late  years  been  very  much  augmented,  d  I 
may  be  now  estimated  at  about  40,U00  tons,  Since  the  construction  of  the  iiarboutof  I 
Bremerlehe,  above  mentioned,  ship-buildiiif;  has  chiefly  been  carried  on  there,  instead  ofii  I 
Vegesack,  a.^  wa.s  formerly  the  case.  And  some  very  fine  ships  and  ht'igi  have  been  ludj  I 
constructed  on  American  models. 

The  commKrcial  intercourse  of  Bremen  with  the  United  States  is  extensive  and  importiii  I 
Tliis  small  city  is  the  principal  market  in  Europe  for  Ami-ricaii  tobacco.  The  average  i|iii» 
tity  imported  by  it  approaches  to  30,000  hoqnjhnads  annually  ;  and  of  this  amount  the  la:^  I 
])ortion  is  Maryland.  It  is  distributed  from  Bremen  all  over  Germany,  Prussia,  Aiislrii,  I 
and  even  through  Italy  and  Russia.  A  considerable  number  of  Bremen  vessels  resort  foiii  I 
ti  Baltimore;  some  to  Petenburg  and  Richmond.  The  inspection  I.itoly  c jtabluheJ in  I 
Philadelphia  his  already  augmented  the  direct  intercourse  between  it  and  Bremen;  and i| 
regular  line  of  packcU  is  to  sail  between  the  ttwo  ports. 

The  quantity  of  cotton  annually  shipped  to  Bremen  from  the  United  States  doea nit ^  I 
beyond  six  or  eight  iL  asand  boles.  Five  or  six  thousand  casks  of  rice  are  annuolly  expon.  | 
cd  thither. 

For  many  years  past  the  Bremen  vcsscN  have  brought  to  this  country  a  large  rmkii  I 
Oerman  emigrants,  consisting  chiefly  of  industrious  fanners,  mechanics,  and  labourer.*, 

During  the  years  1830  and  1837,  they  supplied  us  with  grain;  but  their  cargoes o(4 1 
naiily  consist  of  goods  manufactured  in  varioi'.s  parts  of  Gurmany,  such  as 

Silks,  manufactured  mostly  at  Fllbcrfold  and  Crevelt,  in  Prussia. 

Cotton  goods,  principally  hosiery,  made  in  Saxony. 

Woollens,  chiefly  merimics,  some  coarse  woollen  hosiery,  aomo  light  BummcrcIotlu,iiill 
«  small  quantity  of  broad  cloth. 

Hardware  and  steel,  manufactured  at  Romschcid,  Solingcn,  and  neighbouring  placei|ii| 
the  Prussian  dominions. 

UoUow  glasaware,  im;b  w  tuntbleri  of  (he  commonest  tieicription,  and  winoudp»| 


lAccountof  t'     Rates  ( 


■  Account  of  the  Rates  ( 


SlWiB. 

5 
I 
1 

Common 
Larse    - 
I'ulishcd 

BRIBE,  BRICKS  AND  TILES. 


245 


•  •  S  I 

•  Ml 

•  s» 

•  •  illl 

I       •       Illl 

'««.  19t  were  fron 
and  the  tmmia 
iliurgesatBieiiiti 


ttiliottlei.    Tlie  importation  of  those  articles  is  gradually  decreasing,  aa  our  own  glass* 

,oflu  aw  improving' 

Linens.  All  kinds  of  German  linen  goo<ls  have  been  in  a  great  measure  superseded  by  tha 
linens  of  Ireland  and  Scotland.  Some  very  coarse  linen,  however,  for  bagging,  called  Hes- 
liins  and  Hoeden  rolls,  and  somo  burlaps  for  negro  clothing,  as  also  sail  cloth  uf  a  good 
goalitr,  made  in  imitation  of  the  Dutch,  together  with  linen  tapes  and  bobbins,  continue  to 
be  imported;  also  damask  table  linen  and  napkins,  and  linen  pocket  handkerchiefs. 

liooking-glass  plates  of  small  sizes,  low  priced  toilet  and  pocket  glasses,  burning  glasses, 
inJ  gpectacie  glasses  procured  from  Nuremberg,  in  the  kingdom  of  Davaria ;  as  also  hooks 
mil  eyes,  bone  buttons,  toys,  and  a  great  variety  of  small  articles,  procured  from  the  same 

Tiirefld,  silk,  and  cotton  lace,  lace  veils  and  embroideries,  cotton  and  worsted  Sringes, 
iitought  to  Bremen  from  Saxony. 

Slates,  slate  pencils,  marbles,  and  toys  from  Sonnenbcrg  in  Saxony. 

Oil  cloth  manufactured  in  Saxony. 

V/cstphalia  hams. 

We  may  remark  that  the  consumption  of  German  manufactures  in  this  country  is,  gene- 
nlly  spcaiung,  on  the  increase ;  the  frugality  and  industry  of  the  Germans  enabling  them 
more  and  more  to  compete  with  the  English  and  French. — Am.  Ed,] 

BRIBE.  Any  person  giving  or  otTering  a  bribe,  recompencc,  or  reviru,  to  any  officer 
ofthe  customs,  to  induce  him  to  neglect  his  duty,  to  forfeit  200/. — (3&4  Will.  4.  c.  53.  §  38.) 

[By  the  art  ofthe  2d  of  March,  1799,  entitled  "An  act  tu  regulate  the  collection  of 
duties  on  imporU  and  exports,"  it  was  enacted, 

"That  if  any  officer  of  the  customs  shall,  directly  or  indirectly,  take  or  receive  any  bribe, 
leward,  or  recompense,  for  conniving,  or  shall  connive,  at  any  faUe  entry  of  any  ship  or 
teasel,  or  of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  and  shall  be  convicted  thereof,  every  such 
officer,  or  other  person,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  a  sum,  not  less  than  two  hundred,  nor  more 
than  tvo  thousand  dollars,  for  each  ofience ;  and  any  person  giving  or  oiTering  any  bribe. 
recompense,  or  reward,  for  any  such  deception,  collusion,  or  fraud,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  a 
mm,  not  less  than  two  hundred  dollars,  nor  more  than  two  thousand  dollars,  for  each 
oflencc,"— ilwj.  Ed.] 

BRICKS  AND  TILES,  well  known  articles  used  in  the  building  and  covering  of  houses. 
Tiiey  are  made  of  baked  clay  and  sand.  Until  last  year  (1833)  an  excise  duty  was 
charged  both  on  bricks  and  tiles,  their  manufacture  being,  in  consequence,  placed  under  sur- 
leillance.  It  is  ordered  by  17  Geo.  3.  c.  42.  that  all  bricks  made  in  England  fur  sale  shall 
be  Scinches  long,  3^  inches  thick,  and  4  wide ;  and  all  pantiles  13^  inches  long,  9^  inches 
wide,  and  ^  an  inch  thick ;  on  pain  of  forfeiting,  for  bricks  or  tiles  made  of  less  dimensions 
when  burnt,  as  follows,  viz.  20».  for  every  1,000  of  bricks,  and  10.5.  for  every  1,000  of  pan- 
tiles, and  proportionally  for  a  greater  or  less  number.  It  is  also  provided,  that  the  size  of  the 
sieves  or  screens  for  sifting  or  screening  sea-coal  ashes  to  be  mixed  with  brick  earth  in  mak- 
ing bricks,  shall  not  exceed  i  of  an  inch  between  ttio  mu.shcs.  Makers  of  bricks  and  tiles 
must  give  notice,  under  a  penalty  of  100/.,  to  the  excise,  of  their  intention  to  begin  the 
manufacture.  Tiles  used  in  draining  land  were  exempted  from  the  duties.  But  in  so  far 
IS  respects  tiles,  these  regulations  are  no  longer  of  importance,  the  duty  on  them  having 
been  abolished  in  183.3.  The  revenue  derived  from  it  was  but  trifling.  It  was,  however, 
very  prejudicial  to  the  manufacture,  particularly  after  the  repeal  of  the  duty  on  slates.  It 
were  to  be  wished  that  tho  state  of  the  revenue  was  such  aa  to  admit  of  the  repeal  of  the 
duty  on  bricks. 

Kates  of  Duty  on,  and  Qiinnlities  of,  tliK  dltTi-ri-nt  fpccies  of  Bricks  produced  In 
Uiiglund  and  Wales  in  IB'iT,  1828,  and  1829. 


I  Account  oft' 


Sf«f:M. 


Common 
l.iirse  - 
I'nljjlied 
Lurgo  polished 


R Illl  of  Duly. 


if.  10,1.  pnr  1,000 

10.?.  per  do. 

Hi»-.  lOrf  per  do. 

is.  5(1.  per  100 

Tiit.ils 


Quiiiily. 


1827. 
1,0(12,1  lT,05fl 
•J.O-.'i.n  10 
8,l.')0.-,.'i0 


1,I(1,1.S7(I,I0I 


(^uaiili'y. 


I81«. 

l,0t!8,-!(Ul,3S0 

2  R 15, 125 

7,7(i«,07.') 

122,810 


I,0;8,»;t7.(il0 


Qimnlilsr. 


1829. 

7,2!)5,.ieO 
110,275 

1,10;),C«0,702 


lAftount  of  tho  Rates  of  Duty  on,  and  Clunnlliii's  of,  ilio  different  Species  of  Bricks  produced  In 
■  Scotland,  in  1827,  1V28,  and  182!). 


rninmon 
1.11  rse  - 
Pulialicd 


Rales  of  llu'y. 


it.\Od.   per  1,000 
Kla  per    do. 

120.  lOii.  per   du. 

Tntnls 


Qiiaiillty. 


1897. 
20,071,337 
85.'),S.'0 
3,375 


20,3:<0,.'iP2 


X'i 


Quantity, 


IgOQ 

21,2'>-l,03a 

40ti,'1.S9 

I-S.-iO 


21,089  "21 


QumiHy. 


i82ri. 

2J,741,r.82 

3«fi,187 

0,528 


2.'i,l'!4,2<ll 


J-.     t: 


f    i- 


i- 


Si; 


m 


n 


m 


r'l'  ■ 


Ir  I ' 


.:  ■  M.t 


240 


BRIMSTONE— BROKERS.    ^ 


Nett  Produce  of  the  Duties  on  Bricks  and  Tiles  in  1899. 


Mi 


England 


S  Bricks 
'    ITilus 


£        s. 

319,051  14 

34,830    7 


Scotland 


J  Bricks 
I  Tiles 


f  •  I 
VU  0  0 
1,922  12  0 

Total  nett  amount  of  revenue  from  bricks  and  tiles  in  Great  Britain,  362,518{.  13».  im 
There  were,  in  1830,  9,369  brick  and  tile  manufacturers  in  England  and  Wales,  and  104  in  ga,, 

Tha  entire  duties  on  bricks  and  tiles  are  drawn  back  upon  exportation.    Sufficient  securitv  mn  k. 
piven  before  their  Bliipnient,  that  they  shall  be  shipped  and  exported,  and  not  relandnd  in  r 
Britain.— (24  Oeo.  3.  snss.  2.  c.  2t.  }  16.)  "'""uea  in  G,ea 

If  bricks  or  tiles  shipped  for  drawback  be  relanded,  the  bricks  or  tiles  so  relanded  shall  m..    , 
above  the  penalty  in  the  bond,  be  forfeited.— (*  17.)  '  ^'- '" 

Return  of  the  Number  of  Tiles  made  in  the  Year  1830,  in  Great  Britain ;  stating  the  Number  of  Mrh 
Kind,  and  the  Rate  of  Duty  chiirjred  per  Thousand  on  eiicli  (  also,  the  Gross  Amount  of  Duivf 
the  Year,  and  Amount  paid  for  Drawback  on  Tiles  exported  ;  distinguishing  each  Countr*  m  iik 
Number  of  Tiles  exported.  /louume 


England  • 
Scotl.ind  - 

Plain. 

Rite  of 
Uuly. 

Pan  or 

RiJ?e. 

Ra'eof 
Uuly. 

Small 
Paving. 

Ri'e  of 
Duly. 

Larite 
Paving. 

Ra'e  of 
Duty. 

All 
other. 

41,707,916 
3,250 

1.   d. 

6    8 

|ier  IGOO 

20,603,450 
2,638,042 

».    d. 

12  10 

per  1000 

3,972,507 
57,330 

».    d. 
2    5 

per  lOO 

1,036,300 
19,370 

1.    d. 
4  10 

per  100 

399,675 

1,750 

»•  <<■     '■■  i~, 

4  10     32,JS8l9ii 

per  1000  ^      '  '' 

-        1,810  li  oi 

Gt.  Britain 

41,711,166 

— 

23,242,392 

- 

4,029,»37 

— 

1,053,670 

— 

401,425 

-      3f.M  11  i' 

Number  of  Tiles  exported. 

England 
Scotland 

Plain. 

Pan  or  Ridge. 

Small  Paving. 

Large  PavinJ. 

All  other. 

Amount  of  Dn>.  ; 
tack.        I 

17,000 

734,742 
52,000 

126,009 
7,900 

143,073 
750 

1,424 

£  >.l 
975  9  5 

44  14  6, 

Great  Britain 

17,000 

786,742 

134,809 

143,823     1           1,424    1       1,020  3  iT 

JVofe.— Bricks  and  tiles  made  in  Ireland  arc  not  subject  to  excise  duty. 

BRIMSTONE.     See  Sllphur. 

BRISTLES  (Fr.Soiesf  Gcr.  Borsten .-  Da.  Borstels ,-  It  Setok,-  Sp.  Cerdas,  Selai, 
Pol.  Szczec' ly ;  Rus.  Scktsclidina ,•  Lat.  Selw),  the  strong  glossy  hairs  growing  on  tie 
hack  of  the  hog  and  the  wild  boar.  These  are  very  extensively  used  by  brushmakers,  sliofr 
makers,  saddlers,  &c.,  and  form  a  considerable  article  of  import.  Russia  is  the  great  icait 
for  bristles ;  those  of  the  Ukraine  being  held  in  the  highest  estimation.  Of  the  total  quan. 
tity  imported  in  1831,  amounting  to  2,070,306  lbs.,  Russia  furnished  1,867,096  Ibs.,aiiil 
Prussia  (KiJnigsberg)  136,721  lbs.  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  ili« 
entries  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  1,780,801  lbs.  a  year.  The  duty,  whiciivaria 
from  ^d.  to  3^^.  a  pound,  produced,  in  1832,  25,613/.  2s.  lOd.  nett. 

BROCADE  (Da. Brokade ;  Ft. Brocade,-  Get.  Brohal ,•  It.  Broccah ;  Hub.  Pttflstk; 
Sp.  Brocadii),  a  stuff  made  of  silk  variegated  with  gold  and  silver. 

BROKERS,  jiersons  employed  as  middlemen  to  transact  business  or  negotiate  bargaiu 
petween  different  merchants  or  individuals.  They  are  sometimes  licensed  by  public  authority, 
and  sometimes  not. 

Brokers  are  divided  into  different  classes,  as  bill  or  exchange  brokers,  stockholders, ship 
and  insurance  brokers,  fmwnbrokers,  and  brokers  simply  so  called,  or  those  vho  selloi 
apprai.se  household  furniture  distrained  for  rent.  Exclusive,  too,  of  the  classes  now  ii» 
tioned,  the  brokers  who  negotiate  sales  of  produce  between  different  merchants  usually  coH' 
fine  themselves  to  some  one  department  or  line  of  business  ;  and  by  attending  to  it  exclu- 
sively, they  acquire  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  its  various  details,  and  of  the  credit  of 
those  engaged  in  it,  than  could  be  looked  for  on  the  part  of  a  general  merchant ;  and  are 
consequently  able,  for  the  most  part,  to  buy  on  cheaper  and  to  sell  on  dearer  terms  than  tte 
less  familiar  with  the  business.  It  is  to  those  circumstances — to  a  sense  of  the  advaiitajei 
to  be  derived  from  tising  their  intervention  in  the  transacting  of  business — that  the  esleO' 
sive  employment  of  brokers  in  London  and  all  other  large  commercial  cities  b  whollj'tolK 
ascribed. 

The  number  of  brokers  in  London  is  unlimited  ;  but  by  the  statute  8  &  9  Will.  3.c,!(l 
thoy  arc  to  be  licensed  by  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen,  under  such  restrictions  and  lliiiil* 
tions  as  they  may  thhik  fit  to  enact.  By  the  57  Goo.  3.  c.  fiO.,  brokers  acting  without  kiai 
duly  admitted  are  made  liable  in  a  penalty  of  100/.  The  fee  on  admission  is  fixed  bv ilj 
same  act  at  5/. ;  and  there  is,  besides,  an  annual  payment  also  of  5/. 

The  following  arc  some  of  the  regulations  estalilished  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen  pew 
ant  to  the  act  of  Will.  3. : — That  every  person  shall,  upon  his  admiitsion,  tiUce  an  oaliiirBly 
and  faithfully  to  execute  and  perform  the  office  of  broker  between  party  and  parly,  in  all 

♦  (Compiled  from  the  Parliamentary  Papers,  No.  191,  Sosa.  1S30,  and  No.  334.  Seas.  1831.) 


BROKERAGE. 


847 


ibinn  pertuning  to  the  duty  of  the  said  office,  without  fraud  or  coUugioii,  to  the  best  and 
utmost  of  his  skill  and  knowledge ;  that  he  shall  in  all  cases  reveal  the  name  of  hia  princi- 
Lil'  and  neither  deal  in  goods  on  his  own  account,  nor  barter  and  sell  again,  nor  make  any 
Liii  in  goods  beyond  the  usual  brokerage ;  and  that  be  shall  regularly  register  all  the  con- 
tracts, &c.  into  which  he  enters. 

Brokers  grant  a  bond  under  a  penalty  of  500/.  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties 
ffim  to  in  the  oath  of  admission. 

I   ^  gjgjgi  jg  delivered  to  the  broker,  with  his  name  engraved  thereon,  which  he  may  pro* 
I  duce,  if  required,  as  evidence  of  his  qualification. 

Twelve  persons  professing  the  Jewish  religion  are  permitted  to  act  as  brokers  within  the 
I  city  nnder  the  same  regulations,  and  receive  the  silver  medal  accordingly.  This  medal  ia 
llransferable;  sold  generally  at  from  800/.  to  1,500/.,  exclusive  of  the  expense  of  transfer, 
I  vfMch  is  uncertain.  Upon  the  decease  of  any  of  the  holders  of  the  medal  without  its  hav- 
lingbeen  transferred,  the  appointment  falls  to  the  lord  mayor  for  the  time  being ;  and  for  it 
sum  of  1,500/.  has  not   unfrequently  been   given. — {Munt^fiore's  Com.  Diet.  art. 


If  goods  in  the  city  of  London  be  sold  by  a  broker,  to  be  paid  for  by  a  bill  of  exchange, 
I  the  vendor  has  a  right,  within  a  reasonable  time,  if  he  be  not  satisfed  with  the  sufficiency 
I  of  the  purchaser,  to  annul  the  contract,  provided  he  intimate  his  dissent  as  soon  as  he  has  an 
I  opportunity  of  inquiring  into  the  solvency  of  the  purchaser.  In  a  case  of  this  sort  (Hudg' 
\mf-Davies,  2  Camp.  N.  P.  C.  536.),  Lord  EUenborough  was,  at  first,  rather  inclined  to 
llliink  that  the  contract  concluded  by  a  broker  must  be  absolute,  unless  his  authority  were 
I  limited  by  writing,  of  which  the  purchaser  had  notice.    But  the  special  jury  said,  that 

inless  the  name  of  the  purchaser  has  been  previously  communicated  to  the  seller,  if  the 

ivment  is  to  be  by  bill,  the  seller  is  always  understood  to  reserve  to  himself  the  power  of 
Idisapproving  of  the  sufficiency  of  the  purchaser,  and  annulling  the  contract."  Lord  EUen- 
Iborough  allowed  that  this  usage  was  reasonable  and  valid.  But  he  clearly  thought  that  the 
liejection  must  be  intimated  as  soon  as  the  seller  has  had  time  to  inquire  into  the  solvency 
lof  the  purchaser.  The  jury  found,  in  the  case  in  question,  that^ue  days  was  not  too  long  a 
IferioJ  for  making  the  necessary  inquiries. 

I  Brokers,  Bill, — propose  and  conclude  bargains  between  merchants  and  others  in  matters 
■of  bills  and  exchange.  They  make  it  their  business  to  know  the  state  of  the  exchange,  and 
Ithe  circumstances  likely  to  elevate  or  depress  it.  They  sell  bills  for  those  drawing  on  foreign 
Icountries,  and  buy  bills  for  those  remitting  to  them :  and,  from  their  knowledge  of  the 
Imattiai  wants  of  the  one  class  as  c<  'mpared  with  those  of  the  other,  a  few  of  the  principal 
llrokers  are  able  to  fix  the  rate  of  exchange  at  a  fair  average,  which  it  would  not  be  possible 
Itodoifthe  merchants  directly  transacted  with  each  other.    Their  charge  as  brokerage  is 

I.  per  cent. 

"Those,"  says  Mr.  Windham  Beawes,  "who  exercise  the  function  of  bill  brokers,  ought 
Itobc  men  of  honour  and  capable  of  their  business ;  and  the  more  so,  as  both  the  credit  and 
Ifoitune  of  those  who  employ  them  may,  in  some  measure,  be  said  to  be  in  their  hands;  and, 
llherefore,  they  should  avoid  babbling,  and  be  prudent  in  their  office,  which  consists  in  one 
lK\i\io\nl,thaXis,  to  hear  all  and  say  nothing ,-  so  that  they  ought  never  to  speak  of  the 
Inegotiations  transacted  by  means  of  their  intervention,  or  relate  any  ill  report  which  they 
Ihave  heard  against  a  drawer,  nor  offer  his  bills  to  those  who  have  spread  it." 
I  Brokers,  Stuck,— are  employed  to  buy  and  sell  stoclc  in  the  public  funds,  or  in  the  funds 
lof  joint  stock  companies.  Their  business  is  regulated  by  certain  acts  of  parliament,  by 
Iwhich,  among  other  things,  it  is  enacted,  ihat  contracts  in  the  nature  of  wagers,  or  contracts 
lapparenlly  framed  for  the  sale  or  purchase  of  slock,  but  really  intended  only  to  enable  the  parties 
llo  speculate  on  contingent  fluctuations  of  the  market,  without  any  stock  being  actually  sold, 
Uiall  be  void,  and  those  engaging  in  them  subjected  to  a  penalty  of  500/. — (7  Geo.  2.  c.  8  , 
linade  perpetual  by  10  Geo.  2.  c.  8.)  And  by  the  same  act,  any  one  contracting  to  sell  stock 
Icfwhich  he  is  not  actually  possessed,  or  to  which  ho  is  not  entitled,  forfeits  500/.  Brokers 
|not  keeping  a  book  m  which  all  contracts  are  regularly  inserted,  are  liable  in  a  penalty  of 

W.  for  each  omission  ;  half  to  the  king  and  half  to  those  who  sue  for  it.    The  charge  for 

tokerage  on  ail  public  funds,  except  Exchequer  bills  and  India  bonds,  is  2s.  6d.  per  cent. ; 
Icn  tiiese  it  is  U.  per  cent.  No  transaction  with  respect  to  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stock 
■in  the  public  funds  can  be  concluded  except  by  the  intervention  of  a  licensed  broker,  unless 
■by  tlic  parties  themselves. 

I  brokers.  Ship  and  Insurance. — The  chief  employment  of  this  class  of  brokers  is  in  the 
Ibuving  and  selling  of  ships,  in  procuring  cargoes  on  freight,  and  adjusting  the  terms  of 
Icnartprparties,  settling  with  the  master  for  his  salary  and  disbursements,  &c.  Their  charge 
Its  ship  brokers  is  about  2  per  cent,  on  the  gross  receipts.  When  they  act  as  insurance 
■brokers,  they  charge  5  per  cent,  on  the  premium,  exclusive  of  a  discount  allowed  them  on 
■Kltling  with  the  underwriter.  The  merchant  looks  to  the  broker  for  the  regularity  of  the 
Icontract,  and  a  jiroper  selection  of  underwriters.  To  him  also  the  underwriters  look  for  a  fiir 
|iiid  candid  disclosure  of  ail  material  circumstances  alllicthig  the  risk,  and  for  payment  of 


H 


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248 


BROKERAGE— BUBBLES. 


i  ;jl 


iPl!iil^'--'''i^ 


:  I.  ! 


their  preniiuins.  From  the  importance  of  their  employment,  ship  and  inraiunre  brokm  I 
ought  to  be,  and  indeed  generally  are,  p«*rson8  of  reitpectability  and  honour,  in  whom  foil  I 
confidence  may  bo  rcpoaod.  A  ship  broker  is  not  within  the  various  acts  for  the  reiultiiog  I 
and  admission  of  brokers.— (fifi 6 Aon,*  v.  Rule,  C.  P.  27th  of  June,  1837.)  I 

Brokers,  Ctutom-house. — It  is  enacted  by  the  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  62.,  that  no  person  iM 
be  authorised  to  act  as  an  agent  for  transacting  business  at  the  Custom-house  in  the  ponof 
London,  relative  to  the  entry  or  clearance  of  any  ship,  &c.,  unless  authorised  by  licence  g( 
the  commissioners  of  customs,  who  are  to  require  bond  with  one  surety  for  1,000/.  fonbe 
faithful  conduct  of  such  person  and  his  clerks.  This  regulation  does  not,  however,  apoly  ig 
the  clerk  or  servant  of  any  person  or  persons  transacting  business  at  the  Custom-houiem 
his  or  their  account  The  commissioners  may  extend  this  regulation  to  other  ports.-^! 
144.  &  148.  ^' ' 

Broktn,  Pawn.    See  Pawnbrokebs. 

Brokers,  simply  so  called,  in  their  character  of  appraisers  and  sellers  of  goods  distniotil  I 
for  rent,  are  regulpted  by  57  Geo.  3.  c.  93,,  which  enacts,  that  no  such  pernon  making  ag> 
distress  for  rent,  where  the  simi  due  does  not  exceed  20/.,  shall  tike  more  than  the  Mmt 


gums:  VIZ. 


For  levying  -  .  •   - 

For  men  keeiiinft  possession,  per  day  .  .  - 

AdvertiHeinenti,  if  any  ..... 

Catnlngnes,  sale,  coniiniesion,  &c.  intlie  ponnd  on  the  nett  produce 
Stamp  duty,  lawful  amount. 


£  I.  i. 

0  3  0 
0  9  0 
0  10  0 
0    1    0 


Appraisements,  whether  by  one  broker  or  more,  6(f.  per  pound  on  the  value  of  the  gooik, 
under  a  penalty  of  treble  the  amount  of  the  money  unlawfully  taken,  with  costs  to  be  reco- 
vered summarily  before  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

In  Franco,  the  brokers  who  deal  in  money,  exchange,  merchandise,  insurance,  and  jlod,  I 
are  called  aeenls  de  change,  and  their  number,  at  Paris,  is  limited  to  sijcfy.    The  compaoT 
of  agents  M  change  is  directed  by  a  chamber  of  syndics  (chambre  syndicate)  chosen  annu. 
ally  by  the  company.    They  are  severally  obliged  to  give  bonds  to  the  amount  of  125,0( 
fr.  for  the  prevention  of  abuses.     They  are  also  obligiMl  to  keep  books;  arc  restricted  lot  | 
charge  of  from  i  to  j-  per  cent. ;  and  are  interdicted  from  carrying  on,  or  having  anjii 
rest  in,  any  commercial  or  banking  operations. — (See  Code  de  Commerce,  §  74.  Ac,;  and  I 
art.  BonnKAVx,  in  this  Dictionary.) 

In  the  United  States,  brokers  are  not  licensed,  nor  do  they  give  bonds. 

BROKERAGE,  the  commission,  or  percentage,  paid  to  brokers  on  the  sale  orpurchaseof  I 
bills,  funds,  goods,  &c. — (See  FACTonAHK.) 

BRONZE  (Get.  Sliickgut,    Stukmetall .-    D\j.  Stiickgoed ;   It.  Bronso,-   Sp.  ilWn 
Cammes ;  Lat.  Meiallum  tormentontm),  "  a  mixed  metal,  consisting  chiefly  of  copper,  wiih  I 
a  small  proportion  of  tin,  and  sometimes  other  metals.     It  is  used  for  casting  statiiH,  { 
cannon,  bells,  and  other  articles,  in  all  of  which  tlie  proportions  of  tho  ingredients  vai;," 
-iUre.) 

BROOMS  (Ger.  Bcsen  ,•  Fr.  Balais ,•    It.  Scope,  Granafe ;   Sp.  Escobas,-  Rus.ilMi), 
are  principally  ms^de  of  birch  or  heath.   Vast  quantities  are  manufactured  in  Soulhwark, for  I 
tlie  supply  of  the  liondon  market. 

BRUSHES  (Ger.  Biirsten  .-    Fr.  Brasses,-  It.  Setole,  Spazzolc;    Sp.  Brozai,  Ceplb,  I 
Escobilbis  ;  Rus.  iSc/i/scAe/At'),  well-known  implements,  made  of  bristles,  and  manufaettmil 
of  various  forms. 

BUBBLES,  n  familiar  name  applied  generally  to  fraudulent  or  unsubstantial  commercial  1 
projects,  which  hold  out  hopes  of  rapid  gain,  for  the  purpose  of  enriching  the  projectDrsit  | 
the  expense  of  sanguine  and  ignorant  adventurers ;  and  particularly  used  to  designate  thox 
projects,  tho  funds  for  which  arc  raised  by  the  sale  of  shares  or  sub.scripiion  to  a  transferal 
stock.  In  consequence  of  the  mischief  produced  by  the  gambling  in  transferable  sharosof 
bubble  companies  at  the  time  of  the  South  Sea  project,  1719  and  1720,  the  stat.  6  Geo,  I, 
c.  18,,  reciting  that  several  undertakings  or  projects  had  been  contrived  and  pracliscJ,  fftich 
"  manifestly  tended  to  the  common  grievance,  prejudice,  and  inconvenience  of  i!;roatni)!j 
hers  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  their  trade  and  commerce,"  and  describing,  aii.ongolte 
practices  of  the  time,  tho  ordinary  mode  of  raising  money  by  shares  and  subscriptions  toJ 
pretended  transferable  stock,  enacted,  that  the  undertakings  and  attempts  so  describoii.anj 
public  subscriptions,  assignments,  and  transfers  for  furthering  them,  and  particularly  lie 
raising  or  pretending  to  raise  transferable  stocks  without  authority  of  charter  or  act  of  pari* 
inent,  should  be  deemed  illegal  and  void,  and  prohibited  them  under  severe  ponaliics.  Sobm  I 
decisions  limited  llie  o[)cration  of,  and  linally  the  stat.  C  Geo.  4.  c,  91.  altogether  rtpealeil, 
these  enactments  and  prohibitions.  The  projectors  of  bubbles,  therefore,  are  now  punishA 
only  when  they  can  be  deemed  guilty  of  frauds  or  conspiracies  at  common  law ;  anJ  ihw 
is  no  other  check  on  the  adventurers  than  the  loss  and  troublesome  liabihties  under  theltf 
of  partnership,  in  which  participation  in  these  projects  often  involves  them. 


BUCKRAM— BUOYS. 


340 


BUCKRAM  (Tt.  Boiigran ;   Gcr.  Scfiettre,  Sidfe  Leinwand ;   It  T//a  eoUata  ogom- 

ii/ii'  Ru9.  Kleanka ;  Sp.  Bucaran),  a  fiort  of  coarse  cloth  made  of  hemp,  gummed,  calen* 
i/t((l,«nJ  ilyc<l  several  colours. 

BUCKWHEAT  (Fr.  Ble  Sarraai'n,  Bli  voir  ,•  Ger.  Buchweizen,  Hctdekorn ;  It.  Grano 

nemo,  Faggi^Oi  Fraina ;  8p.  Trigo  Saraceno,  Trigo  negro ,-  Pol.  Tutarca,  Gryka, 
neai  V,ui.  Grettckui  Lat  Fagnpyrum)  is  principally  cultivated  in  order  that  it  mny 
c  cut  when  young  and  green,  and  employed  as  fodder  for  cattle;  when  allowed  to  ripen, 

(nain  is  usually  employed  to  feed  pigeons  and  poultry.  When  ripe  it  is  of  a  deep  yellow 
glour.the  seeds  hearing  a  great  resemblance  to  beech-mast:  it  will  grow  on  the  poorest 
DJIs.  Buckwheat  has  been  cultivated  in  this  country  from  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth 
genturr.   Its  native  country  is  unknown,  but  supposed  to  be  Asia.    Beckmann  has  a  very 

fned  dissertation  on  its  introduction  and  early  culture  in  Europe. — (See  Higt.  of  Invent, 
..I.  i.  art  Buckwheat.)  The  average  quantity  of  buckwheat  imported,  is  about  10,000 
iiwrtfrs.   The  duty  is  the  same  as  on  barley. — (See  Coax  Laws.) 

BUENOS  AYRES,  a  city  of  South  America,  on  the  south  side  of  the  La  Plata,  about 

s  from  its  junction  with  the  sea,  in  lat.  34°  36  J'  8.,  long.  58°  22'  W.    Population 

iin  (liSerently  estimated ;  but  said  (Bulktin  des  Siuences  G eograpkiques,  vol.  xx.ip.lbZ.) 
b  amount  to  81,000.    The  La  Plata  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  world,  traversing  a 

t  extent  of  country,  of  which  it  is  the  great  outlet.  Unluckily,  however,  it  is  of  very  di^ 
icult  navigation,  being  shallow,  infested  with  rocks  and  sand-banks,  and  exposed  to  sudden 

J  violent  gusts  of  wind.  There  is  no  harbour  at  Buenos  Ayres,  or  none  worthy  of  the 
am.  Ships  can  only  come  within  2  or  3  leagues  of  the  town :  there  they  unload  their 

xis  into  boats;  from  which  they  are  received  at  the  landing  places  into  carts  that  convey 
iem  to  the  town,  which  is  about  ^  of  a  league  distant  Ships  that  want  careening  repair  to 
lebaTofBarragon,  a  kind  of  port  about  10  leagues  to  the  8.  E.  of  the  city  ;  and  there  also 
It  outward  bound  ships  wait  for  their  cargoes.  Ail  the  timber  used  in  the  construction  of 
louses,  and  in  the  building  and  repairing  of  vessels,  come  down  the  river  from  Paraguay  in 
tfti,  The  principal  articles  of  export  consist  of  hides  and  tallow,  of  which  vast  quantities 
emtto  England,  the  United  States,  Holland,  Germany,  &c.;  besides  these,  there  are 
iiportal  bullion  and  viocunna  wool  from  Peru,  cupper  from  Chili,  salt  beef,  nutria  skins,  &c. 
M  imports  principally  consixta  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  from  England,  hardware  and 

ihenware  from  ditto,  linens  from  Germany,  flour  from  the  United  States,  spices,  wines, 
lit  fish,  machinery,  furniture,  &c. :  the  finest  tobacco,  sugars,  wax,  &c.  are  brought  from 
lie  interior;  as  is  Paraguay  tea,  an  article  in  considerable  demand  in  South  America.  The 
■land  trade  carried  on  between  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Peru,  and  Chili,  is  very  considerable  ; 
pd  its  trade  by  sea  with  foreign  countries  is  daily  becoming  of  more  importance. 

I  Diiritij  ttie  year  1832,  there  were  exported  from  Bnenos  Ayres,  dry  hiites,  677,139 ;  ditto  SHlted 
1.3:$; horse liides, 40,076;  jcrlted  beef,  105,780  quintals;  liorns,  3,049,017 ;  tips,  101.861 ;  w<i(il,33,05'i 
jrrobiii;  hair, 3i,'U7  ditto;  nutria  steins,  14,562 dozen,  Jcc.  The  trade  from  this  country  to  Uuunos 
Ivr's iuonfounded  in  nurCustom-bnuse  .iccounts  witli  tliat  to  Morte  Video, under tlie  general  name 
Irihc  States  of  tlic  Rio  de  ti»  Plata ;  but  iiy  far  ,.ie  largest  sliare  belongs  to  Biienng  Ayres.  In  1S3I, 
leiiniKirtcd  from  tliese  states,  exclusive  of  bullion,  of  which  no  account  is  kept,  429,906  nutria  skinii 
H^eeNuTRii),  146,008  cwt.  hides,  3,470  cwt.  tallow,  13,3)4  lbs.  slieep'a  wool,  &c  The  declared 
pe  of  the  articles  of  British  produce  and  manufacture  exported  to  these  states  during  the  same 
lear, was  3,19,S*0J.  j  of  which  cottons,  woollens,  hardware,  and  linens  made  more  than  three  fnurthr. 
I  I^S,  64  British  ships,  of  the  burden  of  12,746  tons,  entered  the  port;  the  total  number  of  foreijin 
prI.Mhat  annually  enter  it  being  from  SUO  to  400.  The  commerce  of  Buenos  Ayres  will  no  doubt 
kniinuc  to  Increase  ncuurding  as  the  vast  countries  situated  on  the  La  Plata,  now  in  a  great  degree 
koccu|iled,  are  settled. 
t.V«m$,  ll'iights,  JUeaaures, c^e.  samo  as  those  of  Spain ;  for  which,  see  Cadix. 

!  [We  shall  only  add  to  what  the  author  has  stated  concerning  the  trade  of  the  United 
Rates  with  Buenos  Ayres,  or  the  Argentine  Republic,  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  that  the 
iiiounlofour  domestic  manufactured  co//ons  which  we  export  to  that  country  has  become 
r  no  means  inconsiderable.     It  woj  respectively  f  263,000,  $101,000,   $400,000,  and 

0,  in  the  four  years  ending  the  30th  ol  September,  1837. — Am.  Ed.] 
jBUFF  (Ger.  Biiffcl,  Buffdhdute;    Fr.  Bnffle,  Peau  de  buffles,  et  Peaux  pas.ie'ea  en 
jiffesi  It.  Bufalo,  Cimjo  di  bufulo),  a  sort  of  leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of  the  buffalo, 
tssed  with  oil,  after  the  manner  of  chamois.    The  skin  of  elks,  oxen,  ond  other  like  ani- 
ls, when  prepared  after  the  same  manner  as  that  of  the  buffalo,  is  likewise  called  hiff 
ki^used  in  making  sword-belts  and  other  articles,  where  great  thickness  and  firmness  are 

I  BUGLES,  small  glass  beads  of  different  colours.    They  are  in  considerable  demand  in 

Ifrica,  to  which  they  arc  mostly  exported. 

1  BULLION,  uncoined  gold  and  silver  in  the  mass.     See  GoLn  and  Silveb. 

I  BUOYS,  pieces  of  wood,  cork,  or  some  light  substance,  moored  and  floall.ig  on  the 

liter.   Those  of  wood  are  sometimes  solid,  and  sometimes  hollow,  like  a  cask,  and 

^ngly  hooped ;  they  are  made  of  various  shapes  and  sizes ;  and  are  either  private  or 

88 


:  'i.i' 


■I  ',*' 


;i  ■ 


1 


:!i 


,\.j 


i    'Nf. 


; !  : ! 


till 


':'\  \'  H 


V>i 


^■^14  « 


'  \U[ 


S60 


#^       3U0YS. 


"if 


i| 


Subjoined  ia  an 

Account  apecifying  the  Biioyn  and  Beacons  imrter  the  Conlrnl  of  the  Trlnlty-IIoiiae,  Deptford  Hi™^ 
with  Ih  '  Italics  (if  Chargi!  on  accniiiit  of  tliii  siiiiiu  on  Ilriliiih  and  Korei|;n  Ships,  ami  the  ivli"^ 
of  the  Untua  In  each  of  the  Three  Yeurs  endhig  with  lH-i2.— (Puri.  Paper,  No.  315,  8cii.  1633) 


Rfttn  or  Chwga. 


Coulen. 


DrilUh  hikI  Fo- 

reiffn  privilfRAl 

Vef  M-'li  Uveriea, 

|)er  TuD. 


For«l|(nVi««li 

not  privileged 

Uvertu,  per 

Ton. 


In  the  port  of  London  the  following 
ratea  are  payable  for  the  inwurd  pua 
aage  only ;  viz. — 
The    rates 

vary    from    1 

penny  to  1  far- 
thing |ier  ton, 

according     to 

the  deacrlption 

of  tile  veaaeU' 

cargoes,     and 

the  places  from 

whence    they 

arrive. 


1  penny 


3  pence 


Kor  the  buoys 

and    bencona 

in  the  chan- 
nels   loading 

to    the   riv«r 

Thanif^s   and 

port  of  Lon- 

don,incIuding 

loadatnannge 

and  priinai^e, 

alaoincluding 

the  dues  for- 
merly return 

ed  under  the 

head  of  Tri 

nily      Houae 

duties     from 

stranger's 

ships. 

These  dues  are  also  received  at  the 
ports  of  Grnvesend,  Sheerness,  Rochester,  Faver 
sham,  Leigh,  Maldon,  Colchester,  Ipswich,  Wood' 
bridge,  Harwich,  and  Aldborough,  at  which  they 
are  payable  lor  the  inward  passage  only.  The  rate 
on  foreign  vessels  not  privileged,  is  2  pence  per 
ton,  but  in  other  respects  the  rates  are  determined 
by  the  ancient  usage  of  the  respective  places,  and 
are  generally  one  half  the  amount  of  those  iu  the 
port  of  London. 


Buoys  off  Yar- 
mouth 

Buoys  and 
beacons  in 
the  river 
Tees 

Bxettir  buoys 


Conway  buoys 

Carmarthen 

buoys 
Aberdovey 

buoys 


Harthing  perl  i  farthing   I  i  farthing 

ton.  I  I 

4  pence  per  vessel  under  40  tons,  6 

pence  on  all  others. 


Stone  boats,  51  1  penny   -  l  2  pence 

shillings  per 

annum.         I  I 

3  farthings  per  ton,  each  and  every 

time  of  passing. 
3  farthings  per  ton,  each  time  of  pass 

ine. 
1  half-penny  I  1  penny    -  I  1  penny  - 


Amount!  eolleeteil. 


1830. 


£      (.   4. 


8,623    7    fl 


1,800  10    2} 
462    7    8 

303  14    0 

48  IS    2i 
110  12  9i 


per  ton. 


Total 


1831. 


£       $.  d. 


0,313  16   H 


1835. 


<     M 


1,835  U    4i 
452  17    2 

SS6    5  10 

49    2  lit 

105  14  11} 

31  14  m 


8,449  It  91 


1,809  8  II 
465  7  .J 

3N19  ; 

43  SH 

im  7  3 
40  9  ! 


£    11,357  10    3t|    12,085    3    U\  11,861  16  )| 


Trinity  House,  London,  Oth  of  March,  1833.  (Errors  excepted.)  J.  IIerbebt,  Setrnm, 

Private  Buoys  are  so  called  from  their  belonging  to  private  individuals,  Vncy  are  piij.  I 
cipally  employed  to  mark  the  place  of  the  ship's  anchor,  being  fastened  to  it  bv  a  rojieo  I 
chain,  so  that  the  men  who  go  in  the  boat  to  weigh  it  may  readily  find  out  where  it  is. 

By  the  I  k  2Geo.  4.  c.  75.  }  11.  it  is  enacted,  that  if  any  person  or  persona  shall  wilfully  cut  an;,  I 
cast  adrift,  remove,  alter,  deface,  sink,  or  destroy,  or  in  any  way  injure  or  concenl,  any  buoy, biinj.  I 
rope,  or  mark  belonging  to  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  which  may  be  attached  to  any  anchor  or  cablt  b(.  I 
longing  to  any  ship  or  vessel,  whether  in  distress  or  otherwise,  such  person  or  persons  bo  offcDdg)  I 
sliall  upon  conviction  be  adjudged  guilty  of  f,;lony,  and  shall  be  liable  to  be  transported  foranytenl 
not  exceeding  7  years,  or  to  be  imprisoned  for  any  number  of  years,  itt  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Public  Buoys,  being  intended  for  the  public  service,  cannot  be  placed,  altered,  or  leratwd,  I 
except  by  competent  authority.  They  are  generally  of  a  pretty  large  size;  and  arefimljj 
moored  hy  chains  or  cables  to  rocks,  large  stones,  anchors,  &c.  By  floating  on  the  surtol 
of  the  water,  they  serve  at  once  to  mark  the  channels  through  which  it  is  safe  to  steer,  i 
to  point  out  dangers  to  bo  avoided,  such  as  sunken  rocks,  shoals,  wrecks  of  \ci:sels,&(.  I 
The  places  in,  and  the  purposes  for,  which  buoys  are  exhibited,  are  always  specifiedingixdl 
^harts :  and  as  the  leading  buoys  are  generally  of  a  peculiar  figure  or  colour,  which  isibl 
indicated  in  the  chart,  the  navigator,  as  soon  as  he  recognises  them,  shapes  his  counl 
accordingly.  Hence  the  great  importance  of  having  buoys  properly  placed,  andofllal 
Iwing  carefully  marked  in  charts. 


|(  required,  ^'„Jf  »"^  ' 
jt  Imperial  bushel,  mul 
I  Bj  H  6  Geo.  4.  c.  74 
yk,  culm,  lime,  fish,  p 
(aped  measure.  The  b 
hiud,  v.ith  a  plain  and 
long  7  and  8  direct  th 
l($ee  WiioHTS  AKi)  ] 
I  The  standard  moasur 
kuured  by  heaped  met 
1  water  weighed  i 

rometer  being  at  SO 
Llaining  877'274  cu 
pertain  proportions,  ol 
Hitth  part,  and  the  pin 
insshailbeapcck,  and 

n  or  othei  dry  goods  i 
JBUSHIRE  on  ABUS 
■rth-east  coast  of  tlie  Pi 
jit  estimated  by  Major  '' 
n  eitremity  of  a  sandy 
nivcnient  anchorage  fo 

I  to  S8  feet  water ;  but 
Irth,  about  6  miles  fror 
leslerlj!  gales,  they  are  i 
land  about  15  leagues 

e  town  is  deep,  but  tl 

sels  drawing  more  tha 

imD  8  to  10  feet.    The 

}  Caplain  Ritchie,  &c 

leitreraely  hot,  particul 

II  of  the  year. 

JrimiSf,  <(c.— Bushire  ' 
iBiiras,  Its  merchants  i 
il  many  of  those  brou 
BJj,and  spices  are  tli 
ler,  and  is  made  into  e 
Illy  supplied  by  Mocha 
Ithstanding  the  admittei 
Ive  already  gone  far  to 
iBileniandforthemisri 
esiJeb  those  imported 


BURDEN— BUSHIRE. 


201 


1,81 


4(5  7  .1 

ssoit ; 

4S  841 
107  7  3 
40  9  I 


<flM  4  e  IM.  »91,  enacti,  that  every  pprinn  who  ilinn  ride  by,  make  (kit  to,  reiPOV«,or 
"",    ,fi  inwii  or  run  foul  of  uny  vctiel  iilacod  to  exhibit  llgiitB,  or  any  buoy  or  bancon  b  '  nging 
Ljifuli)  run """    ^j  jj,g  Trinity  IIouso  of  l)eptr()r(l  Slrond,  or  to  any  other  corporation  having  au- 
|gibecoi|>°n>    ^^^^^  vemel,  buoy,  or  bcauon,  ■hall,  heiidei  making  good  all  damage  occasiuned 
Ci'''h   forfeit  fur  every  luch  olTencc,  any  HUin  not  exceeding  601.  nor  lew  tliuo  10<. 
BURDEN  of  a  ship.     See  Torn*  aos. 
BURGUNDy.    See  Wtiii. 

BURGUNDY  PITCH,  a  reun,  the  produce  of  the  Pinua  Abies,  or  spruce  fir.  It  is 
ined  by  "laliinK  incisions  in  the  bark  down  to  the  wood,  whence  it  flows  thickly  and 
_  immediately  concreting  into  flakes  that  adhere  firmly  to  the  tree.  These  being 
I  noi are  milted  in  boihng  water,  and  strained  through  coarse  cloths.  It  is  of  a  close 
Mtftence,  rather  soft,  has  a  reddish  brown  colour,  and  a  not  unpleasant  smell ;  it  ia  very 
Jhfsive.  The  greatest  quantity  is  collected  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Neufchiitcl,  whence  it 
[brousht  to  U8  packed  in  casks.  A  fictitious  sort  ia  made  in  England,  and  found  in  the 
ops  under  the  title  of  eommon  Burgundy  pitch;  it  may  be  distinguished  by  iU  friability, 
Jt  of  viscidity  and  of  the  odour  which  characterises  the  genuine  sort. 
[a species  of  Burgundy  pitch  exudes  spontaneously  from  the  Norway  spruce  fir.  This, 
ibicli  undergoes  no  preparation,  is  the  resin  or  Ihua  of  the  old  London  Pharmacopoeias.  It 
tiiiiported  in  the  form  of  tears  or  small  masses,  packed  in  casks,  each  containing  from  1  to 
|(,t  It  fetches  about  half  the  price  of  that  which  is  strained. — {Gray's  Supplement  to 
\t  fharmacopaia*,  T/iomson's  Diapengatory.) 

[bushel,  a  measure  of  capacity  for  dry  goods,  as  grain,  fruit,  dry  pulse,  &c.  containing 
I  pecks,  or  8  gallons,  or  i  of  a  quarter. 

I  The  Winchester  bushel  contains  2150-42  cubic  inches,  while  the  Imperial  bushel  con- 
i'j2l8'192.  Hence  to  convert  Winchester  bushels  into  imperial,  multiply  by  the  frac- 
!ii»jJL  or  •969447,  or  opproximately  deduct  jSth,  and  ir'nth ;  and  if  great  accuracy 
iwoired,  tj^^tj  and  TSAfttt  ntore.  To  convert  prices  per  Winchester  bushel  into  prices 
rlniperialfiushel, multiply  by  the  fraction  ¥r'A"'iV'  <»'  1-0315157. 
By  the  5  Geo.  4.  c.  74.  §  7.  the  bushel  shall  be  the  standard  measure  of  capacity  for 
i,fu/m,  lime,  fish,  potatoes,  ot  fruit,  and  all  other  goods  and  things  commonly  sold  by 
(1  mcaiure.  The  bushel  shall  contain  80  lbs.  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water,  being  made 
T.'ilh  a  plain  and  even  bottom,  and  being  19^  inches  from  outside  to  outside.  Seo- 
7  and  8  direct  the  mode  in  which  the  bushel  shall  be  'used  for  heaped  measure. 
(gfe  Wkiohts  and  Measuhks.) 

The  standard  moaiiure  of  capacity,  by  this  act,  as  well  for  liquids  as  for  dry  goods  not 
uured  by  heaped  measure,  shall  be  the  gallon,  containing  10  lbs.  avoirdupois  weight  of 
lied  water  weighed  in  air  at  the  temperature  of  62°  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer,  the 
meter  being  at  80  inches;  and  such  measure  shall  be  the  Imperial  standard  gallon 
inlaining  S77'274  cubic  inches)  ;  and  all  measures  shall  be  taken  in  parts  or  multiples, 
certain  proportions,  of  the  said  Imperial  standard  gollon ;  and  the  quart  shall  be  the 
irtb  part,  and  the  pint  shall  be  an  eighth  of  such  standard  gallon ;  and  2  such  gal* 
IS  shall  be  a  peck,  and  8  such  gallons  shall  be  a  bushel,  and  8  such  bushels  a  quarter  of 

or  olhei  dry  goods  not  measured  by  heaped  measure. 
BUSHIRE  on  ABUSHIRE,  a  sea-port  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Fars,  on  the 
irth-east  coast  of  tlie  Persian  Gulf,  in  lat.  29°  N.,  long.  50°  5U'  E.  Population  uncertain, 
itestiinated  by  Major  Wilson  at  from  15,000  to  20,000.  Bushire  is  situated  at  the  north- 
extremity  of  a  sandy  peninsula,  to  the  north  and  east  of  which  is  the  bay.  There  is  a 
ivcnlent  anchorage  for  largo  ships  due  west  from  the  town,  3  or  4  miles  distant,  in  from 
to  S8  feet  water ;  but  ships  of  300  tons  burden  or  thereby  lie  in  tho  inner  roads,  to  the 
I,  about  6  inilcs  from  shore ;  the  anchorage  is  pretty  goo/.  ,  't  during  violent  north- 
isterly  gales,  they  are  sometimes  obliged  to  cut  their  cables,  and  bear  up  for  Karak,  a  small 
d  about  16  leagues  W.  N.  W.  of  Bushire.  The  water  immediately  to  the  east  of 
town  is  deep,  but  the  passage  to  it  is  obstructed  by  a  bar,  which  cannot  be  passed  by 
lis  drawing  more  than  8  or  9  feet  water,  except  at  spring  tides,  when  there  is  a  rise  of 
im 8 to  10  feet.  The  variation  in  1811  was  'i°  'i3'  W.— (Chart  of  the  Persian  Gulf, 
Captain  Riichie,  &c.)  The  climate  here,  as  in  all  the  other  ports  of  the  Persian  Gulf, 
extremely  hot,  particularly  in  June,  July,  and  August.  Tho  unhealthy  season  is  in  the 
"  of  the  year. 

Ttmk,  <|-c.— Bushire  has  a  good  doal  of  trade,  particularly  with  Calctitta.  Bombay,  and 

[ailras,   Its  merchants  supply  almost  all  Persia  with  Indian  commodities ;  as,  also,  with  a 

"many  of  those  brought  from  Europe.     Of  the  imports  from  India,  indigo,  sugar,  sugar 

iJy,and  spices  are  the  most  imi     '  mt ;  the  steel  of  India  is  preferred  in  Persia  to  every 

ler,  and  is  made  into  excellent  sabres :  tin  is  brought  from  Banca ;  and  coffee  is  princi- 

ly  supplied  by  Mocha  and  other  ports  on  the  Arabian  Gulf.     English  cotton  goods,  not- 

ilhstanding  the  admitted  inferiority  of  our  red  dyes, — a  colour  in  great  esteem  in  Persia, — 

le  already  gone  far  to  supersede  those  that  wercformerly  brought  from  Hindostaii ;  and 

demand  for  them  is  rapidly  extending,  and  is  susceptible  of  an  almost  indefinite  increase, 

Idoi  those  imported  at  Bushire,  a  good  many  are  introduced  through  Buesorah,  and 


\  I- 


t  ■  ..■ 


u 


853 


BUSIimE. 


'.  i'i 


•ome  through  Turkey  tni  Ru»ida ;  the  InMcr  by  way  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  f'lrmsr  of  1%,-^  I 
and  Constantinople.  Hitherto,  indeed,  a  considentble  part  of  the  cottons  imported  tbr^  I 
the  laat  mentioned  channel*  have  been  lupplied  by  Switzerland  and  Ocrtnany -Ju  I 
fabrics  having  been,  in  aome  reapecta,  better  fitted,  than  oura  for  the  Turkiah  and  Pc 
marketa ;  but  thoy  aeem  to  hav-t  lost  this  advantage,  as  our  oxporta  of  cotton*  to  Turkn  I 
are  now  rapidly  increasing.  V/oolIen  goods,  cutlery,  watches,  Ac.,  »cni  to  India  60' I 
England,  are  thence  exported  to  Bushire.  Imitation  shawls,  of  the  proper  size  and  patien  I 
are  said  to  meet  with  a  fair  sale.  'I'he  exports  principally  consist  of  row  silk,  Kermon  wool  I 
Kcrman  and  Cashmere  shawls,  carpets,  horses,  silk  goods,  dried  fruits,  wine,  grain  ropMr  I 
turquoises,  asafiiiiida,  gall-nuts,  pearls,  and  other  articlea  of  minor  importance,  luiul 
annually  suppUea  Persia  with  a  very  considerable  amount  of  bullion,  most  part  of  whidi^  I 
•ont  to  India.  I 

Of  the  Persian  exports,  raw  silk  is  the  most  important  It  is  produced  to  some  eitentjgl 
every  province ;  but  Gheelon  and  Mazunderan  are  those  which  are  most  cclcbrai«d  fat  is  i 
growth.  In  the  former,  about  900,000  lbs.  are  annually  raised.  Russia  is  a  lar^e  cusionw  I 
for  this  article.  Dried  fruits  and  dates  are  sent  in  considerable  quantities  to  India.  Uom  I 
are  largely  exported  to  India  both  by  sea  and  land  ;  they  serve  for  mounting  our  Indjul 
cavalry,  and  fur  supplying  the  large  private  demand  that  always  obtains  in  Hindoitanfgd 
this  noble  animal.  Though  neither  so  swit\  nor  so  Iwautiful  as  those  of  Arabia,  tho  )>erni  I 
horses  are  large,  more  powerful,  and,  all  things  considered,  t)ettcr  fur  cavalry.  Therm 
capable  of  supporting  an  extraordinary  degree  of  fatigue.  Wineof  Shirazenjojiailetnl 
of  celebrity,  to  which,  judging  from  the  few  samples  we  have  seen,  it  seems  but  ill  enlititi  I 
Mr.  Frazer  says,  that  it  is  made  in  so  careless  a  manner,  tiiat,  in  choosing  it,  not  morelliig  I 
1  bottle  in  4  or  6  can  be  mode  use  of.  Persian  tobacco  and  yellow  dye  berries  are  hijUi  I 
esteemed  ;  the  former  enters  to  a  considerable  extent  into  the  trade  to  Turkey  aa  nelluti  I 
India ;  the  berries  bring  a  very  high  price  in  our  markets,  but  the  imports  hitherto  htq  I 
boon  inconsiderable.  Turquoises,  asafcetida,  and  various  sorts  of  drugs,  rose  water,  niili  I 
other  minor  articles,  form  part  of  the  exports.  Sheeps'  and  goats'  wool  is  also  expoiH  I 
The  best  is  that  of  Kerman.  The  down  furnished  by  the  goats  of  this  province  is  almxt  I 
aa  fine  as  that  of  the  Thibet  or  shawl  goats.  Cotton  is  extensively  produced  in  Persia;  k  I 
Russians  carry  away  some,  but  the  greater  part  is  used  in  the  country.  Grainiasenlit 
Muscat,  but  not  in  large  quantities.  The  pearl  trade  is  now  principally  centered  at  Muscil, 
The  imports  of  copper  into  Calcutta  from  Bushire,  Bussornh,and  other  ports  of  thePeniiil 
Gulf,  during  the  7  years  ending  with  1827-28,  were  valued  at  about  30,000/.  a  year.  Tliii  I 
copper  is  principally  the  produce  of  the  Persian  mines,  mixed,  however,  with  some  Ruaiu  I 
copper  from  Georgia.  Of  manufactured  articles,  the  principal  aro  carpets  of  tlie  mostbew  I 
tiful  fabric  ;  shawls,  partly  native,  and  partly  brought  from  Cashmere ;  velvets,  silii  gooli,  I 
gold  and  silver  brocades,  and  a  few  other  articles.  The  trade  between  Persia  and  Ruai  I 
by  the  Caspian  Sea  is  very  considerable.  Most  part  of  the  paper  used  in  the  former  ii  m^  I 
plied  by  the  latter.  The  furs  of  Russia  find  a  ready  market  in  Persia ;  but  it  is  a  fact  voiti  I 
mentioning,  that  Persian  merchants  have  recently  been  seen  at  the  Lcipsic  fairs,  canvin;  I 
gold  thither  for  American  furs! — {Urqufutrt  on  t/ie  Resources  of  Turkey,  p.  155.)  Thtl 
Russian  provinces  on  the  Caspian  derive  tlicir  supplies  of  indigo  from  Persiabymjctl 
Bushire. 

The  ofti  in\  r<>tiims  show  thntthr  total  value  of  the  entlrdtradR,  imports  ns  well  as  expnm,  cami  I 
on  betW(^«n  Rritish  India  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  at  nn  averugo  nf  tlie  7  years  ending  with  \i%  >u  I 
(inkin:;  tlie  rupee  11 1  3s.)  1,337,163/.  a  yenr.  Ol' this  nninnnt,  Calcutta  piirtlcipnted  to  thee.ileiiiii(| 
559,fiH(!Z.,  Madras  of  r.t,9SU.,  and  nomliay  of  Tii.Wl.  This,  however,  includes  tlie  Irarle  tii)tal  I 
and  OuKsorah,  as  well  as  to  Bushire,  and  we  hnve  no  means  of  discriniinatinKthosepnrnteamnunlif  I 
eacli.  It  appears,  indeed,  from  an  account  in  the  same  paper  wlience  these  statements  art!  lak(n,iliii  I 
of  34  ships  lielnnging  to  the  Persian  (iulf  that  arrivi^d  at  Bombay  during  tlie  7  years  refer/eil  lo,!l  I 
beloneed  to  Muscat,  and  only  7  to  Bushire.  But  it  must  not  ho  supposed  that  the  trade  to  these  piico  I 
1h  in  tliis  proportion,  inasmuch  as  nmst  nf  the  Arabian  ships  trading  to  Biissorah  bcinn; In  Jlii- 1 
cat.  It  may,  liowever,  be  fairly  presumed,  that  the  arrivals  of  Gulf  ships  at  Calcutta  and  Mulnil 
would  be  in  about  the  SKine  pmportion  as  those  at  Biunbay  ;  but  the  destination  of  Iho  British sbipi  I 
Irnding  to  the  Oulf  not  beins  given,  and  it  being  customary  for  most  ships  to  visit  both  BushireiM  I 
Bussiirah,  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  value  of  the  trade  to  the  former,  as  coinpsredwillilbill 
to  the  liittcr  and  Muscat,  corresponds  witli  the  number  of  ships  they  respectively  send  to  India.      I 

W'Mtcr  at  Bushire  is  excessively  bad  and  dear  ;  but  excellent  water,  and  in  great  abundance, nui  I 
be  hi  I  at  Karak.  The  anchorage  at  this  Island  is  safe  at  all  times  ;  and  ships  may  lie  closelofc  I 
beach.  Sir  John  Malcolm  suggested,  that  the  permanent  possession  of  Karak  would  bennolijmjl 
ciiusiderable  importance;  and  we  are  rather  inclined  to  agree  with  him.  It  is  of  no  value  to  llie  Pti- 1 
sians.  and  there  seems  little  doubt  tliat  they  would  he  glad  to  cede  it  fur  a  trifling  consideration.  Ill 
possession  would  not  only  enable  us  to  command  the  navigation  of  the  Persian  (Julf;  bnt  it  \r»iH  I 
form  a  depAt  where  goods  destined  for  Bushire,  Bussorah,  &c.  might  lie  kept  in  perfect  Earely.anlil 
a  situation  the  most  convenient,  being  readily  accessible  to  all  sorts  of  Arabian  vessels.  Ata^leif  I 
British  cottons  and  woollens  is  now  forming  In  all  the  vast  countries  watered  liy  the  EiipliraiiiJill 
the  Tigris,  or  which  derive  their  supplies  from  the  cmporin  erected  on  their  banks  :  and  it  is  of  Iheneii- 1 
est  consequence  thai  nothing  bo  omitted  that  may  serve  to  facilitate  the  diffusion  of  tbis  taile.ai  I 
the  means  of  gratifying  It.  I 

.»foii«y.— Accounts  are  kept  in  tomans  of  50  nbasscs,  or  100  mamoodis.  The  toman  is  a  Perslanjw  I 
coin,  containing,  according  to  the  report  of  the  Bombay  mint,  from  7r.S  to  67  gr.  pure  metal,  N I 
consequently  equal  to  from  lis.  7|i2.  to  11«.  11(2.  sterling.  The  toman  nf  Bussorah  is  north abnutA,  I 
and  that  of  Gombrjon  about  114*.    These,  with  Persian  and  foreign  silver  coins  of  all  denomiMi«ml 


BUSS— BUTTER. 


253 


.    h.mi  tt  Bttiblrfi  t  bnt  thA  tuto*  of  tha  (brelKti  eolnt  are  perpatuilly  varying,  and  ilia  walfbl  of 
K-  If. Mini  !•  al'O  •"'■J''^' «"  frequent  changei. 
rd/>"  •«'  JVxunrM.— Oold  and  silver  are  weighed  by  the  mtaeal  of  3  dwt.  33  7-13  gr.,  or  3  dwt. 

^iL^rnmrn'rclfll  wrighti  Tary  according  to  the  cnmtnoditlei  anid,  and  the  plar«>a  whnro  ihey  are 

IT  The  niiund  tahrce  weighi  61  Iba.  nvnirdupnii  at  the  Cuitom-hniiie,  but  rmly  (Si  Ibi.  at  tho  ha> 
TbiiweiKbt  ii  <»"'  by  dpalert  in  augar.  coffee,  copper,  and  all  lortiof  iimifi.    The  mnund 

mii'llb!.  nt  tbe  Cuitom-houie,  and  rron)7|  to7i  Iba.  at  the  basaar.  Uealeri  in  rice  and  other 
''lunf  oroTlfinn  uta  thii  weight.    Th<^  inaundahaw  la  doubia  the  maund  tabree,  or  13^  ibi. 

vvliUt weighed  by  the  alihu«  -  39J  ^t.  1  roy. 

Thrie  are  rnrliiui  inrti  of  giiz'i  or  cubiti.  One  called  the  royal  gus  >•  37)  Eng.  Inchoa  |  the  eom- 
Jn  fill  li  two  Ihirils  of  the  former,  or  W  Inrhea. 

The  Penlaii  Ifaniie  or  pnrnaang  is  l-'Jl)tli  ofa  degree  of  the  equator,  and  abould,  therefore,  be  equal 
J].|l„3  fuiloiifis  and  36  poles  English. 

Thciri.iba,  nr  priririiml  corn  measure,  is  equivalent  to  about  3  Winch,  quarters. 

tnp further' particiilnrs,  see  A'i«t«Ar,  Foyagt  «a  ^rabii,  tome  11.  p.  75.;  Knvtir'i  Mrmtir  ef  th»  Per- 

.tmttri  P  70. 1  Fratir't  Trartl*  vn  rA<  iktrtt  of  \U  Catfian,  Jlpft*-  PP'  333— 3IM.S  Pari.  Paper, 
£lm-li-  Bess.  1833.  pp.  U33-436.;  KtUy'a  Oriintal  MetroUgy ;  'ilamton's  £<M(  Indian  Calcu- 

BUSS,  t  imall  aea-ve««el,  uaed  by  ua  and  the  Dutch  in  the  herring  fiahery,  commonly 
gi(0ta60  tona  burden,  and  aomeliraea  more.  A  busa  haa  two  amail  aheda  orcabina; 
I  It  the  prow,  and  the  other  at  tho  atcrn :  that  at  the  prow  aervea  for  a  kitchen. — (Sea 

I  BlISSORAH  OB  BASRAH,  a  city  of  Arabia,  on  the  weatern  bank  of  the  8hat-el-Arab 
kibe  nune  given  to  the  river  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tigria  and  the  Euphratea), 
MieTO  miles  from  iU  mouth,  lat  30°  30'  N.,  long.  47°  32'  E.  Population  about  60,000, 
miistiogof  Araba,  Turka,  Peraiana,  Armoniana,  Jewa,  &c.  The  houaca  and  atrccts  are 
jean  and  filthy.  There  ia  a  vast  area  vtthin  the  walla,  occupied  principally  by  gardena 
inJ  plantation*  of  date  ticea,  and  interaccted  by  canalo,  on  which  are  uumeroua  amall 

The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  8hat-el-Arab  haa  only  about  18  feet  water,  but  the  channel 
irilbin  ii  deep,  ao  that  ships  of  600  tona  burden,  provided  they  croaa  the  bar  at  the  apringa, 
«T  without  difficulty  ascend  the  river  aa  far  as  Uie  city  ;  and  both  ita  grand  branches  may 
entfigatedto  a  great  distance  by  smaller  vesaela.     Bussorah  is  the  principal  inlet  on  the 

,  diroagh  which  Indian  and  other  Eastern  products  find  their  way  into  the  Turkish 
iiipire.  Its  commerce  u,  therefore,  even  at  present,  pretty  conaiderable ;  and  were  the  rich 
inil  extensive  countries  traversed  by  the  Tigria  and  the  Euphrates  occupied  by  a  civilized 
ind  industriou*  people,  it  would  be  very  great  Its  imports  from  India  and  Europe  are 
^DJIir  to  those  at  Boshiiik  (which  see)  ;  from  Persia  it  imports  shawla,  pearls  from  Bah- 
.!),&&,  and  coflbn  firom  Mocha.  At  an  average,  C  or  8  British  ships  arrive  in  the  course 
f  the  year  from  India ;  but  the  principal  part  of  the  trade  is  carrier]  on  in  Arabian  bottoms, 

e  merchants  of  Muscat  being  the  owners  of  some  of  the  finest  shipa  that  are  to  be  met 
liith  in  the  Indian  seas.  Its  exports  are  principally  bullion,  pearly  detes,  copper,  raw  ailk, 
tones,  gall  nuts,  and  drugs.    Captain  Hamilton  mentions,  that  in  the  early  part  of  last  cen- 

y,  the  eiports  of  dates  from  Bussorah  exceeded  10,000  tons  a  year. — (New  account  of 

t  East  India,  vol.  i.  p.  78.)  The  commerce  with  the  interior  is  conducted  by  means  of 
anvans  to  .tieppo  and  Bagdad ;  but  it  might  be  carried  on  to  much  more  advantage  by 

sMofsteam-lwats.    It  haa  been  proposed  to  forward  mails  from  India  by  steam  by  the 

lit-el-Arab  and  the  Euphratea  to  Bir,  thence  by  land  to  Scanderoou,  and  again  by  steam 
g  Gibraltar  and  England. 

I  jUiity.-AII  sorts  of  coins  circulate  here,  but  their  values  are  constantly  fluctuating.    Accounta  nre 

leptinoaMoiNJiMof  lOdantmf,  or  100  JI<)Me;  100  wamoodiM  make  a  toman,  wbicb  may  be  valued  at 

Iboiit  IJiicea  rupees,  or  36t.  sterling. 
Wrifhti  tni  JUcdiures.— Gold  and  ailver  are  weighed  by  the  eheki  of  100  miteah,  or  7,300  Eng.  graino. 

I  The  commercial  weights  are  the  niatiad  atferes,  the  maund  tofy  or  te$sc,  and  the  oke  of  Bagdad.  1 
ilia^lSoi.  aToirdupniB;9t  vakina  ■>  I  oke  of  Bagdad  -  47^  oa.  avoir.;  1  nmund  atteree-  38  Iba.  8 
LaTolr.;  1  maund  soiy  *■  SO  lbs.  4  oz.  avoir.;  1  eiitra  of  indigo  -  138  lbs.  13  oz.  avoir. 

I  Tbete  are  the  weights  used  by  the  Europeans  settled  at  Bussorah ;  those  used  by  the  Arabinna  dif- 

kta  lllile  from  the  nhove,  nnd  frequently  also  among  themselves, — a  circumstance  to  which  the  mer- 

pnt  muit  pay  particular  attention. 

[  The  long  mensiirea  are  the  Aleppo  yard  for  ailks  and  woollena  =  3  feet  3'4  inches ;  the  Ilndded  do. 

^i  coKimi  and  linens  »  3  feet  lO'S  inches ;  the  Bagdad  do.  for  all  purposes  "  3  feet  7-6  inches. 

[For  further  details  ns  to  the  commerce  of  Bussorah,  see  Kinneir't  Memoir  on  the  Persian  Kmpir*,  p. 

K3.itbeart.llusHiaK  in  this  Dictionary;  Kelly'*  Oriental  Metrology ;  TTiomton't  East  Indian  C'aleuU- 

|ir,  p.  &i.  Niebuhr  has  given  a  plan  of  Bussornb,  Voyage  en  vjt-aftw,  tome  ii.  p.  170. 

RUTLERAGE.    See  PaiaAeE. 

liUTT,  a  vessel  or  measure  for  wine,  containing  2  hogsheads,  or  126  wine  gallons. 

BUTTER  (Da.  Smtfr/  Da.  Boter ,-  Ft.  Beurre,-  Ga.  Butter ,-  It.  Burro,  Butiro , 
»t.Butyrumt  Vo\.  Mailo  j  Fort.  Manteiga  i  Rus.  Matslo  Kttrowe;  Sp.Manteeaf  8w. 
d'Aor),  as  every  one  knows,  is  a  fat,  unctuous,  and,  in  temperate  climates,  a  pret^  firm  sub 

uice,  obtained  from  milk,  or  rather  from  cream,  by  the  process  of  churning. 

The  various  circumstanres  attending  the  introduction  and  use  of  butter  in  antiquity 
itre  been  investigated  by  Ueckmann  with  great  learning  and  industry.  The  conclusion  at 
Rhich  he  arrives  is,  "that  butter  waa  not  used  either  by  the  Greeks  or  Romans  in  cookioff 

VouL-y 


'•t 


^:. 


Irl; 


294 


BUTTER.    • 


!|ii 


:  r'i 


'!:;{ 


m 


or  thfl  preparation  of  fnixl,  nor  wan  it  brounht  upon  thoir  tiililoi  hy  wny  adntni,  ni,. 
whuro  cu«tiimiiry  at  prcicnt.     Wo  ni'vor  fliid  it  mentioned  liy  (Julrn  and  niHf    ,„» 
thnti[(h  they  linvc  iipoken  of  it  a^  npplioiitiln  to  othnr  piirpo»c«.     No  noli,,  i  , 
Alpiciiia;  nor  ia  there  any  thing  laid  of  it  in  that  ronpect  tiy  the  authon*  <>i):> .' 
culture,  thouiih  they  have  given  ui  very  particular  infurniation  with  rciinf>ri  ii  , 
and  oil.    Thin,  aa  hai<  lieen  rumarke^l  by  otiiori,  muy  bo  easily  accounted  for,  liy 
having  arciiatomed  themielvea  to  the  unn  of  good  oil ;  and  in  thr  like  manner  butter  i,'! 
Iittl(<  employed  at  prenent  in  Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  the  luuthrrn  parti  of  PrvMl 
— (///.v/(iry  i)f  InvenliniM,  vol,  ii,  p.  4 1.3.  Eng.  cd.) 

13 utter  is  very  extensively  uaed  in  thia  and  moat  other  northern  countrica;  that  of  E 
land  mill  Holland  ia  reckoned  the  lieat.    In  London,  the  butter  of  Kppioff  and  Ctmlinji 
lain  (ho  highrat  repute ;  the  rowa  which  pro<hico  the  former,  feed  during  Numinrrinil 
■hrulil)y  ptt!«turrg  of  Epping  Forest ;  and  the  loavea  of  the  trucM,  and  numerous  wiM  |!jj 
which  there  nliouM4l,  are  auppoacd  to  improve  the  flavour  of  the  Imtter,    It  iiliMnVijii 
market  in  rnlla  from  one  to  two  feet  long,  weighing  n  pound  eueh.    'J'ho  Cambridiiti 
butter  is  produced  from  cowa  that  feed  one  part  of  the  year  on  chalky  upinndi.ahdthea. 
on  rich  meadows  or  fena;  it  ia  made  up  into  long  roll*  like  the  Epping  liutter,  anili;piitni 
aalted  or  cured  before  being  brought  to  market ;  the  London  doalera,  having  wathiJiii 
wrouglit  the  salt  out  of  it,  frequently  sell  it  for  Epping  butter. 

The  butter  of  8ufll>lk  and  Yorkshire  ia  ofVen  anld  for  that  of  Cambridgeahira,  towliiclii 
is  little  inferior.  The  butter  of  SomeraetMhire  is  thought  to  equal  that  of  Eppini;;iii] 
brought  to  market  in  dish"s  containing  half  a  pound  each ;  out  of  which  it  ia  liiken,  wu 
and  put  into  difToront  forma,  by  the  dealers  of  Bath  and  Bristol.  Tho  butter  of(J|iiiict_ 
ihire  nnd  Oxfordshire  ia  very  good  ;  it  ia  made  up  in  half  pound  packs  or  prititi,  packril  up  J 
a()uarc  baskela,  nnd  sent  to  the  London  market  by  wngnn.  Tho  butter  of  themouiitiioij 
Wttic!)  and  Scotland,  and  the  moora,  commons,  and  heaths  of  England,  is  of  Mccilont  qui! 
when  it  is  properly  managed  ;  and  though  nut  equal  in  quantity,  it  often  is  cimfesacilly  nJ 
rior,  to  that  produced  by  the  richest  meadows. — ( LoudwB  Enci/,  of  Airriatlture.) 

Considerable  quantities  of  butter  are  made  in  Ireland,  and  it  forms  a  prnmincnt  anitliiJ 
tho  exports  of  that  country;  generally  it  ia  very  inferior  to  that  of  Britain;  butiliiiil 
consequence  rather  of  the  want  of  cleanliness  and  attention,  than  of  any  inferiority  in  || 
milk.     Some  of  tho  best  Irish  butter  brought  to  London,  after  being  washed  and  repid 
is  sold  as  Dorsetshire  and  Cambridge  butter. 

The  salt  butter  of  Holland  is  superior  to  that  of  every  other  country ;  large  quutiij 
of  it  are  annually  exported.     It  forma  about  three  fourths  of  all  tho  foreign  butter  weinpg 

Ttin  proiliiction  and  ronsiimptlon  nf  butter  in  drnat  Britain  is  very  great,  'I'Iir  cnnnumpiinniiiij 
Metrnpniis  way,  it  is  lii'lieved,  be  averngflii  at  about  one  tiaif  pound  ppr  week  for  egcli  imliiiilii 
being  at  ttie  rale  of  36  ibi.  a  year ;  and  ■iippogina  Ihn  po|iulation  to  aiiiount  to  1,'1J<I,000,  the  luulu 
niiiil  conauniptinn  woulil,  on  tills  liy|Mitliesia,  be  37,700,000  Iha.,  or  IA,H30  tona  :  bill  to  this  ma;  hssK 
4,000  tons,  for  the  butter  required  for  the  victualling  ofshipannd  other  purposes;  in.ikinjlhjn 
conRumiition,  in  round  numbers,  31,000  tona,  or  47,040,000  Iba.,  which  at  lOd.  per  lb.  would  be «« 
•  1,«60,000/. 

The  average  produce  per  cow  nf  tha  butter  dairies  ifs  estimated  by  Mr.  Marshnll  nt  Ift^lbt.ifa 
10  thnt,  supposing  we  are  nearly  right  in  thn  iibnve  estimates,  about  380,000  cuws  will  be  leqwiiij 
produce  an  iidpqii.'ite  aupply  of  butter  for  the  I<ondon  market. 

Tiie  consuuiiUion  of  butter  in  Lundiin  has  sometinu's  been  estimated  at  S0,000ton9;  wliich.ica 
Ing  to  Mr.  Miirslinll's  stiiteineni,  of  the  acturncy  of  which  no  doubt  can  be  nntorliilned,  wnuliltt^B 
for  its  supply  upwards  of  600,000  cows  I     Further  commentary  on  such  a  atateiuent  would  bein)i| 
fluous. 

In  order  to  obviate  the  practice  of  fraud  tn  thn  weighing  and  packing  of  buttpr,  dlfferi'm iiini 
have  been  piissed,  particularly  the  110  Uco.  3,  c.  80.,  and  :IH  Oi>o.  3.  c.  73.,  the  princlpul  rctnlilioiiJ 
wliirh  iiri!  sulijoined.  It  is  very  doubtful,  however,  whether  they  have  jienn  productive  ntinjef 
effect.  It  might  be  proper, perhaps,  tonnler  the  weight  uf  the  butter,  exclusive  of  thi;  vcsnel. iii41| 
dairyman's  or  seller's  n:\iae,  to  be  brandod  on  tho  inside  and  outaiilc  of  e:ich  vessel;  but muilodlj 
other  regulations,  especially  those  as  to  tha  thickness  of  the  staves,  and  the  weight  of  the  rei ' 
seem  to  be  ntonce  vexatious  and  u.selesB, 

Kvury  cooper  or  other  person  who  shall  make  any  vessel  for  the  packins  of  buttor,  shall  wXiU 
same  of  good  well-seasoned  timber,  tight  and  not  leaky,  -ind  shall  groove  in  the  h:!:id9  and  botltd 
thereof;  and  every  vessel  made  for  the  packing  of  butter,  shall  be  a  tub,  firkin,  or  bulf-firkin,  ui  l^ 
other,  I 

Every  tub  shall  weigh  of  itself,  including  the  top  and  bottom,  not  less  than  11  lbs.  normntethnl 
lbs.  avoirdupois;  and  neither  tlie  tup  nor  the  bottom  of  any  such  tub  shall  exceed  inanypirtr 
eiglulis  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 

Every  firkin  shall  weigh  at  least  7  lbs.  including  the  top  and  the  bottom,  which  shall  not  cicttdh 
eighths  of  an  inch  inlckln  any  pan. 

Iliilf-iirkins  to  weigh  not  less  than  4  lbs,  nor  more  than  0  lbs,  including  tho  top  and  lhob«s| 
which  shall  not  exceed  the  thickness  of  three  eighths  of  nn  inch  In  any  part;  upon  pain  Ibiilr 
cooper  or  every  other  person  making  any  such  vessel,  in  any  respect  contrary  to  the  proceJinj  d« 
tions,  shall  forfeit  every  such  vessel  and  10s, 

Every  cooper,  &c.  shall  brand  every  cask  or  vessel  before  going  out  of  his  posscssinn,  on  tbdl 
side,  with  his  name,  in  legible  and  permanent  letters,  under  penalty  of  10».,  together  with  Iba  r 
weight  or  tare  thereof. 

Every  dairyman,  farmer,  or  seller  of  butter,  or  other  person  packing  the  same  for  sale,  ihall  |i 
It  in  vessels  made  and  marked  as  aforesaid,  and  in  no  other,  and  shall  properly  snnk  and  kK 
•very  such  vessel ;  and  on  the  insi<le,  and  on  the  top  on  the  outside,  shall  brand  liis  name  at  N 
in  peimanent  and  legible  letters;  and  shall  also,  with  an  iron,  brand  on  the  top  oa  tbeoiiliidi,i 


Iti'-bfiT  annkrd  and  ai 
litfriTviiiili  V"i«i'l,  ac 
IjjiCbmllan''  idsurtmii 
IvM'V,Ty.l''f.iiilltbiT 
I  .fy  I"")  nf  butter  »h 
|„rnllr»ln.1«ll«.|i'Vcr] 
Ifwlwhalnvcr,  wllhai 
litt'ird  wjinliiilter  nia 
lt.,fl(h.ill,  Ibrniijboul, 
Itoiill  hullerKhull  tin  sn 
luiffdful  for  It"  preiicrvi 
I  Jli)(han|e,  Bileration, 

|»llll  rM|M!f  I  to    Ibll  V('IOI( 

liftilK'nallynf  30/.  to  hi 
I  limy  rhi-nicnioniirr,  i 
Itlnnnnitter,  almll  dt'li\ 
fciiaKt.or,  Indufnult  Ihf 
Ifii  I'll!  Khali  bi>  wanllni 
l(bt  wiiviry  nf  \\m  lume 
1  \iirhi'i'Di'mon;ier,  denl 
liT^rdiih,  flililn,  or  half. 
Viithiit  In  this  act  ahni 

{ii»t{ii'nallli'afor  using 
|<fwbi«hall  have  been  I 

brf  III" 111  repack  aurh 

(M.farnier,  nrn'llcr  of  I 
fiir  uri!  uf  the  nriiinal  il 

ilull. «ilh  nn  Iron,  brand 
iKfyiiith  vpbbbI,  across 
'p«'rionii  counterfeiting  ( 

Peniihleii  nnt  excendlnii 
nile  ahall  go  tn  tlie  i 
I  P«nihic«  nliove  .V.  to  bi 
Mlhewbnls  to  tha  Infoi 
I  .Viililiif  to  extend  to  tli 
■jriinf  inori!  than  M  lbs. 
[Prfvloiuly  to  ISM,  no  I 
Iriihriii  bcinti  previously  i 
nhllnn  II  nn  li>nger  conic 
jliHcniicled  by  statute  4 
|iili'r.inilc,hi'i'sn,  nball  re( 
■line  ri.  nnd  ship  th  .■  aan 
bill:  and  If  he  shall  inaki 
Irrniirefslon,  forfeit  for  c 
Ifllie  poor,  and  hulf  to  th 

.InJ  every  inch  person  i 
Ir  6J.  fir  fvery  firkin  of  t 
[Tbpnnjler  nf  a  ship  re 
•leseiiionscr's  own  ship 
■ilforevery  weigh  of  ch 
I  Tbii  act  does  not  extenil 


I  Butter  made  in  hot  c 

ally  prepared  from 

IikIc  of  hide,  each  of  w 

lie  commercial  importi 

I  The  Arabs  are  the  gr 

liiarommon  practice 

■to  or  ghee!  and  thej 

Vsal;  and  tho  poorest  i 

jnicr  for  dinner,  and  bu 

sfir,  Souakin  and  ^ 

iliian  ports.— (Burci, 


e  Jveraf p  contract  pri( 
kn  as  fujlows :— 


Tiin. 

PricM  |j«p  lb. 

:  d. 

ITM 

0    i 

™ 

n  S 

liJO 

0    5} 

0  s| 

175,^ 

I7« 

0    81 

i:b 

0    51 
0    8( 

1770 

ins 

0    64 

m 

0    6X 

178} 

0   6l 

IIM 

0   il 

^-: 


BUTTER. 


8S5 


iBinlciBr" "'  ^x^ff  •»«'y  •"*''  ei»»k,  th*  Iriw  welcht  or  liir«  of  «T»rjr  «iifh  vmwI,  when  It  «h«H 
IliMlifrri  •nnl!''')  I"*' '""'"""'' '  nnd  nUniliiill  hrnnil  hl«  nnnift  nt  Ifrimli.  nn  thn  hoiiaii  nr  thn  hotly 
IH^f^^iiirh  v'lirlt '><^">"  two  illfn<rnTit  •liivm  nt  li*iiat,  niiil  ahntl  illmlnrllv,  nnil  nt  Inngth,  Imprint 
llchriitlitnK  III  Kiirnnmii  upon  tba  top  of  tha  hiitti^r  In  ■iicli  vkmiiI  whi.'n  lllliiil,  on  pi>ln  of  forfitltltig 

,„ii.(inf  liiiltiT  iliiill  ronmln,  oxcliiiilvo  of  ihn  inrf,  of  gooil  nnil  niiTilinntntilB  hnllor,  H-i  ibn  ; 
vilrklnMllxirvi'ry  linlf  llrklntHIha  tnnil  tinnlil  or  rorriipl  hnlumliHll  liu  nilxvil.or  piirkeil  Innnjr 
luwIwhntntiT-  with  >»<y  ImKor  thiit  In  ni-w  luiil  noiinil  t  nor  xliall  any  hntlci  niuilii  of  wlit-y  l><i  |mcki!il 
|««  111!  wltlliiilti'r  niHil)*  ofcrnRni,  hut  thii  rfHp(>rtlvii  Hnrlimliiillhii  purkcil  iippnriilcly,  nntl  thr  wliola 
L.,,1,1,.,11,  Ihrniighoiil.hit  ofonn  inrt  nnd  eiimlncK*;  nml  nnhnltur  hIkiII  lipanltcil  with  nnyiirciit  inlt, 
Im  tlMiiiiler  nhiill  tii  i<nlt<?(l  with  ainnll  unit  t  mir  ■hnll  nmrn  inlt  liii  inti'rniixi'il  with  thn  liiillur  thnn 
Iknwlful  fiif  I'"  prmiBrvntlon.  undi-r  pflnnlty  of  5/.  for  otrnndliig  nK!ilnit  nny  of  thfuo  rPKuliitloni. 
I  !(ii(!ii\iif«,  nltiratiiin,  fVnuil,  or  ilnoolt,  ithnllhii'orarliNiMl  hy  nny  ili^iiliim  or  pflrknri  of  hutt»r,  «ilh<?r 
Itiili  rMiN'ct  In  III"  vemiHl  or  the  butler  lo  pnrkml,  whuMinr  In  rcHpiut  to  ipinntlty  or  otherwix-,  un- 
Lfripfimlly  "f"'' '"'"'  ''"P""'"'  on  "Vnry  pi-rnon  imikiikpiI  In  thn  olTunrp. 

Cmyrlii'i'io""'""'^'' ''""'*''' '"  hiitlpr,  or  othrr  pcrHim,  who  nhiill  mcII  nny  lulm,  Arklni,  or  hnlf-llr- 
|ll«<iifhiilter,  nlmll  ili'iiver,  In  iivitv  mirh  cnak  or  vphki'I  rrcprrtivcly,  lln-  liill  nimiitlly  tippoliilcil  hjr 
Itimiiri.or,  Iniii'fnull  thereof,  ihallhe  llnhln  to  nmkpantlnrnrtlon  to  thniH-rKnn  whonhiill  htiy  thntmnin 
Htf'i^li'lixll')''  W'tnthiR,  nreordlng  to  thn  priru  for  which  It  wni  loldinnd  ihiill  bo  llnblo  to  un  action 
Idtrmvery  of  thn  lump,  With  full  coitn  of  unit. 

\  Xorhersi-mnngpr,  dROlcr  In  butter,  &c.  nhall  ro;    'k  for  anlo  any  huttei,  under  penitlty  of  S(.  for 

Utrliih,  firkin,  or  hnlf-flrkln  »o  rrpnckod. 
.Viihlitinlhla  act  •hnll  extimd  to  ninku  nny  rhpcKPnionitpr,  dnnirr  in  huttcr,  or  olhnr  ppmon,  liiihin 

|ginvp»iiillii'iriir  uaing  any  of  the  tuha,  nrk'inii,  or  hnll-firklii<<,  afliir  the  llrltWIi  butter  ux'd  In  rui-h 

ktwlii  alitll  have  been  tnkon  thereout,  fur  tlii^  r'<pnckinK  for  Hnle  of  nny  rorelKn  butter,  who  ihilll, 

bl'iirF  III- in  repack  iiurh  forelfn  butter,  entirely  cut  or  etf:ice  the  neverul  nnnieii  of  the  original  dalry- 
ian.fatnii'r,  nr  nellcr  of  butler,  (Voni  every  mich  vcmel,  leaving  the  nnnie  nnd  tare  of  the  cooper,  nnd 
KyMiKorihe  nriiiinni  ilairyinnn,  fnriner,  or  Heller,  thcrenn ;  and,  nfter  thu  nnniei  nro  lo  eirnred, 

Uall.  itilhiin  iron,  brand  hii  Chriatlnn  nnd  mirnnmH.  and  the  \vnri\»  foreign  butter,  upon  the  liouge  of 

lirtry !iicli  VFSnel,  acrong  twoiitnvei  nt  lennt,  to  di'note  that  Kuch  butter  Ik  fViruign  butter. 
Pwonii  counterfeiting  or  forging  nny  such  naiuesi  or  ninrkii,  iihiill  fur  every  aiich  offence  forfeit  40/. 
rtMliicK  net  exceeding  HI.  to  he  determined  by  one  Jualics,  upon  the  evidence  of  one  witncii,  and 

Bifiiliiiii)  shall  go  to  the  Inroriner. 

I  Ptnililca  nlinve  !il.  to  be  recovered  by  action  of  debt,  or  Informatinn,  in  the  courti  nt  WoHtmlmter, 

Lii4  Ihe  whole  to  the  Informer. 

{.Vnliiiif  to  extend  to  the  packing  of  butter  in  any  pot  or  veiisl  which  ilinll  not  bo  capable  of  con- 

Diiilnt  iiiiiri!  than  11  ih«. 

rPre»liiii»ly  to  IHM,  no  butter  could  be  sold  In  nny  public  ninrket  In  Iret?.,id,  or  exported  from  it, 

lllhmt  lit'lni;  previoUHly  examined  nnd  hrnnded  by  n  piihlie  Innpector  ;  but  complinnco  with  tbli  re- 

kihllnii  Is  no  longer  coinpulxory,  bnt  l«  left  to  the  diitrretlon  of  the  partiei. 

Jliuenacleilliyttntute  4  Will.  3.  c.  7,,  that  every  wnrehouie.keeper.weighor,  unnrcheror  ihlpper  of 

InliTiinil  rhi'i'si',  Khali  receive  nil  butter  and  cheese  that  tihall  he  lirounht  to  hliii  for  the  London  cheete- 
•nc  r),  nnil  i^hip  th)  iniiii!  without  undue  preference  ;  nnd  Khali  have  fur  hid  palnn  'it.  6il.  for  every 
;  mill  if  he  shall  make  delimit,  he  nhnli,  on  conviction  lieforu  one  Justice,  on  oath  of  one  wltnoM, 
infeision,  furfelt  fur  every  (Irkin  of  butter  lOt.,  and  for  every  weigh  of  cheese  !>».,  half  for  tbo  una 

ilk  poor,  anil  half  to  the  informer. 

I.tnil  every  such  person  shall  keen  n  book  of  entry  of  receiving  and  shipping  the  goodi,  on  pain  of 

|r  U. for  ovcry  firkin  of  butter  and  weigh  of  cheese. 

[Tlii>m»«lerura  ship  refusing  to  take  in  butter  or  cheese  before  ho  is  full  laden  (except  it  be  a 

liit'<emnn;cr'8  own  siilp  sen)  for  his  own  goods)  shall  forfeit  for  every  firkin  of  butter  refused  9*., 

nil  for  every  weigh  of  cheese  3«.  M, 

[Tbi) Ml  does  not  extend  to  any  warehouse  in  Cheahire  or  Lancashire. 

I  Butter  made  in  hot  countries  is  generally  liquid.    In  India  it  is  denominated  ghee,  and  is 
fitly  prepared  from  the  milk  of  buffaloes;  it  is  uxually  conveyed  in  duppcrs,  or  bottles 
hiilcofhido,  each  of  which  contains  from  10  to  40  gallons.    Ghee  is  an  article  of  consider* 
lie  commercial  importance  in  many  parts  of  India. 

I  The  Arabs  are  the  greatest  consumers  of  butter  in  the  world.  Burckhardt  tolls  us,  thnt 
liiaoomtnon  practice  among  all  clashes  to  drink  every  morning  a  coffee-cup  full  of  melted 
■Iter  or  ghee !  and  they  use  it  in  an  infinite  variety  of  other  ways.  The  taste  for  it  is  uni- 
Vsal;  and  the  poorest  individuals  will  expend  half  their  daily  income  that  they  may  have 
jutcr  for  dinner,  and  butter  in  the  morning.  Large  quantities  are  annually  shipped  from 
Hwir,  Souokin  nnd  Massuah,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  for  Djidda  and  other 
ban  forta.—{Burckhardl'a  Traveb  in  Nubia,  p.  440.;  Travels  in  Arabia,  vol.  i.  p.  53.) 


I 


:|l    :>;< 


IM  I, 


'(  I'i 


'I 


"'■  ;m  i'i 


M 


nvera^c  contract  prices  of  the  butter  furnished  to  Greenwich  Hospital  from  1730  to  1833,  have 

kn  t!  follatvs :— 


Teia 

PricM  i«r  lb. 

Vnn. 

Pricei  per  lb. 

Years. 

Prices  per  lb. 

Years. 

Prices  per  lb 

1.  i. 

*.      i. 

».  d. 

s.  d. 

13 

0    5 

1795 

0    8^ 
0  lit 
0  llf 
0  111 

1813 

1    3 

1S23 

0    7i 

nw 

0    5 

1800 

1814 

1    3 

1834 

0    hi 

1150 

0    51 

0  si 

1803 

1815 

1    3 

1825 

0  10^ 

171,1 

1800 

1816 

0    91 

0    8} 

1836 

0    »^ 

i;60 

0    5^ 

1807 

I    Ot 

1817 

1827 

0    Si 
0    8| 

m 

0    5^ 
0    «} 

1808 

1    oi 

1818 

0  It 

1828 

m 

1809 

1     1 

1819 

0  11 

1829 

0    8 

1775 

0    6| 

1810 

1     >f 

1  Si 

I8'20 

0    01 

18.S0 

0    6^ 

1780 

0    6i 

1811 

18SI 

0    8) 

1831 

0    91 

17S5 
1790 

0   6l 

0  ei 

1813 

1    3i    • 

1833 

0    7* 

1833 

0    8} 

(See  art.  Pbices.) 


i'\i 


ii 


m' 


\MM 


\u 


ii 


f'  w 


ill 


I     i 
i     ' 

I' 

I  I 


286 


BUTTONS. 


An  Account  of  the  Total  Quantity  (in  ntindred  Weight*)  of  Butter  Imported  Into  OreitBrii  i  <.  I 
ForeiRii  Countrlei  and  Ireland,  In  each  Year,  from  5th  of  January,  1801,  to  Sth  of  Janii.  ,""1 
diitinKniahini  the  Quantity  iVom  Ireland,  from  the  Isles  of  Jorney,  Uuerniey,  and  Man  r  '^  ^'l 
land  and  the  Nethcrlandi>.  and  from  all  other  Foreif  n  Countries  t  and  stating  the  Rate  aiid  A      I 


of  Duly  ill  each  Year  paid  thereon. 


Tun. 


1801 
1803 


1603 
1801 
1H0,5 
lhO« 

1807 

isas 

1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1811 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1839 
1823 
1821 
1635 

i82a 

1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
I  1633 


Cwta. 
186,831 

254,348 


340,388 
196,037 
343,441 
301,911 
314,386 
312,408 
317,676 
311,551 
353,791 
311,475 
351,832 
315,421 
320,655 
380,586 
305,663 
353,538 
429,614 
457,730 
413,088 
377,651 
466,834 
••31,174 
435,670 
t  - 


(lainlitif*  of  Bnlttr  imported  Into  Oraat  Bri- 
dill  from  all  Par^t  (aiopt  Ireliml). 


IP 


CwU. 
339 

09 


as 

50 

56 

143 

61 

46 

36 

611 

359 

37 

1,864 
944 
327 
358 
1,917 
1,356 
275 
190 
391 
887 
305 
304 
131 
366 
493 
445 
585 
623 
331 


It 


Cvti. 
71,206 

61,100 


53,683 
100,6a5 
64,616 
06,541 
68,315 
73,727 
44,061 
9,956 

33,415 


CvU. 
43,583 

8,819 


80,411 

35,989 

33,169 

18,968 

18,970 

5,816 

33,185 

36,676 

3,451 

3,451 


115,130 
ai,018 


104,190 
126,734 
96,843 
&'i,6j7 
87,316 
79,590 
76,283 
33,344 
2,810 
35,894 


Amount  of 
Duty  r«criv«] 
la  Great  Rritain 

on  Foraiia 
Butlv. 


£     t.  d. 

66    4    7 


3  II  II 
060  10    S 

4  10 
344  13 

3  13 
0  0 
0  10 


IU«iofDuljo«ronipB«lie, 


190  4  4 


the  records  were  destroyed  by  fire. 


96,560 
106,885 
61,753 
80,379 
66,333 
63,498 
65,980 
99,345 
108,501 
101,549 
132,093 
160,018 
136,779 
143,658 
145,647 
1 16,233 
77,025 
80,000 
92,409 


17,373 

1I5,7M 

17,470 

125,300 

3,063 

64,143 

153 

20,690 

19,544 

6.1,U9I 

3,395 

66,0J0 

3,395 

68,557 

16,291 

115,827 

9,627 

118,420 

30,394 

12i,331 

38,255 

160,654 

118,975 

279,418 

59,388 

196,200 

68,117 

311,141 

55,533 

201,673 

31,185 

118,104 

31,232 

10^,854 

42,147 

123,670 

38,460 

131,303 

7,397  13 
33,301  10 
48,737  II 
20,540  10 
63,550  10 
65,836  16 
68,578  15 
115,960  13 
118,363  13  10 
133,164  14  10 
160,854  10  3 
363,661  10  6 
303,130  8  8 
209,427  I  3 
195,850  7  9 
147,997  4  I 
102,881  15  II 
121,3.16  13  6 
128,330  9  6 


».   i. 

3  »Vcwt,8ndSJ.^«„,|,„, 
ad  valorem. 

04?'cwt.8nd3M2».^>t«|„. 
V™  "''/"'nreni  (ftos 
ISthofMay). 
I  .?»f  ew'-CroniStbofJul,) 

4  0-45<?'cwt.(fniin5lhof„J 
,4  3-6H?' cwt.  (from  lOlh  May) 

4  4yewt.  (from  Sth  of  July) 


5  lHP'cwt.(fronil5lhofA|itill 
£\  V  ewt.  (from  Sth  of  kp'i) 


\ 


AT  B. — We  have  omitted  qrt.  and  lbs.  from  this  account';  but  they  are  allowed  for  in  the  coliuuid 
totals. 

Custom  House,  London,  5th  of  October,  1833. 

[There  is  no  butter  auperior  to  what  ia  made  in  onr  own  country.  Of  this,  too,  t!it6 
butler  with  which  the  Philadelphia  maritet  is  supplied,  has  the  character  of  beingu; 
as  any  other  of  the  same  description;  while  the  best  butter  which  is  put  up,  Boasloki 
for  a  considerable  time,  is  that  made  at  tioshen,  in  the  State  of  New  York.  The^ 
butler  from  Somerset  county,  Pennsylvania,  although  perhaps  inferior  gcneralljtoll 
Goshen,  is  also  of  an  excellent  quality. 

During  a  period  of  four  years,  upwards  of  600,000  pounds  of  butter  have  been.otili 
average,  exported  annually  from  the  United  States,  mostly  to  the  West  Indies  ludS 
Amenr.n, — Am.  Ed,] 

BUTTONS  (l)u.  Knoopen  ,•  Fr.  Bmtnn ,-  Ger.  Kndpfe ,-  It  Bottoni ,-  Rus.  Pi^-iJ 
8p.  Botones)  are  well  known  articles,  serving  to  fasten  clothca,  6lc  They  are  manur 
of  an  endless  variety  of  materials  and  forms. 

It  mJKht  hnve  been  supposed,  that  the  mnnufticture  of  such  an  article  as  this  would  hiTcbctiM 
to  bo  carried  on  according  to  the  views  and  interests  of  those  concerned,  individuals  being alMlj 
scli!ct  any  sort  of  button  they  pleased.  Biirh,  however,  has  not  been  the  case ;  and  variauiiliM 
have  been  pasiicd,  pointing  out  t!ie  kind  of  buttons  to  be  worn,  and  the  way  in  which  tbtyareuij 

*  nutter  imported  In  British  shipping,  or  In  shipping  of  states  in  amity  with  his  MaJetly.waitM 
friie  of  duty  under  the  authnrity  of  Orders  in  Council,  by  virttie  of  the  act  ,10  Geo.  3.  r.  87..  frallj 
of  July,  1799,  continued  liy  subsequent  arts  until  6  months  nfler  the  ratiflciition  nf  thedsfinilivelnr 
of  peace,  and  further  cnntinucd,  by  Order  in  Council,  until  25th  of  (September,  1814. 

f  No  account  can  be  fiirnishc'l  of  the  quantities  of  butter  imported  from  Ireland  forllieynna 
•equont  to  1823,  the  records  of  the  tradu  betwei-n  GrRat  llritain  and  Ireland  haviiipliceniliiimlir* 
In  consequence  of  the  regulations  ailopted  for  (he  purpose  of  giving  efTert  to  the  law  whicbpliiwli^ 
intercourse  between  the  two  countries  on  the  footing  of  a  coasting  traffic 


Isiilt!  MottoftheiAref! 
Bliil«l)ooii,«nil  maybe 

rvupenoiuhallmake,  i 
Leofclolh,Her((e,driis 
n  made,  or  any  buttons 
imS  I0».  per  ilo/.on  for  c 
j  \o  tailor  iliall  set  on  ar 

Lfry  dozen  of  •»"'"'"<" 
T.vn person  shall  use  or  ' 
Lli(iiijorl)iitton-hi>les  m 
Lveof  clothes  nr  ivoolle: 
Liiilar|ien»Ily-(7  Oeo 
[To  present  the  frauds  n 
bii!,anact,30Oco.  3.  c. 
Lim!;  and  imposes  ppti 
tRordj"gilt"or  "plat 
Liniuch  as  this  statute 
Lde  for  the  regulations  p 
flbeimpiirtntinnofbiitto 
|,|JI.)  58.  repealed  this  p 
^madwtlereiit  duty. 

f  [Buttons  constitute  i 
hineriija.— ilm.  Ed.] 


.  Rope  Cables  are  in 
K  verj  frequently  made 

iticularly  on  the  Red  £ 
je  fracd  of  three  prin 
|tiit3.  The  twists  have 

le  cable.  All  vessels  h 
K</ cable,  the  &»/  boive 
we  some  spare  cables. 
JiMng  are  llie  existing 
M,i  permn  shall  make  oi 
Tiriiiij;,  half  clean,  whale 
JeKiine,aiid  also  treble  th 
KMti,  hawsers,  or  ropes 
■rtiotto  clean  Pi'tersbiir( 
Kli^il  by  iniirkiiis  on  the 
pit  hiinilred  wcisht  of  co 
JianiifatturiTii  are  to  afUs 
Iftilurej  and  putting  a  fa 
Wmm  inakiiig  cables  of 
Irtiinciitlie  valiii!, 
ffssels  bchinaini?  to  Briti 
Itftif, on  entering  iiito  an 
*HMteii;l  In  ciirdage  hro 
III  abroad  before  this  act.' 


CABBAGE,  CABLES. 


OT7 


. ,  ug^  of  thean  regiilatlnni  hare  luckily  Allien  Into  dlBiiie,  but  they  still  occupy  a  place  In  tha 
I' It  book  and  may  be  enfurced.    The  following  are  amongst  the  more  prominent  of  these  regula> 

ft'wnon  Jhsll  make,  sell,  or  set  upon  any  clothes,  or  wearing  garments  wliatroever,  any  button* 

'  iffifclolli  i<eri;fl,driij;itet,  frieze,  caroblet,  or  any  other  stuff  of  which  clothes  or  wearing  gnrmenta 

^  miide  or  any  buttons  made  of  wood  only,  and  turned  in  imitation  of  other  buttons,  on  pain  of  for- 

Kf  lOs  per  ilozen  for  all  such  buttons— (4  Oto.  1.  c.  7.) 

J  Voinllo'r  ihall  set  on  any  buttons,  or  button-holes,  of  serge,  drugget,  tc,  under  penalty  of  40».  for 

Lndoienof  huttona  or  button-holes  so  miide  or  set  on. 

Psnoenomhall  use  or  wear,  on  any  clothes,  garments,  or  apparol  whatsoever,  except  velvet,  any 

WioiM  or  l)Ution-h(des  made  of  or  bound  with  cloth,  serge,  druitget,  frieze,  cnmblct,  or  other  stufl\i 

kh'reof clothes  or  woollen  garments  are  usually  made,  on  penalty  of  fDrfuiting  40s.  per  dozen,  under 

f,;.;|,fnenslty.-(7  Oeo.  1.  c.  98.) 

irentthe  frauds  which  it  is  alleged  had  taken  place  in  the  manufacture  of  gilt  and  plated  but- 

.  au  act  ioGeo.  3.  c.  0.,  was  passed,  which  regulates  what  shall  be  deemed  gilt  and  what  plated 
L't'iont"'  and  imposes  penalties  on  those  who  order  as  well  ns  on  thone  who  make  any  buttons  with 
feVordi  "gilt"  or  "  plated"  marked  upon  them,  except  they  be  gilt  and  plated  as  the  act  directs. 
Ciwicli  as  this  statute  goes  to  obviate  a  fraud,  it  is,  perhnps,  expedient ;  but  no  apology  can  bs 
Hlernrllie  rugulmions  previously  alluded  to,  which  are  at  once  vexatious  and  absurd. 
ineiW'rt'i"""  of  buttons  from  abroad  was  prohibited  in  the  reign  of  diaries  II.  But  the  6Gen.4. 
um.t  52,  repealed  this  prohU>ition,  and  they  may  now  be  imported,  for  home  consumption,  on  pay- 
i{aii«liii;/e''«"'iuty. 

[Buttons  constitute  an  article  of  exportation  from  the  United  States,  chiefly  to  South 
kineriM.— jlm.  Ed.] 


u"- 


C. 


j  CABBAGE,  tt  biennial  plant  (Brwiska  Ijin.),  of  which  there  are  many  varieties.    It  ia 
)  well  itnown  to  require  any  particular  description ;  it  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
tdnity  of  Lomlon.    Sour  crout,  or  properly  sauer  kraut,  is  a  very  favourite  dish  in  Ger- 
uiv ;  it  consist  of  a  fermented  mass  of  salted  cabbage. 

[  CABLES  are  strong  ropes  or  chabs,  principally  used  in  the  anchoring  or  mooring  of 

lipa. 

I,  Bepe  Cables  are  in  Europe  principally  manufactured  of  hemp;  but  in  the  East  they 

nrj  frequently  made  of  coir,  or  of  the  fibrous  part  of  the  coco  nut,  and  in  some  places. 

icularly  on  the  Red  Sea,  of  the  coating  of  the  branches  of  the  date-tree.    Hemp  cables 

firmnlof  three  principal  strands,  every  strar.d  of  three  ropes,  and  every  rope  of  three 

ists.  The  twista  have  more  or  fewer  threads  according  to  the  greater  or  less  thickness  of 

le  cable.   All  vessels  have  ready  for  service  three  cables  which  are  usually  designated  the 

'</ cable,  the  best  bower  cable,  and  the  small  bower  cable  ;  but  besides  these,  most  ships 

ire  some  spare  cables.    The  ordinary  length  of  a  cable  is  from  100  to  120  fathoms.     The 

;  are  the  existing  regulations  as  to  the  manufacture  of  hemp  cables  and  cordage :  — 

iK.yiwmnn  shall  make  or  sell  any  cordage  for  shipping  in  which  any  hemp  is  used,  called  short 
rkin;,  hair  clean,  whale  line,  or  other  toppings,  codilla,  or  any  damaged  hemp,  c;  pain  of  forfeiting 
Mine, and  nlsio  treble  the  value  thereof. 

'iblei,  hawsers,  or  ropes,  made  of  inalerials  not  prohibited  by  this  act,  and  whose  quality  shall  be 
rrriorto  clean  Pctersburgh  hemp,  shull  ho  deemed  intVrior  cordage,  and  the  same  shall  he  distin- 
•iHi  by  markia;  on  the  tally,  staple  or  inferior.  Manufacturers  making  default  herein  forfeit  for 
rv  hiinilred  weisht  of  cordage,  I0«. 

iHiiraciurcn  are  to  affix  their  names  and  manufactory  to  new  cordage  before  sold,  under  the  likii 
[feiliire  j  ami  imtting  a  false  name  is  a  forfeiture  of  201. 

^imm  inakiiij!  cables  of  old  and  overworn  stuff,  containing  above  7  inches  in  compass,  shall  forfeit 
ir  limes  tile  value. 

Vsstls  bt'liiDging  to  British  subjects,  having  on  board  fnrelgn-mnde  cordage,  are  to  make  entry 
nf.onentcrin!!  into  any  llritish  port,  on  penalty  of  20«.  for  every  hundred  weight.  Uut  this  ia 
in  «i«iiil  tn  ciiril.'igc  brought  from  the  Enst  Indies,  nor  to  materials  at  present  used  by  any  vessels 
II  ibwid  before  this  act.— (2J  Oeo.  3.  c.  56.) 

I.  Iron  C(,bk.i. — The  application  of  strong  iron  chains  or  cables  to  the  purposes  of  navi- 
li}ii  is  a  late  and  an  important  discovery,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  Captain  Samuel 
I'll,  R.  N.  It  is  singular,  indeed,  that  this  application  should  not  have  been  made  at  a 
h  carl'er  period.  On  rocky  bottoms  or  where  coral  is  abundant,  a  hempen  cable  speedily 
•w,  and  is  often  quite  destroyed  in  a  few  months,  or  perhaps  days.  A  striking  instance 
[ihij  occurred  in  the  voyage  of  discovery  under  the  orders  of  M.  Bougainville,  who  lost 
anchors  in  t'.ic  space  of  nine  days,  and  narrowly  escaped  shipwreck ;  a  result,  says  that 
iscanun,  whirh  would  not  have  happened,  "  xi  iwis  enssions  cte.  munis  des  queUjuci 
mdiftr.  Ce-'.t  une  precaution  que  ne  do'vent  jamais  oublier  foua  ks  navigateunt 
'm  a  (It  pareils  vin/agei." — (  y^nt/ni^e  aufour  du  Monde,  p.  307.  4to  cd.)  The  work 
iwbieh  this  extract  is  taken  was  published  in  1771 ;  and  yet  it  was  not  till  nearly  forty 
ifs  after,  that  any  attempt  was  made  prtictically  to  profit  by  so  judicious  a  suggoiition. 
eJifficulties  in  the  way  of  importing  hemp  from  1808  to  1814,  and  :•«  consequent  high 

ga»e  the  first  great  stimulus  to  the  manufacture  of  iron  cables. 
ran  cables  are  constructed  in  Jill'ercnt  ways — (see  Encyc.  Metrop.)  ;  but  they  are  unl' 
nly  tried  by  a  machine,  whicli  utrainn  them  liy  a  force  greater  than  the  absolute  strength 
ib^  hempen  cable  they  are  intended  to  replace.    By  this  mca.ns  the  tiik  of  accident  (mm 


i3 


80 


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t 


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i  i  ,«i 


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iiiliii.hii 


liih 


w 


i'l... 


tit 


258 


CACAO,  CADIZ. 


defective  links  is  cffeo.unlly  obviated ;  and  there  ore  exceedingly  few  instances  in  which  jni 
iron  cable  has  broken  at  sea.  Their  (jrciit  weight  also  contriliutes  to  their  strength,  inasinnck  I 
as  the  impulse  of  the  ship  is  chcckeu  before  tlio  cable  is  brouglit  nearly  to  a  straight  line  n\ 
that  the  strain  approaches  to  a  niaxitnuni.  liolts  and  shackles  are  provided  at  every  faihoinl 
or  two  futhoniH,  by  striking  out  which  tho  ship  may,  if  necessary,  be  detached  from  ii«l 
anchors  with  less  difficulty  tlian  a  hcinpun  cubic  can  bo  cut.  I 

Even  in  their  most  ilefcctive  form,  iron  cables  are  a  great  deal  stronger  thanthMofl 
hemp;  and  as  to  durability,  no  sort  of  comparison  can  be  made.  No  wonder, therefore,! 
that  they  should  be  rapidly  Kui)er8oding  tho  latter;  which  ore  now  almost  wholly  laijasjild 
in  the  navy,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  abo,  in  tho  mcrchunt  service.  I 

[We  imi>ort  cables  and  cordage  for  tho  most  i>art  from  Russia,  and  export  these  aiticlol 
to  the  South  American  States  and  the  West  Indies. — Am.  Ed.]  I 

CACAO,  or,  as  it  is  commonly,  but  incorrectly  written  in  this  country,  Cocoa  (Fr.  jgl| 
8p.  Cacao  ;  Ger.  Kuhui),  the  seed,  or  nuts  of  the  cacao  tree  {Theuhrnma  cacao),  grouinJ 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  in  many  parts  of  South  America.    It  is  said,  by  Mr.  Bnan El-I 
wards,  to  bear  some  resemblance,  both  in  size  and  shape,  to  a  young  bluckheari rkmM 
The  nuts  are  contained  in  pods,  much  like  a  cucumliiT,  timt  proceed  immediately  from  iJ 
parts  of  tho  body  and  larger  branches  ;  each  pod  contains  from  20  to  30  nuts,  of  the  siieofl 
large  almonds,  very  com[)actly  set.      The  sliell  of  tho  nut  is  of  a  dark  hrown  colour,  Irialif 
and  thin  ;  the  kernel  is  both  internally  and  externally  brownish,  divided  into  several  nm  i 
portions,  adhering  together,  but  separating  without  much  dilPiculty  ;  it  h;w  a  light  ii.t,, , 
smell,  and  an  unctuous,  bitterish,  rather  rough  oiul  peculiar,  but  not  ungrati-ful  tasie,  f 
nuts  should  be  chosen  full,  |)lump,  and  shining,  without  any  mustiness,  and  not  noiu 
oaten.    They  yield,  by  ex])resHion,  a  groat  deal  of  oil ;  but  they  are  cultlvatfil  only  watiaijl 
may  bo  employed  in  the  preparation  of  the  exc^dent  bevenigc  cacao,  and  tlic  maniifactiireol 
chocolate,  of  which  they  form  the  principal  ingredient.     The  finest  cacao  is  raid  to  fceii^ 
of  Sot^omusco.     'J'ho  principal  importations  arc,  however,  derived  from  the  CaraoM  i 
Guayaquil,  particularly  the  former,     The  price  of  the  cacao  of  the  Carra.   is  is,  also,  Jin 
average,  from  30  to  40  per  cent.  Iiighei  liian  that  of  Guayaquil. 

M.  Humboldt  estimated  the  conHumption  of  cacao  in  Europe,  in  180(1,  at  23.00 
lbs.,  of  which  from  0,000,000  to  9,000,000  wore  supposed  to  be  consumcil  in  Spain.  TJ 
production  of  cacao  had  been  languishing  in  the  Cariiccas  for  several  years  prfviousljj 
the  commencement  of  the  disturbances  in  South  America ;  and  latterly  the  cuhivaiioaol 
one  or  other  of  the  great  staples  of  cotton,  sugar,  and  colTcc,  seems  to  have  been  m 
whore  gainuig  tlie  ascendency. — {Humbvldt  Pcrs.  Narrative,  vol.  iy.])it.  236— 247.  EiJ 
trans.) 

Duties. — Very  little  carao  is  consninod  In  En(?lnn(l ;  a  result  whirh  wo  arc  inclined  to  nsnib-lnft 
oppressiveness  of  tlie  iliiU(is  with  wliicli  it  liiis  liillierlo  hfcn  Inudeil,  rind  not  tn  its  lieini! iinOTiil^ 
to  llie  piiMic  ta.Jle.  It  is  mow  many  yiars  sinci'  Mr  llryan  K.dwnrdK  decland  lliat  the  ruin  rfH 
cacao  plantutluns,  witli  wllicli  .lainaiia  cinci- ali  iiulcd.  was  llu  rlW-xl  ti(  " !hc  hentij  hand  if -m 
teriul  exaction." — {Hist,  of  Uc.it  Indim.  vol.  ii.  |i.  ;tii.!.)  And,  unai'counlable  as  it  may  si'cm.lliiipnt 
snr.'  was  not  ninlerially  alialrd  till  18;i2.  when  Itie  iliitii'-t  on  cncao  rrnni  n  Ilritisli  plaiilalimnvtiei^ 
(luced  from  .Vij.  to  18«.  Hi/,  a  cwt.  I'oreiitn  cacao  is  silll  fuljiirt  to  the  opprosslve  duly  of  .Wj.jrri 
The  entries  of  cacao  for  home  oonsnm;)lion,  at  an  avrrai;  •  of  thi^  tlireo  years  ending  willi  1*31, ««l 
•140,;i7S  Ihs.ayear.  In  IR3-2,  lhi>  nitries  were  .'iDi.^ilT  Pis. :  and  then;  can  he  lillli.' doubt  iMt  !li(W 
diiction  ill  the  rate  of  (Inly  will  nccasion  a  (:(in'iid''rMM(' increase  of  rons\iniptiiin.  f'scliisive  rfli 
nliove,  ITO,tK)Oll>».  of  cacao  werf  Hikmi  olfin  \H'.Vl  I'nr  tin'  nsu  of  llh!  navy  ;  tills,  not  liciiig  liable loll( 
duty,  was  oiitirely  t'ori'ien.  Tli>-  lii;.'!!  discriniiiialinL'  duly  on  Ihf  l.itirr  is  the  greatest  ilefeiii' 
new  urranueinents.  Had  the  duly  on  forciiin  cacao  h;'en  li.^ed  at  2-'.<.  per  cv/t.,  it  is  priMl.v  C'lt 
thai  a  good  deal  of  it  would  li  ivi'  li  mmi  liki'ii  t'lrcoiistiiiiplion.  Kven  on  this  footing,  tlicrewaiiU.'na 
lieen  adiscriniinatinsdnty  of  no  Ivnn  than  .'>0|icr  cent,  in  t'uv<iiir(d'llrilisli  cacao;  aiid,inilo!>siinri>jir 
hi!  to  pxcliidi!  the  fonMiin  iirticle  allogothi  r,  this  is  surelv  an  ample  pri'fornnce.  The  dalii's  «^'A 
produci'd.  ill  1S32,  12,221/.  12*.  llritish  cacao  is  worth,  ut  (ireseiit  (August,  I'<33,)  from  Ok  to  ;*| 
rwt.  ill  lioiid. 

t'acao  nut  Au.vt.»  and  nhrlls  arc  allowed  to  lie  imported  under  a  duly  of  0,i.  ^l'.  a  rwt.    XfinpiiflVl 
are  imported  into  Oreat  Britain  ;  lull,  in   li*.12,  .l:it'.').')l  Ihs.  were  iinported  iiiin  Ireland.   Tli"« 
hrought  not  only  from  the  West  Indies,  hut  I'rom  (..'ilirultar  and  ullier  places,  boinjj  the  icfii.'Ci 
chocolate  nmniifictories  carried  on  in  llieiii.  r  i  vJ 

Cacao  cannot  he  entered  as  heini;  the  produce  of  some  Ilrllish  possession  in  Anierii  a,  orofili'1''l 
riliiis,  until  the  master  of  the  ship  by  which  it  is  imported  delivers  to  the  colliclor  or  tiniplr*! 
errl{liratf.  and  iiinkes  oath  that  the  goods  are  the  produce  of  such  places.— (II  and  1.  (Ci//.  4.  c  i- f*l 
ISeillier  shall  they  be  ileeiiied  to  he  the  produce  of  such  places,  iiiili'ss  imported  dlrerl  from llmii.y 
(7  Oeo.  i.  c.  48.)     Permits  are  no  longer  riMinired  lor  the  removal  of  cacao.— (M  Oeo.  I  r.41,  J5.1 

CADIZ,  the  principal  commercial  city  and  sea-port  of  Spain.  It  is  situatcJon  A^m 
western  coast,  on  the  rocky  and  elevated  extremity  of  a  narrow,  low  |)eiiiiisala,  ortonjiKI 
land,  projecting  from  the  l«l;i  de  Leon,  N.  N.  W.  about  4  i  nautical  inile.-i.  It  issurrvtiM^ 
on  all  sides,  except  tho  south,  where  it  joins  tho  land,  by  the  sea,  and  is  very  stroiijlyifl 
fied.  Population  from  00,000  to  70,000.  It  is  well  built,  and  has,  at  a  ili.staiice,3«4 
Mtriking  appearance.  Tho  tower  or  lighthouse  of  St.  Sebastian  stands  on  the  westorns.«l 
the  city,  being,  according  to  Tofiiio,  in  lat.  3(i°  31'  7"  N.,  long.  6'=  18'  03"  W.  Itisa^r 
conspicuous  object  to  vessels  approaching  I'rom  the  .\tlantic.  Tho  light,  which  is ' 
high,  is  of  great  brilliancy,  revolves  once  a  mi-  ute,  and  in  fair  weo.llier  way  be  sccni 
than  0  leagues  ot£ 


j,j»/(?*f/j.— Theem 
|»fllol»,l«'aringN.  W.  I; 
|io<i  ptift'.  S""!)  ""'^'lor 

J)|t<ii»i>'i"'*""  has  been  I 
limoath  nearer  than  wii 
TnWilief'iii'hinns,  the  1 
iin  I'.ir  first  two  at  abn 
fom  lie  city.  Vessels  i; 
ir  .raHinj  more  than  1 
hj  ViivBPn  the  Cochiniu 
Etbjy,  is  famous  for  bei 
Enii'il,  is  separated  fro 
jlilazonia,  which  appror 
E'iiliin  llic  inner  bay  is  tl 
f  ntailiT"'  kc.  At  spriiii 
lireediiliet.— (Forfiirlli 
TiiV.Viirii/  Oaietteir ;  ai 

Hislory,  Trade,  ^c- 

m  about  1,200  ycar£ 

lonour  of  Hercules  wi 

IIe'mbm  Colanie.i,  p. 

Ion,  favourable  alike  fo 

giniaii.s,  Romans,  M( 

le  rommercial  and  poll 

le  Spanish  naval  force. 

psiy  been  exclusively 

Jilualilc  monopoly  till  , 

■n;i),  Porto  Kico,  rind 

pebcndils  resulting  f 

3  of  .America  was  o|) 

by.  which,  not  being 

tidpatp  in  this  privilc] 

iraerchants,  and  thei 

iolitij,!  of  the  monopob 

e  colonies  achieved  the 

nlively  narrow  limits ; 

It  a  total  change  ofpoli 

jfiii,pa8.iim;  Townscnl 

I  The  white  wines  of  X 

Wii   The  quantity  ex| 

Im  13/,  to  65/.  per  pijie 

la  medium,  at  about  2") 

Itlie  whole  comes  to  Ei 

Ik  olive  oil,  wool,  quit 

■iiiieHavannah  and  I 

]J cotton  manufactures, 

J 1S36,  the  Spanish  gover 
■neminiDoiliiies  iniportei 
•""■nt;  but  as  it  is  the  bt 
ppven.   Wehaveconvei 

Note  of  the  m 


Article* 


liar      - 

mi      . 

M^f) 

"'".Cinnimon  £05,420 

flllVrs        . 

40, inn 

Pepper     - 

w,,wo 

'""lofallkinds- 

. 

bat    .         . 

102,270 

8,110 

iifish .    r 

flee 

" 

iwoii .     ;; 

■ 

Iter     . 

57,,W0 

an. 

Hege    - 

17,060 

CADIZ. 


S69 


.  a  I 


.    /pjjjj,._The  entrance  to  this  noble  hnRln  lies  between  the  city  nnd  the  town  nnd  promontory 

IjrIiIii  bpariiig  N.  W.  hy  N.,  distant  about  1}  league.    The  bay  is  of  very  sniiil  extent,  afl'ordinp,  in 

I    iiilifes.  good  anchorage.    The  port  is  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  city,  when;  a  mole  of  considera- 

Ijf,,' 'j,i,jioi,glias  beenionstrncted;  hut  the  water  is  not  gutflciently  deep  to  allow  large  vessels  to 

I  moath  nearer  than  within  about  I  of  a  mile,  wliere  they  nnclinr  in  from  5  to  7  fathoms.    The  rooks 

KiN ilie ( iirhinns,  the  I'uercas,  and  the  Diamante,  lie  to  the  north  of  the  city  in  the  entrance  U>  the 

,1  .first  two  at  about  3-5tlis  of  a  mile  distant,  and  the  Diamante  at  rather  more  than  IJ  mile 

li  iieclly.    VcsKcIs  may  enter  between  the  Puercas  and  llie  Diamante;  hut  none,  except  those 

[iwlni!  more  than  \!>  tvd  water,  and  well  acquainted  with  the  channel,  ought  to  attempt  eiitcr- 

iWweenlho  C'ochinos  and  Puercas  and  the  city.    The  town  n(At.  Mary's,  on  the  opposite  side  of 

(bjv  lsf;ininiis  for  beinclhe  depflt  of  the  wines  of  Xercs.  Tlie  oulc'r  bay,  or  that  of  Cadiz  properly 

(all'il  issepaMli'J  from  the  inner  biy  hy  the  promontory  havini;  at  its  extremity  the  castle  of 

iiiajirin.  which  approaches  within  about  J  of  a  mile  of  tlie  Piinlalcs  castle  on  the  Ib1:i  de  I.eon. 

fi'liiiillio  inner  bay  is  the  famou:»  arsnnal  of  the  f'araccas,  the  town  oC  San  Carlos,  the  canal  of 

watern.&c.    At  spring  tides  the  water  in  the  hay  rises  10  or  11  feet,  l)ut  at  neaps  the  rise  does  not 

,ij,e(|iir.:el.— (For  further  particulars  si.'e  the  excellent  Cliart  nf  the  Buy  of  Cadiz,  by  Tiifino  ;  Mat' 

m'lXiical  Oaiettetr ;  and  JPurdy's  Sailiiiir  Directiuns  for  the  Bay  of  B'ucay,  S;c.) 

HMoiy,  Trade,  Ji-c, — Cadiz  is  a  very  nncient  rify,  having  been  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
'»in  about  1,200  years  before  the  Christian  era.  The  temple  whicli  they  erected  in  it  in 
kinour  of  Hercules  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  iti  atiti(iuity. — (Sainie  Crnix,  Des 
ptMiM  Colonies,  p.  14. ;  Pomp.  Mela,  lib.  iii.  cap.  0.)  Its  excellent  port,  and  its  situa- 
favourable  alike  for  commerco  and  security,  liave  mad(!  it,  whether  possessed  by  Car- 
kiginians,  Romans,  Moors,  or  Christians,  and  und(  r  every  vicissitude,  a  place  of  considera- 
te coinmercial  and  political  importance.  It  has  iona:  been  one  of  the  principal  stations  of 
tSpanish  naval  force.  In  1720,  the  commerce  with  Sjyanish  America,  which  had  pre- 
KUily  beeu  exclusively  carried  on  from  Seville,  was  transferred  to  Cadiz.  It  enjoyed  this 
UuaWc  monopoly  till  17G5,  when  it  was  partially  relaxed  by  the  trade  to  Cuba,  St.  Du- 
ingo,  Porto  Kieo,  and  the  other  islands  being  opened  to  all  the  greater  ports  of  Si)ain. 
Jliebciwfils  resulting  from  this  relaxation  were  so  very  great,  that  in  1778  the  trade  to  all 
j  of  .America  was  opened  t*"  4jius  from  every  considerable  Spanish  port,  except  those  of 
icsy.  which,  not  being  subjPi,  /le  general  laws  of  the  kingdom,  were  not  allowed  to 

itifipate  in  tiiis  privilege.  In  Cdi.seiiuence,  however,  of  her  situation,  the  great  capital  of 
naorchants,  and  their  established  connections,  Cadiz  contidued,  notwithstanding  the 
cliliiiof  the  monopoly,  to  preserve  the  largest  share  of  the  American  trade.  But  since 
e  wlonics  achieved  their  independence,  her  commerce  has  In-ei)  o^ntrarted  within  coni- 
ralivelv  narrow  limits  ;  nor  is  there  much  prospect  of  its  being  materially  improved,  with- 
it  a  total  change  of  policy  on  the  part  of  the  Spiinish  government. — ( It ilierl son's  America, 
I viii, passim;  TownxemVs  Travels  in  Spain,  \oi  ii,  pp.  395 — 'JOI.  id  edit,) 
iThe  white  wines  of  Xcres  in  its  vicinity  form  i>y  f\r  the  principal  arlicle  of  export  from 
iilit  The  quantity  exported  may  amount  to  about  20,000  |)ipe8  a  year.  The  prices  vary 
Im  12/.  to  65/.  per  pipe  ;  but,  as  the  lower  (pialities  predominate,  the  price  may  be  taken, 
la  medium,  at  about  2.5/.,  making  the  total  value  of  the  exports  500,000/.  More  than  :('th* 
Itbe  whole  comes  to  England.  The  other  articles  of  export  mo  brandy,  oranges,  and  other 
p,  olive  oil,  wool,  quicksilver.  <Stc.  The  imports  consi.st  priiiri|)ally  of  sugar  .uid  coflee 
iit'iip  Havannah  and  Porto  Kico,  cacao,  hemp,  flax,  linens,  dried  llsli,  hides,  cotton  wuol, 
dcollon  manufactures,  rice,  spices,  iiidigo,  &c. 

iliK.the  Spanish  t'overnmeiit  published  what  they  termeit  ihe  Balanza  Merrnniil,  or  an  ocrourt 
IlieciinimoditieB  imported  into,  and  e\porli:d  !"ro:n,  Spain  during  that  year.  It  is  a  very  dil=  itiv« 
Tumi'iitj  bntas  It  is  the  best  that  can  he  obtained,  it  Is  subjoined.  Tlii'  values  of  tlie  artii '  s  only 
fpven.  We  have  converted  the  sums  into  Entflisli  money. 

Note  of  the  most  considerable  Articles  of  Impoitatlon  into  Spain  in  1S26. 


Frrjni 

From  Spa- 

Fnim 

Froai  Sin- 

Kufopc. 

nisll  Ameri- 

F.iiro|io, 

lli-l    A 

Inicla. 

Asm,  Afrl.  :t, 

rill  Cf.l'iiiici, 

Art  ides. 

Anil,  Al'riri, 

cm '.'    ., 

nrrd    t'lMi-'i 

inclusi\eof 

.iiiil  t'nil,  d 

in  '  '^    .■  ot 

St:ili»    of 

tlie  I'hilip- 

St.itr»  of 

11,1-  I  'ilip. 

AtlllllLA. 

jC7,()I0 

pinri. 

Anierir.l. 

1  ii... 
Jt  1,010 

inr      - 

_ 

£a-!,r>^n 

Hides 

£120,fi(in 

mi 

- 

101,400 

00,12') 

<  oiion  wool 

160,M70 

V,S20 

liiio 

. 

4,770 

00,030 

Ditto  y;irti 

fin.ftio 

lifei.Cinnimon  £95,420 

Ditto  iiianiifnrtures 

VO.'hU 

ridvi's      . 

40,ino 

l>Vciollcii  il'il'i 

iii,o:i(i 

Pepper     - 

b7,500 

203.020 

lli'inp  aii't  1'  IV 
I.inen  niaiinfactures 

I(u.70O 
2-J2,S70 

™l  of  all  kinds - 

- 

187,500 

21,410 

Ditto  thread 

12.070 

fe       - 

102,270 

Silk  manufaiturea 

100,170 

beat    . 

8,110 

110,380 

Iron  and  hra'-'')  ditto 
(Jiilil  ami  silver,   in  coin 

108,700 

litish  .         7 

See      . 

• 

200,5fiO 

and  bars 

81,880 

15,280 

- 

• 

7:.,S30 

Eirthenware 

l!l.7l)0 

Iveoil  . 

. 

1H,I30 

t'oiM'er      -           .           . 

12,100 

2,200 

Iter     . 

57,5fiO 

Tin 

11.0.10 

«ese    . 

17,000 

75,220 

Crystal  and  glass  ware   - 

37,000 

I     i 


1    1 


'!  I 


K     ■ 


!  i' 


IM.i- 


!Mi,0 


:!  :' 


:m 


:i 


i  i 


CADIZ. 

Not*  of  the  most  eonaldenble  Arttelei  of  Exportation  firom  Bpain  In  18M, 


litidai. 


WiiicB       -  .           - 

Fruits,  Almondn  £34,355 

.  FilhcrtB    -  -  29,165 

I,i'iiinii8&  oranges  36,210 

Kaifiiiis     -  -  50,905 

Grnpi'R,  nlives.and 

figs        -  -    2,410 

Branily      .  .           . 

Olive  oil    - 

8airr(tti      -  -           - 

Lend           .  .            . 

Diltn  ore   -  .           - 

Quicksilver 

Barilla       -  .           . 


To  Eumne, 

Atia,  Africa, 

and  Vnileil 

Slain  of 

America. 


£137,350 


152,075 

107,715 

7,170 

14,610 

215,3r.O 

7,7(i'i 

66,300 

70,2a0 


To  Spaniih 
American 
CoInDi«,in- 
cluiiveoflhe 
Philippinea. 


£51,700 
3,030 


2,615 

1:1,156 

6,030 
8,800 


ArtielM 


Raw  illk  ... 
Iiidign        .  .  . 

Silk  manufactures 
Wool 

Woollen  maniifactiires   . 
Cork-wood  and  corks 
Leeches     -  .  . 

Paper  of  all  kinds 
Gut,  fishine        -  j.:  ,  80 
for  guitars  •      '     OO 

Threiid  lace 

Cast  iron  ... 

Garlmni'us,    beans,    and 

wlieut    -  .  - 

Flour         -  -  . 


To  Europe, 

Asii,  Afriu, 

•n<l  Unjlcd 

Slain  of 

America, 

£28,S90 

11,210 

218,930 

lKI,«,',n 

12,nM 

34,iH0 

ir,08o 

80,220 


20,!lfiO 
10,285 

vi,m 

3,060 


ABKfiai 
W.iM,a. 

fkil]([,i 


C\^ 


IW 


ig,w 


m 
m 


SAi>piii;r-— In  1H31  there  arrived  at  Caniz  from  foriHgn  c<)uiitrips  475  sliips,  of  ihe  hiirilpnif  ?sa| 
tons  ;  and  from  the  Spanish  colonies,  that  is,  from  ("iiha,  Porlo  llico,  tiui  I'liilippinc  Ishinl*  4r  M 
ships,  oflhe  hnrden  of  17,!?12tons.    The  arrivals  from  Knglatiil  are  not  specified  j  liul,  in  ii.3  lU; 
Urilish  ships  entered  Cadi/..    The  coasting  trade  is  very  consiihrahle.  '  ' 

Money. — The  innnifH,  weijriiti',  and  measures,  ni'od  at  Cadi/.,  are  those  of  rasliU'.    Arrnni.iunl 
kept  by  the  rtal  (of  olil  plate),  ol'which  thnre  are  10}  in  the  pc^o  diiru,  or  hard  dillar :  anil  a*  idHutl 
lar  -  4.?.  SJrf.  Ihe  real  =  4}J.  A  real  is  divided  into  10  iiiiiitos,  o;  31  maruvcdis.    The  ducailo  tic  tki 
duciit  of  plate,  is  worth  II  reals. 


greater  anil  lliiMcsser:  they  are  lo  each  other  as  32  to  ar);  the  fornnir  In  ing  equal  to  II  Kiislblnvini 
gallori.i,  the  latter  to  3|  do.  A  mi/yd  of  wine  =  Ifi  arrolias.  The  Ao»«  =  30  arrolws  ol  wini,  ll^^lo(l 
oil.  A  pipe  ^-  27  arrobas  of  wine,  or  341  of  oil.  Hence  Ihe  botta  =  127i  English  wine  gallons,  and  Uil 
pipe  1I4|  do.  I 

Urili.-h  Irarle  lei'h  Spain.— Notwithstandinp  tile  anti  commercial  influence  of  prohil'itior.s  jintop.! 
pressive  duties',  we  larryon  a  very  considerable  triiile  with  Spain.  In  1831  we  iiiiimrteil  fidiiilml 
61,921  cwt.  barilla,  7h,067  cwt.  oak  and  cork  hark,  140,231  quarters  wheat— (see  llii,3.u)).TMcM  iftj 
972  t  ins  leail,  about  'W.OOO  packases  oranges  and  lemons,  l,213,()8li  gallons  olive  oil,  20',),jl)8  llw. .m  J 
silver,  10.'),06l;  cwt.  raisins,  3,700 cwt.  sumach,  ll,lH4  1bs.  silk,  69,310  galloiis  hriinily,  3,li«ahl 
wool,  and  2,.'>37,968  (lallons  wine.  No  account  of  the  declared  or  real  value  of  Ihe  iiii|)nrlsiskf|ili|| 
the  Oiistom-hoiise  ;  but  the  officw/ value  of  the  imp.irts  from  Spain  in  1831,  exclusive  of  th(isei'ri«ii 
CanarifS,  was  above  1,000,000(.  sterlin?. 

Uiiriiii?  Ihe  8''.me  year  the  i-eal  value  of  the  varioii-?  articles  of  British  produce  anil  nniiiifjtliitl 
cleared  luit  from  our  ports  for  ."^pain  was  507,848/.  Oi  liese  articles  linen  was  lb  I'.iiiKiiial,  iimiIhI 
being  estimated  at  222,83-i/.  <;ottous  amce.-nted  to  above  1 18,000/.  The  other  an-  .ies  were  liinlivin,! 
iron  ami  steid,  tin,  &c.— (PnW.  Paper,  No.  550.  Sess.  1833.) 

Siim^s;l!ns;,  <?•';. — In  1829  Cadiz  was  made  a  free  port,  that  is,  a  port  where  '^mlsii 
bfl  consuiTied  and  lioiidcd  witllDiit  paying  duty.     This  h.wn  would  have  been  of  toinjiu 
tively  little  coiiKequencc  liut  for  tho  opportunity  of  smiKriilinjj  oir)rded  by  the  opprosiiiflfl 
high  duties  laid  on  most  foreign  articles  importetl  into  Spain.    Thes.',  as  such  duties  \vhi 
imposed  never  fail  to  do,  have  ijiven  birth  to  a  very  extensive  c,<)niial)jtiJ  trade;  t,nim 
the  free  regime  C^diz  l)ecan)f  the  gi'aiid  forus  id'  tliis  trafJic.     The  govcrnnu'ut  iiavings 
this  eflect  of  the  franchi.se,  it  wan  withdrawn  on  tho  22d  of  December,  18;J2.    This,  ii» 
ever,  is  but  a  very  trillinj?  iiiconvinionce  to  the  wnuggler.     JVothinR,  fortunately,  tell 
repeid  of  prohibitions,  and  the  reduction  of  oppresBive  duties  to  a  rcusoiiaWc  amount,  1 
ever,  materially  diminish  the  fieW  of  liis  exertions.     It  would  appear,  however,  that  then 
perience  of  a  couple  of  centuries  has  b?ei)  as  unable  to  impress  the  Spanish  governnienH 
a  conviction  of  this  unqurslionable  triilli,  as  it  has  been  t*)  open  their  eyes  totheenotai 
abuses  that  infect  every  part  of  the  public  administration. 

Mr.  'J'owiiscnd,  the  author  of  by  far  the  best  P^nglish  wofk  on  Spain,  which  he  wiidli 
17Sfi  and  1787,  huB  the  following  admirublt!  remarks  on  this  .subject,  in  h's  clapieU 
Cadiz : — 

"  The  Spanish  fovernment  has  never  yet  ar.iiuired  tn>y  liberal  idea*  respectini  trnd'  imUvdi* 
Ihe  present  iitninent,  some  of  their  liest  poliiieal  writers  resninble  lar  hounds  hnnliiir  nwi'ii''' 
whilst  the  flieti'st  are  already  in  possession  of  the  game.  InH*  <d  of -tirowing  ilown  ("»r>iitaliil 
eoininerce,  they  labour  10  rontr  ,ct  its  limits,  under  the  vain  li^-y*  if  «»«abli»li»i«'  ••  "n  'iH!'**' 
considerina  either  Iheir  own  w^nt  of  cspit  il,  of  iiMliistrj,  am'  ^  an  rrlerpi-'***!*'  -iHril,  ortlin 
Impossibility  of  preventing  »*iugirlinB,  whilst  other  nail  us  .th  greaiT  «4vaHn<in'i<  !'"' t'"''''' 
undersell  them  in  Ihe  inariiei  f;'«til  they  sliall  be  inon,  e.ii./t»t«ned,  ufit  Ihey  sliall  liau'  to* 
their  imiuisitors,  and  until  the  hap)>ji  period  shall  arrive  whew.  utut'M'  the  f,»iirectiiin  nf  11  (nfn* 
nient,  they  shall  have  restored  public  credit,  and  placi,"!  it  on  a  firni  foundation  :  all  tlieir  lunhiMi 
all  iheir  severities  even  ised  on  llic  property  and  persons  of  ll,e  illicit  tradeis,  nil  ili'ir  iiiiiiineit 
Irealies.  and  all  their  eouiiin  rcial  warfi  into  which  niiibilion  may  betray  thein,  will  li''  "'"'""'i 
vniii ;  b'xause  no  efforts  will  ever  prevail  against  the  united  interests uf^tbeir  own»ul>jert<ii»"'^ 
■urruuiidiug  uutioiis.  < 


llBTMIltl""'"''"'*'*' 

Ifspmlilbidiin";  for,  no 
I  Mifil  ill  Mnnrliester  co 
J  ilwilli""'  Eiimiie,  It  IS 
|(oinniodily,iinl'"vsare 

,  Bu;  the  Spanish  g 
Ijinijniiihing,  they  hav( 
I  Ihe  duties;  and  the  c 
I  (rade,  and  that  every  t 
J  but  principally  fhroug 
leicliisinn,  English  coti 
Itkroughout  Spain,  at  f 
■(Mas  cheap  as  in  A' 
laid  to  have  been  cinpl 
liiDUgsloJ  into  the  iiitei 
Itotefarrifd  on  in  dcfi 
liav  state  of  iodu.stry, 
Ifcmily  mark  the  cliarai 
I  In  the  valuable  wor 
Iftateinciil  under  the  he 
ptviou.dy  quoted  fron 
Biounccil  by  llie  latter  h 
lourish  ill  still  ranker  1 

!  "Tli.>HliiilecoMmiercin 

(tirieil  ton  Iciiclh  ahsoli 

Jniurnti' duties  upon  ailii: 

lilrnsivi'ciinlrab.ind  trai 

llernilly,  llirouiilionl  tin 

[bIii  llie  iiiierinr,  in  iVoni 

M^nefilnil  by  |ierinitliiis 

piild  allow  till'  sale  of  I 

iler.  As  one  cxninple  of 

Jih,Ilic  r.niirns  of  which 

llntcilyn'iis  made  a  free  | 

Iri'f  |«irtiif  Oiliralt'ir,  in 

mttM  f.'rihe  illiril.  trade, 

iti!  aniile  U  more  than 

pifniy-fivi!  pi>r  rent.;  so  1 

Bill' is  fold 7,1  per  cent,  d 

"The  duties  upon  Urilit 

ilVi|iiTi'i'iit..  anil  this  Irii 

Tliifii.  undiT  a  more  wliol 

talpf  is  ulsfi  irreatly  assi. 

fciiii;' limited  quantity  of 

if!ll^.<lale:  and  iimler  tl 

I.W  tuns;  a  deception  e:i 

Tnli-ry  h perleclly  uiiiIims 

1  liiitfur  the  system  of 
Jle doulit  that  her  coini 

tato.   Her  natural  adv; 
wor  kingdom  ;  licr  wii 
j»r?pst  supplies ;  her  w 
liiiic.5,  respectively  th 
larhours ;  ihc  eiitorpriii 
llu.ition;  wouM,  wen 
Inioni commercial  nati 
pro;  let  moderate  d;ilic 
H<of  industrious  purs 
jtfnso  lonq;  sunk. 
I  ITh?  trade  of  the  Tin 

r  Ihe  principal  commt 

I  nGi,i.\Ri,  ii„.  ..jip 

'.'  south  coast  of  the 

tlio  city  standi;  on  a  ri 

fililiiis.-^imd  churches  i 

U  part  .larrow,  steej) 


pennlfi.f  Oat'lmrieM 
H'->  mill's  air(„p,  „iii 
Jtiii'luirii.  A  mnle  projei 
pm:i.inl)»r>  faili.inis  « 
prat  llie  siiu;li  ai',j;|c  , 
fciiloi  unull  craft  Alt. 
I/»purr.<  and  F.,r^^^.—\ 

"11  Its fiwst ao(i  in  its 
llliejirlnoiiial  annle  of 


CAGLIARl. 


26i 


•Ptm  III  hoTHK-  the  wntr hfiilnew  nnil  *>neriry  of  nvery  povemment  hn  ve  nfivnr  benn  able  to  enforce 

.   ,  l,ll,jlli,nii ;  fur,  imlwithfiliindinK  llii'se,  when  I  wns  lrnv«llinK  tliriiii);li  Rp.iln,  all  the  men  ap- 

Mrfd  ill  MnncliHstiT  cotton  conrtB,  iind  no  wnmnn  was  si-en  williniit  her  iiinslin  vnil.    In  Spain,  ai 

I  BToiiriinut  Enrii|W,  It  is  f')"iiil  that  when  the  price  nf  insiirnncR  In  loss  Ihiin  IhR  iliiti«B  imiHmed  on  the 

I   mrnoilityi ""  ''"*■'  "'*  siifHcient  to  control  tlie  operations  of  illicit  tradRra."— ( Vol.  ii.  p.  391.) 

Ju:  the  Spanish  government  has  been  proof  against  such  considerations.  Instead  of 
I  diniininhing,  they  have  materially  increased,  the  number  of  prohibitions  and  the  pressure  of 
I lk duties  i  and  the  consequence  is,  that  in  many  extensive  provinces  there  is  no  regular 
Ijjjjj  jnJ  thnt  every  thing  is  carric!  on  by  the  agency  ^f  the  smugglers,  partly  in  defiance, 
Ibulrrincipally  through  the  connivance,  of  the  revenue  ofliccrs.  Notwithstanding  their 
leiclueinn,  English  cotton  goods  may,  at  this  moment,  be  bought  in  Madrid,  and  generally 
Ithroueliout  Spain,  at  from  20  to  30  per  cent,  above  their  price  in  Gibraltar,  where  they  are 
liioutasoheap  as  in  Manchester!  While  Cadiz  wns  a  free  port,  about  6,000  persons  are 
Inidtohave  been  employed  in  it  twisting  cigars,  which,  as  soon  as  finished,  were  forthwith 
|^„,mlcJ  into  tlie  interior.  Three  fourths  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Spain  may,  in  fact,  be  said 
Itobe  carried  on  in  defiance  of  the  law.  And  where  such  is  the  case,  need  we  wonder  at  the 
llow  slate  of  industry,  or  at  the  prevalence  of  those  predatory  and  ferocious  habits  that  uni- 
Ifomily  mark  the  character  of  the  smuggler  ]  ♦ 

III  the  valuable  work  of  Mr.  Ingliss,  entitled  "  Spain  in  1830,"  we  find  the  following 

litatfinciil  under  the  head  Cadiz.     Though  written  more  than  40  years  after  the  paragraph 

itviously  quoted  from  Mr-  Townsend,  it  shows  that  not  one  of  the  flagrant  abuses  do- 

liouncnl  liy  iIk!  latter  has  been  eradicated  ;  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  they  all  continue  to 

Tlioumh  in  still  ranker  luxuriance. 

"Til'  »linlfCi>iiiiiiriTiiil  system  of  Spain  is  most  prroneoiisly  conceived.  The  proliililiory  system  is 
Unieil  toa  liiiglli  ahfoliitcly  riiiiiinis  to  tlic  fiiir  triider,  niid  liiclily  injiiiiuiiii  to  tin;  revenue.  Tlie 
|niiai'i!«f  iliitii'S  npoii  iidinipsilile  iirtii'li'S,  niiil  llip  l.jliil  prohiliitioii  of  mher?'.  ha;"  occasioned  a  most 
lilfnsivi'fiiiilrabnnd  trade.  Iiotti  eMerniilly  with  the  virions  ports,  aliniir  tlie  const  of  Spain,  niid 
tletnilh,  Ihroutlioiit  the  uliole  of  llie  kiiiiidom  ;  and  liy  this  trade  iidniisfihle  articles  areinlrodiiced 
[liitlieiiilerinr,  at  from  100  to  HOO  per  cent.  Iielnw  (lie  diitii^s  iiiipusiMl.  (Joveriinieiit  could  not  fill  to 
Kbiwlllcd  by  licriiiitliii!;  the  iinpnrliition  of  iirlicle-i  of  j;eiicr;il  use,  upon  piiyment  of  such  ailiity  as 
fcoiild  allow  till' sale  of  the  art ii'le  at  a  lower  price  than  is  now  piid  hy  the  consiiiiier  to  the  sniiiK- 
Ker.  Asnnc  example  of  the  iiiipolii'y  of  the  system,  !  may  die  a  fict  respeclinsj  the  trade  in  s:ilied 
Mllic  r.'Uirns  of  wliirh  1  have  liefore  me.  The  impnrl  of  this  arlide  jnio  Oadiz  in  one  year,  iief  ire 
(ijlcily\v:is  made  a  free  port,  amounted  to  -1  vessels,  who.ie  cargoes  reiiched  4,0!)2  cwt.;  while  at  the 

'  |mri(if  fiiliralfir,  in  the  same  yeiir,  41  vessels  entered  with  K'JA<'li  KWt.,  the  irhole  iif  wliicji  iras 
Vittli'lUrtheitlicil.  Iriule,  and  passed  into  Sptiiii  throiish  the  hands  of  the  smujjalers.  The  duly  upon 
fc;  iirlicle  i.<  mnre  than  100  per  cent.;  the  siiii|i.'!,'l"r  loiividers  liimself  romiin  rated  hy  a  (;aiii  of 
*fnly-fiVBp(>r  cent.;  sd  ilijitthe  article  which  finds  ils  way  into  the  iiinrkel  liiroiich  the  coiitialmnd 
Wp  is  sold  ".I  per  cent,  cheaper  than  that  which  is  iidinitteii  upon  payment  of  the  rCL'iilar  duties. 
I  "Tho duties  iiiimi  iirilish  maiiiil'ictnred  goods  amoiini  nliiiost  to  a  proliiliition  ;  iliey  oflea  reach 

flpcri'i'iit..  and  this  trade  is  therefnre  also  in  the  hands  of  the  smii^iclrrs,  who  olitiiin  the  profit 
kliiili,  under  a  mure  wholesome  system,  tnijrht  en  into  the  trenMiry  of  the  kiiiedom.     The  frainluleiit 

bIt  is aliin  irreatly  assisted  hy  the  custom  of  L'lanlina  a  mjal  licence  to  i' ilividiials  to  import  a 
(Itiiia  limited  qiiaiitily  of  prohiliited  goods;  .in  expedient  ri'so'rted  to  in  or.ler  to  meet  the  exii.'i"i:cie» 
filifjlale:  and  miller  the  licence  to  enter  liK)  tops  of  miTihaiKlisi',  the  inerchuit  enters  p'Thaps 
ICIW  loni;  a  dcreplinn  easily  practised  in  a  rou!'  v  where,  iimoec  the  puliljc.  otiicers,  ut'ile  of 
ViliTjisiU'rlei'lly  undeistoiid  and  acted  u.|)oii." — (Vol   li.  pp.  I'.il — UO.) 

liutfar  tlie  .system  of  misrule  to  wliich  Spnin  has  been  subjected,  there  c.in  be  no  rftir.onn- 
le iloulit  tlmt  her  commerce  would  have  been  about  the  mo.st  extensive  of  any  E'lropcan 
lato.   Her  natural  advantages,  Buperior  to  mo.st,  and  not  itil'erlor  to  those  enjoyed  by  any 

icr  kingdom  ;  her  wine.'i,  brandies,  fruits,  &,c. ;  her  wh^at,  of  which  site  niitjht  jiroihicc  the 
w^pst  supplies;  tier  wool ;  her  iron,  which  is  of  the  best  (juulity  ;  her  lead  und  quicksilver 
bine.?,  ro?portively  the  most  productive  in  the  world;  the  number  and  I'MolIeneo  of  het 

rhoiins;  tlic  enterprising  and  adventurous  cliariicter  of  her  inllahilaiits,  and  her  favourable 
Station;  wouLI,  were  she  permitted  to  avail  her;<clf  of  t.liem,  raise  her  to  a  very  hiafh  rank 
mom  commercial  nations.  I,et  the  government  cea.se  to  counteract  the  intentions  of  na- 
fcre;  liH  moderate  d;ities  take  the  place  of  prohiliitiori-^,  aiul  freeil  .rr>  of  retrul'.ition  ;  and  all 
pits  of  industrious  pursue*  will  speedily  revive  from  the  deidly  lethargy  in  wliich  they  have 

Efnso  lon^  sunk. 

[Tim  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Cadiz  is  not  of  much  importnncp.      Wines  and  salt 

Plhc  principal  cominodities  we  get  from  there.  Hee  the  article  M\nr,  v. — Am.  Ei'.] 
I  l-'.\GIil.\RI,  the  capital  ot  Sardinia,  situated  on  the  north-east  rfhore  of  a  spacious  bay  on 
Icsouth  coast  of  tlic'island,  lat.  39°  12'  l:l"  IN.,  long.  'J°  6'  44"  E.  Population  2I!,0I)0. 
Jliocity  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  and  has  an  itn;>osinfl:  elU'ct  from  the  .-ea,  The  public 
liiiKsoid  churches  are  nutrK  rous,  and  some  of  them  splendid  ;  but  the  streets  are,  for  the 
pit  [lart  .larrow,  steei),  and  tiitliy. 

riiefJulf  of  OaFlturi  extemls  from  Pnla  on  fie  west  to  Cane  f'^irhonaro  on  the  east,  n  distance  nf 
|n«l"i  miles  aiTiiss,  and  aliont  I'i  in  depth,  with  food  iinclioraLe  every  where  afier  (reltin!;  into 
toliii;*.  A  moll'  jirojccts  from  the  Prati(|iie  ott'ice,  •■iiid  sliips  nsiially  lie  iihinit  I  mile  S.  VV,  hy  S. 
intiiir  s  [.iih.ini.s  water,  mi  an  e\. el  lent  hot  lien  nf  imid.  Thert^  is  a  viTy  convenient  pier  har- 
ilir.illliesouih  ui;j;lc  i,f  the  tnv.er  wall,  eapiihle  of  conlainini;  14  or  l(i  vessels  of  a  toleralile  size, 
Tfi'lf- Mimll  rraft      Altnffeiher.  «'ai;liari  is  oiw  (if  the  liest  and  safes'  |,.irt8  in  the  .Vl.'dilerranean. 

i'i>  avd  F,Jiu-''ti.—\Uw,f:t  all  the  trade  of  i^ardinia  is  carried  on  liy  strann^-rs  ;  .and  even  the 
111  I'll  lis  •■oust  line  III  its  harhiiiirs  iscao^'lit  hy  Sicilian^.  Neapolitans.  Tuscans,  and  (leimese.  Corn 
^llit|iriiiii|ial  aiiKle  of  c.vport.    In  good  yeate,  the  e.xpurts  frum  the  whole  ialanJ  may  amount  to 


'  \     '■' 
■  '  ■ 


\f- 


\.  iff 

IHI 


' ..  \\ 


I 


96e 


CAGLIARI. 


'SHi 


,  or  ahniit  .100,000  hiiphtlft,  of  whcnt,  200.000  stnrnlll  of  barley,  fl.OOfl  (iitm  »»  ,  I 
I)(!iiii8,  2«n,(l(10  of  prns,  mill   l.OIHI  dilto  of  Iviitila.    Tlie  cultiirfi  of  vines  i«  tr  ?   'I 

)re  liiiportince  ;  anil  aliimi  3,500  Cittiilun  pipes  lire  expiirUMl,  priiicipnlly  from  A  k"*  I 
!i8lra.  Cliefliio  U  nil  iiiipoitiiiit  dlijiict  in  the  riiriil  ecnnimiy  of  Snrdinlii,  and  comid  i  I 
s  arc  pxportiid.  Salt  is  ii  roynl  iiionopoly,  and  iitfi>rds  a  considiirnhlB  revuniij,  Umil  r.  I 
ilrr'W  nlniosl  all  lior  supplies  of  lliis  iiiipnrtaiit  iii>(:c«  ary  froiii  Hardinia,  iiiid  U  conliniirf  ill 


400,000  vlnrplli,  or  alinnt 
100,000  ditto  of  I 
bcconiliiKof  more  i 
and  Oitliatitr:!. 
({iiaiititics  I 

Hu  OdeU  drt'iv  amillHI  mi  m-l  I«ll|i|ilit;B  in  [ilin  iiii|iiii  |<|  rii    iii^i.t;;.  my  iiimm  mirillinil,  RlKI  It  COnllnnp   t  III 

cxporlcd  in  considerable  qnaiitilies.  Flax,  linseed,  liidcs,  oil,  satlron,  raRS,  alipiifoiix  tc  arpn  I 
tile  urtiidos  of  export.  The  tunny  and  coral  fisheries  employ  a  good  many  hands ;'biit'iiiti"!l'l 
observed,  they  are  almost  wholly  managed  by  foreiifiiers.  '     "'™/| 

Almost  every  article  of  dress,  whelhcr  for  the  gentry  or  the  peasantry,  ia  iinporteij. 
ery,  L'lass,  eartiienware,  and  furniture,  as  well  as  iiigar,  coffee,  drugs,  iplces,  kc,  arearsofun  r,j| 


^  Soap,  ,ij|i„, 

by  fiireigneis;  and  notwhhslanding  tlie  Sards  possess  many  rich  mines,  severiM  of  which  w'r!' 
cessfiilly  wrouglit  in  anilqiilly,  they  import  all  their  iron  and  steel,    Tlio  only  inamifiictiir,;jci""i 
on  in  the  island  are  those  of  gunpowder,  salt,  lolmcco,  and  woidlun  caps.    In  ItSI,  there  eMiTcH'ik! 
ports  of  .Sardinia  106  foreign  vessels,  of  the  burden  of  O.O'i'i  tons.    Of  these,  the  greater  number « 
French  ;  and  next  to  them  were  Neapnliians,  .\iislrinns, Tuscans,  Sic.  '" 

Miiiieij,  H'tishls,  avil  Mfuaures. — Accounts  are  kept  in  lire,  reall,  and  soldi,  f,  soldi  =  ]  rcali.  =  n,, 
4  reali  =■  1  lira  =  Is.  tii/.j  ID  rcall  ^  1  scudo  =■  3»  Ud.  The  paper  money  consists  of  notes  forS  lo'ij 
SOsciidi.  '   ' " 

Farm  produce  and  the  coarser  inetals  arc  weighed  by  \.\\e  pe»i  iH  ferro :  12  Hard.  oz.  =  I  |b  =iiii,i| 
dr.  avoirdupois  ;  20  lbs.  ■=  1  rulibo  ;  4  rul)!)i=  1  cantaro      113  lbs.  0  oz.  8  dr.  avoirdupois.  ' 

The  sinrello,  or  corn  measure,  is  equivalent  to  1  bush.  IJ  peck  Eiig.    The  palm  "  loj  Eng,  inrhn 

CauKcs  of  the  deprrsned  slate  of  S/tnli>iia. — Tho  altovc  statctnniiU  suflicienlly  shuw  ilij 
the  coinme'ce  of  Sarilinia  is  very  far  from  bcincj  what  iniglit  naturally  bo  expected  fromij 
extent,  fertility,  adinirablo  situation,  anil  the  excellence  of  its  many  harbours.  It  eoniaiji 
an  area  of  about  9,500  square  miles.,  being,  in  point  of  size,  but  little  infvrior  to  Sicily  {gJ 
in  antiquity  it  was  hardly  less  celebrated  for  its  productiveness : — 

"  Noil  opimas 
Sardinim  scgetes  feracis." — Hor.  lib.  i.  Od.  31. 

But  a  long  scries  of  wars  and  revolutions,  followed  by  the  cftublishmpnt  of  the  I 
system  in  its  worst  form,  and  the  subjection  of  the  island,  fii>t  to  iSj/ain,  nnd  morcrecentlil 
to  the  house  of  Savoy,  have  been  attended  by  the  most  ruinous  consequences,  'fheRol 
mans  encouraged  the  exportation  of  corn  ami  other  produce  from  the  provinces  to  lioml 
where  it  always  met  with  a  reatly  and  advantageous  sale.  But  tho  modern  rulers  of  Jir.l 
diniiuhave  followed  quite  an  opposite  policy  ;  they  have  prevented  the  'UYupicrsof  ttielanil 
from  carrying  their  productions  abroad ;  and  as,  owing  to  tho  want  oi'  a  commercial  aojl 
manufacturing  population,  there  was  littlf-  or  no  demand  for  il  at  iionie,  no  surplus khI 
raised  ;  so  t!\at  the  wish,  as  well  ns  tlie  mcins,  of  emerging  from  |)overty  and  barbarism  hal 
been  well  nigh  eradicated.  It  is  to  tins  impolitic  coudni-t  on  Ihe  part  of  govenrnfiiJ 
ond  to  the  insecurity  arising  from  tho  want  of  police  and  of  occupation  under  Ihe  worst  soit| 
of  feudal  tenures,  that  we  are  inclined  principally  to  attriliutc  that  habitual  idleness,  anil 
indilVcience  to  the  future,  that  distinguish  the  modern  Sards. 

We  are  glad,  however,  to  have  to  state,  that  some  improvements  have  been  made  witliJol 
these  few  years.  A  good  road  has  been  formed  from  Cagliari  to  Sas'^ari,  and  cross  ro»li| 
are  being  carried  from  it  to  some  of  the  most  considerable  places  in  the  island.  The|i0ijo 
lation,  which,  in  1816,  amounteil  to  only  352,000,  is  now  estimated  at  480,(100  or. ^mO.OiKrj 
and  some  meliorations  have  been  introduced  into  various  departments  oi'  industn-.  B* 
without  the  establishment  of  an  effective  system  for  the  adniinislralion  of  justice  anj linl 
prevention  and  punishment  of  crime,  the  introduction  ot"a  better  system  of  letting  Ian  1, anil 
the  total  abolition  of  tho  existing  restraints  on  tlic  exfK)rtation  of  corn  and  other  prodial 
from  the  island,  it  will  be  in  vain  to  expect  that  its  ci^ucities  should  ever  be  fully  dcvelopeil 
At  pre^;>nt,  it  is  usual  to  hire  land,  for  the  purpo.scs  ot  tillage,  by  the  year;  no  corn  can  l»| 
exported  if  its  price  exceed  30  rt'als  the  staiello;  and  a  heavy  duty  is  laid  on  all  ihatiieiT 
ported,  as  a  substitute  for  a  general  land-tax.  Nothing  can  [)e  more  prepo.sterously  aKiu 
than  su -h  regulations.  Th-y  havo  panlysed  tlie  exertions  of  the  husbandman  losiickul 
extent,  that  this  "  bcnifunant  nurse"  <»»' ancient  liome|  is  soinetinres,  notwithslandin;  ilil 
scanty  population,  under  the  necessity  of  iinporling  a  portion  of  its  supplies!  Most  oikl 
artiiles  of  export  have  been  loaded  with  simil.ir  lUitics;  .so  that  the  industry  of  the  isladkul 
beei>,  in  efli'ct,  coMipletel\  s, critic:  i  o  a  short-siahled  rapacity,  of  which,  l'orti\nalily.  theil 
are  not  many  examples.  •  .tlhib  asgrrtceful  sy.stem,  which,  if  possible,  is  even  more  ii'I 
jurious  to  the  government  Man  to  the  people,  1h'  pi  '  an  end  to, — let  the  freidtm  of  ciff*! 
ation,  with  reasonalilo  d:.-  ••  on  imports,  and  t..,  curity  of  iiropcrty,  be  eslalilislicd.-m 
we  venture  to  predict  tha;  ■'.trilinia  will,  at  no  very  remote  period,  recover  her  ancient  \i»t 
perity  ;  that  the  revenues  of  the  crown  will  be  iiicre.ised  in  a  tenfold  proporfum ;  aiiilllilt| 
the  population  will  cea.se  to  be  conspicu.ius  only  for  ferocity,  idleness,  and  (:onteiii|it of ii> j 
novation. 

In  rmnpilitis  this  article,  we  have  consulted  Captain  Smyth's  valuable  work  on  i^nrdinii, priirt-I 
'.atly  pp.  100— i'iS     Sui  (lie  most  complete  work  on  the  island  is  that  of  Marmura,  already  relWifillll 


litoiniMralion.    We  hav, 
|p,|S,tc. 

I  CAJEPUT  OIL,  ttv 
lUtifiidendmn  Lin.).  'J 
Loodoil;  because  the  I 
Jtoi'li.  This  tree  is  con 
||iydi.<tillation  from  the 
L'aantitiea  in  Banda,  aii' 
Itoliur.very  limpid,  ligl 
|[«n;fnt  taste.  It  burns 
liritfa  other  essential  oils 
IteiiJn  on  the  prcscnc( 


m^l 


♦  See  .W«r;«(ira,  Kni/nj-c  871  SarUuti'iie,  p.  17().,  and  the  t'urei):ii  Qnarli.rlij  lieritir.  No.  23  p  al 
*'iM<l>in  Siiivtb  reckiiua  the  popiilaiiiin,  at  an  average  of  Ihe  10  vears  oniling  wilh  IC'A"!  "'**| 
•"•-U*"  -  (p.  I*-  )  ..I 

t     3k.aia,iu«  Sariuiiain,  licnigniDamiiii  urbis  nontric  nudiccs."— Val.  Ma.xinius,  lib.  vii  £.'• 


_  Cijetiul  oil  not  being  i 
Ijiilr.l'Sl.itKnId  inliond  i 
Iff  ihe  most  cnici(^iit  reiuc 
lilt,  m  mince !  lint  it  soi 
Itedi  obtained  frma  Holla 
||Si|jleiiilicr,  1S33)  worth  i 

C.U..\BAR  SKIN 

tfyCris  pCi^ueno),  the 

|tip[)ft.s  and  trimmings  f 

(;AL.\BA8H,  a  ligh 

line  Indians  both  of  the 

inJ  the  natives  of  Africi 

ji  Africa. 

CAL.\MANCO  (Di 

%hi.  Kubmenka ;  Sp.  < 

|£n;land  and  the  Netht 

cbecb  appear  only  on  tl 

C'AL.\MANDER  V 

'  It  ij  80  hard  that  comnin 
ptio^lape.   It  is  I'ingnlarl 
fcisaliiiei'lincolate,  nov 
fiwn  and  croiiin  coloe.rs. 
lyiiiiduetihdwiiioss.    It 
Jttik.   Sirltobort  Brown 
■In  Mnnmoothshir:!  made  i 
BllMij  in  tire:it  Dritain  liu 
TiwiiiiM'.    It  is  by  far  tlie 
lol'ili'Mr"e,  the  liner  it  ia.- 
iw.p.  1711.) 

CALCUTTA,  the  p 

Hominions  in  hidia,  and 

Jheea.<tward  of  the  Cap 

llT'E.   It  is  about  100 

WPstern  branch  of  the  ( 

fcniy  arm  of  the  Ganges 

Valer  the  river  ojiposite 

Ipposite  to  Calcutta  exf 

Uitafyof  tho  navigatioi 

|™ii  if  it  did  not  e.\cep( 

:<  place.— (See  the  re 

I'rfin  this  work.) 

llalTlT,  Calcalla  was  a 
Iwielliina  ciilarv  lal  • 
>aM3,13S;  .Mnliiumii.Ml 
J  .Ureal  pari,  liiuvuvur, 
B'"iiin"s,  nier'.niiii's,  and 
lill.u.'s;  comiii;;  into  tow 
lsli«i]t*d  liy  Ihe  magistral 
Wii!anls  which  is  adaiilte 
fcayboesiiiiiuled  at  almut 
hnkiif  tile  river,  v.-ilb  ai 
P  Ill's  line  »iilf  (>(  the  ri\ 
liV'Mliatii  wuald  renuirt 
pneaiadvantaBe.j  forinii 
pnlityoniho  Ciifiun^  ami 
■»l»iw  of  at  least  l.UOO  i 
llnna.'h. 

Ipf  principal  laorchanti 
Pli" Europeans,  Piirlii!,'ii( 
l"»ati(iiili;  conii;ionl\ 
riniallyeilliprc.r  ilii''lli 
piir:  of  adult  male  lirili 


CAJEPUT  OIL— CALCUTTA. 


i6» 


trufhm  vnry  (fcntly  on  the  (jross  nml  Bcnndnlniiii  nhiiscs  thst  infcrt  evny  part  of  th* 
I'i    I  Iruliun.    VVe  liavu  burrowed  huiiio  ilvtuilH  from  tliu  Mnnalca  du  Comment  Marilime  fur  1H33, 

I  mjgpUT  OIL,  the  volatile  oil  olitainod  from  the  leaves  of  the  cajeput  tree  (Mildlenea 
IhiitnJeiidfon  Lin.).  The  name  is  a  corrui>tion  of  the  native  term  cayu-puii,  tliat  is,  white- 
I  ooJuil;  because  tlie  bark  of  the  tree  which  yields  it  has  u  whitish  appearance,  like  our 
Ifcli  This  tree  is  common  in  Amboyna  and  other  Eastern  islands.  'J'ho  oil  is  obtained 
IlivilistillaliDn  f''"'"  the  dried  leaves  of  the  smaller  of  two  varieties.  It  is  prepared  in  great 
Ifliiiintities  in  Banda,  and  sent  to  Holland  in  co|)per  ilasks.  As  it  comes  to  us  it  is  of  a  gre^ii 
liulour  very  limpid,  liglitcr  than  water,  of  a  strong  smell  resembling  camphor,  and  a  strong 
iMii'n'nt  taste.  It  burns  entirely  away  without  leaving  auy  residuum.  It  is  often  adulterated 
IbiIi' other  essential  oils,  coloured  with  resin  of  milfoil.  In  the  genuine  oil,  the  green  colour 
liepeiiJs on  the  presence  of  copper  j  for,  when  rectified,  it  is  colourless. — {Thomson's  Dis- 
V-) 


^^H  Qiigput  nil  not  being  nsed  exoopl  in  tlie  materia  medir.a,  only ! 
l<oz.)^^B.. 'lUi  j,  nolil  inliond  nt  nl)i>iit  Tii.  nil  (iiiiicK  ;  imi  iiii  idnu  liavii 


Ijiilv  1^31  it  Boia  111  I'oiui  lu  iiwuiii  lu.  iiii  iniiii:,;  i  mil  ii ii  iiinti  iiaviiig  tlien  got  litirond  tiiut  it  WUS  OIIB 
Ijfiliemosl  (!tnci(,'iit  ruiiindii^s  in  casus  of  clioli'ra,  its  price  rose  in  NovimiiIxt,  ls31,  to  no  less  tliaii 
lllf  nnniinrc!  Hut  it  snon  after  fi'll  into  discredit  willi  tli«  faculty,  and  ndditioniil  supplies  liavlni; 
Iktii  oblniiieil  friHii  Kollaiid,  its  price  di^cliiied  almost  as  fast  na  it  liud  risen.  It  is  not  ut  present 
|(3i»leiiiliir,  1S3H)  worlli  more  in  lioiid,  than  from  H.  to  Uii.  an  ounce. 

CAI/AB.VR  SKIN  (Fr.  Pelit-grls  ,■  Ger.  Grauwerk  ,•  It.   Vaor,  Fajo  ,•  Rus,  Bjel/ca  ,• 
\it.Gm  ne;iMn()),t\vi'ti\hcndin  squirrel  skin,  of  vaiious  colours,  used  in  making  luulfij, 
ippets,  and  trimmings  for  clothes. 

CALABASH,  a  light  kind  of  vessel  f)rmed  of  the  shell  of  a  gourd,  emptied  and  dried. 
iTne  Indiaiis  both  of  the  North  and  South  Sea  put  the  pearls  they  have  tished  in  calabashes, 
uiii  the  natives  of  Africa  do  the  same  by  their  gold  dust.     They  also  are  used  as  a  measure 
J  Africa. 

CALAMANCO  (Du.  Kalkmink,  Kulrnink  ,•  Fr.  CahnaiuL,  Culmrmdre ;  It.  Durante  ,• 
XhiSnhmmkuj  Sp.  Calmaco  ;  8w,  Kalunnk),  a  sort  of  woollen  stulf,  manufactured  in 
liiri^land  and  the  Netherlands ;  it  has  a  fine  gloss ;  and  being  chequered  in  the  warp,  the 
iecks  appear  only  on  the  right  side. 
CALAM.\NDER  WOOD,  a  beautiful  species  of  timber  brought  from  Ceylon. 

Ii  is  so  liaril  that  common  edge-tools  cannot  worlt  it,  so  tlial  it  niuiil  lie  rasped  and  almost  prouiirt 
Ruojliape.  It  is  singularly  reniarkalde  for  IIib  variety  and  admixture  of  colours.  'I'lie  most  prevail- 
iiijisaliiierlincolatft,  now  doo|)eniiig  almost  into  ahsolute  hiacit,  nnw  fadinsr  into  a  nicdiiini  between 
bwn  anii  crfiim  colours,  11  arrests  the  rye  from  the  rich  beauty  <]f  the  iniermin(,'led  tints,  not  from 
finyiiiidiiflshowimiss.  It  Inlies  a  very  higli  polish  ;  and  is  wrought  into  cliairs,  and  particularly  Into 
■tills.  SirU.itii'rt  lirownricK,  late  governor  of  Ceylon,  had  the  donrs  of  the  dininji-rooniof  his  seat 
Tin  llnnniiimhsliir:  made  of  calaniander.  It  is  scarce  in  Tciylnn,  ainl  is  not  regularly  imported;  all 
pal  19  in  Great  Britain  has  been  imported  by  private  iientlenien,  returning  from  the  colony,  for  their 
BMiis.  It  is  by  far  the  moft  beautiful  of  all  the  fancy  woods.  The  nearer  it  is  taken  from  the  root 
jol  111- ipe,  till!  finer  it  is.— (j)/ii4ur»'jf  Orient.  Com. ;  Lib.  of  Entertaining  Knowledge,  Vegetable  Sub- 
|liai:ri-s.  p.  17'J.) 

CALCUTTA,  the  principal  city  of  the  i-nA-ince  of  Bengal,  the  capital  of  the  British 
Idotiiinions  ill  India,  and,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  Canton,  the  greatest  emporium  to 

lieea-stward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Its  citadel  is  in  lat.  a2°  33'  64"  N.,  long.  88°  20' 
lli"E,  It  is  about  100  miles  distant  from  tlio  .sea,  being  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Western  branch  of  the  Ganges,  denominated  by  Europi-aiis  the  Hooghly  River,  which  Is  the 
plv  arm  of  the  Ganges  navigable  to  any  coiislderalile  distance  by  large  siiips.  At  high 
Rater  the  river  opposite  to  the  town  is  about  a  mile  in  bieadth  ;  but  during  the  ebb  the  side 
Bite  to  Calcutta  exposes  a  long  range  of  dry  sand  banks.     Owing  to  the  le  gth  and  iii- 

licacy  of  the  navigation  from  the  sea,  it  cannot  be  undertaken  witliout  a  pilot;  so  that, 
Ireii  if  it  did  not  exceed  our  limits,  it  would  be  useless  to  attempt  any  description  of  it  in 

'is place.— (See  the  reduced  Plan  of  the  Mouths  of  the  JLmghli/  ILver,  in  tlie  Mercalor's 

Sir/ in  tills  work.) 

;  Inl'lT,  Calriilla  was  a  petty  native  village  of  paltry  huts,  with  a  fi!W  hundred  inhabi'.ants.  Little 
Nie'.hiiiii  ciiiiiiiv  lal'r,  or  in  'S22,  thi- fnUowing  were   the  returns  of  the  population;  viz.  Cliris- 

i«ns.i;i,i;«;  .Moliamme(lans,48,ira;  Hindoos,  llS.aiCI:  (;hin.'.-e,  lit,  niakini,' in  all,  17'.'. ',117 

.\!ren  purl,  limvever,  of  what  "lay  be  i'airly  consideri'il  the  |iopulati>'ii  "f  Calcutta,  censisting  of 
i''"iirfs,  iiiirliiuiics,  and  per-ons  , engaged  in  trade,  resident  iiiuht  in  tlr  -nSnrbs,  or  neighbouring 
liltes ;  tomini;  into  town  ear  y  in  tlie  inorning  to  llieir  resiie  live  emploviiients.  These  have  been 
|iliiinif(lby  the  magistrates,  on  t(derably  goml  dala,  at  100,(11)11;  and  allowing  for  the  intreaso  of  in- 

Hlanls  wliich  is  aduutted  to  li.ive  t.ikeii  place  wiUiin  the  lusi  d^e/en  years,  the  existing  population 
pvboestiiriaied  at  aliout  :iOO,(.MUI.     Tlie  town,  pxc-liidiiig  s^uburbs,  extends  to  r(bfe,u  4;  "loles  along  ihe 

iiikiifiiie  river,  with  an  average  breadth  inbiiid  of  iibout  l,^uiile.  Fort  William,  the  citaiiel^  lies 
liilhesiinBsiile  cjf  the  river,  a  little  lower  ilown.  It  is  a  strong  regnltr  fortifiearinn  ;  but  so  exten- 
Jivi'ilKi  it  would  require  a  garrison  of  lO.OWl  m.'ii  for  its  eflT.xtual  def.iice.  Calciriti  possesses  great 
pliinladvantiises  for  inland  navigalicin  ;  all  sorts  of  foreign  [iroiluce  being  traris;»irted  with  great 
pfilitjiinlho  (iimaes  and  its  siUnidiary  streams  to  the  nortl.-wesl>'rn  quarter*  of  llindostan.  over  a 
l['liiK.:o|  at  least  1,000  miles,  while  the  productions  of  the  interior  are  received  by  the  sasue  easy 
Bin*'!*, 

[Tli,-|)riiicip;il  inerclianls  and  traders  of  Calciitia  consist  of  the  following  classes;  vz.  ftnitirti  amt 
P'rF.iiropnns.  Portuguese  liom  in  India,  .\roieuians,  t;re«ks..lews,  I'ersiiins  (  'u  t'  e  coa«l  •■'  the 
fffsautiiiii",  coiniiionly  calleil  Parsees.  Mogiils,  .Mohanimi'daiis  of  Hind<.stan,  ai  .  Hi, i, loos;  fl.e  lat- 
F'lsTilly  eitliiTof  the  llraliniinical  or  iner.  •nude  castes,  and  nati\-,«  ot  liengal.  In  ISKI,  t»»>'  twal 
P'lHui'.'oradult  mule  British  subjects,  in  the  liongal  provinces  {lUe  j;real  uiajurily  bui;:g  in  C'ali-«Hw, 


if 


a:  i   1 ' 


1,1  -I 


'  S>l 


I  i' 


B 


'(■I 


264 


CALCUTTA. 


It  was  1 ,7(rr.  TJilg  ia  the  Matement  tlTtn  kr  fk. 
,  imrllciilarlv  for  tli«  liint  year.  The  naiiv/pl? 
miy  declined  in  wi'nilli  and  iijipcirlaiict    Oniii 


engRRAd  In  trade  or  ngrlciilturc,  waa  1,W5 ;  In  1830,  It  waa  l.TOT, 
printed  refiiDter  ;  but  it  ia  iiroliulily  iiiutli  umlerruted,  pn-'— ■■-' 

tURiieac  and  Arini^nlnii  reliant*  Imve  of  lale  greatly  _   

other  lianrt,  the  I'ersian  nifirchnnia  liiivc  incr.aned  in  nninliera  and  weollli,  "cvtriil  of  i||p„  i»„ 
worth  250,000/.  aterliiig.    'I'ho  Inriie  fiirtunea  of  tlic  Hindoo  luerulianta  have  been  much  bnikendi.t! 

of  IaKh  V(*Iirtl  bv  litilfUtlolT    *"  *^"'  '">■•**■    tuxl    ■■uturnllv  thrfiiiuli  ihii  Inw  i\(  uniiiil    i>niiii>. * 

brottieri.  To  cnuiit»rha1 
augtnentntinn  of  the  dm  . 
but  few  Hindoo  inHrchniiis  ut  prnti^'iit  wIiuhp  w*'iillh  t'Xce'Mlii  a(K),tO(J/.  «tf!tUi)U. 


Jon  in  liie  toiiris.  and  nuturully  lliniuttti  iliu  law  v{  eqtiul  co|!urceiinry  m-J 
halniice  iIi'ip.  Ihere  liuv  been,  Fince  tlir  optiniiiff  (if  the  free  irtde  in  I8li  »vil 
mntbor  of  inforlur  niorrlmntH,  worili  from  2(».()00/.  lo  50,0()0/.  »tcrlinf.  limul 


eriinit.  Tber.!wl 

Tbe  principal  forelKn  buhinut*8  is  mnductt-d  by  Ihe  Eiifjlittb  nieicliums;  but  ibe  othrr  p&riieftkl 
...__f ..1 — '•»■"- »^-a|ii,h,  or  on  Ibeir  own  accounr,  ppccnliite  Inrcrly  to  Eiin  tie  k^l 


cither  in  pnrtnerNhip  wiilk  the  En.  j., 

rica,  and  eHpecially  to  China.    Tha  Iirokors  known  underlh«  name  of  Sircars  und  Uabooinrealliiii. 
doos.    The  Kenerul  rates  of  acency  cunimiHsion  are  as  fcdlow  : — 
I.  On  Ihe  ule  or  ptirchue  of  iliipa,  vcwelt,  hoiucft 

Biid  Uiidi 2  1-2  per  rent. 

1-2      do. 


do. 


do. 
do. 


•    21.2      do. 


2 1-3      do. 
1-i  pfr  Cfiit. 
pi-r  ni«iiwu. 

5  per  cent. 

2  1^  do. 


5        do. 

21-2  do. 


do. 
do. 


S.  ()d  the  Kile,  purchaie,  or  Bhipment  of  bullion 

lk>.  of  Jewellrry,  duuitoitdi,  or  oilier  preciuut 
■tonrt  •  •  •  •  '2 

Du.  of  indi^,  lac-Hve,  rntintry  ji'recr  ffoodi,  Hilk, 
opium,  ce<;liiiie^I,  roni,  tpict**,  coltee}  cup- 
pvr,  till,  aii'l  ttjteii'gus  ■  •  •    2  1*2 

Do.  or  all  other  kiiidinr  foods  >  -  5 

5.  Ua  $ooit  or  trraiure,  &c.  rnniiitned,  and  aflrr- 

ih  arUi  n  itNlmwu  or  Mot  to  Rurtii'D ;  «nd  on 
icnodi  couiigoed  for  cooditiuiul  delivtry  to 
ollieri  .••>••  l-2cou:iiiiision 
4.  On  all  adnnm  of  monvv  for  the  piirpoM»  nf 
trade,  »  ht-ilicr  the  eno<ln  arc  coiisiipted  tn  the 
aftnt  or  not,  and  nTereaconiniiiatonuf  5per 
emit,  ti  iiut  charfTtd     .  •  .  .    2  1-2  per  cent. 

6.  Otiorlvrin^KnoiIt.  or  luperinlending  the  fulfil- 

ineni  of  contract!,  where  no  other  coniuiia- 
■ton  isderive<l  .  .  ■  •  • 

A.  On  pianDieeiiij;  bilN,  bonds,  or  other  enjpi^e' 
menti,  and  on  becoiitinR  wcnrity  for  a'lni)iiii< 
tmtioiia  nf  cM^alt't,  or  to  i;<)\eriinifnt  or  iiidi- 
vi'luali  for  contract!,  aercfnienta,  9ic. 

7.  On  del  cre<Ierc,  c(r|cuir.)iiit^iiiK  Hie  rc!|M>Diibill-  } 

ty  of  )wr«nn«  to  whom  K'toM  are  loM  j 

K  On  :iclinj(f)r  thu  es'att-t  t.r  |H::r»oi)A  deceased,  u 

e-tecutora  or  adininiBtrattjn     • 
6.  On  t!.e  nianajcenient  of  estatt-t  for  olben,  ou  tho 
amount  recelvud  .... 

1(K  Onnricurinxfrcii^htf  oradreriismicaithea^ent 
nf  o'-vi.erf  orcmmianderB:  on  Oie  amount  of 
■'reifch^  whether  thn  i-ime  pa^!e•  through 
the  liaii'ls  nf  the  acnl  or  v.n\ 

11.  On  charierine  thips  for  oilier  pirMea 

12.  On  nixkin;  insurance,  or  wriling  orden  for 

iii^unnce        ..... 

13.  On  tettlimc  insunnce  lo<ife<t,  total  or  partial,  and 

on  pfitciirinx  re'urti^  of  prt-mitmi    • 
11  On  cH'-ciiiif  remit inrtci's,  by  bills  of  ilie  agrnt 
oro'hcrwrsf,  or  purchasing,  !tlliiij,or  itt'ijo- 
tia'infT  bilN  of  excti^nte        -  •  -    I         do. 

15.  Op  debts,  when  a  proceu  at  law  or  arbitration 

ii  niTt-itsary    •  •  •  •  •    2 1'2  do. 

And  if  recovercl  hy  'uch  means  •  -    5        do. 

16.  On  bi'ls  of  exclianje  retuniett,  noted,  or  pro- 

tfsfed  -  •  •  -  -    I         do. 

17.  On  Ihe  collpctintt  of  hnuse-rent  •  •  2  1-2  do. 
IS.  (>iiBlM|isMi..bunt('nietit!  -  *  •  2  1-2  do. 
19.  On  nerntia^iiijr  I'lanson  mpondentia   •  ■    2        do. 

80.  On  Ictien  nf  credit  gnnted  forniercan'ile  pur- 

poses  .  •  .  •    2 1-i  do. 

81.  On  pirchwinj;  i)r  selljnif  jrovprnmen*  securi- 

tirn,  and  on  earli  excli.mee  of  the  iime,  in 

the  Iransfpr  from  otu  loan  li  another  •       1-2  do. 

22.  On  t'eiivering  up  (tovfirnment  sectirilies,   or 

deiioiitiin  the  same  in  the  Iruasury  -  •       1-2  do, 

23.  Ou  all  a'lvanm  not  pinictiinllv  liqiinlnted,  the 

af;*!!)!  lo  have  Ihe  option  of  ch.ir|i)iivi<iecnii(] 
rommi^si'>n,  a!  u|>on  a  fi«sh  adv;tnpf,  pro* 
Ti(!eil  the  charge  does  not  occur  twice  in  tlio 
K>nie  J  rar 

24.  At  the  npt'on  of  the  arent,  on  the  amount 

debi'cii  or  crvditri  within  thi-year,  incluNnif 
iu'frcst,  at.d  mrvpunx  only  ii'enis  on  which 
a  rommissii'n  of  »  pir  cei.'i  has  been  ch^nteJ    I         do. 

A'  H. — This  charge  not  lo  apjly  tn  payitijr  nvcr 
a  lial.tntc  due  on  an  acciunt  nniie  I'p  tn  a  piriiru- 
l;tr  [lerioit,  unlcM  where  such  balnnce  is  Willi  triwn 
without  reas'inable  notice. 

.Wiifrt/.— Arcouiits  are  kept  hrrtt  in  mnpnary  money  called  ru- 
pm,  ej'lii:r  current  or  sicca,  wiih  their  subdi\isi' os,  ai.iias  and 
pier  :  12  pit^'f  ui-ike  t  anni ;  16  .innai  I  ruiue ;  and  16  rupees  I  gvid 
niohur.  To  thti  rnrrcney  must  alt  the  real  sperif  I*  ronvcrt»1,  be- 
Tire  any  mm  cm  be  rcziilarly  i;uli  n-d  in  a  mercl.antV  lionkn.  The 
Contpiiiy  Itffp  their  acrounis  iti  sicca  rui»ees.  which  hear  a  bat'a 
(prtmium)  of  16  prr  cent,  nvcr  thoturient.  The  coiiia  ruricnt  are 
fnlJ  mol  urs,  with  Iheir  sulidiviti'ins— lialvesaii'l  ipiai-ters;  •.jctn  ru« 
rrw,  halves  and  qmriers;  annas,  pice,  and  hall  plre.  The  t\*o 
Iwt  are  o  copper.  There  are  two  mints  un'lsr  (he  r^-npil  presi- 
(Viicy :  th:tl  at  CalcuMa;  and  that  of  Feriui-kniiad.  in  (lie  north- 
wi-sttTn  prfivinres.  The  firil  is  prob.ibly  iha  m'-st  splet.iiiit  ea'a- 
I  li»hM<rnt  of  the  kind  in  Ihf  wr.rM  ;  the  coat  of  tin-  marhinprv,  i^up- 
p!ii»  t'V  Mf^^m.  Hidtnn  and  Watt  of  Bimiinirhflni,  liivirp  i  xivfUii 
tiOfitOOm.  Ooht  money  ii  coined  at  C'»irutta  only ;  Lut  sitvrr,  whi<-h 
Is  now,  an'f  h*s  always  hern,  the  standard  of  bidia,  eqi.ilU  at  Lnth 
ininls.  The  fi'IIcwini  statement  !ltows  Ihe  pnifnt  wrifthF.'fii.enrw, 
ands'erlinjr  valui*  of  'he  minfl,  re'^lexiii-?  the  value  of  ijolj  at  3/.  17i. 
10  l-Z'i.  per  ilmdard  oi  nre,  und  silvt-r  at  'if.  2^/.:— 


1 

Coins. 

fiiiM  iTiihur        - 
Sirra  Rupee 
F«iTuckahid  nipee 

Oniiii 
|nirt. 

Cirain* 

Alloy. 

Clraiiij 

Value. 

ITiWJ 
169-215 

1T0-.9 

ir.-nns 

15-019 

204-710 
191  c;!. 

/,.    ».    rf. 
r    13     2i  23-. 
0     2     01  C-2'. 
0      1    llf8-25 

The  charee  for  roinlnit  silver  at  ihe  CAlrntl-.  mini  iianfifw  Jl 
thebtjtion  be  the  itandard  flm nm ;  Itt  wtim- it(]|flrrv»Zirl 


ti'tiiai  charge  of  from  1*4  to  1-2  i-er  ct'iii.  is  luule  I»r  rthmJ^^I 

The  course  of  eitli*n|tK  by  «|iich  the  cuvtoiui  of  ti|(i.^u,^l 

present  r«^uUled  iaaa  fi)ll>iws:—  'I 


(irwi  niiuin 

I'rjunil  ■t.-llllil 

Sic.  nip, 
10 

C«|ie  cf  Goal  llni)« 

K  »  dnlhr  (2i.) 

^. 

Malru 

100  runecl 

J- 

S3 

(lolnlny       -        • 

ICO    — 

^ 

U 

Crvlnii 

Hii-dnllar 

0 

China 

1  tale 

1 

Rimiiah 

I23llcliali 

100 

M.iiiilla       - 

tJiianifth  dollar 

K 

t 

l',)rMii!»l      •        . 

I.CflO  rra. 

BS 

1 

Fruiice  ■     • 

84  fraut. 

ES 

10 

IIoIIjiiJ 

2J-  Boriut 

B-. 

1 

Ihmburfh  and  Co- ) 
lii-rihascn       •      5 

H  ■"■''C  banco 

rx 

1 

Li-^liorn 

100  piTIll 

= 

202 

Oilier  sorts  of  rupees  are  met  with  in  Hi-'ninl,  fliirerini  in  (lmI 
and  wei<;hl,  lhou';li  their  denominaliom  be  Ihe  sitnr.  fmr.  ;!s| 
an<l  from  the  natives  (rtfiumlly  punclunK  holes  iu  tlic  rnni,tHl 
rilliin  thrm  up  \viih  lia-ie  n.eird,  at.d  ilieir  fraii-inlfiiilj  djuLi^i^I 
the  vt  i'ii^ht  of  the  cuiii  after  cimiiiK  fiYini  ihe  mini,  M:e  nirrrLtijll 
thediilieren*  provincfsare  of  .liflrrrn!  valun.  lliii  Jiftci  luj>l 
triKtiifitf  the  cn^lom  of  implf'yinjt  throjfx^  or  iioi;ry-fliin(m.*lfl|l 
hiitiiifsa  Ih  let  set  a  value  upon  tb^' .lilli -tni  ciiniiici»,.<(r)rJ.u|l 
cvi-iy  ciicumstance,  either  in  their  favour  or  iLiirn-ijUKt,  vp^l 
a  auiit  fif  rupees  is  brought  to  one  uf  these  almitli,  httruDiibniial 
pipci-  bv  pure,  and  arran^e^  them  according  (n  'hfirfindns-Vrtl 
by  iheir  ve);{ht  \  be  Iheu  allows  for  the  ditfircnt  tr|p|  UtAiwl 
Kiccnsaiid  si)unilsj  an<l  Ibis  done,  lie  v:i!i:ei  in  <nfi.|.)  hciivl 
curren),  whnt  the  whole  are  worth  ;  so  that  llie  mitt currrrntlil 
only  tt.iiix  fixed,  by  ivhich  com  is  vatutd.  " 

A  curenl  rnp  e  is  reckini-d  at  2t  ,  and  a  sicca  mpecnfr,™ 
rommonlv  at  2f.  6(/.  A  lac,  mrans  100,000;  antl  acRire|</'M)CM| 
10,0(0,00^.  The  fo'lowing  are  the  nmnirs  id  .icriHin'.  ['rtt,-™! 
thai  iht'  lowest  <loiiouiinalion  is  rrirtfcnieil  by  a  small  rnmchul 
a  Bppcira  of  cypisra,  rlii*fiy  in. ported  as  nuanicitfif  tn-itfrrs^lil 
L.-i{.c.vUve  and  Matdive  ialauda,  and  current  is  longailtKymJvl 
entire  i 

4  Cowriei  s  1  Oun'la, 

2,560    do,  K=  I  Current  rupee. 

20  Oundas  ^  1  Funn. 

4  Putins,  or  12  pica  ■>  I  Arna. 

4  AniLts  B  I  Caliann. 

4  Cabauns  ==  l  sirci  rupee, 

16  hicca  rupees  ^  1  (told  inohur, 

W'-igfirf.— The  ?rea(  weights  \rc  n.muJs,  seen,  chiltub,  Hi  I 
■iccas  or  rupee  weights,  thus  diviJud  :  — 

f)  Sircas  c:  i  CInttack. 

Ifithitlacki  =  I  Srt-r, 

40  Setrs  ^  I  Ahuud. 

Thcrr  are  two  mannds  in  use,  v it  tie  f.irtoryniai;BJ,»liiAk| 
74  1U.  10  oz.  I(^'fi60  itrs.  avoiirtii|  nis;  and  tt.eLiza.irDaEnri.iai| 
is  10(»cr  cent,  belter,  viz.  b2  lbs.  2  oz.  2-1^3  dii. 

?0  Slrca  weight  c=  a  CalcuMa  ban^irwtr. 

CO  Ditto  K  a  Seramjiore  iii;er. 

K2  Dillo  B=  a  IhHiKbly  tier. 

S4  iM'o  t-  a  Hfn.»n»  M  rjsnnrr <w. 

D6  Lino                4  b  an  AHattabtd and  l.u'ki.{'«n| 

A  (%-ilnitia  fit-tnry  srcr  Is  equal  to  72  sicca  weight,  11  uni,t  I 
puna,  10  guudos,  3  tt3  cowries. 

Gold  and  Siilver. 


4  Piinkhot 

S3  1  litinn,  orgnin. 

4  l)h>iii 

^  1  Ruty 

6  l-t  Hut>iei 

—  1  Anna. 

8  RiilliM 

^  1  M.i>«a. 

10  Mum, 

C  1  Sicca  wcijM  =  1T9  Tm. 
•^J      or  ti  5-OJ  dii.  »v«4il< 

inOR,ii|:p, 

-  1  T"hh. 

1:  1  2  Misni 

0  1  '1  nl.ih. 

IK  Annls 

«=  1  T0I.1I1 

I6lil.4llullia 

•=  1  M'lliur. 

l.'i-2S  M.-^.via 

=  1  .M'llmr. 

17  Anm, 

=  1  Mnhur. 

Till-  iol.\h  h  equal 

toM4-.i?8!!rvTri.y. 

Liquid  AUaiun. 

5  Sicca  «et|;ht 

-  1  Chitlirk. 

4  Cluitiit  ka 

^  1  rui':\li,  or  pice 

■1   l'<»IUlil 

«=  1  Sior. 

40  '■nrj 

c=  1  Viiind. 

SSrera 

=  1  ruRMR-f,  or  mnnm 

8  Measurea 

n^  1  HAZ<ar  uiauiid. 

GrttMi  Mtaniru 

4  Khaniika 

,=  1  Riik. 

4Riik, 

.=  1  rallir  =  8-0Slb«.IKirt. 

20  I'll  1  in 

n  1  .S»alll,^ 

Ibboallica 

-  IKlialioon-MbiBi 

Oniti^H'Tliobmilik  i 


l|CM«t> 


||W« 

htarilla 
llCtoiila 
||IW> 


OMi 


Cdnuinreltl  Welghta  am 

1 1        Cmwreial  Meaiuita, 

UnBalurodancilliea 
nuehairflOrelly 

►SlwiloflOOatiiM 
(oiotolaln'   •       - 

....btiurmsiind  • 

jrtj-unlfofWniaun'li 

tenhituonJo' 76  "!>■»• 

:_. 0(21.11110 

t^\c»  mm\  n(  100  pooll 
tfoipnul'f  imcalllea    • 
Cx.'i.Dcioil)  of  Wnniindi 
t«!wB  Uuwr  Cindy      • 
SinoJyiiHlnnunJi    , 
Mtwl.^n  lativ  nf  8  cipim 
Uilninalrof'IOniaundi 
llilra\b!l«rrf  3p«uli 
»<!ab<h'r»f  liffU'l'     ■ 
>(*atCii:'>m-h'>n*e  nnuml 
KmtindrnfTnnralii 
fiOHlljrntlSOvil 

H,iM|wiil-f  I'Ocalliot 

^tintuDl  of  40icen 

•*  Putta  tniund 

r.KlKny  andy  nf  20  maunda 


iM*j,Bii»Wnw.— The  [ 
ga«ko/  Bengal.— TM* 

jjlo  500  slurea'of  10,000  s 
(hirfjarenow  at  a  priMii 
iiiinl"ii  hy  Kovnrnment,  a 
n«!ecrel«ry  to  gnvernin 
biiier,aretlieeii)//ici«Kn\ 
hiiil.  This  hank  pnascsn 
Bvelieen.   its  niilfls  are 
iilllliedlstrictB  below  I: 
ifcru  very  brffe  and  the' 
Hmlile  slijreholrters,  too, 
llfllhereof ;  anil  It  enjoys, 
ut iisefiilneKs  which,  wit 
lainlyatieiitleil  it. 
1.  the  BDVcrnment  reqi 
►■ciirily  fur  tlie  notes  recii 
Ibrf,  llicir  means  npplica 
lialfoniminiily,  were  crif 
1  8.  Byllieir  charier,  the) 
liiwoiliirdsof  paper,— ii 
i?li  in  th'ir  "Irons  liov. 
I J  Tli'irriilps  for  cranll 
IvoiWair.ilicalloiii'  to  tin 
VinflhelisiiBal  Bank  v 
|oiii|wiiy'9  papor.    In  ISv 
fllie  Eiverniuenl,  nccas 
hwrlnCilcmtadid  noti 
kWamiTOIaca. 
jTiieincniivtMiii'nce  of  tl 
P'lKTalinn:  and  we  iini 
pecie lob?  reduced  to  a  fi 
Swy;  and  greater  facilill 
y**  soon  as  lliLs  a!!;;raiin 
(I'lf  mnncvm-irket  in  C 
[Tk'  Ihiiin  Bnni-.— This 
"    psisliiii;  ill  RenL'nl; 
"'i-filiiiths  fiiriiier  I'dili 
Jfili'Tnion  naak  is  50  la 
|ec(iininiinity.    lis  noti'i 
r}'i  lieinj  received  at  ll 
pSiusiitwastolillnpih 
fii'' nf  ll"ngal  by  its  clini 
Kn  iii  nnies  nut  being  jj 
pi'il  lhnl(  may,  in  some 
f  1llvmlrileeslallllshllll■ 
l'»ofCalclltla;  its  t 
liaiii?foniinerciiil  credit  i 
ITit' rules  (if  (|i«|.oiiiii  va 
into|,vpr,..,it|iiei;nioii 
Vol.  I._Z 


Sic.  rup.  Ai.  S: 

c 

10 

0    t 

1 

0    t 

— 

S3 

1    1 

B 

U 

n  1 

C: 

0 

u  t 

r- 

3 

i  < 

SI 

100 

O    0 

=: 

i 

4    t 

= 

■i 

li    0 

= 

10 

0    1 

=•■ 

t 

4    t 

r: 

1 

0    t 

r= 

»] 

1  ( 

CALCUTTA. 


366 


I(4,.l»«l<ll»  '.'iCotlA. 


■  iHttli 


.  1  CotlJ... 

m  I  KajiiihiUtuMtcn. 

m  1  Anfulli. 

.9  I  Uhsriah. 

■i  I  lUul  or  cubll  -  II  lochM. 

m  I  (iiui  •  I  ytrd. 


Lmt  Mnnm, 

'  ^yi,r,r "  ^"*  [- """«"• 

■  '    -  o  1  Hand. 

M  1  Sinn. 
••  I  Cubit,  nrimiB  IS  i 

(  I  C(«  3  I  mile  I  rurloff  • 

Fa  Ooodi  rtdumti  ly  Talt. 
«  t  GuiiJa. 


4  Fiiisnt 

3  lUiHit 

ISIMU 

4  t'ublM 
1,000  TtthauH. 


t  Pwtlrulira  —  ■  ..»....- 

4  GuiiiUi,nr20  particuUn  •  I  Kuorjt,  or  I  corgai 


L  ....n'lil  Weiihtt  and  Meainrca  of  Indii,  with  their  equlvnlonts  in  Enaliih  Avoirdupois,  Bcnfal 
I C«w»«""  "'  •  Factory,  MadrRii,  and  Bniiilmy  Weiglits. 


[     "  CommereiM  MeuurM,  »c. 

Avolrilupnii. 

BetiKjl  Faclury. 

Madru. 

Dunibay. 



U». 

m. 

dr. 

Md$. 

S. 

C*. 

*f.yj. 

y,: 

Pol. 

y.,U.    S.    Pict. 

liin»tl»lro'*' "'""1* 

K«"i°"«'«"'"     •    •    • 

lawloiUlnr   • 

S.iKirtoT"'"''"!'          .... 
C:ibiiurni«unil          '      *      '      ' 
jfTii:  mil  »'*•"»""■'• 
h«nhiinaiKlo("6Mll;M 
of  it  .lull 

4U 

tm 

MO 
I3i 
MO 

« 
0 
0 
10 
0 

13 
0 
0 
0 
0 

23 
37 
20 
32 
30 

13 
137 

0 
10 

0 

16 
8 

2i 
5 

22 

7 

e 

3 
3 
3 

19 
16 
8 
16 

8 

15      4        27 
7    34         0-t 

20      0         0 
4    33        2i-4 

20      0         0 

74 
82 

10 

3 

10-7 
81 

0 

4 

0 
0 

2 
3 

7 
3 

3.V7 
ll'3 

2    26       30 
2    37       10 

SflO 

go 

in 

0 

4 
8 

0 
0 
0 

20 
8 
lii 

0 

56 

43 

22 
3 

1 

3 

4 
1 

8 
3J'2 

4-8 

20     0         0 
3      8        279 
1      0        2I'4 

WnimMwIrf  lOOpo"!'         •       •       • 
C*«p»iiufj™calii«i    •       .       .       . 
C»hintii»lyo(l!Onnuiiili         .       .       . 
jabwi  baur  nnity      .... 
6«noJriir2)ni»ui«)«    .          ... 
(«ttrrl™lalnrnf  SciplW 
)UinmivlTot»maujia»         .       .       . 
WraibibvnOiifcuU           .       .       . 
tWhil)tlpr((f  ISfrU'Is     .       •        ■       . 

30 
133 
543 
7 
495 
4St 
500 

0 
5 
8 
8 
0 
5 
0 

0 

5-3 

0 

0 

0 

63 

0 

Id 

31 

II 

4 

11 

20 

29 

0 

2'6 

0 

2-» 

0 

0 

1 
5 

21 
0 
19 
19 
20 

3 
5 
3 

6 
3 
0 

24 
2!i 
SII'S 
16 
16 
li 
0 

1      2        2>'7 
4    30        I4'3 
19     16        129 
0     10       Sl'4 
17    27         4-3 
17     13        10 
17    34          «-6 

405 
4iO 

0 
0 

0 
0 

16 
0 

15 

16 
IB 

1 

0 

24 
0 

14     18        171 
16      2        257 

lliKitCiiliin'h'tute  nnuna 

B 

12 

0 

4 

II 

0 

3 

32 

0     12        15 

Mmnwivnf  Tniiralu 

MO 

0 

0 

20 

0 

ii 

3 

8 

20      0         0 

PsiHi»lri(IMv!i           .... 
N..t|«in-f '.;<)MlllM          •       •       • 
btnimiuiil  of  40ieen      .... 

500 

0 

0 

29 

0 

20 

0 

0 

17    31          8-6 

133 

5 

5-3 

31 

6 

6 

3 

20 

4    30        143 

37 

6 

6'3 

0 

20 

0 

1 

3 

379 

1     13        10 

u— Pucniiniund                       .       . 

74 

10 

107 

1 

0 

0 

2 

7 

3V7 

2    26       20 

klKbrny  andf  o(  20  miondi  . 

600 

0 

0 

» 

0 

2 

24 

0 

0 

31     17         4  3 

ft«*«, Bmillinir  — The  paper  currency  of  Caicntta  is  supplied  by  the  following  banks  :  — 
Sink  of  Benfttl.—'TMfi  is  the  only  bnnl(  in  Ciilciittatlint  has  n  charter.  Its  caplliil  is  .'^0  lues,  divided 
JtloSOOiiliareaof  lO.OOOsicca  rupees  each,  nfwlilrh  the  East  India  Company  hold  100  shares.  Tho 
fiiri'iiirennwat  a  premium  of  5,000  to  0,000  rupees.  It  is  managed  hy  nine  directors;  three  np- 
mnHil  by  uovnrnment,  and  six  elected  hy  the  proprietors  :  time  of  service,  for  the  latter,  ttiree  years, 
hesecretary  to  (tiiverninent  in  the  flnanciiii  department,  the  ii.:countant-peneriii,  and  llie  suli'-trea- 
liiter,iiri!tliee.t  »//ici»  Rovernmont  directors.  Tlie  hank  secrei'ry  and  treasurer  is  also  a  civil  ser- 
Itint.  Tills  iiank  possesses  peculiar  advantages,  hut  has  not  iictn  so  useful  to  the  puldic  us  it  nil;;lit 
lavelieen.  Its  nntes  are  received  at  all  the  public  offices,  in  pay  ncnt  of  revenue,  liy  llie  ciillectors 
Jill  the  (ilslrlcis  lielnw  Benares;  and,  cnnsoquenlly,  its  circul:itio  i.  nveraainj;  80  to  100  lars,  exteiidf 
Crfrivorylarjieundtlie  wealthiest  purl  ion  of  our  Indian  territory  The  povernmont  hciiii;8Uchconsi- 
HmUe  sliirehnlders,  too,  it  is  Reiierully  supposed  liy  the  natives  tl  it  the  Ilensal  Bank  is  part  and  par- 
Itrlikrcnf;  ami  It  enjoys,  therefore,  tlio  same  credit.  But  ntiier  c  cunislances  liavc  operated  against 
Ue iiseftilnefs  which,  with  tile  advantages  alluded  to,  it  might  iiu  ve  been  supposed  would  have  ccr- 
Uinlyalteiiflcd  it. 
1.  the  Bovornment  required  a  deposit  in  their  treasury  of  20  lacs  of  rupees  in  Company's  paper,  as 
fdirily  for  the  notes  received  at  tlie  piildic  otHces  and  the  district  treasuries.  To  tiiis  extent,  tliere- 
Jbrr,  ilieir  means  applicable  to  commercial  purposes,  or  rather  tu  tiie  assistance  of  the  cnnuner- 
lljlminmiiiiily,  were  crippled. 

1  2.  Dyllieir  charter,  they  were  required  to  issue  their  notes  in  the  proportion  of  one  third  of  specie 
Biwolliirdaof  piiper,— ill  otiier  words,  for  every  90  rupees  of  notes  issued,  tliey  kept  30  rupees  of 
It'll inih'ir strong  Im.v. 

J  J  Tli'ir  rules  for  craiilin?  accommodation  on  personal  credit  were  so  severe,  that  the  public  rather 
lv'iilnla|i;>i|raiini>!<  tntlieni,  if  they  could  obtain  discounts  elsewhere;  and,  consi-quently,  tlie  husi- 
Vs'if  ihe H^nsai  Hank  was  oiiiiost  entirely  conflned  to  tlio  granting  of  loiins  on  tlie  security  of  the 
|iiii|i;iiiy'9  pap-r.  In  1821),  1827,  ami  18a8,"when  tlie  Burmese  war,  and  tli"  fiiianci.il  arraiigeinenta 
Tfllie  Biveriiinent,  occasioned  a  preat  demand  for  money,  the  nmonnt  nf  (ii.acoiints  of  mercantilB 
Bwrin  (Mriitia  did  not  e.xceed  lOor  12  iaca  or  rupees,  whilst  loans  secured  by  Company's  papt,  rose 
bi<"l.inii;01aci. 

|Tiieinfiinvoiiii'nce  of  this  system  having  been  felt,  the  government  of  Calcutta  has  recommended 
nsltmtion:  and  we  iinci"rsland  the  capital  is  to  he  iiicreiised  to  75  lacs;  tlie  proportion  of  a  tliird 
peeittoberiMiiiced  to  a  fourtii ;  the  deposit  of  20  la.s  of  Company's  pap'r  at  the  treasury  to  he  done 
iviyi  ami  jreater  liicililies  to  ho  uflordcil  to  the  merc'iintiii'  coiimiuiiity  in  ubtaininL'  aciommoiiatinn. 
l.\;!0(inas  this  a!!L;iation  is  carried  into  elfect,  there  will  unqnestionabiygie  a  great  iniprovcniont 
liliemnney  market  in  Calcutta. 

tVi'  f/m'oii  Bail*.— This  estaldishment  was  founded  in  1S29.  It  in  the  only  private  bank  at  present 
pVi)  existitic  ill  RetiL'ai ;  for  the  Bank  of  llindostan,  the  Commercial  Bank",  ami  the  Calcutta  Bunk, 
f'iml  In  Hie  f  inner  editioti  of  this  work,  have  nil,  though  srivent,  bei'u  discontinued.  The  CTpiial 
jflfci^ninn  naak  is  50  lacs  of  rupees,  rtnisisling  of  l.OOOshares  of  5,000  eacli,  Iwld  hy  nil  classes  of 
Itmiiiitiiitiily.  lis  notes  circulate  only  in  Calcutta  and  ils  imniivdiale  neiglihoiirli.iod  ;  no  pr'vate 
ri'i  Iwinj  received  at  (lie  cnllectors' treasuries  in  llie  provinces.  Tiie  ninin  oliject  of  tins  i'.«ta- 
fciiiiifiit  was  to  till  lip  the  space  in  the  money  market,  occasioned  by  the  restrii'li.ins  inipor-ed  on  tlic 
"lilt iif  Hniigal  hv  its  clmrter;  but  it  has  not  yet  lieeu  iilile toetfect  its  iiiii'iiliiins  to  llwir  full  extent, 
»nis  notes  nut  being  genernliy  ciri'iilated  ;' and  it  is  possible  that  Ihi.'  priipns^d  allerations  in  the 
pal  lliiik  may,  in  some  measure,  limit  its  operations  Tliere  is  no  donlit,  Innvever,  liiit  that  it  will 
liliviiuriieiwtablishmeut ;  and  slionld  iiolitain  a  charter,  it  will  prohalily  get  most  of  the  banking 
lffli»!«of  Calcimii;  jiB  rules  iieing  well  adapted  for  facilitating  commercial  transactions,  and  sus- 
•wiiUfoimnerciiii  credit  and  confidence. 

ITlis  tales  of  dNcdiirii  vary,  friiin  time  to  time,  will)  tlie  state  of  the  monev  market.  Tlie  last  ratci 
•"W  wrs.  at  ihu  Union  Bank,  0  per  cent,  per  annum  on  notes  at  3  mouths,  5  ditto,  at  2  ditto  ;  1 
|*oi„I.— Z  34 


■i:l 


iM 


'i 


J.I 


»;l 


i>  r    <- 


•1=1  "SI 


;i  ■]  :■;' 


i  i;i, 


1  .  I 


■.I 


in 


;!■! 


!    ;ti 


■  \r 


■ '  i 

1 

[i  '•  f 

1 

'i 

fl'  i  1 

;• 

if! 

tM 


CALCUTTA. 


i     i   \ 


F\ 


¥;!:h,: 


;jf'aft^    ; 


ditto,  (It  I  Hlttn!  the  Hunk  of  B-^mI,  illnroiiiit  on  privnto  lilIM  nt  1  monthii,  ti  ;ier  tent  Mr  iinin 
dtttii  Kdvcniiiii'ill  hillii^,  ditto,  A  dlnoj  lntcri'iit  on  louiis,  on  ilepomt,  ditto,  ,'i  ditto.  ^"1 

'ilii>    ilittil    j>>  lilt  rfii>liiil     tttr    IIki    Itiiliiiii     ifi  iL-iifiilllimf      11(1   tliii   in....^li..       >     .  I 


luvfcui  tin  iiuf    riALfluqiiiT   Ifiiin  ,   iiiiu  lliu  a 

April,  IsaU,  wua  a*  l(dlu\Ys  ;  tor  Uuiii,'ul. 

Stuli'iiiunl  of  tlio  Amount  HtandiiiR  on  tlii;  itnnprni  Re^intern'f  the  PreBldency  of  UcnBul,  ^n  i|i|K.q, 

of  Europuann  and  Niitlveit.  ^  I 


Dubt. 


A  per  cent,  loan  of  1829 


IM« 

i8ttt>-;to 

18-Jl-2.'i 
18<Jt)-'i<i 


Slci'ii  r'ipeea 


Europeuni. 

Nntlvca. 

Sicca  rnpHi'S. 

SItcii  rnp«i'i<. 

T(i:i,  l.'ti.ilK) 

•l;f.0t),7(i(l 

TthiiNT.MiO 

S<)(),:(ti,7(jo 

S.T2,7l,>(IO 

■10-',71t„MI0 

lU.Al.TlK) 

7,oi,:;oo 

3.ia,(lllO 

6,^fi,'J00 

B,63,lHHJ 

5,«4,ll)0 

1,975,34,100 

077,50,rino 

Total     1 1 

*■  i'ii  nipffi 
W7,15,4w 

•ti,33,ni« 
«,11S,'» 

is,4:,:iio 

a,6i2,()3,iK)0 


Th. 


!  0  per  rent,  loiui  of  1S29  is  irrcrteoniulili!  onlll  tlin  pxpirntlon  of  the  Tonipnoy's  prMcnt ch>ii»t  i 
and  llhii  1''  irionllm'  ndice  to  be  (linn  pn^viiMi^ly  to  diHCliiirue  :  lhi(  iiilorenl  on  tiiia  Lin  it  .iniiul 
eilhwr  liall-yriir'v  in  India,  or.  If  Hit'  .iroprintor  In!  ri'sidcnt  in  Knrope.  ho  linn  the  oiiilon.nsaii'aiwl 
of  right,  of  di  iiiiiidiiiK  ii  hill  upon  the  "onrt  of  ilirt'iiorH  fur  the  intiTcst,  piiyiihlu  at  la  iiionllw' jli, 
nt  'in.  III.  llui  ^i(■r!^  rnpcp.  The  .'i  pt'r  cciif  l^nn  it  I  vj;)  v\n«  not  paynhle.  In  any  part,  until  aftonht 
3 1. It  of  Marili,  If^ij,  and  tlii'ii  only  ti  i  ruro  in  anj  n'  year,  afliir  dO  dajx'  noiirp  ;  the  Interest  ii  pat.  I 
ahli-  n|Hin  the  name  ti'misuH  that  on  lli>'  Ii  pi'r  vent.  Ii  an,  witli  thiii  iiii|Mirtant  dill'eroiice,  tlii.t  tlieiiri. 
vih'ffewlii'  li  llit^r.  aidi'iits  in  Eiiropc  possess  of  rcii-ivi'iK  iiitfrcst  in  r.nKland  lielonijs  usofrlijlitioilu 
lloliliTs  (il  'I  lipirci.'iit.  loan,  niid  is  only  cnjoyi'd  hy  ilii-  holders  of  tliU  Inaii  Jurinir  tht  flmmii\ 
tile  lii'iiiM  iiliorilics.  Of  llic  5  per  cent,  loan  of  IBSJ,  no  part  was  disclmrgealile  lillnfler  IlieSOlbf  I 
April,  ISt'J,  and  then  prrvmiifi  iiolit'e  of  3  innii'lis  to  he  Kiven  ;  the  intercHl  npon  thin  l<iHn  i«|iaiiU|| 
to  all  the  holders,  whether  resident  in  Kiirapi-  or  not,  either  in  cash  In  India,  or  hy  billit  ii|jiin  Liiiliirf  I 
at  2.V.  Hie  rupee.  In  Ihiii  case,  also,  the  oplion  of  reniillance  to  Knuland  may  he  witlidrnwiiliyilijl 
home  antlioritii'S  at  plfasiire.  Of  the  two  1  per  rent,  loans,  no  part  of  the  tirst  wns  dijihiirwiilildilll 
after  the  ;i(llli  of  April,  IhtllO,  tior  of  the  second  till  the  .lUth  of  April,  1832;  and.  In  bellnawii.'iirivKnil 
notii  e  of  3  ininillis  to  be  Riven.  From  the  fnvonrabie  coinlltioiiHof  tlieO  per  cent,  biiiii,  il  Iu8,(>f|ii(| 
yi^ars,  home  a  preniinm  of  from  30  to  40  per  cent.  The  5  per  cent,  loana  have  (leiieraily  liorne a  pre.  I 
niiiiin  of  uliout  S  percent.;  and  even  the  4  per  cent,  ceciirities  have  been  at  little  more  thiiii  anc>niiiill 
discr.niit.  We  have  been  thus  particular  In  descrilnng  tlie  nature  of  the  Indian  nntimial  liiii(l«,lirtig>il 
In  II  country  whiire  Eiirop  !\iis  have  been  hitlnrlo  precluded  from  holdinp  propiirly  in  hind  btjuiiiliiil 
narrow  boundarieii  of  the  principal  cilieti,  am!  where  the  principal  holders  rusidu  in  Europe,  tlieylu  <| 
been  Justly  considered  as  a  very  desirable  iiecurity. 

/'i7(rf(i^(.— Tlie  ii.i\iAAtiuii  of  (lie  rivtr  Uoontily  fmni  Uie  S.iiu1 
HfAiU  lo  tnlc)  1U,  A  di»lanc«  ot  «l>oul  K'vl  niili^,  is  naturally  (tan- 
geniiis  .ui't  iiitricaic;  but  riT..'5reJ  cri  i>ara'ivtly  ut'e  ty  a  sliillul 
and  rxcellt'iit,  though  vcrv  o»tl/  jM.pt  cT,liil.ljiluiirnt.  1  liis  cnii-'>i»ls 
f>f  twelve  vtfiMli,  t-ritig  b'ri  r  T  l.vt  \rpii  150  anil  2L0  torn  burtlieii, 
cap.alilR  uf  uiaiiilaiiiinf  tli^  .'  a'a'jiir.s  ill  Uie  moat  Loisltruus  leaMiu, 

Ti' '''.'  of  Kates  of  full  inin  broken  Pilotage,  charpenlile  to  Ships  and  VesselB  inward  anil  oulwarilof| 

the  lliver  lliioghly. 


Mhlch  r>ti>n<l9  fmm  April  to  October  Incluiive;  13  Imth  (ik<ti|l 
iiiastera,  24  lirtit  i]iattt<l2'l  ircuhd  malt-s,  aiKJ  l>ei»ttn*0}]>i!0»| 
luulfers.  t:)Ch  (jraiicii  [lilct  has  a  salary  of  T0(.  a  n.oij'h:tj^l 
tliasler  271.  :  firat  iii.-ops  I.V. ;  and  sciond'nialpi  ami  tnluolMiil 
each.    Ilie  fullowing  table  ealiibila  the  rutea  of  |)il(itase: 


Di.  ufiit  of 
Wjltr. 

fuK  F'llolaiie 
'i,  Hard. 

J^  Milinnal 
l'ilotai!B 
oulwarJ. 

Inward  Froporlion. 

Outward  Prepcrlitii. 

Feft. 

I.. 

i. 

From  Sea. 

From  Cilcutli. 

9tu  10 

10 

■, 

To  Saujor 

4  I2tlii 

To  Moyapore  or  Fulta 

iifli 

10      II 

12 

l            t 

To  Kct.'s'Te« 

6  lit  1,1 

To  Fulta  harbour        -      • 

]!.>!■ 

tl       12 

14 

To  Cnl|*e 

8  12lha 

To  CuliKte            •      •      ■ 
To  KiJijerM        •      •     • 

(IJ-k 

13      13 

16 

Tn  Culpee  harlmur 

9  I2lha 

tia 

13      14 

18 

1 

Tu  Fulia,  or  Mnyauore    • 
TQCalcuttl^full|>llala(g 

10  I2tlii 

To  Simnr            •      •     • 

HI.'':! 

14      IS 

21 

\           « 

To  ika,  full  pilolas& 

13      16 

^■i 

1 

16      17 

30 

1 

17      18 

3S 

)■           4 

18      19 

40 

. 

F       '                                       ■                 " 

19      20 

4S 

1 

20      21 

M 

1           ' 

21      22 

65 

22     23 

60 

J 



A'"/c.— A"l  forcik^n  e-aela  pay  llic  tame  piii.'aare  as  thiwe  uni'tT 
Bri*i?.li  rol'.ura.  Hy  bnikfii  pilotife  ia  niiwijl  the  itropnrllon  of  full 
pi!ot3«e  l.-twtvn  the  ditTefLnl  atanea  nr  jtl icei  of  aiichoraije.  AM 
aljps,  the  property  of  foreiKneil,  aa  well  Asiatic  as  Ruropcan,  are 
f  uhject  lo  the  rharge  tenne<l  "lead  money}"  it  tieinif  indiaiwiiaably 
neceasary  that  the  pilot  ahould  have  with  him  aleaUanian  m  \^btiiu 
he  can  CO  .fide. 


Detention  money,  at  the  rate  of  4].  per  diem, .'rom  Bn'.ihHfl 
fnrriKH  vea«els,  is  cbarReil  b^  pera-Mia  of  the  pilot  scrTi«k(^«| 
board  ships  at  aticlioi  bv  deaireof  the  cf^niniaiiFltTorowwt.       I 

In  the  river  before  Calcnila,  and  in  oll.cr  latla,  llmt  littM| 
iiiuoriiiga,  of  which  the  chart(ea  are  aa  fuUuw  t 


BiiHhra  of  Ships. 


500  t  >na  and  npwardf 
L'ndt  r  300  tona 


April  to  October,  7  mnnitia. 


Per  diem 
Dillo 


L.  t.  a. 

0     16    0 
0    14    0 


Noveniber  tn  March.  5  n<.fithi 


Per  diem 
Ditto 


;,  ..  I. 

0  li  0 
0  10  t 


Hire  of  the  chain  nioorines  at  Diamond  Harbour,  II.  per  diem.  |  blishwl  rale  pi  r  dicm  for  every  day  exceehng  'J-  Tl^'  *f,JI 
Tl.elowi-al  rharsu  to  a  ship  reipiirinn  the  arC"n:iiiodalion  of  Hie  |  Iranspi.ilMiKa  ship  fr<nn  her  nioonnn  iiiloaiivof  tw  "<i"  "■ 
chain  mnnnnpi  at  cilhtr  of  Ihc  placm  atme  mentioned,  ia  for  10  der|Kife.  Hi.wrab,  orSiilkra,  or  fmm  anyof  the  itolirinr™! 
lays}  aud  uain;  Ibeiu  'onjer,  a  further  charge  is  made  at  the  eala- 1  ins*,  "  1'""^  »<  ^  rupeta;  and  no  hinber  cliarge lur  vo.  mnai 


l^kried.  llnHfl  piloblf .  ""T 

I  Jin.  wllnatciMiijaiii)'  b«r|  vil 

l^ilrxiiidrlaa,  IVi  and  .if  Ibe 

I  u/.klue  lua  !«"  <  "led  at  Ke 

I  kaa  ir  AuMiv  I  A'C  »  "'  'ha 

I  iMpmeliE'.  u  Cilcuila  mnal  li 

lto<«ilii»'  Mliyipire  I  [lie  ch. 

ll,l(«M' ■•«.    Tlk  whole  pi 

«,  .1  jiiioii   ihr  lb«nhly  laun 

!•  ,  ml  il  ilir  f  wl  'ly  a  lusrino 

iji'irVurmntrr. 

!>■'  inxnnl  <lr>  <<<t*^  >t  C- 

Imnailtfl'UillA'rbH '*'<'•  ^^*\ 
I  lwJ«o!'ilil)f  to  Ihnae  coiiaTUitetl  n 
|bw*"t  '*"'t  always  nf  the  infi 
IBri.uUtlwIliioir.tiprerw'ir^*,  J 
I  liT >i I'l'QAlwtl  aliiuMi  entirely  i.^int 
I  Ii  1^  'Iw  ouiuber  of  ir,(iatcred 
I  fL.^  A  "11  ItO,  if  the  burthen  of  I 
I ,(  lS  III  3r0 1^  for  each.  The  I  an 
I  |Vt^'<  ■ '  u'  'hiM  (Irtivinf  ao  niiicli 
Ib<  '  V  Hfwunly.  Nut  Uili^  ah 
1 1*  r  "  FTcrivf  pirl  of  their  cari(o 
Is  itirkrilnffn  the  river.  The 
I  tn.ri^sKii  Calcutta,  and  Cun>|H 

I  Mt^  t^.-At  Calcutta  there  ai 
I  tl  JV  fiv  Ibe  ita,  and  t  he  oilier  for 

lliiri  of  Duty  clinriteahle 

Eiimiv.anii  the  United  ^ 
PrefiJency  of  Fort  Willi 


U  Qxdi,  thi  hahut  or  Manvfa 


!l.  Fiiilioa  and  eoio 
tHriM 
1  MiniM  atirr* 
iXriali,  irn>ughl   and 
uownujtit 
S,  0|iium  ■ 

t  Prsdousstcnea  and  pearia 
ISill     • 
t  Spirituotu  liquors 

|.T(jBf(0 

11  WllfS 
11,  nvolltni 
Ahiiiclesnotiiirluli'l  ] 

in  the  at»re 

itemi 

HCtalillit  Pndua  of  fnreiKn  f. 
vf  Amai 


itiiiclulpl  > 
re  eleven  > 


24  rs 

W 
f 

3n. 
t<2 

iwi 

10  pr 

4  am 

of 

pri 

10  pe 

F 

21-2 


t.  .tmrk  at  a  filed  vatua. ) 
to:i  of  30!.  per  cask  J 

Cf  l^HjS'llllS  .) 

p.  'xm  and  coin 
i  Horses  •         . 

tilpain  .  .J 

iPntiwjitOiii  and  pearls 

tSilt        •         .        .5 


10  pe 


f2 

pel 

10  pt 

4  aijt 

of 

.„!"■' 


♦  This  partiality  to  the  government  bills  is  objected  to.    The  Union  Bank  makei<  no  dislintlini. 


■  7,  Sfiritl     ■         • 

ItiTL^acci'   •         •        ,3 

IllVira      . 

Ill  ircira  not  Included  J 
in  t):r  above  nine  iteuta  { 

|M.  ttmfi.lVft'odufenr  .\fiimif:u 
[hM  Umidom,  Fmirn  Eur 

iuaica. 

I.  A'lipice         •         . 
llA'.«»oad      •         • 
1 1  Alhh      .      . 
Il..(li.'ia      .      . 
I  i.  An-t-'ir^ria 
J  i  Amck,  aatavii 

I  ■  A-racli.  from  foreign  } 

I  ftri'.irid  ill  Asia        .  ] 

I I  *-i,ic,  nhitc  red,  or  ) 
I     fl'i"  .( 

J I  .(H'llHl         .  . ' 

|HAalri«l,orinorind»  . 
I  ''''»■'•  tiialai,  or  roaariea 

■  lill"tlml(fualnnia) 

■  l>i'li(lfiHDdutv) 

■  11.  BrDijmin,nrliiban 

■  ll-Bnnfiv,  ftnni  foreien  > 
I  trrritnrira  in  A'ia  .  ( 
I  *  I'M.  "rough!  anil  un.) 
I       wttiu^ht       .  .  I 

■  16.  Brimi'onr 

lii.  BiTOjf,  iBi)  cDlbroi- ) 
I       'frel  px.l)  .  J 

l»  n  i'"'  "  niyf'lalan 
|«  J-.«™'"r8a|'anivo<Kl 
■J).  Bi;.l«iiilmi„ 

1*^  Uuiptiire 


:ope 

7  1-2 
7  1-2 
10 

712 
M  s,i 

le 
30  sa 

|p 

10  pe 

10 

7  1.2 
712 
7  12 
.■i 
7  1.2 

30 

10 

10 

7  12 

10 

7  1.2 
F 
7  1.2 
10 

2l»i 

.  3l.'!i 

.  Slili 


ieni,  'rnm  BnMh  "i  I 

..iliT  or  owi*r. 
]arij,ilimirnbal 


0  \i  > 
0  10  ( 


CALCUTTA. 


307 


.  I   •_u« njlnliw  MffT  iMl'  I"  rti»r»i"iMf  »llh  ih»  h'tn  I  li  wlih  ilw  (Inl nnljr.    TTw  fipnrt  >m(  lirnnrl  .IciIIbi  Jiid  dmwturrt 

l*^'  i^Tmiii  «in»h"i  •'«■  ("r»  l"rtl  ""lif  O"'  '!■'•"■  ^"'i   I  »"■  rmuUlr.l  l.y  m  iinlinJii.t  lit  llir  jrar  IhA'H'l  •"  lh«  "ind  ft* 

^,n<l>wi"«       I     '  |,,f  III,  ihinl  cl.iM,  Mi.    IK  hli-  v>n«  fvcry  pnrl  iimlrrihe  J>ivrrnriinil  ul  Bfiifil  i  or,  Ji  II  li  IH'hi.ii;>ll» 

'*'"    k    linTwiBi  •<  K(>il«i-ric.  (i>r  wlilrh  lh«  rliirito  "ii  kiIIihI,  ih«  Priiii.liiif)f  of  Foil  Williniii,    llw  tnrilf  li  rcdilii.-.!  I,f 

KTu^^^'  «'C<  »  •'  "h*  '•"  "'  •■^  M"  "!"  i''!- ,»"'"""•     ■' ''•■'-  - 

^  llliB.  1 1  Vtlmnt  muil  IhjbI  Ihfir  run|»»»Jrr  >i  llix  iw*- 
*"'r^  >i(.fP"r«  1  ll>«  '■''•"«•  '•«>  "'•  «'"  "'  '  '•■"■  •'", 
T  -Z'  .("  Till  *Mt  plliit  r.ial.inhninil  lal  IIk  can-  .f 
H'.'Si.    ili'  n'"'<hly  l>  uniler  the  nuinn.ii.fiil  u(  icnv'Tii- 

IV  J  JVM  )     I  '  ^  ..',.:„„  lu^snl    with  ■  niutar  atlriulBUt 


l^„*«mwr.        1^^  ^1  n,|f,iii,,  in  which  vu,\n  of  iny 
Lt-Kurr^-rJ.    «h.i..  buih  .1  I'akuita,  .„..  of  Inie- 


■  ■•ihitht  built  W*t*-   ■-'      —  '    „         .  #  .L 

■•|  „hTiti«lbnMMiikn»tl«  ii  ftmiUy,  in  cimMrquenco  of  the 
Kuu  .f«U.i«,  upFf r  «  "r «*,  »i*'l  ''wki,  nlone,  of  iHk ;  w  hi.  i. 
I,  HH,  t!ie  DUiiitwr  nf  rvjcuteml^  ihij*  belon|ciiiic  In  the  port  i.f 


f  i-ii  190.  n(  llic  burthen  r.f  41.36H  I'lini  l^finiC  »l  *i»  *viraM 
K^JsTOtnuVfor  each.  The  Urctet  cl.t*.  of  vwwl.  cany  ncyly 
IVi'  l«i'hiH'l«wi"^wmucliwtitirfcr«uuh(  for  (be  Mvi«a- 


lb* 


IIM 


ir'  1.  ftceivi  U"l  of  'heir  car^n  at  l)i*n»oml  Harbour,  ab.nil  34 
1  ^.r'hff  Jown  itw  rivw.    The  nio«t  convBiiiMit  iiitd  ibip  fw 
ditM  Ctlculta,  and  Eun-i*,  ifid  America,  -  *""'  -'««  •" 


I  frum  300  tu 


ftiiA*f -At  Calcutta  there  are  two  fliitinct  Cuitom.h<iii«rt ; 
I  j,j^fofVheRi,*iiJ  thu  olher  fjr  'ho  inlind  dutiea.    Our  buiineai 


UiriD  aita-tluin,  tuiitiff  rcti>ertivrlir  Itm  ntn  nf  <liiiy  cltaritt'aMn  n  , 
K<H>:[i  iiiit>urlii>l  by  H>.i.  th«  (IrnwlMi  rn  illniteil  on  rf^f  >|>nrtii,  nnd  tb* 
r.itf^  lit  fluty  thart^t-able  aiut  (Iraubat-ktallownl  oh  •i(xirtfiil  artirlr* 
I"  iii«  the  iipMbice  ami  ininnfictiirf  of  Ibe  roniiirv.  Iha  July  on 
xmhtiand  nifrcbaiHltM>  iinportcd  by  ma  ii  iiii|»>M'<)  (ui  mhirritt^nr 
.itrnnliiiit  (o  their  iiiarket  valim  il  Iba  lime  df  inijNir'aiion,  eirvpt 
wl.rti  ntbrrwlM  iprnally  (irovi'li'.l.  'I'bn  valun  or  all  inch  t(i>'*^* 
and  iiierchariUiie  must  Im  ■t.itrd  on  Ih**  lace  nf  ih<*  npiilicadnn  la 
clmr  the  Ktnie  fmiH  rhe  Ciiatnni>hoiise  preirntrd  I  y  the  imtvirtrr, 
niiiiii(nt'fl,  >u-  |ini[irii!tiir  of  lurh  irnod*,  or  htn  Ittxiwii  ir«fil  or  ftrlnr. 
^vtlfl  nui»t  aiihjoin  lo  mkIi  appliratim  a  ileclaraliLo  uf  Iha  truth  i>t 
thr  lanir,  acrorttinc  to  ;i  iii-uacrilN  d  form. 

Thfl  fidlowiiiK  lablr  rnn'aiiia  Ibe  Import  dutlea  on  (rnotln  pn>'ltirf>i| 
or  tiiaiitifacluieu  iti  Ibe  Diiitrd  Klnfil')m,  forritn  Kiin>pr,  (<r  lb* 
I'liilcd  Si^^m.  No  duty  ii  cttatfed  nii  any  arlicle  ibe  jinKliirc  or 
m  iiiufactuie  nf  th<-  cotmtry.  if  ri[>(irlr<t  jti  a  Diilinh  vraMl,  aiul  very 
r.in  ly  when  ex|)ortad  in  a  foreigD  ¥•»•<  I.  The  Itiland  duiin  vaiy 
from  10  to  3  I  9  jier  cent.,  a  drnwhack  of  firo  thiidt  vf  whirh  ia  urn- 
ally  al|r)^*'Bd  when  \hr>  finiclei  on  wbirh  ihi-y  nrf  rhariTB't  arn  t-i' 
uirted  in  Brlliih  vr»»fls  and  of  rmt  third  when  tbey  are  ri|)OTlrd  In 
foretfii  vetscU.  Thr  drawbacln  allowed  ••«>  re-riporiiof  ff-n-i/nar. 
tic*iM  iii)|iurliid  in  British  veveli  vary  f mm  half  lu  Imo  itiinln  and 
three  f.iurilia  of  the  inip'iH  duty;  nn  re-fi|'<irt,  in  a  forf i«n  viiad, 
they  are  couiiiiouly  from  half  loitvo  thtrda  aitd  levnt  cigbtha. 


Iliipiof  Duty  charecablfi  on  Goodd,  the  Produce  or  M'tniifacliiro  nf  tUe  TJniird  llinifdoni,  Foreipn 
I  Eiirn|x>..in(lthe  lliiitftd  Htutes,  imported  by  Uua  intu  Ciilcutta^ur  any  I'ort  ur  Tlucu  belunglng  t  <  Uiq 
Presidency  of  Fort  Wiliiani. 


EcBnirniion  of  GocnU. 


Imported  on  a 
Dnliih  Ibttnni. 


IdtportttI  on  ■ 
I'orvij^n  Ktilioin. 


U  Go:4t,th$  Frcuhut  or  Manvfacturt  of  the  Unitid  Kingdom. 

Trrn, 
Vrtr. 

2  14  pf-cent. 

2  I -a  ditto. 


Ui^llinniodcoio 

I  Mjpm  ilirfi 
iMctili,  wn'Ught  and 
uawroujht 

S.  {^ium  •  •  -f 

iFndouitooei  and  pearls 


T.Silt     • 
iSpirituouillqtion 


Free 
Free 

Frtw 


rr.e 


34  r^.  a  acer  of 
SOai. 
Free 

3  ra.  a  nid.  of 
t<2  sn.  \v|, 
l>Hr  ver 

10  ppi  cent.     • 

4  anna^  a  md, 


aeer  of  > 
,«t.    •} 

I) 

nid.  of  J 
n.  wl.  % 
•er  .) 
M;nt.  • 
i  anna^  a  md. ) 
of  SO  aa.  wl.  ^ 

10  per  rent. 
Free 

2  1-2  per  cent. 


48  rs.  a  teer  of 

eo  M.  w  t. 
Free 
6  rH.  a  innnnd  of 

Hi  sa.  wl,  per 

aifr. 
20ptr  cent. 
S  aniiat  a  nid.  of 

bd  sa.  wU  per 

ater. 
20  per  cent, 
2  1-2  dilto. 

5  ditto. 


■;s 


11  Wart 
II.  W'flllfJ 
ihincleinotitirlul'-l 
in  llw  above  tievrii 

iltrai 

U  Gucdi  iSt  PrDdtia  of  Fnreifn  FAirapt^  or  of  tht  Unittd  Statu 
vf  .imeriia, 

I,  Knti  at  a  fixed  vatu^' 

in  I'f  30t.  per  cask 

o(  i2*i  piil'ini 
iP, '"in  ami  coin 
1 H-IV1 

ti;ani  -  A 

i  Frcijusito:;;i  aoil  pearls 

ISiil        -        -       •) 

I  Spiriti     •         • 

M.lac&'   .         •        .] 

AOir'cIrt  not  inclurled  \ 
in  it:>  above  r>ine  iteuia  \ 


lOpercmt.    - 

Free 
24  r^.  a  icer  of 

Free 

3  n.  a  md.  of 
82  an.  wl. 
per  «iT 

10  per  wnt. 

4  aiiiAi  a  md.  ) 
of  80  aa.  wt.  > 
per  M-er       • ) 

lOperctDt.     • 

5  ditto. 


20  per  cent. 

Frre. 
Free. 
43  n   a  seer  of 
60  M.  wt. 
Free. 
6  r<.  ■■*  Diaund  if 
yZ  sa.  wt.  per 
■eer. 
20  ptT  cfnt. 
S  annaa  a  md.  of 
yo  s.1.  « t.  per 
aeer. 
20  |H:r  cent. 

10  ditto. 


1 3d.  Ciiftii.  tht  produce  nr  yfanufitcturr  of  Placn  o'her  than  the 
i'n:tffl  A'injrfoMi,  Furtign  Eurcftf  or  tha  Uniicd  States  of 
i-iicrm- 


I.  AUtpice  •  • 

I  I  A'. »  wood  • 

I I  Whh     •  < 
I  i.  Mm      •  - 

I  S.  An.^r^rii 

j  G.  Arnck,  Ettavii 

7.  ATick.  from  foreiiin  } 
-  tirl'iviti  in  Asia  • ) 
I  i  A'^-hk,  white,  red,  or  \ 

li!i.  Ai^lMflt.ormorind*  . 

III  M'sDial;)!!, nr roiiriea 
1 12.  B'*cl  nut  (custnnii) 

I    IV"i(tt>wniluiv) 
111.  brniimin,  orli'ian 
IliBnmJy,  finni   f'tre i^n  7 
I       irrtii'Tin  in  A«ia     -  S 

■  !i.Bn»,«mughl  ami  un* ) 
I  »riii;ht  •  •  J 
|lf  R'iiTj'nnf 

I".  Bwilf ,  vii  cmbroi-  ( 
'■^rel  <o(»,lj  .  5 

■  iS.  Rh'm,  or  n^y^■lalan 
1 1"  ''■'•kum.f>TM|i3n  wood 
■!0.  P,;1,nnan'lcoin 

■  •".  ^V.;^*Mb,or^'igelIah 
mL  v.'iiiji>)jirs       -         • 


10  per  rent.  • 
7  1-2  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
10  diMo 
7l2ditto 
55  sa.  ri.  per  \ 

learer        -  ( 
30  CT.  rs.  per  ) 

ie.mer        •  5 

10  per  cent.    - 

10  ditto  - 
7  1-2  diMo 
7  12dilto 
7  1-2  ditto 
a  ditto 
7  1.2  ditto 

30     ditto 

10     ditto 

10     di'to       - 

7  1-2  ditto 

to     ditto 
7  I -2  ditto 

Fren 
7  1-2  [icr  cent. 
10     ditiu 


per 


20  per  cent. 

1A  ditto. 

13  dilto. 

20  ditto, 

13  dit'o. 

110  s.t.  re.   per 

J)  aa.    n 

leaj^t-r, 

20  per  cent, 

20  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
H  dilto, 
15  ditto. 
10  ditto. 
15  ditto. 

60  ditto. 

20  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
15  ditto. 

20  dilto. 
1j  ditto. 
Free, 
li  percent, 
20  ditto. 


Enumeration  of  Gooda. 


ilorhcr-  I 
tied   in  r 


rmporte-l  on  a 

Itri'iah  flottoni. 


23.  (hiivai,  rxc.'ptmit  can  ' 
VRS  nixle  of  suim  or 
hemp,  IT  f}'hpr  male' 
rial,  the  t{rowih  orma* 
iiuf  iclui  e  of  plncei  Hiib- 
ject  to  tliB  f'tve'nment 
of  the  F.n!>'  India  Com- 
pany, which  ia  ex- 
finiiled  tn-nt  clLarfl;e 
of  duty  on  importation 
by  sea  • 

21.  f'ardinnima 

25.  Carriagea  and  convey- 

aiirL* 

26.  TsMia 

27.  (hanks 
2H.  Cbrnyta 

29.  Cliiiw  it'>odii,  or  fnodn 

fn»m  China,  not 
wisp  rniiuiL'rale< 
thidtablo 

30.  ClovM 

31.  Corhineal,  or  crimdauah 

22.  Cortl* 

33,  Coir,  the  proliice  of^ 

placca  not  aithjert  t.i  | 
tht  (toverniueiitnf  the  J- 
E.ist  India  Company  ( 
in  India         -  .J 

34.  Coin  and  bullion 
3^.  roliinilio  mot 

36.  Cona-hMn   fuel,  or  saf- 1 

flnwpr  •  • ; 

37.  Copal,  or  kahn>l»a 

38.  Copper,   wrought  and 

iiinvrought     • 
3«.  Cnral 

40.  Cordnge,  —  excepii"p' 

corlaije  made  of  sunn, 
iiemp,  or  nlber  mate- 
rial, th^  prfv'uce  of 
places  aobipcl  to  the  I 
pivernnifiiitnf  the  Ka>t 
Iiidii  Company,  wbivh 
aliall  he  exempt  fr^ni 
the  charge  of  dnty  on 
iii'pnrta'iiin  by  aea        J 

41.  Criniilaiiab,  or  cochineal 
4^  l>hvr  flortcr 

43.  EI.-i'hantBMpKth 

44.  EmbmidiTeii  goixlaand  > 
brncaliis  •  .  S 

45.  Frank incenac,  or  gun-? 
(libi  rr>2a  •  -  S 

4C.  Oallanum 

47.  C.aliieall 

48.  flhee  (nislomO 
Ditto  (town  lii'v) 

49.  din,  frrm  ffirri^n  tcril- > 

riinrics  in  Asia  -  ( 

60.  Gdopi-e  n  iittee,  or  yel-  \ 

I'uv  ocbr^        -  -  \ 

51.  Gi>oniootoo,  auiin,  and  ) 

Iittmp  -  -  S 

f=2.  Outo  Anhic     • 

53.  Gondii  croza,  or  frank- > 

iticcTise  -  -  S 

54.  Hemp,  aimn,  or  gDo.  > 
nnotrrf)  •  .J 

55.  Hurrah,  or  myrobalan 
fS.  H;»n*es 

."i?.  Hunthinsrhnr  fl'-wfr     • 
58.  Hnrtaid.  or  orpimen*,  ) 

or  yellow  anenic        -  \ 
69.  iron,   wrought    or  un-  > 

wrtiuiht  -  -  I 

«0.  Ivorv    ■ 


ditto 


7  1-2  ditto 

7  I -2  ditto 

10  ditto 
7  l-3illilo 
10      ditto 


10      flltto 
7  1-2  dilto 

7i-2aitr> 


5       ditto 

Frre 
10  i,ii*r  cent. 

7  1-2  ditto 

10     ditto 

10     ditto 

to     ditto 


ditto 


lit  ditto. 


15  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
20  ditt.i. 
15  ditto. 
20  ditto. 

15  ditto. 

20  dittow 
15  dl'to. 
15  ditto. 

10  ditto. 

Free. 

20  ptT  cent. 
lb  ditto. 
SO  dilto. 
20  ditto. 
20  ditto. 


10  ditto. 


71.2(111(0 
7l2ailto 
71  2111110 

IS  ditto. 
IS  ilillo. 
15  dilto. 

7  1-2dillo       - 

15  ditto. 

7l-2ilillo 

ISdillo. 

10  per  rfnt.     - 
7|.|!itillo 
'i       ill  to 
10     dilta 

20  per  cent. 

ISdillo. 
10  lillo. 
20  dillo. 

30     dilto       • 

CO  dilto. 

10  pfr  rent.     - 

i^O  p«r  cent. 

Free 

Free. 

10  jier  cent.     - 

20  per  cent. 

7  1-2iimo 

tSdilln. 

Free 

Free. 

10  per  cent.     • 

Free 
7  1-2  per  cent. 

SO  per  cent 

Free. 
15  per  cent. 

10     ditto 

20  ditto. 

10     dilto       . 

20  dilto. 

7  1-2dillo 

19  ditto. 

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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

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CALCUTTA. 

Ratei  of  dutlei— «0n(iiiK«i. 


KuBtntlon  of  Ooois. 


■1 


61.  JttllMittiiMu,  or  qiike-  > 

nard      •      •  -) 

62.  Kttlllalam 

60.  iMii,  pig,  iliMt,  miUad,  I 
40 1  iiuJI  tblli  •  ( 

64.  Imdh 

n.  I/>baii,  or  Iwnjamla     • 
e&  Mice       -       • 
67.  MittrfM',  or  munjeet    - 
611  M^ijanTiiDdulothor) 
•om  or  wood  ined  in  C 
obliMl-woik  •  S 

66.  Mut;ck  .  • 

70  Miiifum,  or  red  lead  • 
71.  M.triodjL,  or  awl  root  ■ 
T2.  Muajeet, ornuddor    > 

73.  Muik 

74.  Myrobtluit,  Tig.  (mIw.  I 

rif  humlkandowiila  i 

75.  Myrrh     •        • 

78.  NulinoKl 

77.  Uili,  t<>(glabla  or  wi-  i 
mil  (ciutouu)  •  i 

Ditto,  ditto  (town  ivtj) 

76.  Oil  Kodfi  (oiilomt) 

Ditto  (town  duty)     • 

79.  Oils,  nerfumid  or  at- 

•oiitul,  or  otttr  and 
fooloyl  tejtl 

SO.  Opium,  forclfa  •} 

81.  Orplmen',    or   yfllonr} 

aneoic,  or  huTiaul    • ) 

82.  Oiler,  oroatnliil  oili 
^.  0-vnla,  or  mvrobaUn 

84.  Prp|ier,bltcKandwhil» 

85.  Piece  i^rtt,  —  cot'oo,' 

fitk,  and  partly  cot- 
ton and  ptrtly  lilk, 
the  minufacture  of 
the  Honourable  Com. 

fiiny'a  lerritoriea  in 
ndla 

S^  Di  t(i,dilta,  ditto. when' 
not  the  manufacture 
of  the  Honourable 
Oompany^  territoriea 
in  India 

97.  Pioiento,  or  allspice    > 

KS.  Pipeatstea 

89.  Precioua    atonea    and 
pe-iris 

M.  PninianblM 

91.  PulchiDMt 

99.  Q'lickiriTer      •         > 

94.  ItilUni  •  • 

94.  R»l  aandal  wood 

S'l.  R  "I  lea  I,  or  minium   - 

96.  R38e-irater 


Imported  at  ■ 
BritMi  Bottoia. 


to     ditto  . 

7l4ditto  • 

10     ditto  • 
7  !•!  ditto 

7  !•>  ditto  • 
10     ditto 

7  14  ditto  • 

7  14  ditto  • 

10     ditto  • 
10     ditto 

7  14  ditto  • 
7  1-2  ditto 
7  14  ditto 

10     ditto 
10     ditto 

10     ditto  • 

714  ditto  • 

S       ditto  - 

7  14  ditto  • 

i      ditto  • 

7  14  ditto  • 

24  fi  per  aeer) 
of    k   Ctl.> 

•a.  wL  .) 

10  per  cent.  • 

7  14  ditto  • 
10      ditto 

10     ditto  • 


2  14  ditto 


7  14  ditto 

10     ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 

Free 

10  per  cent 
7  t-2  ditto 
10  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
10  ditto 
7  14  ditto 


Imported  on  a 
roni(n  Bottom 


10  ditto. 
I*  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
16  ditto, 
l«  dltta 
20  ditto. 
IS     dlitok 

IS  ditia 

20  dittos 

20  dilta 

15  ditto. 

i»  ditto. 

IS  ditto. 

20  ditto, 

20  ditto. 

20  ditto. 

15  ditto, 

10  ditto, 

15  ditto. 

10  ditto. 

15  ditto. 

48  n.  per  wer 

of    80    Cal. 

•a.  wt. 
20  par  cent. 

15  ditto. 

20  ditto. 

20  ditto. 


S      ditto. 


IS     ditto. 


20 

dlHo. 

IS 

ditto. 

Free. 

20 

percent 

15 

ditto. 

20 

ditto. 

15 

ditto. 

15 

ditto. 

20 

ditto, 

IS 

ditto. 

Enumentloa  of  Oooda. 


67.  Rum,  from  fbreiia  te^ 
riloriea  iu  Aaia        • ; 

98.  SalTnio 

99.  IJafllower.or 

fool       • 
lOa  8a(D      • 

101.  Salt,  forelp 


102.  Sandal    wood,    red,  j 

white,  or  yellow      .  I 

103.  Sapan,  or  buckon  wooo 

104.  Senna 

103.  Soooamookey  leaf     • 

106.  Spikenard,   or  Jutta-  > 

munaee         -  -j 

Itff.  Spirituous  liqitofi,  not  1 

otherwiie    doKribed  > 

in  Ihii  table    -         -) 

109.  Steel,  wrought  or  uD'  ( 

wn>u|ht       •  •  I 

100;  Storax 

110.  Stones  (precious)  and  { 

pearls  •  ( 

111.  Sugar,  wet  or  dry,  in* ) 

eluding  Jaggery  and> 
lilola«es(cuitnins)    •) 
Ditto,  ditto  (town  iluty) 

1 12.  Sulphur,  or  brimttooe 
IIX  Sun     hemp,  and  foo- } 

mootoo         •  •  J 

111.  Tape       • 

115.  Tsircpaut.  or 

tutlirunj  leaf 

116.  Tea 

117.  Teak  limber 

118.  Thmd 

119.  Tin  and  tin  WI 


:} 


ISO.  Tobacco  (cnstoms)     •' 

Ditto  (town  duty) 
121,  ToonI  flower 
121  Tu^ier  wood 

123.  Turmeric  (customi)   • 
Ditto  (town  duty) 

124.  Tiitenigue      • 

135.  Ugjer,  or  aloe  wood  • 

128.  Vermilion 
127.  Venlluril 

I2|i.  Wm  and  wax  candles 

129.  Winrs  and  spirils,  not 

otherwise     piovii'  ' 
for 

130.  Wood  of  all  toils  nsad 

in  cabinet-work 

131.  Vellow  ochre,  or  goo- 

pee  mutee      •  • 

132.  Articles  not  enumer- 

ated al»ve     • 


uies 

not) 
idelj 


Importol  en  * 
Briilth  Rotten. 


HID  ■ 


30  ditto 
10  ditto 
7  14  ditto 

T  14  ditto 

3  n.  per  md. ' 
ofSlst. 
peri 

7  1-2  per  cent 
7  14  ditto  • 
10  ditto  • 
10     ditto      • 

10     ditto      • 

10     ditto      • 

10     ditto      • 
10     ditto      • 
Free 

S  per  cent 

5  ditto  • 
10     ditto 

Free 
7 14  per  cent 
10     ditto      • 

10     ditto 

Free 
7  12  per  cent 
10     ditto       . 

4  as.  per  md  of) 
Mu.wtpcr> 
seer  •} 

10  per  cent 
7  1 4  per  cent 
7  14  ditto       • 

5  ditto  • 
5       ditto 

10     ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
10     ditto       . 
10     ditto 
1(1     ditto 

10     ditto       - 

7  14  ditto      • 
10     diltr 
S      ditto      • 


f  mportcft  on  a 
Foreign  Bottoa, 

60  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
IS  ditto, 
6  rs.  per  md.  of 

82sa.wtpar 

seer, 

IS  per  cent 
15     ditto. 
20    ditto. 
20    ditto. 

20    diHo, 

20    ditto. 

20    ditto. 

20    ditto. 

Free. 

10  per  cent 

10    ditto, 
20    ditto. 
Free. 
15  per  cent 
20    ditto. 

20    ditto. 
Free. 
15  per  cent 
20     ditto. 
8  ss.  per  md.  of 

SOsa.  wt  per 

sser. 
20  per  cent 
15  per  cent 
15  ditto, 
10  ditto, 
10  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
20  ditto, 
20    ditto. 

20     ditto. 

IS  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
to     ditto. 


Trade  of  CdUutta. — Kzp«rf«.— During  the  last  SO  years  the  trade  of  Catcntta  has  e.tperienced  some 
very  strikinjr  vicissitudes.  Previously  to  the  opening  of  the  trade  in  181  i-15,  cotton  piece  goods 
formed  the  principal  article  of  export  from  India :  the  value  of  tliose  exported  from  Calcnttn,  at  an 
averase  of  the  5  years  from  181 1-I5  to  1813-19,  being  (at  is.  per  sicca  rupee)  \fitiO,736l.  a  year.  Tlie 
extreme  cheapness  of  labour  in  India,  and  the  excellence  to  which  the  natives  had  lone  alttiined  in 
veverul  deinrtinents  of  the  manufhcture,  would,  it  might  have  been  supposed,  have  sufficed  to  place 
this  iin[)ortant  departinnnt  beyond  the  reach  of  foreisn  competition.  But  the  wonderful  genius  of  our 
mechanists,  the  admirable  skill  of  our  worlcmen,  and  our  immense  capital,  have  far  more  than  coun- 
tervailed (he  apparently  insuperable  drawback  of  high  wages,  and  the  expense  of  bringing  the  raw 
material  of  the  manufacture  from  America,  and  even  India  itself;  and  liavc  enabli-d  our  manufac- 
turers to  bear  down  all  opjiosition,  and  to  triumph  over  the  cheaper  labour,  contiguous  material,  and 
tr'iilitinnul  art  of  the  Hindoos.  The  imports  of  British  cottons  and  twist  intQ  India  have  inc^reased 
cilice  1811-19,  with  a  rapidity  unexampled  in  the  annals  of  coniineri'.e;  and  the  native  nianufucMre 
h  IS  sustained  a  shock  from  which  it  is  not  very  likely  it  will  ever  recover. — (See  art.  East  Indies.)  Tlie 
influence  of  these  circumstances  on  the  trade  in  piece  goods  has  been  very  striking,  Durinethe  yetir 
liH^II-Sl,  the  value  of  those  exported  from  Bengal  was  no  more  than  77,1731.,  being  only  about  ono 
■i.xteenth  or  one  seventeenth  part  of  what  it  amounted  to  16  or  18  years  previously ! 

An  e.xtraordinary  change  has  also  taken  place  in  the  trade  in  bullion  at  Calcutta.  At  no  distant  pe- 
riod it  was  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  export  from  Europe  to  India ;  and  in  1818-19,  there  wera 
imported  into  Calcutta  from  England  only  1,31(1,1151.  of  gold  and  silver !  But  the  current  began  soon 
alter  to  change ;  and  now  sets  so  strcngly  in  the  opposite  direction,  that  in  1833-33  the  exports  of  the 
prei'.ious  metals  from  Calcutta  fur  England  amounted  to  .516,419/. 

The  export  of  bullion  from  Eneland  to  India  at  the  funiier  period,  tlioiigh  influenced  hy  other  causes, 
was  mainly  occasioned  by  the  dilliculty  under  which  we  were  then  placed,  of  providing  articles  of 
nierchmdise  siiittible  for  the  Indian  markets,  sutficient  to  balance  our  imports.  Th^  astonisliinii  in- 
crease of  our  exports  of  cotton  goods,  besides  completely  obvlatinit  this  ditiiciiliy,  has  actually,  as  we 
have  Just  seen,  produced  an  importation  of  large  quantities  of  bullion  from  India.  Hut  it  shimid  lie 
oliservcd,  that  India  derives  most  part  of  the  bullion  sent  to  Europe  from  China  and  Singapore,  in 
payment  of  opium  and  other  articles,  so  that  the  drain  upon  her  is  by  no  means  so  h'.'avy  as  has  Iic'ti 
represented  ;  and  it  may  well  b»  doubted,  notwithstanding  the  nuni'^rous  allegations  to  the  contrary, 
v>  hether  it  has  had  any  injurious  influence.  Undoubtedly,  however,  it  were  much  to  be  wished  that 
liie  returns  made  by  India  to  Europe  in  articles  of  native  produce  and  manufacture,  should  he  materi- 
ally increased.  The  taste  f>r  British  produce  is  already  widely  diffused  over  most  parts  of  Ilindosmn ; 
and  it  will,  no  doubt,  continue  to  gain  ground  according  aa  the  natives  become  better  acquainted  wUb 


onr  language, 
only  obstacle  to 
presumed,  that 
meaaurei  calcu 
of  the  injudicin 
Ing  their  capita 
the  culture  of  i 
land  revenue,  ■ 
the  country,  ar 
of  the  poverty  i 
former  should, 
bo  wholly  uboli 
train,  indigo,  s 
inhabitants  are 
only  (he  adnptii 
to  lay  the  fount 
At  present  th 
of  grain,  silk  a 
funnies  and  gu 

Quantity  and  ^ 


It  appears  fr< 
by  private  trad 
exports  of  mer 
been  stated.  I 
are  considerab 
have  been  inuc 

Destination  o. 
Kingdom,  from 
South  America 
Persian  Oulfs, 

Statement  exh 
Calcutta  on 


Total  sicca  i 
or  at  ii.  pel 


CALCUTTA. 


260 


onr  langusM,  arti,  and  habiti.  The  dlflleultjr  nf  pmenring  retur  -  eartrnca  la  now,  in  fliet,  almoat  tba 
only  obstacle  to  the  rapid  and  Indefinite  exteniinn  of  the  trade  with  India.  And  it  maybe  reaaonabljr 
presumed,  that  thia  difficulty  will  progreisively  diminish,  by  the  adoption  of  a  course  of  policy  and  of 
measures  calculated  to  develope  the  viist  resources  and  dormant  energies  of  the  country.  The  repeal 
of  the  injudicious  restrictions  that  formerly  hindered  Europenns  from  acquiring Innd, and  ft«ni  apply- 
ing their  capital  and  skill  to  most  sorts  of  industry,  carried  on  in  the  interior,  with  the  exception  of 
the  culture  of  Indigo,  will  doubtless  be  of  considerable  advantage.  But  the  exorbitant  amount  of  thn 
land  revenue,  and  the  restrictions  and  duties  Imposed  on  the  transit  trade  and  internal  commerce  of 
the  country,  are  iinqnestlonalily  the  principal  cnuses  of  the  depressed  etate  of  agriculture,  as  well  a« 
nf  the  poverty  of  the  InhRbilants,  and  their  inability  to  furnish  equivalents  for  foreign  products.  The 
former  should.  If  possible,  be  materially  reduced ;  and  it  is  not  ensy  to  see  why  the  latter  should  not 
bo  wholly  abolished.    The  soil  and  climate  of  Bengal  are  both  admirnhly  suited  for  the  production  of 

firain,  indigo,  sugar,  opium,  silk,  cotton,  saltpetre,  and  a  vast  variety  of  other  desirable  articles :  the 
nhabltants  are  not  deflcient  In  Industry,  nor  In  a  desire  to  Improve  their  condition ;  and  there  wanta 
only  the  adoption  of  a  sound  and  liberal  system,  to  render  the  country  prosperous  and  flourishing,  and 
to  lay  the  foundations  of  an  Immense  commerce. 

At  present  the  principal  articles  of  export  from  Calcutta  are,  opium.  Indigo,  rice,  and  other  species 
of  grain,  silk  and  silk  goods,  sugar,  saltpetre,  cotton  and  cotton  piece  goods,  lac-dye  and  abell  lac, 
funnies  and  gunny  bags,  A,e.    We  aubjoin  a  statement  of  the 

Quantity  and  Value  (taking  the  Sicca  Rupee  at  9«.)  of  the  principal  Articles  of  native  Produce,  ez> 
ported  from  Calcutta  during  the  Years  16.33-33,  and  lb33-34. 


Aiticla. 

1938-83. 

1833-34.                I 

qoir.liijr. 

T>lu*. 

l)uantlt]r. 

Valur. 

Opium 

chests 

B,40S 

£  1,177,6.59 

13,006 

£  1,910,389 

Indigo            ... 

.    Fy.  mds. 

131,016 

1,310,160 

go,3i7i 

f  02, 179 

Rice   .... 

.    Bz.  mds. 

1,630,140 

910,5.12 

2,667,465 

461,455 

Raw  silk       ... 

— 

12,440} 

3)3,121 

13.550^ 

376,919 

Silk  piece  goods 

pieces 

4.10,073 

2)0,061 

479,578 

247,951 

Sugar            .           -          - 

.    Bz.  mds. 

229,347 

182,100 

2«0,3C3i 

250,829 

Saltpetre       .           .          - 

*- 

3.14,853i 

190,813 

490,554 

954,801 

Raw  Cotton  ... 

— 

126,913 

127,038 

143,.''i55 

143,2;0 

Cotton  piece  goods  . 

pieces 

478,189 

82,289 

477,571 

77,174 

Lac  dye         ... 

.    Bz.  mds. 

9,0821 

10,956 

9,590 

22,416 

Rhelllae        .           .          - 

— 

ig,063i 

39,114 

26,056^ 

60,419 

Stick  lac        ... 

_ 

1,979 

1,2-19 

lot 

199 

nuniiiea  and  gunny  bags     . 

No. 

3,528,038 

94,577 

2,615,979 

19,567 

Skins  and  hides 

— 

1,013,348 

97,238 

1,251.577 

66,004 

Siifflower      ... 

.    Bz.  mds. 

6,073i 

17,339 

7,030* 

18,763 

Ginger          ... 

— 

91,488 

7,053 

39,8nt 

13,524 

It  appears  from  the  following  table  that  the  total  value  of  the  merchandise  exported  from  Calcutta 
by  private  traders  in  1833-34  was  4,015,7901,  and  nf  treasure,  949,.573/.  Tiie  value  of  the  Company's 
exports  of  merchandise  during  the  same  year  was  5.52,959(.  {  but  their  exports  of  treasure  have  not 
been  stated.  In  these  statements  indigo  and  raw  silk  are  valued  at  the  Custom-house  rates,  which 
are  considerably  below  their  real  value.  Altogether,  the  exports  from  Calcutta  in  1833-3-1  cannot 
have  been  much  under  5,900,000{. 

Destination  of  Kxports.—TTom  40  to  50  per  cent,  of  the  exports  from  Calcutta  are  for  the  United 
Kingdom,  from  90  to  95  for  China,  6  or  7  for  Singapore  and  Penang,  7  for  France,  4^  for  North  and 
South  America,  the  residue  being  for  the  coasts  of  Malabar  and  Coromandel,  Pegu,  the  Arabian  and 
Persian  Gulfs,  the  Mauritius,  fcc.    We  subjoin  a 

Statement  exhibiting  the  Value  of  the  Merchandise,  and  the  Value  of  the  Treasure,  exported  ttom 
Calcutta  on  private  Account,  in  1839-33  and  1633-34,  specifying  the  Shipments  for  each  Country. 


COOBlriM. 

1839-34. 

1833-34.                      1 

Mnrhudiir. 

Tnuun. 

TM»I. 

Merchandiu. 

Tinuure. 

Total. 

Sieea  Rupfa. 

Sicca  Itupta, 

Sicca  Ihipr.t. 

Stem  Rupm. 

Sitea  RitjMs. 

S'ia-o  nupm. 

Great  Britain 

1,27,15,091 

51,61,189 

1,78,79,983 

1,18,88,475 

19,68,257 

1,38,56,739 

France           ... 

99,07,422 

900 

29,97,922 

35,54,9.17 

— 

35,54,937 

Sweden         ... 

— 

_ 

— 

90,064 

— 

00,004 

Portugal        .           .          - 

1,60,814 

— 

1,60,814 

— 

— 

— 

North  America 

90,16,903 

5,900 

20,92,403 

28,46,361 

— 

28.16,361 

Coast  of  Coromandel 

13,99,108 

19,000 

13,41,198 

98,22,372 

90f     38,S3,.572| 

Ceylon        -           - 

99,645 

— 

99,615 

38,588 

30,000 

68,588 

Maldives  and  Laecadives 

80,610 

— 

50,610 

53,211 

— 

53,341 

Coast  of  Malabar  - 

17,84,330 

— 

17,84,330 

29,93.998 

— 

22,92,998 

Arabian  and  Persian  Gulfii 

9,77,629 

— 

9,77,699 

0,68,577 

— 

9,68,577 

Singapore      ... 

94,22,202 

33,100 

91.55,309 

90,99,168 

9,025 

91,01,193 

Penang  and  Malacca 

9,13,151 

— 

5,13,151 

9,39,9.T? 

— 

3,36,237 

China 

«r,«3,5ll 

39,000 

07,95,511 

1,09,08,120 

37,497 

1,00,45,547 

New  Holland 

10,684 

— 

10,684 

87,031 

6,979 

91,006 

Sumatra  and  Java 

99,460 

— 

29,460 

98,189 

— 

98,189 

Pegu              ... 

8,44,982 

— 

8,44,982 

9,67,574 

4,659 

9,72,229 

Mauritius      ... 

7,51,121 

6,49,7781 

14,00,8991 

12,07,596 

3,76,188 

15,83,780 

Bourbon         ... 

1,13,331 

— 

1,13.?31 

2,17,371 

— 

9,17,371 

Cape  and  St.  Helena 
Total  sicca  rupees    . 

58,816 

— 

58,816 

78,003 

— 

78,003 

3,65,68,903 

58,97,06-1 

4,94.65,970! 

4,04,.'i7,204 

94,95,797 

<'?^i22'Sl 

or  at  it.  per  sicca  rupee        £ 

3,656,890 

589,707 

4,9-16,5117 

4,045,720 

919,573 

4,288,203 

Total  amount,  merchandise  and  treasure,  exported  In  1833-34 
Total  amount,  merchandise  and  treasure,  exported  in  1832-33 


tt 


Difference  in  ikvour  of  1833-M 


tiera  Rvftti, 
4,28,82,931 
4,94,65,V70f 


>l  ;i 


270 


CALCUTTA. 


The  Cninpnny'g  oxporti,  in  1833-33,  were,  merchandisB  and  treasure  together,  1,00,14,430  sicca  rn. 
peuf,  or  1,001,4431. 

Kemarkt  on  Kzportt.—The  reader  will  elsewhere  And  (see  artlrlos  Canton  and  Opicm)  prett} 
ainplA  informntlnn  in  relation  to  the  trade  in  Opium.  It  is  sutlicient  hore  to  state,  that  it  ii 
rapidly  Krowiiif  in  niagnitiide  and  importance.  At  an  average  of  the  5  years  ending  with  1828-29,  thr 
ez|)orisfrom  Calcutta  were  6,369  chests,  worth  944,07  U.  a  year;  hut  nt  an  average  of  the  5  years  end- 
ing with  1833-34,  the  exports  had  increased  to  9,014i  chests,  worth  l,163,b09i.  a  year,  being  an  annupi 
increase  of  2,A45i  chests,  and  of  219,738{.  of  value.  Cliinn  is  not  the  principal  merely,  but  almost  the 
only  market  for  opium ;  so  that  the  trade  between  Calcutta  and  her,  is  now  second  only  to  that 
between  the  former  and  England.  8ome  oniuni  is  shipped  for  Singapore,  but  China  is  its  ultimate 
destination.— (BeN's  Review  for  1833-34,  p.  45.) 

Previously  to  the  close  of  the  American  war,  the  exports  of  indigo  {torn  Calcutta  were  compara' 
lively  trifling.  Hut  about  that  period  Europeans  began  to  engage  in  the  business ;  and  the  culture  of 
the  plant  lias  since  been  so  much  extended,  and  the  preparation  of  the  drug  so  much  improved,  that  it 
lias  now  become  an  article  of  prinmrv  commercial  importance — (See  Indico.)  Next  to  Great  Britain, 
France  is  the  principal  market  for  indigo. 

The  crop  of  indigo  in  Bengal,  which  hud,  at  an  average  of  the  4  yean  ending  with  1832-33,  amount* 
ed  to  about  126,000  maunris  a  year,  fell  oif  in  1833-34  to  93,802  maunds.  This  great  decline  was  occa- 
sioiicd  partly  by  the  inifavourablcness  of  the  Reason,  but  more  by  the  dimininhed  cultivation  occasioned 

by  the  previous  low  prices,  and  the  failure  of  some  of  the  principal  parties  engaged  in  the  trade 

(^ep.pnst.)  Rut  notwithstanding  this  decrease  of  the  crop,  and  the  great  reduction  in  the  imports 
into  England  in  1834  as  cunipareil  with  previous  years,  prices  have  not  sustained  any  very  njaterial 
advance.  The  consumption  of  indigo  in  England  has  fillen  otf  considerably  since  1830,  the  ed'ect,  at 
Is  supposed,  of  the  decreasing  use  of  blue  cloth.    Subjoined  is  a  statement  of  the 

Exports  of  Indigo  ftrnm  Calcutta  during  the  Five  Years  ending  with  18,?S-34,  specifying  the  Countries 
for  \  hich  it  has  been  exported,  and  the  Quantities  sent  to  each. 


ram. 

GRit  BriUls. 

Fiuce. 

N.  Anwrlca. 

Hamhurgli, 

Sweden,  and 

rortufil. 

Arabian  nni] 
Persian  Gulfs. 

Other  Places. 

ToW. 

1829-30 
18.30-31 
1831-32 
1833-33 
1833-34 

Total 

Fac  Mb. 
104,724 
85,741 
85,3301 
93,929 
51,906} 

Fac  Ud$. 
16,451 
23,151 
15,219 
36,319 
30,213 

Fac.  Mdi. 
4,737 
5,890 
10,488 
6,625» 
5,481i 

Fac.  Mdi. 

244 

3.15 
357 

far.  Hd>. 
0,021 

10,939 
7,110 
2,99li 

12,114 

Fac.  Mdt. 
319 
583 
9031 
915A 
1,145) 

Far.  Mdt. 
132,235 
126,5.16 
119.051^ 
131,016 
90,217 

421,63U 

111,352 

33,33li 

736 

28,2-8i 

3,866} 

599,095} 

Average  total  annual  exports,  1829-30  to  18.33-34 
Average  total  annual  exports,  1831-25  to  1828-29 


Fae.  Mis. 
-    119,819 
•    115,840 


or  the  various  articles  exported  from  Bengal,  sugar  is  that  of  which  a  large  increase  may,  perhaps, 
be  most  reasonably  anticipated.  The  processes  fullo%ved  in  its  culture  and  production  have  hitherto 
been  of  the  rudest  description  ;  b<it,  now  that  Europeans  may  engage  in  the  business,  it  is  probable 
they  will  be  materially  improved.  The  excess  of  5«.  n  cwt.  of  duty  laid  on  East  India  sugar,  imported 
for  home  consumption,  over  that  which  is  laid  on  West  India  sugar,  ought  to  be  repealed.  There 
neither  is  nor  can  be  any  good  reason  why  similar  products,  from  different  dependencies  of  the  em- 
pire, should  not  be  allowed  to  come  into  our  markets  on  the  same  footing.  Should  any  considerable 
decline  take  place  in  the  pn^luction  of  sugar  in  our  West  India  colonies,  the  expediency  of  equalising 
the  duties  on  sugars  of  the  East  and  West  Indies,  would  be  as  obvious  as  its  justice, 

Cotton  is  another  article  of  export  which  might,  it  is  believed,  be  very  greatly  increased  in  quantity, 
and,  probably  also,  improved  in  quality,  by  giving  greater  attention  to  its  culture  and  preparation. 
Becently,  however,  the  trade  has  been  declining.  The  exports  of  cotton  from  Calcutta,  at  an  average 
of  the  3  years  ending  with  1833-34,  did  not  exceed  half  the  quantity  exported  durine  the  3  years  end- 
ing with  1820-27.    Bombay  and  Surat  are,  however,  the  great  shipping  ports  for  Indian  cotton. 

The  exports  of  rics  from  Bengal  fluctuate  very  greatly.  This  is  not  caused  so  much  by  variations 
in  the  craps  of  the  country,  as  by  variations  in  those  of  other  countries ;  for,  when  a  scarcity  occurs 
in  most  parts  of  conlinenta!  Asia,  or  in  any  of  its  islands,  recourse  is  almost  invariably  had  to  Bengal 
to  supply  the  defici'incy ;  and  the  demands  thence  arising  have  been  sometimes  enormous.  In  1831-32, 
for  example,  the  exports  of  rice  from  Calcutta  to  the  coast  of  Coroiimndel  amounted  to  only  16,545 
maunds,  whereas  in  1833-34,  they  amounted  to  1,252,056  ■,  'a  -(Bell's  Comparutive   Kieic  of 

18.33-33,  and  1833-34,  p.  41.)    It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  w'>  .al  is  shipping  immense  supplies 

of  rice  and  other  grain  to  distant  parts,  a  large  part  of  her  o^  'lation  is  frequently  in  a  state  of 

great  want  and  suffering.  Ireland  is  not,  therefore,  the  oni>  .^ry  In  which  the  most  abject  po- 
verty and  wretchfidness  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants,  are  found  combined  with  great  fertility  nf  soil, 
and  a  large  exportation  of  food. 

The  exports  of  saltpetre  from  Calcutta  have  increased  tnaterially  durine  the  last  dozen  years,  and 
were  greater  in  1833-34  than  they  have  been  for  a  lengthened  p'eriod.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  owing 
to  the  competition  of  nitrate  of  soda  from  South  America,  whether  this  increase  will  be  maintained. 
France  is  now  principally  supplied  from  Aini'rica.— (See  Sai.tpktKB.) 

Besides  the  articles  of  native  Indian  produce  exported  from  Calcutta,  she  re-exports  pretty  consi- 
derable quantities  of  various  articles  brought  from  other  parts.  The  value  of  the  British  cotton  goods 
re-exported,  amounts  to  about  90,0001.  a  year.  They  are  principally  bartered  witli  the  Burmese  for 
silver.  The  conveyance  of  the  latter  out  of  the  Burmese  dominions  is  strictly  prohibited ;  but  in 
Burma,  as  in  England  and  elsewhere,  the  ingenuity  of  the  srnueglcr  is  too  much  for  the  vigilance  of 
the  government,  and  the  trade  is  carried  on  vvithout  much  dlfliculty. 

Imports.— The  great  articles  of  import  into  Calcutta  are,  British  cotton  manufactures  and  cotton 
twist;  bullion;  copper  with  spelter,  tin,  lead,  iron,  and  other  metals ;  woollens;  wines  and  spirits; 
ale  and  beer;  haberdashery,  millinery,  jtc. ;  coffee;  hardware  and  cutlery ;  pepper;  coral,  glass,  and 
bottles;  plate,  Jewellery,  watches,  Jic. ;  books  and  stationery ;  tea,  &.e. 


CALCUTTA. 


271 


'1 


Btateroent  exhibiting  the  Quantity  and  Value  of  the  Principal  Article*  (clRRBed  In  Alphabetical 
Order)  imported  into  Calcutta  during  the  Yean  183^33,  and  1833-34. 


!^ 


Specln  o(  MntbtodlMf 

1833-33. 

1833-34. 

Quantlly. 

Value. 

QuiDtilf. 

Value. 

Betel  nut     -          -          . 

.    Bz.  mds. 

29,931 

£5,574 

12,602 

£5,504 

Bottles,  empty 

dozens 

77,825 

9,464 

100,785 

10,833 

BooKb  and  |«mpblets 

— 

— 

22,700 

— 

16,735 

Buffalo  horna 

No. 

090,001 

6,766 

1,166,905 

7,090 

Camphor     -           -          - 

.    Bz.  mds. 

793J 

3,085 

1,3931 

6,428 

Coflfee         .           .          - 

— 

I3,530i 

22,047 

17,9Mi 

26,020 

Coals           ... 

.         ^— 

64,B42 

2,942 

140,717 

44,100 

Coral,  real  .          .          - 

.      Sa.  wt. 

115,630 

8,197 

388,804 

14,117 

GlasB           -          -          - 

-    Bz.  mds. 

— 

12,447 

— 

13,577 

Guns  and  pistolB     - 

.- 

— 

6,132 

— 

4,318 

Haberdashery,  millinery  &  apparel 

— 

31,569 

— 

34,565 

Hardware  and  cutlery 

lbs. 

— 

26,548 

— 

16,882 

Lanietta      ... 
Metals : 

Copper  ... 

corge 

44,669 

13,831 

66,076 

15,356 

.    Bz.  mds. 

84,640t 

292,907 

89,189 

285,187 

Spelter  ... 
Tin,  block 



30,71Q^ 

13,095 

24,941 

9,631 



12,54.^1 

21,383 

9,476 

16,973 

Tin  plates 

boxes 

890 

LS-W 

3,017 

3,825 

Lead       - 

.    Bz,  mds. 

S8,12U 

14,930 

12,407 

5,843 

Lead  shot 

bags 

6,S54 

1,636 

3,296 

991 

Iron        ... 

.    Bz.  mds. 

155,173 

41,905 

135,141 

43,584 

Steel      .           .          - 

— 

9,019 

6,841 

12,757i 

6,987 

Quicksilver 

— 

1,321 

11,275 

l,234i 

10,088 

Brass,  ingot 

_ 

419 

1,075 

1,183 

3.513 

Metal,  sheathing 

— 

338 

4S9 

— 

Ironmongery,  machinery  it 

anchors 

— 

15,893 

— 

20,315 

Oilman's  stores  and  grocery 

-    Bz.  mds. 

— 

15,103 

— 

19,071 

Pepper,  black 
Piece  goods : 

White  cotton     - 

— 

69,273i 

56,451 

31,219 

38,389 

pieces 

909,135-) 

„     f 

1,036,2277 

4,630  S- 

493  i 

yards 

3.1,809  J- 

273,233.? 

339,699 

dozens 

2,0493 

I 

pieces 

346,2971 

,»  s 

174,320  ■> 

Coloured  cotton 

yards 

8,74'?  J- 

153,237^ 

8,631  V 

89,150 

dozens 

103,325  > 

(. 

36,9533 

Silk  and  mixed  goods   . 

pieces 

13,S99 

36,691 

26,524 

70,848 

Plate,  ji'w  ellery,  and  watches 

. 

-.— 

20,800 

— 

12,948 

Salt-          .          -          . 

.    Bz.  mds. 

8,438 

2,468 

13,496^ 

3,659 

Spices,  mace  and  nutmegs 

— 

8551 

6,813 

1,100 

8,787 

Segars  and  cheroots 

— 

— 

2,833 

— 

5,329 

Stationery  and  cards 

— 

— 

12,283 

— 

14,626 

Spirits 

— 

— 

30,323 

— 

30,536 

Ale,  beer,  and  porter 

butts 

252') 

».»   f 

332-) 

hogsheads 

8,011  Y 

42,483-J 

7,193  J. 

26,973 

dozens 

2,293  J 

I 

3,0833 

Twist  and  yarn      -         -    " 

lbs. 

2,993,715 

238,781 

3,036,631 

251,649 

Tea             ... 

— 

— 

19,831 

— 

18,850 

Vermillion 

chests 

952 

4,430 

1,941 

16,559 

Wines         ... 

-    Bz.  mds. 

— 

81,805 

61,391 

Wood          ... 



— 

33,609 

— 

14,475 

Woollens    ... 

— 

— 

80,370 

— 

115,173 

The  totnl  amount  of  all  sorts  of  mer'^handise  imported  into  Calcutta  by  private  traders  in  1833-34 
was  l,956,627{.,  exclusive  of  586,3941.  of  treasure.  The  Company's  imports,  during  the  same  year, 
amounted  to  90,3351. 

Sovrces  of  /mpor«».— These  differ  in  different  years,  but,  speaking  generally,  Great  Britain  furnishes 
about 60  percent,  of  the  wholn;  France,  ahout3  per  cent.;  North  America,  2i;  China, from  12 to  15; 
Singapore,  from  6  to  8;  coast  of  Coromandel,  from3to4;  Malabar,  from  3  to  4;  Pegu,  from  3  to  4,  &c. 

We  subjoin  a 

Statement  exhibiting  the  Value  of  the  Merchandise,  and  the  Value  of  the  Treasure,  imported  into 
Calcutta  on  private  Account,  in  1832-33  and  1833-31,  specifying  the  Imports  from  each  Country. 


Countrin. 

1832-33. 

1833-34.                         1 

Merchandise. 

Treasure. 

Total. 

Merchandise, 

Treasure. 

Total. 

Sicca  Rupm, 

Sicca  Rupea. 

Sicca  Rupta. 

Sicca  Rupus. 

Sicca  Rupca. 

Sicca  Ritvea, 

GmlBrilals 

1,40,28,707 

—. 

1,40,3707 

1,39,91,801 

2,900 

1,39,94,701 

France       .... 

'7,90,283 

— 

7,96,2S3 

10,04,133 

3,825 

10,07,958 

Sweden      .... 

,~ 

~- 

67,623 

_ 

67,623 

South  America      •          •          . 

20,831 

1,24.S75 

1,45,706 

19,004 

.— 

19,004 

North  America     .          •         - 

3,69.677 

2,0S7S6  1-4 

6,7(1,46314 

3,03,807 

3,40,424 

6,44,231 

Com!  of  Coromandel 

6,56,328 

1,88,1)62  3-4 

8,47,190  3-4 

7,18,013 

l,8l,9U5  1-2 

8,99,918  1-2 

CeyloD       .... 

S.976 

— 

6,975 

25,!)9I 

.. 

25,991 

MaldivnandLaccadiTM - 

fl8,6.W 

_ 

98,659 

91,698 

.. 

91,698 

CoasI  of  Malabar  - 

7,92,430 

3,000 

T,96,430 

7,23,750 

— 

7,23.750 

Arabian  and  I'enian  Gulfli          • 

3,2g,0M 

16,400 

3,44,4'iO 

4,39,462 

211.900 

4,63,362 

Sin5apor«  .          -          -          . 

S,8I.S9S 

l^,6^72i  1-4 

18,47,320  1-4 

6.5g.3S3 

»,nfl,906 

15.69,28» 

IVnanc  and  Malacca 

2,65,906 

i,G2.nl 

4,28,081 

2,28,3,17 

1,51,173 

8,79,510 

China         .... 

9l34,228 

^,12,431 

31,16,0S» 

10,ISI70 

37,58,524  1-2 

47,76,694  1-2 

New  Holland 

5,347 

— 

5,347 

20,f92 

_ 

20,892 

Sumatra  and  Java  -          •          . 

34,441 

.. 

34,441 

28,.50l 

24.216 

62,716 

Pegu         .... 

2,56,471 

4,«9,444 

7,45,916 

2,0fl,3?S 

2,86,2981.2 

4.92,687  1-9 

Mauritina  .... 

34,S22 

24,864 

59.386 

30,967 

90,870  1-2 

1,21,837141 

Bourbon     .... 

73,77S 

73,775 

95,100 

%10O 

Cape  and  St  Helen 
Total  aieca  Rupeea 

6,074 

— 

6,974 

3,247 

— 

S,147 

'«;1S 

46,96,663  14 
469,656 

2,39.87,762  M 

1,95,66,270 

68,63,942 

2,64,30,2» 

at  Zi.  per  iicca  rupee       ■          •  L. 

2,398,778 

1 ,956,627 

686,394 

2,648,021 

I 


hi 


273  CALCUTTA. 


Total  amount,  merehandlae  and  treainre,  imported  In  I83M4 
Total  umount,  mercliandlie  and  treasure,  imported  in  1832-33 

Difference  in  fovour  of  1833-31  • 

Tito  Company'n  Import*  In  1833-31  were       ... 


8ke*  Kupe$t 

9,54.30,913 
1,39,87,762^ 

14,49.1401 

8,00,321 


Account  of  the  Value  (in  Sicca  Rupee*)  nf  the  private  Trade  between  Orent  Britain'  and  Bengal,  from 
the  Ut  of  May  1813  to  30tl)  of  April  1831.— (B«U'«  Comparaliet  View  for  1833-33  and  1833-34,  p.  SS.) 


Iraporta  lulo  Caleulia. 

Eijiorn  from  C«Icui !».                            1 

Mm-dundiia, 

Tnuure. 

Total. 

MarchandiM. 

Trauu™. 

Tatll. 

Sicca  Riipm. 

8i»m  Rupyt 

Siaa  Ruf—t. 

.Stow  J)urt.«. 

aiccanupeo. 

Sum  Auitn 

I8l3-lt 

53,76,775 

39,750 

d4,0i>,595 

1,19,63,403 

^^ 

1,19,63,405 

1811-15 

40,99,165 

5,95,137 

46,2I,9«2 

1,31,42,383 

— 

1,31,42,283 

1813-10 

57,53,886 

11,43,596 

68,95,489 

1,64,44,208 

— 

1,64,14,203 

1816-17 

80,51,113 

18,50,853 

90,10,065 

1,38,06,960 

— 

1.. 18,06,1160 

1817-18 

1,33,63,963 

61,57,981 

1,07,30,913 

1,69,12,905 

... 

1,69,12,905 

M8.19 

l,.50,44,4gO 

1,91,61,159 

8,81,03,651 

1,38,72,335 

— 

1,38,A325 

lHU)-30 

66,80,873 

63,07,519 

1,39,88,393 

1,25,01,391 

— 

1,25.64,391 

1830-21 

87,19,664 

14,89,017 

1,03,08,681 

2,07,98,860 

4,106 

2,08,03,966 

I«3|.3J 

1,3.%68,3I8 

1,61,758 

1,43,15,676 

M,I0,405 

13,500 

94,33,905 

1832-33 

1,67,98,083 

1,70,758 

1,69,68,810 

1,27,10,960 

5,460 

1,27,16,420 

1*23-2 1 

1,37,67,035 

6,21,033 

1,43,91,067 

1,33,64,851 

9,31,767 

1,37,88,618 

I83t-3S 

1,61,81,4.54 

13,250 

1.61,97,701 

1,39,30,093 

2,69,466 

1,41.99,559 

1835-36 

1,34,93,958 

1,96,078 

1,26,50,936 

1,71,31,915 

48 

1,71,31,963 

1830-37 

1,36,96,147 

30,180 

1,26,40,.W 

99,61,591 

3,78,033 

1,03,39,623 

i8«r-*s 

1,86,43,«» 

73,690 

1,87,17,06-1 

1,38,83,130 

7,06,979 

1,35,90,109 

l83.S.a9 

2,90,29,791 

1,887 

9,20,31,178 

l,16,40,'i99 

13,41,413 

1,38,81,743 

1839-30 

1,61,33,811 

— 

1.61,85,841 

1,03,40,687 

12,a),257 

1,90,60,911 

1830-31 

3,00,73,351 

1,000 

2,00,74,351 

1,18,40,971 

S0,16,.1»l 

1,48,57,3.55 

1831-33 

1,73,73,763 

— 

1,73,72,763 

1,18,10,701 

37,06,397 

1,55,17,158 

18.13-33 

1,40,36,707 

— 

1,10,26,707 

1,97.1.5,091 

51,64,169 

1,78,79,983 

1833-34 

1,39,91,801 

2,900 

1,39,94,701 

1,18,88,475 

19,68,357 

1,38,56,733 

Account  of  Bhlpa  and  Tonnage,  arrived  at  and  departed  fl-om  Calcutta,  durinc  the  Yean  1832-33,  an< 
1833-31.    (Fractions  omitted  in  thii  Table,  but  allowed  for  in  the  aumming  up.) 


Arrivala. 

Departure*.                             | 

Brillih  Importib 

l<<«-33. 

l>C»-34 

British  Eiportb 

f^SJ. 

lf<)3-34.      1 

fb. 

Tnnl. 

Sh. 

Tow. 

Sh. 

8 

69 

2 

III 

27 
168 

3 

448 
15 

i: 

12 

41 

"4W 

Tons. 
9,391 

4,atu 

29,716 
591 

S3,5<IO 
2,M»S 

22,386 
3,250 
4,569 

Sh. 

~ 

6 

87 

iiio 

5<« 
357 

10 
102 

1 

Tons. 

9,918 
3,418 

37,268 

527096 
S.235 

46,07! 

4,444 

9,6-2 

400 

Honourable  Compaoy't  reguUr 

ihipa 
Honniinb'e  Coinpu)  %  eharteib 

e<i  ihipt        .          -          - 
Ships  rrofn  the  U.  Klntdom    • 

from  Asiatic  porta 
Dhoniei 
ViMlt  liini  with  eout  nil  • 

in  ballul 
Arab  and  Turklib       • 
Bunneia          .          . 

ToUl    . 

FoTRlcn  importB. 
Ships  from  fireini  Europe     • 
from  Nnrth  America     • 
from  Asiatic  ports 
is  ballast 

Total    . 

Grand  Total     • 

7 

7 
77 
197 
51 
153 
4 
9 

9,3!3 

S,5H 
33,379 
S9  26t 

■1.441 
IS,339 

1,0«9 

3,825 

E 

9 

93 
151 
172 
319 
II 
10 
2 

TO4 

I0,S87 

8,106 
3S.W 

46,n->n 

21.012 
35,793 
3,416 
4,415 
490 

Hon.  Company's  rtjular  ships 
Hon.  Company's  chartered  ships 
Shins  cleared  tor  England,  ria 

Madras,  Ac             -           - 
Ships  cleared  fhr  Africa  (Cape) 
for  Asiatic  ports 
Dhonias 
Ships  laden  with  nain  < 

Arab  and  Turkish 

In  ballast 

Buimeao           • 

Total    • 

Forei^  Exports. 
Ships  cleared  (or  fonlp    En- 

rope  .... 
Ship*  clcaml  for  Noith  America 
for  Asiatic  p,irU 

Total    • 

Grand  total      ■ 

44^ 

110,571 

165,299 

110,550 

795 

168,^ 

15 
15 
8 

4,942 
4,4«4 
it,!e4 

23 
22 
9 
3 

7,708 

7453 

3,131 

992 

IIJP9 
5,105 
3,906 

17 
18 
16 

g8« 
5,932 

4,9s3 

39 

12,321 

57 

"mi 

19,tS5 
184,485 

14,407 

16,767 

486 

122,992 

124,957 

8461  18^230  1 

Du^'s«.— Aceoont  of  the  Gross  Amonnt  of  Duties  collected  on  Mer- 
chandiae  imported  at  Calcutta  by  sei. 

I83Z-33L       1833-34. 
L.  I. 

tMarnrltith  colours  (inelndlngtown  duty)     S7.I50  64.267 

Foreign  colours  (ditto)  •  ■    14,786  13,037 


Total 


£.71,936 


67,304 


i)u<ie'.— Accnnnt  of  the  Orm  Amount  of  Duties  collected  on  Mni 
chandise  uported  ffoa  Calcutta  by  Sea. 

1892-33.      1833-34, 
/-  /„ 

Under  British  cnlonrs  •  .  •  •     9,913  4.203 

Foreign  colours  •  •  .  •     1,308         2,176 


ToW 


£.  S.2at 


6,384 


Kumber  and  Tonnage  of  Veaaela  clenred  out  at  Calcutta  for  Great  Britain,  Foreign  Europe,  and  tha 
United  Statea,  during  the  Ten  Yeara  ending  with  1833-33. 


Tears. 

Great  Britain. 

Foreign  Europe. 

United  States.                | 

FlMrle. 

TVmtMn. 

Kssstlt. 

T\mr»ig*, 

yimU. 

Thnnaio. 

1822-23 

59 

34,633 

21 

0,977 

11 

3,378 

1833-31 

60 

34,193 

3 

1,105 

3 

911 

1894-95 

40 

96,843 

10 

3,897 

10 

3,449 

1825-20 

05 

3.5,440 

IS 

4,290 

17 

5,091 

1896-27 

86 

41,191 

13 

4,941 

0 

1,823 

1827-23 

79 

3.5,901 

18 

5.855 

13 

3,969 

1828-29 

80 

37,809 

39 

8,900 

13 

4,297 

1829-30 

61 

.12,810 

15 

5,475 

13 

4,068 

1830-.11 

70 

36,351 

17 

5,920 

15 

4,716 

1831-33 

74 

34,931 

7 

3,648 

25 

7.414 

1833-33 

79 

35,210 

15 

S,399 

17 

5,013 

CALCUTTA. 


278 


rtUnru  ■<  C«7««Ha.— Within  the  3  f  ean  endlnt  with  16SS,  lome  of  th«  principal  mareaniile  mU> 
MIthinentf  In  this  city  (hiled  for  imnienie  lunit.  To  exomine  minutely  into  tne  origin  of  llieie  ditastert 
wmild  lead  ut  Into  inquiriei  fbreimi  to  the  object  of  thii  work,  and  with  reipeet  to  whicli  it  ii  difll- 
(uU  to  acquire  accurate  Inforniation.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  main  source  of  the  evil  wai  lb* 
(oniliinatlon,  by  most  of  the  principal  hoimet,  of  the  buaineit  of  merchant!  with  that  of  bankeri. 
Their  credit  being  hi; h,  at  the  end  uf  the  war  large  iiimi  were  depoiited  In  their  handi,  for  which 
they  encaged  to  pay  a  high  rate  of  intereit.  But  Tnitead  of  employing  them  depoiiti,  ae  bankera  In 
England  would  have  done,  in  the  dieeount  of  bille  at  ihort  datei,  or  In  the  purchaie  of  government 
lecurities  readily  convertible  into  monev,  they  employed  them,  probably  brcauie  they  could  with  ditB- 
eiilty  (litpof e  or  them  otherwlie,  in  all  monner  uf  mercantile  fpenilHtinni,— advancing  very  large 
luini  to  the  Indigo  planters,  exporting  gooda  to  Euro|)e,  either  directly  on  their  own  account,  or  IndU 
lectly  by  lending  to  thoae  who  did,— becoming  ownen  of  Indian  shipping,  fcc.  Most  of  those  specu- 
lationa  turned  out  exceedingly  ill.  The  production  of  indigo  was  so  much  increased,  partly  in  consa- 
quence  of  the  large  capitals  turned  tn  the  business,  and  partly  of  the  high  prices  In  England,  that  "  fin* 
blue  violet,"  which  had  brought,  in  the  London  market,  at  an  avern^of  the  3  years  ending  with 
1IJS7,  from  IS*.  lOd.  to  13*.  4d.  per  lb.,  fell,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1833,  to  from  it.  8d. 
to  ti.  4d.  per  lb,,  and  other  sorts  in  proportion.  At  these  prices  the  production  would  not  pay ;  and 
very  heavy  losses  were  sustained,  and  much  capital  sunk,  by  the  planters  and  those  who  had  supplied 
them  with  funds  to  extend  their  undertakings.  The  investnients  in  Indian  shipping  turned  out  even 
worse  tlian  those  in  the  Indigo  plantations,  the  shipping  of  England  having  nearly  driven  that  of  India 
nulof  the  Held.  The  embarrassment  occasioned  by  thislocklngupofthe^  capital,  and  by  the  ruinous 
nature  of  the  adventures  in  which  they  were  embarked,  began  to  innuifHst  Itself  simultaneously  with 
the  scarcity  of  money  occasioned  by  the  drains  on  account  of  the  Burmese  war.  The  great  mercan- 
tile houses  began  then  to  And  that  they  were  entangled  in  dilflcullles  from  which  they  have  been 
whnllv  unnble  to  extricate  themselves.  After  struggling  on,  some  for  a  longer  and  some  for  a  shorter 
period,  most  of  them  have  since  fbiled,  the  greater  number  for  very  large  sums. 

But,  however  distressing  in  the  innnn  time,  the  embarrassment  and  want  of  confidence  arising  fVom 
the  fnilnres  alluded  to  could  nnl  he  of  long  continuance.  In  the  end  they  will,  no  doubt,  be  productive 
of  a  better  order  of  things.  It  is  of  the  utmost  cnni>eqiience  that  the  vicious  combination  of  the  busi- 
ness of  a  merchant  with  that  nf  a  banker  should  he  put  an  end  to  It  is  singular,  indeed,  that  indi- 
viduals sliould  be  found  willing  to  intrust  large  sums  in  llie  hands  of  those  who,  they  arc  aware,  are 
employing  them  in  the  most  hazardous  adventures.  The  liipher  the  interest  promised  by  such  persona, 
the  greater  ought  to  be  the  caution  of  the  public  in  dealing  with  thepi. 

Sdine,  perhaps  most,  branches  of  the  import  trade  nf  Calcutta  seem  also  to  have  been  completely 
overdone.  That  of  cotton  twist  is  an  instance.  In  I8S9-30,  the  imports  were  1,099,333  lbs.;  in  183&- 
31,  tliey  were  3,449,044  lbs.;  and  in  1831-39,  9,433,393  lbs.  Ruch  a  supply  was  far  beyond  the  want* 
of  the  country;  and  the  returns  were  so  very  inndequitte,  that  the  imports  were  reduced  in  1639-33 
tp  2,993,719  lbs.  In  1833-34,  tlie  imports  amounted  to  3,036,C3I  lbs.,  and  the  trade  is  now  comparatively 
steady.  The  imports  of  capper  were  also  carried  to  an  excess ;  but  the  greatest  excess  whs  in  the 
arlicle  spelter,  which  has  for  some  time  past  been  almost  unsaleable  at  Calcutta.— (Sec  Spei.te*.) 
Tnr  further  details  as  to  the  points  now  touched  upon,  tlie  render  is  referred  to  the  clear  and  able 
cvidenc*  of  G.  G.  de  H.  Larpent,  Esq.  before  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  Manufac- 
ture-       ')merce,  dec.) 

Tliib  xle  has  been  compiled  fl-om  the  f)>llowing  authorities  :—,tfi{t»m's  Oriental  Ctmment;  A 
Rtriete  of  the  fxtemal  Commtrtt  of  Bengal,  by  Horate  Ha^man  H'i/oon,  Eta.,  18S0;  Bell't  Compara- 
tive n»te  tfthe  external  Commerce  of  Bengal,  for  the  years  1832-33,  and  1833-34 ;  The  Bengal  Dirut' 
enj;  Thornton's  East  Indian  Catevlator;  Parliamentary  Papers  relating  to  the  Finaneet  of  India  ant 
the  Trade  of  India  and  China,  1830—1833 ;  an  '  private  eommunicationi. 

Internal  Traruit  Dutiet. — A  very  great  improvement  has  recently  been  effected  in  the 
domestic  economy  of  our  Indian  empire,  by  the  abolition  of  the  dutiea  on  tlie  transit  of 
goods  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another.*  These  duties  have  existed  in  India  from  ft 
veiy  remote  period ;  and,  by  obstructing  the  intercourse  between  its  different  districts,  have 
been  singularly  pernicious.  After  the  East  India  Company  began  to  acquire  a  footing  in 
India,  they  availed  themselves  of  a  favourable  opportunity  to  procure  an  exemption  iirom  the 
transit-duties  in  favour  of  their  own  trade  ;  "  the  goods  which  they  imported  being  allowed 
to  pass  into  the  interior,  and  those  which  they  purchased  for  exportation  in  the  interior  being 
allowed  to  pass  to  the  sea,  without  either  stoppage  or  duties." — {Mill's  India,  8vo  ed.  vol. 
iii.  p.  289.)  They  were  not,  however,  long  permitted  to  monopolise  this  privilege.  Im- 
meJintely  aflcr  tho  victories  of  Clive  had  raised  the  Company  to  the  situation  of  a  great 
territorial  power,  their  servants  engaged  lai-gi'Iy  in  the  inland  trade,  and  endeavoured,  partly 
by  fraud  and  partly  by  force,  to  extend  to  their  own  goods  the  exemption  from  transit 
duties  established  in  favour  of  those  belonging  to  the  Company.  Every  reader  of  Indian 
history  is  aware  of  the  multiplied  abuses  atid  disturbances  that  grew  out  of  thia  attempt  of 
the  Company's  servants  to  release  themselves  from  duties  and  charges  that  pressed  with 
grinding  severity  on  the  natives,  and,  by  consequence,  to  engross  (for  such  was  their  object) 
the  whole  internal  trade  of  the  country.  Tho  Company  endeavoured  to  obviate  the  evil  by 
strictly  forbidding  its  servants  from  engaging  in  internal  traffic.  But  its  orders  to  this  effect 
were  long  either  totally  disregarded,  or  but  very  imperfectly  ol)cyed.  .\t  length,  in  1 788, 
Lord  Cornwallis  adopted  the  decisive  and  judicious  measure  of  abolishing  the  duties.  They 
P/ere,  however,  again  renewed  in  1801.  Tho  exclusion  of  Englishmen  from  all  participa- 
tion in  the  interior  traffic  of  tho  country  having  been  gradually  carried  into  complete  effect 
for  a  lengthened  period,  they  were  less  alive  than  they  would  otherwise  have  been  to  the 
injurious  influence  of  the  duties,  so  that  their  rc-establishmcnt  met  with  comparatively  little 

♦  This  important  measure  wag  preceded,  and,  wn  believe,  principally  brought  about,  by  the  publica- 
lion  of  an  elaborate  and  very  valuable  report  on  llie  inland  customs  ot  Deiigal,  by  Mr.  Trevelyan,on« 
of  the  Secretaries  to  Oovcrnniert.  We  aviiil  rursclves  of  this  opportunity  to  slate,  that  the  most 
ample  detaik  nslo  the  foreign  trade  nfDnnenl  areenil^rdied  in  I  be  Comparative  Reviews  thereof,  pub* 
lished  annually  by  Mr.  liell,  of  tlie  cnslonis'  ifstaliliBlinient  .it  Caltultu.  They  contain  a  grraler  fund 
of  information,  coniliincd  with  sound  renmr)(!<.  tlian  arc  to  be  met  with  respecting  the  trade  of  any  . 
other  emporium  with  which  wc  are  acquainted. 

35 


'.  r 


# 


974 


CALCUTTA. 


oppoaition.  In  IS  10,  anew  tarifT  wu  introduced  hj  which  the  duties  "were  frightfullj 
augmented;"  and  they  have  continued  from  that  epoch  down  to  their  recent  abolition 
aeriouRly  to  obitruct  all  sorta  of  internal  traffic,  and  to  oppoae  the  moat  formidable  obttacle 
to  the  improvement  of  the  country. 

Had  the  inland  tranait  dutiea  been  productive  of  a  large  amount  of  revenue,  that  would 
have  been  some  aet^ff  againat  the  enormoua  evila  of  which  they  have  been  productive. 
But  auch  has  not  been  the  caae.  The  expense  of  collection,  and  the  interruption  of  communis 
cation,  have  been  ao  veiy  great,  that  tha  nett  produce  of  the  inland  transit  dutiea  haa  been 
quite  inaignificant ;  ao  much  ao  that,  according  to  Mr.  Trevelyan,  it  has  not  exceeded,  in 
the  extensive  province  of  Bengal,  the  miaerable  pittance  of  87,500/.  a  year.  (Report,  p. 
163.)  We  have  no  reason  to  doubt  the  accuracy  of  this  statement;  and  assuming  it  to  be 
correct,  we  are  warranted  in  affirming  that  there  is  not  another  instance  to  be  found,  in  the 
history  of  taxation,  of  a  tat  so  fruitful  of  mischievous  results,  and  so  barren  of  revenue. 

Tnm  Duliu.—Thete  were  chorKed  nn  the  nrincipnl  artirlei  of  consumption  In  23  of  the  chief  towns 
of  Bengal.  They  were  In  many  reapucti  limlliir  to  the  oetruh  in  France ;  and,  ihoiixh  not  nearly  lo 
injiirlouf  ns  the  internal  tranilt  duties,  were  productive  of  much  inconvenience.  We  are  flad,  how- 
ever, to  have  to  state  that  they,  as  well  a«  the  trnnsit  duties,  have  recently  been  aboliahed ;  and  that 
the  Internal  trade  of  Bengal  li  now  as  free.  In  ao  ftir  at  lenut  iii  stntulory  regulations  can  malie  it,  «a 
the  internal  tradt>  of  England.  TbU  oniaiici|iation  will  undoubtedly  be  productive  of  the  niom  benr- 
(icinl  results.—"  When,"  anys  Mr.  Bell,  "the  transit  duties  sliall  have  been  Bbolished,  an  impulse  w.li 
be  given  to  every  ainew  uf  commerce,  which  will  cause  na  only  to  wonder  how  such  an  execrnble 
ayatem  should  have  been  permitted  to  exial  for  a  day."— (Asvists  of  the  Catnmerte  cf  Benral,  1833-34 
and  1834-33.) 

JVe»  Cvftomt  DutUt.— There  are  no  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  revenue  would  have  lost 
any  thing  by  the  abolition  of  the  transit  and  town  duties,  even  though  no  new  taxes  had  been  imposed 
In  their  stead.  But  siune  buiiiII  additions  linve  been  niiide  to  the  customs  duties,  or  to  the  duties 
charged  on  the  Importntlon  and  exportation  of  ccrinin  nrtivlea.  The  present  customalaw,  enacted  in 
May  1836,  and  the  dutiea  charged  under  it,  are  subjoined  :— 


uj  Voric 


^  ACT  No.  XIV.  Hi  iSM 

T.  It  l«  hsrchy  fln«ctc<),  tM  fmm  the  lit  June  neit,  lucli  ptrti  nf 
R^latHim  IX.  nA  X.  1810,  Reculationi  XV.  IS2i,  and  of  any  otiMr 
ranilationa  of  th«  Bcufal  rnalJtiiqr  «  (ireacribe  tile  levy  of  Inunit 
nr  inland  ciiatomt  duties,  or  of  town  dutiea ;  and  likcviie  ttia  Klie* 
dulci  of  dutiea  and  pmviaiona  of  any  kimi  conlalned  in  these  nr  any 
other  reffulatiow  for  fliinx  ttie  amount  of  duty  to  ho  levied  upon 
Konda  in|jor1ed  into  or  oiportcd  from  Ui4  said  Prcaideney  by  sea, 
shsll  be  repealed. 

II.  And  It  is  hereby  enacted,  that  dutiea  of  customs  shall  be  levied 
nn  (onds  imported  by  sea  into  Calcutta,  or  into  any  nihrr  place  wiih- 
in  the  praviocea  of  Rencsl  and  Orisa,  acfording  to  the  rateespeciAed 
in  Schedule  A.  annexed  to  this  Act.  with  the  ricoptioos  specified 
therein,  and  the  laiJ  scliedule,  with  the  noles  attached  thereto,  shall 
be  fakeo  tn  be  a  part  of  this  Act. 

III.  And  it  is  hereby  further  enacted,  that  datiea  nf  enstoais  shall 
be  levietl  upon  country  Knods  ei|iorted  by  tn  from  anv  port  of  Ben* 
gal  or  Oriaaa,  aecaidin(to  the  rates  specified  in  Schedule  B.  aniwnd 
to  this  Act,  with  the  eicrptiona  therein  speciRe  I,  and  the  said  sche- 
dule, with  the  notes  attached  Iheroto,  ahill  also  be  taken  to  be  a  pert 
of  this  Act. 

M  A— These  duties  are  to  be  onllected  under  the  same  rrfulstlons 
••  (tanner  dutiea  >  and  banMe  la  lo  be  passed  b>  the  eolleetar  of  «» 
loms  u  heretofore. 

The  remainder  of  the  Act  relates  to  ngulatioaa  respeetinf  ships' 
■tanifesti,  So. 

SCHEDULE  A. 

Rales  of  Duty  to  be  charged  on  Goods  imported  by  Sea  into  any  IH>rt 
at  the  Frsaidancy  of  Fort- William  in  BengiL 


EniunentieB  of  Goods. 


Itallion  and  eoia 

Precious  stones  and  petrb 

flraln  and  pulse 

Hoiaos  and  other  living  animals 

Ice     • 

Coal,  coke,  bricks,  chell^  imI 


Books  printed  in  tho  tTniled 
Kingdom,  or  in  any  British 
posaeasioo 

Torrign  books 

Marine  stores,  the  pmdnee  nr 
Manufacture  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  or  of  any  British 
pnaKMioD 

Da  da,  the  pruJuee  or  aianu* 
Ikelun  of  any  other  place  or 
country 

Metali,  wrought  or  onwrought, 
the  pndoce  or  maBiifhctuiv 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  or 
any  British  poesessinn 

Slelals,  da  da,  eicepiing  tin, 
the  produce  or  maavikctare 
of  any  other  place 

Tin,  the  produce  of  anv  <.lher 

Slace  than  the  United  King' 
iwn,  or  any  British  posses- 
sina 
WoolleiM,  the  produce  or  ma 
■uhdure  of  toe  United  King- 
dom, or  any  Briliak  poasee- 
sisit 


When  Imported 
on  British 
Bottoms. 


Free 
Ditto 
Ditto 
Ditto 
Ditto 

Ditto 


Ditto 
3  per  cent. 


S per  cast 
Spercsot 

3  per  cent* 
6  per  cent- 

10  perceoL 

tpertml. 


When  Imported 

on  Foreign 

Bolioms. 


Free, 
Ditla 
Ditto. 
Ditta 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 


SpercenL 
8  per  cent. 


S  per  cent. 
12  per  eeiib 

S  per  cent. 

12  per  cent. 

SOperceaL 
4p«reiat 


8CHEDDUB  A.-(»nNmuit 


EnuDiention  of  Goods. 


Woollens,  the  pnxlure  of  any 
oilier  pl.ice  or  country 

Cotton  and  sillc  piece  goods, 
cotton  twist  ant  yam,  the 

Sroduce  of  the  Unileil  King- 
offl,  or  of  any  British  pQ» 
seesion 
Do.,  the  produee  of  any  ether 
place 

Opium         •         • 


Sett         '  •*'  K>  • 

Alum  •         • 

Camphor      ... 

Cnssfa 

(loves  .         .  • 

Coffee  ... 

Coial  ... 

Nutmegs  and  maca  • 

Pepper  ... 

Rattans 

Tea   .... 

Vermilion     ... 

Wines  and  llqnon    - 

Splrils,  cnnmtidsted  doty,  in 
eluding  that  levied  hereto- 
fore through  the  police  of 
Calcutta    - 

And  the  duty  on  spirits  shall  be 
f«>eablv  'incrv-ased  aa  the 
strengtn  exceeds  of  I^ndon 

ftmnt,  and  when  imporied 
n  bottles,  five  quari  liotllea 
shall  be  deemed  equal  to  the 
Imperial  gallon. 
All  artidr^  not  included  in  the 
above  enumeration 


When  Imported 
on  British 
Bottoms. 


4  per  cent. 


S 14  per  cent 

T per  cent     • 
124  rs.  per  aeer  I 
of  M  tolu      j 
Rs.  3-4  per  md. 
ofW  tolas  per 
seer 
10  per  cent.     • 
ID  per  cent      • 
10  per  cent. 
ID  per  cent,      • 

7  l-2percejlt 
10  per  cent.     - 
10  per  cent. 
10  per  cent.     - 

714  percent. 
10  per  cent. 
10  per  cent.     • 
10  per  cent.     • 


9  B&  p.  Imp.  fU. 


8 1-9  pereent 


When  Imported 
on  Forcin 
Bat  loms. 


S  per  cent 


7  per  cent 

14  per  cent 

24  rs.  per  seer  or 

Wlolaa 
Rs.  3-4  per  ml 

of  MIolssptr 

seer. 
20prrcent 
20  per  cent. 
20  per  cent 
20  per  cent 

15  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
20  per  crnt 
20  per  cent 
15  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
SO  per  cent 
80  per  cent 


l6M.p.Im.tiL 


7  per  cent 


And  when  the  duty  Is  declared  to  be  ad  valorem,  it  shall  be  leviol 
on  the  market  value  withont  deduction ;  and  if  the  collector  of  oni- 
toms  shall  sea  reason  to  doubt  whether  the  goods  come  from  the 
country  from  which  they  are  declared  to  come  by  the  importer,  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  of  custoais  to  call  on  the  imiwrterlo 
furnish  evidence  as  to  the  place  of  manufacture  or  production,  ant 
if  such  evidence  itiall  not  satisfy  the  said  collector  nf  the  truth  of 
the  declaration,  the  goods  shall  lie  charged  with  the  higheat  rates  of 
dnly.subject  .ilways  to  an  appeal  to  the  Board  of  Customs,  salt  and 
opium  excepted. 

And,  upon  the  reexport  by  sea  of  cnoda  imporied,  excepting 
oiiium  and  snli,  pmvided  the  re-export  be  made  within  two  yean 
of  the  dste  of  import  as  per  custom-house  register,  and  the  goods 
be  itientified  to  the  latiitfaction  of  the  collector  of  customs,  Ibrra 
shall  be  retained  nne-^ighth  of  the  nmonnt  of  diitv  levied,  and 
the  remainder  shall  be  repaid  as  drawback.  And  if  icoodi  bo 
re-exported  in  the  same  ship  without  being  landed,  (always  except- 
ing opium  and  salt,  in  regard  to  which  The  special  rules  in  force 
•hall  continue  to  apply,)  there  shall  be  no  import  duty  levied 
thersoa. 


InJlp 


CALCUTTA. 


276 


•ClflDULEa 


lata  of  Dntr  to  bt  ehuwd  upon  Ooodi  ti poHtd  br  Sea  fron 
uf  Srtwtlioo  ii  tho  BNiZncr  of  rort  WMlitm  fa  BwQl. 


CnuntrttkM  of  Ooodii 


Bullion  sod  coin       •  • 

}  rrcioui  itonM  uw  mrlt    • 
fnok*  printed  ialodU 
lloTMiindltvincuiinuli    • 
Upiuo)  uurchaiM  >il  lovtra* 

ment  nlflt  iu  Calcutta      • 
Cotrunirooi  eipnrted  to  Bu*' 

p>p«,  the  Uoitod  atalM  of  ( 

America,  or  any  Brittab  ' 

tiumeiinm  in  AoMrica 
Do.  do.  eiported  to  placea 

other  than  above 
8iif ar  and  mm  etporled  to  tfie 

Doitad  KiuKduin,  or  to  an) 

Brltifh  pne«t9ion  • 
Do.  eiported  to  ujr  other  place 


Ortin  ud  putao  of  all  wrto 


ladlp 


Eiported  OB 
Britiah 
fiul.uiiui. 


Free 
Uiuo 

Unto  - 

Uitio  • 

Ditto  • 

Ditto  - 


Aiu  S.  p.  md.  o( 
lM)toluieer 


free     . 

3  per  cent. 

1  anna  per  bag, 
not  exceed  iofc  2 
niJi.  of  M)  tolas 
totlie9eer,or  if 
eiported  otber> 
nhti  than  in 
ba^  li  an  an- 
na per  nuund. 

Ra.  3  p.  md.  of 
80  tulai  to  the 


Cipurtedon 
roreiga 
fiottuait. 


Free. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 
Ditto. 

Ditto. 
Saa.  p.  nu).  t4 

ifOtoluiolbe 

aeer. 
At.  16  p.  md. 

of  M  tola*  to 


Spercmt. 
6  per  ceoL 

ana.  perbainot 
eicecdiog  3 
mdi.  of  HO  to* 
lai  to  the  leer, 
or  if  expuried 
ntlierwi^e  ihio 
in  b  ige,  I  auaa 


.   per  inaund. 
fRs.  6p. 
BO  tolaa  to  the 


.  6  p.  rod.  of 


KHEDULB  %-tontimi»i» 


iDUtotratioo  of  Ooodi. 


EznortedoB 

brltlih 
Buttomi. 


4  per  cent. 
3l'3aa.p.  Hwrof 

an  i»i.. 


80  loL 

)  at.  p.  Mer  of  80 

tnlaa 
4  aa.  p.  Biauod 

3  per  cent. 


Eiported  oa 

rofelgB 
Bottoma. 

8  per  cent 
>^ai.perieircr 

t   W  lolaa. 
l6aa.peraaaror 

J   Mtotaa. 
8  at.  p.  luaiind. 

leperaeat. 


Lac  dye  and  ihetl  lae 

Silk  raw,  ilatura     •  | 

Silk,  Bengal  wound  •  } 

Tobaceo 

All  rminfry  artifice  not  enti' 
Bierated  or  named  abof  e  • 

And  when  the  du*y  ii  declared  to  be  at  valrrem,  the  aame  ihall  b« 
leviad  on  the  narkel  Talue  of  the  arlii-le  at  tha  placa  cf  axport. 
without  deduction. 

And  In  Mitlioff  for  the  dutlea  on  etporta  by  M^t  eredll  thai!  bo 
given  for  pnyment  of  inland  cuatonu  duly,  ind  draniieck  iliall  be 
allowed  of  any  eiec«  of  duly  paid  upon  produotinn  of  ruwnau 
under  the  following  cunditlona,  until  the  lit  April,  IK17  :^ 

firtU  That  the  pmHi  ihall  be  Identified,  and  daitlnallon  to  the  port 
of  exporl  proved  In  the  uaual  niantier, 

.Scemirf,  That  Iha  ruwiinu  -iliel)  beardate  before  the  lit  April,  1896^ 
and  the  Koodi  stiall  not  have  been  protected  tberebyi  or  by  the  origl' 
nil  Iherpof,  mnre  than  two  year*. 

Aitd  after  the  laid  Itt  April,  I W.  credit  ihall  not  be  flven,  nor 
lAinW  dm.vtiack  bo  atlnwej  of  any  inland  cuitonia  or  land  frontier 
duty,  pild  at  any  cuitom-houae  or  chnkee  of  the  Jumna  frontier  lion, 
or  of  Benarea.  oiccpt  oolr  upfjn  Ihe  article  nf  collon  wool,  coverca 
by  ruwanaa  taken  out  at  the  ciiitoin'hnu<wi  nf  the  weelem  pmvlncra, 
and  pn>ved  to  hkve  been  deetiued  for  eiport  by  eea,  when  paaaed  out 
of  thoie  provincee.  W.  II.  MACNAUriTKN, 

Secy,  to  th*  Oint.  y  hulku 


Remarks  on  the  above  Dutiea.—Thft  policy  of  chnr^lnfr  fititles  on  exported  articles,  and  of  mnktnff  so 
great  a  diatlnctinn  between  the  duties  on  articles  iinporitid  und  exported  In  firltlsh  ami  In  foreign  nMpv^ 
geema  very  questionable.  The  great  dlffictilty  under  which  India  labours,  in  a  commercial  pointer 
view,  conslata  principally  in  her  inability  to  furniah  equivalents  fur  foreign  imported  gooda,  and  to 
make  the  neceadary  payments  abroad  ;  and  when  such  la  the  case,  it  la  certainly  not  a  little  contradict- 
ory to  lay  duties  on  exports.  The  most  obvlnus  coitsiderntinns  of  expediency  and  common  aennc  would 
suggest  that  they  should  be  allowed  to  be  exported  duly-free.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  atiinu- 
lus  this  would  give  to  their  production,  would,  by  increasing  the  public  wealth,  Infinitely  more  than 
compensate  the  fovernment  for  the  loss  of  the  inconsiderable  sum  produced  by  the  duties  with  which 
thny  are  charged. 

The  duties  on  most  articles  of  importi^tlon  do  not  appear  to  be  at  all  excessive,  provided  they  were 
equally  distributed.  Rut  it  seems  quite  InconslRtent,  seeing  that  wc  h;ive  admitted  the  reclprorlty 
principle  into  the  trade  of  Britain,  that  we  ahould  exclude  it  from  that  of  India.  The  beat  informed 
piirtica  concur  in  opinion,  that  the  etfect  of  the  discriminating  duties  is  to  diminish  trade,  without 
proinnting,  in  any  innterial  degree,  the  employment  of  Hritisli  shipping,  and  to  provoke  retaliatory 
nieasureaon  the  part  of  the  foreigner.  The  sooner,  conaequently,  that  this  distinction  is  abolishetf, 
the  better  will  it  be  for  all  partiea.  Regulations  of  this  sort  are  never  productive  of  any  real  ad- 
vantage. 


PiMage^  4«.— The  Marine  Board  at  Calcutta  have  ncently  hiued 
the  follr.wiiix  rejEuUtions,  with  n-epecl  to  piloUge,  &c. 

1,  CominAndcie  are  requeated.  prior  to  quiiiin<;  their  veasfia,  oti 
arrival  off  (^teutta,  toft'l  upand  certify,  or  ciuse  to  ho  tilled  up  and 
certified,  a  form  of  certificate,  vhnwing  (tie  ictu^I  rcgislt-rcd  turinafct-, 
the  draft  of  water,  and  whether  the  vewi.1  hu  or  his  not  Iteen  ''igfced 
by  a  ite-inier  any  part  of  the  way,  or  has  or  hu  not  had  the  uk  of  a 
TOW  boat;  which  form  will  be  nirniihed  to  the  pilot,  in  order  to  the 
bit'*  of  the  void  being  corractly  made  out 

2.  Conmumiers  are  further  requente.),  u  eariy  after  their  arrival 
aa  pnsiilile,  to  notify  in  wriiinff,  to  ttie  Sflaiter  Alteadaat,  the  n»ie 
and  r««t'lniice  of  the  referencu  for  the  piynient  of  his  ve^ePs  bills. 

.1.  On  the  receipt  by  ihf  Master  Attendml  of  Ihe  almve  certificxiR, 
and  wiitien  reference  for  payineitt,  a  ainxle  bill  will  be  prepared, 


including  inward  pilotan,  liiht'bouse  cfuty,  Mnyapore  nia^axine 
duty,  and  row-boat  hire  (if  any^  which,  together  with  the  certificate, 
will  be  forwarded  to  the  marine  pavmaster,  for  collection  within  15 


da)i  of  the  arrival  of  the  venal,  and  having  on  it  the  name  and  mi' 
deoce  of  tha  rarty  referred  to  for  payment,  which  commanden  ire 
requested  to  turxMh  to  the  Matter  Attendant,  in  writing^  aa  early  after 
their  arrival  as  practicable,  that  officer  will  more  readily  be  enabled 
to  present  it.  B>  this  ananrement,  all  the  chai^^  connected  with 
Ihe  vessel,  up  to  her  arrival  off  Calcutta,  will  be  embodied  in  one  bill, 
instead  nf,  as  hitherto,  being  nude  up  in  aeparato  bills. 
4.  In  the  event  of  vessels  docking,  or  being  transported  at  the  de- 


sire of  the  cominaitdofj  it  U  reijuested  that  a  certificate  may  he  given 
by  tlie  cnmi 
in  onter  to  : 
the  referee. 


by  tlie  commanding  ofncer  of  the  nporatlon  having  been  performed, 
in  onter  to  its  acoompauying  the  bill  when  presented  for  payment  to 


5.  The  pnctlce  of  charging  for  hauling  to  the  chain-moorings  for 
their  monthly  hire,  and  for  hauling  from  the  moorings  in  separate 
bills,  is  Jiscontinued,  and  henceforward  one  bill  will  be  prepin-d, 
incliidjnr  the  charg*  for  hauling  lo  Ihe  moorings,  that  for  occnpyimr 
them,  and  that  for  hauling  from  them ;  and  commanders  are  rri)ue»il«^ 
to  give,  or  cause  their  commanding  officers  to  give  to  the  Mister  At- 
tendant, or  the  harbour-master,  certificate  of  the  date  of  hauling  tn 
and  from  Ihe  moorings,  which  certificate,  as  before,  will  accompany 
the  bill  irhen  preseiittid  for  payment  The  hire  nf  tlie  ntoorings  will 
tw  charged  for  tlie  day  on  which  the  vevel  is  t^auletl  thereto,  without 
reference  to  the  period  of  the  day  ;  and,  in  like  maimer,  no  charge 
will  be  male  for  the  day  on  which  she  hauls  from  her  moorings, 
however  late  in  the  day  she  may  quit  them.  The  charges  connected 
with  the  chain-irionrings  will  thus  l>e  emliodied  in  one  bill,  and  be 
discharged  in  one  payment  instead  of  three  or  more,  according  to  tbe 
number  of  months  the  vessel  occupied  the  moorings. 

6.  The  system  of  charging  outward  pilohige  on  an  estimated 
drauglit  of  water,  with  an  nddition  of  10  per  cent.,  subject  tn  adjust- 
ment after  the  vessel  has  sailed,  and  nf  charging  a  certain  number  of 
days  for  a  row-boat,  tubiect  toa  like  adjiutment,  is  abolished;  nnd 
in  futan  the  outward  pilotage  and  chaige  for  row-boat  hire  oa  out' 
ward-feOQKl  vcMdi  will  ba  made  at  foUowi  i— • 


When  the  vmsel  is  finally  laden,  the  commander  Is  to  |Hve  notice 
tlwreof  to  the  Mister  Attendant,  when  the  ilnft  of  water  is  to  be  as* 
ccr'ained  ami  certifie<l  by  the  commander  or  commanding  oflUceroa 
Ihe  pirt  of  the  vcAsel,  and  by  the  harbour-master  on  the  pirt  of  go* 
veriimenl ;  subject,  in  ca»e  of  diipnle,  to  the  decision  of  Ihe  MatTor 
Attendant  Uu  receipt  of  Ihe  certificate,  Ibo  Muter  Attendant  will 
cause  a  hill  to  tte  niaile  out  for  the  regular  antount  of  pilotage,  and 
for  the  row'boat  hire,  according  to  an  avenge  r&*e,  w{ih  reference  to 
the  siie  of  the  vessels  and  Ihe  season  nf  the  year,  fixed  hy  a  marine 
Lommillee  which  lately  sit  at  Ihe  Itank«hal1,  ttie  majority  of  which 
was  compneed  of  members  of  houses  of  agency  and  commandcra 
nf  ship*.  The  bill  and  certificate  will  be  preieuled  iu  due  couraa 
for  payment. 

7.  As,  however,  il  frequently  happens  that  vetsels  are  taking  In 
cargo  or  filling  their  water  up  to  the  last  day  of  their  deparlure,  or 
that  from  otlter  causes  the  bills  for  the  chain-moorings  and  outward 
pilotage  cannot  be  nia<)e  out  till  Ihe  eve  nf  departure,  own*:-:,  agents, 
and  commanders,  are  In  such  cases  particularly  requeateH  >^:ii>&viiiw 
to  despatch,  to  cause  an  in  livi-tual  to  attend  nt  the  Ban'  '-.'.^  .<nd  ei- 
pediie  the  transmission  of  the  bill  and  certificate  to  tbt  .  i  :  forre- 
^istry,  and  to  Ihe  Pay  Office  for  collection ;  at  each  of  Hti  c  olfioea 
thry  may  in  such  cases  depend  u[K)n  the  moat  ready  and  %~  ,»\  at- 
tention. 

8.  In  the  eveat  of  a  vessel  being  tugged  any  part  of  Ihe  way  down 
by  s'eam,  or  n'lt  having  the  uae  of  a  row-boat  cnmminden  are  tn 
^b\iiu  frrm  the  pilot  at  Kelgeree  a  certificate  to  that  etf^ct,  which 
they  should  forwinl  by  H^ik  to  their  agents.  On  receipt  thereof, 
agents  are  requehted  to  make  out  a  bill  against  the  honourable  oon- 
mny  fir  the  Quarter  deduction  from  the  pilotage  allowed  if  tugged 
by  Mean),  or  for  the  row-boat  hirs  paid,  as  the  case  may  t>e ;  and  to 
forward  it,  tngelher  with  the  certificate,  to  the  marine  board  for  audit 
and  pi)  ment 

9.  In  (.ises  where  a  vessel  leaves  Calcutta  avowedly  intended  to 
fill  up  cir>;n  at  s^inie  place  below,  Ihe  pilotage  will  be  charged  at  the 
dnfi  at  whirh  she  lenves  Cileutta  in  like  manner,  ihou<h  at  the  re* 
'luced  amount,  as  if  she  bad  pmceedett  lo  sea ;  and,  with  resj>ect  to 
the  siitMcquent  pilotage  charge,  fmm  tM  place  at  which  tbe  \<m«I 
takes  in  the  a  tdiiinnat  cargo  to  so  i,  owners  or  agents  of  vessels  wjll 
Iw  rttiuired  to  furnish  a  spcrjal  f  uarantee  to  pay  the  amount  charge- 
ahle  accnnling  to  a  certificate  of  the  dra^  of  water  to  be  signed  by  the 
commander  or  commanding  ofilcer  and  pilot. 

10.  Six  sets  of  moorings  at  Diamond  Harbour  having  been  fitted 
specially  to  enable  vessels  arriving  in  distrcM  ''mm  loss  of  anchora 
and  cables  tn  be  rea.-li)y  moored,  the  charge  wiU  be  Cn%  Rs.  SO  for 
mooring  and  unmooring,  and  Ihe  daily  liirelheaime  asfnr  Ihe  moer> 
incs  at  CalcuUa.  The  moorings  will,  of  course,  be  available  to  vce- 
scfs  not  in  distress  from  loss  of  anchors  and  cables,  but  the  harim«^ 
master  will  be  instruct.d  at  all  times  to  keep  two  seta  vacant  daring 
the  S.  W.  mouioon,  to  meet  catualtiae. 


.  ^  i 


^■■'■'^i 


II 


B 


•r 


im 


CALICO.^ 


CALICO  (Oer.  Ka/tun  /  Du.  Kalom/  Dan.  Knttun  ,•  8w.  Caltun  t  Fr.  Colon,  Tnk  dl 
Ootm  I  It  Ttla  Bamhagina,  Tela  dipinta ;  Sp.  Tela  de  Algodon  /  Port  Pano  de  Algudao/ 
Riuk  Wilboika  /  Pol.  Siwelnika),  cloth  mule  of  cotton ;  so  mlled  from  Calicut,  on  tha 
Malabar  coast,  whence  it  waa  first  imported.  In  England,  all  white  or  unprinted  cotton 
clothe  are  denominated  ealicoca ;  but  in  the  United  State*  tliia  term  ia  applied  to  thoie  only 
that  are  printed. 

Hiilorieal  Notice  of  the  Art  of  Calleo  Printing. — Thia  art,  though  apparently  one  of  the 
moat  diffWsult,  haa  been  practiMx]  from  a  very  remote  era.  Herodotus  mentions  (lib.  1.  ^  SOS), 
that  a  nation  on  the  snores  of  tbo  Caspian  were  in  the  habit  of  painting  the  figures  of 
animals  on  their  clothes,  with  a  colour  formed  fi'om  the  leaves  of  trees  bruised  and  soaked  ir 
water  (  and  he  adds,  that  this  colour  was  not  eflkceablo,  and  was  as  durable  as  the  clothes 
themselves.  It  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  the  colours  could  have  been  so  permanent,  had 
not  those  using  them  been  acquainted  with  the  use  of  mordants.  There  is,  however,  a  pa*. 
•again  Pliny  (Hi-t.  Nut.  lib.  xxxv.  ^  11),  which,  though  in  some  respects  obscure,  shows 
that  the  ancient  Egyptians  were  fully  acquainted  with  the  principle  of  calico  printing. 
"  They  paint,"  aays  he,  "  the  clothes,  not  with  colours,  but  with  drugs  {imrbentibua  mediea- 
mentis)  that  have  no  colour.  Thu  being  done,  they  immerse  them  in  a  vat  full  of  boiling 
dye,  aiM  leave  them  there  for  a  little ;  when  they  take  them  out,  they  are  painted  of  various 
colours.  It  is  extraordinary,  seeing  that  there  ia  only  one  colour  in  the  vat  (unua  in  eortina 
color),  that  a  variety  of  coloura  should  be  produced  by  the  operation  of  the  drugs."  Pliny 
further  states,  that  the  colours  were  so  adhesive  they  could  not  be  washed  out ;  and  that 
clothes  were  the  stronger  for  being  dyed.  A  simiUr  process  ia  known  to  have  been  ful< 
lowed  in  India  firom  the  earliest  times.  The  chemical  and  mechanical  inventions  of  modern 
ages  have  been  the  cause  of  vast  improvements  in  this  ingenious  and  beautiful  art ;  but  the 
passage  now  quoted  shows  distinctly  that  we  have,  in  this  instance,  been  only  perfecting  and 
improving  processes  practised  in  the  remotest  antiquity. 

Calico  Printing  in  thia  Country.  Dutita  on  CuVeoea. — In  Great  Britain  the  printing 
of  cottons  hoa  formed,  for  a  coiuideroble  period,  a  very  im|>ortunt  and  valuable  business.  It 
has  been  calculoti'd  that  there  are  not  Icsa  than  230,000  individuals  employed  in,  and  de> 
pendent  upon,  the  print  trade  for  subsistence,  receiving  the  annual  sum  of  8,400,000/.  in 
wages. 

Thia  important  and  valuable  business  may  be  truly  said  to  have  grown  up  amongst  us  in 
despite  of  repeated  eflbrts  for  its  auppreasion.  To  prevent  the  use  of  calicoes  from  U)tor- 
fering  with  the  demaiul  for  linen  and  woollen  stuffs,  a  statute  waa  passed  in  1781,  imposing 
a  penalty  of  bl.  upon  the  weaver,  and  of  20/.  upon  the  seller,  of  a  piece  of  calico  I  Fifteen 
years  after,  thia  extraordinary  atatuto  was  so  far  modified,  that  calicoes  manufactured  in 
Great  Britain  were  allowed  to  be  worn,  "  provided  the  warp  thereof  was  entirely  of  linen 
yam."  Thia  waa  the  law  with  respect  to  calicoes  till  after  the  invention  of  Sir  Richard 
Arkwright  introduced  a  new  era  into  the  history  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  when  its  iin« 
policy  became  obvious  to  every  one.  In  1774,  a  statute  was  passed,  allowing  printed  goods, 
wholly  made  of  cotton,  to  be  used,  after  paying  a  duty  of  'Jid.  a  yard  (raised  to  3 jd.  in 
1806) ;  and  enacting  some  regulations  as  to  the  marks  to  be  afiixod  to  the  ends  of  the 
pieces,  the  stripes,  &c. 

This  set  continued  In  force  down  to  1831 ;  but,  (honith  an  <mprov(>ment  upon  the  old  law,  it  wss 
much,  and  Jniitly,  complained  of.  Iti  injuitice  and  inJurUiua  operation  were  very  forcibly  pointed  nul 
by  Mr.  Puulutt  Thoinpion,  in  his  excellent  ipeeeh  on  taxation.  "  It  ii  a  luatlur  of  siirpriBe  to  me," 
said  the  Right  Hon.  gnnt.  "tliat  thia  moat  impolitic  inipoat  ahonld  have  been  nllowed  to  con- 
tinue, eapecially  whnn  it  waa  declared  by  thecnmmiltBe  of  1818  to  be  ' partiul and  opprtirive,  ami  that 
Its  repeal  waa  moat  deairable  :*  who,  indeed,  can  examine  it,  and  not  feel  the  truth  of  thia  obaervu- 
tioni  Ih  it  credible,  that  in  order  to  raiaea  nett  revenue  or509,(i6iU.,  a  Rfuaa  tax  ahould  he  imposed  o. 
t,OI9,73T{.  f  and  yet  thia  waa  the  return,  according  to  the  papKron  ynurtabl>!,  for  1838.  And  theas 
flsurea  are  still  I'ar  Troin  ahowing  the  rHal  coat  of  the  cullGftii>n  of  this  tax ;— that  inuat  be  tnl(en  upon 
tlie  groaa  produce;  and  auppoaingthe  rate  of  the  collection  fur  iheexciaeto  ha  S  per  cent  ,which(aleia 
than  it  really  is,  you  have  a  coat  of  20  per  cent,  on  the  nelt  produce  of  thia  lax,  for  charsra.  In 
addition  to  this,  from  all  the  Inquiry  I  have  been  able  to  nial<e,  tlie  increased  coal  to  the  nianuflirtiirer 
is  nilly  i  per  cent,  upon  the  whole  quantity  made ;  so  that  yuu  have  thua  two  auma,  ench  of  lOO.OOUl., 
levied  on  the  public,  for  the  aakn  of  exacting  a  duty  of  600,(<00/.  Uiil  tlie  revenue  ia  again,  in  tliiacnac, 
Ar  ttnm  being  the  nieaaure  of  the  injury  you  Inflict.  The  inequality  of  the  tax  conatitiitea  ila  eliief 
objection.  The  dutv  ia  levied  upon  the  aqunre  yard,  at  3irf.  per  yard.  Thua,  the  piece  of  calico 
which  aells  for  6d.,  duty  piiil,  conlrlbutea  equally  with  that  which  ia  worth  9«.  a  yard.  You  levy  an 
oaemua  and  oppreaxive  tax  of  100 or  150  percent,  upon  the  poor,  who  are  the  purchaaera  of  inferior 
cottoiia ;  whIlHt  the  rich,  who  buy  only  the  Aneat  kinda,  pay  but  10  or  Ift  (ler  cent." 

It  ia  due  to  Mr.  Thompaon  to  alale,  that,  not  a.-itlaitod  with  givini;  this  forcilile  exposition  of  the  in- 
equality  and  injurious  operation  of  theduty  on  printed  goods,  one  of  bis  flrat  ineuaurea,  on  coming  into 
once,  waa  to  propoae  Ila  repeal. 

By  the  34  Geo.  3.  c.  93.  it  ia  enacted,  that  the  inventor,  desijiner,  or  printer  of  aay  new  and  original 
'  pattern  ft>r  printing  linena,  cotlnna,  ealicoca,  or  miisiina,  ahall  have  the  solo  right  of  printing  and  rs- 
prbting  the  same  for  three  mouths,  to  commence  from  the  day  of  flrat  publiahing. 

The  following  table*  exhihii  the  qoanlity  of  printed  eintha  produced  in  O mat  Britain,  the  qiianltty 
rxpnitsd,  and  the  amount  of  revenue  and  drawback  tliercun,  during  the  year  endudMh  of  January, 


CALOMEL— CAMEL. 


w 


I  Raiam  of  the  Niimtwr  of  Hqiura  Ynrdt  of  Cnlk'^Ai,  Miiillnt,  I.ineni,  nnit  Miuffi.  nia4R  •lllwral 
Cotlun  1)1 1.iiiuo,  printiitl,  pnlnicd,  ■tuliiaU,  nr  dy.  .,  In  CUnol  UiUntii  (t)ice|it  •inn  •■  ihall  liava 
b«iin  dyd  oronn  I'nlnur  tliroii|liiiin),  with  (ha  Aiiinunt  of  Kxclin  Diill)>i  collpclcit  Ihttreon  In  Bnfl> 
hnd  and  Heollnnd,  In  the  Yttir  ended  Sth  of  January,  lt)90t  diilln(iiliihlni(  iha  Nuiiibar  of  Mquara 
Yarda  and  Amount  of  Duly  cullaclad  Ihaiaun.— (/>«rl.  Partr,  No.  ZHi.  Hum.  IttSO.) 


Nitwknotjtrk. 

IwMofihMy, 

ronign  all- 
flow. 

Liiwmnri 
•lulfe 

C*lioo«  tnl  Mi» 

Knfland     .          .          - 
ficuilaad     .          ■          . 

33,338 

l,7(M.7fll 

b,7S9 

103,3.14,494 
80,109,990 

£       1.   d. 

1,9111,431  14  10 

380,833  13    3 

Year  ended  Sih  Jan.  1830 

33,338 

l,718,SI« 

138,340,004 

1,837,309    7    1 

II,  Return  oniirt  Tntil  Number  nf  Square  Ynrdinrprlntml  Ciillinea,  Muiillni, Mneni,  and  8luffli,ei- 
pnrtod  frnm  Eneland  nitd  flcniland,  In  the  Year  muled  Mh  nf  Junniiry,  1830 1  the  Aninunt  orUraw< 
bavka  pnid  nr  allowed  I  hereon;  dlitlnguiihlng  the  Uunritltiea  and  Ainnunt  of  Urnwhncki  allowed 
to  Kort'lRn  rnrt*  rroni  ili«  Quantltlea  and  Urawbucki  paid  ur  allowed  on  the  like  Artlclei  on  tha  Ra~ 
movnl  coniitwiee  to  Ireland. 


Enitland      -          .          » 
Scotland     .          .          - 

Year  ended  9th  of  Jan.  1830 

Exported  lo  rmlfii  Coimlf kt. 

Numlier  of  Vardi. 

AmoiMil  nf 
Onwlack. 

Number  of  VaLfJi. 

Amount  nf 
Drutlark. 

ClIicJM. 

Mnrm,  SlBlTi, 

Cillcon,  and 

MuiliiiB. 

I.inem,  Siiilk, 

Calieiea,  au4 

Miiiliil*. 

3,673 

81,449,434 
8,417,009 

£         f.    d. 

I,I87,SS3  17    4 

1-«,718    0  11 

9,169,683 
8A0,3.t8 

£      1.    d. 
79,301    4    3 
l«,6T8    3    0 

3,679 

89,H(I3,433  |    1,310,600  18  3 

0,039,011 

88,009    0  11 

CALOMEL.  Chloride  of  mercury ;  frequently  called  mild  muriate  of  mercury ;  and 
fometimca,  hut  lesa  properly,  Hubmuriate  of  mercury. 

CAMBRIC,  on  CAMBKICK  (Ger.  Kammerltuht  Du.  Kameryhadutk t  Fr.  Cambray 
Ball  tie;  It.  Cambrajat  i^p.  Cambrai ;  Port.  Cambraiat  Rua.  Kamerlusf),  a  apcciea  of 
\nry  flue  white  linen,  firat  made  at  Cambray,  in  French  Flaiidera,  whence  it  dcrivea  its  ap- 
pellation.   It  is  now  produced,  of  an  equally  good  quality,  in  Great  Dritniii. 

CAMEL  (Fr.  Chameau  t  It  and  Sp.  Camtlo  s  Ger.  Kametli  AraU  IVimel;  \M, 
Camthts  I  Greek,  K>/UitM()  ia  indigenoua  to  Arabia,  and  we  only  mention  't  m  thia  place 
on  aocou"*  of  ita  extreme  importance  in  the  commerce  of  the  East. 

The  cb..,ol  ia  one  of  the  moat  uaeful  of  the  animals  over  which  the  inhabitants  of  Asia 
and  Africa  have  acquired  dominion.  These  continents  are  '  .toraccted  by  vast  tracts  of 
burning  sand,  the  seals  of  desolation  and  drought,  so  as,  apparently,  to  exclude  the  posaibilitj 
of  any  intercourse  taking  place  between  the  countries  that  they  separate.  "  But  as  the  ocean, 
which  appears  at  first  view  to  be  placed  as  an  insuperable  barrier  between  dilFerent  regions 
of  the  earth,  }>aa  been  rendered,  by  navigation,  subservient  to  their  mutual  intercourse ;  ao, 
by  menus  of  the  camel,  which  the  Arabians  emphatically  caU  the  Ship  nf  the  Datrt,  the 
most  dreary  wastes  aro  traversed,  and  the  nations  which  they  disjoin  arc  "nubled  to  trade 
with  one  another.  Those  painful  journeys,  impracticable  by  .  ly  other  animal,  the  came! 
performs  with  astonishing  despatch.  Under  heavy  burdens  of  600, 700,  and  800  lbs.  weight, 
they  can  continue  their  march  during  a  long  period  of  time,  with  little  food  or  rest,  and 
soinetiinca  without  tasting  water  for  8  or  9  days.  By  the  wise  economy  of  Providence,  the 
caiiicl  seems  formed  of  purpose  to  be  the  beast  of  burden  in  those  regions  whffr*;  he  is  placed 
and  where  his  service  is  most  wanted.  In  alt  the  districts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  where  deserts 
arc  most  frequent  and  extensive,  the  camel  abounds.  Thia  is  his  proper  station,  and  beyond 
this  the  sphere  of  his  activity  does  not  extend  fur.  He  dreads  alike  the  excesses  of  heat  and 
colli,  and  does  not  agree  even  with  the  mild  climate  of  our  temperate  zone." — {Roberlson'i 
Lhquidtiun  im  Ancient  India,  Note  53.) 

The  first  trade  in  Indian  commodities  of  which  we  havetmy  account  (Genesis  xxxvii.25.) 
wns  carried  on  by  camels ;  and  they  still  .'intinue  to  ho  the  instruments  employed  in  tha 
conveyance  of  merchants  and  merchandixe  throughout  Turkey,  Peruia,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Bar- 
bary,  and  many  contiguous  countries.  The  merchants  assemble  in  considerable  numbers, 
forming  themselves  into  an  association  or  earuvan — (see  Cahavan),  for  their  mutual  pro- 
tection agiiinst  the  attacks  of  robliers,  and  tlie  dangers  incident  to  a  journey  through  such 
ruJc  and  inhospitalJo  countries.  These  caravans  are  often  very  large  and  usually  consist 
of  more  camels  tiian  men.  The  capacity  of  tlic  camel  to  endure  futigue,  end  the  small  sup- 
ply of  [iTovbions  that  he  requires,  is  almost  incredible.  "  His  ordinary  burden,"  says  Vol- 
ney,  "  is  750  lbs. ;  his  food,  whatever  is  given  him — straw,  thistles,  the  stones  of  dates, 
beans,  barley,  &c.    With  a  pound  of  food  a  day,  and  as  much  water,  he  will  travrl  for 

Vot.  I— a  A 


I!  1 


r*/ 


978 


CAMELS'  HAIR— CAMPHOR. 


wecki.  In  the  journey  from  Cairo  to  Sun,  which  it  40  or  46  houn,  thoy  neither  eet  nor 
thrink ;  but  ttieao  long  fttnte,  if  oflon  ropoatetl,  wear  them  out.  Their  ueual  rate  of  travellinK 
ia  very  alow,  banlly  above  two  milita  an  hour  t  it  ia  in  vain  to  puah  them ;  they  will  not 
ijuickun  their  pace ;  but,  l^allowrd  aome  abort  reat,  they  will  travel  15  or  18  houra  a  day." 
— (  fot/age  en  Si/rir,  torn.  ii.  p.  383.) 

The  Arabian*  rri;ar(t  the  cnmol  nn  a  Mcrod  nnimal,  the  gift  of  Iloavon,  without  whoie  aid 
they  could  noitlior  Hubiiat,  nor  trade,  nor  travel.  ItN  milk  i*  tlieir  ordinary  food ;  they  alto 
cat  ita  flei>h,  cApi^cially  that  of  thn  young  camel,  which  they  reckon  excellent ;  ita  hair,  which 
ia  renewed  every  year,  U  partly  manufactured  into  RtuiT*  for  their  clothe*  and  furniture,  and 
partly  vent  abroad  a*  a  valualile  article  of  merchuiidiko ;  and  even  it*  face*  *eive  ihem  for 
fuel.  Bleiit  with  their  camel*,  the  Arab*  want  nothing,  and  fear  nothing.  In  a  ainglo  day 
they  can  traverae  40  or  ftO  roilea  of  the  deaert,  and  intorpooe  ita  trackloaa  aand*  a*  an  im- 
|)cnetrable  rampart  between  them  and  their  foca. — (See  tlio  admirable  dcacription  of  the 
camel,  in  BnfTon.) 

Bui,  however  uaoful  to  the  inhabitant*  of  parched,  aandy  deaerta,  it  may  be  worth  while, 
perhapa,  to  ob*ervo,  that  the  camol  ia  of  very  little  aervice  elsewhere.  He  cannot  walk  lUO 
>  ardii  on  wet  or  ilippery  ground  without  (tumbling.  Ho  i«  totally  unknown  in  all  hilly  or 
woody  countries ;  and,  with  few  exception*,  may  bo  said  to  bo  aa  great  a  atranger  in  the 
Eufltern  Island*,  Japan,  the  southern  part*  of  China,  the  whole  country  lying  between  China 
and  India,  and  all  the  aouthorn  parts  of  the  latter,  including  Bengal,  a*  he  i*  in  Europe.  In 
nil  those  vast  countries  the  ox  is  tho  most  useful  of  the  lower  animal*.  It  ia  used  for  draught 
(for  which  the  camel  is  totally  unQl),  in  the  cart  and  plough,  in  the  carrying  of  burden*,  in 
treading  corn,  in  tho  oil  press,  6cc.,  and  fmuUy  as  food. 

CAMELS'  H.\IR  (Oer.  Kaineelknar  /  Fr.  Foil  de  ehameau,  Laine  de  chevron  /  It 
Peh  dl  enmeUo ;  Sp.  Pelti  6  lana  de  cdmellu).  The  hair  of  the  camel  imported  into  this 
country  is  principally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fine  ponril*  for  drawing  and  painting.  In 
the  East,  however,  it  is  an  important  article  of  commerce,  and  ia  extenaivoly  used  in  tho 
arts.  It  serve*  for  the  fabrication  of  the  tents  and  carpets  of  tho  Arabs,  and  for  their  wearing 
apparel.  Cloth  i*  aI*o  manufactured  of  it  in  Persia  and  other  places.  The  most  esteemed 
hair  comes  from  Persia.  It  ia  divided  into  three  qualities ;  bluck,  red,  and  grey.  The  black 
is  the  dearest,  and  the  grey  is  only  worth  half  the  red.  Considerable  quantities  of  cameln' 
hair  are  exported  from  Smyrna,  Constantinople,  and  Alexandria.  It  is  used  in  tho  manu< 
facture  of  hats,  particularly  by  th«f  French. — {Reii'a  Cyclopaedia,  art.  Camelua.) 

CAMLET,  OK  CAMBLET  (Ger.  and  Du.  Knmelut  ,•  Tt.  Cameht,-  It.  Ciambelhtlo.- 
Sp.  Camelule  ,•  Rus.  Kamlot),  a  plain  stuff,  manufactured  on  a  loom,  with  two  treadles,  as 
linens  are.  There  are  camlets  of  various  colours  and  sorts:  some  wholly  of  goats'  hair; 
others,  in  which  the  warp  is  of  hair,  and  the  woof  half  hair  and  hiilf  silk ;  others,  again,  in 
which  both  the  warp  and  the  woof  are  of  wool ;  and,  lastly,  some,  of  which  the  warp  is  of 
wool  and  the  woof  of  thread  :  aome  are  striped,  anme  watered,  and  some  figured. 

CAMOMILE  (Ft.  Camomilie ;  It.  Camnmilla  .•  9p.  Mansanilla  /  La.t.  Chamomilla), 
a  well-known  plant,  whose  flowers  are  used  for  medical  purposes.  Most  of  what  is  brouglit 
to  the  London  market  is  grown  about  Mitcham,  in  Surrey. 

CAMPHOR,  on  CAMPHIRE  (Ger.  Kampftr .-  Du.  Kamrpr ,■  Fr.  Campkre.-  It. 
Canfira  ,•  Sp.  Aleanfor  ,■  Rus.  Kamfora  ,•  Lat.  Cumphora ;  Arab,  and  Pers.  Kafuor  ,• 
Mai.  K'lafur),  There  are  two  description*  of  this  valuable  article,  which  must  not  not  lie 
confounded. 

L  Camphor  of  Commerce,  or  that  met  with  in  Europe,  U  obtained  by  boiling  the  tim- 
ber of  a  species  of  laurel  (Laurus  Camphora),  a  tree  found  in  the  forests  of  Fokien,  in 
China,  near  the  city  of  Chinchew,  where  there  is  annually  produced  from  2,500  to  3,000, 
nnd  sometimes  aa  much  as  4,000  piculs.  Most  of  the  camphor  imported  into  Europe  comes 
from  China ;  but  a  small  quantity,  considered  of  superior  quality,  comes  from  Japan  by  way 
of  Batavia.  The  exports  from  Canton  in  1830  and  1831  were  respectively  3,452  and  2,043 
piculs,  being,  at  an  average,  306,266  lbs. ;  if  to  this  we  add  the  exports  from  Batavia  of 
Japan  camphor,  amounting  to  489  picula,  the  total  annual  produce  of  China  and  Japan  for  ex- 
portation will  be  432,770  lbs.  It  is  brought  to  this  country  inchests,  drum?,  and  casks ;  and 
is  in  small,  granular,  friable  massen,  of  a  dirty  white  or  greyi»h  colour,  very  much  resembling 
half-refined  sugar.  When  pure,  the  camphor  of  commerce  has  a  strong,  peculiar,  fragrant, 
(wnetrating  odour,  and  a  bitter,  pungent,  aromatic  taste.  It  is  in  reality  a  concrete  essential 
oil.  Camphor,  when  refined,  is  in  thin  hollow  cakes  of  a  beautiful  virgin  whiteness,  and,  if 
exposed  to  the  air,  totally  evaporates.  Great  care  is  therefore  requisite  in  packing  camphor, 
to  prevent  serious  loss. 

2.  Camphor,  Jl/o/ay,  commonly  called,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  last,  camphor  of  Barus, 
from  the  port  of  Sumatra,  where  it  is  mostly  stripped.  It  is  a  product  of  the  Dryobalanups 
Cumphora,  a  forest  tree  confined  to  Sumatra,  Borneo,  and  tho  Malay  peninsula.  It  isfonnd 
in  concrete  masses  in  the  fissures  of  the  wood  ;  there  are,  however,  but  very  few  trees  that 
afford  it ;  and  those  that  do,  only  in  small  quantities.  This  species  of  camphor  is  more  fra- 
grant and  less  biting  and  pungent  than  that  yielded  by  the  laurel,  and  is  in  high  repute 


CAMPHOR  OiL— CANALS. 


tn 


•monKtht  ChlneM,  hj  whom  it  U  almwt  wholly  coniumed.  There  U  en  imiMnM  dis> 
paiitjr  in  the  price*  of  the  two  ipedea  in  'hina.  In  •  price  current  reneiiUjr  puhliahed  tl 
C'tnion,  the  Anrat  Chineae  camphor  la  qiiot  -d  at  30  dolliira  |N>r  picul,  while  the  Malay  cam- 
ph(ir  i»  quoted  at  30  dollara  per  catty,  making  the  price  of  the  latter  1 00  time*  Rreatrr  than  that 
of  the  former !  Malay  camphor  ia  wholly  unknown  in  Europe  aa  an  article  of  trade.— ( Pri- 
tale  informatinn.) 

[The  quantity  of  camphor  importnl  into  the  United  Statea  haa  of  late  year*  been  rapidly 
incrcnfinif.  Ituied  tolw  procured  moatly  by  way  of  England  and  Holland.  But  it  nowromea  to 
ui  directly  from  China  ;  and  i«  in  part  »ul>ao<|uently  re-exported  to  Bumpe.— ilm,  Ed.] 

CAMPHOR  OIL  (Malay,  Minyak),  a  fruffrant  enaenlial  oil,  obtained  in  large  qiiantitiea 
by  boating  the  wood  of  the  Drydlialnnopa  Cumphiira.  It  ia  nearly  aa  cheap  as  apirit*  of 
turpentine,  but  ia  not  held  in  any  eateom  by  the  Cbinvie,  It  miftht,  perhap",  be  profitably 
imported  into  Englnnd  aa  a  aubatitute  for  apirita  of  tiir|)«iitine  in  the  arta,  and  for  medicinal 
piirpoae*.  We  may  add,  that  the  timber  of  the  Dryiibatanupn  CampHara  ia  not  inferior  to 
any  produced  in  the  countriea  where  it  uruwa,  f»r  the  purpoaea  of  houae  and  ahip  building. 
—(rriviUe  vtfirrmalion,  and  Crawfitrd'a  Indian  Arehipelaifo,  vol.  i.  p.  ft  16.) 

CAMWOOD,  a  red  dye  wood,  flrat  brought  to  Euri)pe  from  Africa  by  the  Portugueao. 
It  in  principally  obtained  from  the  vicinity  of  Sierra  I<«one.  The  colouring  mailer  which  it 
alTon!*  differa  but  little  from  that  of  ordinary  Nicaragua  wood,  either  in  quality  or  quantity  ; 
and  it  may  be  employed  with  aimilar  mordanta. — {Baner(fi4m  Coloura.  Bee  alao  Dumpier, 
vol.  ii.  part  ii.  p.  M.)  Camwood  ia  at  preaeiit  worth,  in  the  London  market,  fctm  16/.  to 
18/.  a  ton,  duty  (A«.  a  ton)  included.  In  1828,  47ft  tone  of  camwood  were  imported ;  but 
the  importa  in  1829  only  amounted  tn  1 10  tona,— (for/.  Paper,  No.  661.  Beaa.  1830.) 

CANAL,  CANALS.  A  canal  i«  an  artiticiul  channel,  filled  with  water  kept  at  the  de- 
aired  level  by  meana  of  locka  or  aluicea,  forming  a  communication  between  two  or  mora 
placea. 

( I .)  Hislorieal  Sketch  of  Canah.  Ancient  Canah, — The  comparative  cheapneaa  and 
facility  with  which  gooda  may  be  conveyed  by  aea,  or  by  meana  of  navigable  rivera,  aeem  to 
have  Rtiggeated,  at  a  very  early  period,  the  formation  of  canala.  The  beat  authenticated  ac- 
counts of  ancient  Egypt  repreaent  that  country  aa  intcraected  by  canala  conveying  the  watera 
of  the  Nile  to  the  more  distant  [mrta  of  the  country,  partly  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation,  and 
partly  for  that  of  internal  navigation,  The  elTorts  made  by  the  old  Egyptian  monarchs,  and 
by  the  Ptolemies,  to  construct  a  canal  between  the  Red  Bea  and  the  Nile  are  well  known ; 
and  evince  the  high  sense  which  they  entertained  of  the  importance  of  thia  species  of  com- 
munication.— (Ameilhtm,  Commerce  dee  Egypliens,  p.  76.) 

Greece  was  too  small  a  territory,  too  much  intersected  by  arms  of  the  sea,  and  subdivided 
into  too  many  independent  states,  to  afford  much  scope  for  inland  navigation.  Atterapta 
were,  however,  made  to  cut  a  canal  acroaa  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth ;  but  they  did  not  succeed. 

The  Romans  did  not  distinguish  themselves  in  canal  navigation.  Their  aqueducts,  the 
stupendous  ruins  of  which  attest  the  wealth  and  power  of  their  founderB,'were  intended  to 
furnish  supplies  of  water  to  some  adjoining  city,  and  not  for  the  conveyance  of  veascls  or  produce. 

(3.)  Chinese  Canab. — In  China,  canals  partly  for  irrigation,  and  partly  for  navigation, 
have  existed  from  a  very  early  period.  The  most  celebrated  amongst  them  is  the  Imperial 
or  Grand  Canal,  forming  a  communication  between  Pekin  and  (/anton,  said  to  be  aboul 
1,660  miles  long.  But  there  can  '^e  no  doubt  that  this  is  a  very  great  enaggi..  ktion  ;  and 
that  it  includes  the  various  rivera  which  really  form  the  greater  part  of  the  navigation,  the 
excavated  portion  being  of  comparatively  limited  dimensiims.  The  canal  is  aaid  not  to  have, 
at  any  time,  mure  than  from  ft  to  6  feet  water ;  and  in  dry  seasons,  its  depth  is  frequently 
reduced  to  3  feet.  {De  la  Lande,  Canaux  de  Navigation,  p.  529.)  The  locks  are  con- 
structed with  very  little  skill ;  and  as  the  vessels  are  generally  dragf^  by  men,  the  navigap 
tion  is  extremely  slow.  The  canals  are  mostly  faced  with  stone ;  and  the  bridgca  acroaa 
them  are  said  to  be  very  ingeniously  contrived. 

(3.)  Italian  Canab. — The  Ituiiuns  were  the  first  people  in  modern  Europe  that  attempted 
to  plan  and  execute  canals.  They  were  principally,  however,  undertaken  for  the  purpoae  of 
irrigation ;  and  the  works  of  this  sort  executed  in  the  Milanese  and  other  parta  of  Lombardy, 
in  tiie  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirt<'enth  centuriea,  are  still  regarded  as  models,  and  excite  the 
warm  admiration  of  every  one  capable  of  appreciating  them.  In  1271,  the  Navilio  Grande, 
or  canal  leading  from  Milan  to  Abbiate  Grasao  and  the  Tesino,  was  rendered  navigable.— 
{Young's  Travels  in  France,  ^c.  vol.  ii.  p.  170.) 

(4.)  Dutch  Canab. — No  country  in  Europe  contains,  in  proportion  to  its  size,  so  many 
navigable  canals  as  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  and  particularly  the  province  of  Hol- 
land. The  construction  of  these  canals  commenced  as  early  as  the  twelfth  century,  when, 
owing  to  its  central  and  convenient  situation,  Flanders  began  to  be  the  entrepdt  of  the  com- 
merce between  the  north  and  south  of  Europe.  Their  number  has  since  been  astonishingly 
incieased.  "Holland,"  says  Mr.  Phillips,  in  hia  Histuri/ of  Inland  Navigation,  "is  inter* 
sected  with  innumerable  canals.  They  may  be  compared  in  number  and  size  to  our  public 
roads  and  highways :  and  aa  the  latter  with  ua  are  continually  full  of  coaches,  chaises, 


!| 


)  i 


S80 


f^  T  i   r*  t  - 


CANALS. 


wagons,  carta,  and  horMtfien,  going  from  and  to  the  difil^retit  cities,  towns,  and  villages;  mt, 
on  the  former,  the  Hollanders,  in  their  boats  and  pleasure  barges,  dieir  treckschuyts  ami 
vessels  of  burden,  are  continually  journeying  and  conveying  commodities  for  conaumption 
or  exportation  from  the  interior  of  the  country  to  the  great  cities  and  rivers.  An  mhabitant 
of  Sotteidam  may,  by  means  of  these  canals,  breakfast  at  Delft  or  the  Hague,  dine  at  Ley- 
den,  and  sup  at  Amsterdam,  or  return  home  again  before  night  By  them,  also,  a  moat 
prodigious  inland  trade  is  carried  on  between  Holland  and  every  part  of  France,  Flanders, 
and  Germany.  When  the  canals  are  frozen  over,  they  travel  on  them  with  skaits,  and 
perform  long  journeys  in  a  very  short  time ;  while  huavy  burdens  are  conveyed  in  carts  and 
sledges,  which  are  then  as  much  used  on  the  canals  as  on  our  streets. 

"  The  yearly  profits  produced  by  these  canals  are  almost  beyond  belief;  but  it  is  certain, 
and  baa  been  proved,  thAt  they  amount  to  more  than  350,000/.  for  about  400  miles  of  inland 
navigation,  which  is  626/.  per  mile,  the  square  surface  of  which  mile  does  not  exqyd  two 
acres  of  ground ;  a  profit  so  amazing,  that  it  is  no  wonder  other  nations  should  imitate  what 
has  been  found  so  advantageous. 

"  The  canals  of  Holland  are  generally  60  feet  wide  and  6  deep,  and  are  carefully  kept 
clean ;  the  mud,  as  manure,  is  very  profitable ;  the  canals  are  generally  levels ;  of  course, 
locks  are  not  wanted.  From  Rotterdam  to  Delft,  4he  Hague,  and  Leyden,  the  canal  is  quite 
level,  but  is  sometimes  affected  by  strong  winds.  For  the  most  part  the  canals  are  elevated 
above  the  fields  or  the  country,  to  enable  them  to  cary  off  the  water,  which  in  winter  inun- 
dates the  land.  To  drain  the  water  from  Delftland,  a  province  not  more  than  60  miles 
long,  they  employ  200  windmills  in  spring  time  to  raise  it  into  the  canals.  All  the  canals 
of  Holland  are  bordered  with  dams  or  banks  of  immense  thickness,  and  on  these  depends  the 
security  of  the  country  from  inundation  ;  of  course  it  is  of  great  moment  to  keep  them  in  the 
best  repair ;  to  effect  which  there  is  a  kind  of  militia,  and  in  every  village  is  a  magazine  of 
proper  stores  and  men,  whose  business  it  is  to  convey  stones  and  rubbish  in  carts  to  any 
damaged  place.  When  a  certain  bell  rings,  or  the  waters  are  at  a  fixed  height,  every  man 
repairs  to  his  post.  To  every  house  or  family  there  is  assigned  a  certain  part  of  the  bank, 
in  tlie  repair  of  which  they  are  to  assist  When  a  breach  is  apprehended,  they  cover  the 
banks  all  over  with  cloth  and  stones." 

(5.)  Canal  from  Amsterdam  to  Niew^iep,  near  the  Heldtr. — The  object  of  this  canal, 
which  is  the  greatest  work  of  its  kind  in  il!olland,  and  probably  in  the  world,  is  to  afford  a 
safe  and  easy  passage  for  large  vessels  fron.  Amsterdam  to  the  German  Ocean.  This  ciiy 
has  40  feet  of  water  in  the  road  in  front  of  it(  port,  but  the  pampus  or  bar  at  the  junction  of 
the  Y  with  the  Zuyder  Zee,  7  miles  below,  lias  only  a  depth  of  10  feet ;  and  hence  all  shipg 
of  any  considerable  burden  entering  or  leaving  the  port  must  unload  and  load  part  of  their 
cargoes  without  the  bar.  As  the  Zuyder  Zt«  is  every  where  full  uf  shallows,  all  orJinary 
means  of  improving  the  access  to  Amsterdam  were  necessarily  ineffectual;  and  tlie  resolu- 
tion was,  therefore,  at  length  adopted,  of  cutting  a  canal  from  the  city  to  the  HelJer,  the 
most  northern  point  of  the  province  of  Holland.  The  distance  between  these  extreme 
points  is  41  English  miles,  but  the  length  of  the  canal  is  about  .50^.  The  breadth  at  the 
surface  of  the  water  is  124^  English  feet  (120  Rhinland  feet)  ;  the  breadth  at  bottom  36; 
the  depth  20  feet  9  inches.  Like  the  Dutch  canals  generally,  its  level  is  that  of  the  highest 
tides,  and  it  receives  its  supply  of  water  from  the  sea.  The  only  locks  it  requires  are  of 
course,  two  tide-locks  at  the  extremities ;  but  there  are,  besides,  two  sluices  with  floodgates 
in  the  intermediate  space.  It  is  crossed  by  about  IS  drawbridges.  The  locks  and  sluices 
are  double, — that  is,  there  are  two  in  the  breadth  of  the  canal ;  and  their  construction  and 
workmanship  are  said  to  be  excellent  They  arc  built  of  brick,  for  economy  ;  but  bands  of 
limestone  are  interposed  at  intervals,  and  these  project  about  an  inch  beyond  the  brick,  to 
protect  it  from  abrasion  by  the  sides  of  vensels.  There  is  a  broad  towing  path  on  each  si^lc, 
and  the  canal  is  wide  enough  to  admit  of  two  frigates  passing. — (Fur  the  expense  of  towing, 
see  Amsterdam.) 

The  line  which  the  canal  follows  may  be  easily  traced  on  a  map  of  Holland.  From  the 
Y  at  Amsterdam  it  proceeds  north  to  Purmcrend ;  thence  west  to  Alkmnur  Lake ;  again 
north  by  Alkmaar  to  a  point  within  2  miles  of  the  coast,  near  Pctten,  whence  it  runs  nearly 
parallel  to  the  coast  till  it  joins  the  sea  a  little  to  the  cast  of  tltc  Htlder,  at  the  fine  harbour 
of  Niewdiep,  formed  within  the  last  30  years.  At  tlie  latter  place  there  is  a  powerful  steam- 
engine  for  supplying  the  canal  with  water  during  neap  tides,  and  other  purposes.  The  time 
sjient  in  towing  vessels  from  Niewdiep  to  Amsterdam  is  18  hours.  The  Hclder  is  the  only 
spot  on  tlie  shores  of  Holland  that  has  deep  water ;  and  it  owes  this  advantage  to  its  being 
-ppoaite  to  the  Texel,  which,  by  contracting  the  communication  between  the  German  Ocean 
and  the  Zuyder  Zee  to  a  breadth  of  about  a  mile,  produces  a  current  which  scours  and 
deepens  the  channel.  Immediately  opposite  the  Helder  there  are  100  feet  water  at  high 
tides,  and  at  the  shallowest  part  of  the  bar  to  the  westward  there  are  27  feet  In  the  same 
way,  the  artificial  mound  which  runs  into  the  Y  opposite  Amsterdam,  by  contracting  the 
water-way  to  about  1,000  feet,  kceiw  a  depth  of  40  feel  in  the  port  (at  high  water),  while 
above  and  below  there  is  only  10  or  12. 


CANALS. 


«|fl 


The  canal  waa  begun  in  1819,  and  finished  in  1825.  The  coat  waa  estimated  at 
10,000,000  or  12,000,000  florins,  or  about  1,000,000/.  sterling.  If  we  compute  the  magni* 
tude  of  this  canal  by  the  cubic  contents  of  itn  bed,  it  is  the  greatest,  we  believe,  in  the  world, 
unless  some  of  the  Chinese  canals  be  exceptions.  The  volume  of  water  which  it  contains, 
or  the  prisme  de  remplissage,  is  twice  as  great  as  that  of  the  New  York  Canal,  or  the 
Canal  of  Languedoc,  and  two  and  a  half  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  artificial  part  of  the 
Cak'donian  Canal.  In  consequence,  however,  of  this  facility  with  which  the  Dutch  canal 
was  dug,  and  of  the  evenness  of  the  ground  through  which  it  passes,  the  difficulties  with 
which  the  engineer  had  to  contend  in  making  it  were  trifling  compare<1  to  those  which  had 
to  be  overcome  in  constructing  the  canals  now  mentioned.  We  have  not  learned  what 
netums  this  canal  yields ;  most  probably  it  is  not,  at  least  in  a  direct  point  of  view,  a  profita« 
ble  concern.  Even  in  Holland,  notwithstanding  the  lowness  of  interest,  it  would  require 
tolls  to  the  amount  of  40,000/.  u  year  to  cover  interest  and  expenses ;  and  so  large  a  sum 
can  hardly,  we  should  think,  be  raised  by  the  very  moderate  tolls  laid  on  the  ships  passing 
through  it. — (Sec  AMSXEan  am.)  This,  however,  is  not  the  only  consideration  to  be  attended 
to  in  estimating  the  value  of  a  work  of  this  sort  Its  influence  in  promoting  the  trade  of 
Amsterdam,  and,  indeed,  of  Holland,  may  far  more  than  compensate  tor  its.  cost.  It  is  evi- 
dent, too,  that  the  imposition  of  oppressive  tolls  would  have  effectually  counteracted  this 
advantage ;  that  is,  they  would  have  defeated  the  very  object  for  which  the  canal  was  con« 
structed. — (We  have  derived  these  details,  partly  from  an  able  article  in  the  Scotsman,  and 
partly  from  private  information.) 

(6.)  Ditviah  Canak. — 'ITie  Holstein  Canal,  in  Denmark,  is  of  very  considerable  import- 
ance. It  joins  the  river  Eyder  with  Kiel  Bay  on  the  north-east  coast  of  Holstein,  forming 
a  navigable  communication  between  the  North  Sea,  a  little  to  the  north  of  Heligoland,  and 
the  Baltic;  enabling  vessels  to  pass  from  the  one  to  the  other  by  a  short  cut  of  about  100 
miles,  instead  of  the  lengthened  and  difficult  voyage  round  Jutland,  and  through  the  Catte- 
gat  and  the  Sound.  The  Eyder  is  navigable  for  vessels  not  drawing  more  than  9  feet  water, 
from  Tonningen,  near  its  mouth,  to  Rendsburg,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  canal,  which  com- 
municates with  the  Baltic  at  Holtenau,  about  3  miles  north  of  Kid.  The  canal  is  about  26 
English  miles  in  length,  including  about  6  miles  of  what  is  principally  river  navigation. 
The  excavated  portion  is  95  feet  wide  at  top,  51  feet  6  inches  at  bottom,  and  9  feet  6  inches 
deep  (Eng.  meas.).  Its  highest  elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea  is  24  feet  4  inches ;  to 
which  height  vessels  are  raised  and  let  down  by  6  locks  or  sluices.  It  is  navigable  by 
vessels  of  120  tons  burden,  or  more  provided  they  are  constructed  in  that  view.  The  total 
cost  of  the  canal  was  about  500,000A  It  was  opened  in  1785,  and  has  so  far  realiseil  the 
views  uf  its  projectors,  as  to  enable  coasting  vessels  from  the  Danish  islands  in  the  Baltic 
and  the  east  coast  of  Holstein,  Jutland,  &c.,  to  proceed  to  Hamburgh,  Holland,  England,  &c. 
in  less  time  and  with  much  less  risk,  than,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  navigation,  they  could 
have  cleared  the  point  of  the  Skaw  ;  and  conversely  with  ships  from  the  west.  The  smaller 
class  of  foreign  vessels,  particularly  those  under  the  Dutch  and  Hanseatic  flas^,  navigating 
the  Baltic  and  North  Seas,  have  largely  availed  themselves  of  the  facilities  afforded  by  this 
canal.  During  the  5  years  ending  with  1831,  no  fewer  than  2,786  vessels  passed  each  year, 
at  an  average,  through  the  canal.  This  is  a  sufficient  evidence  of  its  utility.  It  would, 
however,  be  much  more  frequented,  were  it  not  for  the  difficult  navigation  of  the  Eyder  from 
the  sea  to  Rendsburg.  The  dues  are  moderate. — {Coxe'a  Trmiels  in  the  North  of  Europe, 
5th  ed.  vol.  v.  p.  239.,  where  there  is  a  plan  of  the  canal ;  Catleau,  Tableau  des  Etats 
Dawiis,  tom.  ii.  pp.  300 — 304. ;  and  private  information.) 

(7.)  Swedish  Canak. — The  formation  of  an  internal  navigation  connecting  the  Cattegat 
and  the  Baltic  has  iong  engaged  the  attention,  and  occupied  the  efforts,  of  the  people  and 
government  of  Sweden.  Various  motives  conspired  to  make  them  embark  in  this  arduous 
undertaking.  The  Sound  and  other  channels  to  the  Baltic  being  commiindcd  by  the  Danes, 
they  were  able,  when  at  war  with  the  Swedes,  greatly  to  annoy  the  latter,  by  cutting  off  all 
communication  by  sea  between  the  eastern  and  western  provinces  of  the  kingdom.  And 
hence,  in  the  view,  partly  of  obviating  this  annoyance  and  partly  of  facilitating  the  convey- 
ance of  iron,  timber,  and  other  bulky  products,  from  the  interior  to  the  coast,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  attempt  forming  an  internal  navigation,  by  means  of  the  river  Gotha,  and  the  lakes 
M'ener,  Welter,  &c.  from  (lottenburgh  to  Soderkoeping  on  the  Baltic.  The  first  and  most 
dilficult  part  of  this  enterprise  was  the  perfecting  of  the  communication  from  Gottcnburgh 
to  the  lake  Wener.  The  Gotha,  which  flows  from  the  latter  to  the  former,  is  navigable, 
thrp-jgh  by  far  the  greater  part  of  its  course,  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden  ;  but,  besides 
ot'iors  less  diil5cult  to  overcome,  the  navigation  at  the  point  called  Trilllhietta  is  interrupted 
by  a  series  of  cataracts  about  1 12  feet  in  height  Owing  to  the  rapidity  of  the  river,  and 
the  Btui)born  red  granite  rocks  over  which  it  flows,  and  by  perpendicular  banks  of  which  it  is 
boiindi'd,  the  attempt  to  cut  a  lateral  canal,  and  still  more  to  render  it  directly  navigable, 
presented  the  most  formidable  obstacles.  But,  undismayed  by  these,  on  which  it  is,  indeed, 
most  probable  he  had  not  sufficiently  reflected,  Polhem,  a  native  engineer,  undertook,  about 
ihe  mi  Idle  of  last  century,  the  Herculean  task  of  constructing  locks  in  tlie  channel  of  the 
2  a2  36 


! 


fi 


Wit" 


CANALS. 


river,  and  rendering  it  navigable !  Whether,  hoTtrever,  it  were  o^ng  to  the  all  but  insupen. 
ble  obstacles  opposed  to  such  a  plan,  to  the  defective  execution,  or  deficient  strength  of  the 
works,  thry  whem  wholly  swept  away,  after  being  couriderably  advanced,  and  after  vast 
sums  ha*l  been  expended  upon  them.  From  this  period,  down  to  1793,  the  undertaking  was 
abandoned ;  but  in  that  year,  the  plan  was  proposed,  which  should  have  been  adopted  at 
first,  of  cutting  a  lateral  canal  through  the  solid  rock,  about  1^  mile  from  the  river.  Thu 
new  enterprise  was  begun  under  the  auspices  of  a  company  incorporated  for  the  purpose  in 
1794,  and  was  successfully  completed  in  1800.  The  canal  is  about  3  miles  in  length,  and 
has  about  6^  feet  water.*  It  has  8  sluices,  and  admits  vessels  of  about  100  tons.  In  one  part  it 
is  cut  through  the  solid  rock  to  the  depth  of  72  feet  The  expense  was  a  good  deal  less 
tlian  might  have  been  expected,  being  only  about  80,000/.  The  lake  Wener,  the  naviga< 
tion  of  which  was  thus  opened  with  Gottenburgh,  is  very  large,  deep,  and  encircled  by  some 
of  the  richest  of  the  Swedish  provinces,  which  now  possess  the  inestimable  advantage  of  a 
convenient  and  ready  outlet  for  their  products. 

As  soon  as  the  Trollhetta  canal  had  been  completed,  there  could  be  no  room  for  doubt  as 
to  the  practicability  of  extending  the  navigation  to  Soderkotping.  In  furtherance  of  this 
object,  the  lake  Wener  has  been  joined  to  the  lake  Wetter  by  the  Gotha  Canal,  which  admits 
vessels  of  the  same  size  as  that  of  TroUheetta ;  and  tlie  prolongation  of  the  navigation  to  the 
Baltic  from  the  Wetter,  partly  by  2  canals  of  equal  magnitude  with  the  above,  and  partly 
by  lakes,  is  now,  we  believe,  about  completed.  The  entire  undertaking  is  called  the  Gotha 
Navigation,  and  deservedly  ranks  among  the  very  first  of  the  kind  in  Europe. 

Besides  the  above,  the  canal  of  Arboga  unites  the  lake  Hielmar  to  thr  lake  Maelar ;  and 
since  1819,  a  canal  has  been  constructed  from  the  latter  to  the  Baltic  at  Sudertelge.  The 
canal  of  Strcemsholm,  so  called  from  its  passing  near  the  castle  of  that  name,  has  eifccted  a 
navigable  communication  between  the  province  of  Dalecarlia  and  the  lake  Maelar,  &c. — 
(For  further  details  see,  besides  the  authorities  already  referred  to,  Cuxe'a  T/'avek  in  Hit 
North  of  Europe,  5th  e<l.  vol.  iv.  pp.  253 — 266.,  and  vol.  v.  pp.  58—66. ;  Tlwmson'a  Tra- 
vels in  Sweden,  p.  35,  &c.) 

(8.)  French  Canab. — The  first  canal  executed  in  France  was  that  of  Briare,  34^  Eng- 
lish miles  in  length,  intended  to  form  a  communication  between  the  Seine  and  Loire.  It 
was  commenced  in  1 605,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  and  was  completed  in  1 642,  under  his 
successor,  Louis  XIII.  The  canal  of  Orleans,  which  joins  the  above,  was  commenced  ia 
1675.  But  the  most  stupendous  undertaking  of  this  sort  that  has  been  executed  in  France, 
or  indeed  on  the  Continent,  is  the  canal  of  Languedoc  It  was  projected  under  Francis  L; 
but  was  begun  and  completed  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  It  reaches  from  Narbonne  to 
Toulouse ;  and  was  intended  lo  form  a  safe  and  speedy  means  of  communication  between 
the  .\tlantic  Ocean  and  tlie  Mediterranean.  It  is  64  French  leagues  long,  and  6  feet  deep; 
and  has,  in  all,  114  locks  and  sluices.  In  its  highest  part  it  is  600  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  In  some  places  it  is  conveyed  by  bridges  of  great  length  and  strength,  over  large 
rivers.  It  cost  upwards  of  1,300,000/^ ;  and  reflects  infinite  credit  on  the  engineer,  Riquet, 
by  whom  it  was  planned  and  executed. 

Besides  this  great  work,  France  possesses  several  magnificent  canals,  such  as  that  of  The 
Centre,  connecting  the  Loire  with  the  Saone ;  of  St.  Quentin,  joining  the  Scheldt  and  the 
Sorame ;  of  Be8an9on,  joining  the  Sanne,  and  consequently  the  Rhone,  to  the  Rhine ;  of 
Burgundy,  joining  the  Rhone  to  the  Seine,  &c.  Some  of  these  are  of  very  considerable 
magnitude.  The  canal  of  the  Centre  is  about  72  English  miles  in  length.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1791,  at  an  expense  of  alK>ut  11,000,000  francs.  Its  summit  level  is  about  240 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Loire  at  Digoin  ;  the  breadth  at  the  water's  edge  is  about  48  feet, 
and  at  bottom  30  feet ;  depth  of  water  5|  feet ;  number  of  locks  81.  The  canal  of  St.  Quen- 
tin, 28  English  miles  in  length,  was  completed  in  1810.  The  canal  joining  the  Rhone  to 
the  Rhine  is  the  most  extensive  of  any.  It  stretches  from  the  Saone,  a  little  above  St.  Jean 
de  Losne,  by  Dole,  Besan9on,  and  Mulhouse,  to  Strasburg,  where  it  joins  the  Rhine, — a 
distance  of  about  200  English  miles.  From  Dole  to  Vogaucourt,  near  Montbeliard,  the  canal 
is  principally  excavated  in  the  bed  of  the  Doubs.  It  is  not  quite  finished.  The  canal  of 
Burgundy  will,  when  completed,  be  about  242  kilom.,  or  150  English  miles  in  length ;  but 
at  present  it  is  only  navigable  to  the  distance  of  about  95  kilom.  In  addition  to  these,  a 
great  many  other  canals  have  been  finished,  while  several  are  in  progress,  and  others  pro- 
jected. There  is  an  excellent  account  of  the  French  canals  completed,  in  progress,  and 
projected,  in  the  work  of  M.  Dutens,  entitled  Hisiuire  de  la  Navigation  Literieure  de  la 
France,  2  vols.  4to,  and  to  it  we  beg  to  refer  the  reader  for  further  details.  He  will  find,  at 
the  end  of  the  second  volume,  a  very  beautiful  map  of  the  rivers  and  canals  of  France. 

It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  railroad  projecta  now  set  on  foot  in  France  may  tend,  foi 
a  while  at  least,  to  check  the  progress  of  canalisation.  We  may  observe,  too,  that  the  stitc 
of  the  law  in  France  is  very  unfavourable  to  tlie  undertakiiit;  and  success  of  all  great  public 
works;  and  we  are  inclined  to  attribute  the  comparative  fewness  of  canals  in  France,  am 

•  Thi*  is  the  stntenicntnf  Catteau,  TabUaHiU  la  Mer  Palliqne,tome  ti.  p.  77.;  Oddy,  in  hia  F.Kropt4n 
Cntmerce,  p.  30C.,  and  Bnibi,  Abrigt  de  la  Qiograyhit,  p.  'iAa.,  say  tUut  the  depth  of  wiuer  ii  10  feut. 


CANALS. 


283 


the  recent  period  at  which  most  of  them  have  been  conatructed,  to  its  influence.  In  that 
country,  canals,  docks,  and  such  like  works,  are  mostly  carried  on  at  the  expense  and  fur 
behoof  of  government,  under  the  control  of  its  agents.  No  scope  has  been  given  to  the 
enterprise  of  individuals  or  at'soniftione.  Before  either  a  road  or  a  canal  can  be  constructed, 
plans  and  estimates  must  be  mi  •■•X  and  laid  b<..ore  the  minister  of  the  interior,  by  whom 
they  are  referred  to  the  piett^;t  .n  department,  and  then  to  the  Bureau  des  Fonts  et  dea 
ChatKtis  t  and  supposing  tbti  -.ject  to  be  approved  by  these,  and  the  other  functionaries 
conralted  with  respect  to  it,  the  work  must  after  all  be  carried  on  under  the  superintendence 
of  some  public  officer.  In  consequence  of  this  preposterous  system,  very  few  works  of  this 
description  have  lieen  undertaken  as  private  speculations.  And  while  not  a  few  of  those 
begun  by  government  remain  unfinished  and  comparatively  useless,  those  that  are  completed 
have,  as  was  to  be  expected,  rarely  proved  profitable.  There  are  some  good  remarks 
on  this  subject  in  the  useful  work  of  M.  Dupin,  on  the  Forces  Commereialea  of  Great 
Britain. 

(9.)  Prussian  Canab. — The  Prussian  states  are  traversed  by  the  great  navigable  rivers 
the  Elbe,  the  Oder,  and  the  Vistula ;  the  first  having  its  embouchure  in  the  North  Sea,  and 
tlie  ot'iers  in  the  Baltic.  The  formation  of  an  internal  navigation,  that  should  join  those 
great  water-ways,  excited  the  attention  of  government  at  a  distant  period  ;  and  this  object 
has  been  successfully  accomplished,  partly  by  the  aid  of  the  secondary  rivers  falling  into  the 
above,  and  partly  by  canals.  In  166S,  the  canal  of  Muhlrose  was  undertaken,  uniting  the 
Oder  and  the  Spree ;  the  latter  l)eing  a  nav^ble  river  falling  into  the  Havel,  also  a  naviga- 
ble river  joining  the  Elbe  near  Havelburg.  But  the  navigation  from  the  Oder  to  the  Elbe 
by  this  channel  was  difficult  and  liable  to  frequent  interruption ;  and  to  obviate  these  defects 
Frederick  the  Great  constructed,  towards  tlie  middle  of  last  century,  the  Finnow  Canal, 
stretching  from  the  Oder  at  Oderberg  to  the  Havel,  near  Leibenwalde ;  the  communication 
is  thence  continued  by  the  latter  and  a  chain  of  lakes  to  Plauen ;  from  which  point  a  canal 
has  been  opened,  jouiing  the  Elbe  near  Magdeburg.  The  Elbe  biein;^  in  this  way  connected 
with  the  Oder  by  a  comparatively  easy  navigation,  the  latter  has  been  united  to  the  Vistula, 
partly  by  the  river  Netze,  and  partly  by  a  canal  joining  that  river  to  the  Brahe,  which  falls 
into  the  Vistula  near  Bromberg.  A  vast  inland  navigation  has  thus  been  completed ;  barks 
passing  fi:eely  through  the  whole  extent  of  country  from  Hamburgh  to  Dantzic ;  affording 
the  means  of  shipping  the  products  of  the  interior,  and  of  importing  those  of  foreign  coun- 
tries, either  by  the  North  Sea  or  the  Baltic,  as  may  be  found  most  advantageous. — (^Catteau, 
Tableau  de  la  Mer  BaJtique,  tome  ii.  p.  11 — 18. 

(10.)  Russian  Canab. — The  inland  navigation  of  Russia  is  of  vast  extent,  and  very 
considerable  importance.  The  reader  will  find  some  details  with  respect  to  it  under  the 
article  Petebbbuhoh. 

(11.)  Amtrian  Canab, — ^The  Austrian  empire  is  traversed  in  its  whole  extent  by  the 
Danube ;  but  the  advantages  that  might  result  to  the  foreign  trade  of  the  empire  from  so 
great  a  command  of  river  navigation,  have  been  materially  abridged  by  the  jealousy  of  the 
I'urks,  who  command  the  embouchure  of  the  river,  and  by  the  difficulties  that  are  in  some 
places  incident  to  its  navigation.  Two  pretty  extensive  canals  have  been  constructed  in  Hun- 
gary. That  called  the  Bega  Canal  is  73  English  miles  in  length :  it  stretches  from  Fascet 
through  the  Bannat  by  Temeswar  to  Becskerek,  whence  vessels  pass  by  the  Bega  into  the 
Theiss,  a  little  above  its  junction  with  the  Danube.  The  other  Hungarian  canal  is  called 
after  the  Emperor  Francis.  It  stretches  from  the  Danube  by  Zambor  to  the  Theiss,  which 
it  joins  near  Foldvar,  being  62  English  miles  in  length  :  its  elevation,  where  highest,  does 
not  exceed  27  feet.  Besides  the  above,  the  canal  of  Vienna  establishes  a  communication 
between  that  city  and  Neustadt.  It  is  said  to  be  the  intention  to  continue  this  canal  to 
Trieiite ;  but,  however  desirable,  we  doubt  much  whether  this  be  practicable.  A  railroad  is 
at  present  being  made  from  Munthausen  on  the  Danube  to  Budweiss  on  the  Moldau,  a 
navigable  river  that  falls  into  the  Elbe.  This  promises  to  be  a  highly  useful  communication. 
— (Brig/it^s  Traveb  in  Hungary,  p.  246, ;  Baibi,  Abrege  de  lu  Geographie,  p.  216.) 

(12.)  Spanish  Canab. — No  where  are  canals  more  necessary,  both  for  the  purposes  of 
navigation  and  irrigation,  than  in  Spain ;  but  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  poverty  and 
ignorance  of  the  government  as  well  as  of  the  people,  oppose  formidable  obstacles  to  their 
construction.  During  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  a  company  of  Dutch  contractors  offered  to 
render  the  M an; anares  navigable  from  Madrid  to  where  it  fulls  into  the  Tagus,  and  the  latter 
from  that  point  to  Lisbon,  provided  they  were  allowed  to  levy  a  duty  for  a  certain  number 
of  years  on  the  goods  conveyed  by  this  channel.  The  Council  of  Castile  took  this  proposal 
into  their  serious  consideration,  and  after  maturely  weighing  it,  pronounced  the  singular 
decision — "  That  if  it  had  pleased  God  that  these  two  rivers  should  have  been  navigable,  he 
would  not  have  wanted  human  assistance  to  have  made  them  such  ;  but  that,  as  he  has  not 
done  it,  it  is  plain  that  he  did  not  think  it  proper  that  it  should  be  done.  To  attempt  it,  there- 
fore, would  lie  to  violate  the  decrees  of  his  providence,  and  to  mend  the  imperfections  which 
he  (leslgncdly  left  in  his  works!" — (Clarke's  Letters  on  tlie  Spanish  Nation,  p.  284.)  But 
such  undertakings  are  no  logger  looked  upon  as  sinful ;  and  many  have  been  projected  since 


Ii' 


i    )(: 


W 


^* 


M4 


CANALS. 


Ae  aoeesaion  of  the  Bourtion  dynasty,  though  few  have  been  perfected.  The  canal  of  the 
Eliro,  begun  under  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  is  the  most  important  of  the  Spaninh  canals ; 
but  it  is  only  partially  completed,  and  during  dry  seasons  it  suiTera  from  want  of  water.  It 
runs  parallel  to  the  right  bank  of  the  Ebro,  from  Tudcia  in  Navarre  to  Mow  Saragossa ; 
the  intention  being  to  carry  it  to  Sastago,  where  it  is  to  unite  with  the  Ebro.  The  canal  of 
Castile  is  intended  to  lay  open  Uie  country  between  the  Douro  and  Roynosa,  and  to  facilitate 
the  conveyance  of  grain  from  the  interior  to  Santandar  and  Bilbao.  It  passes  by  Valladolid, 
Palencia,  and  Aguilar  del  Campos;  a  small  part  has  been  executed,  and  is  now  in  operation. 
A  company  has  recently  undertaken,  what  the  Dutch  contractors  formerly  offered,  to  render 
the  Tagus  navigable  from  Aranjuez  to  Lisbon ;  the  free  navi(;ation  of  the  river  having  been 
stipulated  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  A  project  for  deepeni  the  Qnadalquivir,  and  some 
others,  are  also  on  foot.— {Foreign  Quarterly  Renew,  No.  \i.  p.  8fi.  /  BaU)i,  Abrigi  de  la 
Geo^raphie,  p.  349.)  "" 

(13.)  British  Canals. — Owing  partly  to  the  late  rise  of  extensive  manufactures  and  com- 
merce in  Great  Britain,  but  more,  perhaps,  to  the  insular  situation  of  the  country,  no  part  of 
which  is  very  distant  from  the  sea  or  from  a  navignblo  river,  no  attempt  was  made  in  En;;- 
land,  to  construct  canals  till  a  comparatively  recent  period.  The  eflbrts  of  those  who  first 
began  to  improve  the  means  of  internal  navigation,  were  limited  to  attempts  to  deepen  the 
beds  of  rivers,  and  to  render  them  better  fitted  for  the  conveyance  of  vessels.  So  early  as 
1633,  a  Mr.  Sandys  of  Flatbury,  Worcestershire,  formed  a  project  for  rendering  the  Avon 
navigable  from  the  Severn,  near  Tewkesbury,  through  the  counties  of  Warwick,  Worcester, 
and  Uloucester,  "  that  the  towns  and  country  might  be  better  supplied  with  wood,  iron,  pit- 
coal,  and  other  commodities."  This  scheme  was  approved  by  the  principal  nobility  and 
landowners  in  the  adjoining  counties ;  but  the  civil  war  having  broken  out  soon  after,  the 
project  was  abandoned,  and  does  not  seem  to  have  been  revived.  Afler  the  restoration,  and 
during  the  earlier  part  of  last  century,  various  acts  were  at  different  times  obtained  for  cheap- 
ening and  improving  river  navigration.  For  the  most  part,  however,  these  attempts  were 
not  very  successful.  The  current  of  the  rivers  gradually  changed  the  form  of  their  channels; 
the  dykes  and  other  artificial  constructions  were  apt  to  be  destroyed  by  inundations ;  alluvial 
sand  banks  were  formed  below  the  weirs ;  in  summer,  the  channels  were  frequently  too  dry 
to  admit  of  being  navigated,  while  at  other  periods  the  current  was  so  strong  as  to  render  it 
quite  impossible  to  ascend  the  river,  which  at  all  times,  indeed,  was  a  laborious  and  expen- 
sive undertaking.  These  difhculties  in  the  way  of  river  navigation  seem  to  have  suggested 
the  expediency  of  abandoning  the  channels  of  most  rivers,  and  of  digging  parallel  to  them 
artiflcial  channels,  in  which  the  water  might  be  kept  at  the  proper  level  by  means  of  locks. 
The  act  passed  by  the  legislature  in  1755,  for  improving  the  navigation  of  Sankey  Brook  on 
the  Mersey,  gave  rise  to  a  lateral  canal  of  this  description,  about  11^  miles  in  length,  which 
deserves  to  be  mentioned  as  the  earliest  effort  of  the  sort  in  England. 

But  before  this  canal  had  been  completed,  the  celebrated  Duke  of  Bridgewater*,  and  his 
equally  celebrated  engineer,  the  self-instructed  James  Brindley,  had  conceived  a  plan  of 
canalisation  independent  altogether  of  natural  channels,  and  intended  to  afford  the  greatest 
facilities  to  commerce,  by  carrying  canals  across  rivers  and  through  mountains,  wherever  it 
was  practicable  to  construct  them.f 

The  Duke  was  proprietor  of  a  large  estate  at  Worsley,  7  miles  from  Manchester,  in  which 
were  some  very  rich  coal-mines,  that  had  hitherto  been  in  a  great  measure  useless,  owing  to 
fhe  cost  of  carrying  coal  to  market.  Being  desirous  of  turning  his  mines  to  some  account,  it 
<»ccurred  to  his  Grace  that  his  purpose  would  be  best  accomplished  by  cutting  a  canal  from 
Worsley  to  Manchester.  Mr.  Brindley,  having  been  consulted,  declared  that  the  scheme 
was  practicable ;  and  an  act  having  been  obtained,  the  work  was  immediately  commenced. 
"  The  principle,"  says  Mr.  Phillips,  "  laid  down  at  the  commencement  of  this  business, 
reflects  as  much  honour  on  the  noble  undertaker  as  it  does  upon  his  engineer.  It  was 
resolved  that  the  canal  should  be  perfect  in  its  kind  ;  and  that,  in  order  to  preserve  the  level 
of  the  water,  it  should  be  free  from  the  usual  construction  of  locks.  But  in  accomplishing 
this  end  many  difficulties  were  deemed  insurmountable.  It  was  necessary  that  the  canal 
should  be  carried  over  rivers,  and  many  lorge  and  deep  valleys,  where  it  was  evident  that 
such  stupendous  mounds  of  earth  must  be  raised,  as  would  scarcely,  it  was  thought  by  num- 
bers, be  completed  by  the  labour  of  ages ;  and,  above  all,  it  was  not  known  from  what  source 
•o  large  a  supply  of  water  could  be  drawn,  even  on  this  improved  plan,  as  would  supply  the 
navigation.  But  Mr.  Brindley,  with  a  strength  of  mind  peculiar  to  himself,  and  bein;;  pos- 
•nssed  of  the  confidence  of  his  great  patron,  contrived  such  admirable  machines,  and  took 

*  This  truly  noble  person  expended  a  princely  fortune  in  the  proBecntion  nf  his  great  desiens ;  nnd 
to  iiicriiase  liis  resources,  is  siiid  to  have  restrirted  \i\a  own  peisniiul  expcnHOU  to  400/.  a  year!  But 
liis  [irojecta  were  productive  of  great  wealth  lo  himself  and  hiHSiicrexsors;  and  have  promoted,  in  no 
ordinary  degree,  the  wealth  and  prosperity  of  his  country.    He  died  in  UstU. 

f  Tiiere  is  a  good  account  of  Brindley  in  Aikin'a  Bingruphkal  IHcliotuiru.  His  intense  appliiation, 
and  the  anxiulY  of  mind  inseparable  from  the  great  enterprises  in  which  he  was  engaged,  terminated 
Ilia  valuable  lite  at  the  early  age  of  SO. 


CANALS. 


28S 


lach  melb«vk  to  farJIItato  the  progreu  of  the  woik,  that  the  world  mod  hegk^  to  wondw 
bow  it  could  be  thought  so  difficult. 

"  When  th«  r*no\  vim  completed  as  far  a*  Barton,  where  the  Irwell  is  navigable  for  large 
tewelii  Mr.  . '  indley  proposed  to  carry  it  over  that  river  by  an  aqueduct  30  feet  above  the 
lurface  of  tlie  water  in  the  river.  This,  however,  being  conaidered  as  a  wild  and  extrava- 
gant project,  he  desired,  in  order  to  justify  bis  conduct  towards  his  noble  employer,  that  the 
opinion  of  another  engineer  might  lie  taken,  believing  that  he  ;:ould  easily  convince  an 
intrlligent  pemon  of  the  practicability  of  the  design,  A  gentleman  of  eminence  was  accord- 
ingly called,  who,  being  conducted  to  the  pince  where  it  was  intended  that  the  aqueduct 
should  be  made,  ridiculed  the  attempt;  and,  when  the  height  and  dimensions  were  commu- 
nicntcd  to  him,  he  exclaimed — '  I  have  often  heard  of  castles  in  the  air,  but  never  was  vhown 
before  where  any  of  them  were  to  be  erected.'  This  unfavourable  verdict  did  not  di'ter  the 
Duke  from  following  the  opinion  of  his  own  engineer.  The  aqueiluct  was  immediately  be- 
gun ;  and  it  was  carried  on  with  such  rapidity  and  succesa  as  astonished  those  who,  but  a 
little  before,  thoucht  it  iniposHible." 

Before  the  canal  from  Worsley  to  Manchester  had  been  completed,  it  occurred  to  the 
Duke  and  his  engineer  that  it  might  be  practicable  to  extend  it  by  a  branch,  which,  running 
through  Chester  parallel  to  the  river  Mersey,  should  at  length  terminate  in  that  river,  below 
the  limits  of  its  artificial  navigation ;  and  thus  afibrd  a  new,  safer,  and  cheaper  means  of 
communication  lietween  Manchester  and  its  vicinity  and  Liverpool.  The  execution  of  this 
plan  was  authorised  by  an  act  passed  in  I7C1.  This  canal,  which  is  above  29  miles  in 
length,  was  finished  in  altout  6  years.  It  was  constructed  in  the  best  manner,  and  has  proved 
equally  advantageous  to  its  noble  proprietor  and  the  public. 

"  When  the  Dnke  of  Bridgewater,"  says  Dr.  Aikin,  "undertook  this  great  design,  the 
price  of  carriage  on  the  river  navigation  was  12«.  the  ton  from  Manchester  to  Liverpool, 
while  that  of  land  carriage  was  40s.  the  ton.  The  Duke's  charge  on  this  canal  was  limited, 
by  statute,  to  six  shillings ;  and  together  with  this  vast  suiteriority  in  cheapness,  it  had  all 
the  speed  and  regularity  of  land  carriage.  The  articles  conveyed  by  it  were,  likewise,  much 
more  numerous  than  those  by  the  river  navigation  ;  besides  manufactured  goods  and  their 
raw  materials,  coals  from  the  Duke's  own  pits  were  deposited  in  yards  at  various  parts  uf  the 
canal,  for  the  supply  of  Cheshire ;  lime,  manure,  and  building  materials  were  carried  from 
place  to  place ;  and  the  markets  of  Manchester  obtained  a  supply  of  provisions  from  districts 
too  remote  for  the  ordinary  land  conveyances.  A  branch  of  useful  and  profitable  carriage, 
hitherto  scarcely  known  in  England,  was  also  undertaken,  which  was  that  of  passengers. 
Boats,  on  the  model  of  the  Duteh  treckschuyts,  but  more  agreeable  and  capacious,  wore  set 
up,  which,  at  very  reasonable  rates,  and  with  great  convenience,  carried  numbers  of  persons 
daily  to  and  from  Manchester  along  the  line  of  the  canaL" — (Aikin'a  f)eaeriptwn  of  the 
Country  round  Manchester ,  p.  116.) 

The  success  that  attended  the  Duke  of  Bridgcwatrr's  ranaJR  stimulated  public-spirited 
individuals  in  other  districts  to  undertake  similar  works.  Mr.  Briiidley  had  early  formed 
the  magnificent  scheme  of  joining  the  great  ports  of  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  and  Hull, 
by  a  system  of  internal  navigation  :  and,  though  he  died  in  1772,  at  the  early  age  of  9^,  he 
had  the  satisfaction  to  see  his  grand  project  in  a  fair  way  of  being  realised.  The  Trent  and 
Mersey,  or,  as  it  has  been  more  commonly  termed,  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal,  96  miles  in 
length,  was  begun  in  1766  and  completed  in  1777.  It  stretohes  from  near  Runcorn  on  the 
Mersey,  where  it  communicates  with  the  Duke  of  Bridgcwater's  Canal,  to  Newcastlc-under- 
Line;  thence  southwards  to  near  Titchfield ;  and  then  north-westerly,  till  it  joins  the  'i'rent 
at  Wilden  Ferry,  at  the  north-western  extremity  of  Leice»terahire.  A  water  communication 
lietween  Hull  and  Liverpool  was  thus  completed ;  and  by  means  of  the  Staflfordshirc  and 
Worcestershire  Canal,  which  joins  the  Grand  Trunk  near  Haywood  in  the  former,  and  the 
Severn  near  Stourport  in  the  latter,  the  same  means  of  communication  was  extended  to 
Bristol.  During  the  time  that  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal  was  being  made,  a  canal  was  under 
tukcn  from  Liverpool  to  Leeds,  130  miles  in  length;  another  from  Birmingham  totho 
Statfonlshire  and  Worcestershire  Canal,  joining  it  near  Wolverhampton ;  and  one  from 
Birmingham  to  Faznley  and  thence  to  Coventry.  By  canals  subsequently  undertaken,  a 
communication  was  formed  between  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal  and  Oxford,  and  consequently 
with  London,  completing  Brindlcy's  magnificent  scheme.  In  1793,  the  Grand  Junction 
Canal  was  begun,  which  runs  in  a  pretty  straight  line  from  Brentford,  on  the  Thames,  a  jittlft 
above  the  metropolis,  to  Braunston  in  Northamptonshire,  where  it  unites  with  the  Oxford 
and  other  central  canals.  It  is  about  90  miles  in  length.  There  is  also  a  direct  water 
communication,  by  means  of  the  river  Lea  navigation,  the  Cambridge  Junction  Canal,  &C., 
between  London  and  the  Wash.  In  addition  to  these,  an  immense  number  of  other  canals, 
some  of  them  of  very  great  magnitude  and  importance,  have  been  constructed  in  dilfercnt 
parts  of  the  country;  so  that  a  command  of  internal  navigation  has  baen  obtained,  unporaW 
led  in  any  European  country,  with  the  exception  of  Holland, 

In  Scotland,  the  great  canal  to  join  the  Forth  and  Clyde  was  begun  in  17G8,  but  it  wnt 


,  M  I 


M 


A\ 


286 


CANALS. 


•u<p«nded  in  1777,  and  ww  not  rammed  till  after  tho  c\om  of  the  American  war.  It  wu 
finally  completed  in  1790.  Its  total  length,  including  the  collateral  cuu  to  Glasgow  and  the 
Monkland  Canal,  is  18}  miles.  Where  highest  it  is  160  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It  is  on  a  larger  scale  than  any  of  the  English  canals.    Its  medium  width  at  the  surface  i* 

'66,  and  at  the  bottom  27  feet.  Originally  it  was  about  8  feet  6  inches  deep;  but  recently 
its  banks  have  been  raised  so  that  the  depth  of  water  is  now  about  10  feet  It  has,  in  all,  39 
locks.  In  completing  this  canal,  many  serious  difficulties  tiad  to  be  encountered.  These, 
however,  were  all  successfully  overcome ;  and  though  unprofitable  for  a  while,  it  has,  for 
many  years  past,  yielded  a  handsome  return  to  its  proprietors.  Swift  boats,  on  the  plan  of 
those  subsequently  described,  were  established  on  this  canal  in  1833.^(8ee  CklanSs  £fa. 
tiities  ofGlmgow,  p.  170.  &c.) 

The  Union  Canal  joins  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal  near  Falkirk,  and  stretches  thence  to 
Edinburgh,  being  31^  miles  in  length.  It  is  40  feet  wide  at  the  top,  SO  at  bottom,  and 
6  deep.  It  was  completed  in  1822;  but  has  been,  in  all  respects,  a  most  unprofitable 
undertaking.  Hitherto  the  proprietors  have  not  received  any  dividend ;  and  their  prospects, 
we  understand,  are  little,  if  any  thing,  improved. 

A  canal  intended  to  form  a  communication  between  Glasgow,  Pais]^,  and  Ardroasan, 
was  commenced  in  1807 ;  but  only  that  portion  connecting  Glasgow  with  Paisley  and  the 
village  of  Johnstoun,  hat  hitherto  been  finished.  This  part  is  about  12  miles  long ;  the  canal 
being  30  feet  broad  at  top,  18  at  bottom,  and  4^  deep.  It  was  here  that  the  important 
experiments  were  originally  made  on  quick  travelling  by  canals,  which  demonstrated 
that  it  was  quite  practicable  to  impel  a  properly  constructed  boat,  carrying  passengers 
and  goods,  along  a  canal  at  the  rate  of  9  or  10  miles  an  hour,  without  injury  to  the  banks ! 

'—(See  post.) 

■  The  Crinan  Canal,  across  the  peninsula  of  Kintyre,  is  9  miles  long,  and  12  feet  deep, 
admitting  vessels  of  160  tons  burden. 

Tho  Caledonian  Canal  is  the  greatest  undertaking  of  the  sort  attempted  in  the  empire. 
It  stretches  8.  W.  and  N.  E.  across  the  island  from  a  point  near  Inverness  to  another  near 
Fort  William.  It  is  chiefly  formed  by  Loch  Nes^,  Loch  Oich,  and  Loch  Lochy.  The  total 
length  of  the  canal,  including  the  lakes,  is  58|  miles ;  but  the  excavated  part  is  only  2U 
miles.  At  the  summit  it  is  96^  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Western  Ocean.  It  has  boeii 
constructed  upon  a  very  grand  scale,  being  20  feet  deep,  60  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  123  at 
top ;  the  locks  are  20  feet  deep,  172  long,  and  40  broad.  Frigates  of  32  guns  and  merchant 
■hips  of  1,000  tons  burden  may  pass  through  it.  This  canal  was  opened  in  1822.  It  was 
executed  entirely  at  the  expense  of  government,  from  the  designs  and  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Thomas  Telfoid,  Esq.,  on  whose  skill  and  talents  as  an  engineer  it  reflectn  the 

'highest  credit.    The  entire  cost  has  been  986,924/.  It  would,  however,  appear  to  have  been 

,  projected  without  due  consideration,  and  promises  to  be  a  very  unprofitable  speculation. 
Uuring  the  year  1329,  the  total  revenue  of  the  canal,  arising  from  tonnage  dues  and  oil 
othef  sources,  amounted  to  only  2,575/.  6s.  Ad,,  while  the  ordinary  expenditure,  during  the 

'  same  year,  amounted  to  4,573/.  Os.  Hd. !  It  is,  therefore,  very  doubtful  whether  the  revenue 
derived  from  it  will  ever  be  able  to  defray  the  expenses  of  keeping  it  in  repair,  without  allow- 
ing  any  thing  for  interest  or  capital. 

The  following  is  a  detailed  account  of  the  varions  Items  of  expenditure  on  account  of  the  Caledo- 
nian Caoai,  from  SOtb  of  Octolier,  1803,  to  1st  of  May,  1830  :— 

Management  and  travelling  expenses  •  -  - 

i  Timber,  and  carriage  thereof  ... 

Machinery,  cast-iron  worlcs,  tools,  and  materials 

Quarries  and  masonry       ..... 

Shipping  -..«.. 

i..  Houses  and  other  buildings  .  .  .  - 

^nt  .     Labour  and  workmanship  (dny-worli)  -       ,  s-^rt  vJj  .,!«  ,„. 

_"' '     Labour  and  workmanship  (measure  work)  '"^•>f  . -s  ■■■■^   .•■ 

'"         Purchase  of  land,  and  payments  nn  account  of  damiges 

Purchase  and  hire  of  horses  and  provender 
,  Incidental  expenses  ..... 

Roadmaking        -  -  .  •       '      • 

I  Total  coat  ... 

Some  other  canals  have  been  projected  and  completed  in  difTerent  paru  of  Scotland. 
Of  these  the  Monkland  Canal,  for  the  supply  of  Glasgow  with  coal,  has  been  the  most 
successful. 

The  following  extract  from  the  share  Ust  of  Mr.  Edmunds,  Broker,  (9.  Change  Alley, 
'  Oomhill,  12th  of  October,  1833,)  gives  an  account  of  the  number  of  shares  in  the  princi- 
pal British  canals,  the  cost  or  sum  actually  expended  upon  each  share,  the  dividend  payable 
upon  it,  its  selling  price  at  the  abovementioned  date,  and  the  periods  when  the  dividends  are 
iwyable:—  ,.       r        .  ,  ,    


£     t. 

d. 

30,691  13  10} 

79,317    1 

% 

198,886    4 

SOO.OU    4  lOf 

11,710    1 

6 

0,539  10 

6 

5t,209    1 

If 

418,351  16 

8. 

47,056  13 

9 

3,638  13 

9 

9,830  18  10 

4,579    3 

61 

£986,934    1 

«i 

CANALS. 


287 


N«»bero( 

MuneiofCuub. 

Amiuiil  or 
Slur*. 

AmnnCott 

Siiare. 

Di«.  per 
Annum. 

Dl>id<nl 

•■"^""~ 

£  1. 

£    1. 

d. 

£  «. 

£    «.   4. 

1.4M 

Aihby-de-ls-Znuch      - 

100    0 

113    0 

0 

74    0 

4    0    0 

Ap.  Oct. 

l.TM 

Aalitiin  nnd  Oldham     • 

— > 

lis    0 

0 

l.'M    0 

5    0    0 

Ap.  Oct. 

780 

Barnsley            .           .          . 

160    0 

317    0 

0 

390    0 

14    0    0 

Feb.  Aug. 

l.SdO 

Bnalngmnka       .          .          . 

100    0 

— 

5    5 

Ditto  bonds        .          .          . 

100    0 

^ 

__ 

— 

April. 

4,0fl0 

Rirmingham  (|thfh.) 

17  10 

— 

333  10 

12  10    0 

Ap.  0«t. 

4,01)0 

Ilirniingham  It  Liverpool  Junc- 
tion 
Bolton  and  Bury 

100    0 

100  0 

Opd. 

30    0 

477 

9S0    0 

_ 

105    0 

6    0    0 

January. 

1,003 

Breclcnocli  and  Abergavenny  • 

130    0 

— 

65    0 

4    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

000 

BridgcfWater  and  Taunton 
(.'alder  and  Ilebble 

100    0 

100    0 

Opd. 

70    0 

— 

400    0 

1,000 

Carliile 

SO    0 

31  10 

Opd. 

400 

Chelinor  and  Blackwater 

100    0 

— 

103    0 

SOO 

January. 

1,500 

Chesterfield       .          .          . 

100    0 

— 

176    0 

8    0    0 

•500 

Coventry 

100    0 

— 

600    0 

33    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

1,8S1 

Crinan    -          -          -          . 

50    0 

— 

3    0 

'460 

Cromford           .          .          . 

100    0 

— 

SOO    0 

18    0   0 

Jan.  July. 

4,946 

Croydon            -          -          . 

100    0 

31    3  10 

1    0 

11,8I0{. 

Ditto  Imndl        .          ^          . 

100    0 

— 

SO    6 

5    0    0 

600<. 

Derby     .           .           -           . 

100    0 

110    0 

0 

117    0 

6    0    0 

.l:>n.  July. 

9,061) 

Dudley              .          .          . 

100    0 

— 

50    0 

3  10    0 

Mar.  Sept. 

Edinburgh  and  Glasgow 

100    0 

siws 

Ellesmere  and  Cheater 

133    0 

133    0 

0 

80    0 

S  IS    0 

September. 

331 

Erewaah            .          -          . 

100    0 

750    0 

0 

70S    0 

47    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

1,8W 

Forth  and  Clyde 

100    0 

400  10 

0 

545    0 

25    0    0 

June,  Dee. 

600 

GlamorgBDihire 

100    0 

172  13 

4 

890    0 

ip  IS    6 

^Ma.  June, 
.  Sep.  Dec. 

1,187 

Olouceater  and  Berkeley 

100    0 

— 

13  10 

899 

Ditto  (New)  of  10  per  cent.     - 

— 

-^ 

45    0 

11,600 

Grand  Junction 

100    0 

334  10 

0 

245    0 

13    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

1,541 

Grand  Surrey 

100    0 

— 

23    0 

— 

Apr.  Oct. 

1S0,000{. 

Ditto  loan          .          .          . 

-* 

— 

80    0 

4    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

8,849^ 

Grand  Union      ... 

100    0 

— 

31    0 

1    0    0 

lit  Oct. 

3,096 

Grand  Western 

100    0 

100    0 

Opd. 

21    0 

•749 

Grantham          .          .          . 
Hereford  and  Gloucester 

ISO    0 
100    0 

190    0 

0 

300    0 

10    0   0 

May. 

6,838 

Huddersfleld      - 

100    0 

57  a 

6 

34    0 

1  10    0 

September. 

148 

Ivel  and  Ouse  Beds 

100    0 

100    0 

Opd. 

115  10 

SOO 

Jan.  July. 

3S,338 

Kennet  and  Avon         • 

100    0 

39  18  10 

W    0 

1    5    0 

September. 

'l50 

Kensington       .           .          . 

100    0 

100    0 

Opd. 

It)    0 

11,6991 

Lancaster          .          .          . 

100    0 

47    6 

8 

86    0 

I    0    0 

April. 

Leeds  and  Liverpool     - 

100    0 

— 

470    0 

20    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

'  181 

Ditto  (New)      - 

^ 

— 

— 

10    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

MO 

Leicester           -          .          . 

— 

140    0 

0 

175    0 

10    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

S 

Ditto      .          .          .          . 



90    0 

0 

80    0 

13  10    0 

Jan.  July. 

1,897 

I^icester  and  Northampton     - 

100    0 

63  10 

0 

80    0 

4    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

70 

Loughborough 

— 

143  17 

0 

1,830    0 

124    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

3,000 

Macclestleld      .          .          . 

100    0 

100    0 

Opd. 

50    0 

SSO 

Melton  Mowbray 

100    0 

— 

190    0 

0    0    0 

July. 

800 

Mersey  and  Irwell 

100    0 

— 

750    0 

40    0    0 

June. 

101 

Monkland          •   .       • 

100    0 

— 

90    0 

3,409 

Monmouthahire 

100  0 

100    0 

0 

196    0 

10   0    0 

Jan.  July. 

700 

Montgomeryshire 

100    0 

— 

85    0 

4    0    0 

Mar.  Aug. 

600 

North  Walsham  and  Dilham  - 

50    0 

50    0 

Opd. 

10    0 

— 

January. 

947 

Neath     .          .          .          . 

_ 

107  10 

0 

390    0 

15    0    0 

Aug.  Feb. 

SOO 

Nottingham       .          .          . 

ISO    0 

— 

365    0 

13    0    0 

AprU,  Oct. 

130 

Nutbrook            .           .           . 

109    0 

*— 

— 

6    3    0 

S33 

Oakham             .          .          . 

130   0 

— 

44    0 

SOO 

May. 

1,766 

Oxford    .          .          .          . 

100    0 

— 

595    0 

32    0    0 

Mar.  Sept. 

2,400 

Peak  Forest      .           .          . 

100    0 

48    0 

0 

77    0 

3  10    0 

June,  Dee. 

?,520 

Portsmouth  and  Arundel 

SO    0 

SO    0 

0 

10    0 

91418 

Regent's            .           .          . 

100    0 

33  16 

8 

16  15 

0  13    6 

July. 

9,669 

Rochdale           .          .          . 

100    0 

85    0 

0 

111    0 

4    6    0 

May. 

'500 

ShrflWBbury       .          -          - 

125    0 

— 

255    0 

11    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

SOO 

Shropshire         .          .          . 

135    0 

— 

138    0 

7  10    0 

June,  Dec. 

800 

Somerset  Coal 

50   0 

— 

170    0 

10  10    0 

Jan.  July. 

49,000 

Ditto  Lock  Fund 

13  10 

— 

13  10 

5  lOp.ct, 

June,  Dec. 
Feb.  Aug. 

700 

Stafford  and  Worcester 

140    0 

140    0 

0 

610    0 

34    0    0 

300 

Stourbridge       .           .          . 

145    0 

— 

SOO    0 

9    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

3,647 

Stratford-on-Avon 

— 

79    0 

8 

36    0 

1    5    0 

August. 

800 

Stroudwater      .          -          . 

ISO    0 

— 

500    0 

33    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

533 

Swansea           .           .          . 

100    0 

180    0 

0 

280    0 

12    0    0 

November. 

390 

Tavistock          -          .          . 

100    0 

— 

105    0 

SOO 

4,805 

Thames  and  Medway   - 

100    0 

30   4 

3 

1    0 

3,344 

Ditto  New         .          .          . 

3  10 

3  15 

Opd. 

, 

Ditto  1st  loan     .          .          . 

— 

Sfl    0 

0 

— 

3  10    0 

Ditto  2d  loan     .          .          . 

— 

40    0 

0 

— 

3    0    0 

:.£i?J/r>l't  X 

Ditto  3d  loan     .          .          . 

—. 

100    0 

0 

— 

5    0    0 

■  -'  ■  ■ ' 

Ditto  4th  loan 



100    0 

0 

— 

SOO 

June. 

1,150 

Thames  and  Severn,  New 

— 

— 

S3    0 

1  10    0 

June. 

1,300 

Ditto  Original 

Trent  and  Mersey  (i)  • 

—. 

-.- 

27    7 

1  10    0 

June. 

'•SiS 

50    0 

— 

640    0 

37  10    0 

May,  Nov. 

1,000 
1,0001 

1  Warwick  and  BIrmlnghaffl  - 

flOO    0 
1    50    0 

— 

978    0 

10    0   0 

May,  Nov. 

*9eo' 

Warwick  and  Napton 

100    0 

^ 

310    0 

13    0    0 

May  ,Nov. 

fl' 


•fi  ■  ■>£ 


.  B    ;       Mi 


^''-'M 


\i:u 


Vi 


MM 


S88 


CANALS. 


li 


Nanbtrol 
nlunt. 

NuiM  at  Camla. 

AmoiiDl  o( 

Blun. 

Annm  Cat 

pur  iSkut. 

Prin  iwr 
Bhura. 

DlT.per 

AllBVUI. 

lil^'Mi 
I^)r4bli. 

003 

SO,(KW 

156 

8,000 

SOU 

Way  and  Ariin 

Wllti  and  Uurki 

Wlihonch 

Worr.o»l      ^nd  Birmingham    - 

Wyrley  a.  1       Jiigton 

110    0 
lOS    0 

laTo 

no  0  0 
109    0   0 

83    0 
A  10 
40    0 
88  10 
79    0 

ol  0 

4    0    0 

Mny. 
June. 
Faliruary, 
Foil.  Aug. 
Kebfuary. 

(14.)  Irish  Canuh, — Various  canals  have  been  undertaken  in  Ireland,  of  which  the 
Grand  Canal  and  thn  Koyal  Canal  are  iho  principal.  The  Grand  Canal  was  liegun  in  17)6 
by  «  btxly  of  ■ubacribors ;  but  they  could  not  have  completed  the  work  without  very  lari^ 
•dvancca  from  government  The  canal  commencca  at  Dublin,  and  atrctchcs  in  a  wcstrrly 
direction,  inclining  a  little  to  the  south,  to  the  Hhannon,  with  which  it  unite*  near  Biinni;lier, 
•  distance  of  87  statute  miles.  But,  exclusive  of  the  main  trunk,  there  is  a  branch  to  Athy, 
where  it  joins  the  Dairow,  a  distance  of  about  26  miles ;  and  there  are  branches  to  Portar- 
lington,  Mount  Mellick,  and  some  other  places.  There  is  also  a  westerly  branch,  recently 
constructed,  from  the  Hliannon  to  Bnllinasloe,  about  14  miles  in  length.  The  total  length 
of  the  canal,  with  its  various  branches,  Is  about  166  Eng.  miles.  Its  summit  elevation  is 
S78  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  at  Dublin.  It  is  40  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  from  24  to 
SO  feet  at  l)ottom,  and  has  0  feet  water.  It  cost,  in  all,  above  2,000,000/.  In  1829,  191,774 
tons  of  commodities  were  conveyed  along  the  canal  to  and  from  Dublin,  and  alwut  67,000 
passengers.  The  tonnage  dues  on  the  former  amounteil  to  31,435/.,  and  the  fares  of  the 
latter  to  10,575/.  In  1831,  the  produce  conveyed  by  the  canal  had  increased  to  237,689 
Ions,  and  the  tonnage  dues  to  36,730/.  We  have  not  learned  the  number  of  passengers  for 
this  year. 

Two  capital  errors  seem  to  have  b«cn  committed  in  the  formation  of  this  canal, — it  was 
framed  on  too  large  a  scale,  and  was  carried  too  far  north.  Had  it  been  4  or  4^  instead  of 
6  feet  deep,  its  utility  would  have  been  but  little  impaired,  while  its  expense  would  have 
been  very  matciially  diminished.  But  the  groat  error  was  in  its  direction.  Instead  of  join* 
hig  the  Shannon  about  15  miles  above  Lough  Derg,  it  would  have  joined  it  below  Limerick. 
By  this  meanfi,  barges  and  other  vessels  passing  from  Dublin  to  Limerick,  and  convcraely, 
would  have  avoided  the  ditllcult  and  dangerous  navigation  of  the  upper  Shannon ;  (he  canal 
would  have  passed  througlj  a  comparatively  fertile  country ;  and  it  would  not  have  been 
necessary  to  carry  it  across  the  bog  of  Allen,  in  which,  says  Mr.  Wakefield,  "  the  company 
have  hurried  more  money  than  would  have  cut  a  spacious  canal  from  Dublin  to  Limerick." 
— (ilc'own/  of  Ireland,  vol.  i.  p.  642.) 

The  Royal  Canal  was  undertaken  in  1789.  It  stretches  westward  from  Dublin  to  the 
Shannon,  which  it  joins  at  Tormanbury.  Its  entire  length  is  about  83  miles ;  its  highest 
elevation  is  822  feet  above  the  level  of  the  s<'a.  At  bottom  it  is  24  feet  wide,  having  G  fttot 
depth  of  water.  It  has  cost,  exclusive  of  interest  on  stock,  loans,  &c.  advanced  by  govern- 
ment,  1»421,964/.  llie  tolls  produced,  in  1631,  12,729/.  6jr.  Id.— a  sum  hardly  adequate 
to  defray  the  ordinary  wear  and  tear  of  the  canal,  and  the  wages  of  the  persom  employetl 
upon  it,  without  leaving  any  thing  for  interest  of  capital ! 

This  caual  seems  to  have  been  planned  in  the  most  injudicious  manner.  It  has  the  same 
defect  as  the  Grand  Canal,  of  being  extravagantly  large ;  and  throughout  its  whole  course 
it  is  nearly  parallel  to,  and  not  very  distant  from,  the  latter.  There  are  consequently  two 
immense  canals,  where  there  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  none.  At  all  events,  it  is  abundantly 
certain  that  one  canal  of  comparatively  moderate  dimensions  would  have  it&aw  quite  enough 
for  all  the  business  of  the  district,  though  it  were  much  greater  than  it  is  at  this  moment,  or 
than  it  is  ever  likely  to  become. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  some  other  canals,  as  well  as  various  river  excavations,  in 
Ireland ;  but  hardly  one  of  them  yieldsna  reasonable  return  for  the  capital  expended  upon  it 
They  have  almost  all  been  liberally  assisted  by  grants  of  public  money ;  ond  their  history, 
and  that  of  the  two  great  canals  now  adverted  to,  strikingly  corroborates  the  caustic  remark 
of  Arthur  Young,  that  "  a  history  of  public  vaorka  in  Ireland  would  be  a  hiatory  vfjobs." 
—(Tour  in  Ireland,  part  ii.  p.  6G.  4 to  ed.)  Those  who  wish  to  make  themselves  fully 
acquainted  with  the  history  and  state  of  the  canals  of  Ireland,  may  consult  the  valuable 
Report  by  Messrs.  Henry,  Mullins,  and  MMahon,  in  the  Appendix  to  the  Report  of  the 
Selret  Committee  of  1830  on  tlie  State  of  Ireland.  The  previous  statements  hove  been 
derived  principally  from  it,  and  from  the  evidence  of  Nicholas  Fleming,  Esq,  before  the  same 
committee. 

(15.)  American  Canals, — The  United  Stotca  are  pre-eminently  distinguished  by  the 
spirit  with  which  they  have  undertaken,  and  the  perseverance  they  have  displayed  in  exe- 
cuting the  most  magiiiticent  plans  fur  improving  and  extending  internal  navigation.  Besides 
ina'.iy  others  of  great,  though  inferior,  magnitude,  a  canal  has  been  formed  connecting  the 
Huiison  with  Lake  Erie.  This  immense  work  is  303  miles  long,  40  feet  wide  at  the  surface, 
88  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  4  feet  deep.    The  locks,  81  in  number,  exclusive  of  guanl 


CANALS. 

loeki<  v*  "^  ^  fert  long  and  14  feot  wide,  the  average  lid  of  each  being  8}  feet;  Ihej  ■!• 
eonitrucfa.  ■ .'  stone,  and  finished,  like  the  roat  of  the  canal,  in  asubatantial  and  haniboins 
manner.  Chi  riae  and  fall  along  the  entire  lino  ia  661  feet.  This  great  work  was  opened 
on  the  8th  of  October  1843,  but  was  not  finally  completed  till  1825.  It  cost  nearly  l,80U,00OA 
■terling,  and  was  executed  at  the  expenae  of  the  state  of  New  York.  It  has  completely 
anawered  the  viows  of  the  projectors ;  and  will  remain  an  example  to  the  other  atutes ;  fully 
juitifying  the  encomiums  Uial  have  been  bestowed  upon  it 

Besides  Erie  Canal,  the  state  of  New  York  has  completed  Champlain  Canal,  stretching 
from  the  Hudson,  near  Albany,  to  the  lake  of  that  name,  and  two  smaller  ones.  The  length, 
cost,  and  revenue  of  these  canals  are  as  follow  :— 


bralt, 

Unith. 

Cott. 

Tnlll,  IMS. 

Tiiiii,  iRia 

Tolli,IW. 

Erie 

Champlain   -          -          - 
Oawego        .          -          - 
Cayuga  and  Seneca 

Navigable  feeders 

MiUi. 

303 

03 

38 

10 

DoUan. 

9,097,43003 

1,170,87I95 

S9},II.V37 

914,000'3I 

IMIan. 

707,88349 

87,17103 

9,439'44 

8,Ot3'49 

DoUan. 

054,39803 
78,14M-fl3 
19,333-18 
11,V67-81 

DiiUan. 

1,091,714-90 

109,800-98 

10,971  10 

19,990-30 

484 

8 

409 

10,9 10,44368 

613,137-43 

1,050,79907 

1,999,801-90 

The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  is  the  largest  by  far  of  those  now  in  progress.  This 
truly  gigantic  work  was  commenced  in  1838.  It  licgins  at  the  tide  water  of  the  Potomac 
River  above  Georgetown,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  is  to  terminate  at  Pittsburgh,  in 
Pennsylvania,  a  distance  of  341^  miles.  Its  dimensions  considerably  exceed  those  of  the 
Erie  Canal ;  its  breadth  at  the  surface  of  the  water  being  from  60  to  80  feet,  do.  at  bottom 
60  feot,  with  a  depth  of  water  varying  from  6  to  7  feet.  The  locks  are  of  stone,  100  feet 
by  16 ; — amount  of  lockage  required  in  the  whole  line,  3,215  feet.  At  the  summit  level  on 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  there  is  a  tunnel  4  miles  and  80  yards  in  length.  The  estimated 
cost  of  this  vast  work  was  32,375,000  dollars;  but  it  is  believed  that  it  will  be  finished  for 
less. — (American  Almanac  for  1833.) 

A  great  number  of  other  canals  have  l)ecn  completed  in  different  parts  of  the  Union,  and 
many  new  ones  are  now  in  progress. 

(16.^  Canada  Canals. — The  British  government  has  expended  a  very  large  sum  upon 
the  Ridoau  River  and  Canal,  stretching  from  Kingston,  on  Lake  Ontario,  to  the  Ottawa,  or 
Grand  River ;  but  this  work  was  undertaken  as  much  in  the  view  of  improving  the  military 
defences  of  Canada,  as  of  promoting  its  commerce.  The  expense  has  been  enormous, 
while  the  benefits  are  contingent  and  doubtful. 

(17.)  Utility  of  Canals. — The  utility  of  canals,  when  judiciously  contrived,  and  opening 
an  easy  communication  between  places  capable  of  maintaining  an  extensive  intercourse  with 
each  other,  has  never  been  better  set  forth  than  in  a  work  published  in  1765,  entitled  "A 
View  of  the  advantages  of  Inland  Navigation,"  &c  But  the  following  extract  from  Mao- 
phenon's  Annals  of  Commerce  (anno  1760)  contains  a  brief,  and  at  the  same  time  elo- 
quent, summary  of  the  principal  advantages  resulting  from  their  construction. — "  They  give 
fresh  life  to  established  manufactures,  and  they  encourage  the  establishment  of  new  ones,  by 
the  ease  of  transporting  the  materials  of  manufacture  and  provisions;  p.nd  thence  we  se« 
new  villages  start  up  upon  the  borders  of  canalti  in  places  formc-^y  condemned  to  sterility 
and  solitude.  They  invigorate,  and  in  many  places  create  internal  trade,  which,  for  its 
extent  and  value,  is  an  object  of  still  more  importance  than  foreign  commerce,  and  is  ex- 
empted from  the  many  hardships  and  dangers  of  a  maritime  life  and  changes  of  climate. 
And  they  greatly  promote  foreign  trade ;  and  consequently  enrich  the  merchants  of  tha 
ports  where  they,  or  the  navigable  rivers  they  are  connected  with,  terminate,  by  facilitating 
the  exportation  of  produce  from,  and  the  introduction  of  foreign  merchandise  into  the  inte- 
rior parts  of  the  country,  which  are  thus  placed  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  maritime  parts ; 
or,  in  other  words,  the  interior  ports  become  coasts,  and  enjoy  the  accommodations  of  ship- 
ping. The  price  of  provisions  is  nearly  equalised  through  the  whole  country ;  the  blessings 
of  Providence  are  more  uniformly  distributed ;  and  the  monopolist  is  disappointed  in  his 
schemes  of  inii|uity  and  oppression,  by  the  ease  wherewith  provisions  are  transported  from  a 
considerable  distance.  The  advantages  to  agriculture,  which  provides  a  great  part  of  the 
materials,  and  almost  the  whole  of  the  subsistence,  required  in  carrying  on  manufactures 
and  commerce,  are  pre-eminently  great.  Manure,  marl,  lime,  and  all  other  bulky  articles, 
which  could  not  possibly  bear  the  great  expense  of  cartage,  and  also  corn  and  other  produce, 
can  be  carried  at  a  very  light  expense  on  canals ;  whereby  poor  lands  are  enriched,  and 
barren  lands  are  brought  into  cultivation,  to  the  great  emolument  of  the  fiirmer  and  land- 
holder, and  the  general  advantage  of  the  community,  in  an  augmuntcd  supply  of  the  neces- 
saries of  life  and  materials  of  manufactures ;  coals  (the  importance  of  which  to  a  manufac- 
turing country,  few  people,  not  actually  concerned  in  manufactures,  are  capable  of  dulv 
VoIm  I.— 2  B  87 


I  I 


^- 


too 


CANALS. 


•pprecratitiR),  itone,  lime,  iron  ore,  and  minenla  in  general,  a*  well  aa  many  other  articlaa 
of  ((real  bulk  in  proportion  to  their  value,  which  had  hitherto  lain  uicleaa  to  their  proprietor! 
by  reoaon  of  the  expenie,  and,  in  mony  caxea,  impoasibiiity,  of  carriaKO,  are  called  into  lif« 
and  rendered  a  fund  of  wealth,  by  the  vicinity  of  a  canal;  which  thua  ffivea  birth  to  a  trade 
whereby,  in  return,  it  ia  maintained,  'i'he  cheap,  certain,  and  plcamnt  conveyance  of  tra- 
vellera  by  the  treckachuyta  in  Holland,  haa  been  admired  by  all  who  have  been  in  that 
country  ;  and  it  muat  iie  owing  to  the  universal  denire  in  thia  country  of  flying  over  tha 
ground  with  the  greateat  pomible  rapidity,  that  a  mode  of  travelling  ao  exceedingly  eaiy  to 
the  purae  and  the  |ieraon  ia  ao  little  uaed  here.  Neither  ought  wo  entirely  to  forget,  among 
the  udvanlngea  of  canal*,  the  pleoaure  aflurded  to  the  eye  and  the  mind  by  a  beautiful  mur- 
ing landHcapo  of  boats,  men,  hones,  ice,  busied  in  procuring  aubaistenco  to  themselves,  and 
in  diflfusing  opulence  and  conveniences  through  the  cuuntrj'.  And,  in  a  word,  we  have 
now  tho  experience  of  about  40  yeara  to  establish  aa  a  certain  truth,  what  was  long  ago 
aaid  by  Dr.  Adam  Smitli,  that  *  navigabk  canala  are  among  the  greateat  of  all  improve- 
mentt.' " 

(18.)  Increaieii  Speed  of  ThtvelKng  by  Cana/*.— Great,  however,  as  have  been  the 
advantages  derived  <rom  tho  formation  of  canals,  it  is  not  improlialilo  that  their  further 
progress  may  lie  in  some  degree  checked  by  tho  formation  of  R«iLi(nAiia  (which  sec). 
We  believe,  however,  that  the  proprietors  of  most  of  the  existing  canals  have  very  little  to 
fear  from  this  cause.  The  recent  improvenientn  in  the  art  of  coiistrurting  and  propelling 
canal  vessels  promise  to  be  of  very  great  national  im|)ortancp,  and  will  enable  the  canal 
owners  still  better  to  withstand  the  competition  of  the  railroad  companies.  The  new  system 
waa  introduced  on  the  Paisley  and  Ulaagow  Canal,  by  Mr.  Houston,  in  June  1881.  The 
rcsulta  are  described  in  the  following  atatemcnta,  to  which  it  ia  unnecessary  to  call  tho  rcaiU 
er'a  attention. 

Mr.  Thomas  arahnme,  rivll  engineer,  In  hl»  "Letter  to  Cnnsl  Prnprletori  and  TrndfTs"  pays,  "Tho 
axp«riniems  of  |(r«at  velocity  iiiive  bpeii  tried  nni*  proveil  im  tht  narrowrtt,  ihallotnfut,  and  mint  curved 
raiial  i»  StoHanil,  via.  the  ArdrosHSn  or  PiiUley  Caiinl,  connerthiff  the  city  of  (llasiiow  with  tha  town 
nf  Pninley  nnd  vIIIbcr  of  Johnilotin,— a  dUtniice  o  '  13  iiillea."  The  remilt  hits  dli<prov«d  every  pre- 
tIoiir  theory  a»  to  difficulty  and  cipfinxa  of  ntlaininir  itrtMit  velnrllv  on  lanali  %  and  us  to  the  danger 
or  dnmnpti  to  their  bitiika  hy  grunt  velocity  in  nioviiiL'  vexscia  iiIouk  them. 

"  The  iirilinnry  iperJ  for  tho  conveyiinreof  passciigiTs  on  llie  Ardnmiiiin  Ciinul  hns,  fornenily  3  yeara, 
been  front  nine  to  ten  miles  an  hour ;  uiid,  allhouj/h  there  are  fnurtern  JKorvriii  ahivgtht  cavul  per  itaij, 
■(  this  rapid  tpeetl,  il»  Imnkt  have  ivetainetl  no  injury.  The  bouts  sru  70  fuel  In  length,  about  5  feet  6 
iiirhi!H  broad,  and,  hut  fur  the  extreme  nurrowrives  of  tho  ranul,  iiii|:ht  he  made  broiidt'r.  They  curry 
easily  from  70  to  bO  pimsenfterH  ;  and  when  required,  can  and  hiivecarrli'd  upwards  of  llOpasHeiiKern. 
The  entire  cost  of  n  bout  and  flttincB  is  about  13.V,  The  hulls  are  formed  of  iijht  iron  plnten  and  riba, 
and  the  covering  Ih  of  wood  and  light  oiled  cloth,  They  are  more  airy,  liiiht,  and  comfortable  than 
any  coach.  They  permit  the  nassengeratomova  about  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  cabin,  and  Ihefurea 
|ier  mile  arc  one  penny  in  thi'^raJ.nnd  three  farlhinga  in  the  second  cabin.  Tlic  pasHciigctB  are  nil  car- 
ried under  cover,  having  the  privileie  nl»o  of  anuncdvered  spni'e.  Theve  boalii  are  drawn  hy  2  hnrsea 
(the  prices  uf  which  may  be  frdin  Ml.  toOOj.  per  pjiir),  In  Btagea  of  4  miles  in  length,  which  are  done 
in  from  'iS  to  24  minutes,  including  stoppages  to  let  out  and  lake  iu  pagBungurs,enchBet  of  horses  doing 
Sor  4  stages  alternalnlv  each  day.  In  fiict,  the  boats  are  drawn  throuiih  this  narrow  and  shnltow 
cnnal,  at  a  velocity  which  many  celebrated  engineers  jkarf  demonttrated,  and  mhieh  the  public  btlieted  to 
be  imposaible. 

"  The  entire  amnitnt  of  the  whole  expenses  of  attendants  and  horses,  and  of  running  one  of  these 
boats  4  trips  of  12  miles  each  (the  length  of  tho  canal),  or  48  miles  dally.  Including  interest  on  tho 
capital,  and  20  per  cent,  laid  aside  annnnlly  for  replacement  of  the  boats,  or  loss  on  the  capital  therein 
vested,  and  a  cousldersble  sum  laid  aside  for  aicidenta  and  replacement  of  thu  horses,  is  70(U.  some 
odd  xhillinga  ;  or,  taking  the  number  of  working  days  to  be  312  annoully,  Hnniething  under  'it.  %i.  4d. 
per  day,  or  about  lid.  per  mile.  Thu  actual  coat  of  carrying  fmni  f^O  to  lot)  persona  ii  diatancc  of  30 
miles  (the  length  of  the  Liverpool  railway),  at  a  velocity  of  nnarly  10  miles  an  hour,  on  the  PaJRloy 
Oaiial,  one  of  the  most  curved,  narrow,  and  shallow  in  Britain,  is  therefore  Just  U.  7s.  Od.  sterling. 
Buch  are  the  fbcts,  and,  incredible  as  they  may  appear,  they  are  luuts  whicii  no  ono  who  inquires  can 
possibly  doubt." 

The  following  statement  by  Mr.  Maeneill  shows  the  gross  expense  of  running  old  heavy  boats  on  the 
Paialey  Canal  at  the  rate  uf  4  ndles  tier  hour,  and  new  light  Imats,  on  the  some  canal,  at  the  rate  of 
10  miles  per  hour,  atid  the  comparative  expense  per  mile  >  also  tlie  nuuibur  ufpasaungurs  carried  before 
and  after  the  Introduction  of  the  new  system. 


1830.* 

1831. t 

1839.t 

Speed,  10  hours          -           -           -          miles 
Number  of  passengers  carried         -          - 
Number  of  milca  run  each  day        -          - 

Gross  expense  In  the  year     -          -          - 
Cost  per  mile,  year  taken  nt  312  days 

4 
32,831 
4S 
£  $.  d. 

700    4    7 
0    0  11 

10 
79,455 
varying 
£  «.  d. 
1,316  17    5 

10 
148,501 
l.« 
£   $.  d. 
218    5  11 
0    0  10} 

The  power  of  conveyance  thus  established  on  the  Paisley  canal  may  be  Jitdged  of  from  the  fad, 
that  on  the  31sl  of  Docouibcr,  1832,  and  3Ut  of  Janunry,  iKtS,  lln-re  wcio  conveyed  in  tliexe  bouta 
nearly  2,500  piissengers.  The  increase  still  continues.  The  nnnib-r  canted  in  April,  1833,  being 
•0,000,  o-  ^t  the  rate  of  210,000  a  ye\\t.—(Maentill  on  the  Retistunce  of  H'ater,  4>e.  p.  5.) 

(19.)  Profit*  of  Canals. — It  is  a  well-known  fact,  that  canala,  at  an  average,  and  allow 
ing  for  tho  length  of  time  that  must  elapae  from  the  first  outlay  of  capital  before  they  yield 

*  These  charges  are  the  bare  outlays. 

t  These  charges  include  loss  on  purchase  nnd  sale  of  additional  horses,  and  10  per  cent,  on  cost  of 
^rscB  and  boats,  deposited  in  a  contingent  fund. 


or  13J, 


.K]    CANARY  SEED,  CANDLE.  A.3 


danger 


tny  ntum,  are  not  v«ry  productiw.  When,  indeed,  thny  connect  plam  that  have  an 
eitnniive  intercourie,  and  when  no  very  extraordinary  diffuiultica  have  to  lie  aurinounted  in 
their  coniitruction,  they  most  commonly  yield  vei^  large  proflu ;  but,  generally  iipeaking,  tliia 
dot*  not  appear  to  he  the  caae ;  and,  on  the  whole,  they  aecm  to  have  been  mure  bciioflcial 
to  iho  public  than  to  their  prnjectora. 

It  in  cuatomary  to  insert  clauaes  b  the  acts  authoriainur  canala  to  be  cut,  limiting  the 
chur^e  which  the  proprietors  shall  be  entitled  to  impose  upon  the  goods  conveyed  hy  them. 
But  wo  think  that  the  dividend  ought  also  to  be  limited  ;  and  thnt  it  should  be  sti(>ulatud  that 
whatever  a  moderate  toll  yielded  over  and  above  defraying  this  dividend,  and  proviiling  fur 
the  repair  of  the  canal,  should  be  accumulated  af  a  fund  in  order  to  buy  up  the  stork  of  the 
cansi,  so  that  the  toll  may  ultimately  Ims  reduced  to  such  a  sum  as  may  auflire  merely  tw 
meet  the  necessary  repairs.  We  are  not  aware  that  any  good  ohjoction  could  Im  niude  to  a 
plan  of  thia  sort ;  and  had  it  been  adopted  in  this  country,  there  ore  several  inHtancea  in 
which  it  would  have  been  very  advantageous  for  the  public. 

When  the  canal  of  Lunguedoc  was  completed,  the  most  likely  method,  it  was  found,  of 
keeping  it  in  constant  repair,  was  to  make  a  present  of  tlio  lulls  to  Riquet  the  engineer. 
<•  These  tolls  constitute,"  says  Dr.  Smith,  "  a  very  large  estate  to  the  different  branches  of 
the  family  of  that  gentleman ;  who  have,  therefore,  a  great  interest  to  keep  the  work  in  con- 
stant repair.  But  hod  these  tolls  been  put  under  the  management  of  coinmissioners,  who 
had  no  such  interest,  they  might,  perhaps,  have  beon  dissipated  in  ornamental  and  unnecossarr 
expenses,  while  the  most  essential  parts  of  the  work  were  allowed  to  go  to  ruin."  Or.  Smitli 
ought,  however,  to  have  mentioned  that  Kiquet  advanced  afmirth  part  of  the  entire  sum 
laid  out  upon  the  canal  {Dulena,  Navigation  InUmure  de  hi  France,  tom.  i.  p.  119,  &r.) ; 
and  tiiat  olFicers  were  appointed  by  the  crown  to  seo  that  the  tolls  were  not  rendered  opproNs- 
ive,  and  the  canal  kept  in  good  order.  At  the  Revolution,  most  part  of  the  pro]ierty  of  the 
canal  was  confiscated;  but  at  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in  181'!,  such  parts  of  thrt 
confiscated  property  as  had  not  been  sold  were  restored  to  tho  successors  of  M.  Riquet,  who 
have  at  this  moment  the  principal  mnnagomont  of  tho  canal. 

*  ,*  For  a  map  of  tho  canala,  railroads,  &c.  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  reader  ia 
referred  to  tho  magnificent  six  sheet  map,  published  by  J.  Wnlker,  Esq,  of  Wnkofield, 
This  map,  which  is  equally  correct  and  beautiful,  is  a  truly  national  work,  and  well  desfYvea 
the  public  patronage.  "An  Historical  Account  of  the  Navigable  Rivers  ond  Canals,  fic, 
uf  Groat  Britain,"  in  4to,  attached  to  it  by  way  of  Index,  is  both  nn  accurate  and  a  useful 
publication. 

[To  avoid  unnecessary  repetitions,  it  is  deemed  expedient  to  treat  of  the  ordinary  roads, 
tho  railroads,  and  tho  canals  of  the  United  States,  or,  in  other  words,  of  our  "internal 
improvemcntH,"  as  we  choose  to  style  them,  under  one  head,  to  wit,  under  that  of  Roaus  ;  to 
which  article  the  reader  is  accordingly  rcforred.— j4m.  Ed.\ 

CANARY  SEED.    See  Serp.  '' 

CANDLE  (Got.  L'chter,  Kcrzen  i  Hxx.Kaamni  Ft.  Chandelle  t  It.  Candelkf  8p. 
and  Port.  Velas ;  Rus.  Suyetse/ii ,-  Lat.  Candela;)  a  taper  of  tallow,  wax,  or  spermaceti,  the 
wick  of  which  is  commonly  of  several  threads  of  cotton  8i)un  and  twisted  together. 

Dr.  Ure  gives  the  following  table,  as  containing  the  result  of  certain  experiments  he  had 
made,  in  order  to  determine  the  relative  intensity  of  the  light,  and  the  duration  of  different 
sorts  of  tallow  candles :— 


18M.t 

10 

8,901 

m 

1.  rf. 

i    5  11 

)    0  101 

Number  Id  a 

Durmtimiara 

WtliM  ill 
Oralu. 

Connimpiinnpor 

Proporlion  of 
LighU 

Kcoiinnijr  of 

Candlf^  niim] 

fouaJ. 

Cudle. 

Hour  In  Oraiiu. 

Light. 

one  Anfau'l* 

10  mould, 

5li.      9  m. 

683 

laa 

m 

68 

5'7 

10  (lipped. 

4         86 

wa 

130 

13 

65t 

9-a9 

8  mould. 

6        31 

856 

133 

m 

991 

6-6 

6  do. 
4  do. 

7       at 

0        38 

1,160 
1,787 

163 
186 

^ 

«6 

do 

90 
39 

Arvand  oil 

flame. 

913 

69.4 

100 

«'  A  Scotch  mutchkin,"  says  Dr.  Ure,  "or  i  of  a  gallon  of  good  seal  oil,  weighs  6,010  gr., 
or  13^',  oz.  avoirdupois,  and  lasts  in  a  bright  Argand  lamp  11  hours  44  minutes.  The 
weight  of  oil  it  consumes  per  hour  is  equal  to  4  times  tlie  weight  uf  tallow  in  candles  8  to 
the  pound,  and  3^  times  the  weight  of  tallow  in  candles  6  to  the  pound.  But  its  light  being 
equal  to  that  of  6  of  the  latter  candles,  it  appears  from  the  above  table,  that  2  lbs.  weight  of 
oil,  value  9d,,  in  an  Argand,  are  equivalent  in  illuminating  power  to  3  lbs.  of  tallow  candles, 
which  cost  about  fla.  The  larger  the  flame  in  the  above  candles,  the  greater  the  economy 
of  light." 

Until  1831,  when  it  was  repealed,  candles  were,  for  a  lengthened  period,  subject  to  an 
excise  duty ;  and  their  consumption  was,  in  consequence,  pretty  exactly  ascertained,     . .  ^.^ 

■'■'  <«;♦ 


m 


M 


■->  \v 


SM 


CANDLESTICKS^CANTHARIDES. 


An  Account  of  the  ■■!•■  of  Duly  miMrauljr  eharcad  an  Tallow,  Wti,  and  Hparmaeatl  Cnndlfi,  ib« 
Number  of  Pnnniti'  Waif  hi  ur  <>acii  Mori  prndurail,  and  iha  TuInI  annual  Nell  Kavanus  derivid  rrom 
'     Oindlai,  In  Oreai  Britain,  In  each  Year  irnce  1890.— (Part.  Papir,  No.  4M.  Meii.  IHSO.) 


r«M, 

r>a»li>  Wtl(M  of  luMm. 

WotI  RnnM. 

iUxof 

.  mil  of 

Rtio  of 

Tillow. 

Duly  p«r  Ik. 

Wtl. 

Doly  ft  lb. 

Spomuoil, 

Duly  por  Jb. 

d. 

i. 

4. 

£     I.  d. 

ino 

8S,S3«,161 

1 

099,705 

3k 

103,403 

31 

87.1,4  J3  11    S 

ini 

g3,HIA,l4tt 

— 

1107,190 

Hw.on 

3W.9I1    H    7 

18-M 

W,3l|,«U)l 

_ 

WM,»II 

_ 

170,908 



•ll.'i.flnfl  15    8 

IMtU 

l03,lftl,W70 

— 

«OI,IUI 

— 

IHO,401 

483,.5S7  15    8 

IWH 

IW.S  10,900 

— 

759,7.M 

— 

I7tf.45» 

400,019  10     1 

IMOS 

1I4,187,M0 

— 

8.11,870 

— • 

•0«,S77 

— > 

4H.\0II    8    0 

1830 

110,109.643 

— 

703.015 

— 

aui,7iM 

4»7,0«)a  19    1 

i«n 

1 1  l,»3U,»78 

— 

7I3,6.M 

— 

99H.in7 

— 

4H7,3IM    3    4 

IMH 

ll7,3ia,lJ7 

.« 

748,*i93 

— 

970,903 

_ 

497,770    9    0 

IMD 

tlMMI,H08 

— 

7«,05a 

— 

3.'H),0(«3 

— 

489,059    1    0 

[Both  •permaceti  anJ  tallow  candica  are  exportrd  to  n  v«ry  conaiderablo  atnount  from  the 
United  Statea  to  the  We^t  Indtea,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  New  Uediord,  in  MuMa- 
chuMttH,  ia  the  principal  place  where  the  former  dcacription  of  them  are  made ;  although 
Judd'a  candtea,  from  Now  Vork,  are  thoae  which  are  in  the  highest  repute. — Am.  Ed.] 

Oanule,  Sale  or  Auction  by  Inch  of,  ia  when  a  aniall  piece  of  candle  being  lighted,  the 
byaUindcra  are  allowed  to  bid  h>r  the  niorchandiM  that  ia  ac'iling :  but  the  muinent  the  cundle 
ia  out,  the  comtno<Uty  ia  adjudged  to  the  loat  bidder. 

CANDLESTICKS  (Oor.L«ucA/er.-  Dn.  Kandelaara  ,■  Yr.  C/iandellers ;  It.  Cnmfc/- 
Ueri  t  Sp,  Candckrof ;  Kua.  PodsweachnikU)  are  of  ailvor,  braM,  iron,  bronze,  tin  japarmed, 
or  copper  plated,  made  of  difleront  patterna  and  aorta.  'I'ho  beat  plated  candleaticka  are 
iniwiufactured  at  ShciKeld  ;  the  common  aort  of  plated  onea,  aa  alao  braaa,  japanned,  iScc.  are 
moilo  at  Birmingham. 

C.ANELLA  ALBA  (Fr.  Canelk  blanche  /  Ger.  Weitier  Zimmtt ,-  It  Canclla  bianea  / 
8p.  Canclla  blunca  ,•  Lat  Oanella  alba),  the  inner  bark  of  the  Cunella  alba,  a  tim  growing 
in  the  West  Indiea.  It  ia  brought  to  thia  country  packed  in  cavks  and  casoa,  in  long  piecei, 
aome  rolled  in  quilla  and  othera  flat ;  the  quilled  aort  ia  considerably  thicker  than  cinnamon, 
and  the  flat  nearly  ^  of  an  inch  in  thickneaa.  The  quilled  piecea  are  yellow  on  both  aidea ; 
the  flat  piecea  are  yellow  on  the  outside  and  pale  bruwn  within,  'i'he  oilour  of  both  kinds, 
when  fresh  broken,  ia  aromatic,  something  like  a  mixture  of  clovea  and  cinnamon ;  and  tho 
taste  slightly  bitter,  and  extremely  warm  and  pungent. 

CANE0.    See  Banhoo,  RA-rrAHa. 

CANNON,  CANNONS  (Du.  Kmmcn,  Fr.  Canons.-  Ger.  Kanonent  It,  Cannoni, 
Pal.  Dziala  ,•  For.  Canhttu  t  Ru«.  Pusehki;  Sp.  Cammcat  Sw.  Kanon),  a  kind  of  long 
hollow  engines  for  throwing  iron,  lead,  or  stone  balls  by  the  force  of  gunpowder.  They  are 
commonly  made  of  iron,  but  frequently  olio  of  a  mixture  of  copper,  tin,  and  brass.  Thoy 
are  either  cast  hollow,  or  solid  and  tlien  bored ;  thoae  made  in  the  latter  way  being  v«ry 
superior.  Brass  cannons,  or  cannons  made  of  mixed  metal,  are  said  not  to  bo  so  well  cal< 
culated  foir  hard  sarvJce,  or  quick  and  continued  firing,  aa  those  made  of  iron.  The  pmpor- 
tions  of  the  ingredients  used  in  making  tho  former  do  not  difTer  materially  in  difTerent  coun- 
tries, though  thoy  rarely  coincide.  To  240  lbs.  of  metal  fit  for  casting,  we  commonly  put 
68  lbs.  of  copper,  63  llw.  of  brass,  and  13  lbs.  of  tin.  To  4,200  lbs.  of  metal  fit  for  casting, 
the  Germans  put  3,687^\  11m.  of  copper,  204||  lbs.  of  brafis,  and  307,'^  Iba.  of  tin. 
Others,  again,  use  100  lbs.  of  copper,  6  lbs.  of  brass,  and  9  lbs.  of  tin ;  and  others,  100  lbs.  of 
copper,  10  lbs.  of  brass,  and  15  lb«.  of  tin. 

It  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  that  cannon  were  first  made  use  of  in  1336  or  1338 ; 
but  Don  .\ntnnio  de  Capmany  has  produced  some  statements,  which  render  it  almost  certain 
that  soqie  sort  of  arUllery  was  used  by  the  Moors  in  Spain  so  early  as  1312. — (Questiona 
Criticaa,  p.  181.  dec.)  Cannons  were  certainly  used  by  the  Englioh  in  1347  at  the  siege  of 
Calais,  and  by  the  Venetians  at  Chioggia  in  1366,  and  in  their  wars  with  the  Genoese  in 
1379  and  1380.  The  Turks  employed  them  at  the  sieges  of  Constantinople,  in  1394  and 
1453.  When  first  introduced,  they  were  for  the  most  part  very  heavy  and  unwieldly,  and 
threw  balls  of  an  enormous  size;  thoy  were,  however,  owing  to  their  frequently  bursting, 
•bout  as  dangerous  to  those  using  them  as  to  their  opponentx.  There  is  a  valuable  article 
on  the  construction  ai>d  history  of  cannons  in  Reea's  Cyclopaedia  ,•  but  it  was  published  pre* 
vionsly  to  the  appearance  of  Capmany's  work  referred  to  above. 

CANTHARIDE8,  on  SPANISH  FLY  (Fr.  Cantharidea,  Mimehen  d'Espagne,-  Ger. 
Spaniaehe  FUc^n i  It.  Canterelle ,•  Lat.  Cantharui;  Rua.  Hiackpanskie  muchi ;  Sp. 
Caniaridaa).  This  insect  is  found  on  a  variety  of  shrubs  in  Spain,  Italy,  France,  &c. 
Thoae  used  in  this  conntry  are  imported  partly  from  Sicily,  but  principally  firom  Astracan, 
packed  in  casks  and  small  chests.  The  best  are  of  a  lively  fresh  colour,  a  small  size,  and 
•-|0t  mouldy.    ThejT  %Te  fre^uentl^  adulterated  with  the  MeLlontha  vitit ;  but  this  is  diatin- 


CANTON. 


soa 


i 

1 

a 

H 
I 
0 


liiUhatile  hy  ita  form,  which  \»  tqimrrr  than  (he  ctntharii,  and  by  ita  Mark  feat  If  thar 
b))  pri>|)«rl]r  (Irivkl  and  prolMted  from  the  air,  (hay  may  ba  kept  for  a  vary  long  parioa. 
— ( T/ionuon'i  Ditpeiua/ory.) 

CANTON,  one  of  the  (greatest  einporiiim*  in  the  Eaat,  rankinir,  a«  a  port  of  trade,  either 
bcriiri>,  or  iinmeJiuti-Jy  after  Calcutta,  liliiatoJ  .1  ilieiirovinorofCjuaiitonR,  inCliina;  boingtha 
oiilv  placte  in  that  rinpiro  frequented  l)y  Kiimpfmi  trailitrii :  lut  i'-i"  T  \0"  N,,  Ion.  1 13°  1 V  B. 

('miton  itanda  on  the  onKturn  bank  of  the  Pi'kian|{  Kivcr,  whirh  tliiwt!i  fVom  the  interior 
in  A  niiviff.ilile  atrcam  of  3U0  milca  t<>  tlii*  city,  where  it  i«  riithnr  liroadcr  than  the  Thamra 
tt  London  Bridge  ;  falling,  after  an  additional  <  mme  of  80  mil*  ^  into  the  louthem  a<'a  of 
China.  Nenr  ita  jiinrtion  with  the  ai'ii.  it  is  called  tiy  for<-ii(i\oni  Uocca  Tiiirii.  The  town 
in  mirroundud  by  a  thick  wall,  built  partly  <  Rtone  and  pn,  Jy  of  brick,  and  iadivideil  into  3 
partM  hy  another  wall  running  eait  and  m>  .t.  The  northern  division  ia  called  the  Old, 
an<l  the  loutliern  pait  the  New  City.  In  the  old  rity  ia  the  MantrhitU  or  Tartar  general, 
with  a  garriaon  of  Montchou  troo()a  under  hi*  coininaud.  The  lioutrnaMt-^Dvernur  or 
Fooyuen'a  olHco  in  alao  in  the  old  city,  but  the  governor  and  Iloppo  (principal  customs  oHi- 
cor)  rcHi  Ic  in  the  now  city,  not  far  from  tho  rivur. 

All  foreign  commerce  i*  conducted  in  tho  aouth-wcit  auburb,  whore  the  foreign  factoriea 
are  situated ;  and  which,  with  the  other  auburba,  ia  prolwbly  nut  leaa  popuiou*  than  the 
city  itxclf,  Tho  reMidnnco  of  Europeans  in  contlncd  to  a  very  amall  apace,  on  the  banka  of 
tlie  river ;  which  might,  however,  be  as  pleaimnt  aa  a  crowded  mercantile  place  can  well  li«. 
wore  it  not  fir  the  great  number  of  amall  liwtUiiiff  boatu,  which  cover  tho  face  of  the  river. 
The  |ieoplc  whit  occupy  tho  larger  portion  of  these  boata  are  anid  to  have  come  originally  from 
tlte  south ;  and  being  a  foreign  and  dowpiaed  race,  were  not,  at  tinit,  allowed  to  dwell  on  ohore ; 
but  most  of  the  distinctions  between  them  and  the  reat  of  the  people  have  lieen  abolished. 

Although  (vanton  ia  situated  nearly  in  the  aame  parallel  of  latitude  aa  Calcutta,  there  la  a 
consiilorablu  dilFerence  in  their  temperature ;  the  former  lieing  much  the  coolest,  and  roquir* 
ing  Area  during  the  winter  months.  The  atreets  of  Canton  ore  very  narrow,  pavud  with 
lilUe  round  atones,  and  flagged  close  to  the  sides  of  the  houses.  The  frt^t  of  every  house  ias 
aliop,  and  thoae  of  particular  streets  are  laid  out  for  the  aupply  of  stranK><r.i ;  China-street  ia 
appropriated  to  Europeans ;  and  hero  tho  productinna  of  almost  every  put  t  of  the  globe  are 
to  be  found.  One  of  the  ahopkeepcra  ia  always  to  lie  found  sitting  on  the  counter,  writing 
with  a  camel'a  huir  brush,  or  calculating  with  his  awanpan,  on  which  instrument  a  Chineae 
will  perform  operations  in  numbcra  with  aa  much  celerity  as  the  moat  expert  Europcar 
arithmetician.  Tiiis  part  of  Canton  being  much  frequented  by  tho  aeumon,  every  urlitico  ia 
used  by  tho  Chinese  retailers  to  attract  their  attention ;  each  of  them  having  nn  English 
name  for  bim<ielf  pointed  on  the  outside  of  his  shop,  bcaidca  a  nunibor  of  udvurtiHomenta 
composed  for  them  by  the  Bailors  in  their  own  peculiar  idiom.  The  latter,  it  may  be  sup* 
polled,  are  often  duped  by  Uicir  Chineae  friends,  who  have,  in  general,  picked  up  a  few  aea 
phrases,  by  which  the  seamen  are  induced  to  enter  their  ehops ;  but  tliey  ouit  each  othei 
extremely  well ;  aa  tho  Chinese  dealers  possess  an  imperturbable  command  of  temiier,  laugh 
heartily  at  tlieir  jokes  without  understanding  them,  and  humour  the  seamen  in  all  their  salliea 

Ships  only  oncond  the  river  aa  far  aa  Whanipoa,  about  15  milea  below  Canton ;  loading 
and  unloading  by  means  of  native  boata. 

Tho  ChineM,  considered  oa  traders,  are  eminently  active,  porsevoring,  and  intelligent 
They  are,  in  fact,  a  highly  commercial  people ;  and  the  notion  that  was  onco  very  generally 
entertained,  of  their  being  [leculiarly  characterised  by  a  contempt  of  commerce  and  of  strangera, 
is  as  utterly  unfounded  as  any  notion  can  possibly  bo.  Business  ia  transacted  at  Canton 
with  great  despatch ;  and  it  is  affirmed,  by  Mr.  Milburn,  and  by  most  of  the  witneaaei 
examined  liefore  the  lato  parliamentary  committees,  that  there  ia  no  port  in  the  world 
where  cargoes  may  be  sold  and  bought,  unloaded  and  loaded,  with  more  business-like  speed 
ami  activity. 

The  fears,  whether  real  or  pretended,  of  disturbances  ariHing  from  a  want  of  discipline  in 
the  crews  of  private  ships,  have  been  proved  to  be  in  a  great  degree  futile ;  the  Americans 
and  other  private  traders  having  rarely  experienced  the  slightest  inconvenience  from  any 
tumults  between  their  sailors  and  the  natives. 

Provisions  and  refreshinenta  of  all  sorts  are  abunilant  at  Canton,  nnd,  in  general,  of  an 
excellent  fjuality ;  nor  is  the  price  exorbitant.  Every  description  of  them,  deod  or  nlive, 
is  sold  by  weight.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  Chinese  make  no  use  of  milk,  either  in  its 
liquid  state,  or  in  the  shape  of  curds,  butter,  or  cheese.  Among  the  delicacies  of  a  Chineae 
market  are  to  be  seen  horse  flesh,  dogs,  cats,  hawks,  and  owls.  The  country  is  well  sup- 
plied with  fish  from  the  numerous  canals  and  rivers  by  which  it  is  intersected. 

Ffireit^fn  Factories. — These  extend  for  a  considerable  way  along  the  banks  of  tho  river,  at 
the  distance  of  about  100  yards.  They  are  named,  by  the  Chinese,  hongs,  and  resemble 
long  courts,  or  closes,  without  a  thoroughfare,  which  generally  contain  4  or  5  separata 
houses.  They  are  built  on  a  broad  quay,  and  have  a  parade  in  front.  This  promenade  ia 
railed  in,  ond  is  generally  called  Respondentia  Walk  ;  and  here  the  European  n  orchanta, 
commanders,  and  ofHccra  of  the  ships,  meet  after  dinner  and  enjoy  the  cool  of  the  evening. 
2b3 


U'tV 


;';li 


lii'.' 


■<A ' 


:**:;!: 


CANTON. 

The  English  hong,  or  factory,  far  surpasucs  the  others  in  elegance  and  extent  Tliis,  with 
the  American  and  Dutch  hongs,  are  the  only  ones  that  Icecp  their  national  flags  flying,  Tiie 
neighbourhood  of  the  factories  is  occupied  with  warcliouscs  for  the  reception  of  European 
goods,  or  of  Chinese  productions,  until  they  are  shipped.  In  1822,  during  a  dreadful  con- 
flagration that  took  place  at  Canton,  the  British  factories,  and  above  10,000  other  houses 
were  destroyed ;  on  which  occasion  the  East  India  Company's  loss  was  estimated  at 
500,000/.  sterling,  three  (ifths  in  woollens. 

For  the  space  of  4  or  5  miles  opposite  to  Canton,  the  river  resembles  an  extensive  floating 
city,  consisting  of  boats  and  vessels  ranged  parallel  to  each  other,  leaving  a  narrow  passage 
for  others  to  pass  and  repass.  In  these  the  owners  reside  with  their  families ;  the  latter 
rarely  visiting  the  shore. 

All  the  business  at  Canton  with  Europeans  is  transacted  in  a  jargon  of  the  English  Ian- 
guage  The  sounds  of  such  letters  as  B,  D,  R,  and  X,  are  utterly  unknown  in  China.  In- 
stead of  these  they  substitute  some  other  letter,  such  as  L  for  R,  which  occasions  a  Chinese 
dealer  in  rice  to  offer  for  sale  in  English  a  rather  unmarketable  commodity.  I'he  name 
mandarin  is  unknown  among  the  Chinese ;  the  word  used  by  them  to  denote  a  person  in 
authority  being  quan.  Mandarin  is  a  Portuguese  word  derived  from  the  verb  mandar,  to 
command. — (Hamllfott's  East  India  Gazetfeer  ,•  Mit/jurn'a  Orient.  Commtrce  ,•  Companion 
to  Anglo-Chinefe  Caknd/ii;  Macao,  1833,  «^c.) 

Conduct  of  Chinese  Government. — The  only  real  difliculty  in  trading  with  China  origin- 
ates in  the  despotism,  pride,  and  jealousy  of  the  government,  and  in  the  general  corruption 
of  its  officers.  The  former  affects  to  treat  all  foreigners  with  contempt,  and  is  always  ex- 
posing them  to  insult;  while  the  latter  endeavour  to  multiply  and  enforce  vexatious  regula- 
tions and  demands,  that  they  may  profit  by  the  douceurs  given  for  their  evasion.  Hitherto 
we  have  submitted  with  exemplary  forbearance  to  every  annoyance  the  Chinese  authorities 
have  chosen  to  inflict ;  but  it  is  questioned  by  some  whether  this  be  the  most  politic  course. 
The  imbecility  and  powerlessness  of  the  government  is  at  least  equal  to  its  pride  and  pre- 
sumption ;  and  in  the  event  of  its  uttempting  to  stop  the  trade,  or  to  subject  those  engaged 
in  it  to  unmerited  ill  treatment,  it  is  contended  that  we  ought,  in  the  event  of  redress  being  re- 
fused on  the  presentation  of  a  remonstrance,  to  vindicate  our  rights  by  force.  We  are  rather 
disposed  to  concur  in  this  opinion.  We  believe  that  little  more  than  a  demonstration  would 
be  necessary ;  and  that  the  appearance  of  a  single  ship  of  the  Une  in  the  Chinese  seas  would 
have  more  influence  over  the  court  of  Pekin  ihun  a  doren  ambassadors.  But  it  is  essential, 
i)efore  employing  this  sort  of  negociitors,  that  we  be  well  assured  that  we  have  justice  on 
our  side,  and  that  our  own  misconduct  has  not  occasioned  the  interruptions  and  annoyances 
complained  of.  The  superintendents  about  to  be  sent  to  Canton — (see  post) — should  be 
vested  with  full  powers  to  prevent,  if  possible,  and,  at  nil  events,  suitably  to  punish,  any 
British  subject  who  may  act  so  as  to  give  just  cause  of  oflt-nce  to  the  Chinese.  We  have  a 
right  to  claim  fair  treatment  from  them,  as  we  have  a  right  to  claim  it  from  the  Americans,  or 
any  other  people ;  but  we  have  no  right  to  expect  that  our  claim  should  be  regarded,  unless  we 
respect  the  prejudices  of  the  people,  and  the  equitable  rules  and  regulations  of  the  government. 
Trade  to  the  North  of  China. — At  present,  ail  foreign  trade  with  China  is  confined  to  the 
port  of  Canton  ;  but  this  was  not  the  case  for  a  long  time  after  China  was  visited  by  British 
ships,  and  it  appears  highly  probable  that  it  will  be  again  extended  towards  the  north.  The 
interesting  details  given  in  the  account  of  the  voyage  of  the  ship  Amherst  along  the  Chinese 
coasts  show  that  the  people  are  every  where  moat  anxious  for  an  intercourse  with  foreigners, 
and  that  the  law  is  the  only  obstacle  to  its  being  carrisd  on  to  a  very  great  extent.  But, 
where  the  people  are  so  well  disposed  to  trade,  the  ofiicers  so  corrupt,  und  the  government  so 
imbecile,  it  may,  we  think,  be  fairly  anticipated  that  the  unaltertlile  laws  of  the  "  CelcBtial 
Empire"  will  not  prove  a  very  serious  obstacle  to  such  private  individuals  as  may  choose  to 
engage  in  a  clandestine  trade  with  the  northern  provinces.  The  smuggler  is  even  more  om- 
nipotent in  China  than  in  Spain.  The  extent  and  perfect  regularity  with  which  the  trade 
in  opium  is  carried  on,  in  defiance  of  all  the  elliirts  of  government  for  its  suppression, 
shows  how  unable  it  is  to  contend  aguinst  the  inclinations  of  its  suhjccts,  which,  fortunately, 
are  all  in  favour  of  a  free  and  liberal  ititcrcourse  with  foreigners. 

Munim. — Accounts  are  kept  at  Ciinlon  in  lacls,  mace,  camliriiies,  ami  cash  ;  tlie  tad  lieinp  dividod 
into  lU  iiiacc,  100  caiiilarineH,  or  I,OOU  caiili.  TIi^tk  IjIiuI  one  kiiidol'iiioiiey  iiiaite  in  (Jliina.calleil  cash, 
wliich  is  nut  coined  hut  cast,  and  whicli  \»  only  u^ed  fur  snnill  paynients  ;  it  i»  conipoiied  of  six  parla 
nf  copper  and  4  of  lead  ;  it  is  round,  marked  o,i  one  side,  and  rather  raised  at  lln;  edi^es,  with  a  sqnarc 
hole  in  the  middle.  Theso  pieces  are  commonly  curried,  like  heads,  on  «  siring  of  wire.  A  tael  df 
fine  silver  shoultl  be  worth  1,000  cni>li;  hut,  on  account  of  tlwir  convenience  fur  common  ui>e,  their 
price  i«  pomelimcB  so  mucli  raised  that  only  750  cash  are  s:iven  f.ir  (he  tael. 

Foreign  coins,  however,  circulate  hero,  particularly  Spanish  didlnrs  ;  and  for  small  change  they  are 
cut  inlu  very  exact  proportions,  hut  afterwards  weiiihed;  for  which  purpose  merchants  generally 
tarry  scales,  calh:d  dotchin,  made  somewhat  at>cr  the  plan  of  tin;  Kn^tlish  steelynids. 

Tile  tael  is  reckoned  at  6s.  Sd.  Blerlingin  the  hooks  of  the  Kast  India  Company  :  hut  its  value  varies, 
and  is  generally  computed  according  to  tlie  price  paid  per  ounce  for  Hpanish  dollars  in  London.  The 
tables  given  for  this  proportional  value  may  be  calculated  in  pence  sterling,  hy  the  multiplier  1'2U8. 
ThUK,  if  the  price  of  tht  l^panish  dollar  he  00  '  per  ounce,  the  value  of  the  tael  will  he  CO  mnlliplied 
by  I'ms  =  '•2i>'it.i  If  at  Wd.,  the  value  of  lii  tucl  will  ho  70  lasj.j  and  for  any  other  price  in  the 
■Blue  pruportluu. 


Into  ion  L 
93tnachl 
The  fiif 
English  L 
11,  the  «l 
the  tnucl 
lomiiti'if 
Silnfrl 
by  their  I 
Oiildi 
deternili 
and  the  I 
ICei/'j 
candariiL 
tael  e(iu| 
The  pi 
Into  lOOl 


CANTON. 


295 


w>  with 
g-  The 
[iropean 
ul  con- 
houses 
ated  at 


FlneitMn  of  Oohl  and  Sileer.—The  flneneng  of  pold  and  sflvor  U  expressed  by  dividing  the  wetgh« 
Into  ion  parts,  called  tnqiics  or  touch ;  siinihir  to  the  niortern  priictice  of  Franco.  ThiiH,  if  an  ingot  bs 
93 touch,  it  is  understood  to  contain?  parts  of  alloy  and  93  of  pure  metal,  making  in  the  whole  100. 

Thfi  fineness  of  the  precious  molals,  expressed  in  these  decimal  proportions,  may  bo  converted  Into 
English  proportions  liy  the  follnwini;  analogies  :— Suppose  gold  Is  9IB6  touch,  say,  as  lOU:  Ol'Afi  : :  12: 
II,  tliestanilird.nnd  vice  versa;  and  to  convert  standard  silver  into  touch,  say,  as  2 10:  232: :  100:  92-5, 
the  touch  of  sterlinti  silver.  Pure  gold  or  silver  without  alloy  !*  called  by  the  Chinese  sycee  ;  and 
iomitlimes,  whun  of  less  purity,  tlie  metal  is  accepted  as  sycee. 

ISihrr  Ingots  are  used  as  money,  and  weigh  from  i  a  tael  to  100  taels,  their  value  being  determined 
by  their  weight.    These  ingots  are  of  the  best  sort  of  silver :  that  is,  ahont  91  touch. 

Oold  ftigots.—GoM  IS  not  considered  as  money,  but  as  merchandise ;  It  is  sold  in  regular  ingots  of  a 
deterininert  weiglit,  which  the  English  call  shoes  of  gold  ;  the  largest  of  these  weigh  10  taels  each  ; 
and  the  gold  is  reckoned  9t  touch,  though  it  may  he  only  9'i  or  93. 

(f«i»»(*.— Gold  and  stiver  are  weighed  by  the  catty  of  16  taels  ;  the  tael  Is  divided  Into  10  mace,  100 
candiirines,  or  1,000  cash.  lOU  taels  are  reckoned  to  weigh  120  oz.  lOdwts.  Troy,  which  makes  thu 
tael  equal  to  S'U'B  English  grains,  or  37'560  grammes. 

The  principal  weights  for  merchandise  are  the  picul,  the  catty,  and  the  tael ;  the  picul  being  divided 
Into  lOO  catties,  or  1,600  taels. 

Lbs.    or.,      dwts. 
1  Tael  weighs,  avoirdupois  •  -       0       1       &'333=     U  oz. 

IftTaels.orl  catty  -  -  -        1        5       5  333=      H  lb. 

100  Catties,  or  1  picul  -  .  -    133       S       5333  =  133i  lbs.       '       ' 

Hence  the  picul  weighs  UU  472  kilogrammes,  or  102  lbs.  0  nz.  8  dwts.  13  grs.  Troy. 

The  above  weights  are  sometimes  otherwise  denominated,  especially  by  the  natives :  thus,  tho 
catty  is  called  gin  ;  the  tael,  lyang ;  the  mice,  tchen  ;  the  candarine,  (Ivan  ;  and  the  cash,  lis. 

There  are  no  commercial  measures  in  China,  as  all  dry  goods  and  liquids  are  soM  by  weisht.  In 
delivering  a  cargo,  English  weights  are  used,  and  aflerwurds  turned  into  Chinese  piculs  and  catties. 

Lmg'  Measure.— T\iiit  used  in  China  is  tho  covid  or  cobre ;  it  is  divided  into  10  punts,  and  is  equal  to 
0'3713  metres,  or  14,625  English  inches. 

Tlie  Chinese  have  4  ditferent  measures  answering  to  the  foot,  viz. 

Metres.    Eng.  Inches. 
The  foot  of  the  mathematical  tribunal   =  0-3.S3  =  l.'(  125  •  m. 

The  builder's  foot,  called  congpu         -=  03228  =  12" 
The  tailors'  and  tradesmen's  foot        -  =  0  ;«83  =  13-33 
The  fool  used  by  engineers  -        -  =  0'32ll  =  12-65 

The  11  contains  180  fathoms,  each  10  feet  of  the  List  mentioned  length ;  therefore  the  II  =  1,8971  Eng- 
lish fset ;  and  I92i  lis  measure  a  mean  degree  of  the  meridian  nearly  ;  but  European  missionaries  in 
China  have  divided  the  degree  into  200  lis,  each  li  making  1,826  Eng'lish  feet ;  which  gives  tlie  degree 
69166  English  miles,  or  11131  French  myriametres. 

European  Traileat  Canton. — As  soon  as  a  vessel  arrives  among  the  islands  which  tVont  the  entrance 
to  the  Canton  river,  she  is  generally  .boarded  by  a  pilot,  who  conducts  her  into  Macao  roads.  The 
entrance  is,  however,  so  safe,  that  ships  push  on  without  waiting  for  the  pilot,  who,  if  the  weather  ha 
bad,  is  sometimes  long  in  coming  on  board.  The  pilots'  names  are  registered  ut  the  Keun-min-foo's 
office,  near  Macao ;  and  for  a  licence  to  act,  the  sum  of  600  dollars  is  paid.  The  person  who  takes  out 
the  licence  sometimes  knows  nothing  about  ships  or  the  river  ;  hut  employs  fishermen  to  do  the  duty. 
On  the  vessel's  arrival  at  Macao  roads,  the  pilot  goes  on  shore,  to  report  her  at  the  ot&ce  of  the  keun- 
niin-foo,  who,  when  he  has  received  answers  to  his  inquiries,  gives  a  permit  for  her  to  pass  thr<iug)i 
the  Bogue,  and  orders  a  river  pilot  on  board.  This  pilot  seldom  repairs  on  iMiaril  the  vessel  before  21 
hours  have  elapsed.  When  arrived,  the  vessel  proceeds  through  the  Bogue,  and  up  the  Canton  river 
to  VVhampoa. 

Every  ship  that  enters  the  port  is  required  to  have  a  hong  merchant  as  security  for  the  duties,  and  a 
linguist,  and  comprador,  before  she  can  roinmence  unloading.  The  master  is  required  to  give  a  writ- 
ten declaration,  in  duplicate,  solemnly  nffiriiiing  tliat  the  ship  has  brought  no  opium.  The  East  India 
Company's  sliips  alone  are  o.xciised  giving  this  declaration. 

The  hong  or  security  merchants  (at  present  10  in  number)  are  the  only  individuals  legally  permitted 
to  trade  with  foreigners.  To  obtain  this  privilege,  they  have  to  pay  largely ;  and  when  once  become 
merchants,  they  are  rarely  allowed  to  relire,aiid  are  at  all  limes  siiliject  to  severee.\acli(uis  from  the  local 
government.  The  linguists  are  government  interpreters,  who  procure  permits  for  delivering  and  tak- 
mg  in  cargo,  transact  all  the  Custom-house  business,  and  keep  accounts  of  the  duties.  All  the  minor 
charges  of  the  government,  also,  are  paid  by  them ;  in  consideration  of  which  they  receive  a  fee  of 
about  173  dollars,  previously  to  tlie  vessel's  departure. 

VVhena  vessel  wislies  to  discharge  or  receive  cargo,  tho  linguist  Is  informed,  a  day  or  two  previously, 
what  kind  of  goods  are  to  be  received  or  discharged,  and  in  what  quantities.  He  then  applies  for  a 
permit,  which  being  issued,  the  lighters  or  chop-boats  proceed  to  Whanipoa,  where  they  usually  ar- 
rive on  the  evening  of  the  second  or  morning  of  the  third  day.  For  a  single  boat  the  linguist  receives 
a  fee  of  23  dollars  ;  but  if  a  permit  he  obtained  for  from  2  to  6  boats  at  a  time,  the  fee  for  each  boat 
is  only  11  taels  2  mace  6  cund.,  or  about  I5i  dollars. 

When  the  goods  are  ready  to  be  landed  from  or  sent  to  the  ship,  the  hoppo(principal  Custom-house 
officer)  sends  a  domestic,  a  writer,  and  a  police  runner;  the  hong  merchant  who  has  secured  the  ship 
sends  a  domestic,  called  a  court  going  man  (one  who  attend.';  at  the  public  offices,  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions, in  behalf  of  his  master);  and  the  linguist  sends  an  accountant  and  interpreter,  to  attend  at  the 
examination  of  the  goods.  The  hong  merchants  are  always  held  responsible  by  the  government  for 
paying  all  duties,  whether  on  imports  or  c.xiiorls  in  foreign  vessels  ;  and,  ihereCore,  when  goods  are 
pill  'based,  it  is  customary  for  the  paitii^s,  before  fixing  llie  price,  to  arrange  between  themselves  who 
is  aclually  to  pay  the  duties.  The  hong  merchants  are  reipiired  to  consider  the  duties  payable  to 
government  as  the  most  iniportant  part  of  their  affairs.  If  a  merchant  tail  to  pay  at  the  proper  period, 
bis  liong,  house,  and  all  his  property  arc  seized,  anil  sold  to  pay  the  amount ;  and  if  all  that  he  |ios- 
sesses  lie  inadequate,  he  is  sent  into  banishiiient  at  Ele,  in  VV'i-slern  Tarlary,  which  the  Chinese  call 
the  "cold  country;"  and  the  body  of  hong  merchants  are  cominandei!  to  pay  in  his  stead. 

Of  an  import  cargo,  cacli  chop-lioat,  according  to  rule,  which,  however,  is  not  rigidly  enforced, 
should  contain, — of  woollens,  camlets,  and  long-ells,  1 10  bales  ;  tin,  .'lOO  bars  ;  lead,  OUO  pigs;  Uouibay 
cotton,  55  bales  ;  Bengal  cotton,  80  bales  ;  betel-nut,  pepper,  &.c.  300  pii-uls. 

Of  export  goods,  a  chop-boat  should  lake,— of  tea,  ClIO  chests  ;  of  other  sorts  oi"  ofoods,  .^00  piculs 
If  more  than  this,  the  hong  merchant  gives  to  the  chop-boat,  for  each  additional  picul,  Ci  didlars. 

Ill  calculating  the  duties  on  export  goods,  00  catties  are  considered  lUU.  The  woollens,  long-ells, 
and  camlets,  are  measured  by  the  chang  of  10  covids,  without  any  deduction ;  and  single  articles  are 
numbered. 

Eacli  ship  may  export,  of  silk,  88  piculs  :  the  duty  on  each  picul  is  10^  dollars.  Those  shl|is  that  want 
more,  avail  theuiselveF  of  the  names  of  ships  which  have  exported  none ;  and  the  Custom-house  con 
nivcs  at  this,  on  reuci\  ing  a  fee  uf  14^  dollars  pur  picul. 


!i  I 


i  '. 


V  ( 


M 


1 .11 


•i*i 


':   W 


ii  r 


St'    |;l 


206 


CANTON. 


If,  after  entering  the  port,  any  persons  tranship  got«]s,  it  Is  considered  that  the  one  ship  sold  them 
to  the  other ;  and,  in  that  casR,  the  same  duty  has  to  be  |>aid  as  if  the  goods  were  brought  up  to  Can- 
ton.   Provisions  are  not  included  in  this  regulation. 

Bhips'  boats  are  not  allowed  to  carry  up  or  down  any  thing  chargeable  with  dutf . 

Gold,  8ilv«r,  copper,  and  iron  are  prohibited  to  be  exported  s  a  few  culinary  utennils  are  the  only  ex- 
ception. When  It  is  desired  to  export  treasure,  the  hong  merchant  must  make  an  estimate  of  the 
value  of  the  import  and  export  cargoes ;  and  whatever  balance  there  may  be  in  fitvour  of  the  ship, 
may  then  be  shipped  olf  as  treasure. 

The  whole  amount  of  tutenague  that  is  allowed  to  be  exported  by  foreign  ships,  including  the  Portu- 
guese at  Macao,  is  100,000  catties  ;  hut  regulations  of  this  sort  may  be  easily  evaded. 

If  more  cargo  be  sent  to  a  ship  than  she  can  lake  on  board,  and  she  wishes  it  to  be  shipped  on  board 
another,  it  must  be  done  within  three  days  alter  announcing  the  goods  at  the  Custom-house,  and  a 
hnng  merchant  muni  state  it  to  government;  if  granted,  a  hong  merchant  and  iinguint  are  ordered  to 
go  to  Wiiampoa  and  lake  an  account  of  such  goods  ;  all  which,  with  the  expense  of  Imnts,  runners, 
4tc.  at  Wbampoa,  costs  40  or  SO  dollars.— (C'am;iuNiuii(«^n/{<j-C'AiHM<  CalenUarfur  ltJ33,  pp.gi>— lui.) 

Hong,  or  Security  Merchants. — It  may  be  gupposed,  perhaps,  from  the  previous  state- 
ments, that  difficulties  are  occasionally  experienced  before  a  hong  merchant  can  be  prevailed 
upon  to  become  security  for  a  ship ;  but  such  is  not  the  case.  None  of  them  has  ever 
evinced  any  hesitation  in  this  respect.  The  Americans,  who  have  had  as  many  as  forty 
ships  in  one  year  at  Canton,  have  never  met  with  a  refusal.  The  captain  of  a  merchant 
■hip  may  resort  to  any  hong  merchant  he  pleases,  and,  by  way  of  making  him  some  return 
for  his  becoming  security,  he  generally  buys  from  him  100/.  or  200/.  worth  of  goods.  Indi- 
viduals are,  however,  at  perfect  liberty  to  deal  with  any  hong  merchant,  whether  hr,  has 
secured  their  ship  or  not,  or  with  any  outnide  merchant ;  that  is,  with  any  Chinese  mtr. 
chant  not  belonging  to  the  hong.  So  that,  though  there  are  only  10  hong  merchants  at 
Canton,  there  is,  notwithstanding,  quite  as  extensive  a  choice  of  merchants  with  whom  to 
deal  in  that  city,  as  in  either  Liverpool  or  New  York. 

Duties, — It  is  very  difficult,  or  rather,  perhaps,  impossible,  to  get  any  accurate  account  of 
the  duties  on  goods  exported  and  imported.  They  are  almost  always  paid  l)y  the  Chinese, 
though  they  must,  of  course,  frequently  lie  borne  by  the  foreigner.  Imported  goods  are 
weighed  on  board,  and  the  duty  paid  by  the  purchaser ;  the  duty  on  those  exported  is 
paid  by  the  seller.  The  officers-  are  notoriously  corrupt ;  and  it  is  a  common  practice  to 
give  them  a  douceur  to  under-rate  the  weight  of  the  goods. 

Foreign  Merchants. — These  consist  of  British,  American,  French,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swed- 
ish, Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  with  Persce  and  Indian  .Mohammedan  British  subjects,  and  in 
1832  amounted  in  number  to  above  110.  The  principal  mercantile  firms  consisted  of  8 
British  establishments,  7  American  establishments,  and  1  joint  French  and  Dutch  establish- 
ment The  Americans,  French,  and  Dutch  have  each  a  consular  agent;  and  though  these 
functionaries  be  not  publicly  recognised  by  the  Imperial  government,  all  public  busine.ss  is  con- 
ducted with  them  by  the  provincial  government,  through  the  agency  of  the  hong  merchants. 

JVfwspapersand  Public  Aeeommodaliona. — At  Canton,  there  are  2  English  newspapers  ;  viz.  tne  "  Can- 
ton Register,"  once  a  fortnight,  with  a  Price  Current;  and  the  "Chinese  Courier,"  once  a  week.  There 
are  3  hotels,  a  billiard  room,  and  3  Europenn  shops  or  warehouses  upon  a  large  scale,  with  surgeons, 
apothecaries,  watch-makers,  and  boat-builders. 

Otntral  Ratet  of  Agency  Commhaittn  in  China,  agreed  upon  the  1st  of  November,  1831 ;  in  confirma. 
lion  of  tliose  fixed  by  a  meeting  of  merchants  on  the  1st  of  Marcli,  18U. 


1.  On  all  Bales  or  purchuci  of  goodi  except  the 

follnwin;         .... 

2.  Od  all  nlefl  or  purchaiea  of  opium,  cotton,  co> 
'  chinfal,  quicbiilver,  c-iinptmr  birroes.  liirdi* 

neatf,  diinioDils  and  other  precious  ilonaa,  or 
pearls,  ahi|is,  and  tl  >uwi 

5.  On  retiirni,  if  In  piodt 

4.  On  ditto,  if  in  treasure,  bullion,  or  bills         • 

6.  On  sile,  purchase,  or  shipment  of  bullion 

&  On  all  foods,  treasure,  Stc.  cousij^ned,  and  af- 
ter^vanls  willwlrswn  or  sent  to  auclinn,  and 
on  icnods  consigned  for  conditional  delivery 
to  others  .... 

7.  Orderinf  foods,  or  superintendinc  the  fulfil- 

iMnt  of  contracts,  where  no  other  cuDioiis. 

sioii  is  deriTcH 
0.  On  all  advances  of  money  for  tlie  purposes  of 

trade,  whether  the  Roods  are  cunsifned  to 

the  aj^ent  or  not,  and  Miiuru  a  commission  of 

ft  per  cent  is  not  charfpd 
9.  Ikt  crtdtn,  or  guar&Dteeins  sales,  when  spe* 

cially  requireiT  ... 

10.  Guirantoeing  bills,  t>nnds,  or  other  engage* 

nieiits  .... 

It.  Procuring  freii^ht,  or  adverlising  as  Hfnni  of 

owners  nr  comtnanders,  on  the  amount  of 

freizht,  vvhelber  the  same  passes  through  the 

hands  of  a^nls  or  not    • 

12.  Receiving  iiivvanl  freight  -  - 

13.  Ship.'  di&bunienients         ... 

14.  CharterinY  ships  for  other  parties    > 

15.  Ktfcrting  insurance  or  writing  orders  for  In- 

surance .... 

16.  Settling  iD*ursnce  losses,  total  or  partial,  and 

on  procuring  return  of  premium 


5  per  cent 


ditto. 

1  ditto. 

ditto. 

ditto. 


1-2  commission. 
2  1-2  per  cent. 

2  I  .i  ditto, 
2  12  ditto, 
2  1-2  ditto. 


dito. 

1  ditto. 

2  1-2  ditto. 
2  1-2  ditto. 

1-2  ditto. 

I       ditto. 


17.  EfTectini^  remittances  by  bills  of  the  agent  or 
otherwiie.  on  purchasing  or  uegociatiug  bills 
of  exchan^    .  -  .  - 

IS.  Dills  of  exchange  returned,  iwteJ,  or  pro- 
tested .  -  .  - 

19.  NoKOciiting  loins  on  respondentia  _    • 

20.  Debts,  where  a  iirocess  at  law  or  arbitration 
is  necessary,  2  1-2  per  cent,  j  and  if  reco- 
vered .... 

21.  CollactinK  house-rent       ... 

22.  l.el'eis  of  creJit  granted  for  mercantile  pur* 

p-wes  .... 

23  Acting  fir  the  estate  of  persotis  deceased,  as 

pxecut'irs,  or  administrators 
21.  The  uianigeiiieiit  of  the  estates  of  others,  on 

the  amount  rcceivjjd 

23.  All  cash  receipt..,  not  serving  f  <r  the  purchase 

of  roods,  and  not  otherwise  Sjiecilieit  abo^e 

26  Shrofliiig  .... 

27.  Traiishinpinr  gn'xls  .  .  . 

2H.  Upon  ill  alv.inres  not  pu'tc*uallv liquidated, 
the  igent  to  tiavc  the  opitrn  o^  chirginr  a 
second  comniivoon  ai  upon  a  fresh  advance, 
pn)vided  the  charge  do  not  occur  tn  ice  in 
the  siiiip  year. 

29.  At  the  option  of  the  arnit,  on  the  amount  de- 
bited nr  cpniifcd  within  the  yeir,  including 


I  per  cent. 


ditto, 
ditto 


interest,  anl  excrptini^  only  items  on  which 

a   commission  of   ' 

charged 


commission  of   5   per   cent,    has   been 


JV.  fl,— This  charsre  not  to  apply  to  paying  ovt-r 
a  baliiice  due  on  an  accoiint  made  up  to 
a  p.irticiilar  nfri"d,  uiileu  where  such 
balance  is  wilndravvu  without  re.asoiiablo 
notice. 


S     'ditto, 
2  1-2  ditto. 


2  1-2  ditto. 
5      ditto. 


I      ditto. 

1-2  per  oiiL 
1  per  cent.         , 


1      dillOi 


Port  Charget. — All  foreign  vessels  trading  to  Canton  have  to  pay  a  nicnsiirement  charge,  varying 
according  to  the  size  of  tlie  vessel.    For  this  purpose  they  are  divided  into  3  tlasst-<> ;  viz. 

'I'aeli. 

Iflt,  Vessels  of  IfiOcovlds  and  upwards,  pty        -  ...  -    7-874,7.W  pcrcovid. 

9d.        —      above  lUO  and  under  ItiO  covids        .....    7-2il,091        — 
U.       —      of  130  covids  and  under        ......    S'0C<i,341       — 


The  enti 
Port  del 
Ditferenl 
Fee  to  tf 
For  ditfd 
For  malt 


CANTON. 


207 


The  dimeniloiia  are  taken  flrom  the  mlzen  to  the  foremnit  for  the  len  jrth,  and  between  the  gnngwara 
for  the  breadth  :  thesn  two  numberi  multiplied  together,  and  divided  hy  10,  gWe  the  men»iirement  in 
eovida;  and  the  quotient  multiplied  by  the  sum  to  be  paid  per  covid,  according  to  the  vesRel'e  aize, 
gives  the  whole  amount  of  meaiuroment  charge.    Of  this  amount,  only  lO-llths  are,  properly  speak- 
ing, the  meiiaurement  charge,  the  other  11th  part  being  a  fee  of  10  per  cent,  on  the  Imperial  dues.  . 

Once  •  year  the  hoppo  gnee  in  pergon  to  superintend  the  measurement  of  veieels,  on  which  occasion 
be  goes  on  board  a  Company's  ship.    At  other  tijnes  an  officer  is  sent  to  represent  him. 

The  Item  ne.xt  in  importance  to  the  measurement  charge,  is  what  is  called  the  cumshaw  or  present, 
gmou:iling,  according  to  the  reduced  rate,  to  the  sum  of  1,600  683  taels,  or  2,233  dollars,  except  on 
French,  Austrian,  and  Prussian  vessels,  which  are  required  to  pay.  80  taels  more.    This  charge  does 
not  vary  with  the  size  of  the  ship ;  but  is  the  same  whether  she  carry  100  or  1,000  tons.  The  cumshaw 
ii  made  up  of  the  following  sums :  viz. 

Tatli. 
The  entrepflt  fees  ...-.-.-    810091 

Port  clearance  fee--------    480'420 

Diff°erence  of  scales,  carriage  to  Pekin,  ftc.,  6  79  per  cent,  on  the  above  •  -     87-lSO 

Fee  to  the  leang-taou,  or  superintendent  of  grain  -  -  -  -    116'421 

For  difference  in  the  leang-taou's  scales,  1')  per  cent,  on  the  last  named  fee    -  •       1'281 

For  waking  it  into  sycee,  7  per  cent,  on  the  whole  ....    104-717  ' 

Taels       1, 600683 


^ 

21606 

Taels 

7-874755 

rs,  = 

2,363 

. 

2,323 

. 

ISO 

. 

.SO 

. 

173 

- 

90 

Vessels  loaded  with  rice  are  exempted  from  the  entrepAt  and  leang-taou's  fees,  as  also  from  the 
measurement  charge  ;  the  latter  by  command  of  the  reigning  sovereign,  in  1S25;  and  the  two  former 
oy  previous  orders  of  t()e  local  government.  They  are  likewise  exempted  t'rnm  certain  small  monthly 
and  daily  fees,  so  long  as  they  are  engaged  in  discharging  the  imported  rice ;  but  these  charges  com- 
mence as  soon  as  the  vessel  beirins  to  take  in  an  export  cargo  ;  and  the  port  clearance  fee,  with  the 
double  percentage  of  6}  and  7  per  cent.,  is  levied  alike  on  all  vessels.  A  vessel  importing  rice,  in 
common  with  otiier  vessels,  is  required  either  to  receive  an  export  cargo,  or  to  pay  about  300  dollars 
in  default  thereof. 

Until  the  measurement  charge,  present,  &c.  have  all  been  duly  paid,  no  vessel  can  obtain  her  grand 
chop,  or  port  clearance  from  the  hoppo's  office. 

The  other  fixed  charges  besides  the  above  are,  120  dollars  for  pilotage,  in  and  out  j  faes  paid  to 
iioats  nt  second  bar,  and  linguist's  and  comprador's  fees.  These  last  are  intended  to  remunerate  Iha 
expenses  incurred  on  account  of  various  daily  and  monthly  charges,  and  other  petty  fees,  b!>side3  se- 
veral unauthorised  sums  exacted  by  the  inferior  local  officers.  Lists  of  these  clinrges  have  been 
printed ;  but  they  vary  so  much  in  particular  instances,  that  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  attain 
any  certainty  with  respect  to  them. 

The  following  is  an  example  of  a  vessel  of  the  1st  class  subject  to  the  highest  rate  of  measurement 
charge,  from  which  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  port  charges  on  other  vessels  may  be  obtained : — 
The  Glenelg,  867  tons. 

tenp:th  from  mlzen  to  foremast,  covids  .....       83-1 

Which  multiplied  by  the  breadth,  from  gangway  to  gangway        .     "        >  -       260 

And  divided  by  10,  gives  the  dimensions  ... 

Multiply  that  sum  by  -  ...  - 

The  measurement  charge  will  be  1,701-418  taels,  which,  at  72  taels  per  100  dollars, 
Spanish  dollars  ...... 

Cumshaw,  or  present,  taels  1,600-683,  at  72  per  100  • 

Pilotage  in  and  out  -...., 

Bar  boats  and  other  small  charges,  about         .  .  - 

Linguist's  fees,  about  ..... 

Comprador's  fees,  about  -  -  .  ;  . 

Spanish  dollars        4,959 

Vessels  of  the  2d  class  are  charged  In  measurement  flrom  1,200  to  1,600  dollars,  and  those  of  the  3d 
llze  from  600  to  800  dollars.    The  covid  employed  Is  equal  to  about  1  ij  inches. 

The  consequence  of  this  mode  of  imposing  the  port  duties  is,  that  while  they  are  very  moderate  on 
ships  of  400  or  500  tons  burden  and  upwards,  they  are  very  heavy  on  small  ships:  and  hence  small 
country  ships  frequently  lie  off  Linting  Flora,  or  Larse  Bay,  till  some  of  the  large  European  ships 
come  in  sight,  when  they  shift  their  cargoes  on  board  the  latter.  They  are  commonly  carried  up  to 
Canton  for  1  per  cent.,  by  which  means  the  duties  and  cumshaw  are  both  saved.  Chinese  junks  are 
exempted  from  tlie  port  dues. 

Captain  Coffin,  the  commander  of  an  American  ship  of  about  400  tons  register  trading  to  China,  in- 
formed the  late  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  that  the  whole  charzes  of  every  description 
falling  upon  his  ship,  in  entering  and  clearing  out  from  Canton,  inciu'ling  measurement  duty, 
cumshaw,  pilotage,  victualling  of  the  ship,  and  consul's  fee,  amounted  to  between  7,000  nnd  H,000  dollars. 
—[Companion  to  Anglo-Chinese  Calendar,  pp.  101—103. ;  First  Report,  Eoidence,  p.  121.) 

British  Trade  with  Canton. — Tlio  trade  between  Great  Britain  find  Canton  hits  hitherto 
been  entirely  monopolised  by  the  East  India  Company  and  its  officers.  Ten  has  always 
been  by  for  the  principal  article  of  import ;  and  it  is  mainly  owing  to  the  diffusion  of  the 
taato  for  this  article,  and  its  consumption  by  all  ranks  and  orders  of  the  community,  that  the 
trade  has  increased,  notwithstanding  the  pernicious  influence  of  the  monopoly,  to  the  e.-stent 
that  it  has  done.  Besides  tea,  the  Company  formerly  imported  from  China  raw  silk,  silk 
piece  goods,  naniteeiis,  mother-of-pearl  shells,  sandal  wood,  and  a  few  other  articles  ;  but  of 
late  years  the  value  of  these  articles  has  been  quite  inconsiderable. 

The  articles  exported  in  the  East  India  Company's  ships  from  England  to  China  con- 
wstod  principally  of  woollens,  copper,  iron  and  lead,  glass,  earthenware,  and  jewellery. 
Bullion  used,  formerly,  to  be  largely  exported  ;  but  recently  the  current  has  begun  to  set  in 
the  opposite  direction,  and  bullion  has  been  imported  from  China  into  England. 

38 


fill 


I  ,  t 


■\: 


I       i        i 


I 


1'  ill  ii{iM< 

\mw 


I     i 


Hii 


li! 


i!  .? 


298 


CANTON. 


The  invoice  value  of  tha  Company'ii  trade  between  China  and  England  in  the  iinder-mentionefl 
years  has  been— 


Vetn. 

Import!  Into  China  rrom  Eofliiiil. 

Eiporti  from  China 
10  Englinil. 

Total  ImimrU  ind 

Mercltandiic 

Treasure. 

Tool. 

MHrchudin, 

1814-15 

1815-16 
1830-31 
1831-33 

£ 

860,093 
026,920 
593,755 
398,475* 

£ 

127,695 

1,127,518 

£ 

987,788 

S,054,433 

593,755 

398,475 

£ 
1,967,978 
9,231,366 
1,861,960 
1,814,013 

£ 

2,955,766 
4,2«5,:99 
2,455,^35 
2,212,518 

•  .Sfem.— There  Is  nn  apparent  rednctlon  in  the  value  of  exports  of  merchandise  from  England 
nrisins  from  cargoes  to  the  amount  of  192,310/.  of  this  season  having  been  dfspatclied  after  the  1st  of 
May,  1832  :  allowins  for  tlie  consignments  so  defi'rred,  ilie  imports  into  China  from  England  would  be 
augmented  to  590,785/.,  and  the  total  at  imports  and  exports  to  2,404,828/. 

East  India  House,  25th  of  April,  1833. 

It  appears  from  this  account,  that  the  merchandise  exported  from  England  to  China  during  the 
years  1814-15  and  1815-16  nnioiinted,  at  an  average,  to  893,50<i/.  a  year,  exclusive  of  above  fiOO.noo/.  a 
year  in  treasure ;  wliereas,  the  e.\ports  of  inerchuudise  during  the  years  1H30-31  and  1831-33  only 
nmounted  to  592,270/.  a  year,  without  any  treasure !  This  e.vtranrdinary  decline  strikingly  contrasts 
with  the  results  of  the  free  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  India  in  the  same^ears. 

The  following  is  a  detailed  Account  of  the  Value  of  the  Exports  by  the  East  India  Company  from 
Great  liriluln  to  Cliinu  during  tlie  Five  Years  ending  the  Stii  of  January,  1828. 


Species  of  Goods. 

1824. 

1825. 

1826. 

1827. 

1828. 

Cotton  manufactures 

Iron  in  bars  (Brilisii) 

Lend  and  shot    -            -          - 

8l<in8  and  furs     ... 

Wnollens              .            .            - 

All  other  articles 

Total  value  of  exports  by  Ihel 
East  Imlia  Company  to  Ciiinu  ) 

£ 

6,092 
13,4!;2 

8,793 

674,585 
5,093 

£ 

15,502 

22,430 

33,516 

532,221 

8,467 

£ 

167 

17,214 

39,221 

31,151 

652,047 

5,058 

£ 

11,995 
36,067 
41,918 

756,908 
5,062 

£ 
20,752 
24,350 
32,154 

413,422 
3,137 

708,017 

612,139 

744,856 

852,030 

493,815 

Account  of  the  registered  Tonnage  employed  by  the  East  India  Company,  clearing  out  annually  from 
till!  Port  of  Canton  for  Englanil,  and  of  the  CImrges  imiiosed  by  the  Chinese  on  tiie  Company's 
8iii|»  in  Canton  during  the  undermentioned  Years. 


Ve>n. 

Cimreil  mil  for 
Kii<l>uJ. 

Charges  in  Taels, 

Sale  p<r  TacI, 

Amount. 

1829 
lt<."0 
1831 
1832 

ToimoKt* 
27,9(H 
29,037 
27.431 
27,852 

91,518 
92,976 
85,691 
95,184 

f.     d, 
6    8 

L 

30,506 
38,9S9 
28,564 
31,728 

The  following  is  a  detailed  Account  of  the  Quantities  and  Prices  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Tens  ex- 
ported from  China  in  1821-33  and  1826-39  by  the  East  India  Company,  to  iSreat  Britain  and  British 
America.  i 


Teas. 

Eiiwrletl  to  Enflanil. 

■ -  ■ 

EiportBl  to  the  North  American  Colonies. 

1824-95. 

1828-29. 

1824-25. 

1828-29. 

Average 

Averare 

Avpra^e 

Quantity. 

Prime  Cost 

Quantity. 

Prime  Cost 

Quantity.       Prime  Cost 

Quantity. 

Prime  Cost 

(ler  lb. 

|>er  lb. 

|»er  lb. 

per  lb. 

Lbx. 

».     rf. 

U». 

a.    d. 

lbs.       \s.    d. 

I.ha. 

s.      ll. 

Bohea 

3,589,804 

0    9.WI 

4.198,904 

0    9512 

87.310  10    9-.101 

100,385 

0    9-401 

Congou 

18,773,989 

1    3,W 

10,951,171 

1    2-587 

81,733    1    3-600 

914,616 

1    O.S49 

Canipoi 

214,153 

1    6-427 

507,881 

1    7-461 

— 

Houchong 

269,450 

1  10-501 

183,498 

1  10-870 

61,SI2   1    3007 

19,768 

1    9-599 

I'elsoe 

33,973 

1  11 -.W.) 

— 

— 

3,539   2    0-594 

Twaiiltav 

3,791,405 

1    4-460 

5,471,633 

1    3-810 

.579,120    1     3-H31 

146,753 

1    6-796 

Hyson  skin  - 

178,596 

I    5526 

154,707 

1    4-238 

103,939    1    3.31)9 

10,195 

1    4800 

Young  hyson 

— 



— 

— 

173..3-17I2    20.-,8 

Hyson 

666,562 

2   7094 

1,149,371 

2    2-263 

S6,830 

2    4-730 

33,2S1 

3    6037 

Guniiowder  - 

— 

— 

— 

4,9J3 

2    6-511 

27,517,938 

28,617,280 

1,179,1.50 

1,229,054 

Whole  exports  U 

3r,517,938 

In 

1838-29 

28,017,280 

■ 

1  in  the  yea 

r  18-24-9.5. 

)  Britain  ant 

1  Americ 

28,(197,088 

29,847,234 

In  1R3I-32  tlie  total  exports  of  tea  by  the  East  India  Company  were,  to  England,  30,203,098  ll's. ;  If 
Nrirlli  Anicrii-an  culoiiies  l,276,''.5fi  ll)s. ;  being  together  3l,479,9.')4  11m.  The  atigrcgale  prime  cnst  (pai 
ticuiars  not  staled)  was  1,907,616/.— (A*.  £.— For  full  details  us  to  the  tea  trade,  see  art.  Tea.) 


CANTON. 


209 


The  Company's  builneis  in  Chinn  hai  been  carried  on  by  nn  establishment  nf  public  nfflceri,  cnn> 
;,.)„.  of  13  supercargoes  and  as  many  writers,  promoted  according  to  seniority:  the  former  wera 
mid  by  a  commission  chiefly  derived  from  the  monopoly  sales  of  ten  in  England,  and  the  latter  by 
6xei  salaries  ;  both  being  supplied  with  lodging  and  a  public  table  at  the  Company's  expense.  The  3 
•enior  supi  rcargocB,  cullod  the  selixt  committee,  constituted  the  governing  liody,  and  hud  the  whole 
cnntroi  not  only  of  the  Company's  trade,  but  politically  of  all  British  interests  In  China.  The  entira 
charges  of  the  Company's  China  cstabllsbuient  in  Ib'^O-^U  were  13ti,52ti(. ;  being 


Twelve  supercargoes  .  .  .  - 

Twelve  writers  ..... 

Persons  filling  profeHsional  and  other  distinct  offices 
Bents  and  repairs  of  private  apartments     - 
Kent  of  factory,  port  charges,  and  other  e.xpenseg 


£ 

S3,m 

10,226 

8,807 

16,782 

49,440 


The  Company's  business  was  wholly  conducted  with  the  hong  merchants,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
unlicensed  or  outside  merchants,  as  tiiey  are  called.  The  select  committee  divided  amongst  such  of 
tlie  BOlvent  hong  murclmnts  as  it  pleased,  the  whole  amount  of  the  Company's  export  ami  import 
cargoes,  and  the  business  was  done  by  a  kind  nf  barter ;  a  system  long  banished  among  (lie  free 
traders.  The  ships  employed  by  the  East  India  Company  in  tlie  China  Iriule  were  commonly  from 
1 000  to  between  1,400  and  1,900  tons  burden,  the  greater  proportion  being  from  1,300  to  1,400  tons. 

Trade  between  British  India  and  China. — The  trade  ia  of  decidedly  more  value  and  im- 
portance than  that  carried  on  between  Great  Britain  and  Chirm;  a  result  which  seems 
mainly  ascribahle  to  the  circumstance  of  its  being  principally  in  the  hands  of  private  in- 
dividuals. The  greatest  article  of  export  from  India  to  Canton  used  to  be  cotton  wool,  prin- 
cipally from  Bombay ;  but  it  is  now  far  surpassed  by  opium,  the  imports  of  which  into  China 
have  sextupled  since  1816-17,  and  are  worth,  at  present,  about  13,500,000  dollars !  This 
increase  is  the  more  extraordinary,  seeing  that  opium  is  contraband  in  China ;  but  tlie  edicts 
of  the  emperors  are  as  unable  to  prevent  ils  introduction,  as  the  proclamations  of  James  and 
Charles  were  to  hinder  the  use  of  tobacco  in  England.  It  is  every  where  smuggled  with 
ease  and  safety.  The  trade  was  at  first  principally  conducted  at  Whampoa ;  but  the  exac- 
tions of  the  Chinese  authorities  drove  it  to  Macao,  where  it  increased,  but  whence  it  was 
subsequently  driven  by  the  exactions  of  the  Portuguese.  It  is  now  principally  carried  on 
in  the  Bay  of  Lintin.  Here  the  opium  is  kept  on  board  receiving  ships,  of  which  there  are 
frequently  not  less  than  12  quietly  lying  at  anchor,  without  danger  or  molestation  of  any 
sort. 

The  exports  from  China  to  India  consist  of  sugar  for  Western  India,  tea,  porcelain,  nan- 
keens, cassia,  camphor,  &c. ;  but  the  amount  of  these  is  not  very  considerable,  and  the  re- 
turns are  principally  made  in  bills  and  bullion. 

Opium  is  sold  by  the  resident  European  or  American  agents ;  and,  on  an  order  from 
these  for  its  delivery,  it  is  handed  over  to  the  smugglers,  who  come  alongside  the  ships  at 
night  to  receive  it ;  putting  tl'.e  naval  force.  Custom-house  establishment,  and  police  of  the 
empire  at  defiance.     We  suljoin  an 

Account  of  the  Imports  of  t'.ie  different  Sorts  of  Opium  into  China  from  1816-17  to  1830-31,  both 

Inclusive. 


Seanni. 

FatnA  and  B«nar«9. 

Malwa. 

Total. 

Turkey. 

No.  of 

Aver. 

Total 

No.  of  ;    Aver. 

Total 

■No.  of 

Value. 

Dollnrit. 

So.  of 

Aver. 

Total 

CllW.t. 

I'rice. 

Value.         Chests.  |    Price. 

Value. 

Chests. , 

Ches'a. 

Price. 

V.iluf. 

Dollar). 

Dollart. 

Buliarl. 

DoUart. 

DoUm. 

Dullars. 

IS16.18I7 

2,610 

1,800 

.3,132,000 

BOO 

875 

525,000 

3,210 

3,657,000 

750      300 

375,000 

IS17-IS18   2,530 

1,2«5 

3,200,4.'50'  1,150 

612 

703,800 

3,680 

3,901,230 

l,eOO      610 

610,000 

l8l8.lti|U:  3,050 

1,000 

3,O.JO,000 

1,.-j30 

725 

1,109,250 

4,580 

4.l59,2:i0 

700      625 

4.37,500 

I8I9-I8'J0 

2,i)70 

1,235 

3,067,950 

1,620 

1,175 

1,915,250 

4,600 

5,583,200 

200      975 

195,000 

18'2n.lS2l 

3,0J0 

1,900 

5,795,000 

1,720 

1,515 

2,605,800 

4,770 

8,100,800 

30    l,.525 

45,750 

bai-18i2 

2,910 

2,075 

6,0.38,250 

1,718 

1,325 

2,276,350 

4,6-28 

8,314,600 

500 :  1,023 

512,-500 

lbi!i-IS23 

1,b22 

1,552 

9,828,9.30 

4,000 

1,290 

5,160,000 

5.h22 

7,988,9nfl 

«26i  1,270 

287,080 

1S23-1821 

2,910 

1,600 

4,656,000 

4,172 

925 

3,859,100;     7,082 

8,515,100 

■\        ' 

1824-1823 

2,055 

1,175 

3,1 19,025  i  6,000 

750 

•l,50fl,(H)0 

8,655 

7,(119,(i2.i 

18-!.).lK2fi 

3,412 

013 

3,111,7.55!  6,179 

723 

4,!60,4.5fl 

9,i;2i 

".(•■08,2(I5 

No    account    has 

182(1.1827 

3,001 

1,002 

3,668.5651  6,308 

912 

5,941.520 

9,i'(i9 

9,010,085 

bt'oii  lii'pt  of  Tur- 

IS27-1H2S 

5.114 

998 

5,105.073!  4,361 

1,201 

5,251,700 

9,175 

I0,3.-6,833 

key  o|iiiini  during 

lN28.1S2!)j  5,<K)1 

010 

5,601,2.35    7,171 

960 

n,!i2h,880 

13,132 

12..-33,1I5 

those  years. 

l-<29-1830'  7,113 

858 

.5,119,,577    6,837 

t61 

5,907.580 

11,000 

12,057,l.'-i7 

1830-1831 

6,600 

809 

5,789,794,12,100 

587 

7,110,227 

18,7tj0 

12,900,031 
123,208,181 

Tulul  - 

56,488 

_ 

64,997,2114  63,496 

38,2(;0,977 

121,981 

3,106 

.     -    2,402  770 

111  1831-32,  the  tntal  import  of  opium  into  Cliina  was  21,062  chests,  of  the  value  of  13,917,426  dollurn. 
The  stock  on  liaiid,  1st  of  January,  1833,  was  5,110  chests.  Nine  tenths  of  the  opium  trade  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  Uritish  Indians. 


The  following  tables  exhibit  the  general  results  of  our  trade  with  China  from  1814- 
downwards  :— 


li> 


>,iJi 


il'^ 


iM! 


I"! 


! 


:i 
i'i 


800 


CANTON. 


Aeennnt  of  the  Annual  Value  of  the  Trade  between  the  fliibjrctt  of  flrcat  Britain  and  China,  from 
1814-19  to  1830-31,  both  Incluiive,  dlstingulihing  the  Trade  of  the  East  India  Company  frnni  that  of 
indlviduali. 


__ 

Vilua  or  Im- 

Imt, 

Tilna  of  Eiporti  tail  Im- 

Total. 

porM  »id  Bl- 
porti  bMwMll 
EdcImcI    and 
Chriia  oa  Ac 
cniint  of  ih« 

Tohl  Vilne  el 

Iba  Briliih 

Tnde  with 

China. 

Vllueof  Traile 

«r  Initilrliluala 
with  China. 

Value  or  Trade 

of  tne  Company 

Willi  China. 

On  Aemunt  of 

On  AcoHinl  of 

lodiriduab. 

th«  Comptny. 

Compuy. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1814-19 

9,973,910 

981,989 

9,795,599 

9,099,776 

6,751,299 

9,573,040 

3,177,r55 

iHi3-in 

9,370,026 

396,470 

3,739,490 

4,985.799 

7,081,299 

9.379.096 

4,612,269 

181(»-17 

3,034,031 

930,083 

3,264,114 

2,962.063 

6,226,176 

3,031,031 

3.1C2,IJ5 

1817-18 

3,387,770 

710,100 

4,037,870 

9,183,088 

6,220,899 

3,.197,770 

2,893,122 

HI8-1I1 

3,916,333 

364,943 

3,880,879 

9,065,389 

5,946,264 

3,516,3.13 

2,420,)139 

1810-20 

8,190,137 

334,807 

9,994,944 

3,099,456 

5,617,400 

8. 190. 137 

3.427,863 

1H20-91 

3,338,030 

603,994 

3,931,033 

2,935,904 

6,866,9;t7 

3,328,01)9 

3„'i,1S,S98 

iriui-aa 

3,011,010 

469,657 

3,480,667 

9,700,495 

6,181,003 

.3.011.010 

3,1:0,08? 

1804-23 

3,047,793 

189,304 

3,837,096 

9,643,849 

9,879.941 

3,017,792 

2,MJ,l'lt» 

1823-3t 

2,734,900 

721,485 

3,455,934 

9,815,048 

6,870,989 

2,734,509 

3,5,'!fl,473 

182»-25 

9.832,191 

326,591 

3,158,783 

3,600,060 

5,758.848 

2,832,191 

2,026,651 

1825-88 

3,943,789 

291,603 

4,8.<U,333 

2,687,013 

6,922,;M5 

3,943,789 

2,978.Clfi 

1826-87 

3,764,404 

362,405 

4,126,809 

3,176,901 

7,303,710 

3,76.t,4ni 

3„')3().S06 

1847-88 

4,991,678 

376,247 

9,337,999 

9,836,397 

8,161,323 

4,951,678 

3.212,644 

1828-2(> 

3,795,966 

433,388 

4,929,354 

9,917,726 

0,747,080 

3,793,966 

2,951,114 

1829-30 

— 

308,767 

— 

2,400,947 

— 

— 

2,7(f«,714 

16311-31 

— 

863,741 

— 

2,983,487 

— 

— 

3.317,228 

The  statements  from  India  for  1899-1830  and  1830-31  are  not  yet  received. 

Account  of  the  Quantity  of  each  Article  of  Chinese  Produce  imported  into  the  United  Kingdnn),  in 
each  Year,  Oom  1793  to  1831,  both  inclusive. 


Mimllanmiu 

Misrelbneoui 

'- 

Tea. 

Silk. 

Niinkeen 
Clothi. 

Articlea 

of  Chineta 

rroduM. 

Tean. 

Te». 

Silk. 

Nankeen 
Clolhi. 

Anic'es 

of  Cliineee 

Pmlute. 

tte. 

£te. 

Pitai, 

yalwL. 

Lb$. 

Lbl. 

Piece*. 

yaliuL. 

1793 

16,067,331 

171,998 

77,808 

26,693 

1813 

Tin  recordi  of  Ihii  yeai 

were  dMlroye 

i  by  lire. 

1794 

23.710,774 

99,671 

374,398 

19,809 

1814 

26,110,550 

150.629 

783,253 

29,054 

1795 

27,208,003 

158,825 

146,.365 

19,186 

1819 

25,602,214 

216,129 

8(16,797 

19,474 

17<.)6 

6,184,628 

1-2,968 

48;644 

93,063 

1816 

36,234,380 

88.987 

396,453 

29  050 

1797 

16,235,125 

78,520 

77,338 

93,853 

1817 

31,467,073 

103,367 

504,^20 

35,703 

1793 

44,873,119 

136,196 

357,473 

25,054 

1818 

20,065,728 

148,878 

409,349 

19,510 

1799 

15,090,0S0 

63,604 

181.4(10 

17,131 

1819 

23,750,413 

141,335 

623,8.'52 

55,595 

1800 

15,165,.368 

98,!?85 

170.917 

95,960 

1820 

30.147,994 

371,115 

869,746 

70,827 

1801 

89,801,739 

131,335 

366,851 

39,293 

1821 

30,731,105 

8-?9,110 

569.062 

39,654 

1802 

87,356,502 

75.588 

274,021 

19,054 

1823 

27,362,766 

222.673 

287,431 

2,1,419 

1803 

30,843,134 

74,538 

232,894 

9.3,134 

1823 

29,046,885 

392.717 

412.076 

73,635 

1801 

26,680,784 

90,363 

261,407 

26,184 

1884 

31,681,977 

293,014 

1,010,494 

69,618 

\mb 

28,533,825 

76.359 

8.'i2,207 

15,198 

1829 

29,345,699 

142,676 

392,998 

75,903 

\m\ 

32.155,557 

18,607 

376,234 

10,504 

1826 

29,8IO,'101 

40.5.185 

431.520 

121,569 

1807 

18,539,236 

55,877 

72,135 

11,474 

1827 

39,746,147 

208,287 

99.698 

97,752 

1808 

35,747,824 

117,859 

481,647 

17,617 

1828 

32,678,946 

288,916 

,529,608 

95,418 

1809 

21,717,310 

90,603 

287,720 

14,268 

1829 

30,544,362 

606,444 

919.255 

103.077 

1810 

19,791,356 

.54,376 

305,009 

14,890 

1830 

31,897,546 

456,991 

593,339 

94,131 

1811 

21,331,819 

81,397 

316,616 

9,630 

1831 

31,648,922 

476,698 

857,171 

89,796 

1818 

38,318,153 

86,197 

503,276 

12,929 

Account  of  the  Number  of  Bhipg,  and  of  their  Tonnage,  that  entered  Inwards  in  the  United  Kingdom 
from  China  in  each  Year,  from  1793-91  to  1831-32,  both  inclusive. 


Y«n. 

Shipi. 

Tona. 

Veart. 

ships. 

Tom. 

Yiaia. 

Shii'j. 

Tom. 

1793-4 

18 

17,436 

1806-7 

9 

11,083 

1819-20 

24 

28,451 

1791-9 

21 

20,234 

1807-8 

24 

31,797 

1820-21 

23 

2*1,602 

1795-6 

9 

4,856 

1808-9 

15 

19,290 

1821-22 

19 

24,<J75 

1796-7 

17 

14,3.54 

180O-I0 

13 

17.272 

1822-23 

19 

26,013 

1797-8 

32 

37,6S» 

1810-11 

15 

18,984 

1823-24 

21 

28,237 

1798-9 

13 

12,731 

1811-19 

19 

25,324 

1824-25 

19 

25,970 

1799-1800 

10 

12,840 

1812-13 

21 

27,227 

1825-26 

23 

27,801 

lHOO-1 

24 

27,407 

1813-14 

19 

91,460 

1826-27 

29 

35,(169 

1801-2 

21 

94.931 

1814-15 

21 

il,890 

1HS7-28 

25 

29,833 

1802-3 

84 

35,994 

1815-16 

26 

33,075 

1828-29 

20 

27.!:01 

I803-t 

17 

92,279 

1816-17 

27 

28,032 

1829-30 

23 

29,111 

1801-5 

18 

21,191 

1817-18 

15 

20,000 

1830-31 

21 

27.h79 

1805-6 

15 

19.100 

1818-19 

16 

21,210 

1831-32 

22 

27,910 

The  following  tables  give  very  full  details  as  to  the  trade  between  Gfnt  BrV.iin  : '  J  Can- 
ton, and  the  trade  between  the  latter  and  British  India,  carried  on  under  the  uiitish  flag, 
during  the  years  ended  the  31st  of  March,  1831  and  18.'12. 

Must  part  of  the  trade  between  India  and  Canton  is  conducted  by  the  outside  ntcrchnnls.  Tbe  hong 
merchants  rarely  adventure  upon  transactions  in  opium,  of  Which  this  trade  principally  corsisls. 

We  have  obtained  from  Canton  the  fcillowing  corrected  account  of  the  llritish  trndn  at  lli.it  city.  In 
1831-38.  It  corresponds  pretty  closely  with  the  succeeding  accoitnt,  derived  from  the  Pari.  Purer.  No. 
929.  Scss.  1833;  but  It  Is  drawn  up  in  a  different  form,  and  more  In  detail.  Beini!  an.v.ious  to  alTord 
nil  the  infomiation  in  our  power  with  respect  to  this  great  emporium,  we  did  not  think  we  Bhoiild  be 
warranted  in  witliholding  it. 


m 
hi 

m 
m 

,      '-3 


2    Kl 
&    83-i 


la 


•La 
II" 

if 


.  .f  a 

S^y^ 

CANTON.  801 

Cmtttti  Statement  of  the  Britiib  Trade  at  th«  Port  of  Canton  for  the  Tear  ending  the  Slit  of  March,  I83R. 


fllli^^ 


U'Af 


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fttiC     lio 


r  £ 


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(a)  Black  l« 
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To  EogUnd  psr  23  ihipi 


(t)  DnINn 

8;cee  «|ttal  to  doUan 


(c)inukle» 
OramtM 


Ta  Englud  ptr  S3  &■!» 

Vot.  I.— .20 


S4,TM,!68  lla, 
6,448,800 

30.ai3.06«  — 

l,00(>,490 
I73,4ST 


1,173,957  Joll«n. 

I.Tn),466  lln. 
323,W0  — 


•    X(Ot.era  — 


(4  To  Engluil,  dollara         • 

Sycee,  cqusl  to  dolUn 


Caleulla,  dollan 

Sycee,  equal  to  dollan 


1,134,623    VoOan. 
842,307 

l,976,gM 


171,541 
168,798 

S40,3« 

Bonbay,  do'Un  ■  l,t>j3,328 

S.  Amprican  lilver  and  itcm  )    »m  oit 

equal  to  dollan       .    '       \    ^^" 

l,'>Tr,M» 

Sundry  plana,  dollan  •  >  -  77,0011 


Total  export  of  bullion,  ayen  loclndad. 


Eollan   3,97I,«M 


ir.  A— Tb*  lycM  to  calculatod  at  711^  witk  6  per  eenL  piVBiiua  idM 


;■ 


1  li 
,11 


n 


h 


802 


CANTON. 


Si 


■A 
mi 


4J-    J-        rf    J- 


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i.|  sis 


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31  B"      I  S 


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1*1  R    I  t 


i5 
a.2 


£  S 


III. 


"'8     


CANTON. 


80a 


TOTAL  BRITISH  TRADE  WITH  CHINA. 


2^ 


■■ii''] 


i 

a 

•5—13 


■•Vi%^ 


',-•$  « 


e'j 


eK"^  .a 
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ft:  ;:••;-!» 


I'll! 

\7* 


2|' 


TruIi  Ij;  till  Comiiiny  tiul  Ihtir  OSlMra. 

Tnilr  b;  liHIvlituali. 

ToUI  nlim  or  Cn 

llrMlih  Trvli 

wllb  Clnin, 

1830-31 
1831-39 

loiporu. 

Kip-irii. 

Tiitil. 

Impor'*, 

Kipiirta. 

ToUI. 

«,073,9«1 
0,133,010 

DdXart. 
11,350,437 
ll,'081,339 

/Mian. 
17,310,398 
10,313,368 

m\au. 
15,«77,5fi9 
13,40H,335 

8,A({),3H0 
O.I'AIOO 

nainn. 

9«.59fl,HSS 
31,MI,39I 

Diitttn, 

41,H.)«,9.M 
37,7H,fl5»       j 

East  India  Ilouie,  35th  of  April,  1833. 

iVew  Ref^itliitions  as  to  the  Britlah  Trade  with  Canton, — NotwitliBtandinsf  the  opposition 
made  by  the  Eaat  India  Company,  tho  trade  to  China  hast  at  lcn;;th  heon  ttirown  o|)eii  to  all 
classes  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  ;  and  British  niori'liantH  muy  nnvv  freely  trade  to  all  places, 
acceiwible  to  Europeans,  to  the  oast  of  the  Straits  of  Mulucca.  Wo  coinrratiilatc  our  readers 
on  the  opening  of  this  new  and  almost  boundless  field  for  tho  display  of  commorciul  enter- 
prise. It  is  not,  indeed,  a  channel  in  which  it  would  bo  prudfiit  for  any  one  not  posKCsacd 
of  adetiuate  capital  and  the  necessary  Rkill  to  embark.  But  tho  example  of  the  Americana, 
and  of  tho  free  traders  from  India  to  China,  shows  conulusividy  thut  tliere  is  nothing  in  tho 
nature  of  the  trade  to  prevent  its  being  as  succrssfully  prosecuted  by  individuals  as  that  to 
any  other  country.  We  are  satisfied  thut  tho  intercourse  lictwecn  the  Eastern  and  Western 
worlds  is  as  yet  quite  inconsiderable,  compared  with  what  it  is  destined  to  become,  now  that 
tho  incubus  of  monopoly  is  removed.  Tho  opening  of  the  ports  of  Hindo^tan,  in  1814,  has 
more  than  trebled  our  trade  with  India ;  and  a  similar  result  may  be  fairly  anticipated  in  tho 
cose  of  China.  In  making  these  remarks,  we  are  very  far  from  moaning  to  throw  any  reflec- 
tions on  tho  conduct  of  the  East  India  Com])any.  It  is  due  to  its  directors  to  state  that  they 
have  always  evinced  the  greatest  anxiety  to  extend  tho  trade  with  India  and  China,  and  to 
carry  it  on  in  the  most  economical  manner.  But  it  was  not  in  the  nature  of  things  that  they 
could  succeed.  Tho  oiToirs  of  all  great  associations  must  necessarily  bo  managed  accordinjj 
to  a  system  of  routine,  by  tho  intervention  of  salaried  ofllcers.  And  it  were  an  insult  to  com- 
mon sense  to  suppose  that  such  persons  should  display  tho  same  enterprise,  or  that  they 
should  manage  tho  ofTairs  intrusted  to  their  care  with  tho  same  watchful  attention  to  details, 
and  the  same  regard  to  economy,  as  private  individuals  trading  on  their  own  account,  and 
reaping  all  the  advantage  of  successful,  as  they  muf.t  abide  all  the  loss  resulting  from  unsuc- 
cessful, adventures.  Speculations  may  be  eminently  profitable  to  tho  latter,  that  would  havo 
been  highly  injurious  had  they  been  attempted  by  the  former.  It  is  true  that  the  too  great 
ardour  of  competitors  may  occasionally  ren(ier  even  the  best  business  unprofitable  to  those 
engaged  in  it ;  but  if  this  be  an  evil,  it  is  one  that  is  inseparable  from  all  commercial  under- 
takings ;  and  there  is  no  reason  whatever  for  supposing  that  it  will  be  oftener  or  more 
•everely  felt  in  the  trade  to  Canton,  than  in  that  to  Petersburg  or  any  other  port. 

In  conducting  an  intercourse  with  tho  Chinese, — a  people  whoso  institutions  and  habits 
differ  so  very  widely  from  those  of  Europeans, — it  is  essential  that  due  circumspection  should 
he  used,  and  that  nothing  should  be  done  by  any  one  to  give  them  rea<!onable  grounds  of 
offence.  The  experience  of  the  Americans,  and  of  th.e  other  foreigners,  besides  the  English, 
resorting  to  Canton,  shows,  we  think,  pretty  clearly,  that  the  amount  of  danger  from  tho 
circumstances  just  adverted  to  is  not  very  considerable.  It  is  right,  however,  as  already 
stated,  that  eflfectual  measures  should  be  taken  for  preventing  any  interruption  to  the  trade 
firom  the  ignorance  or  misconduct  of  any  individual.  To  accomplish  this  object  there  are 
provisions  in  the  act  opening  the  trade,  enabling  his  Majesty  to  appoint  superintendents  of 
the  trade  to  China,  who  are  to  be  authorised  to  issue  regulations  in  regard  to  it,  to  which  all 
individuals  engaged  therein  arc  to  be  obliged  to  submit.  These  regulations  will,  no  doubt, 
be  framed  so  as  to  prevent  any  just  ofTencc  being  given  to  the  natives,  without  unnecessarily 
interfering  with  the  free  action  of  the  traders.  There  is  one  very  questionable  clause  in  the 
act-«-that  which  authorises  the  imposition  of  a  tonnage  duty  on  tho  shipping  employed  iu 
the  trade,  for  defraying  the  cost  of  the  establishments  in  China.  We  subjoin  a  full  abstract 
of  this  important  statute. 

Act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  93.  foh  regulating  the  Trade  to  China  and  India. 

Rtpcal  of  the  Jlct  4  Geo.  i.e.  80.  tc. — Having  stated  that  it  is  rxp'Hl  ii'iittliattliR  trade  to  China  shniiM 
be  opeiind  to  all  cinsscs  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  it  is  eiiactud,  that  llm  net  4  (ieo.  4.  c.  80.  should  be 
repealed,  except  such  parts  thereof  as  relate  to  Asiatic  sailors,  I.a^cars,  beina  nutivcs  of  the  territn- 
rles  under  the  joveriuuentof  tliu  Eaat  India  Company;  and  except  also  as  to  such  voyages  and  ad- 
ventures as  Bhull  luive  been  actually  commenced  under  the  authority  of  the  said  Oct ;  and  as  to  any 

...i  and  proccedinifs  whicli  may  have  been  conmieiiced,  and  sliall  be  dependiiic  on  the  22d  day  or 
April,  IB34 ;  and  from  and  after  the  said  'ISd  day  of  April,  1831,  the  enactments  herein-after  contained 
■hall  come  into  operation. — ^  I. 

Repeal  of  Prohibitions  upon  the  Importation  of  Tea  nnd  Goods  from  China,  imposed  by  0  Gen.  4.  e.  107. 
fliiiiO  Geo.  4.  c.  114.— So  much  of  the  aclOGeo.  4.  c.  107.,  intituled  "An  Act  for  tlie  general  Regulation 
of  the  Customs,"  as  prohibits  the  importation  of  tea,  uidess  from  the  place  of  its  growth,  and  by  tim 
East  India  Company,  and  into  the  port  of  London ;  and  also  so  much  of  the  said  act  as  prohibits  the 
ImiMrtation  into  tho  United  Kingdom  of  i;nods  from  China,  unless  by  the  F.ast  India  Couipany,  anil 
Intu  the  port  of  London ;  and  also  so  much  of  the  said  act  as  requires  that  the  manifests  of  ships  dis- 
parting from  places  in  Cbina  shall  be  authenticated  by  the  chief  supercareo  of  tho  East  Iiidi^  Como 


ri'M' 


^'m 
M 


in 


1:;  '  !li 


I  ■ 


m 


H 


804 


CANTON. 


Binrt  and  alio  that  in  much  oflha  act  flnco,  4.  e.  114.,  inlltnlcd  "An  Act  to  rnrulate  the  Trade  nrilM 
rillah  PoiMMlnni  abroad,"  aiprnlilhlli  the  liiipnrtatlnn  of  Tea  Into  any  nf  the  Urillih  PninoMlnnt 
In  America,  and  Into  Ihe  Itland  of  Miurltliii,  except  frnin  the  I'niled  KliiKdnm,  or  rrniii  inme  niher 
Brilleh  poMffelnni  In  America,  and  unleii  by  the  Eait  India  Ciiinpany,  or  with  their  llcciire;  *hnllli« 
(Vom  and  ofter  the92il  day  of  April,  1831,  rep«nled  (  nnd  thencrrurl*!  (niitwIthHtnnilliiii  any  prnvlHJDn' 
enactment,  4cc.  to  the  cnnlrnry)  It  ihall  he  lawful  fur  any  of  hit  Miijeity'ii  auhjecli  to  carry  on  truda 
with  anv  cnunlriea  beyond  the  Cnpe  of  Good  Hope  to  the  Btraila  of  Mngcllaii.— {  i. 

Lilt  itj  Psrtiint  on  board  (iny  A7ii;>  arririnfin  Iiiuin  t»  bt  dttivtrtd  to  Cffiuri  i.f  Cittomii. — The  |H>r*on 
In  eoii.rnnnd  of  any  ihipor  vuMet  arriving  at  any  nlnce  In  the  poiiewlon  of  or  under  the  Rovernnmnt 
of  the  anid  Company  ahall  make  out,  iil|n,  and  deliver  to  the  principal  ofllcer  of  the  ciiitonin,  or  miier 
peroon  lawfully  iiuthoriand,  a  true  and  perfect  Hat,  aiiecifying  the  niimeit,  capiicitlei,  iind  deirrlptlnni 
of  all  pervoni  who  ahall  have  been  iin  hoard  inch  ship  or  veaaol  at  the  lime  of  its  arrival;  nnd  ifiny 
parann  having  tlie  cnninmnd  of  inch  ship  or  veiiel  ahall  not  make  out,  tlirn,  nnd  deliver  lurh  li»i,  he 
ahall  forfeit  100/.,  half  tnauch  person  or  perioniaa  shall  Inform  or  sue  fVir  the  same,  and  the  other  half 
to  the  Company  i  and  if  the  Company  ahall  Inform  or  sue  fur  the  aame,  then  the  whole  penalty  shall 
belong  to  the  Company.—)  3. 

Ptnaltiu  kow  recoverable. —Tht  penalties  and  forfeitures  aforesaid  to  he  recnvernhle  by  action  of 
debt,  bill,  kc.  in  any  court  of  record  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  In  India,  or  elaowhere,  to  which  Juris- 
diction  shall  bo  aOerwarda  given.— (  4, 

Three  Superintendent*  to  the  China  Trade  to  be  appointed.— \Vt\wtM  it  is  expedient  fi)r  Ihe  objects  of 
trade  and  amicable  intercourse  with  the  dominions  of  the  emperor  of  C^hina,  Dial  pruvlNlou  he  made 
fir  the  establishment  of  n  Brilish  authority  In  Iheni ;  he  It  enacted,  that  it  Khiill  bu  lawful  for  his  Mn- 
Jesty  by  any  commission  or  warrant  under  his  royal  sign  manual,  to  appoint  3  auporlnlciMlents  of  the 
trade  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  to  and  from  Ihe  said  donilniona,  for  Ihe  purpose  of  protecting  und  pro- 
moting  such  trade,  and  to  appoint  such  officers  to  assist  '.item  in  the  execniion  of  their  duties,  and  tu 
grant  such  salaries  to  such  luperintendenta  and  ofllcera  as  hit  Majesty  ahall  from  time  to  time  deem 
expedient.—}  9, 

Hie  Majeely  mayisent  Ordere  and  Commieeiune  to  hare  force  in  China.— U  shall  be  lawAil  for  his  Ma- 
jesty, by  any  such  order  or  commission  as  to  his  Majesty  in  council  sinll  niipear  expedient  andnaiii- 
tary,to  give  to  the  said  superinlendenl9,  or  any  of  them,  powera  and  nuthorillRs  over  nnd  In  respect 
of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  hia  Majesty's  subjects  within  any  part  of  the  said  dominions!  und  to 
issue  directions  and  reiuiationa  touching  the  said  triule  and  eomincrcp,  and  for  the  giivernincnt  of  his 
Majesty's  suhjects  within  the  said  dominiona  ;  nnd  to  iinpofiR  pennllles,  forfuilureK,  or  inipriennmenls, 
for  the  breach  of  any  such  directions  orrcgniations,  to  be  enforced  In  such  manner  as  in  the  Duid  order 
ahall  be  specifled;  and  lo  create  a  court  of  Justice  with  crimlDUl  and  ndniirnlly  jurisdiction  fort  he  trial 
of  oflTencei  committed  by  his  Majesty's  suldects  within  Ihe  said  domlnhms,  nnd  ih'!  ports  ti  1  havens 
thereof,  and  on  the  high  seas  wiihin  100  miles  of  the  coast  of  China ;  and  to  appoint  one  of  tue  super- 
intendents herein-before  mentioned  to  belheotncertohold  such  court,  and  other  officers  U:r  ^oscuiing 
the  process  thereof;  nnd  to  grant  such  salaries  to  such  officers  as  may  appear  rensonah^e.— }  li. 

Superintendente,  ^e.  nat  to  accept  Oifte.—Nn  superintendent  or  cnminissioner  ap|)ointcd  iinder  this 
act  shall  accept  in  regard  to  the  discharge  of  his  duties  any  gift,  gratuity,  or  reward,  other  than  the 
salary  granted  to  him  ns  aforesaid,  or  be  engaged  in  any  trade  or  traffic  for  his  own  bencfll,  or  fr>r  the 
benefit  of  any  other  person  or  persons. — i  7. 

Jl  nnnage  Duly  to  be  impoecd,  to  defray  the  Rxpenie  of  Ketabliehmtnte  in  CAiaa.— It  sliall  be  lawful 
for  his  Majesty  in  council,  by  any  order  or  orders  to  be  issued  from  time  to  time,  to  iiupnse  and  lo  em- 
power such  persons  as  his  Majesty  in  council  shall  think  fli  to  collect  and  levy  from  or  on  account  of 
any  ship  or  vessels  belonging  to  any  of  the  suhjects  of  his  Majesty  entering  any  port  cr  place  where 
tbeaaid  superintendents  or  any  of  them  shall  be  stationed,  such  duty  on  lonnnge  and  goods  as  shiill 
from  time  to  time  be  specifled  in  such  order  or  orders,  not  exceeding  in  r<!Bpect  of  tonnaire  the  sum  of 
S«.  for  every  ton,  and  not  exceeding  in  respect  of  goods  the  sum  of  I0«.  for  every  lOtil.  of  the  value  uf 
Ihe  same,  the  fund  arising  from  the  cnllection  of  which  duties  sliall  bt  nr.propriatcd,  in  such  niann"r 
aa  his  Majesty  shall  direct,  towards  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  est  .LVnhments  by  this  act  iiuihnr- 
iaed  within  the  said  dominions:  provided  always,  that  every  order  in  i^ouncl!  issued  by  authority  of 
thia  act  ahall  be  published  in  the  London  Gazette ;  and  that  every  such  ord-tr  in  council,  and  the 
amount  of  expense  incurred,  and  uf  duties  raised  under  this  act,  shall  be  annually  laid  before  both 
bouses  of  parliament.—}  8. 

Limitation  of  Jleiione.—Tbe  next  and  laat  clause  eontaini  the  usual  provisions  as  to  the  limitation  uf 
•etioDS,  Ice.—)  9. 

American  Trade  with  China. — ^The  American  intercourae  with  China  commenced  shortly 
■iler  the  termination  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  speedily  became  one  of  the  most  valuable 
branches  of  the  trade  of  the  United  States. 

The  foltowinjf  statement  shows  the  amount  of  the  American  trade  from  1829-30  to  1831 
-32,  according  to  the  returns  furnished  to  parliament  by  the  East  India  Company. 

An  Account  of  Ihe  Value  of  Imports  into,  and  Exports  from,  the  Port  of  Canton  by  the  Subjects  of  tb* 
United  States  of  America,  in  the  Yeara  i89U-30  to  1831-33. 


- 

Ton, 

'ImportilDto  China. 

Eiporti  from  China. 

Total  Value  Importi 
anil  Kzporii. 

S>leV>Iiw 

Dollan. 

Tolal  Vilue. 

Total  Value. 

1899-30 
1830-31 
1831-33 

Dollan. 
9,793,988 
9,871,320 
3,383,685 

J>  llari. 
1,133,614 
183,655 
667,959 

mian. 
3,917,633 
3,054,075 
3,050,937 

Mlnrt. 
4,108,611 
4,963,551 
5,857,739 

Diittnn 
8,026,213 
7,318,.«9 
8,908,609 

'   Bills  of  exchange  negotiated  by  the  Americans  in  1899-30, 393,650  dniinrs ;  ditto  in  1830-31, 1,168,500 
rioliars ;  ditto  in  1831-32, 3,480,871  dollars.— (Part.  Paper,  No.  !239.  Boss.  1833,  p.  13.) 

We  have  obtained  from  the  irnited  States  the  subjoined  account  of  the  American  trade  at  CantOD 
in  1831-33.  This  inlerei<ting  document  exhibits  in  dotail  the  quantity  and  value  of  each  article  im- 
ported hy  the  Americans  into  Canton,  and  of  those  exported ;  the  latter  ore  divided  according  to  ibeii 
iestinatloD. 


r 


Trndenrih. 

I'niAoaiiloiK 
•ome  oihnr 

y  priivlnlon, 
'y  '>n  (rad* 


»y  nctlon  <if 
vhlcbjiirii. 


CANTON. 

■UMownt  of  the  Amflriean  Import  and  Eiport  Tradn  at  tb«  Port  of  Otnton,  durlni  tha  leasor 

1831-39. 


mil  of  MChulf* 

SpuMi  (MUn  •  • 

IIUM  pIcuU  QalcktUnr,  tt 

Iron 

CrwtoflMnt 
CItrilMl  ilo. 

CMklDMl 

DaHUWDod 
Rl«  ud  ftUf 


4,4111 
l,»M 
799 
37« 
4,«M 
1,400 


in 


CotMB 


CoIXm  jrum 
Tbtacco  • 
nultWIt 
Tin 
WO  bmMTta  pitta 
3,418  (liKM  Bnwl  clethi 


1,510 

t^ 

Wl 

770 

1,071 


Art. 

n 

411 
IS4 

M 

7214 

no 

MM 

s 
I 

«M 

Titll. 

• 
Xto'lM. 

4M 

n 

10 

t 

i« 

7 
80 


■mjuMo 

IIJiOU-OO 

ioft,M*<n 

Mfloa-K 

2m 

^000«) 
fl,S4l«0 
UltlOO-OO 

1.1 


ii,MaM 

I4,6ta-00 

«,oio-oo 
Mso^ 

IT,IH-00 
lfll,MO«0 

i8,Mooa 

23,040-00 
2SS,TIMM 
TO.IU'OO 
IWM-OO 
31,00200 
3e,ti49<» 

7«,i8aoo 

11,240-ao 
12,33000 
1421)0 
2,l«0'00 
2^)0000 
lOiOOOIJO 
2,00000 

toooo 


IMan. 
WT,2M00 


2,2IB,CMa 
100,00040 


4«7,»<M 
5,999,731-9: 


KifuU, 


n  lit*  UnUtd  Suiu, 


CIMt. 

l2,>HllollM  • 
37,1111  inuchnng 
19I2TkuIu? 
r/,871  HiTMi  tk\a 
Wjauiamttiimm 
*,34<Hrioii  • 
4,«I4  Imparial 
4,908  UuDpowdtr 
2,141  rtiurhoni 

M7rtkM  • 

200Concoa 
131,706 


fteutt.  IMi. 

•  7,ar«'20>iii 

•  2<I47'M  ■  II 

•  i,HI-4a  •24 
.    »,«8-«0  .  24 

•  86,042  2i  ■  44 

•  4,4X6-08  •  46 

•  S,IM-W)  ■  M 

■  a,6n-40  •  M 

•  i,tu  rio  .  10 

•  2W'M  •  90 

•  12000  •  16 

ll,l*&-9ll 


Ailhira. 
34,181  EmbroMtnd  trap*  iUwb,*l  3  M 


06,003  Danuik  do.  do, 

a,SOrpltctaCira|i< 


«,9M 
MM 

7,m 

6,6411 
6,063 
276 
3,100 
10,677 
33,901 
4,417 


3M  piculi  Nowlnn 
109     •     Raw  liik 


HtndkmhM      • 

ScMlUIVI   • 

Blickuniwli 
Whiltdo. 
LnullDM 
Do.  uiia  • 
Salini 

8>liii  duuik 
Cimleti    - 
Wbila  poii|(M     • 
Suichnen  do. 
Mi»d  lulMlrinp  • 


13-4 

7 
6 
Bt-2 
8 
8 
9 

12  14 
IS 
18 
9 
11 
4  18 
7 
400 
370 


M,700  picen  Rlua  NtnkMM    ■   TO 

67,V<S     .     Cnmpaay  Nukeam  SO 

3,341  piculi  Cawn       •  .10 

an     •     rualt  oil  •  -  130 

25     •     C-iniphor  -  •    14 

tH     .     Bhubwb    •  •   30 

l,tOI       •       SwMtlMttl  ■     IS 

1,318     .     S«6«   •{»•«??:     J 
I9,9IS  boM  Cnckm    •  -     1 1-2 

313     •     Vnnnilloii  •  •  4! 

tM4  nil!  Matilag     •  .     S 

6SJ0O  irau  FMri  bullOM        •  17 

Chiiw  wara  and  araM  cloth,  In  value 

SttudiY  oiarcbaiiaiw,  la  ftliw  • 


To  Eunpt. 


JNtuU. 

•  .81040 

•  46R-00 

•  l/Xff-SO 

•  a88'4S 

•  77-M 

•  leoso 

•  170-1 1 

•  1086) 

•  61-60 
.       67  6D 

•  I4MI0 

8,}20-)8 


aOOBohei   • 
710  Nouchnnf 
1,660  CoDKou 
4l8CaiiipoT 
IMTwaiikar 
911  Hraon  ilila 
864  Vounc  Dyaoa 
SIOHfaini  - 
74  Imperial 
72  Gunpowder 
294rckM  • 

4,486 


90  ploila  JSweetmnla. 
150     •     Caala. 
S     -     Vermilion. 
The  tbOTo  inveatmnila  to  Europe, 
perinyoicea         ... 


To  South  America  and  th$ 
Sandwich  Inlands. 

Brig  Chilian'!  carp),  value    • 

•  Bngcla'a 

•  Uiana'a  .... 


J}<t- 

DiabuneinCiita  of  2^  vasela,  at     6,000 

9  RicK  vraaeU  1,000 

6Liolia      -      400 


Dalian 


60^12  0 
434MI  6  0 

47,7*4  I  6 

2l2,dM0  0 

1,146,166  0  0 

206AI096 

i7D,aMao 

213,679  2  0 

22,4M)0  0 

12^106  0  0 

1,900  0  0 

2,641,691  I  4 

IMart 

121,97700 
119,11000 
ttMKO 
189,964-00 
8ll,n4'UI 
291,968-00 
67,679 -00 
7I,9H«0 
7n,M2'60 
9aM6O0 
4,969-00 
81,90040 
117,44700 
IM,M4-90 
90b919-00 
140,00000 
4438940 

811,29000 
83,791-.<a 
37.180-00 
494040 
600-00 
17,980-00 
16,61600 

10,644-00 
13,972-60 
13,14640 
I4,220«0 
ILOM-OO 
7,»M)-00 
100,00040 


S,8»,1I1,47 


natjnt-to 


4000040 
70,00000 
40,000(10 


182,000-00 
9,00040 
2,00000 


8Bt^lM-60 


I8O00O40 


lUMioo-w 


142,000-00 
6,999,731-97 


It  regiilts  fVom  this  statement,  that  the  American  trade  nt  Canton,  in  1831-32,  amounted  to  about 
13,000,000  dollari,  being  equal  to  three  fourths  of  that  carried  on  at  Taiiton  durinK  the  oaine  ypar  an 
account  of  the  East  India  Company.  It  is  of  iinpcrtancato  ulifierve  that  the  dealings  of  the  Ai^ericann 
an;  principally  carried  on  with  the  ouuide  merchants.  C:iptaiiiCnffln,and  other  American  gentlAmen 
examined  hy  the  late  committee  of  the  House  of  Cuinmnns  on  the  China  tri^dc,  spcnic  in  strong  teriut 
of  tlie  facility  and  expedition  with  which  bU9inesa  may  be  conducted  at  Canton. 

Trade  of  Portngnege,  Spaniard*,  i[e.  at  Canton.— Respecting  the  extent  of  the  Portuguese,  Bpanbh, 
French,  Swedisli,  Danish,  and  Dutch  trades,  we  have  no  data  to  lay  before  the  reader  on  which  reli- 
ance cnuid  be  placed;butthey  are  inconsiderable  and  fluctuating,  compared  with  tbc  brunches  ateendf 
dcscrilied.  The  Dutch  trade  is  probably  the  largi'vt ;  but  even  with  the  assistance  of  protecting  duties 
In  Holland,  the  Dutch  are  unable  to  withstand  the  enterprise  and  activity  of  tbo  AuMricani.    Tii« 


^^  : 


i  lt„ 


fl    I;  11 


II 


■  i'        ' 
1   ■       M 


■■I 


i ' -,. 


It!  if 


§i 


I  HI  ^ 
iil  t 


806 


CANTON. 


PortnitiiMn  Irndo,  pHrtlniliirlv  tbnt  with  (hn  pnHmiilnn*  of  rnrtiltnl  on  l)i«  ronttnunl  nf  Tnillii,  irti 
roniililcnililc  iliiriiiir  llic  wnr,  liiit  tino  iilncc  uri'iilly  ilrrllnnd.  A  imlliin  i<(  iiinni  »|ilrll  tliiin  llm  i'uriii. 
fiicin  woiilil,  Willi  till"  nclVDiilnito  Ihi'y  iMiiny  tn  Itiii  iiinmi'MliTi  of  the  riinvpiili-nl  mallon  iil'  Mhiiid,  hn 
nblii  tn  i-.irry  on  tin-  Chliiouc  tr:icli'  willi  mi|"ri'ir  hucci'im.  TIhtk  Ipii  roimlilBrnlili'  lnt(■r^■(Mlrlll^  curried 
on  In  H|miil»li  n'llpn,  lii'lwfi'n  Crintnn  nnd  MiinllH.  Th'  rhillpplnp  l»lun(l»  ntfnrrl  mnny  rominodltiHii 
In  diiiiiHiiil  III  thn  Cliini'so  nmrkctn  t  nnil  tlip  Hiiiinlnrdn  lira  the  only  Riirnpi'un  (H'opli'  alluwnl  o|irnly 
to  trad"  with  III.'  Iiubv  nnd  coiniiH'ri'lnl  pnrt  of  Anmy,  In  llin  provliic  o  of  FnkliMi ;  iiiiforiiinulely,  In  w- 
ovnr.  Ih«y  nro  dnnoiciit  In  llie  iiklil  iind  Piiterprl*'-  riMpilrcd  tnlly  tn  nvill  tlirnii<i'lv«K  of  llii'iii>  rtdvan- 
lagcii.  It  npiwurn  from  ttie  olflrinl  iicroiint*,  piildlilmd  liy  tlin  Prenrh  Bovcrnim'nt,  timl  In  IH3I,  niily 
li  ulilpo,  of  tho  hiiriltiii  of  5NS  tonK,  rlfliiri'd  iiul  from  Krcinh  porti  for  Clilnii.  Tlim,  wc  IwIIkvii,  la  prln- 
ripnily  to  bit  imcrilicil  tn  thu  trlHIng  extent  to  which  tlni  grum  urtkia  of  Chlnen*  produce,  lua,  In  euu> 
tiiiiKMl  III  Friiiicii. 

Triufe  wilk  the  Indian  Inltinrh,  ^e. — In  hb  oviilonro  befoiv  the  boIitI  committeo  of  (ho 

H0U80  of  ConmiDiiit,  Mr.  Cruwfuril  gave  (he  fullowing  iiiitructive  dctuiU  with  rcapcrt  to  tho 

Dative  forciRn  trade  of  China  : — 

JViifim  Foniirn  Trmh  of  China.—"  Thn  prinrlpnl  pnrt  of  Ihn  junk  tindo  ii  corrlwd  on  by  the  four  con- 
tiKiioiiH  provinci!ii  of  Caiiliin,  I'^iklnii,  ('bi'kliinii,  uikI  Klanii:ili. 

"  No  forolirn  IrndH  I*  iiKrinillnd  with  thi)  li>lnnd  nf  rnriiinit'i ;  nnd  I  hn\r.  no  mninii  of  dnKcrliilnj  thn 
pxtiMit  of  till!  Irartii'  wlili'li  may  h.'  ronrtiii'tiMl  bol\vt-cn  (Miinu,  Oreii,  and  llir  l.i'cchuw  InliiiMlK.  The 
followiiiK  iiri'thn  roiintrii>»  with  which  C'hiim  CHrrliiH  on  11  trade  In  Jiinkii :  vi?..  .l:ip-in,ihR  I'hillpplni'it, 
the  Hod-loo  ialitnilH,  t^'IrliiN.  Ilin  MoliinaH,  llornHo.  Java,  Siiiiiairn,  Kiniraporn,  Ithio,  tliu  cuftt  rmiKt 
of  till'  Malaynii  pi'iilnxiila.  Hiain,  ('ochln<'lilnn,  ranitioditi.  andToni|iiin.  Tin-  purtH  of  (hiiia  at  which 
thin  trade  In  roihlui'lod  aro  (.'anton,  Tcliaou-trhcon,  Noinhonir,  Ilni'iirhi'on,  SiiIiimik,  Kniikiiiuon, 
<!hanK-lliu,  iind  Hainan  In  tliii  pnivliici!  of  (^lnton  ;  Aiiioy  and  L'hIni'hi'W,  in  llii>  provliicoof  Inkicn  ; 
Niniiiio  and  Slnnu-hai,  in  tliii  province  of  ("hcklnnir ;  and  Hoiitchcon,  in  the  province  nf  Kiaiiiinn. 
The  lollowliiR  may  he  looked  upon  an  an  approxliimtlun  tu  the  number  ufjnnkii  currying  on  trade  willi 
the  ditfereiit  plauea  already  eniiiiiprated,  vi7.. 


Jiinka 

Japan  lOJnnkn,  two  vnynjHS 

. 

-     20 

Flillipplne  Itlaiida 

- 

-      1:1 

Hno-loo  Idhmdii 

. 

4 

I'.onieo  13,  Celebes  3    - 

. 

-       15 

Java      .           .           - 

m 

7 

Huiiiatra 

• 

-      10 

tmtisnpore  8,  Rhio  I  .  . 

Kaitt  conat  of  Malay  peniniinla    - 
Siiiiii  .  .  .  . 

Coi'liiii  ('liliia         ... 
Caniliodia  .  .  . 

Tuni|uiii      .  .  .  . 


Jilnka. 
9 
(        Flillipplne  Itlaiida        -  -  -      i:i         Maat  conat  of  Malay  penlniinla    -        0 

81) 
20 
S 
SO 
—  Total  221. 

"Thia  statemiMit  dooi  not  Include  a  great  number  of  amall  Jiinka  belonslnu  to  tho  inland  nf  Hainan, 
which  carry  on  trade  with  Tonnuin,  Cochin  China,  Cambodia,  Slam,  nnd  SiiiLMporo.  Thnae  for  Siani 
nmniint  yrnrly  to  about  .tO,  and  for  the  Cocliin  (;hlne<u  doniinioiia  to  about  43;  tlic.ve  alone  uniilil 
hriirellie  tofi'l  number  of  vr'sscis  rarrytnif  on  a  (liri'ci  trade  bclwi^i-n  China  and  I'oreiL'ii  coiiiilricw  to 
.'<()7.  Tlin  trade  with  Japan  Ik  confined  to  the  port  of  Miirpn,  in  I'lii'l-.ianu,  anil  I'.xpii'ssly  liiniii-il  tn  |ii 
veaaeU  ;  but  aa  the  distance  from  Nangniiukl  \»  a  voyage  of  no  more  than  I  dayx,  it  ia  pcrforniud  twice 
ii  year. 

"  With  the  pxcppllonof  this  branch  oftrnde,  the  forelBn  Interrnnrae  oftlie  two  prnvincea  Cbeklnns 
nnd  Kiannnn,  which  are  faiiinim  for  the  prodiiciion  of  raw  Bilk,  teas,  nnd  nankeens,  ia  confined  to  tlie 
I'hllippine  iHlanils,  Toiiqiiin,  dcliin  China,  Cambodia,  nnd  Slam;  and  none  of  lliia  class  of  vessi-la, 
that  I  am  aware  nf,  have  ever  found  their  way  to  the  western  parlH  of  the  Iinliaii  Arcliipela!.'n.  The 
Jiiimher  of  these  trading  withfliatii  ia  21,  id  of  conaiileralile  hI/.i!  ;  thone  trailins  with  the  Cnihin  Chi- 
iieae  dominiona  10,  alao  of  considerable  siz  > ;  nnd  those  traillnj;  with  the  I'liilippliies  5;  iiiakirii.'  in  all 
45,  nf  which  the  ftvcra({e  burden  does  not  full  short  of  l7,(Hlfl  tons.  I  am  the  more  particular  in  de- 
iicribinitthia  brancli  of  thn  Chliipaeconiinercp,  aa  we  do  not  ourselves  at  present  partuke  of  it,  and  ns 
we  pnaaeas  no  dirnci  means  of  obtaining  liifoniintinn  in  ruiEiird  to  it.  All  tiie  junks  carryinit  on  this 
trade  with  HIam  are  owned  In  the  latter  country  and  net  in  ('liinn  ;  and  I  am  not  aiire  how  far  it  may 
not  also  he  so  in  the  other  cnaea.  1  do  not  doubt  hut  that  a  similar  cninmercr  will,  in  the  event  ol'  a 
free  trade,  extend  tn  Singapore  ;  and  that  through  this  channel  may  eventuafly  be  obtuined  the  green 
teas  of  KInnnan,  and  tho  raw  silks  of  Chehlanir. 

"  Ilesldes  the  Junks  now  described,  there  is  another  numeroua  class,  which  may  he  denntniiiati'd  the 
colonial  shipping  nf  the  Chinese.  Wherever  tlie  Chinese  arc  seltlid  in  any  niiinliera,  junks  of  this 
description  are  to  be  found;  such  aa  in  Java,  Hiiinatrn,  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  &c. ;  hiit  the  laruoat 
tommerce  of  this  description  is  conducted  from  the  Cochin  Ciiincse  doniiiiion»,  especially  from  Slum, 
whore  the  number  was  estimated  to  ine  at  200.  Several  jiiii\a  of  this  descri|itioii  I'liiin  tin;  lalior 
country  come  annually  to  Ringapore,  nf  whicli  the  burden  ia  not  less  tiiaii  finni  liOO  to  400  Ions. 

"The  junks  which  trade  between  ('hina  and  the  ailjacent  cniinlries  are  aome  of  tlieiii  owned  nnd 
hiiilt  in  China  ;  but  a  considerable  iiuinbi'r  also  in  the  latter  countries,  particiil.irly  in  Siaiii  and  Coi  liia 
China.  Of  llin.^e  carrying  on  the  Siamese  trade,  indeed,  no  l.'.ss  than  HI  out  oftlie  HO,  of  consaloralile 
tii/.e,  were  represented  to  me  as  being  hiiilt  and  owned  in  Slum.  'I'lie  amall  junks,  however,  carrying 
nil  th^  trade  of  Hainan,  are  all  biiiit  anil  owned  in  Clilna. 

"The  Junks,  whether  colonial  or  trading  direct  wiili  (;iiinn,vary  in  burden  from  2,000  piciila  to 
15,000,  or  carry  dead  weisht  from  120  10  OOOIona.  Of  those  oftlie  last  size  I  have  only  seen  Iter  I,  iind 
these  were  at  Siam,  and  llie  aanie  which  were  commonly  employed  in  carrying  a  inisslim  ami  triliule 
yearly  fnoii  Siam  to  Canton.  Of  the  whole  of  the  l.irge  class  of  junks,  I  shuulil  tiiiiik  tlie  averaee 
iiiirden  will  nut  be  overrated  at  300  tons  each,  which  would  make  tlie  total  tioinag'  eiii;iliiyi'ii  in  III  • 
native  foreign  trade  nf  China  between  (10,000  and  70.011(1  tons,  e\i  tn.-ive  of  the  small  jiiiika  of  Hainan, 
vhich,  estimated  at  1.10  tons  each,  would  muUe  in  ail  ulioiitMl.iillO  tons. 

"The  junks  built  in  China  are  usually  conatructed  of  fir  nnd  oilier  inferior  woods.    When  they  ar- 
rive in  Cainhndia,  Hiani,  and  the  Malayiin  islands,  they  coniinonly  t'lirnl.-^li  tlieniselv.a  wllli  masts, 
rudders,  nnd  wooden  anchors,  of  the  superior  limber  of  these  coiinirii's.     The  jiiiiks  Imilt  in  Slam  are 
a  superior  clasanf  vessels,  the  jdaiika  and  upix;r  wnrka  lieinsi  invarialil}  teak.    The  cost  of  ship  hiillil- 
ing  is  highest  at  the  port  of  Ainoy  in  I'okien,  and  lowest  in  Siam.  At  these  places,  and  at  Cliaiiif-liiii  ia 
t.'unton,  the  cost  ufa  junk  of  8,000  piculs,  or  470  tons  burden,  was  stated  to  me,  by  several  cnniiiiand- 
era  nf  Junka,  to  be  as  follows  :— 

At  Siam        ......         7,100  didlars. 

Chang-liin  .....        10.000    — 

Amny        ......        21,000     — 

A  Junk  of  the  size  Just  named  has  commonly  a  crew  of  90  hands,  consisting  of  the  following  nfficera, 
besides  the  crew  ;  a  commander,  a  pilot,  an  accountant,  a  captain  of  the  helm,  a  captaifi  nf  the  aii- 
rhor,  and  a  captain  of  the  hold.  The  commander  receives  no  pay,  but  has  tho  advantage  oftlie  cabin 
nr.conimodation  fur  passengers,  reckoned  on  the  voyage  between  Canton  and  Bingupore  worth  l'>0 
Hoanitii  dellars.    lie  ia  also  the  agent  of  the  owners,  and  receives  a  comnii:isioii,  coniiuonly  of  10  jier 


CANTON. 


s^r 


cent,  nn  the  prnjil*  nt  nurh  «hnrf  of  ihfl  ndvetilnrn,  (ri-nornlly  «  roniMf rnMd  nnn,  In  wlilrh  tliry  nrs 
rnnccriicd.  Tlie  pilot  rerfivna  for  the  vnynxii  SiK)  dollnri  nl'  wnvri,  mid  'lO  plniii  nf  l'r«i|rlit  out  inil 
limiii'.  'I'hP  lii'liiiiiiiiiin  liBii  IS  |iliiila  ut' Iri^lylit  mill  nil  wngf*.  'Hie  CHiiliiliig  nf  tlin  niii'linr  miil  the 
holil  h.'ivi)  U  jilciiU  nf  frKlvht  <M>  h  i  nnil  Ihn  leBinHii  7  pii  ula  cm  li.  Nunc  of  thi'ac  Imvi*  any  wngi!*. 
'I'tii' iillUpm  and  iii'iiinnn  iif  till' I  iiiiiiiliil  Jiinki  ar«  iliiriiri'iitly  rcwnntnl.  Inn  Hliiini'att  Jiuik,  I'nr  nx- 
aniplK.  iriiilInK  liHtwvi'n  lliv  Hliinimi!  ciipltiil  nnil  Hlniiupiirn,  iil°  0,IKN)  pIciiU  biirili'ii,  tint  rniiinianilvr 
anil  pll'>t  Iniil  eaili  IU(l (li)llara  I'nr  tliii  voyagit,  Willi  I'i  piriiU  of  frrliihl  apitiL-e.  '1  liu  nci  niintniit  iinii 
hiiliiiiiiiiiin  Imil  hull'  of  lliln  nl|iiwiinrt!,anu  cuch  ■cmiuiii  liiiil  III  ilnllarii,  miiIi  S  pliiila  of  frtilyht. 

•'  III  riiiiai ruction  ami  <Miit\t,  Chlnciin  Jiinka  aro  rliiiiiHy  iiinl  iiwkwiini  In  tint  i'tlri<ine.  'I'liu  I'lilnci* 
nro  i|iill(!  unati|iiiilnl«il  with  navldilimi,  ■BVlnglliu  knnvvli>ilge  of  lliii  conipiiiiii  :  iiolwllli«tnn<llnKllii(, 
aailixlr  pilot*  lire  vxpcit,  tliitir  voyuKm  ■linrt,  anil  iii  lh«y  hunlly  vvor  mill  pxri-pt  at  the  height  of  llin 
inoiii'oiiiia,  when  n  fair  nml  Hli'iiily  7  or  H  hnnli'  br«f'/.e  currica  tlit'ni  iliri.'clly  I'roin  |Kirt  to  (lort,  the  ai'a 
rink  U  very  amall.  DuriiiK  13  yisira'  aciiimliiltimn  wllli  llila  hr:ini'h  of  iradu,  1  cuii  rucoiluct  hi'urln|| 
of  hill  -t  ahlpwrecka  i  aiiil  In  nil  thitae  liiHluiictia  tliHrrewi  were  fiivud. 

"Tlio  conalrHrllonntiil  riL'  111?  of  n  dhiiiHaii  Junk  iniiy  lie  Icinkeil  upon  na  lior  proper  rogii'try,  and 
lliey  urea  very  elTucliiKl  oiH  .  for  lliii  leaat  ilevmilon  from  tliani  woiilil  aiilijcrl  her  at  iincv  lo  torulga 
I'liurKi's  and  foreign  ilnlli'^,  md  to  all  kliula  of  iiiaplcion.  'I'lii' colonjal  Jinika,  wlilrh  luo  of  a  mora 
coninioilioiia  form  and  oiiiilt.  If  vlaltlng  (Milna,  arf  anhjected  to  the  aiuiiii  dtillitM  i\a  foreign  veaaela. 
Jiinkx,  liuilt  In  Hliini,  or  any  other  adjacent  country,  If  luiiHlriii  led  anil  lilti-il  mil  after  the  cualoinarv 
iiHiili'l,  nro  ailnilttcil  to  trade  to  (jliina  upon  tlm  name  lerina  uh  tlmae  Uiiill  ami  owned  In  the  coiinhy. 
If  any  purl  of  the  crew  coiinlHt  of  Hiainean,  t'otliin  Chlneae,  or  i  llier  furelifnira,  the  hitler  are  ndnilt« 
IimI  only  at  the  port  nf  (Canton  ;  and  If  found  In  any  oilier  purl  ot'(  hina,  wmilil  lie  ael/.ed  and  taken  up 
hy  till*  P'dl'e  nxnclly  III  the  lame  manner  aa  if  tliey  were  Kiiropeaiia.  The  native  trade  of  ('lilna 
cnndiined  with  foreign  cuiintrlRB  la  nut  a  clandeHiine  c>>mmeri  e,  iiiini  kiiowliilKi-d  liy  the  Clilneia 
laiva,  hilt  !iaa  In  every  caae  at  leaat  the  nxpreiia  aiini  lion  of  tlm  viceroy  or  Koveriiir  of  llie  prnvlnce, 
who,  on  pellthin,  decidea  the  niiiiiher  of  Jiinka  that  ahall  he  allouud  to  eni^iit!('  in  It  ;  and  even  enu- 
iiinrnteM  the  artlclea  which  It  ahall  he  legal  to  exiiurt  and  im|Hirl.  At  every  port,  airo,  where  auch  a 
fori'lRii  trade  la  aanclioned,  there  iiu  honu  or  IhiiIv  of  aei  iirlty  inerchanlH  aa  at  Canton  ;  a  fact  which 
allows  clearly  enoiij(li  that  tliia  liialltiilion  la  parcel  of  the  lawi  or  cuHloniii  of  China,  and  not  a  pecu- 
liar rcKtraint  inipoaed  upon  the  Intercoiirao  with  Knropei.na. 

"  Tlio  ('hineao  Junka  properly  cniiatrucled  pay  no  meaniireinent  duty,  and  no  nimahaw  or  present  i 
dutiea,  however,  are  paid  upon  gooilit  exported  and  imported,  which  t^eein  lo  ililfir  at  the  dlll'erenl 
proviiicea.  'I'hey  are  hlvhesl  nt  Aiiioy,  nndlnweat  In  the  iiland  of  IliiliKin.  The  Chlneau  Iradera  of 
HIaiii  informed  me  that  they  carried  on  the  faireat  and  euaieKi  Iradu,  vul'ject  to  the  feweal  realricthmi, 
la  the  port!)  of  Ningpo  and  HIang-hai  in  Cliekluni;,  and  M.iutcliiMHi  In  Kiannan.  (ireat  dexterity  aeemi 
every  where  to  he  excrciai'd  hy  the  Chli  eno  in  evadioK  the  diilii-K.  One  practice,  which  Im  very  oflen 
t'lillowed,  will  afford  a  good  example  of  this.  The  coaHtiiiK  trade  of  China  Ih  nearly  free  from  all  du- 
lica  and  other  ImpoKlH.  The  merchant  takes  ndvaiitagu  oI'iIiIh;  and  intending  in  reality  to  proccett 
10  Hiani  or  Cochin  China,  for  exaniple,  clears  a  junk  out  for  llu-  iKland  of  Hainan,  and  lliud  avoidatho 
payment  of  diitieH.  When  ahe  retiirna  alie  Will  lie,  1  or  5  daya  oll'lhe  month  of  the  port,  until  a  regu- 
lar liur^aln  ho  made  with  the  CnHloni-hoiiae  olhcera  for  the  reduction  of  duliea.  'I'ln^  threat  held  out 
in  am  h  caaes  Ih  to  proceed  to  nnnlher  port,  and  thiia  deprive  tl,n  piildic  iHlcera  of  their  cuatomary 
pcrqiiixitea.  1  wau  ai<sured  of  the  frequency  of  tliia  practice  hy  (.'hiiieae  inerclianta  nf  Cochin  ('hinn, 
UH  well  aa  liy  aeveral  cuimiiandera  of  Junka  at  Hingaporp.  I'roin  the  laat-nanied  persona  I  had  another 
fact  of  anme  ronHei|iieiice,  aa  connected  with  the  Cliiiii^ae  trade  ;  vl:^.  that  a  good  iiiuny  of  the  Junka, 
carrying  on  trade  with  fori'ign  porta  to  the  westward  of  China,  often  proceeded  on  voyagea  lo  tha 
nnrtliw.'ird  in  iheaaiiio  aeaaoii.  In  tliia  manner  lliey  atateil  that  ahnnt  'JU  coiniiilerablc  jiinka,  beaidei 
a  great  many  amall  once,  proceeded  annually  from  Canton  to  Souchong,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Kian- 
nan, and  in  wealth  and  commerce  the  rival  of  Canton,  whi're  they  aold  alioul  'iUO  clichta  of  opiiiiu  at 
an  advance  of  5(1  per  cent,  heyond  tlie  (;anton  pricea.  Another  place  where  the  Caiiton  Junka,  to  the 
number  of  5  or  C,  repair  a  iiiiually,  is  Chinchew,  in  the  province  of  Canton,  w  itliin  I  lie  (<'ulf  of  j'ei  lie> 
ley,  or  Yellow  l^'cu,  and  ua  far  north  us  the  37th  dogreo  of  latilude."— (Wj»;(CHi/ij-,  llcpurt  uf  1830, 
p.  'JW.) 

A  Chinese  ship  or  junk  is  seldom  the  property  of  one  individual.  Somrtimes  40,  60,  or 
even  100  ditTerent  merchants  purrhase  a  vossei,  iiiid  divide  her  into  ns  ninny  dilU-riiit  compart* 
nicnts  as  there  aro  partners;  so  that  each  iinowa  his  own  particular  part  in  llieship,  which  ho 
is  ,it  liberty  to  fit  up  and  secure  as  he  pleases.  The  bulk-heads,  by  which  thcM!  diviHinns  are 
formed,  consist  of  stout  planks,  so  well  caulked  as  to  be  coinplclely  water-tight.  A  ship  thus 
formed  may  strike  on  a  rock,  and  yet  sustain  no  serious  injury  ;  u  leak  springing  in  ono 
division  of  the  hold  will  not  be  attended  with  any  dunin^'e  to  nrticlis  placed  in  another ; 
and,  from  her  fa-mness,  she  is  qualified  to  resist  a  more  lliuii  ordinary  Bliock.  A  coiit^idertt- 
blc  loss  of  stowage  is,  of  course,  sustained;  but  the  Chinese  exports  frenerally  contain  a 
considerable  value  in  small  bulk.  It  is  only  the  very  liiigtHl  class  of  junks  iliut  liuvc  so  mmy 
owners;  but  even  in  the  smallest  class  the  number  is  very  consiilcralile. 

Population  of  China, — The  most  conflicting  accounts  have  been  yiven  of  the  pniiuliUion 
of  the  Chinese  empire.  According  to  the  statement  of  llie  Chinese  uulhoritics,  it  wns  found, 
by  a  census  taken  in  1813,  to  an.ount,  for  China  I'roper,  to  367,821.0(10!  Vast  as  tliia 
number  must  certainly  appear,  it  does  not,  taking  the  prodi^jtinns  extent  of  territory  over 
which  it  is  spread  into  account,  give  more  than  208  individuals  to  ii  K(|iiiiie  mile, — a  density 
inferior  to  that  of  several  European  countries.  It  is  said  that  the  inhabitants  are  in  the 
practice  of  under-rating  their  numbers  in  their  returns  to  governnieiil. — {Companion  to 
Aiif(lu-C/iin£ie  Calendar,  p.  156.)  We  are,  however,  wlinlly  without  the  nieuns  of  coming 
to  any  positive  conclusion  as  to  the  degree  ol'  credit  to  be  attached  to  the  census. 

Price  Current.—A  perusal  of  the  suhjoined  Price  Current,  piihlitilicd  at  ('anion,  the  lat  of  December, 
1832,  will  give  the  reader  a  tolerable  notion  of  the  various  urliclea  and  their  pricea  nilho  Canton  mar* 
kct,  at  the  very  height  uf  the  shipping  seuaon.  .  ,  „,i:t  t 

Canton,  1st  of  December,  1832.  ^^         ■    ' 

•      3j-4  •    4         — 

per  eatt| , 

per  pic. 


'mporfi. 

n«ilet  DUt    - 

•     BuA  ■  4 

Amber      -          •         > 

.  Sp.dn.  8    to    14 

iwrcfttlv. !  Utrdi'nisli 

■   2«     .     40 

Aaafxlidt  • 

•     4  12      . 

per  picLiI,  Caiuphor,  K,irus    • 

■    10     •     30 

Dictie  de  mer 

•     8    to     IS 

— 

Cloves,  Molucca    • 

-    30     .     3J 

verr  luperior 

.    38     .     50 

— 

Miuriliui  . 

.18-20 

B««'w«x.          • 

•  24   •   as 

— 

Cocbioeal,  turope,  girbM 

.UO     •  UC 

;  ,v'.-^ 


\ni 


\  'i 


(!>] 


!  S\ 


':w 


>>  1 


i  ij 


'i  m 

St      ''^P 

4  '^ 


i 


If 


S08 


CANTON. 


OtppaTi  Scmlb  Auwrica     • 

*l  Untin  for  expoiUlioa 
Jipu  • 

Canlhumati     •         • 
Gotkiii,  Homlar     • 
Bangal 

MidniteU)  10-31  (MW) 
Cotton  |iia<l>i  Bntiin,  Tii, 
ChiDtKs  Hydt, 

L^MClotht      40  do.  • 
MudiM  aOdo.  • 

Cunbria         li  do.  • 
Montollh't  budunooi,  Mwlot 
Uua,  t 
Cottoc.«^.No.I&to20. 

Na  aa  to  aa 
Na  ao.  to  4a 
No.  4a  torn 

Co»be»>r 
Cwltau      •  • 

Cutck,  ran 
Kboiqr,  MiiirlUin 


•  in    •  MO      pirplml. 
.15-16  — 

•  ss-w       •       — 

.    18     •     10  — 

.   SO    •    60  — 

lull     8     -     10-4  — 

.     S-S  to  104  — 

.    11  -  — 

ap.dn.  31.2«o4l4|>CT|>i«M. 
.     3 14  •  4  M      — 
.3        •11-3      — 
■     1  1-3  ■  13.4      — 
.     3  M  •  3  M      — 

0.      •     I  14  •  1 M      — 
-   as         •        perpioul 

•  43         •  — 


mi  muted. 


30 
Si   to 


Ctjplon 
BloBhull  ttctb.  Ill,  3  to  8  to  1  ploil 
^  8d,  lltol&    do. 

3d,  18  to  25    do. 
cuttion 
mnmtn  • 
niatt 

Oambior     • 
OtaHHf,  end* 

oteriaal   • 
Im  b>r,  I  to  3  inch 

nd,  M  iach  ud  andar 
•crap 
lMd,pi( 
Mac* 
Myrrh 

Nulmaga    .  -  -  - 

Ollbanum,  pitlad,  10:  imgublad 
Oplmn,  Mm  (Dranintl)    - 
Banarca  do. 
BnmlMy  do. 
Danuum  do. 
Turkey    do. 

Jtef^'  ; 

QuickNlfer  • 

Rattaia  • 

■  Rica  •  • 

RnM,  Makna 
SallpatR  at  Whaapo* 

Lintin 
Saadal  wood,  India* 

Sandwich  Maud 
'Suwn  wood 
Skarka'Sna 

aerr  tna 
8Ua,nbb!t 
aaal  « 


hod  da. 

IxaTar 

fct    • 
Smaltv  (for  a  aimll  iopply) 
SlaeL  En^liah 

SwadUb,  la  kita 
Stockbh     • 
Spelter 

Thratd,  (old  ni  Mm 
Tin  platea 
Tin,Biuca 

Slimita',  lit  quality 
Weoneni,  bmad-clolh 


4 
3 
3 

(0 
80 
70 

•  TO 

•  60 
eti.60 

Sp.dia.    I 

•  TO 
M 


par  catty. 
38      per  picul 
4 1-3      - 
4  — 

31-3      — 


(o   TO  - 

to     I  14  — 

.     80  — 

83  — 

314  — 


3M 

3  — 

3  to     31-4  — 
4 14     •  — 

BOB*. 

4  to    IS  — 


•     S   to 
-•M 

■  aw 


6  — 

*         per  cheat. 


per  picttl. 


•  800 

•  73-4  to  3 

•  14     •     15 
■63-60 

-     33-4-31-3 

•  3     -      3-90 


3 14  to  >  — 

10-16  — 

113-7  — 

i-eo  to  8  — 

33   to   34  — 

38-40  — 

45     -     60  per  too. 

1-80  to  3  each. 

45   to   SO  — 

614      — 

•  614      — 

90 

60 


WeoHaDa,LoBsana 

Scarlet  cutUnfa 


IkraU. 


oSher* 


Alnm,  at  Macao,  1  3-4 
itniwedi  ilar 

oil  of  • 
Bamboo  canea  • 
BnuakaT    - 

Camphor,  at  Macao,  nonet  at  Canton 
CaMia  (ihipped  nutiide),  9 !  at   do. 

budi  toaw)  - 
China  root  -  • 
Cttbeta 

Dragrn'i  blaol 
Gilaogal      -         • 
Oamboce     ■  • 

Olaabeada 
Harlall 
Lead,  white 

i«d 
Mother-of  pearl  ihella 
Mnak 
Nankaeae,  Company^  tit 


lit 

3d.  do, 


twrt 


Sd, 
•mall    - 

blue  Nankin,  amall  |9 
lam  (ID  14 
Canton 
on  or  Caiala 
Rhubarb     - 

Silk,  raw.  Nankin,  Tayaaam 
Tntlce 
Canton,  No.  1.  - 
No  8.  - 


do. 


No.  3. 
Mo.  4. 


Ho.  6. 


■{i 


5 

•  414 

da.  TO    •  .-.. 

Sp.dra.30     -  60  per  picul. 

-  414       •  — 

•  5            •  percwt. 

•  6    to  6  per  picul. 

•  313 to4  — 

•  83   to  35  per  catty. 

-  6  •  per  boa. 
Sp.  dn.  15  -  per  picul. 
^     -    14    to  14  14      - 

■>..,  un»u-c.mi.      -         -         •     1-40  to  1-60  per  yard. 

Camlela,  Gnriiih,  56  yda.  by  30  Im.   14    to  15  par  place. 

7  :>u<cii,    40  do.  by  28  do.    36    •  SS 
,do.biwl,40do.  by33do.   36    -  38 


Snaar,  raw 

Piiwh 
Sugar  candy,  Chinchew     - 
Canton,  IM  aort 
3d  do 
Tea,  Bohaa  • 

COD^Q 

Canipoy        • 

Snuefiong      -  • 

Fako 

Ankoi  iouchODf 

Hyioa 

■kin    - 
younf 

Gunpowder 

Twaukay      •  • 

Onngepeko  • 

Caper  -  • 

Tortoiaeakell 
Turmeric 
Tutenacue 

VennilKm   •  •  • 

Wbanieca  •         •         • 


•  T 

•  80    to  to 


8p.dra.  3-35  • 

-  10    to  II 
.      1-50  - 

-  14    to  IB 
•    45     -  48 

38     -  30 

13     •  13 
IS 
314 


Pafpiat* 
perpieal. 


per  picul 

pcrcatia 
per  1,00b 
per  box. 
perpicuL 


-  80   to  100 

•  4  1-4      - 

•  75   to  8S 

-  16     -    33 

•  13     -     13 

•  10 

•  11 

•  30  to   32 

-  TO    -  110 

-  78     -     74 

•  S3 

-  47    to    48 

-  38     -     40 
none. 

3>t  ydi.  18  ina.)    do. 
'     13da)  8S   to   90 

-  62    -    63 

-  1  14     ■ 

•  68   to   6S 

•  333 
■  352 

Iaeli260   to  365 

-325   to  230 

-  140 

Sp.  in,  go  - 

-  TO 

-  63 

lae!a     5-2  to  SS 

•  6-2  ■  6-4 
Sp.dn.  II 

taela     6-6 

none. 

-  13   to    15 

-  20 


per  catty, 
perioa 


per  catty 
perpleaL 


19 


•  18 

-  5* 

-  36 

-  45 

-  64 

-  .W 

-  3D 

-  30 

-  30 
Sp.dia.  S 

-  13 
•  34  to  33 

-  32 


28 
30 
85 
60 
30 
TO 
35 
SO 
66 
33 
il 

82 
514 


perboK 
35      per  l,00a 


BuUian. 


Gold       •       98  touch      -  •  •       dn.    33  3-4  pcrlaal. 

Sycee  ailTer  at  T.in>in,  I  to  X  per  cenL  pienhim. 
Spaniih  dollars,  entire       •  •  .  none. 

Republieaa  do.      •  •  •  •  do. 

ferft/n^fra; 
London,  per  Sti.  dr.,  6  montbi*  slirht. 

Billi  tiiitebla  for  necotiaiiou  to  India,  An.  4-3. 

Other  bllli  .  -  dm.  4-4  to  4-S. 

BenipU  Co.! 207 Sko  nipcea,  per  100 Sp.  dn., 30 diyi' aiiht 
PriTalebiUa2ID       do.  -  do.  Jo. 

Oooibay       318  Bombay  mpeee         do.  do. 


(Account  of  the  Import  Trade  by  British  imd  Amerlcsn  Vessels  at  Canton,  fWrni  1st  July,  1838,  to  SOth 

June,  1837. 


ImpofH. 

BritiihShipa. 

American  Sbipa. 

Total  Quantity. 

Price  per  >ani, 
piece,  «c. 

ToUl  ValuB  in 
Spanish  Dnilm. 

Broad  Cloth 

-     yards 

1,895,979 

863,344 

1,558,623 

dal.        120 

1,S70.348 

Camlets 

-    pieces 

18,257 

5,648 

91,299 

v>- 

532,475 

Lonft  ells 

— 

89,194 

84,479 

193,590 

9- 

,112.364 

Bombazettes     - 

— 

4,613 

6,344 

10,957 

11- 

120,527 

Woollen  yarn    - 

pis. 

185 

76 

811 

100- 

21,100 

Flannel  - 

-     yards 

8,400 

— 

8,400 

'33 

702 

Blankets 

pairs 

1,S99 

1,251 

8,573 

4- 

io,2(a 

Velveteens 

-     yards 

4,996 

4,400 

9,390 

•20 

1.879 

Cotton  yarn 

■        pis. 

18,431 

4,2.19 

92,863 

40' 

906,520 

I^nc  Cloths 

•     yards 

5,699,849 

3,605,826 

9.'«5,675 

•12.> 

1,I.M,458 

Ditto 

.— . 

— 

391,117 

.391,117 

•11 

54,756 

Unmeet ' ) 



7,986 

489,520 

498,800 

•10 

40.0S1 

Ranrtkerchleft  • 

-    dozen 

85,620 

20,783 

56,403 

1-50 

84.603 

Chintzes 

•     yards 

119,808 

191,984 

314,773 

•19V 

39.316 

Cambrics 



99,850 

8,nno 

95,850 

•12i 

3,231 

Mnen     - 

— 

10,090 

6,796 

16,646 

I- 

16,640 

Canvas  - 

.      bolts 

198 

480 

ei8 

12^ 

7,416 

Gold  thread 

•  catties 

167 

— 

107 

40^ 

6,680 

Cochineal 

pis. 

S49 
180 

133 

481 

180^ 

66.580 

SiualU  •          • 

— 

IM 

88- 

6,3(6 

CANTON. 

Account  of  liDfOTtn.—ecntintied, 


809 


Inporti. 

BriUib  Shipc 

American  Shipi. 

Total  Qoantily. 

Price  per  nnl, 
piece,  ic. 

Total  Value  in 
Spaaidi  UoUan 

Oiineng 

pis. 

59 

1,509 

1,561 

60- 

93,660 

Quicksilver 

3,054 

501 

2,555 

115- 

293,825 

Tin  plate* 

boxes 

1,800 

— 

1,200 

7-50 

9,000 

Tin        .          -          - 

pis. 

15,738 

834 

16,506 

19' 

814,754 

Spelter  .          -          - 

8,955 

3,049 

6,004 

5-50 

33,022 

Lead      -           -           - 

— 

14,061 

9,946 

24,907 

6- 

149,442 

Iron       ... 

— 

10,838 

3,490 

19,788 

3- 

59,184 

Copper  ... 

— 

54 

3,288 

2,343 

20- 

40,840 

Amber,  false     - 

chests 

43 

— 

43 

20- 

840 

Betel  nut 

jpls. 

23,755 

3,005 

25,760 

3- 

77,280 

Kiclio  de  mar    - 

134 

— 

134 

6- 

604 

Birds'  nosta 

catties 

373 

— 

373 

20- 

7,460 

Camplior  baroos 

— 

131 

— 

121 

40- 

4,840 

Cotton,  Bengal  - 

pis. 

240,198 

— 

240,198 

T.    9- 

3,002,400 

Bombay 

347,5S0 

— 

347,580 

8-5 

4,103,375 

Madras 

— 

89,579 

— 

89,579 

0- 

1,119,738 

Cornelians 

value 

135,700 

— 

135,700 

— 

135,700 

Cloves   -          -          - 

pis. 

198 

122 

320 

28- 

8,960 

Ebony    -           .           - 

9,796 

— 

9,796 

3- 

29,388 

eiepliants'  teeth 

— 

538 

— 

533 

85- 

45,220 

Fish  maws 

— 

1,501 

— 

1,501 

55- 

88,555 

Glass  beads 

chests 

10 

^ 

10 

18- 

180 

Gum  olibanum  - 

_pls. 

3,820 

— 

3,820 

3- 

11,460 

animi 

157 

— 

157 

4- 

628 

myrrh 

— . 

205 

— 

305 

6- 

1,025 

copal 

— 

67 

— 

67 

20- 

1,340 

bdellium  - 

— 

1,234 

— 

1,234 

4- 

4,036 

Horns,  Rhinoceros 

... 

30 

— 

80 

20- 

400 

Unicorn 

— . 

63 

— 

63 

40- 

3,.520 

Knyabuco  wood 

— 

33 

— 

33 

5- 

165 

Mother  Cloves  - 

** 

46 

— 

46 

10- 

460 

Mother  o'-l'earl  shells 

— 

1,649 

449 

2,068 

4- 

8,272 

Nutmegs 

— 

— 

39 

39 

120- 

4,680 

Opium,  Patna   - 

chests 

7,192 

— 

7,192 

778- 

5,595,376 

Benares 

— 

2,575 

5 

2,580 

683- 

1,762,140 

Malwa 

— 

17,687 

— 

17,687 

675- 

11,938,725 

Turkey 

pis. 

298 

446 

738 

611- 

450,918 

Pearls  ... 

value 

120,000 

— 

120,000 

— 

120,000 

Pepper 

£U. 

12,311 

2,293 

14,603 

8- 

116,624 

Pimento 

30 

^ 

30 

10- 

300 

Piitchuck 

_ 

357 

— 

357 

IB- 

6,426 

Rattans 

_ 

8,155 

3,781 

ll,93fr 

S' 

.<I5,808 

Rice       ... 

— 

218,949 

577,578 

796,!i27 

1-50 

1,194,791 

Saltpetre 

— 

10,031 

— 

10,031 

7-50 

75,233 

Sandal  wood     - 

— 

10,335 

— 

10,335 

22- 

227,159 

Sapan  wood     - 

— 

143 

— 

143 

3- 

426 

Sen-horse  teeth 

_ 

44 

— 

44 

40- 

1,760 

Shark  fins 

.— 

4.650 

— 

4,650 

26- 

120,900 

Skins,  beaver   - 

No. 

^ 

1,465 

1,465 

4- 

5,860 

fox 

— 

— 

1,198 

I,19S 

1-20 

1,438 

land  otter 

— 

7,376 

6,773 

14,119 

6- 

84,894 

rabbit 

— 

9,980 

560 

1,394 

40- 

65,760 

sea  otter 

... 

634 

310 

1,023 

4- 

4,092 

ditto  tails 

— 

713 

- 

0,980 

•50 

4,990 

musk-rat 

— 

4,735 

410 

S,I45 

1- 

5,145 

Soap      .          -          - 

pis. 

162 

— 

163 

3- 

488 

Stock  fish 

1,195 

— 

1,195 

6- 

5,975 

Sundries 

value 

77,224 

8,450 

85,674 

_ 

65,674 

Treasure,  gold  - 

— 

5,919 

— 

5,912 

— 

5,918 

plata  pina    - 
bar  silver     - 

— 

87,393 

35,485 

122,678 

— 

122,878 

— 

70,226 

— 

70,226 

— 

70,226 

dollars 

— 

307,409 

428,485 

73.'>,694 

— 

735,&94 

Ba'.anco 
Spanish  dollars  - 

^ 

"** 

— 

— 

— 

352,891 

— 

— 

— 

— 

38,579,358 

Account  of  the  Export  Trade  by  British  and  American  Vessels  at  Canton,  from  1st  July,  1836,  to  30th 

June,  1837. 


Eiporti. 

Briljsh  Sbipl. 

American  Shipe. 

Total  Quanllly. 

Trice  prryurd, 
piece,  Xic< 

ToMl  Value  Id 
bpaiiikh  U<pllan. 

Alum     - 

-        pis. 

35,632 

10 

30,642 

dol.      2-50 

65,105 

Anniseed 

.     value 

4,213 

soo 

4,413 

— 

4,413 

Arsenic  - 

•    chests 

114 

— 

114 

10- 

1,140 

Il'ini;les  - 

— 

66 

- 

66 

50' 

3,300 

Baskets  • 

.     value 

120 

130 

120 

_• 

120 

Beads     - 

-    chests 

l.S'.S 

1,.S15 

18- 

24,210 

Brass  leaf 

— 

2nl 

— 

231 

45- 

10,395 

Bricks    - 

No. 

100,000 

— 

100,m)0 

5' 

500 

Ciiinphor 

•     value 

28,489 

69,300 

97,779 

— 

97,779 

Cnpoor  cutcherj 

r           .    chests 

78 

— 

78 

6- 

468 

Cassia    - 

.     value 

68,375 

60,900 

119,275 

— 

119,275 

Cassia  buds 

.        pis. 

— 

30 

30 

11- 

430 

I    I    : 


iir  i' 


.!  I!, 


i.-ii:^ 


i'ii 


1  ,           '  ( 

i:;      :  -  .. 

»•:      Hit 


310 


CANTON. 


Account  of  Exports.— eon(iiiu<iI. 

Eiporli. 

Brilltta  Shipi. 

American  Shipi. 

Trial  QuMlily. 

Price  per  van), 
piece,  «c. 

Total  Vaine  in 
Spaniih  Uollan. 

China  ware 

value 

16,340 

32,179 

48,525 

— 

48,525 

ditto  ink 

catties 

2S1 

231 

1- 

231 

ditto  root 

pis. 

66S 

66) 

350 

2,328 

Cocliineal 

153 



153 

160- 

27,540 

Copper  ... 

— 

11 

-f. 

11 

20- 

220 

ditto,  wliito    - 

boxes 

49 



49 

60- 

2,450 

ditto,  wnre 

value 

830 

_ 

830 

— 

8;io 

Corals,  false 

chests 

124 

_^ 

124 

40- 

4,960 

Cotton  yarn 

pis. 

9,643 

_ 

5,613 

40- 

225,720 

Crackers 

boxes 

3,762 

21,700 

35,462 

— 

86,748 

DrnKoii's  Mood 

pis. 

« 

6 

e 

60- 

360 

Fans  anil  fire  icrsens  - 

No. 

„-, 

161,143 

161,143 

150 

2,417 

Feather  fans      - 

— 



9,200 

2,200 

40 

880 

Gulangal 

£ls. 

960 

127 

393 

3'50 

1,376 

Gamboge 

_ 

13 

13 

55- 

715 

Gauze    -           -           - 

value 

300 

10,100 

10,400 

— 

10,400 

Gold  ware 

— 

4,450 

4,450 

— 

4,400 

Grass  cloth 

,  — 

4,120 

.103,940 

108,060 

— 

108,060 

Gum  Kunjuinin 

chests 

38 

38 

40- 

1,.520 

Hnrtall  - 

pis. 

613 

__ 

613 

14- 

8,568 

Hnts       - 

boxes 

56 

_. 

56 

50- 

2,S00 

Ivory  ware 

value 

2,200 

5,528 

7.728 

— 

7,728 

Kettisall'a 

chests 

2,007 

8,007 

Il- 

22,077 

ditto,    silk  - 

— 

61 



61 

ls- 

793 

Lacquered  ware 

— 

3,630 

5,929 

9,559 

— 

9,559 

Mttrhle  slabs 

boxes 

3,8.'i6 

3,850 

5- 

19,280 

Matting 

value 

4,532 

105,368 

109,900 

— 

109,900 

Mats,  bamboo   - 

— 

__ 

33 

S3 

.— 

33 

Pearl  buttons    - 

gross 



184,300 

184,.'«)0 

10.  cts. 

18,430 

slabs 

value 



50 

50 

— 

50 

Musk      .           -           . 

— 

17,f)00 

17,600 

— 

17,600 

Nankeens          - 

— 

108,718 

32,686 

141,404 

— 

141,404 

Oils  spico 

pis. 

78 

173 

251 

-~ 

?3,100 

Paper     .           -           . 

value 

38,113 

200 

38,313 

— 

38,313 

Pearls,  false 

— 

13,991 

13,991 

— 

13,201 

seed 

— 

105 

_ 

105 

— 

105 

Preserves 

boxes 

1,050 

.. 

!i,o.')0 

4- 

4,200 

Rattans,  split    - 

pis. 

100 

100 

20- 

2,(K)0 

Rhubarb 

122 

9,j 

217 



67,276 

Raw  silk 

— 

20,197 

125 

20,522 



8,154,766 

Silk  piece  Roods 

value 

338,212 

2,006,313 

2,344,525 

— 

2,344,525 

Silver  ware 

— 

4,645 

4,6« 

— 

4,645 

Sugar     -           - 

pts. 

63,803 

15,469 

79,272 

— 

584,552 

Sutra  r  candy 

— 

31,377 

40 

31,417 

.— . 

305,31)4 

Sweetmeats 

boxes 

1,161 

2  225 

3,3H6 

— 

36,375 

Sewing  silk 

pis. 

'410 

410 

450- 

184,500 

Tea 

Tnpla 

Bohea 

pis. 

1,119 

1,266 

2,115 

30,90 1 

Congo 

— 

183,509 

183,.'fl!) 

5,872,28S 

'  '  \"  '" 

Caper 

— 

5,094 

.» 

5,0iH 

132,444 

.■.U''-*  .f.'.  ■■ 

Souchong   - 

— 

19,100 

17,4S3 

36,.'i83 

1,304,660 

■'!  > 

Pouchong    - 

— 

_ 

2,322 

2,322 

58,050 

■  '•'■,  ■',  ■"■' 

Campnl 

— 

287 

287 

8,010 

•■  ^  ;?  . 

Ankoi 

— 

1,274 

__ 

1,274 

26,754 

■■'-  /■ 

Ilongmuey 

— 

3,989 

._ 

3,080 

1«,648 

.  ^  J' , 

Pekoe 

— 

2,952 

802 

3,7.04 

2,-!3,652 

Orange  Pekoe 

Black 
Hj'son 

- 

7,08-! 

7,089 

910,728 

11,131,581 

224,442 

21,873 

— 

8,014,740 

10,923 

9,993 

iO.Olfi 

1,664,988 

Young  hyson 

— 

5,118 

6;l,278 

(  8,3!M1 

1,966,268 

Hyson  skin 

— 

12,013 

12,524 

S5,l:!7 

603,406 

Twankay    - 

— 

31,448 

3,181 

.'•4,029 

1,001,060 

Gunpowder 

— 

4,587 

7,700 

12,377 

655,516 

Imperial     - 
Green 
Not  specified 

- 

3,149 

5,722 

8,871 

442,129 

8,796,468 
3i7.0l8 

76,838 

102,488 

— 

6,333,457 

6,n2'> 



6,925 

235,450 

Tilps      - 

No. 

21, OIK) 

— 

21,001) 

10 

210 

Toliacco 

pis. 

400 

— 

400 

25 

10,000 

Trunks 

sets 

329 

157 

486 



10,SI9 

Umbrellas 

chestii 

200 



200 

20 

4.000 

Velvet    ... 

boxes 

119 

. 

119 

70 

8,3,'!0 

Vermilion 

— 

],nf)6 

_- 

1,006 

63 

60,048 

Sundries 

value 

62,61. ■S 

2,257 

6 '.,902 

— 

6-»,9fl2 

Treasuie,  gold  - 

tacis 

4;t,910 

— 

43,919 

23-.'i0 

1,032.096 

sycee 

— 

2,058,754 

— 

2,058,754 

5  per  cent. 

3,002,3''9 

dollars,  Sp. 

. 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1^,M'> 

ditto,  S.  A. 

- 

68,301 

— 

68,304 

3  per  cent. 

66,255 

Diabiirsements  on 

171  British  ships     ' 
90  American  do.    • 

Spanish  dollars  - 

■ 

561,000 

177,000 

— 

— 

73i:;,ooo 

- 

— 

— 

— 

38,579,358 

[Wa 
States  I 


Youn! 
I  Hv»<"i 
Ilvsiin 
ToiikH 
Oimi'ii' 
1  Imperil 
Boliea 
SnuclK 
Pouch! 
Pecco 
Congo 


Sup.) 


CANTON. 


311 


[W«  And  the  following  account  of  the  Te< 
States  between  June  30th,  1837,  and  the  sai 


and  Silks  exported  from  Canton  to  the  United 
0  (late  in  1838. 


Tew. 

Sllu,                                               1 

" 

Chests. 

Crnpc  shawls 

. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

19,811 

Vouns  hyson 

. 

. 

. 

-    70,146 

Hanilkerchiefs 

. 

- 

. 

piocea 

38,212 

Hvdim 

• 

. 

. 

-    13,112 

I.ini'hcwB 

. 

- 

. 

— 

2,5.16 

IlVsiin  skin 

• 

. 

. 

-    20,98B 

Sarsnets 

. 

• 

. 

— 

2,ti92 

ToiikHy     - 

. 

. 

• 

561 

I.evHntliieg 

. 

- 

. 

— 

375 

GiiiiiHiwiler 

_ 

. 

. 

-      8.343 

8ntin  do. 

. 

. 

. 

— 

POO 

Inipcriai 

. 

. 

. 

-      6,911 

Satins 

- 

• 

• 

— 

1,200 

Onliea 

■• 

• 

• 

-   none. 

Satin  dnmusk 

- 

• 

- 

— 

50 

Souchong 

. 

. 

. 

.    51,378 

(:nnil)lets 

. 

. 

. 

— 

74 

rmichong 

• 

. 

. 

-      7,720 

Pongees 

- 

- 

. 

— 

24,215 

Pecco 

«i;,*» 

't     . 

. 

-      3,18« 

Mixed  lustrings 

- 

. 

. 

— 

5f-0 

Congo 

. 

. 

. 

757 

Crapes 

. 

. 

• 

— 

22 

Sewings 

- 

- 

- 

peciils 

31 

Total 

- 

- 

- 

-  183,100 

The  above  amount  of  teas  is  stated  to  be  about  10,000  chests  less  than  the  average  of  the 
six  yeaxa  preceding. — Am.  Ed.] 

C.\NVAS  (Fr.  Toiled  voik;  Gcr.  Segelhich  ;  I(.  Canrvaszn,  Lmia  ;  Rua.  Pantxsnne 
pohtnii,  Paruss'mn;  Sp,  Lona),  tinblcached  clnth  of  hemp  or  flax,  chiefly  uped  for  sails  for 
ehipping.  Masters  of  ships  are  required  to  make  entry  of  all  foreign-made  sails  and  cordage, 
not  being  standing  or  running  rigging,  in  use  on  Ix^ard  their  respective  ships,  under  a  penally 
of  100/.  Sails  in  actual  use,  and  fit  and  necessary  for  such  ship,  are  imj)orted  free ;  but 
when  otherwise  disposed  of,  they  are  liable  to  an  ad  vahirem  duty  of  20  per  cent. — !!  &  4 
Will.  4.  c.  56.)  It  had  been  the  practice  for  a  considerable  period  to  grant  bounties  on  the 
exportation  of  canvas  or  sail-cloth  ;  these,  however,  finally  ceased  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1833.  By  an  act  passed  in  the  reign  of  Geo.  2.,  new  sails  were  ordered  to  be  stamped  with 
the  maker's  name  and  place  of  abode  ;  but  this  regulation  was  repealed  by  the  10  Geo.  4.  c. 
43.  §  9. 

CAOUTCHOUC.  "  This  substance,  which  has  been  improperly  termed  elastic  gum, 
and  vulgarly,  from  its  common  application  to  rub  out  pencil  marks  on  paper,  India  rubber, 
is  obtained  from  the  milky  juice  of  diftcrcnt  plants  in  hot  countries.  The  chief  of  these  are 
the  Jatropha  elastica,  and  Urceola  elastica.  The  juice  is  applied  in  successive  coatings  on 
a  mould  of  clay,  and  dried  by  the  fire  or  in  the  sun  ;  and  when  of  a  suiHciont  thickness,  the 
mould  is  crushed,  and  the  pieces  shaken  out^  Acid.s  separate  the  caoutchouc  from  the  thm- 
ner  part  of  the  juice  at  onc%by  coagulating  it.  The  juice  of  old  ])lants  yields  nearly  two 
thirds  of  its  weight;  that  of  younger  plants  less.  Its  colour,  when  fresh,  is  yellowish  white, 
but  it  grows  darker  by  exposure  to  the  air.  The  elasticity  of  this  substince  is  its  most 
remarkable  property  ;  when  warmed,  as  by  immersion  in  hot  water,  slips  of  it  may  be  drawn 
out  to  7  or  8  times  their  original  length,  and  will  return  to  their  former  dimensions  nearly. 
Cold  renders  it  stiff  and  rigid,  but  warmth  restores  its  original  elasticity.  Exposed  to  the 
fire,  it  softens,  swells  up,  arid  burns  with  a  bright  flame.  In  Cayenne  it  is  used  to  give  light 
as  a  candle." — ( t/re's  Dictionary.) 

Caoutchouc  promises  to  become  an  article  of  very  considerable  importance.  M.  do  la 
Condamine,  who  was  one  of  the  first  to  communicate  authentic  information  with  respect  to 
it,  mentions,  that,  owing  to  its  being  impervious  to  water,  it  was'  made  into  boots  by  the 
Indians. — {^Voyage  de  la  Riviere  des  Amazones,  p.  76.)  It  is  now  employed  in  a  similar 
way  here.  Means  have,  within  these  few  years,  been  discovered  of  reducing  it  to  a  state  of 
solution ;  and  when  thin  filaments  of  it  are  spread  over  cloth,  or  any  other  substance,  it  is 
rendered  impervious  alike  to  air  and  water.  Air  cushions  and  pillows  arc  manufactured  in 
this  way  ;  as  are  water-proof  cloaks,  hats  boots,  shoes,  &c.  It  is  also  extensively  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  braces  and  other  articles  which  it  is  desirable  should  possess  considerable 
elasticity  ;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  will  be  employed  still  mure  extensively,  and 
in  a  still  greater  variety  of  ways. 

Previously  to  1830,  the  iniportiitions  of  caoutchouc  were  compnrttively  incnriFideralile.  In  that 
year  tliey  amounted  to  about  52,000  Ib.s.;  wliile,  during  the  year  ended  the  5t)i  of  April,  l'>3.t,  the  quan- 
tity entered  for  consumption  amounted  to  178,t)7fi  Ihs.  Its  price  varies  from  6i/.  to  'is.  (>d.  per  II).  The 
duly  has  been  Judiciously  reduced  from  6d.  per  lb.  to  U.  per  cwt. 

CAPERS  (Fr.  Caprea  ,•  Ger,  Koppern  ,•  IDu.  Knppers  ,•  It.  Cappari/  S^.  Alcapar- 
ras  (  Raa,  Kaperazil ;  Lat.  Capparis),  the  pickled  buds  of  the  Cappuris  spiiwm,  a  low 
shrub,  generally  growing  out  of  the  joints  of  old  walls,  and  the  fissures  of  rocks,  in  most  of 
the  warm  parts  of  Europe.  Capers  are  imported  into  Great  Britain  from  different  parts 
of  the  Mediterranean  ;  the  best  from  Toulon  in  France.  Some  small  suit  capers  come  from 
Majorca,  and  a  few  flat  ones  from  about  Lyons.  The  duty  of  Gd.  jier  lb.  on  capers  pro- 
duced, in  1832,  1,553/.  5».  \d,  nett,  showing  that  C2,13U  lbs.  had  been  entered  for  home 
consumption. 

CAPE-TOWN,  the  capital  of  the  British  territory  in  South  Africa;  lot.  33°  55'  56"  8., 
long.  18"  21'  E.  It  lies  ot  the  bottom  of  Table  Bay,  about  33  miles  north  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope ;  and  on  tlie  western  side  of  the  territory  to  which  it  givea  its  name.    The 


I) . 


^'.' 


u, 


I 


812 


CAPE-TOWN. 


town  was  founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1650 ;  and  remained,  with  the  territory  aubject  to  it,  m 
their  pjMossion  till  it  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1795.  It  wai  restored  to  the  Dutch  by  the 
treaty  of  Amiens ;  but  being  agam  captured  by  the  British  in  1806,  it  was  finally  cinlcd  to 
us  in  1815.  The  streets  are  laid  out  in  straight  lines,  crosHing  each  other  at  right  angles; 
many  of  ihcra  being  watered  by  canals,  and  ])lanted  on  each  side  with  oaks.  The  popula- 
tion in  1839-30  amounted,  according  to  the  statement  in  the  Cape  Almanac,  to  13,103 
free  persons  and  5,838  slaves,  making  together  18,491,  The  town  is  defended  by  a  castle 
of  considerable  strength.  Table  Bay  is  capable  of  containing  any  number  of  ships;  but  it  is 
exposed  to  tlie  westerly  winds,  which,  during  the  months  of  June,  .luly,  and  Aui^ust,  tliruw 
in  a  heavy  swell,  that  has  been  productive  of  many  distressing  accidents.  This  in  fact,  \t 
the  great  drawback  upon  Cape-Town,  which  in  all  other  res]>ects  is  most  admirably  fitbd 
for  a  commercial  station.  At  the  proper  season,  however,  or  during  the  prevalence  of  tlie 
easterly  monsoon.  Table  Bay  is  perfectly  safe ;  while  the  cheapness  and  abundance  of  pro- 
visions, the  healthiness  of  the  climate,  and  alwve  all  its  position,  render  it  a  peculiarly  desira- 
ble resting  [ilace  for  ships  bound  to  or  from  India,  China,  Australia,  &c. 

The  subjoined  plan  of  Table  Bay  is  taken  from  the  survey  of  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope, 
executed  by  Lieut  Vidal  and  others,  under  the  direction  of  Captain  Owen. 


CAPE-TOWN. 


uw 


Stftmeei  ta  tke  Ptan.—A,  1lBW-hmi«e,  fiirnlsherl  with  doiilile  1I?W».  TTiey  m«y  be  iit«n  etesrly  r>ff 
deck  At  16  ■"■'•^■' diatniice  i  but  thuy  do  nut  nppeur  <loiilj|e  till  within  6  nr  7  milei  tn  the  weitwarit  | 
frnni  lh«  nnrthward  only  one  liitht  is  Reen.  1),  Lion's  Rump.  C,  ThUh  Mountnin.  U,  Devil's  Peak, 
Id  iBt.  33°  S7' 3".    E,  Rolibin  Island.    F,  Salt  River.    The  llgiiref  denote  the  soundings  In  futhnnis. 

Port  Initruetiont.—Krt.  1.  On  the  arrival  of  merchant  vessels  in  Tnlile  Bay,  a  proper  berth  will  ba 
pointed  nut  to  the  masters  thereof  by  the  port  captain,  when  he  boards  them  i  Hnd  no  master  nfn  mer- 
chant vensel  shall  shift  his  berth  without  permission  from  the  port  captain,  unless  in  case  of  extreme 
emergenry,  when  he  nmst  report  his  having  done  so  as  eiirly  as  possilile  at  the  Port-office. 

'i.  i^linuld  it  be  the  intention  of  a  ninster  of  a  vessel  to  dischurtte  or  receive  on  hoard  any  ronsidcr- 
sblii  qiiHiitity  of  merchandise,  a  berth  will  be  pointed  out  to  him  aH  ciosc  to  the  Jotty,  or  other  landing 
place,  as  the  safety  of  the  vessel  and  other  circumstances  will  admit.  And  the  master  will  then  nmur 
with  two  bower  anchors,  with  an  open  hawse  to  the  N.  N.  E.,  takini  especial  care,  in  so  mnDrlng,  not 
to  overlay  the  anchors  of  any  other  ship,  nr  in  any  way  to  give  the  vessel  near  him  a  foul  ln'rth, 
8hlpa  and  vessels  touching  In  Table  Bay  fur  water  and  refreshiiicnts  alone,  may  ride  at  sin|;lR  anchor 
In  the  outer  anchorage  ;  hut  in  this  case  it  is  particularly  recommended  to  veer  out  80  or  90  fathoma, 
if  they  ride  by  a  chain  cable,  as  the  liability  of  starting  or  fouling  the  anchor,  or  breaking  the  chain, 
will  therelty  be  greatly  lessened ;  and  \f  riding  by  a  ro|Mi  nr  coir  cable,  to  run  out  a  stream  or  g 'od 
kcdge,  to  steady  the  ship ;  and  in  both  canes  the  other  bower  anchor  should  bo  kept  in  perfect  ri>adi- 
nets  to  let  go.  When  the  vessel  is  properly  moored  with  bower  anchors,  or  well  secured  with  a  bower 
and  stream  anchor,  and  witli  good  cal)lo8,  buoys,  and  buoy-  ropes,  the  master  will  then  take  the  exact 
place  of  the  ship  by  the  bearings  of  2  land-marks,  and  the  depth  of  the  water ;  and  should  accident 
occur,  by  which  the  vessel  may  drift  from  this  situation,  or  lose  her  anchors,  a  good  bearing  and  depth 
of  water  must  be  taken  at  the  time,  and  the  same  must  be  notified  in  writing  to  the  port  captain.  It 
is  particularly  recommended  that  vessels  be  kept  as  snug  as  pnssit)Ie,  to  counteract  the  efldcts  of  the 
periodical  winds,  which  at  times  blow  with  considerable  violence. 

The  district  subject  to  Ca[)e-Town  in  of  very  great  extent,  and  contains  every  variety  of 
■oil,  from  the  richest  level  land  to  the  wildest  mountain,  and  tracts  destitute  of  even  the  ap- 
pearance of  vegetation.  The  climate  fluctuates  between  the  two  extremes  of  rain  and 
drought  On  the  whole,  its  advantages  and  disadvantages  seem  to  be  pretty  equally 
balanced ;  and  the  prospects  which  it  holds  out  to  the  industrious  emigrant,  if  not  very  allur- 
iiig,  are  certainly  not  discouraging. 

Population. — According  to  the  official  returns,  the  population  of  the  Gape  Colony,  in 
1834,  consisted  of— ■ 


Whites  and  Free  Coloured. 

Main.  Fenialea. 

60,440  66,418 


Negro  Apprentices,  formerly  Slaves. 

MiilM.  Femalra. 

19,580  16,580 


Total      I53,03T 


Produce. — Large  quantities  of  corn  of  a  very  good  description  are  produced  in  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  of  Cape- Town ;  but  '\X'j  free  exportation  is  restrainetl ;  none  being 
allowed  to  be  sent  abroad,  except  a  specified  quantity  decided  upon  by  government  after  an 
investigation  into  the  state  of  the  crops !  This  restriction,  Mr.  Thompson  tells  us  (  Travelt 
in  Southern  Africa,  p.  396.),  has  neither  produced  regular  prices  nor  averted  scarcity.  It 
has,  however,  been  in  no  common  degree  injurious  to  the  colony  ;  and  it  is  really  surprising 
that  systems  of  policy  universally  condemned  in  England  should  be  allowed  to  exert  a  per- 
nicious influence  over  any  of  our  colonies.  The  Mauritius  and  Rio  Janeiro  are  the  principal 
markets  for  the  corn  of  the  Cape. 

Large  quantities  of  wine,  and  of  what  is  called  brandy,  are  produced  at  the  Cape ;  but, 
with  the  exception  of  Constantia,  they  are  very  inferior.  Objections  have  been  made  to  the 
duties  recently  imposed  on  Cape  wines ;  but,  as  it  appears  to  us,  without  any  good  founda- 
tion. The  real  effect  of  allowing  their  importation  at  a  comparatively  low  duty  is  not  to 
occasion  their  direct  consumption,  but  to  cause  them  to  be  employed  as  a  convenient  meana 
of  adulterating  others ;  so  that,  besides  being  injurious  to  the  revenue,  such  reduction  of  duty 
promotes  fraudulent  practices,  and  detracts  from  the  comforts  of  the  public. 

Considerable  quantities  of  hides,  skins,  and  horns  are  exported.  They  are  principally 
brought  from  Algoa  Bay,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  colony  ;  and  the  trade  has  increased  very 
fast  during  the  last  6  or  7  years.  Horses,  butter,  beef,  ivory,  whale  oil,  aloes,  argol,  and 
various  other  articles,  are  among  the  exports. 

The  imports  at  the  Cape  consist  of  woollens,  cottons,  hardware,  earthenware,  furniture, 
haberdashery,  soap,  paper,  books,  and  portions  of  most  articles  used  in  this  country.  Piece 
goods  and  teak  timber  are  imported  from  India,  tea  from  China,  sugar  from  India  and  the 
Mauritius,  &c. 

Revenue,  4-c. — The  total  revenue  of  the  Cape  Colony  for  the  year  18.33  amounted  to 
130,808/.  7».  S^rf.;  the  expenditure  for  the  same  year' was  126,889/.  Os.  9Jrf. ;  leaving  a 
balance  of  3,919/.  6«.  10J</.  in  favour  of  the  former. 

D-ade. — The  trade  between  the  colonists  and  the  independent  natives  is  subjectal  to 
various  restraints,  of  which  it  is  not  always  very  easy  to  discover  the  policy.  The  sale  of 
gunpowder  and  fire-arms  to  the  natives  has  been  prohibited  ;  a  regulation  which  might  have 
been  a  judicious  one,  had  they  not  been  able  to  obtain  them  from  any  one  else.  But  the 
.Americans  have  begun  to  trade  at  Natal,  on  the  eastern  coast,  and  have  liberally  supplied 
the  natives  with  these  and  various  other  articles ;  so  that  by  keeping  up  the  regulation  in 
question,  we  merely  exclude  ourselves  from  participating  in  what  might  bo  an  advantageous 
trade. 

Vol.  I.— 2  D  40 


'  .1 


»i      1 


',(!['<! 


«,     ; 


m 


314 


CAPE-TOWN. 


According  tnlhe  official  aceounti,  the  values  of  the  products  imported  into,  and  exported  frnm  ti,. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  lasi,  were  OS  under :—  "iromiue 


EiUmalol  Value  of  Importi. 

Ealimalal  Value  al  Export). 

0.  Britain. 

Drillih 
Colon  [ea. 

United 

Siatea. 

Otiier 
Foreign 
Slalea. 

Total. 

0.  Britain. 

Rriliih 
Colonicf. 

Unlled 
Slalet. 

Older 

Fnrt'iicu 
Kla:n. 



Total. 

Cipe-town    - 
SiiiionV  town 
Port-Eliiabcth      . 

Tola). 

£ 

279,049 

603 

66,968 

£ 

27,200 
3,338 
3,430 

~£ 

4,349 
6,391 

£ 

8(1,829 

392 

19 

£ 

3!)2,«27 
9,624 
6,317 

£ 

171,310 

6,797 

61,142 

£ 

I06,S30 

670 

4,1611 

£ 

4,603 
61 

£ 

14,W2 
4 

£ 

2!)7,5T4 
6,4.111 
63,796 

332,420 

33,988 

9,740 

66,640 

4^,768 

238,238 

111,356 

4,(361 

13.324 

369,602 

During  the  same  year,  the  ships  and  tonnage  entering  inwards  from,  and  clearing  outwards  to,  the 
undermentioned  countries,  were : — 


ship*  Inwardi. 

Sbipt  Oulwards. 

Porta. 
C.  Town. 

S.  Tnivn. 

r.  Eiz. 
Tolal 

0.  BrIUlD. 

a  Coloniea. 

Uniled 
SUIei. 

Other 

Foreign 
Slalea. 

Total. 

0.  Britain. 

B.  Colonies. 

United 

Slalea. 

Ulher 

Foreign 
Slalu. 

Total. 

.1 

7' 

c 

13 

loi 

i 

1 

V) 

8 
9 

i 

i 
1 

31 
21 
2 

i 

1 

i 

2W 
41 

2« 

MS 

J 

i 

113 
C 
U 

1 

4 

■s 

12 

(I 

1 

i 

1 

4 

:a 

41 
4 
6 

51 

J 

i 
J_ 

2f,'' 
4:! 
21 

350 

tS 

2-.,047 
3,141 
2,771 

3i,l40 

2,973 

_2^27 

40,340 

0,372  Si 

6,fi:l2:  4 

S.i9   2 

'i5i7'Si9t 

1841!! 

2,003 

171 

S8.I78 
13,749 
3,72S 

43.4  i7 
3,063 
1,9J7 

,10.900 
4,806 
1,210 

36,716 

2-^ 
19 

7,670 
^504 

li,-37 
I,2li2 
1,019 

96,.»4 
H,43-, 
4,166 

113.135 

30.959 

113 

20,593 

107,(iVi 

136 

30,447 

120 

44 

13,174 

I4,SI8 

Articles  exported  from  the  Cape. — The  following  account  of  the  exports  from  the  Cape  in  19'29  is  taken 
froin  th(!  Cape  Mmanae  for  1831.  It  is  the  most  complete  of  any  that  wo  have  seen,  and  its  accuracy 
may  be  depended  upon. 


Articles,  the  Produce  and  Manuflicture  of  the  Cape  Colony,  exported  during  1^20. 

Article!. 

Amount. 

Articles. 

AmnuDt. 

£      B.d. 

£    s.  d. 

Aloet,  373,736  Ibi.  and  61  caika  and  cam, 

esti- 

Salt,  2?8  muids              .... 

%%  16    0 

matfl  v^ilue    .... 

• 

2,794    0   0 

Shpf  p,  3,292  iu  number ;  pigs,  33 ;  goals,  2    - 

1,306  10    0 

AiXfil,  22,422  llM. 

• 

535    0    0 

Spirits,  vis. 

Butter,  I0i,5l9  Ibi.  and  I52e!ukf  and  Jan 

. 

6,570  16    4l 

Brandy,  1,408  1-2  lallons 

83    0    0 

Beef,  pork,  and  tongues,  lalted,  1,780  casks  and 

Liqueurs,  24  gallons      • 

20    0    0 

!ien 

4,33S    T    li 

Soap,  1,218  lbs.              .... 
Saddlery  and  h?imflSB    .          -          ■          . 

24    0    0 

Rfcr,  3,306  gallons         <            • 

240    0    0 

23    0    0 

Biscuits  and  ruiks,  20,000  lbs.    -          • 

228    0    0 

Skins,  viz. 

Com,  rrain,  meal,  &c.,  vis. 

Goat,  91,781  pieces  and  55  bundles       • 

514  15    0 

Barley  and  ojtj,  13,353  muijs      . 

4,163    6    0 

Seal,  3,92!' piecia 

8.^l    0    0 

Beans  ami  pe.M,  60  muids 

97    0    0 

Sheep,  77,343  pieces 

3,703    0    0 

Bmn,  36,332  lbs. 

121    0    0 

Ctlf,  1,414  pieces  and  2  bundles 

169    0    0 

Flour,  7?'.224  lbs. 

866    0    0 

Bsbbil  and  mole,  480  pieces 

14    0    0 

Wheal,  24,236  muldt 

23,449    0    0 

Karnmoii,  1  case              -           •           - 

7  10    0 

Cheese 

31  10    0 

Tallow,  13.333  lbs 

408    0    0 

Curiosities          -          •           •%        . 

467  12    6 

Vinegar,  428  gallons      .... 

13    0    0 

Conffclionery     -           •            •           . 

29    0    0 

Wine,  orlinary,  1,548.977  1-2  gallons 

146,936    0    0 

Caudles,  11,584  lbs. 

3S3    0    0 

Consrniitia,  2,874  Kaltons 

2,137    0    0 

Carriages          .... 

39    0    0 

Wool,  33,280  lbs.  and  ;  1  bags 

\,13a    0    0 

Fralhers,  ostrich,  539  lbs.  ud  31  boxes 

1,917    0    0 

Wno.1     .           .         '.  ^    . 

73  10    0 

Fish 

1..389  10    S 

Wlialebone,  13,038  lbs.  ud  229  bundles 

1A"«  0  0 

Fruits,  driel,  133,333  lbs. 

4^    0    0 

Wax,  bees',  910  lbs 

22    0    0 

s^en      .... 

49    0    0 

Zebras,  4  head               .          .          •           . 

148    0    0 

Garden  see<Is  and  bulbs  .          •          • 

413    2    0 

Gum.  16,9-13  IIm.  ani  2  cases     • 

96    0    0 

Hides,  hone  and  oi,  79,033  pieces 
Horns,  244.610  in  number 

33,722  18    6t 
5,919    6    O' 

SuppVti  to  hit  Mttjaly'i  Nimj. 

r>y,  29,160  lbs. 

79    0    0 

Beef,  fresh.  137,662  lbs,            •          •           . 

717    0    0 

Ilnrtes.  314  in  number  . 

8,753    0    0 

Biscuit,  2i9,lil6  Ihs 

2,a->9    0    0 

Ivorv.  '25,497  lbs.  and  227  tusks,  bundles 

and 

Bread,  soft.  118,480  lbs. 

740   0   0 

casks                .           -            -           . 

3,7.59    0    0 

Flour,  37, 122  lbs.           •            •           •            • 

632    0   0 

I.ime,  72  half  aams 

10    0    0 

Hay,  3,630  lln,               .... 

»!    0    0 

I«lher,  2  ca.ws 

10    0    0 

Rvisins.  10,722  lbs 

191    0   0 

Mules,  48  hearj 

688    0    0 

Sheep,  34  in  number,  and  oxen  23       - 

83    0    0 

nil,  whale,  34,662  callons  and  90  ouka 

4,(H3    6    0 

Vetetablfs,  30,013  lbs 

306    0    0 

Oxen,  iMws,  and  calves,  444  bead 

1,782    0    0 

Wine.  ordin.-iry,  18,001  Imperial  quarts 

l,4S2    0    0 

Polonies              -           ,           .           , 
Poialoca  ud  onions,  367  muidt 

63    0    0 
169    0    0 

Total  estimated  value  of  colonial  pm.^ 
duce    and    manufactures    exporleil  >  L. 

285,247  IS  ICi 

Poultry               .... 

138    0    0 

durincHieyear  IS29.         •           -     ) 

CusTOM-Houae  Reouiutions,  Feea,  &c. 


,iA^    n' 


On  AdminUm  of  a  Ship  to  Entry,  ofttproe— 

1.  The  sliip's  register  must  be  lodged  In  the  Custom-house,  until 
the  venet  cItMr  as;ain  for  ipa, 

2.  The  imnifest  of  the  cargo  on  boanl  for  this  place  must  be  de* 
pn^tited  'hfre. 

3  The  cnc-kets  of  ranpes  shipped  fmm  tmj  phce  In  Great  Britain 
or  Ireland  for  Ihii  place  must  atsn  be  deposiVd  there. 

From  the  etiJorseineiit  of  such  cockeN,  an  extract  is  to  be  male, 
which  will  show  the  aintcnts  of  the  dilTerent  package?  on  brard, 
and  facilitate  the  makin;;  out  nt  the  entritis. 

4.  In  making  "ut  the  dectaralinni,  the  value  hj  Invoice  of  the 
different  cnnmio  lilies  muBt  be  (fiven  by  the  Importer,  in  order  In 
enable  Ihe  Cuatimi-house  to  estimate  the'duties  payable,  and  to  scivl 
ii:  to  envcnmient,  aiin'iilly,  the  rftjuirel  at.atement  uf  Ihe  total  duties 
receive.1  upon  the  several  articles  imported. 

In  tHe  clenring  of  a  Ship  ou'uwfi,  ofcierwf— 

1.  The  mMtt-r  must  produce  a  certiftcate  frnm  the  harbour  muter, 
flrtt  Ih*  'oniia^^  duties  nf  "he  port  have  *    an  paid. 

2.  The  (tx'i'irt  minir-st  m'J^t  l«  exA^.ninel  with  the  pftrmits 
Kran*i-'l,  in  rirlt^r  to  aicerUio  whether  package*  have  teen  shipped 
without  a  peruit. 


3.  Export  declarations  must  be  lent  In  by  *he  several  shlppe^^  o,* 
the  quantity  and  value  nf  i»ort'ts  or  pntduce  Hlilppftt  by  them,  in  or- 
der to  airertain  the  amount  of  the  export^  of  the  cr)totiy. 

4.  Wh.'n  Cape  wine  is  shipped  for  exportation  to  Entrland,  afliJ^- 
vft  of  Ihepirlicniar  diKrripiinn  of  such  wine  must  Iwleliiered,  and 
a  certificate  irniiied,  ti^  the  collector  or  pomptroller  of  customs,  to 
thi*  master,  of  hi^  hivmt  received  such  affidavit 

3.  Manifeits,  in  tiiplicate.  of  sut^h  <oods  as  are  shipped  from  the 
Caije  for  Great  Britain,  niust  be  deliverel,  sljcned,  and  sworn  to  by 
the  master,  before  the  collerlnr  or  comptroller. 

The  original  of  which  is  to  be  rtlurned  to  the  nuster  to  accompa- 
ny the  cariEo. 

TtiB  duplicate  to  be  forwarded,  by  the  first cnvetanre  sailing 
Rul«ct)urritly  to  the  vmspI  cnnt.iintnif  tin*  or'<in»1,  to  the  commit* 
sioners  of  customs  in  England  or  Scotland  respectively,  ai  the  case 
niny  happen. 

And  the  triplicate,  written  ou  or  covered  with  a  shimp,  to  remala 
asaunfTice  copy. 

y.  J?._Shtps  taking  In  carfoes  for  other  parts  of  (he  world,  are 
required  to  deliver  uuty  uriginaJ  ajiJ  duplicate  manifests. 


./    CAPE-TOWN. 


815 


Tobl. 


£ 

297,574 
6,432 

6.'i,7a6 


rda  to,  tlie 

Totil. 

t 

^ 

H 

2hn 

96,;V).l 

4;i 

14,43, 

'i\ 

4,IUi 

350 

U3,l3a 

Amount. 

£  s.  a 

29  16    0 

,50G  10    0 

85   0   0 

20    0    0 

24    0    0 

23    0    0 

514  15    0 

KM    0    0  ' 

,"03    0    0 

169    0    0 

14    0    0 

7  10   0 

409    0    0 

13    0    0 

,036    0    0 

,137    0    0 

,220    0    0 

73  10    0 

^M    0    0 

22    0    0 

146    0   0 

717    0    0 

R-.9    0    0 

740    0    0 

B32    0    0 

26    0    0 

191    0    0 

S3    0    0 

306    0    0 

432    0    0 

247  16  10^ 

/Jucriipd'on  o/  Stttmpt  required*  L.  f .  tf. 

ffiam  1  to  10  tODi  of  goods  ihipped  from  the  Cap*  -    0    7    6 

"     10.  20  •  -     "^    .  -  .  .    0  15    0 

i20  •  60  ■  ■  •  •     1  10    0 

50  and  upwardt  •  •  •  •  -250 

fi.  When  irhx'fl  nil  or  whale  bone  It  shipped  fmm  the  Cape  For 
Enitanii,  the  jirnprietor  of  llie  vrhn\n  fishery  is  In  make  reith,  before 
thccollt'cloror  coriiplmller,  Unt  the  same  were  bo/iayiJe  the  pm 
(jDcenf  lull,  or  creatures  living  in  the  sea,  actually  taken  and  caii)(ht 
wholly  *>)'  his  M-ijrsty's  subjects  usually  reii>tiiiK  m  this  colony ;  and 
(fietollecloror  coniptioller  is  tn  srant  a  crrlitioate  under  his  tiand 
aiid  leil  to  the  master,  '.eatifyinf  that  such  oath  bath  beea  made  tie* 
fore  hiiii> 

7,  When  sailed  seal  skim  are  shipped  from  the  Cape  for  EnflarJ, 
thrihii'per  is  lo  mnkeonth  bernre  the  collector  or  comptroller,  thai 
the  ssme  are  really  an<l  brnxafidt  the  skins  of  sells  taken  and  caujf  Nt 
on  the  roast  appertaining  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  wholly  by  his 
Miksly'saulijccls  usually  residinjt  in  this  cilnny;  and  that  all  the 
uK  used  in  the  curing  or  preserving  of  Ihe  same  was  nut  made  in, 
or  expoilr'd  fr>ni,  Great  Ilriiain  or  Ireland  ;  and  Ihe  collector  or 
comptmller  is  to  unnt  a  certificate  to  the  mahtei-  accord iuij;ly. 

H.  Ihe  orii{lnal  manifest,  an.!  a  copy  thereof,  oi  ships  touching  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  cargoes  from  the  eastward  for 
CoKlaiid,  to  he  delivered  and  sworn  to  by  tho  master  before  Ihe  col> 
lectnror  comptroller.  The  original  to  be  returm^  to  the  master, 
ind  the  copy  forwarded  from  the  Custom-bouse  loibe  commiasiouer 
of  cus'omi. 

9,  If  any  pirt  of  such  cargo  alia]]  be  discharged  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  the  collectororcomptrulteris  to  endorse  u|)on  theoiani' 
fejt  therirt  of  the  cargo  so  discharged,  and  verify  the  lanie. 


10.  Tne  usual  fet.s  to  be  charged,  vl&— 
En'rance      -  .  -  •  • 

Clearance  .... 

Unding  (ir  shipping)  cargo 
Ijndinf  (^r  shipping)  part  cargo     ' 
C.wsi«iH- :  finding  (or  shipping)  part  cargo 

Miuifest  of  gofxis  taken  in  here 


0  6 
0  fl 
0  15 
0  7 
0  1 
0    I 


Coutwtae:  Entrance— gratli 
Cleartnce  •  •  •  •  •  •    0    \    tk 

Landing  (or  shipping)  cargo        •  -  •  •030 

hi  obtaining  Penniht  obierve-- 

1.  No  credit  will  be  given  to  any  pinwrn  whatever. 

3.  The  duties  are  to  be  eoUecti^i  on  all  imports,  whether  intended 
for  private  use,  for  pretrnls,  or  for  trade  j  except  on  wearing  appa 
rel  accompanying  the  proprietor. 

Or  on  specie. 

On  garden  seedf. 

On  hortes  (en  lusive  of  geldings). 

On  goods  lodged  in  the  Custom  hiinte  s^om  for  exportation. 

On  goods  transhipped  in  the  bay  for  other  ports  (provided  neither 
bargain  nor  sale  of  thdfii  have  taken  place). 

On  naval  stores. 

On  goveriuueot  stores  (provided  an  order  be  sent  from  govern- 
ment). 

3<  If.  6d.  fs  charged  for  every  permit  for  goodn  exceeding  the 
value  of  7/.  10«,  ihippeo  or  landed,  and  9(1  on  goods  under  7i.  lOt. 
value ;  ai  also  9d.  for  every  bog^ge  permit, 

WharfagB  Pun.  L,    ».  d 

Every  pipe,  puncheon,  or  cask  equal  in  size  or  lai^er  than 

a  pipe 0    10 

Every  half-pipe,  or  any  description  of  cask  larger  than  a 

half>i)am  •  •  -  -  -  •  •    0    0   0 

For  every  hoist  at  the  crane  •  •  •  -000 

For  every  bono      •  -  •  •  •  -076 

For  all  oien  •  ■  •  •  -  -01 

For  ft  sheep  -  •  •  •  •  -00 

For  a  pig-  -  •  -  -  -  -00 

Forevery  case  measuring  )-2  a  ton,  or  larger      •  -   0    1 

Port  Duti. 

Upon  alt  vessels  enleriug  this  port  for  the  purpoees  of  trade,  pei 
ton,  4  l'2d. 

Upon  all  vpsstds  entering  this  port  to  procure  refreslunents,  or 
for  .luy  purpose  short  of  trade,  per  too,  2  1  -Ad. 


t 


Regulations  as  to  Trade. — All  Roods,  the  produce  or  innniiractiire  of  tlie  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  the 
tcrriforiea  or  dependencies  thereof,  are  subject  (on  imj>nrlation  into  Enplnnd)  to  the  same  duties  :i« 
are  imposed  on  the  like  articles,  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  Uritish  possessions  within  the 
liniits  of  itie  East  India  Company's  charter,  except  when  any  other  duty  is  expressly  laid  on  them.— 
(3ki  mil.  i.  e.  M.  i  9.) 

TliB  6  Geo.  4.  c.  114.  enacts, that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  order  In  council  to  be  is. 
tued  from  time  to  time,  to  i;ive  such  directions  and  mal<e  sucli  regulations  touching!  the  trade  and 
commerce  to  and  from  any  Uritish  possessions  in  Africa,  as  to  his  Majesty  in  council  sliall  appear  most 
expedient  and  salutary  ;  and  if  any  goods  be  imported  or  exported  in  any  manner  contrary  to  such  or- 
der of  his  Majesty  in  council,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited,  together  with  the  ship  importing  or  export- 
init  Ihe  same.—}  73. 

II  sliall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  re-export,  from  any  of  his  Majesty's  possessions  abroad,  to 
any  foreiijn  place,  any  coals,  the  produce  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  no  such  coals  shall  be  shipped 
at  any  of  such  possessions,  to  be  exported  to  any  Uritish  place,  until  the  exporter  or  the  master  of  the 
exporting  vessel  shall  have  given  bond,  with  one  suHicient  surety,  in  double  the  value  of  the  coals, 
tbat  such  coals  shall  not  be  landed  at  any  foreign  place. — i  85. 

It  sliall  be  lawful  for  the  shipper  of  any  wine,  the  produce  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  or  of  its  de- 
pendencies, which  is  to  be  exported  thence,  tn  go  before  the  chief  officer  of  customs,  and  make  and 
si^n  an  atfldavit  before  him,  that  such  wine  was  really  and  buna  fide  the  produce  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hone  or  of  its  dependencies  ;  and  such  ofBcer  is  hereby  authorised  and  required  to  adiiiiiiister  such 
atBil:ivit,  and  to  grant  a  certificate  thereof,  setting  forth  in  such  cerlitlcnte  the  name  of  the  ship  in 
which  the  wine  is  to  be  exported,  and  the  destination  of  the  same. —  $  78. 

Z)utit!9.— A  duty  of  Sj-  percent,  is  charged  on  the  importation  of  all  articles  of  the  growth,  produc- 
tion, or  manufacture  of  Great  Britain,  or  of  the  British  plantations  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  dut^  of  10  per  cent,  is  charged  on  the  importation  (by  British  vessels)  of  all  articles  of  the  growth, 
production,  or  manufacture  of  foreign  Europe,  America,  or  the  eastward  uf  the  Cape,  to  be  levied 
aicording  to  the  declaration  of  the  value  by  the  importer.  No  abatement  or  reduction  whatever  ad- 
mitted, except  of  the  duties  and  landinccharges  payable  on  the  Importation  thereof. 

An  additional  duty  of  \s.  6il.  per  gallon  is  charged  on  the  importation  of  arrack,  rum,  gin,  liqueurs, 
Whisky,  or  other  spirituous  liquors,  brandy  excepted. 

No  tea  may  be  landed,  unless  the  permission  of  the  East  India  Company's  agent  he  first  obtained. 

No  ammunition  may  be  landed  or  shipped,  unless  the  permission  of  government  he  first  obtained. 

Commission.— The  following  rates  of  commission  arechargod  and  allowed,  namely — 

Percent. 

1.  On  the  nett  amount  of  all  sales  of  goods  by  public  sale,  and  on  the  gross  amount  of  all  other 
sales      -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -5 

S.  Goods  consigned,  and  afterwards  withdrawn  -  -  -  -  -    Si 

3.  On  tmrchasea  effected  from  the  proceeds  of  goods  on  which  a  commission  hag  already  been 

charged                 -               -               -              -  -  -  -  -  -2^ 

4.  On  all  other  purchases,  or  shipments  of  goods  -  -  -  -  -    5 

5.  On  the  sale  or  purchases  of  ships,  bouses,  or  lands  -  •  -  -  -    3^ 
0.  On  ships'  disbursements        -              -              -  -  -  •  -  -5 

7.  On  procuring  freight  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -5 

8.  On  collecting  freight  on  ships  bound  to  this  place  -  •  -  -  -    ^ 

9.  On  guaranteeing  bills  or  bonds  by  endorsement  or  otherwise         -  -  -  -    3i 

10.  On  collecting  debts  without  recourse  to  law       -  .  .  .  .    3^ 

Ditto,  wliere  legal  proceedinas  are  taken  -  -  -  -  -  -    S 

11.  On  ctTecting  remittances  by  bills  of  e.xchange  -  -  -  -  -  -    I 

12.  Oil  the  negotiation  of  bills     -               -  -  -  -  -  -  -! 

13.  On  effecting  insurances          -               -  -  -  -  -  -  -0}. 

1),  On  the  administration  of  estates           -  -  -  -  -  -  -9 

15.  On  cash  advances    -              -               -  -  -  -  -  .  •    H 

10.  On  the  debtor  and  creditor  sides  of  cash  accounts,  on  which  no  other  commission  is  charged       1 

jifonn/.— Accounts  are  either  kept  in  pounds,  shillings,  pence,  and  farthings,  or  in  rix-doUars,  schil- 
Ungs,  and  stivers. 

1  Stiver  =         I  of  n  Penny. 

'■:'•'■  ^^-       '-  6  Stivers         =        2J^  Pence,  or  1  schilling.      ■      '  ■  . 

8  Schillings    =        18  Pence,  or  1  rix-dollar.  j 

Tb"  commissariat  department  grant  bills  on  the  Treasury  at  a  preiiiiuiu  of  11  per  cenu 


■  « '     i  1  H 


I! 


1 1     f 


i      '4 


1    ''!?> 


'f*  . 


i"l 


*M 


'i, 


CAPITAL— CARAVAN. 


n^hlt  and  Meaiuret.—TTue  weights  made  iiie  of  in  the  Cape  are  derived  flrom  the  Rtandnnl  pound 
«r  Aniiterdaiii ;  and  thoie  asilzed  are  from  60  Ibi.  down  to  1  loot,  or  tho  3'U  part  uf  a  pound,  which 
ia  regarded  ai  unit^ 


m  !  ■ «: 


m  i 


S  '1 


'■H 


Liquid  Muuurt. 
16  Floslii        .       1  Aniter. 
4  Aniceri        •       1  Aam. 
4  Aams         tm       1  Leaguer. 

Cam  Mtaiuri. 
4  Schepeli      _      1  Muid. 
10  Muidi  -      1  Load.     107  ichepeli 

83  Winch,  buibeli,  or  4  icbepeli  -  3  Imp.  buib. 
yery  nearly. 


The  muid  of  wheat  weight,  at  an  avernire 
about  110  Ibi.  Dutch,  being  loniewhat  over  1B6  Ibi' 
Engllih. 

Cloth  and  Long  Meaturtn. 
13  Rbynland  Inehei  •=  1  Khynlnnd  foot 
37  ditto  «  1  Dutch  ell. 

144  ditto  -  1  S(|uure  foot. 

144  Square  feet  =  1  Rood. 

600  Roodi  »  1  Morgen. 


CtUnhU  WHgkU  and  Meaturea  eompand  with  tho$*  of  England. 
tVeightt. 

00  Ibi.  Dutch       •       nearly  109  Ibt.  Engllih  avoirdupois. 
IJO  lbs.  English     ••       nearly  03  Ibg.  Dutch. 

nine  or  Liquid  Meaiurt. 

1  Flask         >     0  6  Old  gallon,  or  4'OiO  Imperial  gallons, 
1  Anker        »      0^       ditto,  79  ditto. 

1  Aum  "      38       ditto,  3I|  ditto. 

1  LetiRuer     •>     133       ditto,         1366  ditto. 

1  Pipe  "     110       ditto,  01-6  ditto 

Satdanha  Bay,  in  Int.  33''  6'  8.,  long.  17"  59'  15"  E.,  belni  16}  leagues  north  of  Cnpe-Town,  is  one  of 
the  bent  and  most  coniniodious  harbnurs  in  the  world.    It  Is  perfectly  safe  at  all  seasons. 

Besides  the  Cape  Mmanae,  one  of  the  best  of  that  clans  of  publications,  and  the  other  nuthnrilies 
referred  to,  we  have  derived  part  of  the  above  details  from  papers  laid  before  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee. 

CAPITAL,  in  political  economy,  is  that  portion  of  the  produce  existing  in  a  country 
which  may  be  made  directly  available,  either  to  the  support  of  human  existence,  or  to  the 
fitcilitating  of  production. — {Principles  of  Political  Economy,  2d  ed.  p.  97.)  But  in  com- 
merce, and  as  applied  to  individuals,  it  is  understood  to  mean  the  sum  of  money  which  a 
merchant,  banker,  or  trader  adventures  in  any  undertaking,  or  which  he  contributes  to  the 
common  stock  of  a  partnership.  It  signifies  likewise  the  fund  of  a  trading  company,  or 
corporation ;  in  which  sense  the  word  stock  is  generally  added  to  it.  Thus  wc  say  tho 
capital  stock  of  the  Bank,  &c.  The  profit  derived  from  any  undertaking  is  estimated  by 
the  rate  which  it  bears  to  the  capital  that  was  employed. 

[The  definition  of  capital  given  by  the  author  seems  to  be  too  general.  It  makes  no  real 
difference  between  wealth  and  capital ;  for  surely  every  portion  of  wealth  "  may  he  made 
directly  available,  either  to  the  support  of  human  existence,  or  to  the  facilitating  of  produc- 
tion." The  editor  has  defined  capital  to  be  that  portion  of  wealth  which  is  not  simply  liable 
to  be  applied  to  the  purpose  of  again  producing  wealth,  but  which  is  actually  so  applied. 
See  his  Principles  of  Political  Economy,  book  L  chapter  4. — Am,  Ed.] 

CAPSICUM.    See  PKPPtR. 

CARAVAN,  an  organized  company  of  merchants,  or  pilgrims,  or  both,  who  associate 
together  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  that  they  may  travel  with  greater  security  through 
deserts  and  other  places  infested  with  robbers ;  or  where  the  road  is  naturally  dangerous. 
The  word  is  derived  from  the  Persian  kervan,  or  e&rvan,  a  trader  or  dealer. — (Shaw's  Tra- 
vels in  the  Levant,  p.  9.  4to  ed.) 

Every  caravan  is  under  the  command  of  a  chief  or  aga  (caravan-bachi'),  who  has  fre- 
quently imder  him  such  a  number  of  troops  or  forces  as  is  deemed  sufficient  for  its  defence. 
When  it  is  practicable,  they  encamp  near  wells  or  rivulets ;  and  observe  a  regular  discipline. 
Camels  are  used  as  a  means  of  conveyance,  almost  uniformly,  in  preference  to  tho  hor^  or 
any  other  animal,  on  account  of  their  wonderful  patience  of  fatigue,  eating  little,  and  sub- 
sisting three  or  four  days  or  more  without  water.  There  are  generally  more  camels  in  a 
caravan  than  men. — (See  Camei.) 

The  commercial  intercourse  of  Eastern  and  African  nations  has  been  principally  carried 
on,  from  the  remotest  period,  by  means  of  caravans.  During  antiquity,  the  products  of 
India  and  China  were  conveyed  either  from  Suez  to  Rhinoculura,  or  from  Bussorah,  near 
the  head  of  tho  Persian  Gulf,  by  the  Euphrates,  to  Babylon,  and  thence  by  Palmyra,  in  tin 
Syrian  desert,  to  the  ports  of  Pha:nicia  on  the  Mediterranean,  where  they  were  exchanged 
for  the  European  productions  in  demand  in  the  East.  Sometimes,  however,  caravans  set 
out  directly  from  China,  and,  occupying  about  8.50  days  in  the  journey,  arrived  on  the  shores 
of  the  Levant,  after  traversing  the  whole  extent  of  Asia. — (Gibh-m,  vol.  vii,  p.  93.)  The 
formation  of  caravans  is,  in  fact,  the  only  way  in  which  it  has  ever  been  possidle  to  carry  on 
any  considerable  internal  commerce  in  Asia  or  Africa.  The  governments  that  have  grown 
up  in  those  continents  have  seldom  been  able,  and  seldomer  indeed  have  they  attempted,  to 
render  travelling  practicable  or  safe  for  individuals.  The  wandering  tribes  of  Arabs  have 
always  infested  the  immense  deserts  by  which  they  are  intersected  ;  and  those  only,  who 
are  sufficiently  powerful  to  protect  themselves,  or  sufficiently  rich  to  purcha  ;e  an  exemption 
from  the  predatory  attacks  of  these  freebooters,  can  exn^ct  to  pass  through  territories  subject 
to  their  incursions,  without  being  exposed  to  tho  risk  ol  robbery  and  murder. 


CARAVAN. 


817 


Since  the  eBtablishment  of  the  Mohammedan  faith,  religious  motives,  conspiring  with 
those  of  a  less  exalted  character,  have  tended  to  augment  the  intercourse  between  difTerent 
parts  of  the  Eastern  world,  and  to  increase  the  number  and  magnitude  of  the  caravans. 
Mohammed  enjoined  all  his  followers  to  visit,  once  in  their  lifeiime,  the  Caaba,  or  square 
building  in  the  temple  of  Mecca,  the  immemorial  object  of  veneration  amongst  his  country- 
men ;  and  in  order  to  preserve  continually  upon  their  minds  a  sense  of  obligation  to  perform 
thia  duty,  he  directed  that,  in  all  the  multiplied  acts  of  devotion  which  his  religion  prescribes, 
true  believers  should  always  turn  their  faces  towards  that  holy  place.  In  ol>edience  to  a 
precept  so  solemnly  enjoined  and  sedulously  inc>^l'~*od,  large  caravans  of  pilgrims  used  to 
Bueemble  annually  in  every  country  where  t''  ..ohammedan  faith  is  established ;  and 
though,  owing  either  to  a  diminution  of  religious  zeal,  or  the  increasing  diiGculties  to  be 
encountered  in  the  journey,  the  number  of  pilgrims  Ixis  of  late  years  declined  greatly,  it  is 
•till  very  considerable.  Few,  however,  of  the  pilgrims  are  actuated  only  by  devotional  feel- 
ings. Commercial  ideas  and  objects  mingle  with  those  of  religion  ;  and  it  redounds  to  the 
credit  of  Mohammed,  that  he  granted  permiesion  to  trade  during  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca ; 
providing  at  the  same  time  for  the  temporal  as  well  as  the  lasting  interests  of  his  votaries. 
"It  shall  be  no  crime  in  you,  if  ye  seek  an  increase  from  your  Lord  by  trading  during  the 
pilffnmage"—{Sak'a  Koran,  c.  8.  p.  36.  ed.  1764.) 

The  numerous  camels  of  each  caravan  are  loailed  with  those  commodities  of  every  coun- 
try which  are  of  easiest  carriage  and  readiest  sale.  The  holy  city  is  crowded  during  the 
month  of  Dhalhajja,  corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  June  and  the  beginning  of  July,  not 
only  with  zealous  devotees,  but  with  opulent  merchants.  A  fair  or  market  is  held  in  Mecca 
and  its  vicinity,  on  the  twelve  days  that  the  pilgrims  are  allowed  to  remain  in  that  city, 
which  used  to  be  one  of  the  best  frequented  in  the  world,  and  continues  to  be  well  attended. 

"  Few  pilgrims,"  says  Burckhardt,  "  except  the  mendicants,  arrive  without  bringing  some 
productions  of  their  respective  countries  for  sale  :  and  this  remark  is  applicable  as  well  to 
the  merchants,  with  whom  commercial  pursuits  are  the  main  object,  as  to  those  who  are 
actuated  by  religious  zeal ;  for,  to  the  latter,  the  profits  derived  from  selling  a  few  articles  at 
Mecca  diminish,  in  some  degree,  the  heavy  expenses  of  the  journey.  The  Moggrebyna 
(pilgrims  from  Morocco  and  the  north  coast  of  Africa)  bring  their  red  bonnets  and  woollen 
cloaks ;  the  European  Turks,  shoes  and  slippers,  hardware,  embroidered  stuils,  sweetmeats, 
amber,  trinkets  of  European  manufacture,  knit  silk  purses,  ice. ;  the  Turks  of  Anatolia 
bring  carpets,  silks,  and  Angora  shawls ;  the  Persians,  Cashmere  shawls  and  l&rge  silk 
handkerchiefs ;  the  Afghans,  tooth-brushes,  called  Mesouak  Kattary,  made  of  the  spongy 
boughs  of  a  tree  growing  in  Bokhara,  beads  of  a  yellow  soapstone,  and  plain  coarse  shawls 
manufactured  in  their  own  country ;  the  Indians,  the  numerous  productions  of  their  rich 
and  extensive  region ;  the  people  of  Yemen,  snakes  for  the  Persian  pipes,  sandals  and  va- 
rious other  works  in  leather ;  and  the  Africans  bring  various  articles  adapted  to  the  slave 
trade.  The  pilgrims  are,  however,  often  disappointed  in  their  expectations  of  gain ;  want 
of  money  makes  them  hastily  sell  their  little  adventiues  at  the  public  auctions,  and  oflen 
obliges  them  to  accept  very  low  prices." — {Traveh  in  Arabia,  vol.  ii.  p.  21.) 

The  two  principal  caravans  which  yearly  rendezvous  at  Mecca  are  those  of  Damascus  and 
Cairo.  The  first  is  composed  of  pilgrims  from  Europe  and  Western  Asia ;  the  second  of 
Mohammedans  from  all  parts  of  Africa. 

The  Syrian  caravan  is  said  by  Burckhardt  to  be  very  well  regulated.  It  is  always  accom- 
panied by  the  pacha  of  Damascus,  or  one  of  his  principal  officers,  who  gives  the  signal  for 
encamping  and  starting  by  firing  a  musket.  On  the  route,  a  troop  of  horsemen  ride  in  the 
front,  and  another  in  the  rear  to  bring  up  the  stragglers.  The  different  parties  of  pilgrims, 
distinguished  by  their  provinces  or  towns,  keep  close  together.  At  night  torches  are  lighted, 
and  the  daily  distance  is  usually  performed  between  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  and  an  hour 
or  two  afler  sunrise  on  the  following  day.  The  Bedouins  or  Arabs,  who  carry  provisions  for 
the 'troops,  travel  by  day  only,  and  in  advance  of  the  caravans;  the  encampment  of  which 
they  pass  in  the  morning,  and  are  overtaken  in  turn  and  passed  by  the  caravan  on  the  fol- 
lowing night,  at  their  own  resting  place.  The  journey  with  these  Bedouins  is  less  fatiguing 
than  with  the  great  body  of  the  caravan,  as  a  regular  night's  rest  is  obtained ;  but  their  bad 
character  deters  most  pUgrims  from  joining  them. 

At  every  watering-place  on  the  route  is  a  small  castle  and  a  large  tank,  «t  which  the 
camels  water.  The  castles  are  garrisoned  by  a  few  persons,  who  remain  the  whole  year  to 
guard  the  provisions  deposited  there.  It  is  at  these  watering-places,  which  belong  to  the 
Bedouins,  that  the  sheikhs  of  the  tribe  meet  the  caravan,  and  receive  the  accustomed  tribute 
for  allowing  it  to  pass.  Water  is  plentiful  on  the  route ;  the  stations  are  no  where  more 
distant  than  11  or  12  hours'  march;  and  in  winter,  pools  of  rain-water  are  frequently  found. 
Those  pilgrims  who  can  travel  with  a  litter,  or  on  commodious  camel-saddles,  may  sleep  at 
night,  and  perform  the  journey  with  little  inconvenience :  but  of  those  whom  poverty,  or 
the  desire  of  speedily  acquiring  a  large  sum  of  money,  induces  to  follow  the  caravan  on  foot, 
or  to  hire  themselves  as  servants,  many  die  on  the  road  from  fatigue. — {Traveb  in  Arabia, 
vol.  iL  p.  3—9.) 
2d2 


:|    I 


:.U 


!'  ■ 


,■  I 


i>    I' 


n. 


:t 


318 


CARAVAN. 


The  cnravan  which  sets  out  from  Cniro  for  Morcft  in  not  (jonprnlly  ho  lurgc  an  that  of 
DamascuB  ;  and  its  routo  Rlonn;  the  ihorcg  of  tho  R»'il  Hen  is  morn  ilani;oroiiM  and  fiilinuinL', 
Bill  many  of  tho  African  and  Egyptian  mnrchants  and  pilRTintM  mill  from  Sutz,  Cowir,  ami 
Other  |tort«  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Ked  Sea,  for  lljidda,  whence  tho  journey  to  Mecca 
h  short  and  caMy, 

The  Pcrninn  rarnvan  for  Mecca  sets  out  from  Bagdad  ;  hut  many  of  the  Persian  pilirriina 
are  now  in  the  habit  of  embarking;  at  Uusnorah,  and  coming  to  Djiddn  by  sen. 

Caravans  from  Bagdad  and  Bussorah  proceed  to  Aleppo,  Dnma»i<'u*i,  and  IJiarbeltpr,  laden 
with  all  sorts  of  Indian,  Arahii^n,  and  Persian  commodities ;  and  largo  ((uuntities  of  Murniienn 
goods,  principally  of  Eni^li^h  eottons,  imported  at  Bussorah,  are  now  distributed  tbri<iiKhniit 
all  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Turkish  empire  by  the  same  nicans.  The  intercourse  carried  on 
in  this  way  is,  indeed,  every  day  becoming  of  more  im|)oi-tance. 

The  commerce  carried  on  by  caravans,  in  the  interior  of  Africa,  is  widely  extended  and 
of  considerable  value.  Besides  the  great  caravan  which  proceeds  from  Nubia  to  Cairo,  and 
is  joined  by  Mohammedan  pilgrims  from  every  part  of  Africa,  there  are  caraviins' which  havo 
no  object  but  commerce,  which  set  out  from  Fez,  Algiers,  Tunis,  'IVipoli,  and  other  state* 
on  the  sea-coast,  and  penetrate  far  into  tho  inleiior.  Some  of  them  take  as  many  as  M 
days  to  reach  tho  place  of  their  destination ;  and  as  their  rato  of  travelling  may  be  eHliinatiJ 
at  about  18  miles  a  day  at  an  average,  tho  extent  of  their  journeys  may  easily  bo  computed. 
As  both  the  time  of  their  outset  and  their  route  is  known,  they  are  met  by  the  people  of  the 
countries  through  which  they  travel,  who  trade  with  them.  Indian  goods  of  every  kind 
form  a  considerable  article  in  this  traffic ;  in  exchange  for  which,  the  chief  commodity  the 
inhabitants  have  to  give  is  slaves. 

Three  distinct  caravans  are  employed  in  bringing  slaves  and  other  commodities  from 
Centra!  Africa  to  Cairo.  One  of  them  comes  direct  from  Mour/.ouk,  tho  ca]ntal  of  Fezzaii, 
across  the  Libyan  desert ;  another  from  8enanr ;  and  the  third  from  Uarfur.  'J'hey  do  not 
arrive  at  stated  periods,  but  after  a  greater  or  less  interval,  according  to  tho  success  they 
have  had  in  procuring  slaves,  ivory,  gold  dust,  drugs,  and  such  otlier  articles  as  are  fittf  d  for  tho 
Egyptian  markets.  Tho  Mourzouk  caravan  is  said  to  be  under  tho  best  regulations.  It  is 
generally  about  50  days  on  its  passage;  and  seldom  consists  of  less  than  ICO,  orofmnrc 
than  300,  travellers.  The  caravans  from  Senaar  and  Darfur  used  formerly  to  bo  very 
irregular,  and  were  sometimes  not  seen  in  Egypt  for  3  or  3  years  together  ;  but  since  tho 
occupation  of  tho  former  by  tho  troops  of  Mohammed  Ali,  the  intercourse  l)ctween  it  ar)J 
Egypt  has  become  comparatively  frequent  and  regular.  The  number  of  slaves  imported 
into  Egypt  by  these  caravans  is  said  to  amount,  at  present,  to  about  10,000  a  year.  The 
departure  of  a  caravan  from  Darfur  is  looked  upon  as  a  most  important  event;  it  engages 
for  a  while  the  attention  of  the  whole  country,  and  even  forms  a  kind  of  era, — (limwne's 
Travels  in  Africa,  2d  e<l.  p.  278.)  A  caravan  from  Darfur  is  considered  large,  if  it  Ims 
2,000  camels  and  1,000.  slaves.  Many  of  tho  Moorish  pili^rims  to  Mecca  cross  tlie  sea 
from  Souakin  and  Massouah  to  the  opposite  coast  of  Arabia,  and  then  travel  by  land  to 
Mecca ;  and  Burpkhardt  states,  that  of  all  the  poor  pilgrims  who  arrive  in  tho  Hedjuz,  none 
bear  a  more  respectable  character  for  industry  than  those  from  Central  Afiica. 

Caravans  are  distinguished  into  heavt/  and  light.  Camels  loaded  with  from  500  to  GOO 
lbs.*  form  a  heavy  caravan  ;  light  caravans  t)eing  the  term  applied  to  designate  Ihoso  formed 
of  camels  under  a  moderate  load,  or  perhaps  only  half  loaded.  The  mean  daily  rate  at 
which  heavy  caravans  travel  is  about  18^  miles,  and  that  of  light  caravans  22  miles. 

The  safety  of  a  caravan  deptuids  materially  on  the  conduct  of  the  caravan-bachi,  or  leader. 
Neibuhr  says,  that  when  tho  latter  is  intelligent  and  honest,  and  the  traveller  undrrstand.s 
the  language,  and  is  accustomed  to  the  Oriental  method  of  travelling,  an  excursion  ttiroui^li 
the  desert  is  rarely  either  disagreeable  or  dangerous.  But  it  is  not  unusual  for  the  Turkish 
pachas  to  realise  considerable  sums  by  selling  the  privilege  of  conducting  caravans  ;  and  it 
is  generally  believed  in  tho  East,  that  leaders  so  appointed,  in  order  to  indemnify  thcmsolve.s, 
not  unfrequently  arrange  with  the  Arabian  sheikhs  as  to  tho  attack  of  the  caravans,  and 
share  with  them  in  the  booty!  At  all  events,  a  leader  who  has  paid  a  large  sum  for  the  situa- 
tion, even  if  he  should  be  honest,  must  impose  |)roportionally  heavy  charge.'*  on  the  a««oc'a- 
tion.  Hence  the  best  way  in  travelling  with  caravans  is,  to  attach  oneself  to  one  cniidurted 
by  an  active  and  experienced  merchant,  who  has  a  considerable  pruperty  embarked  in  tlie 
expedition.  With  ordinary  precaution,  the  danger  is  then  very  trifling.  It  would  lie  eafy, 
indeed,  were  there  any  thing  like  proper  arrangements  made  by  government,  to  render  tra- 
velling by  caravans,  at  least  on  all  the  great  routes,  abundantly  secure. — {Niebuhr,  Vuyai^e 
en  Arable,  tome  ii.  p.  194.  ed.  Amst.  1780.) 

No  particular  formatitios  are  required  in  the  formation  of  a  caravan.  Those  that  start  at 
fixed  periods  are  mostly  under  the  control  of  government,  by  whom  tho  leaders  are  appointed. 
But,  generally  speakmg,  any  dealer  is  at  liberty  to  form  a  company  und  make  one.  The 
individual  in  whose  name  it  is  raised  is  considered  as  tho  leader,  or  caravan-bachi,  unless  he 

*  Tbis  is  tixj  burden  of  tbe  email  camel  only.    The  large  ones  usually  carry  from  750  to  1,(100  lb>. 


Bppoinl 
ilcKi'n'n. ' 
during  i 
llie  Unii 
Note  54 
thouah  1 


CARAVANSERA— CARDS. 


810 


appoint  iomo  one  cIm  In  hii  place.  When  a  number  of  merchants  associntc  together  in  tho 
(luiii.;ri,  ihcy  elect  a  chicf^and  appoint  oflieem  to  decide  whatever  <'oiiirovcrHie8  may  ariso 
(lurinct  the  journey. — (For  further  details  with  respect  to  caravans,  see  tlio  Modern  I'art  nf 
the  Univerml  History,  vol.  xiv.  pp.  814 — 843. ;  Kohcrtnon't  Disquisition  nn  Ancient  Iiidh, 
Note  54. ;  Reef's  Cychpadia,  art.  Caravan,  most  of  which  is  copied  from  IlolMirtson, 
thouch  without  a  single  word  of  acknowledgment ;  llurekhardl' s  Travels  in  Arabia,  vol.  li. 
yns^im  ;  Unmliart  on  Turkey  and  its  Kenmtrces,  p.  137.  p.  Ifil.,  &c.J 

CARAVANSERA,  a  largo  public  building  or  inn  appropriated  lor  the  reception  and 
lodgment  of  the  caravans.  Though  serving  in  lieu  of  inuM,  there  is  this  radical  diircrciico 
between  them, — that,  generally  speaking,  the  traveller  finds  nothing  in  a  curavanaern  for  tho 
use  either  of  hiniHulf  or  his  cattle.  He  must  carryall  his  prDvinions  and  ncccHsarieK  with 
him.  They  arc  chiefly  built  in  dry,  barren,  desert  places ;  and  arc  mostly  furtiiMhrd  with 
water  brought  from  a  great  distance  and  at  a  vast  expense.  A  well  of  water  is,  indeed, 
itidisjiensable  to  a  caravansera.  Caravanserns  are  also  numerous  in  cities ;  where  they  i«ervo 
not  oidy  as  inns,  but  as  shops,  warehouses,  and  even  exchanges. 

CARAWAY-SEED  (Fr.  Cum,  Cumin  des  prh ,-  iicr.  Keumme/,  nrndlcilmmel ,•  It. 
Carvi),  a  small  seed,  of  an  old  oblong  and  slender  llgurc,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  thiekett 
in  tiie  middle.  It  is  the  produce  of  a  biennial  plant  {Carum  curui),  with  a  taper  root  like 
a  parsncp,  but  much  smaller.  It  should  bo  chosen  large,  new,  of  a  good  colour,  not  dunty, 
and  of  a  strong  agreeable  smell.  It  is  principally  used  by  confectioners ;  and  is  extuiibivcly 
cultivated  in  several  parts  of  Essex. 

CARBUNCLE  (Ger.  Karfunkel .-  Fr.  Esearboukle  ;  It  Carbo7ichio ,- Sp.  Carbnnculo  t 
hat.  Carbunculus),  a  precious  stone  of  tho  ruby  kind,  of  a  very  rich  glowing  blood-red 
colour,  highly  esteemed  by  the  ancients. — (See  Runir.) 

CARD  (Fr.  Corrfca;  GcT,Knrdiittc/i£n,Karden,Wollkratzen{  h,  Cardi  ;  "Rus,  liardil ,• 
8p.  Cardas),  an  instniment,  or  comb,  for  arranging  or  sortiiig  the  hairs  of  wool,  cotton,  &c. 
Cards  arc  either  fastened  to  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  and  wrought  by  the  hand ;  or  to  a  cylinder, 
and  wrought  by  machinery. 

CARDAMOMS  (Fr,  Cardamomes  t  Ger.  Kardamom  ,•  ll.  Cardumomi  ,•  Sp,  Kard<t- 
mnmos;  Hind.  Gujarati  elachi),  seed  capsules  produced  by  a  plant,  of  which  there  arc 
ditlrrcnt  species  growing  in  India,  Cm'hin  Cliiiia,  Slam,  and  Ceybm.  The  capsules  are 
gathered  as  they  ripen ;  and  when  dried  in  the  sun,  are  fit  for  sale.  The  small  capsules,  or 
lesser  cardamoms,  are  produced  by  a  particular  species  of  the  plant,  and  are  the  most  valua- 
ble. They  should  Iks  chosen  full,  plump,  and  difllcult  to  be  broken  ;  of  a  bright  yellow 
colour;  apiercii.;''  smell;  with  nn  acrid,  bitterish,  though  not  very  unpleasant  taste ;  and 
particular  care  should  ho  taken  that  they  are  properly  dried.  They  are  reckoned  to  keep 
best  in  a  body,  and  are  therefore  packed  in  large  chests,  well  jointed,  pitched  at  the  seams, 
and  otherwise  properly  secured ;  as  the  least  damp  greatly  reduces  their  value.  Tho  best 
cardamoms  are  brought  from  the  Malabar  coast  They  are  jiroiluccd  in  the  recesses  of  the 
mountains,  by  foiling  trees,  and  afterwards  burning  them  ;  for  wherever  the  ashes  fall  in  tho 
openings  or  fissures  of  the  rocks,  tho  cardamom  plant  naturally  springs  up.  In  Suondii 
Bulagat,  and  other  places  where  cardamoms  are  planted,  the  fruit  or  berry  is  very  inferior  to 
that  produced  in  the  way  now  mentioned.  The  Malabar  cardamom  is  described  as  a  species 
of  bulbous  [)lant,  growing  3  or  4  feet  high.  The  growers  are  obliged  to  sell  all  their  pro- 
duce to  the  agents  of  government,  at  prices  fixed  by  the  latter,  varying  from  550  to  TOO 
rupees  the  candy  of  6'JO  lbs.  avoirdupois;  s'^d  it  is  stated  that  the  contractor  often  puts  an 
enhanced  value  on  the  coins  with  whii'.h  he  pays  tho  mountaineers ;  or  makes  them  take  in 
exchanire  tobacco,  cloths,  salt,  oil,  betel  nut,  and  such  necessary  articles,  at  prices  which  aro 
frequently,  no  doubt,  estimated  above  their  proper  level.  Such  a  system  ought  assuredly  to 
be  put  an  immediate  end  to.  Not  more  than  one  hundredth  part  of  the  cardamoms  raisied 
iu  Malabar  are  used  in  the  country.  They  ore  sent  in  large  qimntities  to  the  ports  on  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  to  Sind,  uj)  the  Indus,  to  Bengal,  Bombay,  &c.  They  form 
a  universal  ingredient  in  curries,  pillaus,  ike.  The  market  price,  at  the  places  of  exportation 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  varies  from  800  to  1,200  rupees  the  candy. — (Mitbum's  Orient.  Com- 
merce, and  the  valuable  evidence  of  T.  11.  Babcr,  Esq.,  before  the  Lords'  Committee  of 
1830,  p.  216.) 

Malabar  cardamoms  are  worth  at  present  (September,  1833),  from  3s;  8rf.  to  3s.  lOrf.  a 
pound  in  the  London  market,  duty  (Is.)  included.  Ceylon  cardamoms  are  worth  from  l», 
6d.  to  2s.  id. 

CARDS,  OB  PLAYING  CARDS  (Du.  Kaarten,  Spefllmrden  ,■  Fr.  Ca>-tes  iljmicr.- 
Ger.  Karten,  Spiel  karten  ,•  It  Carte  du  giuoco  ,•  Rus.  Kurtii ;  Sp.  Ciirras,  Naipes  ,•  Sw. 
Kort).  The  only  thing  necessary  to  be  noticed  in  this  place  with  respect  to  cards,  is  tho 
regulations  as  to  their  manufacture,  sale,  and  the  payment  of  the  duty. 

It  is  regulated  Iiy  tlie  0  Gen.  4.  c.  18 ,  tliat  an  annual  license  duty  nf  Sx.  stiall  lie  paid  by  every  niakei 
of  pliiyinji  cards  and  dice.  Tlic  duly  nn  every  pack  nf  cards  is  Is.  and  is  to  lie  specified  nn  the  ace  of 
tpades.  Cards  are  not  to  be  niude  in  any  part  nf  (ireat  liriliiin,  o.\cept  tlie  mntrnpnlis ;  nnr  in  Ireland, 
except  in  Dublin  and  Corit ;  uiidur  a  punuliy  of  lOOt.    Curds  arc  lu  lie  enclosed  in  wrappers,  witli  sucb 


i'     (■ 


lit. 


M'|i> 


( 


D20 


CARMEN— CARRIERS. 


mark!  aa  tha  enminliiiloncra  of  atampi  may  appnfnt.  Bnfnre  lleaain  can  he  hiid,  bnnil  muit  be  (Wen 
til  the  aniiiiint  nf  500<.  lor  the  paymnnt  of  the  iliittni,  &c.  Hfilllni  or  oipoilnit  (o  hiiIh  any  puck  cf 
onrdH  not  duly  ttlarnpiid,  •iihlcciH  a  llcnniied  nifiker  to  a  penalty  nf  Ml.  i  and  uny  oiiu  elue  in  it  pxnnlly 
of  lot.  Any  permn  hnvlng  In  lili  poeaeaiiiuii,  iir  uilni ,  or  pcrinittlng  to  be  uii'il,  any  pack  »(  cards  nut 
duly  itninped,  to  forfult  3/.  Hecnnd-hand  cardi  may  be  i»ld  hy  any  perion,  if  iidil  without  the  tvritp- 
per  of  a  llcenied  maker  i  and  In  packi  containing  not  more  than  33  carda,  Inttiidlnir  an  ace  of  ipadGi 
duly  atamped,  and  encloaed  In  a  wrapper  with  the  wordi  '*  Sietnd-haHd  Carit"  printed  or  wrlllcn  In 
diatlnct  cbaracteri  on  the  outalde  i  penalty  for  aelllng  aacond-hand  carda  In  any  other  niannvr,  3Ui. 

An  Account  of  the  Duty  received  on  riaying  Card*  In  Oreai  Britain  and  Ireland  In  ench  Year  ftum 
1830,  apeclfylng  the  Raloa  of  Uuty  charged,— (/>dW.  Paptr,  No.  437.  H«a«.  1833.) 


Tmr. 

Great  Britain. 

Ireland. 

Rata. 

AaHXinl  of  Daly. 

Rata. 

Amouol  or  Duly. 

1830 
1N31 
lh33 
18M 
1831 
1893 
1830 
1897 

1838 

1839 
1830 
1831 

9(.  M.  per  pack 

It.  per  pack  ft'om  May 

£       1.    i. 
91,307    5    0 
91,317    5    0 
91,179  17    0 
93,000  13    0 
93,874  13    0 
83,577  17    8 
18,300  IS    0 
90,804  19    0 

17,303    5    0 

15,343  14    0 
14,300    7    0 
14,400    3    0 

3(.  per  pack     - 

r  9f  .per  pack  to  6th  of  Ju- ") 
<    ly,  l».  per  pack  for  the  V 
(.  remainder  of  the  year.  ) 
If.  per  pack     - 

£    f.    d. 
9,019  14    1 
1,H3I  10    8t 
1.013    0  11 
1,057    4    31 
1,308  13    Hi 
1,330    N    0 
1,037  19    0 
1,001  13   3 

040  19    0 

403  11    0 
344  13    0 
104  18    0 

CARMEN,  of  the  City  of  London,  are  conatituted  a  fellowship  by  act  of  common  coun- 
cil. The  rates  which  they  are  allowed  to  charge,  and  the  regulations  by  which  they  are  to 
bo  guided,  are  settled  at  the  quarter  sesaions.  In  other  respects  they  are  subjected  to  the 
rule  of  the  president  and  governors  of  Christ's  Hospital,  to  whom  the  owner  of  every  cart 
pays  an  annual  licence  duty  of  17«.  id. 

Carmen  are  to  help  to  load  and  unload  their  carts ;  and  if  any  carman  exacts  more  than  the  regu- 
liir  rnt«a,  upon  due  proof,  before  the  Lord  Mayor,  or  any  two  magiatratea,  hu  shall  aufler  Impriton* 
mrnt  for  the  ipacc  of  31  dnyi. 

If  any  pt-raon  ahnll  refuae  to  pay  any  carman  hia  hire,  according  to  the  rpgular  mtci,  upon  com- 
plaint made,  the  prcaldent  of  Christ's  Iloapltal,  or  a  Justice  of  the  peace,  may  compel  payment. 

Merchants  or  other  persons  may  ihooao  what  cart  they  please,  except 'such  aa  stand  for  wharf- 
work,  tackle-work,  crane-work,  at  shops  and  merchants'  houses,  which  an;  to  he  taken  In  turn  ;  and 
every  carman  standing  with  his  empty  cart  next  to  any  goods  to  be  loaded,  shall,  upon  the  first  de- 
mand, load  the  same  for  the  accustomed  rates  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  cause  a  carman  to  attend  ot 
his  house,  shop,  warehouse,  or  cellar,  with  his  loaded  cart,  the  carman  being  willing  to  help  to  unload 
the  same,  he  shall  pay  the  carman  after  the  rate  of  VU.  for  every  hour  after  the  Arst  huif-hour  for  his 
attendance. 

Every  licensed  carman  is  to  have  a  piece  nf  brass  fixed  upon  his  cart,  upon  which  is  to  he  engraven 
a  certain  number;  which  number,  tngHther  with  the  carman's  name,  is  registered  in  a  register  kept 
at  Christ's  Hospital ;  ao  that,  in  case  of  any  misbehaviour,  the  party  offended,  by  taking  notice  of  the 
number  of  the  cart,  may  search  for  it  in  the  register,  and  the  name  will  be  found. 

Carmen  not  conforming  to  these  rules,  or  working  without  a  numbered  piece  of  brass  fixed  on  tb« 
cart,  may  be  suspended  from  their  employment. 

Carmen  riding  upon  the  shafts  of  their  carts,  or  sitting  within  them,  not  having  some  person  on  foot 
to  guide  the  horses,  shall  forfeit  lOf . 

CARMINE  (Oer.  Kartnin  ;  Du.  Knrmyn ;  Fr.  Carmine  ,•  It.  Carmtnio  ,•  Lat.  Car- 
minium),  a  powder  of  a  very  beautiful  red  colour,  bordering  upon  purple,  and  used  by 
painters  in  miniature.  It  is  a  species  of  lakt,  and  is  formed  of  finely  pulverised  cochineal. 
It  is  very  high  priced. 

CARNELIAN.    See  Aoats. 

CARPET,  CARPETS  (Gcr.  Teppiche ,-  Du.  Tapyten,  Vher-tapytm ,-  Pr.  Tapis ;  It. 
Tappeli  ,•  Sp.  Alfombraa,  Alcatifas,  Tapetea  ,•  Rub.  KoivrU,  Kilimi).  Persian  and  Turkish 
carpcta  are  the  most  esteemed.  In  England,  carpets  are  principally  manufactured  at  Kid- 
dcnninster,  Wilton,  Cirencester,  Worcester,  Azminster,  d:c. ;  and  in  Scotland,  at  Kilmar- 
nock. Those  made  at  Axminster  arc  believed  to  be  very  little,  if  any  thing,  inferior  to  those 
of  Persia  and  Turkey.  ■  i  » 

CARRIAGES.     See  CoAcacs. 

CARROT  (Daueus  carota  Lin.),  a  biennial  plant,  a  native  of  Britain.  Though  long 
known  as  a  garden  plant,  its  introduction  into  agriculture  has  been  comparatively  recent. 
'J'ho  uses  of  the  carrot  in  domestic  economy  are  well  known.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in 
SufTilk,  whence  large  quantities  are  sent  to  the  London  market.  '  Horses  are  said  to  be 
remarkably  fond  of  carrots. 

CARRIERS,  are  persons  undertaking  for  hire  to  carry  goods  from  one  place  to  another. 

Proprietors  of  carts  and  wagons,  masters  and  owners  of  ship!),  hoymen,  lightermen,  barge- 
men, ferrymen,  Sec.  are  denominated  common  carriers.  The  master  of  a  stage  coach  who 
iwi/y  carries  passengers  ftir  hire,  is  not  liable  for  goods;  but  if  he  undertake  to  carry  goodi 
and  passengers,  then  he  is  liable  for  both  as  a  common  carrier.  The  post-master  general  is 
not  a  carrier  in  the  common  acceptation  of  the  term,  nor  is  he  subjected  to  his  liabilities. 


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1.  Dttti'ei  and  LtabiliHu  of  Currieri. — Carricra  are  bounJ  to  rfccive  and  carry  the  gooJa 
af  iill  periton*,  for  a  rea«onable  hiro  or  ruwanl ;  to  take  pro|icr  caro  of  itieiii  in  their  iiaMage , 
to  (Itliver  tlicin  lafvly.  and  in  the  aaino  condition  as  wht>n  thov  were  received  (i'xrp|itini' 
only  auch  loaa«ii  as  may  arise  from  the  uct  of  Giid  or  the  kitt/fn  ctirmirn) ;  or,  in  dpfauit 
tlirrruf,  to  niuko  coiDpensation  to  the  owner  for  whatever  Iosk  or  damage  the  g(X)ds  may 
have  received  while  in  Iheir  custody,  that  might  liavo  been  provcntod. 

Hrnco  a  carrier  is  liable,  though  he  be  robbed  of  the  goo<lii,  or  thry  be  taken  from  him  by 
irrrxiiitible  force;  and  though  this  may  seem  a  hard  rule,  yi  t  it  is  the  only  one  that  could 
b<>  tafciy  adopted  ;  for  if  a  carrier  wero  not  liable  fur  losses  unbrs  it  could  be  shown  that  ho 
IjuiI  conducted  himself  dishonestly  or  negligently,  o  door  would  bu  opened  for  every  s])ecies 
ol'  fraud  and  collusion,  inasmuch  as  it  would  bo  impossible,  in  most  cases,  to  ascertain 
(vhctlicr  the  facts  were  such  as  the  carrier  represented.  On  the  same  princi])le  a  carrier  luia 
bt'on  held  accountable  for  g(H>ds  accidentally  consumed  by  tiro  vtliilo  in  his  wandiouse.  In 
(Irlivering  the  opinion  of  the  Court  of  King's  Dunch  on  u  case  of  tiiis  sort,  Lord  Mnnsflpld 
laici — "  A  carrier,  by  the  nature  of  his  contract,  obliges  himself  to  use  all  due  care  and  dili- 
gence, and  is  answerable  for  any  neglect  But  there  is  something  mere  imposed  on  him  by 
cuKtom,  that  is,  by  the  common  law.  A  common  cnrrier  is  in  the  nature  of  art  iniiurer. 
All  the  coses  show  him  to  be  so.  This  makes  him  liable  for  every  thing  except  the  act  of 
Uoil  and  the  king's  encmiea;  that  is,  even  from  ittevitubU  accidents,  with  those  exceptions. 
The  question  then  i*,  What  is  Ihr  act  of  Cod  ?  I  consider  it  to  Iw  Inid  down  in  opposition 
to  the  act  of  man ;  such  as  lightning,  storms,  tcm))CNt.'i  and  the  likn,  which  could  not  hap- 
pen  by  any  human  intervention.  To  prevent  litigation  and  collusion,  the  law  presumes 
negligence  except  in  those  circumstances.  An  armed  force,  though  ever  so  groat  and  irresist- 
ible, does  not  excuse ;  the  reason  is,  for  fear  it  may  give  room  for  colluNion,  which  can  never 
happen  with  respect  to  the  act  of  God.  We  all,  therefore,  are  of  opinion  that  there  should 
be  judgment  for  the  pi iiintifl'."—(Fw warrf  v.  Pitturd,  I  T.  K.  87.) 

A  carrier  is  not  obliged  to  have  a  new  carriage  for  every  journey  ;  it  is  sufHcient  if  ho 
provide  one  that,  without  any  extraordinary  accident,  may  bo  fairly  presumed  capable  of  per- 
forming the  journey. 

A  carrier  moy  I*  discharged  from  his  liability  by  any  frai  r  concealment  on  the  part 
of  the  individual  employing  him,  or  of  the  bailor ;  as  if  the  latter  represent  a  parcel  as  con- 
taining things  of  little  or  no  value,  when,  in  fact,  it  contains  things  of  great  value.  But 
when  the  carrier  has  not  given  a  notice  limiting  his  responsibility,  and  when  he  puts  no 
questions  with  respect  to  the  parcel  to  the  bailor,  the  latter  need  not  say  any  thing  with 
respect  to  it ;  and  though  tne  bailor  should  represent  the  thing  delivered  to  the  carrier  as  of 
no  value,  yet  if  the  latter  know  it  to  be  otherwise,  he  will  be  responsible  in  the  event  of  itH 
lieing  lost  or  damaged.  If  the  bailor  deliver  goods  imperfectly  packed,  and  the  carrier  doea 
not  perceive  it,  he  is  not  liable  in  the  event  of  a  loss  occurring ;  but  if  the  defect  in  the  pack- 
age were  such  that  the  carrier  could  not  but  perceive  it,  ho  would  be  liable.  On  this  prin- 
ciple a  carrier  was  made  to  answer  for  tlie  loss  of  a  greyhound  that  had  been  improperly 
secured  when  given  to  him. 

A  carrier  may  refuse  to  admit  goods  into  his  warehouse  at  an  unseasonable  ttm(f,  or  before 
he  U  ready  to  take  his  journey ;  but  he  cannot  refufo  to  do  the  ordinary  duties  incumbent 
on  a  person  in  his  situation. 

It  is  felony,  if  a  carrier  open  a  parcel  and  take  goods  out  of  it  with  intent  to  steal  them  ; 
and  it  has  been  decided,  that  if  goods  be  delivered  to  a  carrier  to  bo  carried  to  a  R{>ecifie(l 
plai'c,  and  he  carry  them  to  a  diflferont  place,  and  di:<poHe  of  them  for  liis  own  profit,  ho  is 
guilty  of  felony  :  but  the  embezzlement  of  goods  by  a  carrier,  without  a  felonious  taking, 
niiTcly  cx|K>HCs  to  a  civil  action. 

No  carrier,  wagonman,  carman,  or  wainman,  with  their  resjiective  carriages,  shall  travel 
on  Sundays,  under  a  penalty  of  30». — (3  Chas,  1.  c.  1.) 

A  carrier  is  always,  unless  there  be  an  express  agreement  to  the  contrary,  entitled  to  a 
reward  for  his  care  and  trouble.  In  some  cases  his  reward  U  regulated  by  the  legislature, 
and  in  others  by  a  special  stipulation  between  the  parties ;  but  though  there  1)C  no  legislativo 
provision  or  express  agreement,  he  cannot  claim  more  than  a  reafouahlr.  compcnt^ation. 

2.  Limilatton  of  Responsibility, — Until  the  act  of  15;i(),  a  currier  might  by  express  stipu- 
lation, giving  public  notice  to  tliat  effect,  discharge  his  lisdiility  from  all  losses  by  robbery, 
accident  or  otherwise,  except  those  which  orose  from  niifftazancc  andij^ross  neifliijence  (froni 
which  no  stipulation  or  notice  could  exempt  him),  and  provided  thu  notice  did  not  contra- 
vene the  express  conditions  of  an  act  of  parliament. 

Notices  generally  bore,  that  the  carrier  would  not  be  responsible  for  more  than  a  certain 
sum  (usually  5/.)  on  any  one  parcel,  the  value  of  which  had  not  been  declared  and  paid  for 
accordingly  ;  so  thot  a  person  aware  of  this  notice,  entering  a  box  worth  1000/.  without 
declaring  its  value,  or  entering  it  as  being  worth  20(1/.  would,  Bhould  it  be  lost,  have  got  in 
the  first  case  only  5/.,  and  in  the  tatter  only  200/.,  unless  he  could  have  shown  that  the 
carrier  had  acted  fraudulently  or  with  gross  negligence.  But,  to  avail  himself  of  thi.<  defence, 
the  carrier  was  bound  to  show  that  (he  bailor  or  his  servant  vras  acuuaintcd  with  the  notic« 

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CARRIERS. 


at  the  time  of  delivering  the  goods.  No  particular  manner  of  giving  nntice  was  required. 
It  might  be  done  by  express  communication,  by  fixing  it  up  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the 
carrier's  office,  by  insertion  in  the  public  papers  or  Gazette,  by  tho  circulation  of  handhillg, 
&c. ;  it  being  in  all  cases  a  question  for  the  jury  to  decide  whether  the  bailor  was  really 
acquainted  with  the  notice  of  the  limitation  ;  since,  if  he  were  not,  he  was  entitled  to  recover, 
whatever  efforts  the  carrier  may  iTave  made  to  pul)Iish  it.  Thus,  a  notice  stuck  up  in  a 
carrier's  warehouse,  whore  goods  were  delivered,  was  of  no  avail  against  parties  who  coulj 
not  read  :  neithef  was  it  of  any  avail  against  those  who  could  read,  and  who  had  seen  it, 
unless  they  had  actually  read  it.  On  this  principle  it  was  held,  that  a  notice  in  a  newspa- 
per is  not  sufficient,  even  when  it  was  proved  that  the  bailor  read  the  newspaper,  unless  it 
could  also  be  proved  that  he  had  read  the  notice  itself. 

These  attempts  to  limit  responsibility  gave  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  litigation  and  uncer- 
tainty ;  and  to  ob\'iate  the  inconveniences  thence  arising,  the  important  statute,  1  Will.  4, 
c.  68.,  was  passed.  This  act  declares,  that  carriers  by  land  shall  not  be  liable  for  the  loss 
of  certain  articles  specified  in  the  act,  when  their  value  exceeds  10/.,  unless  the  nalitre  and 
value  of  such  articles  be  staled  at  the  time  of  their  delivery  to  the  carrier,  and  an  inorcasetl 
rharge  paid  or  agreed  to  be  paid  upon  the  same.  It  is  further  declared,  that  no  publication 
nf  any  notices  by  carriers  shall  have  power  to  limit  their  responsibility  at  common  law  for 
all  other  articles  except  those  specified  in  tho  act ;  but  as  the  act  is  of  great  importance,  wo 
subjoin  it. 

From  and  after  tliH  passsinp  nf  this  net,  no  mail  contrnrtor,  Ptape  conch  iiroprietnr,  or  other  coininnn 
farrier  by  land  for  hire,  shall  be  liable  for  the  loss  of  or  injury  to  any  artlele  or  articles  of  prnperlv  of 
Ihe  description  following,  viz.  gold  or  silver  coin  of  this  realm  or  of  any  foreign  stale,  or  any  gnl'd  or 
silver  in  a  inanufactnred  or  iinniunufaciiircd state,  or  any  precions stones,  jrwelh^ry,  walrhps,rlniks, 
or  time. pieces  of  any  description,  trinkets,  bills,  notes  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Kaiiks  nf 
Knpland,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  respectively,  or  of  any  other  bank  in  (jreat  Dritain  or  Ireland,  orders, 
notes,  or  securities  for  payment  of  money,  Kiigliiih  or  foreiiin  stamps,  maps,  writings,  title-deeds, 
jiaintinKS,  engravings,  pictures,  gold  or  silver  plate  or  plated  articles,  pliiss,  cliina,  silks  in  a  inannfnc- 
tnred  or  unmanufactured  slate,  and  whether  wrought  «p  or  not  wronght  ii. 'vitli  other  innteriiils, 
furs,  or  lace,  nr  any  nf  them,  contained  in  any  panel  or  package  which  shall  nave  been  delivered, 
either  to  be  carried  for  hire  or  to  accompany  tiie  person  nf  any  passeiiaer  in  any  mail  or  slage  cuiich 
or  other  public  conveyance,  when  the  valut;  of  such  article  or  articles  or  property  aforesaid  contained 
in  such  parcel  or  package  simll  exceed  the  sum  of  10/.,  unless  nt  the  lime  nf  the  delivery  thereof  at  Ihe 
office,  warehouse,  or  receiving  liouse  of  such  mail  contractor,  &c.  the  value  and  nature  of  siith  nrii- 
i;le  or  articles  of  property  shall  have  been  declored  by  the  person  or  [leraons  sending  or  delivering  llie 
kame,  and  such  increased  charge  as  hereinafter  mentioned,  or  an  engagement  to  pay  th"  same  be  ac- 
cepted by  the  person  receiving  such  parrel  or  package. — }  1. 

When  any  parcel  or  package  containing  any  of  the  articles  nbove  specified  shall  be  so  delivered, 
and  its  value  and  contents  declared  as  aforesaid,  and  such  value  sliall  exceed  the  sum  of  Iflf.,  it  shall 
he  lawful  for  such  mail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  and  other  common  carriers,  to  demand 
and  receive  an  increased  rate  of  charge,  to  be  notified  by  some  notice,  affixed  in  legible  character  in 
some  public  and  cnnspicuons  part  nf  the  nlhce,  warehouse,  or  other  receiving  house,  where  su(h 
parcels  or  packages  are  received  by  them  for  llie  purpose  of  conveyance,  stating  the  incren.sed  r!\tes 
of  charge  required  to  he  paid  over  ami  above  the  ordinary  rate  of  carriage,  ns  a  compensation  fur  the 
greater  risk  and  care  to  be  taken  for  the  safe  conveyance  of  such  valuable  articles ;  and  all  persons 
sending  nr  delivering  parcels  or  packages  containing  such  valuable  articles  ns  aforesaid  at  sncli  eDiru 
shall  be  bound  by  such  notice,  without  further  proof  of  tlie  same  having  come  to  their  knowledije.-  }•,'. 

Provided  always,  that  when  the  value  shall  have  been  so  declared,  and  the  increased  rate  nf  rharee 
paid,  or  an  engagement  to  pay  the  same  shall  have  been  accepted  as  herein-heforc  mentioned,  ilie 
person  recei.  ine  such  increased  rate  of  charge  or  accepting  sucli  agreement  shall,  if  required,  sign  a 
receipt  for  the  package  or  parcel,  acknowledging  the  same  to  have  been  insured,  which  receipt  slinll 
not  be  liable  to  any  stamp  duty  ;  and  if  such  receipt  sliall  not  be  given  when  required,  or  such  noiiirt 
ns  aforesaid  shall  not  have  been  affixed,  the  mail  contractor,  stage  roach  proprietor,  or  other  conwiioa 
carrier  as  aforesaid,  shall  not  have  or  be  entitled  to  any  benetit  or  advantage  under  this  act,  but  shall 
he  liable  and  responsible  as  at  the  common  law,  ui.d  be  liable  to  refund  the  incri'ased  rale  nf 
charge.—}  3. 

And  be  it  enacted,  that  from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  September,  IS.'IO,  no  public  notice  or  deiliira- 
linn  heretofore  made  or  hereafter  to  be  made  shall  be  deemed  or  construed  to  limit  or  m  anywise 
utfect  the  liability  at  common  law  of  any  such  mail  contractors,  slag.'-  cnai  h  proprietors,  or  othiT  piih- 
lic  comimm  carriers  as  aforesaid,  for  or  in  respect  of  any  articles  or  goods  lube  carried  and  coiivejed 
by  them  ;  but  that  all  and  every  siich  mail  coiMraclors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  and  other  coninioa 
carriers  as  aforesaid,  sliall,  frnm  and  after  the  said  1st  day  of  .Sepieiuher,  \»'.  lialile,  I's  at  the  ((idmiihii 
law,  to  answer  for  the  loss  of  any  injury  [su  Ui  the  net']  \t>  tiny  artid.s  and  goods  in  respect  whereof 
they  may  not  he  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  this  act,  any  public  notice  or  declaration  by  them  made  and 
given  contrary  thereto,  or  in  anywise  limiting  such  liability,  notwi'.lislandiiig.— J  4. 

And  be  it  further  enacted,  that  for  the  purposes  of  this  act  every  nflice,  warehouse,  nr  reieiviiig 
house,  which  Bh:ill  be  used  or  appointed  by  any  mail  contractor,  nr  "stage  coach  proprietor,  or  itbcr 
Httch  common  carrier,  for  the  receiving  of  parcels  to  be  conveyed  as  aforesaid,  shall  he  deeineil  and 
laken  to  be  the  receiving  house,  warelionse,  or  otlice  of  such  mail  contractor,  stage  coach  pn  |)iii'ter, 
or  other  common  carrier  ;  ami  that  any  one  or  more  of  such  mail  contractors,  Ktage  coacli  |iro|irielor?, 
or  commnu  carriers,  shall-be  liable  to  be  sued  by  bis,  her,  or  their  nanie  nr  mimes  only  ;  tind  that  no 
action  or  suit  commenced  to  recover  dnma'ies  for  loss  or  injury  to  any  parcel,  package,  tw  persea, 
shall  abate  for  the  want  of  joining  any  co-proprietor  or  co-partner  in  such  niuil,  singe  coach,  or  otluT 
public  conveyance  by  land  for  hire  as  aforesaid  —J  ,'i. 

Provided  always,  and  be  it  further  enacted,  tliat  nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  extend  oi  ho 
construed  to  annul  nr  in  anywise  alfect  any  special  contract  between  such  mail  contractor,  staiie 
roach  proprietor,  or  common  carrier,  and  any  other  parties,  fur  tho  conveyance  of  goods  and  mer- 
chandises.—i  6. 

Provided  also,  and  be  if  further  enacted,  that  where  anyparcel  nr  package  shall  have  been  delivered 
nf  any  such  office,  and  the  value  and  contents  declared  asaforesaid,  and  llie  increased  rate  of  i  ii:irg''8 
been  paiil,  and  such  parcels  or  packages  shall  have  been  lost  nr  damagerl,  the  fiarty  entitled  to  ie((>vi'r 
damages  In  respect  of  such  loss  or  ilamage  shall  also  be  entitled  to  recover  liark  such  in'i  Msod 
charijei  so  paid  m  aforesaid,  in  addition  to  the  value  uf  lucli  package  or  parcel.—)  7. 


CARTS—CASHEW  NUTS. 


823 


Providod  alto,  and  be  It  further  enacted,  that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  I  o  deemed  to  protect  any 
finil  contrnctor.  Binge  coach  proprietor,  or  other  common  carrier  fur  hire,  from  liability  to  answer  fctr 
loss  or  injury  to  any  goods  or  articles  whatsoever,  arising  from  tho  felonious  acts  of  any  coachman, 
guard,  book-keeper,  porter,  or  other  servant  in  his  or  their  employ,  nor  to  protect  any  such  coachman, 
eiinrd,  hnnk-keeper,  or  other  servant,  from  liability  fur  any  loss  or  injury  occasioned  by  hi»  or  their  own 
vtrsindl  vegUct  or  misconduct. — }  8.  « 

Provided  also,  and  be  it  further  enacted,  that  such  mail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  or 
oilier  common  carriers  for  hire,  shall  not  be  concluded  as  to  the  value  of  any  such  parcel  or  package 
by  tiie  value  so  declared  as  aforesaid,  but  that  he  or  they  shall  in  all  cases  be  entitled  to  require,  from 
tl'.'  piirty  suing  in  respect  of  any  loss  or  injury,  proof  of  the  actu:il  value  of  the  contents  by  the  ordi- 
iiiiry  IfSal  evidence  ;  and  that  the  mail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  or  other  common  carriers 
lis  nfiiriv^aid,  ehall  he  lialde  to  hucIi  damages  only  as  shall  be  so  prQved  as  aforesaid,  not  exceeding 
the  ileilared  value,  together  with  the  increased  charges  as  before  mentioned.—}  9. 

And  he  it  further  enacted,  that  in  all  actions  to  be  brouglit  against  any  such  mail  contractors.  Sic, 
tiie  defendant  or  defendants  may  pay  the  money  into  court.—}  10. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  carriera  continue,  notwith.standing  this  act,  liable,  as  before,  for 
the  felonious  acts  of  their  servants,  and  their  own  misfcazaiice  or  gross  negligence.  It  is  not 
possible,  however,  to  lay  down  any  general  rule  as  to  the  circumstances  which  constitute 
this  offence.  Differing  as  they  do  in  almost  every  case,  the  question,  when  raised,  must  be 
left  to  a  jury.  But  it  has  been  decided,  that  the  misdelivery  of  a  parcel,  or  its  nondelivery 
within  a  reasonable  time,  is  a  misfeazanco  that  cannot  be  defeated  by  any  notice  on  the 
part  of  tho  carrier  limiting  his  responsibility.  In  like  manner;  the  sending  of  a  parcel  by  a 
different  coach  from  that  directed  by  the  bailor,  the  removing  it  from  one  carriage  to  another, 
are  misfeazances.  Where  a  parcel  is  directed  to  a  person  at  a  particular  place,  and  the  car- 
rier, knowing  such  person,  delivers  tlie  parcel  to  another,  who  represents  Iiimself  as  the  con- 
signee, such  delivery  is  gross  negligence.  Leaving  parcels  in  a  coach  or  cart  unprotected  in 
the  streets  is  also  gross  negligence. 

At  common  law,  there  is  no  distinction  between  carriage  performed'by  sea  or  land  ;  hut 
by  the  7  Geo.  2.  c.  15.  and  26  Geo.  3.  c.  86.,  corrected  and  amended  by  the  iiS  Geo.  3.  c. 
159.,  it  is  enacted  that  ship-owners  are  not  to  be  liable  for  any  loss  or  damage  happening  to 
goods  on  board  through  the  fraud  or  neglect  of  the  master,  without  their  knowledge  or 
privity,  further  than  the  value  of  the  vessel  and  the  freight  accruing  during  the  voyage. 
— (St'e  OwjfBiis.) 

3.  Commencement  and  Termination  of  LlahilHy. — A  carrier's  liability  commences  from 
the  time  the  goods  are  actually  delivered  to  him  in  the  character  of  carrier.  A  delivery  to  a 
carrier's  servant  is  a  delivery  to  himself,  and  he  will  be  responsible.  The  delivery  of  goods 
in  an  inn-yard  or  warehouse,  at  which  other  carriers  put  up,  is  not  a  delivery  so  as  to  charge 
a  carrier,  unless  a  special  notice  bo  given  him  ol  their  having  been  so  delivered,  or  some 
previous  intimation  to  that  cffi'ct. 

A  carrier's  liability  ceases,  when  he  vests  the  property  committed  to  his  charge  in  the  hands 
of  the  consignee  or  his  agents,  by  actual  delivery ;  or  when  the  property  is  resumed  by  the  con- 
signor, in  pursuance  of  his  right  of  stopping  it  in  transitu.  It  is  in  all  cases  the  duty  of 
the  carrier  to  deliver  the  goods.  The  leaving  goods  at  an  inn  is  not  a  suflicient  delivery. 
The  rule  in  such  cases,  in  deciding  upon  the  carrier's  liability,  is  to  consider  whether  any 
tiling  remains  to  be  done  by  the  carrier,  as  such ;  and  if  notlting  remains  to  be  done,  his  lia- 
bility ceases,  and  conversely. 

A  carrier  has  a  lien  upon  goods  for  his  hire.  Even  if  the  goods  be  stolen,  the  rightful 
owner  is  r.ot  to  have  them  without  paying  the  carriage. 

For  further  details  as  to  this  subject  see  Jeremy  on  the  Law  ofCarriem,  passim  ;  Chilty^s 
Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  pp.  309 — 387  ;  and  Burnn  Juxtice  of  the  Peace,  tit.  Carriers. 
There  arc  some  excellent  observations  with  respect  to  it  in  Sir  William  Jones'  Essny  on  the 
Law  of  Bailments. — (For  an  account  of  the  regulations  as  to  the  conveyance  of  passengers 
ill  stage  coaches,  see  Coaches,  Stage.) 

CARTS.  Every  cart,  &c.  fi)r  the  carriage  of  any  thing  to  and  from  any  place,  tvlicre  tho 
stiect?  are  paved,  within  the  bills  of  mortality,  shall  contain  6  inches  in  llie  folly.  No  per- 
son f.iiall  drive  any  cart,  waggon,  &c.  within  5  miles  of  the  General  Post  Office,  unless  the 
nan  e,  surname,  an.l  place  of  abode  of  the  owner,  bo  painted  in  conspicuous  letters,  at 
least  1  inch  in  height,  on  the  right  or  off  side  thereof,  under  a  penalty  of  5/.  Any  per- 
pon  may  seize  and  detain  any  cart,  waggon,  &c.  without  such  mark. — (1  &  2  Will.  4.c.  22.) 
CASH,  in  commerce,  means  the  ready  money,  bills,  drafts,  bonds,  and  all  iuiniuJiately 
negotiable  paper  in  an  individual's  possession. 

CASH  ACCOUNT,  in  book-keeping,  an  account  to  which  nothiu'r  but  cash  in  carried 
on  the  one  hand,  and  from  which  all  tho  disbursements  of  the  concern  are  drawn  on  tho 
other.  The  balance  ir  the  cash  in  hand.  When  the  credit  side  more  than  balances  tluMlebit, 
or  disbursement  side,  ilio  account  is  said  to  be  in  cash  ,•  when  the  contrary,  to  be  out  rfr.'i.ih. 
Cash  Account,  in  banking,  is  the  name  given  to  the  account  of  the  advances  made  by 
a  banker  in  Scotland,  to  an  individual  who  has  given  security  for  their  repayment.—  (See 
Banks  (Scotch).) 

CASHEW  ^UT9,  (Ger.  Akojunilsse,  Westindlfche  Anakarden ,-  Da.  Cafsjocnoofen  t 
Fr.  Noix  d'acajoit  i  It.  Acaju  ,•  Sp.  Nueces  d'acajii  ,•  Port.  Nozes  d'acaja)  the  produce  of  tho 


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824 


CASPIAN  SEA— CASTOR  OIL. 


Atuuardium  oeddentale.  They  are  externally  of  a  greyish  or  broisnish  colour,  of  the  ghape 
of  a  kidney,  somewhat  convex  on  the  one  ride,  and  depressed  on  the  other.  The  shell  is 
very  hard ;  and  the  kernel,  which  is  sweet  and  of  a  very  fine  flavour,  is  covered  with  a  thin 
film.  Between  this  and  the  shell  is  lodged  a  thick,  blackish,  i  iflammable  oil,  of  ouch  a 
caustic  nature  in  the  fresh  nuts,  that  if  the  lips  chance  to  touch  .  ,  blietors  immediately  fo|. 
low.    The  kernels  are  used  in  cooking,  and  in  the  preparation  cf  c  locolatc. 

CASPIAN  SEA.    See  Taoawhog. 

CASSIA.  There  are  four  species  of  cassia  in  the  market  viz.  Cassia  Fulula,-  Cassia 
Lignea,  or  Cassia  Bark  ;   Cassia  Buds,  and  Cassia  Senna. 

1.  Cassia  Fistula  {Fr.Casse;  Ger.  Rhonkasie ;  It.  Polpa  di  eatsia ;  \Ai.  Castia: puU 
pa ;  Arab.  Khyar  sheber)  is  a  tree  which  grows  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  and  Egypt 
{Cassia  fistula  Lin.).  The  fruit  is  a  woody,  dark  brown  pod,  about  the  thickness  of  the 
thumb,  and  nearly  2  feet  in  length.  Those  brought  to  this  country  come  principally  from 
the  West  Indies,  packed  in  casks  and  cases ;  but  a  superior  kind  is  brought  from  the  East 
Indies,  and  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  smaller  smooth  pod,  and  by  the  greater  blackness  of 
the  pulp. 

2.  Cassia  Lignea,  or  Cassia  Bark  (Fr.  Casse ;   Ger.  Cassia  ,•  Port  Cassia  lenhosa  ; 

Arab.  Seleekeh  ,•  Hind.  Tnj  ,•  Malay,  Kayii-legi),  the  bark  of  a  tree  (Luurus  Cassia  Lin.) 

growing  in  Sumatra,  Borneo,  the  Malabar  coast,  Philippine  Islands,  &c. ;  but  chiefly  in  the 

provinces  of  Quantong  and  Kingsi,  in  China,  which  furnish  the  greatest  part  of  the  cassia  met 

with  in  the  European  markets.    The  tree  grows  to  the  height  of  60  or  CO  feet,  with  large, 

spreading,  horizontal   branches,  the   bark   resembles   that  of  cinnamon   in    appearance, 

smell,  and  taste,  and  is  very  often  substituted  for  it :  but  it  may  bo  readily  distinguis-hed ;  it 

is  thicker  in  substance,  less  quilled,  breaks  shorter,  and  is  more  pungent.      It  should  lie 

chosen  in  thin  pieces ;  the  best  being  that  which  approaches  nearest  to  cinnamon  in  flavour : 

that  which  is  small  and  broken  should  be  rejected.    A  good  deal  of  the  cassia  in  the  Indian 

markets  is  brought  from  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Ceylon.     Malabar  cassia  is  thicker  and  darker 

coloured  than  that  of  China,  and  more  subject  to  foul  packing;  each  bundle  should  be 

separately  inspected. — {Ainslie's  Materia  Indica  ,•  Milbum's  Oritnt.  Com.  ^c.) 

TliR  diitynn  cassia  was  reduced  in  1625  from  2s.  Cd.  ppr  lb.  to  !».,  and  in  1829  to  fid.  Owing  partly 
to  these  reductions,  and  partly  to  tile  hnnvy  duty  on  nnd  high  price  of  cinnniiinn,  the  cnnsnniptinn  nf 
CMssiii  has  more  than  doubled  giuce  1820.  Still,  however,  it  is  very  incoisideruhle  when  conipnrcd 
with  tlie  importation.  In  1832,  the  duty  of  6d.  per  lb.  produced  1,807/.  'it.  Ifld.,  ihowintr  Ihnt  T2,SH5  Ibg. 
bad  been  cleared  for  consumption.  The  imports  in  ordinary  yeara,  vary  from  about  -lOOiOOO  Iha.  to 
at)out  800,000  lbs. ;  the  excess  over  what  is  nmde  use  of  ut  home  being  principally  soiit  to  Germnny, 
Italy,  and  Russia.  Of  837,580  1I)b.  imported  in  1830,  700,71.')  lbs  were  brought  from  the  East  India 
Company's  territories  and  Ceylon,  25,560  lbs.  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  0,200  His.  from  Brazil,  nnd 
S.SO.')  llig.  from  the  Mauritius.  Cassia  was  quoted  in  the  London  niarkels,  in  August,  lb33,  at  fioni  8ti«. 
tu  eOs.  a  cwt.  in  bond.— (Pari.  Paper,  No.  367.  Sesi.  1833,  &c.) 

[See  Imports  and  Exports. — Am.  Ed.] 

Cassia  Buds,  the  dried  fruit  or  berry  of  the  tree  (Laurus  cass.'a)  which  yields  the  bark 
described  in  the  previous  article.  They  bear  some  resemblance  to  a  rlove,  but  are  smaller, 
and,  when  fresh,  have  a  rich  cinnamon  flavour.  They  should  be  chosen  round,  fresh,  and 
free  from  stalks  and  dirt  Cassia  buds  are  the  produce  of  China.  The  exporti  from  Canton 
in  1831  amounted  to  1,334  piculs,  or  177,866  lbs.  The  imports  into  Great  Britain  in  1832 
were  75,173  lbs.,  but  the  entries  for  home  consumption  arc  not  specified.  They  were  quoted 
in  the  London  markets  in  October,  1833,  at  80s.  a  cwt  in  bond.— (iV/;7Ziurn'»  Orient,  Com.i 
Anglo-Chinese  Kalendarfor  1832 ;  and  Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Scss.  1833.) 

Cassia  Senna.    See  Senna. 

CASTOR  (Fr.  Ccw/orewm  ,•  Ger.  Kastoreunt ;  It.  Casforo  ,•  Sp.  Ca"?/orfo),  the  produce 
of  the  beaver,  in  the  inguinal  regio?i  of  this  animal  arc  found  four  bags,  a  large  and  a 
small  one  on  each  side  :  in  the  two  large  ones  there  is  contained  a  softish,  greyiiih  yellow  or 
ligiit  brown  substance,  which,  on  exposure  to  the  air,  becomes  dry  and  brittle  and  of  a  brown 
colour.  This  is  castor.  It  has  a  heavy  but  somewhat  aromatic  smell,  not  unlike  nuisk ; 
and  a  bitter,  nauseous,  and  subacrid  taste.  The  best  comrs  from  Russia ;  but  of  late  yean 
it  has  been  very  scarce;  and  all  that  is  now  found  in  the  shops  is  the  produce  of  Canida. 
The  goodness  of  castor  is  determined  by  its  sensible  qualities ;  that  which  is  Mack  is  insiiiiJ, 
inodorous,  oily,  and  unfit  for  use.  Castor  is  said  to  be  sometimes  counterfeited  by  a  mix- 
ture of  some  g^mmy  and  resinous  substances;  but  the  fraud  is  easily  detected,  by  comparing 
the  smell  and  taste  with  those  of  real  castor. — {Thomson's  Difpensutary.) 

CASTOR  OIL  (Fr.  Huile  dn  Ricin  ,•  Ger.  Kzinunohl  ,■  It.  Olio  di  IVcinn  ,•  Sp.  Riiin- 
roe!)  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  the  Ricinus  communis,  or  Palma  Christi,  an  annual  plant, 
found  in  most  tropical  countries,  and  in  Greece,  the  south  of  Spain,  &c.  The  oil  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  seeds  either  by  boiling  them  in  water,  or  by  subjecting  them  to  the  action  of 
the  press.  It  is  said,  that  though  the  largest  quantity  of  oil  may  be  procured  by  the  lirst 
method,  it  is  less  sweet,  and  more  apt  to  l>ecome  rancid,  than  that  procured  by  expression, 
which,  in  consequence,  is  the  process  now  most  commonly  followed.  Good  expressed  castor 
oil  is  nearly  inodorous  and  inRi|)id  ;  hut  the  l)est  leaves  a  slight  sensation  of  acrimony  in  tho 
'.hroat  after  it  is  awallpwed.    It  is  tliicker  ond  heavier  than  tho  fat  oils,  being  viscid,  trans* 


CATECHU— CAT  SKINS. 


925 


of  the  shape 
The  shell  is 
with  a  thin 
'i  of  Much  a 
'ediately  fol. 

lof  Cassia 


parent,andcolourle88,orofa  very  pale  atraw  colour.  That  which  is  obtained  by  boiling 
the  seedii  has  a  brownish  hue ;  and  both  kinds,  when  they  become  rancid,  thicken,  deepen 
in  colour  to  a  reddish  brown,  and  acquire  a  hot  nauseous  tai«te.  It  is  very  extensively  em* 
ployed  in  tlie  materia  medica  as  a  cathartic. — (  Thomson's  Diapemuiory.') 

The  quantity  ricared  Tor  home  consumption  In  1831  amounted  tn  327,910  lbs,,  being  about  dnuMe  the 
qunntity  clKiired  fur  consumption  in  18'M ;  an  increase  principrilly  ascribniile  to  tlie  reduction  of  tlie 
duty  from  I*.  3d.  to  id.  Of  tliu  total  quantity  imported  in  1H30,  amniiiitiiiK  to  490,558  lbs.,  no  fiwer 
than  441.207  Iba,  were  from  the  East  Indies,  39,40d  lbs.  from  British  Nonli  Aniprica,  5,139  Ibx.  from  the 
Vniied  States,  and  4,718  lbs.  from  the  British  West  Indies.  Castor  oil  from  foreign  countries,  beliiit 
loaded  with  a  duty  of  I«.,  Is  almost  wholly  re-exported.  The  price  of  East  India  castor  oil  in  bond 
varies  from  lOd.  to  \».  Id.  per  lb. ;  that  of  the  West  Indies  is  much  biglier. — (Account*  publisktd  by  tki 
Board  of  Trait,  p.  118, ;  Pari.  Paper,  No.  367.  Sess.  1833,  tec.) 

CATECHU  (Pr.  Cnehou  ,•  Ger.  Kaschu ,-  Hind.  Cut ,-  Mai.  Gambir),  i  brown  astrin- 
gent  substance,  formerly  known  by  the  name  of  Terra  Jupanica,  because  supposed  to  be  a 
kind  of  earth.  It  is,  however,  a  veg^etable  substance  obtained  from  two  plants ;  viz.  the 
Mimnsa,  or  more  <$orrectly  the  Acacia  eateehu,  and  the  Uncaria  gambir.  The  first  of 
these  is  a  tree  from  20  to  30  feet  high,  found  in  abundance  in  many  of  the  forests  of  India, 
from  16"  of  lat  up  to  30°.  The  places  most  remarkable  for  its  production  arc,  the  Bur- 
mese territories ;  a  large  province  of  the  Malabar  coast,  called  the  Concan ;  and  the  forestg 
skirting  the  northern  part  of  Bengal,  under  the  hills  which  divide  it  from  Nepaul.  The 
catechu  is  obtained  from  this  tree  by  the  simple  process  of  bailing  the  heart  of  the  wood  for 
a  few  hours,  when  it  assumes  the  look  and  consistency  of  tar.  The  substance  hardens  by 
cooling ;  is  formed  into  dmall  balls  or  squares ;  and  being  dried  in  the  sun,  is  fit  for  the 
market.  The  price  to  the  first  purchaser  in  the  Concan  is  about  I5«.  a  cwt.  According  to 
Dr.  Davy,  who  analysed  it,  the  specific  gravity  of  Concan  catechu  is  1-39 ;  and  that  of 
Pegu,  1-28.  The  taste  of  this  substance  is  astringent,  leaving  behind  a  sensation  of  sweet- 
ness: it  is  almost  wholly  soluble  in  water.  Of  all  the  astringent  substances  we  know,  catechu 
appears  to  contain  the  largest  portion  of  tannin.  According  to  Mr.  Purkis,  1  lb,  is  equivalent 
to  7  or  8  lbs.  of  oak  bark  for  tanning  leather.  From  800  grs.  of  Concan  catechu.  Dr.  Davy 
procured  109  of  tannin,  68  of  extractive  matter,  13  of  mucilage,  and  10  of  earths  and  other 
impiiri'ies ;  the  same  quantity  of  Pegu  catechu  afforded  97  grs.  of  tannin,  73  of  extract,  16 
ofinirii:  -1!,  and  14  of  impurities.  The  uncaria  gambir  is  a  scandent  shrub,  extensively 
cultr.  <>  ,ii!  the  countries  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca ;  but  chiefly  in 
the  sin^  a:  ' ;  at  their  eastern  extremity.  The  catechu  is  in  this  case  obtained  by  lioiling 
the  let.  '>:.  '  ■■■:  inspissating  the  juice;  a  small  quantity  of  crude  sago  being  added,  to  give 
the  mass  consistency :  it  is  then  dried  in  the  sun,  and  being  cut  Uke  the  Concan  catechu 
into  small  squares,  is  ready  for  use.  There  is  a  great  consumption  of  this  article  throughout 
ail  parts  of  India  as  a  masticatory;  it  forms  an  ingredient  in  the  compound  of  betel  pepper, 
areca  nut,  and  lime,  which  is  in  almost  universal  use.  Catechu  may  be  purchased  at  the 
Dutch  seltlement  of  Rhio,  or  at  Malacca,  in  the  Straits  of  .Singapore,  at  the  rate  of  about  10s. 
a  cwt.  The  quantity  of  it,  under  the  corrupted  name  of  cutch,  impi>rted  yearly  into  Cal- 
cutta from  Pegu,  at  an  average  of  the  .i  years  ending  with  1828-39,  was  about  300  tons,  at 
a  cost  not  exceeding  9.?.  per  cwt.  From  Bombay  a  considerable  quantity  is  annually  im- 
ported into  China.  The  quantity  of  catechu,  under  the  name  of  gambir,  produced  in  Rhio 
by  the  Chinese  settlers,  is  equal  to  about  4,600  tons  a  year,  about  2,000  of  which  are  ex- 
ported for  the  consumption  of  Java ;  the  rest  being  sent  to  China,  Coclxia  China,  and  other 
neighbouring  countries. 

Catechu,  particularly  from  Singapore,  has  lately  been  imported  in  considerable  quantities 
for  trial  in  our  tanneries ;  but  with  a  duty  of  1/.  per  cwt,  equal  to  twice  the  prime  cost,  we 
fear  the  specidation  is  not  likely  to  succeed, — (See  Ainnlie's  Miteria  Indica  t  Ure's  Die- 
tlonarif  ,•  Singapore  Citron  -le .•  Buchanan's  Joimey  through  Mysore  Canara,  and  Mila- 
bar ;  Bell's  Heviciv  of  the  external  ^Commerce  of  Bmgal.) 

CAT'S  EVE,  a  mineral  of  a  beautiful  appearance,  broujht  from  Ceylon.  Its  colours  are 
grey,  green,  brown,  red,  of  various  shades.  Its  internal  lustre  is  shitiiu;?,  its  fracture  imper- 
fectly conchotdal,  and  it  is  translucent  From  a  peculiar  play  of  light,  arising  from  white 
fibres  interspersed,  it  has  derived  its  name.  The  French  call  the  appearance  chatoyant. 
It  scratches  quartz,  is  easily  broken,  and  resists  the  blowpipe.  It  is  set  by  the  jewellers  as  a 
precious  stone. 

CAT  SKINS.  The  skin  or  fur  of  tlie  cat,  i'*  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  but  is  prin- 
cipally dyed  and  sold  as  false  sable.  It  appears  from  evidence  taken  before  a  late  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  that  it  is  a  common  practice  in  London  to  decoy  the  animal  and 
kill  it  for  the  sake  of  its  skin.  The  fur  of  the  wild  cat  is,  however,  far  more  valuable  than 
that  of  tlie  domestic  cat  The  wild  cat  skins  imported  into  this  country  are  brought  almost 
wholly  from  the  territories  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The  animal  from  which  they 
are  taken  is  a  good  deal  larger  than  the  Englidh  wild  cat,  and  is  sometimes  called  the  loup 
cervier,  or  Canadian  lynx.  It  is  very  courageous.  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  enJini^  with 
18-U,the  number  of  cat  skins  imported  amounted  to  40,006  a  year,  of  which  about  24,000 
a  yeor  were  retained  for  home  consumption. 
Vol.  I.— 2  E 


I  i\  I 


i  tw 


!) 


I  Vf 


I     I 


i  h 


I    I 


826 


CATTLE. 


ri.;^ 


I  Ji     :« 


'  CATTLE,  a  collective  term  applied  to  designate  all  those  quadrupeds  that  are  used  either 
as  food  for  man,  or  in  tilling  the  ground.  By  neat  or  homed  cattle  is  meant  the  two  species 
inchuled  under  the  names  of  the  ox  (Bos)  and  tho  buflalo  (Bubulus)  ;  but  aa  the  latter  is 
hardly  kncmi  in  this  country,  it  is  the  former  only  that  we  have  here  in  view. 

The  raising  and  feeuing  of  cattle,  and  the  preparation  of  the  various  products  which  they 
yield,  have  formed,  in  all  counuies  emerged  from  the  savage  state,  an  important  branch  of 
industry. 

It  would  be  quite  inconsistent  with  the  oojccts  and  limits  of  this  work,  to  enter  into  any 
details  with  respect  to  the  different  breeds  of  cattle  raised  in  this  or  other  countries.  They 
are  exceedingly  various.  In  Great  Britain  they  have  been  vastly  improved,  both  in  tho 
weight  of  carcase,  the  quality  of  the  beef,  and  the  abundance  of  the  milk,  by  the  extraordi- 
nary attention  tiiat  has  been  given  to  the  selection  and  crowting  of  the  best  breeds,  according 
to  the  objects  in  view.  This  sort  of  improvement  began  almut  the  middle  of  last  century, 
or  rather  later,  and  was  excite<l  and  very  much  forwarded  by  the  skill  and  enterprise  of  two 
individuals — Mr.  Bakewell  of  Dishley,  and  Mr.  Culley  of  Northural)erland.  The  success 
by  which  their  efforts  were  attended  roused  a  spirit  of  emulation  in  others ;  and  the  rapid 
growth  of  commerce  and  manufactures  since  176U  having  occasioned  a  corresponding  in> 
crease  in  the  demand  for  butcher's  meat,  improved  systems  of  breeding,  and  improved  breeds, 
have  been  very  generally  intro<luced. 

But  the  improvement  in  the  size  and  the  condition  of  cattle  has  not  been  alone  owing  to 
the  circumstances  now  mentioned.  Much  of  it  is  certainly  to  bo  ascribed  to  the  great  im- 
provement that  has  been  made  in  their  fpeding.  The  introduction  and  universal  extension 
of  the  turnip  and  clover  cultivation  has  had,  in  this  respect,  a  most  astonishing  influence,  and 
has  wondcriully  increased  the  food  of  cattle,  and  consequently  tho  supply  of  butcher's  meat 

It  was  stated  in  tlie  First  Report  of  the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Waste  Lands  (printed  in  1795),  that  cattle  and  sheep  had,  at  an  average,  increased  in  size 
and  weight  about  a  fourth  since  1732  ;  but  there  are  strong  grounds  for  supposing  that  the 
increase  had  been  much  more  considerable  than  is  represented  by  the  committee. 

According  to  an  estimate  of  Dr.  Davenant  in  1710,  the  average  weight  of  the  nett  carcase 
of  black  cattle  was  only  370  lbs.,  of  calves  50  lbs.  and  of  sheep  only  28  lbs. ;  but  according 
to  Sir  F.  M.  Eden  {Hist,  of  the  Poor,  vol.  iii.  Appen.  p.  88.)  and  Mr.  Middlcton  {Agrlcof 
Middlesex,  2d  ed.  p.  541.)  the  weight  of  the  carcase  of  bullocks  killed  in  London,  is  now,  at 
an  average,  800  lbs.,  calves  140  lbs.,  sheep  80  lbs.,  and  iambs  50  lbs.  including  olfal ;  and  de- 
ducting the  latter,  the  nett  weight  of  the  carcases  is  nearer  a  half  than  a%urth  greater  tUii 
the  weight  assigned  by  Davenant. 

Consumption  of  Butcher's  Meat  in  London. — The  number  of  head  of  cattle,  sheep  and 
lambs,  sold  in  8mith6eld  market,  each  year  since  1 732,  has  b<!en  as  follows  :- 


Vean. 

Callle. 

Sbeap. 

Veara. 

CmiIl'. 

Sheep. 

VeArs, 

Ca'.llc. 

Shi-ep. 

Veaia. 

Callle.     1     Sheep. 

1732 

76,210 

514,700 

1758 

84,252 

550,9.'i0 

1783 

101,810 

701,610 

1808 

144,042   1,01.5,280 

i733 

80,1 eg 

565,050 

1759 

86,439 

582,260 

1781 

98,14S 

616,110 

1809 

137,600      !'89,250 

1734 

78,810 

566,910 

1760 

88,591 

622,210 

1785 

99.017 

611,470 

1810 

1.12,1.55      9f.2,7,50 

1735 

83,894 

590,970 

1761 

82,514 

666,010 

1786 

92,270 

665,910 

1811 

125,012      966,400 

1736 

87,606 

587,120 

1782 

102,831 

772,160 

1787 

91.946 

668,570 

1812 

133,654      953,630 

1737 

86,862 

607,.330 

1763 

80,851 

653,110 

1788 

92.829 

679,100 

1813 

137,770      891,210 

1738 

87,010 

589,170 

1761 

75,168 

556,360 

1789 

93,209 

693,700 

1814 

1.15,071'     870,880 

1739 

86,7«7 

568,980 

1765 

S^O.'iO 

537,000 

1790 

103,708 

740,660 

1815 

124,948      962,840 

1740 

84,810 

501,020 

1706 

75,534 

574,790 

1791 

101,161 

740„360 

1816 

120,439      968,560 

1741 

77,714 

536,160 

1767 

77,321 

574,050 

17i)2 

107,348 

760,859 

1817 

ia!,,888   1.044.710 

1712 

79,601 

503,260 

1768 

79,660 

626,170 

1793 

116.818 

72S,480 

1818 

138,017'     96,1.2.50 

1743 

76,475 

468,120 

1769 

82,131 

642,910 

171M 

109,418 

719,420 

1819 

135,226      919,WI0 

1744 

76,648 

490,620 

1770 

86,890 

649,090 

1795 

131,002 

745,610 

lh20 

lS2,!i33      917,990 

1745 

74,188 

.563,990 

1771 

93,573 

631,860 

1796 

117,1.52 

758,8 10 

1821 

129,125   1,107,230 

1746 

7i:582 

620,790 

1772 

89,.'i03 

609,510 

1797 

108,377 

69.1,510 

1822 

142,013   1,340,160 

1747 

71,150 

621,780 

1773 

90,1.13 

609,740 

1798 

107,470 

75.3,010 

1823 

149,552   1,261,920 

1748 

67.681 

610,060 

1774 

90,419 

585,390 

1799 

122,986 

834, 100 

1824 

163,615   1,239,720 

174!) 

72,706 

6^4,220 

1775 

93,581 

623,9.-)0 

1800 

125,073 

812,210 

1825 

1.56,985   1,130,310 

1750 

70,76r) 

656,3(0 

1776 

98,372 

671,700 

ISOl 

134,.546 

760,560 

1826 

143,460   1,270,5,'!', 

1751 

69,589 

631,890 

1777 

9.1,714 

714,870 

1802 

126,;t89 

713, 170 

1827 

138,363    1,335,100 

1752 

7,'»,7(W 

612,10(1 

1778 

07,360 

6.58,510 

i8o;t 

117,!J51 

787,i;!0 

1828 

147,693    l,288,.;r0 

1753 

75.252 

648,440 

1779 

97,352 

676,510 

ll-Ol 

113.019 

yo3,9-IO 

1829 

15-,313   1,210,300 

1754 

70,4.?7 

631,350 

1780 

102,383 

70»i.850 

1805 

125,013 

912,410 

18.30 

1.59,907;  1,287,070 

1755 

74,290 

647,100 

1781 

102,513 

713,330 

18116 

120.250 

85H,570 

1831 

148,1681  1,189,010 

1750 

77.257 

624,710 

1782 

101,170 

728,970 

ibor 

134,326 

S8 1,030 

1832 

166,224   1,364,100 

1757 

82,612 

574,9(K) 

1 

Down  tn  1820,  this  table  is  extrnctcd  from  iiupers  Inid  het'nre  imrliamcnt ;  xiiice  1820,  it  is  made  up 
from  returiirt  procured,  for  this  work,  from  llie  Clminlierliiiii's  oflice. 

Thi!  mimh«r  of  failed  mhea,  exrliisive  of  sncklora,  of  which  no  iiccount  is  taken,  gold  annually  in 
l<nilthflcld  from  1821  inclusive,  has  been  as  follows  :— 


1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1835 

tea6 


-  20,729 

-  20,832 

-  20,879 

-  20,300 

-  10,523 
(Obtained  from  the  clerk  of  the  market,  5th  of  Nov.  1833.) 


21,768 

1827 

21,2,55 

1828 

22,7.19 

1829 

21,919 

i8;«) 

20,958 

1831 

22.118 

18.12 

1730 
1735 
1740 
1745 
17'>0 
1755 
1760 
1765 
1770 
1775 
1780 


£ 

«. 

a. 

1 

9 

8 

0  16  U 

8 

0 

3 

3 

6 

e 

7 

ei 

11 

6 

7 

3 

8 

6 

13 

S 

12 

6 

CATTLE. 

at  per  cwt. 

at  Greenwicl 

£   $.   d. 

178S    - 

-    1  17    Oi 

1790    - 

-    1  16  10 

1795    - 

-    S    2  10 

1800    ■ 

-    3    4    4 

1605    • 

■    3    0    4 

1810    - 

-    3  12    0 

1819    - 

•    3    8    0 

1820    . 

-    3  10    4i 

ISiil     . 

-    2  18  10 

1822    . 

.    1  19    51^ 

£   ».  d. 

1823    . 

•    3    3    7t 

1824    - 

-  2    2    8i 

-  2  19    ol 

1825    - 

1826    . 

-    2  17    8 

1827     - 

-    2  13    4 

IS28    - 

-    2  10    7 

1829    - 

.263 

1830    . 

-236 

1H31     - 

-    2    4    3 

1832    - 

-    2    6    2^ 

827 

The  contract  price*  of  butcher's  meat  per  cwt.  at  Greenwich  Hospital,  since  1730,  have  been  a« 
t>«Iow  :— 

1730    ■ 
1733    . 
1710 
17« 
IT'iO    ■ 
1755    . 
1760    . 
1765 
1770    . 
1775 
17S0 

'.Ve  suspect,  from  what  we  have  heard  from  practical  men  of  great  experience,  that  tho 
weight  assigned  by  Sir  F.  M.  Eden  and  Mr.  Middleton  to  the  cattle  sold  in  Smithfitld  is  ii 
little  beyond  the  average.  It  must  also  be  observed,  as  already  stated,  that  it  iathe^O'.* 
weight  of  the  carcase,  or  the  weight  of  the  animal  under  deduction  of  blood  and  refuse  ;  and 
therefore  to  get  tho  nelt  weight,  we  have  further  to  deiluct  the  oifal,  or  the  hide,  tallow, 
entrails,  feet,  &c.  We  have  been  informed  that  the  following  quantities  may  be  deducted 
from  the  carcase  weights,  in  order  to  obtain  the  nett  weights  of  the  dilTerorit  animals;  viz. 
from  neat  cattle,  2.50  lbs.  each;  calves,  3.5  lbs.;  sheep,  24  lbs.;  lambs,  12  lbs.  If  theso 
estimates  be  nearly  right,  wo  should  be  able,  provided  wc  knew  the  respective  numbers  of 
sliucp  and  lambs,  to  estimate  the  total  quantity  of  butcher's  meat  furnished  for  London  by 
Sinithfield  market,  exclusive  of  hogs  and  pigs.  Sheep  and  lambs  are  not,  however,  distin- 
Ruislied  in  the  returns ;  but  it  is  known  that  the  former  are  to  tho  latter  nearly  as  3  to  1 ;  so 
that  we  may  estimate  the  average  gross  weight  of  the  sheep  and  lambs  at  about  70  lbs.,  and 
their  average  nett  weight  at  about  50  lbs.     The  account  for  1830  will  then  stand  as  under :— 


Number  and  Speciei  of  Animall. 

Oroa  Weight. 

Oflal. 

Nttt  Weight. 

Bul.'her-s  Meal. 

159,007  Cattle        ... 
1,287,070  Slieep  and  lambs 

20,300  Calves      ... 

Lht. 

800 

70 

110 

\.U. 

200 
'iO 
33 

550 
50 
lOJ 

Total 

87.918,850 

et,.153,5()0 

2,131,500 

15t,434,850 

This  quantity,  estimated  at  the  average  price  of  Qd.  would  cost  3,860,871/. ;  at  id.,  it 
would  cost  5,147,828/. 

A  part  of  the  cattle  sold  at  Smithfield  go  to  supply  the  town  in  the  vicinity  ;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  many  cattle  are  sold  in  the  adjoining  towns,  and  slaughtered  for  the  use  of 
London,  of  which  no  account  is  taken.  We  have  reason  to  think,  that  the  latter  quantity 
rather  exceeds  the  former ;  but  supposing  that  they  nmtiially  balance  each  other,  the  above 
quantity  of  154,4.34,850  lbs.  may  \m  regarded  as  forming  the  annual  supply  of  butcher':* 
meat  at  present  required  for  London ;  exclusive,  however,  of  hogs,  pigs,  suckling  calve.s, 
&c.,  and  exclusive  also  of  bacon,  ham.^  and  salted  provisions  brought  from  a  distance.  Tho 
quantities  thus  omitted  from  the  account  are  very  considerable  ;  nor  can  there,  we  appre* 
hcnd,  be  any  doubt  that,  with  the  addition  of  such  parts  of  the  otfal  as  are  used  for  food, 
they  may  be  considered  as  more  than  balancing  the  buti^hor's  meat  retjuired  for  the  victual- 
ling of  ships.  On  this  hypothesis,  therefore,  it  will  follow,  assuming  the  population  of  the 
metropolis  to  amount  to  1,460,000,  that  the  annual  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  by  each 
individual,  young  and  old,  belonging  to  it,  is,  at  an  average,  very  near  107  lbs. 

This,  though  not  nearly  so  great  as  has  been  sometimes  represented*,  is,  we  believe,  a 
larger  consumption  of  animal  food  than  takes  place  any  where  else  by  the  same  number  of 
individuals.  According  to  M.  Chabrol,  the  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  in  Paris  amounts 
to  between  85  lbs.  and  86  lbs.  for  each  individual.  At  Brussels  the  consumption  is  a  little 
greater,  being  supposed  to  average  89  lbs.  each  individual ;  being  rathir  more  than  3  lbs. 
above  the  mean  of  Paris,  and  18  lbs.  under  the  mean  of  London. 

Arrording  to  the  reports  of  the  ins'  s  of  liides  and  skins,  tlii<  followini  nre  the  nninhers  of 

cattle,  calves, and  ebeop,  slaughtered  ii.  lool,  Manchester,  Luudd,  and  Shbftield,l'roni  1813  to  1820 

iiicliiBive : — 


* 
Liverpool 
Manchester 
Leeds 
Sticliield 

Totals 

Ciillle. 

1  alvf^. 

Sheep. 

74,671 
95,054 
22,976 
.W,097 

11)0.329 

00,.')74 
31,5'.)8 

4.57,268 
489,5.57 
317,642 
181,859 

222,798 

259,9.^6 

1,443,326 

,1  >  ' 


m 


.t  t '. 


i 


t; 


I'  ^i 


<s 


♦  Mr.  Middleton  (Agricxdlnre  of  Miildlenrx,  p.  643.)  estimates  the  consumption  of  nninial  food  in 
London,  exclusive  of  fish  and  poultry,  at  234  lbs.  a  year  for  every  individual !  And  he  further  esli- 
inntca  the  total  average  annual  expense  incurred  by  each  inhabitant  of  the  niotropolis,  for  all  sorts  of 
animal  food,  at  Hi.  8«. !  To  make  any  conimiMits  on  such  conrlil.iions  vvmild  lie  worse  lh:in  uaclessj 
but  the  fact  of  their  being  met  with  in  a  work,  otherwise  of  conHidcrnhle  merit,  is  one  of  the  many 
prsofs,  every  where  to  be  met  witli,  of  the  low  state  of  statistical  knowledge  in  this  country. 


I  ! 


I   I 


CATTLE. 

Tn  eatimati  'g  the  weij^htu  of  the  animals  killed  at  those  towns,  a  lower  standard  muit  be 
adopted  than  that  which  we  have  taken  for  Iiondon  ;  fintt,  liecuuae  the  largcHt  and  flnegt 
cattle  are  brought  to  the  metropolis ;  and  secondly,  because  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 
ralves  are  sui  klers,  which  are  excluded  from  the  London  accounts.  These  couHiJerutions 
have  not  licea  sulficicnMy  attended  to  by  the  framers  of  the  estimate  in  the  report  now 
quoted.    Sheep,  in  the  above  table,  means  no  doubt  sheep  and  lambs. 

We  extract  from  Dr.  Cleland's  valuable  work  on  the  statistics  of  (ilasgow  the  subjoined 
account  of  the  number,  weight,  &c.  of  the  animals  slaughtered  and  sold  in  that  city  durinz 
the  year  1828. 

Rutcheri'  Meat  sold  in  the  Glasgow  Market,  in  1833. 


ttiiy«lly. 

Suburtia. 

Tolol. 

£      s.    d. 
142,746  16    0 

£      s.  rf. 

Diillocks 

13,009 

1,S57 

M,9««     averageSSstone,  407,818,  at  7s. 

Calves 

7.l»i7 

6:!0 

8,5.57 

—                  —          30s. 

15,103  13    0 

Sheep 

48,8Pfl 

fl,l)3l 

57.520 

—                   —           30k. 

57,,'.2()    0    0 

Lnnibs 

60,431 

9,31.1 

68,637 

—                   —            8s. 

20,51)1     3    0 

Swine 

9,S9» 

610 

0,539 

—                  —          90s. 

0,539    0    0 

213,799  10   0 

Total 

133,1  SJ 

30,664 

155,819 

TW/ow,  ^c.  itlonging  to  that  Carautfi. 

Bullocks     • 

-    1  t,56A,  averaging  3i  stone,  50,961,    at    7s. 

17,813    7    0 

Hides 

-     14,5G6,               -                   -                   28s. 

2U,3»3    8    0 

llnads  and  oflUls 

-     14,5fin,               —                   _                     8,. 

5,826    8    0 

Calfsklin  - 

-      8.557,               -                   -                    9». 

853  14    0 

Slioep  tnllow 

-    67,520,  averaging  3^  lbs.,  201,320,      -          5rf. 

4,191    3    4 

Heads  and  offals 

-      8,557,              -                  -                   ls.6d. 

till  15    6 

Sheep  skins 

-    67,520,              —                  —                    Is.  6,1. 

4,314    0    0 

HcHdH  and  nffals 

-    .57,520,               —                   —                          7d. 

i.nn  13   4 

i.amh  skins 

-    6H,.?.T7,               —                   —                     Is.  3j/. 

4.289  16    3 

Heads  and  ofTuIs 

.    6^,637,               —                   -.                           id. 

1,113  19    0 

61,179    4    5 

Total  value  of  Carcasses,  Tallow,  Hides,  kc. 

303,978  14    5 

N.  B. — The  weliht  is  estimated  in  this  stntoment  by  the  stone  of  IGllis.,  each  of  22;o/..  Thenllire 
tif  hide-inspectnr  hiivini;  lieen  Rlioli»lied, there  arc  no  means  of  coril inning  lliis  nlile  ton  lalt-r  pt'riml ; 
but  the  retnrna  of  tlie  cuttlu  sold  in  tlio  market  at  niiiBfcow  since  1822,  ehcivv  that  the  increase  in  tue 
snpply  of  animal  fund  has  at  least  kept  pace  with  the  incrensu  of  popuiutiun. 

The  population  of  Glaspfow,  when  this  account  was  taken,  amounted  to  147,043,  which 
shows,  that  the  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  in  that  city,  is,  as  compared  with  its  p.ipula- 
tion,  but  little  interior  to  that  of  London.  This  statement,  taken  in  coiiticction  witii  the  fact 
that,  so  late  as  1760,  the  slaugiiter  of  bullocks  for  the  supply  of  the  public  market  was  un- 
known in  Glasgow,  sets  the  wonderful  improvement  that  has  sinrc  taken  place  in  the  food 
of  the  Scotch  people  in  'he  most  striking  point  of  vievir.  Previously  to  1780  it  was  custom- 
ary in  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and  the  principal  Scotch  towns,  for  families  to  purchase  in  No- 
vember what  would  now  be  reckoned  a  small  half-fed  cow  or  ox,  the  sailed  carcasu  of  which 
was  the  only  butcher's  meat  they  tasted  throughout  the  year.  In  the  smaller  towns  and 
country  districts  this  practice  prevailed  till  the  present  century  ;  but  it  is  now  every  where 
abandoned.  We  believe,  indeed,  that  there  has  never  been  in  any  country  a  more  rapid 
increase  in  the  quantity,  or  a  greater  improvement  in  the  quality  of  tiie  food  brought  to 
market,  than  has  taken  place  in  Scotland  since  1770.  In  so  far  aa  respects  butcher's  meat, 
tills  has  l)een  occasioned  partly  by  the  growing  numbers  and  opulence  of  all  classes,  and 
partly  by  the  vast  increase  in  the  food  of  cattle  consequent  to  the  introduction  of  green  crops, 
and  of  an  improved  system  of  cultivation. — (See  Bits  ad.) 

The  introduction  of  steam  navigation,  and  the  improved  means  of  communication  by  rail- 
roads and  otherwise,  has  already  had,  and  will,  no  douiH,  continue  to  have,  a  material  inliu- 
once  over  the  supply  of  butcher's  meat.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  their  con- 
veyance, cattle  could  not  formerly  be  conveniently  fattened  at  any  very  con'^iderable  distance 
from  the  great  markets;  but  steam  navitration  has  gone  far  to  remove  thisdilllculty.  Instead 
of  selling  their  cattle,  loan  or  half-fed,  to  the  Norfolk  graziers,  and  by  whom  they  were 
fattened  for  the  London  market,  the  producers,  in  various  di-itricts  of  Scotland,  are  now  be- 
ginning to  fatten  them  at  home,  cither  sending  the  live  animal!*  or  the  carcases  by  steam  to 
liOndon,  Liverpool,  &c.  This  practice  is  indimotly  as  well  a.s  directly  advantageous  to  the 
farmer,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  him  to  turn  his  green  crops  to  better  account,  and  to  raise 
larger  supplies  of  manure.  The  same  practice  is  also  extendinu;  in  Ireland  ;  and  will,  no 
doubt,  spread  itself  over  every  part  of  the  country  where  fceiling  can  be  carried  on,  that  has 
the  required  facility  of  transport. 

Number  of  Head  of  Cattle  in  Great  Britain. — It  would,  on  many  accounts,  be  very 
desirable  to  be  able  to  form  an  accurate  estimate  of  the  number  and  value  of  the  stock  of 
cattle  in  Great  Britain,  and  of  the  proportion  annually  killed  and  made  use  of;  but  owing  to 
the  little  attention  that  has  l)een  paid  to  such  subjects  in  this  country,  where  every  sort  of 
statistical  knowledge  is  at  the  very  lowest  ebb,  there  are  no  means  of  arriving  at  any  con- 


I  clasionstl 

'   .111-. 
Arthur 
ber  and  va 
unBCcomp 
doubt  that 
under  the 


CATTLE. 


880 


eloiioni  that  can  be  depended  upon.    The  following  details  may  not,  however,  be  unaccepU 

Arthur  Young  has  given,  both  in  his  Ea»ttm  and  Northern  Tmrt,  eotimates  of  the  num* 
ber  and  value  of  tlic  diflercnt  descriptions  of  stock  in  England.  The  greatest  discrepancy, 
unsccomiianied  by  a  single  explanatory  sentence,  exists  between  them  ;  but  there  can  lie  no 
doubt  that  the  following  estimate  {Eastern  Tour,  vol.  iv.  p.  456,),  though,  perhaps,  rather 
under  the  mark,  is  infinitely  nearer  the  truth  than  the  other,  which  ia  about  twice  as  great  :— 


Number  of  Drnuglit  cattle    • 
Cows 

Faiiinf  catila 
Young  cattle 


Total 


«84,401 
74l,&n 
SIS,S6U 
mfiM 

8,H53,0t8 


Now  taking  this  number  at  the  round  aum  of  3,000,000,  and  adding  a  tliird  to  it  for  the 
increose  since  1770,  and  1,100,000  for  the  numlier  of  cattle  in  Scotland  {General  Jifport  of 
Seoiland,  iii.  Addenda,  p.  6.),  we  shall  have  5,100,000  as  the  total  head  of  cuttle  of  all  sorts 
in  Great  Britain.  The  common  estimate  is,  that  about  a  fourth  part  of  tlie  entire  stock  is 
annually  slaughtered ;  which,  rdoptin.'  '  i  foregoing  statement,  gives  1,275,000  head  for 
the  supply  of  the  kingdom  ;  -       ul*  \  all  that  we  have  heard  >  '"'inPii  ui>  to  think  i« 

very  near  the  mark. 

Dr.  Colquhoun  estimated  the  total  hedu  of  cattle  in  England  and  Vv  uics  only,  in  1818, 
at  5,500,000 ;  but  he  assigns  no  data  tor  his  estimate,  which  is  entitled  to  very  little 
attention. 

Kxcliisive  of  the  cattle  raised  in  Great  Britain,  we  Import  considerable  supplies  of  beef  and  of  live 
cattle  from  Irolund. 

Account  of  the  number  of  Cows  and  Oxen,  and  of  the  qnnntities  of  Beef,  imported  into  Great  Britain 

from  Ireland,  from  1801 :— 


Ton* 

Cowi 
mil  Una. 

Beef. 

ye»r«. 

Cowi 
ud  Uxen. 

Beer. 

Ye»™. 

Cowi 
and  OxeD. 

B«r. 

No. 

Uarrttt, 

JVo. 

Barrtta, 

No. 

Bnrrttt. 

1801 

31,513 

58,911 

1810 

44,553 

71,605 

1818 

58,105 

80,587 

1808 

42,501 

59.448 

Iblt 

67,080 

108,288 

1819 

52,176 

70,504 

1803 

28,0lfl 

(>8,286 

1812 

79,!  "2 

IU,501 

1820 

30,014 

58,591 

18Ut 

is,6in 

59,318 

1813 

4H,973 

101,516 

1831 

20,725 

65,905 

lens 

21,8f)3 

88,519 

iyi4 

16,435 

83,102 

lh88 

31,059 

43,l;i9 

180ff 

27,704 

91,361 

1815 

33,809 

00,307 

1823 

40,351 

69,079 

1807 

20,258 

85,855 

1616 

31,752 

39,495 

1834 

62,314 

54,810 

1808 

l.'),938 

88„166 

isn 

45,301 

105,555 

183S 

63,519 

63,557 

1809 

17,917 

89,771 

In  1885  the  trnde  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  placed  nn  the  footing  of  a  coastini;  trade, 
■ntliat  there  nre  no  means  of  continuing  this  account  to  a  later  date  ;  but  for  some  further  pnrticuliirH, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  Liverpool,  art.  Docks  ;  for  an  account  of  tlie  nules  of  cattle  at  the  great  fair 
of  Ballinaeloe,  see  Fairs  and  Makkets. 

Catlle  of  the  Continent. — Baron  Malchns  has  given.  In  his  work  on  European  Statistics,  published 
at  Siultgard  in  1886,  an  account  of  the  minihcr  of  horned  cattle,  slieep,  swine,  &r.,  in  most  European 
countries.  In  so  fir  as  respects  the  Britisli  empire,  the  statements  are  mostly  copied  from  (/'oiqiilioun, 
and  are  ludicrously  inexact.  Perhaps,  liowdver,  tliey  may,  in  so  far  as  regards  the  Continental 
states,  be  better  entitled  to  credit.    The  following  arc  some  of  the  items  in  his  Table  : — 


Countriet. 

Cntile. 

Counlrioe. 

CitOe. 

Sweden  and  Norway    - 

2,647,000 

Baden   .           .           -           . 

421,900 

Russia    .           .           -           - 

19,000,000 

Bavaria           ... 

1,895,700 

Denmark            ... 

1,007,000 

Austria            ... 

9,912,500 

Netherlands      .           -          - 

2,500,000 

France             ... 

6.081,900 

Prussia  .           .           -           . 

4,275,700 

Spain    -           -           .           - 

2,.'.00,0ll0 

Saxony   .           .           -           . 

315.000 

Portugal           ... 

6,'>n,0fl0 

Haiinver             ... 

794,000 

Switzerland     ... 

800,000 

Wirtemlierg       ... 

713,000 

lluly      .... 

3,500,000 

On  the  whole  the  Baron  estimates  the  neat  or  horned  entile  of  Europe,  including  the  British  isles, 
hilt  excluding  Turkey,  at  70,370,974.  At  best,  however,  tliis  estimate  can  only  be  considered  as  a  very 
rough  appro.\iniation. 

iairs  as  to  Cattle.— Nn  salesman,  broker,  or  fiictor,  employed  in  buying  cattle  for  others,  shall  buy 
fur  himself  in  London,  or  within  the  bills  of  murtalliy,  on  pennlty  of  double  the  value  of  the  cattle 
boiipht  and  sold.— (31  Geo.  2.  c.  40.) 

Catlle  not  to  he  driven  on  Sunday,  on  penally  of  20«.— (3  Clia.  1.  c.  1.) 

Any  person  unlawfully  and  maliciously  killin);,  wounding,  or  niuiiuiiig  any  rattle,  shall  he  guilly  of 
felony,  and,  upon  tonvictiin,  may  be  transported,  at  the  disiretion  of  tlin  court,  bcjniid  seas  for  lilV, 
or  for  any  term  not  less  than  7  years,  or  be  imprisoned  for  any  term  not  exceeding  4  years,  and  kept  to 
hard  labour ;  and,  if  a  male,  may  be  once,  twice,  or  thrice  publicly  or  privately  whipped,  if  the  court 
shall  think  lit  so  to  order.— (7  &  8  (lev.  4.  c.  30.) 

Persons  wantonly  and  cruelly  abusing,  beating,  or  ill-treating  catlle,  may,  upon  being  convicted 
before  a  Justice  of  such  offence,  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceedinsr  5/.  and  not  hrlow  lOs. ;  and  upon 
nnn|iaymeiit  of  line,  may  be  committed  to  the  house  of  correction  for  any  time  not  exceeding  3 
months. 

Complaint  must  be  made  within  10  days  after  the  offc^nce.  Jnsflrcs  arc  Instructed  to  order  compen- 
lation  to  be  made,  not  e.xceeding  80«.,  to  persons  vexatioiisly  complained  aguinst.- (3  Oeo.  i.  c.  71.) 


fill 


I 


th 


h 


{f'< 


K\ 


880 


CAVIAR— CERTIFICATES. 


CAVIAR  JFr.  Caviar,  Cavial/  QeT.Kaviar,-  It  Caviario,  Cavwiti  Sp.  Cavtano/ 
Rub.  Ikra ;  Lut.  Caviarium),  a  sutmtance  prepared  in  Russia,  conaiating  of  the  nulted  roei 
of  larf^e  fish.  The  Uralian  Uossacka  aro  celebrated  for  mailing  excellent  caviar.  The  best 
is  made  of  the  roe  of  tiie  sturgeon,  appears  to  consiiit  cutirely  of  the  eggs,  and  does  not  easily 
become  fetid.  This  is  packed  in  small  coults  or  kegs ;  the  inferior  sort  liemg  in  the  form  of 
dry  cakes.  Caviar  is  highly  esteemed  in  Russia,  and  considerable  quantities  arc  exported  to 
Italy.  It  is  principally  made  of  the  sturgeon  caught  in  the  Wolga,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Astrachan. — (See  Tooke's  Russia,  2d  ed.  vol.  iii.  p.  345.) 

CAYENNE  PEPPER,  on  GUINEA  PEPPER.    See  Ciihhkb. 

CBUAK  (Ger.  Ztder ,  Du.  Ceder ;  Fr.  CeJre  .•  It.  and  Sp.  Cedro ,  Rus.  Kedr  •  Lat. 
Cedrtis).  The  cedar  of  Lc))anon,  or  great  cediir  (Pimta  cedrui>),  is  famous  in  Scripture  j 
it  is  a  tall,  majestic-looking  tree.  "Behold,"  says  the  inspired  writer,  "  the  Assyrian  was  a 
cedar  in  Lebanon  with  fair  branrhes,  and  with  a  shadowing  shroud,  and  of  an  high  stature ; 
and  his  top  was  among  the  thick  boughs.  His  height  Mfoa  exalted  above  all  the  trees  of 
the  field,  and  his  boughs  were  multiplied,  and  his  branched  became  long.  The  fir  trees  were 
not  like  his  boughs,  and  the  chesnut  trees  were  nut  like  his  branches  ;  nor  any  tree  in  the 
garden  of  God  was  like  unto  him  in  beauty." — {Ezekiel,  xxxi.  3.  5.  8.)  The  cedar  grows  to 
a  very  great  size.  The  timber  is  resinous,  has  a  peculiar  and  powerful  odour,  a  slightly 
bitter  taste,  a  rich  yellowish  brown  colour,  and  is  not  subject  to  the  worm.  \U  durability  is 
very  great;  and  it  was  on  this  account  {propter  xlerni'dlcm  Vitruvius,  lib.  ii.  §  9.)  ein- 
-ployed  in  the  construction  of  the  temples,  and  other  public  buildings,  in  the  formation  of  tlie 
statues  of  the  gods,  and  as  tablets  for  writing  upon.  In  the  time  of  Vitruvius,  cedars  were 
principally  produced  in  Crete,  Africa,  and  some  parts  of  Syria. — (Luc.  cil.)  Very  few  are 
now  found  on  Lebanon ;  but  some  of  those  that  still  remain  are  of  immense  bulk,  and  in  the 
highest  preservation. 

Cedar  exceeds  the  oak  in  toughness,  but  is  very  inferior  to  it  in  strength  and  fciifTiiess. 
Some  very  fine  cedars  have  been  produced  in  England. 

'i'here  are  several  other  kinds  of  timber  that  are  usually  called  cedar ;  thus,  u  species  ot 
cypress  is  called  white  cedar  in  America ;  and  the  cedar  used  by  the  Japanese  for  building 
bridges,  ships,  houses,  &c.,  is  a  kind  of  cypress,  which  Thunberg  describes  us  a  beautiful 
wood,  that  lasts  long  without  decay.  The  Jttnipcrus  ovyccdrus  is  a  native  of  Spain,  the 
south  of  France,  and  the  Levant ;  it  is  nsually  called  the  brown  berried  cedar.  The 
Bermudian  cedar  (Juniperus  Bermudiana'),  a  native  of  the  Bermuda  and  Bahama  islands, 
is  another  species  that  pro<1uce3  valuable  timber  for  many  purposes ;  such  as  internal  joiners' 
work,  furniture,  and  the  like.  The  red  cedar,  so  well  known  from  its  being  used  in  making 
black-lead  pencils,  is  produced  by  the  Virginian  cedar  {Juniperus  Urginiana),  a  native  of 
North  America,  the  West  India  islands,  and  Japan.  The  tree  seldom  exceeds  iH  feet  in 
height.  The  wood  is  very  durable,  and,  like  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  is  not  attacked  by  worme. 
It  is  employed  in  various  ways,  but  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  drawers,  wardrobes, 
&c.,  and  as  a  cover  to  pencils.  The  internal  wood  is  of  a  dark  red  colour,  and  has  a  very 
strong  odour.  It  is  of  a  nearly  uniform  texture,  brittle,  and  light. — See  Tredirold's  Princi' 
pits  of  Carpentry  ;  Lib.  of  Enter tulriing  Knowledge,  Veget,  Substances;  Recs's  Cyclop, 

Tli«  duty  nn  cellar  (2i.  lOn.  a  ton  from  a  foreign  country,  and  10».  (Vom  n  British  possession)  pro- 
iluced  2,640/.  198.  l\d.  in  1833.    Its  price  in  bond  varies  from  6d.  to  yd.  a  foot, 

CERTIFICATES,  in  the  customs.  No  gotxis  can  be  exported  by  certificate,  except 
foreign  goods  formerly  imported,  on  which  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  customs  paid  on  ira 
portation  is  to  be  dra^n  back.  The  manner  of  proceeding  is  regulated  by  the  3  &  4  Will. 
4.  c.  58.  §  68,  &c.  The  person  intending  to  enter  outwards  such  goods,  is  to  deliver  to  the 
collector  or  comptroller  of  the  port  where  the  goods  were  imported  or  warehoused,  two  or 
more  bills,  specifying  the  particulars  of  the  importation  of  such  goods,  and  of  the  entry  out- 
wards intended  to  be  made ;  and  the  otficers,  if  they  find  such  bills  to  agree  with  the  entry 
inwards,  are  to  issue  a  ccrtificale  of  such  erlry,  with  the  particulars  necessary  for  the  com- 
putation of  the  drawback  upon  the  goods,  the  names  of  the  person  and  ship  by  whom  and  in 
which  the  goods  are  to  be  exported,  &c.  The  merchant  then  enters  the  goods  outwards,  a^ 
in  the  common  way  of  exportation.  The  cocket  granted  upon  this  occasion  is  called  acerli- 
ftcate  cucket,  and  differs  a  little  in  form  from  comnum  over-sea  cockcts.  Notice  of  the  time 
of  shipping  is  to  be  given  to  the  searcher.  Some  time  after  the  departure  of  the  ve-ssel,  the 
exporter  may  apply  for  the  drawback.  The  collector  and  comptroller  than  make  out  on  a 
proper  stamp  a  debenture,  containing  a  distinct  narration  of  the  transaction,  with  the  export- 
er's or  merchant's  oath  that  the  goods  are  really  and  truly  exported  b<!yond  seas,  and  not 
relanded,  nor  intended  to  be  relnnded  ;  and  also  with  the  searcher's  certificate  of  the  quan- 
tity and  quality  of  the  goods  at  the  time  of  shipping.  The  debenture  being  thus  duly  made 
out  and  sworn  to,  the  duties  to  be  repaid  arc  indorsed,  the  lucrclu^nt's  receipt  taken  below, 
and  the  money  paid. 

Certificates  of  origin,  subscribed  by  the  proper  officers  of  the  places  where  the  goods  were 
»iiippcd,  are  required,  to  entitle  the  importers  of  sugar,  colfcu,  cocoa,  and  spirits  from  any 


The  best 
» noi  easily 
Ihe  form  of 
exportpd  to 
rturhood  of 


CHAIN— CHARLESTON. 


331 


British  plantation,  to  get  thnm  entered  oa  such.  A  eimilar  certificate  la  required  in  the  caio 
.if  blubber — (aee  Dluhiikr)  ;  and  in  the  case  of  wine  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  ami 
augar  from  the  limits  of  the  Eavl  India  Company's  charter,  &c. — (See  Impubtatiwh  ahh 

ExPOHTATIOJf.) 

CHAIN,  in  surceying,  a  measure  of  length,  composed  of  a  certain  number  of  links 
imide  of  iron  wire,  serving  to  take  tho  distance  between  two  or  more  places.    Gunter' 
chain  contains  100  such  links,  each  measuring  T-j^s  inches,  conseiiuently  equal  to  66  feet, 
or  4  poles. 

CHALDRON,  a  dry  Engliiih  measure.  36  coal  bushels  make  a  chaldron,  and  21  chal- 
drons a  score.  The  coal  bushel  is  19^  inches  wide  from  tho  outside,  and  8  inches  deep.  It 
contains  2,217'6  cubic  inches;  but  when  heaped,  2,816-5,  making  the  chaldron  58-05  cubic 
feet.  There  are  12  sacks  of  coal  in  a  chaldron  ;  and  if  5  chaldrons  Iw  purchu.'ied  at  the  same 
time,  tho  seller  must  deliver  63  sacks ;  the  3  iiucks  additional  are  calli-d  the  ingrain.  But 
coals  arc  now  told  in  London,  and  almost  every  where  else,  by  the  ton  of  20  cwt.  avoirdu- 
pois. The  Newcastle  chaldron  of  coals  is  53  cwt.,  and  is  just  double  the  London  chaldron. 
—(Sec  CoAi.) 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  is  an  assembly  of  mcrchanto  and  traders,  where  afliiirs 
relating  to  trade  are  treated  of.  There  are  several  estublishments  of  (his  sort  in  most  of  tho 
rhicf  cities  of  France ;  and  in  this  country,  chambers  of  this  kind  have  been  created  for 
various  purposes. 

Cmamhkh  of  Ahsl'rance,  in  France,  denotes  a  society  of  merchants  and  others  for  car- 
rying on  the  business  of  insurance ;  but  in  Holland  it  signities  a  court  of  justice,  where 
causes  relating  to  insurances  are  tried. 

(^HAMPAGNE,  one  of  the  most  esteemed  and  celebrated  of  the  French  wines.     See 

WiSK. 

CHANKS,  OR  CHANK  SHELLS,  common  conch  shells,  are  fished  up  by  divers  in  tho 
Cjlf  of  Manar,  on  tlie  coast  opposite  JofTnapatam,  in  Ceylon,  in  about  2  fathoms  of  water; 
and  at  Travancore,  Tutict)recn,  and  other  places.  Largo  fossil  beds  of  chanks  have  also 
been  found.  They  are  of  a  spiral  form,  and  form  a  considerable  article  of  trade  in  India, 
where  they  are  in  extensive  demand  all  over  the  country.  They  arc  sawn  into  narrow  rings 
or  bracelets,  and  are  worn  as  ornaments  for  the  arms,  legs,  fingers,  &c.  by  the  Hindoo  wo- 
men; many  of  them  are  also  buried  with  the  bodies  of  opulent  and  distinguished  persons. 
Those  which,  from  being  taken  with  the  fish,  are  called  green  chanks,  are  most  in  demand. 
The  white  chank,  which  is  the  shell  thrown  upon  the  beach  by  strong  tides,  having  lost  its 
gloss  and  consistency,  is  not  worth  the  freight  up  to  Calcutta.  The  value  of  thu  green 
chank  depends  upon  its  size.  A  chank  opening  to  the  right,  called  in  Calcutta  the  right- 
hanilal  chank,  is  so  highly  prized  as  sometimes  to  sell  for  400,  or  500,  or  even  1 ,000  rupees. 
— (BdFs  Cumnifrce  of  Bengal,  and  private  com  muni  cut  ionn.) 

The  lishery  of  chanks  is  monopolised  by  government,  who  most  commonly  let  the  banks  for 
aliout  4,000/.  a  year.  Sometimes,  however,  they  are  fished  by  the  servants  of  government 
on  its  account.  But  as  the  fishermen  of  the  coast,  and  those  iH-longing  to  the  little  islands 
where  they  are  found,  cannot  be  prevented  from  taking  chanks,  the  better  plan,  as  it  appears 
to  us,  would  be  to  give  every  one  leave  to  fish  them ;  but  to  lay  a  somewhat  heavier  duty  on 
their  exportation.  We  have  been  assured  by  those  well  aci|uaintcd  with  tiie  circumstances, 
that  this  would  be  advantageous  to  all  parties,  but  especially  to  government.  We  have 
heard  that  an  arrangement  of  this  sort  has  recently  been  made,  but  we  have  not  learned  any 
thing  positive  respecting  it. 

CHARCOAL  (Ft.  C/tarbon  de  bois ;  Gtx.  Reine  Kohle  ,•  lU  Carbonc  di  ligna  .•  Sp. 
Carbon  de  Una ,-  Lat  Carljo  ligni),  a  sort  of  artificial  coal,  consisting  of  wood  burned  with 
as  liltic  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  as  possible.  "  It  was  customary  among  the  ancients 
inchar  the  outside  of  those  stakes  which  were  to  be  driven  into  the  ground  or  placed  in  wa- 
ter, in  order  to  preserve  the  wood  from  spoiling.  New-made  charcoal,  by  being  rolled  up  in 
clothes  which  have  contracted  a  disagreeable  odour,  effectually  destroys  it.  When  boiled 
with  meat  beginning  to  putrefy,  it  takes  away  the  bad  taint ;  it  is,  perhaps,  the  l)est  tooth- 
powder  known.  When  putrid  water  at  sea  is  mixed  with  about  J  of  its  weight  of  charcoal 
powder,  it  is  rendered  quite  fresh  ;  and  a  much  smaller  quantity  of  charcoal  will  serve,  if  the 
precaution  be  taken  to  add  a  little  sulphuric  acid  previously  to  the  water.  If  the  water  casks 
be  charred  before  they  are  filled  with  water,  the  liquid  remains  good  in  them  for  years ;  this 
precaution  ought  always  to  be  taken  for  long  sea  voyages.  1'lie  same  precaution,  when 
attended  to  for  wine  casks,  will  be  found  very  much  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  wine." 
— ( Tliomnnn'.i  Cfiemistri/.) 

CHARLESTON,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  the  United  States,  of  South  Carolina,  in  laU  32° 
47'  N..  long.  79°  48'  W.  Population  in  1830,  including  the  suburbs,  40.300.  'J'he  situa 
tion  of  Charleston  has  a  good  deal  of  resemblance  to  that  of  New  York,  Iniing  built  on  ii 
point  of  land  between  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  at  their  point  of  confluence.  The  ex 
ports  principally  consist  of  cotton  and  rice  (particularly  the  former),  which  are  the  staple 
products  of  the  state.    There  are  a  few  other  articles  exported,  such  as  naval  stores,  hams, 


!^? 


'^'<l  i<\- 


I   ' 


|,  ;;■ 


iii.r   i 


:ilf 


t     t' 


I; 


i;     ■ 


833 


CHARLESTON. 


bacon,  &r.,  but  their  value  Ii  quite  inconniJerable.  All  the  cotton  ient  from  South  Caro- 
lina to  foreign  countries  i«  ihinped  at  Charluiton.  In  1831-32,  the  ex|iorta  are  tM  to  huvo 
amountnl  to  182,628  iMlea,  of  which  138,683  were  for  Great  Britain.*  The  value  of  the  cot- 
ton exported  in  1831  amounted,  according  to  the  cuatonUiouse  valuation,  to  4,886,431  dollan, 
and  t bat  of  the  rice  to  1,218,859  do.  Uut  exclusive  of  the  exports  to  furi'ign  counlrip-, 
Huuth  Carolina  irnda  a  great  deal  of  cotton  and  rice  to  other  ports  of  the  Union.  The  sliip. 
ments  ofcotton  coaatwiae  in  1831-32  were  eatimated  at  about  43,000  balea.  The  iin|iurt« 
fr^m  foreign  countries  principally  couHist  of  cottonit,  woollens,  and  linons,  hardt^urc,  iron,  and 
steel,  cofTee,  wugar,  tea,  wine,  spices,  &c.  The  greater  part  of  the  imports  do  not,  however 
come  from  abroad,  but  from  the  northern  and  middle  slates,  'i'ho  former  supply  lirr  with 
fish,  shoes,  and  all  sorts  of  coarse  manufactured  goods  for  the  use  of  the  slave  popvilation ; 
while  the  latter  supply  her  with  wheat,  flour,  &c.  Most  part  of  the  imports  of  furei);n  pro* 
ducc  are  also  brought  at  second-hand  from  New  York,  which  occupies  the  some  rank  in  tlie 
Union  that  Liverpool  and  London  do  in  Great  Uritain.  There  were,  in  I83U,  6  banks  in 
this  city,  including  the  branch  of  the  United  States  Bank,  with  an  aggregate  ca('itnl  uf 
4,075,000  dollars  :  the  total  dividends  for  the  samo  year  ainountod  to  317,000  dollars  ;  being 
at  the  rate  of  6-371  per  cent.  There  were  also  2  marine  insurnnce  companies,  having  a 
capital  of  7.50,000  dollars. — (S'  itment  by  J,  H,  Gnddard,  Knq,,  New  Yur/tbuili/  Adverluer, 
29th  of  January,  1831.)  The  registered,  enrolled,  and  licensed  tonnage  bcloni^ing  tt 
Charloston,  in  1831,  amounted  to  13,008  tons,  of  which  7,147  terns  were  employed  in  tlie 
coasting  trade.  The  total  value  of  the  articles  imported  into  Houth  Carolina,  in  the  year 
ending  30th  of  September,  1832,  was  1,213,725  dollars  ;  the  total  value  of  the  exports  dur- 
ing the  same  year  Iwing  7,752,781  doliiirs. — (Papers  laid  before  Contrresn,  Iftth  of  Febru- 
ary, 1833.)  In  South  Carolina,  the  dollar  is  worth  is.  8d,  currency ;  so  that  1/.  sterling 
•»  1/.  iia.  9^.  currency.  Weights  and  Measures  same  as  in  England. — (For  further  detail*, 
•ee  New  York.) 

Port.— Charleston  harliour  Is  spacious  and  convenient;  but  the  entrance  to  ll  In  inrninmnrled  by  a 
range  of  Hnnd-banks,  ttrrtchlng  Onrn  Biilliviin'si  InIiukI  on  tli«  norlti  tn  Folly  Inliind  on  tlio  south, 
ahniit  2;  <enpiiefl.  There  nrfl  aovernl  channels  through  thtisu  liankii,  but  ouly  throe,  the  nilddlit  ur 
direct  channel,  the  ship  channel,  and  LawTord  channel,  between  the  hitler  and  the  uialnland,  that 
ought  to  be  attempted  by  slilpi  of  coniilderable  burden.  The  entrnnce  to  Hie  Khip  chnnnpl  is  In  hit.  32° 
40'.  The  depth  of  water  nn  the  shallowest  part  nf  the  bar  at  ebb  title  is  Vi  feet,  and  ul  tlood  from  17 
1(1 18  ft^et :  whIUt  the  depth  In  the  middle  channel  at  low  water  doe-i  not  exceed  0  feet,  and  In  l^wford 
channel  it  does  not  e.\ceed  10  or  1 1  feet.  A  lighthouse  has  been  erected  on  (he  Houth  point  of  Linlit. 
house  inland,  bearing  fToni  the  middle  of  the  bar  of  the  ship  channel  VV,  N  W.  i  N.  It  is  80  feet  hiijh, 
bavins  a  revolving  light,  alternately  hriillant  and  obsnire,  the  period  of  obscuration  being  double  that 
of  brilliancy  ;  but  on  approaching  the  Ii(:ht,  the  lalter  gains  U|K>n  the  former,  and  within  Ii  leagin;  it 
is  never  wholly  d:irl<.  The  light  may  be  seen  In  fine  weather  at  from  3  to  4  leagues  olf.  After  getting 
Into  the  channel,  which  U  marked  by  tlie  breakers  and  buoys  on  eacli  side,  the  proper  course  for  a 
ship  to  steer  is  to  bring  the  lighthouse  to  bear  N.  W.  by  W.,  and  stand  direct  for  it  till  you  get  within 
the  banks,  when  the  course  is  N.  by  VV.  But  it  is  unnecessary  to  enter  into  lurtlier  detallH  on  thef^e 
points,  as  all  ships  entering  Charli^ston  harbour  are  hiiiind,  provided  they  nre  hailed  by  a  lii-eniied 
pilot  off  the  bar,  to  pay  him  full  pilotage  fees  whether  the]^  accept  his  services  or  not.  In  puint  nf 
fact,  however,  they  arc  always  accepted  ;  for  the  shifting  of  the  sands,  the  inllnencc  uf  the  tidi's,&c. 
render  the  entrance  so  dlliicult  to  those  not  perfectly  familiar  with  it,  that  even  the  packet  sliipx  lliat 
sail  regularly  to  and  from  New  York  uniformly  heuve-to  williout  the  bar  for  a  pilot.— (See  I'lan  uf 
Charleston  Harbour,  reduced  from  the  original  survey  of  Major  II.  Bache.) 

Ships  usually  moor  alongside  quays  or  wharfs,  where  they  are  in  perfect  safety. 

Dtparlura  from  CAorludm.— The  followlnj  li 
An  Account  of  Ihe  Numlwr  of  Ship",  with  lh«  Sjiedftrttlon  nf  Iheir 
ToniHcr,  uid  Ihe  Countrin  lo  which  the;  belotiKnl,  thai  cleareij 
frnm  Ch  trlnlflo  for  f  orei|D  lV>rli  during  uch  of  the  Thrve  V«ir> 
eodinf  with  lt<ll ; — 


1829. 

1930. 

1931.         1 

Vilt. 

Toni. 

V,li 

Tom. 

Vilj. 
91 

Tuns. 

Britl.h            • 

M 

i9,oa 

.^1 

16,2-.0 

26,fOI 

tTnitd  Slitei 

2-.H 

61,7i>3 

269 

64,742 

186 

43,3«) 

lU 

6,431 

11 

2,7:7 

6 

1,>M^< 

Spanish 
Brenii'n 

.<> 

420 

U 

1,106 

27 

2,071 

3 

811 

6 

872 

3 

371 

Diiirh 

1 

183 

— 

^ 

^ 

— 

rinriifh 

1 

45 

I 

125 

I 

12'i 

To«l     . 

545 

87,7"5 

349 

85.ST2 

314 

7'.,0I'> 

Shipfing  C/iflffe*-— The  ch-iTcet  of  t  public  na'ure 
•nteriiie  'hii  pnrl  differ  but  Utile  in  amount  on  a  ns'ive 
ihip.  On  a  ve«*el  luppoied  to  be  of  300  tons  burdent 
loAdinx,  takin<  on  boanl  a  mixed  car^o,  and  cleari; 
iTouI  J  b«  u  un>ler  :— 

Dollan.  centi, 
.  2  60  • 
.      5    (K)     . 

-  3    00     • 

-  8    00     . 
10    00     . 


|Ald  by  ihipi 
and  a  fnrciKn 
enlarin^,  ud* 
ng  out,  tbey 


Fee  on  enfij  at  the  cuitomhouie 
Survevor"*  (ee,  on  a  foreiin  «hip  -  , 

^itio.       on  a  nttiv«  ihip    •  ■ 

Hirbtiiir'msstert  fee         • 
I^irt  warden's  survtjr,  when  required 
Fen  on  cWarance  »>  ihe  custoiiihouw,  of  > 
A  nalivrihtp    -  •  "  J 

Ditto  of  a  foreign  ihip  . 


L.  ». 

0  II 

1  I 
0  12 
0    8 

2  2 


I  \-4 
4  14 
9  3-4 
61-2 
8  1.2 


0  14  II  M 
on    6  1-4 


I.  f.    4 

10  13    6  12 


Dotlart.  cmtt. 
Pilotage  )n^vArd■   and  ouiwardt  tu|i>>     p^    ^^ 

P'lsiiiif  ihcibintodraw  14  ft.  waler  J     ""    ""     ' 
Wharfafce,  per  djeni  •  .  .      1     CO     •     0    4    3 1-4 

Tlie  Jiiri'reim  In  thr  ft-ea  on  the  clearance  at  the  CiHlnin-h^useof 
a  native  .inii  a  rnrelKii  ship,  li  ntvin?  to  the  foniier  bring  obliged  lo 
give  certain  bondi  which  »re  not  rctiuired  of  ihu  litter. 

The  greater  or  Bnnller  toniiajce  of  the  nliin  niake*  no  dilferenccon 
any  of  the  above  rharitei,  except  that  of  pilolagf,  v.  hich  U  In  pm. 
p;irliun  to  her  draft  of  »aier,  and  ii  ihe  unio  nhethcr  fur  a  tori-fn 
or  a  native  ihip. 

Ratet  of  Cnmmiw'on  —The  ntm  of  connn'mion  or  f.ictnraw 
iMually  chanced  and  allowMl  at  Charlcaton  on  tnuuaciiug  ditri:reat 
lort&uf  hu!ti[ies%  are  ai  fdllowi,  vis. — 

For  iclliiij  ilome^tic  produce  2  1-2  per  cent 

far  selliiif  fnrei<n  inercliandiie  5  |>er  omt. 

for  tiu.-inirite-iiiii  either  ot  Ihtae  i-iks,  2  1-2  jier  cent.  aJ  Ulinnal  Ii 
coiiminnly  nllnwed. 

Tot  purchisiiiK  with  fundi  In  Iiaitd,  or  drauing  domestic  bilh  i'.>r 
reniihur»f»ieiit,  2  1-2  per  ri-nl. 

F'tr  purchaiini{  gihxiain'i  drawing  foreign  bills  hr  reinibursenient, 
■>  per  cent,  ii  ciinrncd. 

Fo.'  Ihe  mIc  of  rc»l  or  |ier«onal  estate,  the  rcziil  (r  cliarge  Is  5  i-er 
c -rit. ;  bui  whore  the  properly  lo  be  si)Id  is  of  any  considcribie 
value,  Ihe  parllci  In  ceneral  enter  Into  an  aaretnient  btfurelaud, 
Aod  a  niueti  lower  mlc  uf  comniiniuu  ii  allowed. 

Charga  on  Rict  and  Cotton  thipped  at  Charleston.. 
Ctntl. 
Dray-iKe,  wharfage,  he-     •  •  13 1-2  perbarrel. 

Cooperate  -  -  •  •183-4     ditto. 

Total    31  1*4  cenls  per  barrel. 


*  Tliifl  statement  is  taken  from  an  American  paper,  and  la  believed  to  be  ^eqrlv  accurate,  but  it  ib 
KOt  official. 


CHART,  CHARTERPARTY. 


888 


01  .«Hi«  Itw  rturcw  ti»- 


Tfito. 

•  10    p«r  b«la, 

•  10      41110. 

Total    SO  emd  par  btl*. 


On  mum)  bal«  or  ba^ 
l>riir^4«,  Hhirfui-,  Ac. 
Labour,  maiutaK  Ui|4iiig,  fee. 


•    10   par  tall 
.    It     dliw. 


TobI    2\ I 


Tor  nmmlaiinii,  m*  ahna. 
ThM  rarMcului  liiva  baaa  prlnrlpall;  <lari«ad  rrom  Uw  aaawan  mtda  Ij  tha  Conaul  at  Charlaita*,  to  tha  circular  qaarlaa ;  aaamr 

«|,icb  do  (rMl  cradil  to  hii  iiiU'lll(anca  in  I  luduilry, 

[Tlie  capital  of  the  CharleRton  bnnkn  had  been  aunpncnted,  in  1836,  to  $0,480,000;  tho 
bankini;  capital  of  tho  entire  itate  of  South  Carolina  then  amounting  to  the  lum  of 
j;7,936,318. 

Fi)r  information  concerning  the  commerce  and  shipping  of  the  port  of  Charluston,  the 
rcmler  in  ref«rred  to  tho  articles  Impohta  and  Exronx*,  and  Ships. — Am,  Ed.] 

CHART  (Ger.  Seekarttn  i  Du.  Zeekartm  ,•  Fr.  Cartes  marines  ,•  It.  Carte  marine  i 
Sp.  and  Port.  Citrta*  de  marear)  is  properly  applied  to  a  projection  of  gomo  part  of  tho  stia, 
aa  tho  term  Map  ia  to  a  portion  of  the  land  ;  wherefore  charts  are  sometimes  donomiiiateil 
•■  Hydrographical  Maps."  They  are  distinguinhed  into  several  kinds,  as  plain,  globular,  and 
MTcntor  charts. 

CHARTERPARTY,  the  name  given  to  a  contract  in  writing,  between  the  owner  or 
maatcr  of  a  ship  and  the  freighter,  by  which  the  former  hires  or  lets  tho  uhip,  or  a  part  of  tho 
■hip,  under  certain  specified  conditions,  for  the  conveyance  of  tho  goods  of  the  freighter  lo 
tome  particular  place  or  places.  Conerally,  however,  a  charterparty  is  a  contract  for  tho  use 
of  the  whole  ship :  it  is  in  commercial  law,  what  an  indenture  is  at  common  law. 

No  preci<)e  form  of  words,  or  set  of  stipulations,  is  requisite  in  a  charterparty.  The  forma 
iiibjoined  to  this  article  are  those  most  commonly  in  use ;  but  thuao  may,  iiid,  in JooJ,  in 
many  eases  must,  be  varied,  to  suit  tho  views  and  intentions  of  tho  partiun. 

A  charterparty  is  generally  under  seal :  but  sometimes  a  printed  or  wiittcn  instrument  is 
signed  by  the  parties,  called  a  memorandum  of  a  eharterparfy  ;  and  this,  if  a  formal  char- 
terp'irty  be  not  afterwards  executed,  is  binding.    Tho  Ktainp  in  either  case  is  the  same. 

(/harterpartios,  when  ships  are  let  or  hired  at  the  place  of  tho  owners'  residence,  are  gone- 
roily  executed  by  them,  or  some  of  them ;  but  when  the  ship  is  in  a  foreign  port,  it  must 
nrcrssarily  bo  executed  by  the  master,  and  tho  merchant  or  his  agent,  unlets  the  owners 
have  an  agent  in  such  port,  having  proper  authority  to  act  for  them  in  such  matters. 

A  ^larterparty  made  by  the  master  in  his  name,  when  he  is  in  a  foreign  port  in  tho  usual 
courHO  of  the  ship's  employment,  and,  therefore,  under  circumstiinccs  which  do  not  ofTord 
evidence  of  fraud;  or  when  it  is  made  by  him  at  home,  under  circumstances  which  aflbrd 
evidence  of  the  expressed  or  implied  assent  of  the  owners;  is  binding  upon  tho  latter.  But, 
according  to  the  law  of  England,  no  direct  action  can  be  maintained  upon  the  instrument 
itself  against  the  owners,  unless  it  be  signed  and  sealed  by  them,  or  unless  they  authorise 
the  master  (or  agent,  as  the  case  may  bo)  to  enter  into  the  contract,  and  unless  it  be  dis- 
tinctly expressed  in  the  charterparty  that  he  acts  only  as  agent. 

When  a  ship  is  chartered  by  several  owners  to  several  persons,  the  charterparty  should  be 
e.recutcd  by  each,  or  they  will  not  be  liable  to  an  action  for  nonperformance.  But  if  tho 
chartcrpariy  be  not  expressed  to  be  made  between  the  parties,  but  runs  thus — "  This  char- 
terparty indented  witnesseth,  that  C,  master  of  the  ship  W.,  with  consent  of  A.  and  B.,  the 
owners  thereof,  lets  the  ship  to  freight  to  E.  and  F.,"  and  the  instrument  contains  covenants 
by  E.  and  F.  to  and  with  A.  and  B. ;  in  this  caso  A.  and  B.  may  bring  an  action  upon  the 
covenants  expressed  to  be  made  with  them ;  but  unless  they  seal  the  deed,  they  cannot  be 
sued  upon  it    This,  therefore,  is  a  very  proper  form. 

The  general  rule  of  law  adopted  in  the  construction  of  this,  as  of  other  mercantile  instru- 
ments, is,  that  the  interpretation  should  be  liberal,  agreeable  to  the  real  intention  of  tho 
parties,  and  conformable  to  the  usage  of  trade  in  general,  and  of  the  particular  trade  to  which 
the  contract  relates. 

The  charterparty  usually  expresses  the  burden  of  the  ship ;  and  by  the  famous  French 
Ordinance  of  1681,  it  is  required  to  do  so.  According  to  Molloy  (book  ii.  c.  4.  §  8.),  if  a 
(hip  be  freighted  by  the  ton,  and  found  of  less  burden  than  expressed,  the  payment  shall  bo 
only  for  the  real  burden ;  and  if  a  ship  be  freighted  for  200  tons,  or  thereabouts,  the  addition 
of  thereabouts  (says  the  same  author)  is  commonly  reduced  to  Jive  tons  more  or  less ;  but 
it  y  now  usual  to  say  so  many  tons  "  register  measurement." 

The  usual  covenant,  that  the  ship  shall  be  seaworthy,  and  in  a  condition  to  carry  tho 
goods,  binds  the  owners  to  prepare  and  complete  every  thing  to  commence  and  fulfil  the 
voyage.  But  though  the  charterparty  contained  no  such  covenant,  the  owner  of  the  vessel 
would  lie,  at  common  law,  bound,  as  a  carrier,  to  take  cnre  that  the  ship  should  be  fit  to  per- 
form the  voyage  ;  and  even  though  he  should  give  notice,  limiting  his  responsibility  from 
losses  occasioned  to  any  cargo  put  on  board  his  vessel,  unless  such  loss  should  arive  from 
want  of  ordinary  care,  &c.,  he  would  be  liable  if  his  ship  were  not  seaworthy. —  (See  Ska- 
woHTiir.) 

In  all  maritime  transactions,  expedition  is  of  the  utmost  consequence ;  for  even  by  a  short 
delay,  the  object  or  season  of  a  voyage  may  bo  lost ;  and  therefore,  if  either  party  be  not 


I'  *'t,ii' 


1    : ! 


1,1 


I       '(,  i 


\.  i' 


1-'! 


I  \  .te- 


it! 


^\ 


V 


-; 

it 

r 

1 

834 


CIIARTERPARTY. 


tPHcly  by  rtio  time  nppointoil  for  the  loiwliiiu  of  (he  uliip,  the  oil  cr  may  welt  another  »hip  or 
tatifo,  nnil  liriiiit  tin  iii'ti>)n  to  rrcovrr  tho  dniiiiiKrM  \w  huH  HUHliiuu'd, 

The  manner  in  whicli  llii<  owner  ix  to  hide  the  riiri^o  in,  fur  the  nioMt  |iart,  ret^'iilnlnl  liy 
Ihe  riiNtoin  nml  iiMiign  of  the  plACO  where  lie  u  Id  Inch'  it,  urilcHi*  there  lie  iin  cxpresi  Htiiiiilu* 
lion  in  tho  eharterparty  with  rr»|>ect  to  it.  Oenernlly,  however,  the  owner  in  Imuiul  to 
arriiiiKu  the  dillereiit  artielen  of  the  curKo  in  tlic  nuHt  proper  inunner,  tind  to  tike  the  ({reiitrvt 
cure  of  then).  If  a  rank  l)o  aeeidentnlly  staved,  in  lotting  it  down  into  the  hold  of  the  ■jiin, 
the  mnHter  nnint  nnHwer  for  the  Iohi*. 

If  the  owner  eovenniitn  to  load  a  full  and  complete  cargo,  the  maxtcr  inUHt  take  om  much 
on  hoard  iia  he  ran  do  with  iafety,  and  without  itijury  to  tho  veH.sel. 

The  mailer  must  not  take  on  hoard  any  contrubuiid  Roods,  whereby  tho  ship  or  cargo  may 
bo  liable  to  forfeiture  and  detention  ;  nor  muat  he  take  on  buiird  any  fiJHe  or  eolouralilo 
pa[>cra  ;  but  he  muHt  take  and  keep  on  hoard  all  the  |>aperM  iind  ilocumentH  required  for  (Iih 
protection  and  munifeHlation  of  tho  nhip  and  cargo  by  {\w  law  of  the  cuuntrteM  fiom  mid  lu 
which  the  nhip  ia  hound,  by  the  law  of  nations  in  general,  or  by  any  treaties  between  \m- 
ticulur  Htnten. 

If  the  master  receive  gomln  at  tho  quay  or  bc.ich,  or  send  IiIh  boat  for  them,  his  rcHponsi. 
bilily  cornnienecH  with  the  receipt  in  the  port  of  London.  Wilh  recpect  to  goodn  inteiidul 
to  1)0  flciit  coiiHtwiso,  it  huH  liocn  held,  that  the  ruspooHibility  of  tho  wharfinger  ceastes  by  iho 
delivery  of  thcin  to  the  mate  of  the  vensel  u/xm  Ihe  w/iarf.  \n  twon  aa  ho  receives  llie 
goodii,  tho  miLHter  mu^t  provide  adequate  meani*  for  their  protection  and  Hccurity  ;  for  even  if 
the  crew  Iv  overpowered  by  a  superior  force,  and  tho  gomls  taken  while  the  ship  is  in  a  port 
or  river  within  the  country,  the  master  and  owners  are  liable  for  the  loss,  though  Ihey  may 
have  committed  neither  fraud  or  fault.  This  may  seem  a  harsh  rule ;  but  it  is  necessary,  to 
put  down  attempts  at  collusive  or  fraudulent  combinations. 

Tho  master  must,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  charlcrparty,  commence  tho  voyage  with- 
out delay,  as  soon  as  tho  weather  is  favourable,  hut  not  otherwise. 

Sometimes  it  is  covenanted  and  agreed  upon  between  the  parties,  thot  the  specified  num- 
ber of  days  shall  be  allowed  for  loading  and  unloading,  and  that  it  shall  l)c  lawful  for  tlio 
freighter  to  obtain  tho  vessel  a  further  specified  time,  on  payment  of  a  daily  sum  ns  (lemur- 
rage. — (Nee  DKMfnnAiiK.)  If  the  vessel  be  detained  beyond  both  periotis,  the  freighter  is 
liable  to  an  action  on  the  contract  The  rate  of  demurrage  mentioned  in  tho  charlcrparty 
will,  in  general,  be  the  measure  of  the  damages  to  be  paid  ;  but  it  is  not  tho  absolute  or 
necessary  measure;  more  or  less  may  lie  payable,  as  justice  may  require,  regard  bemu;  huil 
to  tho  expense  and  loss  itirurred  by  the  owner.  When  llio  time  is  thus  expressly  ascer- 
tained and  limited  by  tho  terms  of  the  contract,  the  freighter  ia  liable  to  an  action  for  damages 
if  tlie  thing  be  not  done  within  tho  time,  although  this  may  nut  he  allrihutubkto  any  fault 
or  ominsitm  on  hh  part ;  for  ho  has  engaged  that  it  shall  be  done. — ^Ahhott  on  the  Law  of 
Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  1.) 

If  there  has  been  any  undertaking  or  warranty  to  sail  with  convoy,  the  vessel  must  repair 
to  the  place  of  rendezvous  for  that  purpose  ;  and  if  the  master  neglect  to  proceed  willi  com- 
voy,  he  will  be  answerable  for  all  losses  that  may  arise  from  want  of  it. 

Tho  owners  or  master  should  sail  with  tho  ship  for  the  place  of  her  destination  with  all 
due  diligence,  and  by  the  usual  or  shortest  course,  unless  in  cases  of  convoy,  which  the  master 
must  follow  as  far  as  possible.  Sometimes  the  course  is  pointed  out  in  tho  charterparty.  A 
deviation  from  the  usual  course  may  be  justified  for  the  purpose  of  rejiairs,  or  for  avoiding  an 
enemy  or  the  perils  of  the  seas,  as  well  as  by  the  sickness  of  the  master  or  mariners,  and  the 
mutiny  of  the  crew. 

By  an  exception  in  the  charlcrparty,  not  to  be  liable  for  injuries  arising  from  the  act  of 
God  avid  ihe  king's  enemies,  the  owner  or  master  is  not  responsible  for  any  injury  arising 
from  the  sea  or  the  winds,  unless  it  was  in  his  power  to  prevent  it,  or  it  was  oecasiuncd  by  bis 
imprudence  or  gross  neglect.  "The  question,"  said  Lord  .Mansfield,  in  an  action  brouglit 
by  the  East  India  Company,  "  is,  whether  the  owners  are  to  pay  for  the  damage  oeeasioiicd 
by  the  storm,  the  act  of  God  ;  and  tliis  must  be  determined  by  Ihe  intention  of  the  parties, 
and  the  nature  of  the  contract.  It  is  a  charter  of  freight.  The  owners  let  their  ships  to 
hire,  and  there  never  was  an  idea  thot  they  insure  the  cargo  against  the  perils  of  the  sea. 
What  are  the  obligations  of  the  owners  wliich  arise  out  of  the  fair  contiiruction  of  the  char- 
terparty 1  Why,  that  they  shall  be  liable  for  damages  incurred  by  their  own  fault,  or  that 
of  their  servants,  as  from  Jefects  in  the  sliij),  or  iin()ro{)cr  stowage,  &c.  If  they  were  liable 
for  damages  occasioned  by  storms,  they  would  become  insurers."  Tho  House  of  Lords 
confirmed  this  doctrine  by  deciding  (20lh  of  May,  I'iSH)  that  the  owner  is  not  liable  to  make 
satisfaction  for  damage  done  to  goods  by  storn. 

The  charterer  of  a  ship  may  lai'e  it  citlier  with  his  own  goods,  or,  if  he  have  not  suflkient, 
■may  take  in  the  goods  of  other  persons,  or  (if  uot  prevented  )iy  a  clause  to  that  edect  in  iht 
charterparty)  he  may  wholly  undenet  the  ship  to  another. — (For  further  details,  see  Abbott 
on  the  Law  of  Shif>ping,  part  iii.  c.  1. ;  Chitty^s  Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  c.  9,  &c. ;  and 
tho  articles  Bill  or  Lkvisq,  Fusigut,  Misxtn,  &c.  ia  this  Dictionary.) 


Tho  I 


'•IT  Khip  , 


-  CHARTKRPARTY.  335 

Formi  nf  C/iarlerpurlieii,  •» 

Tho  rollowlno;  u  one  of  the  mott  uiual  formii  of  a  chitrtrrimrty  :— 

Till' fhirterpurly,  InildiiUd,  milili*,  Arr.,  Ii>il\vi>i>n  A.  II.,  Ac,  mnrlniT,  ninftlcr,  nnd  fiwniT,  nf  th« 
innil  ulilp  i)r  vi'iirI.  mill!!!,  ice,  now  rl<liii||  iit  iiiicliiir,  Xci..  uf  llio  Imrtlii'ii  nf  '](N)  tmiK,  «'t  lliiTi'iilioiitH, 
of  ilii*  KMi  P'fl,  »>i<l  I''  "'  ttc,  ninri'hoiit,  iil'  llin  oiIht  (iiirt,  tvlliiPKni'lli,  lliiit  the  hiiim  a.  II  ,  (i>t  lliu 
ciin>lili.'t:itiiin  hi'ri'hinfknr  iiifliitloiii'd,  linlh  uranlail,  anil  In  I'rtvlKlil  lt-lti>ii,  niiil  liy  tliHic  |>ri'<iMitii  ilnlli 
fr'iiil.  hikI  (»  rrriiittt  li'l,  iiiilo  thn  *rilil  T.  1),  lilit  •■xi-ciitnra,  fiiliiiinliilriit<irii,  niiil  nualtiiin,  tlici  ulii>lii 
Idiiniifit  n<'  (ha  hnM,  atprn-iihpiil',  iiiiil  hitif  diMJc  nf  Ihn  iinl<l  »hl|i<)r  vntmcl,  rnlli'il,  &.r.,  frmii  llin  |i<>rt 
of  l/>'Mil'ii><  ti>.  kt.,  Ill  a  viiyniin  Icr  Im  ninile  hy  tlic  anlil  A.  H.  wlih  llin  tiilct  ahlp.  In  iiiiiniii'r  lii'ri>innrii-r 
iiiniiliiiiii'il,  (tliiit  In  K>  my,)  tu  aail  wllli  tliu  nrtt  Tuir  wiml  iinil  wcitlhi-r  Unit  nhull  Iniiipmi  iiiicr,  Jti., 
next,  frnin  lli<^  port  of  Lnnilnii,  witli  ttin  unoila  nml  nii'ri'hiiinllai!  nf  Hit*  Hfilil  ('.  It.,  IiIh  t'lirinra  iii  n»- 
•li(iir<,  I'll  bmril,  til,  Ac,  ariireinlil,  (ilip  net  nf  (l«il,  llin  king')  cnPinlnu,  flrn,  nml  nil  iiinl  I'Vrry  I'llur 
diiMKiTK  iiiid  atcldentR  of  Ihn  anna,  rivra,  nnd  niivliiiitliin,  of  wlinlcvrr  imtiirit  mid  kind,  In  an  far  iia 
ililp^  iir<!  11  iMe  thcri'to,  diirinK  tlwi  a.-ii.l  vnyHKu  iilwnya  etn'plHd,)  hiiiI  thiTn  iinliidii  nnd  niitkii  din* 
rhtir'.'i!  "f  tli<>  anid  iriiola  nnd  nifriliaiifiixi'M  ;  mid  iilfo  ahnll  tliiri!  lakH  li'tn  and  iin  linard  tho  aiild  ahlf> 
ndiln,  till!  (iioda  nnd  iiiirrliniidlHc>a  iit'  tim  anld  ('.  1).,  hi"  fmiora  or  aa«l|{na,  nnd  aliiill  llifn  rfliirn  tii 
thi!  |«<rl  lit'  London  with  tho  anld  enoda,  in  thf  apncn  of,  kr.  Iliiiltiiil  lor  thn  I'nd  of  thu  auld  voyHk'l^ 
In  rnnaldi'r.'illon  whiTeof,  llitt  anid  C.  I).,  lor  hliiiaclf,  liia  pxorntors,  and  ndiiilnlrttr.itora,  doth  rovi>- 
nitnt,  priinil^n,  nnd  Rrmit,  (ii  nnd  wlih  tin'  aald  .\.  II.,  hU  iixi'riitorK,  niliiiliimtriilnra,  or  nuaUiia,  hy 
thi'nc  pri'aonta,  that  thn  anld  C.  1).,  hU  i>xtM'iitorH,  ndinlnlatraiora,  riutora,  or  naaJKna,  ahall  and  will 
woll  :iiwl  truly  pay,  or  raiian  to  liii  |inld,  ii.ito  tliii  nnld  A.  II.,  Ilia  exiHiilori,  ndiiilnMrntcira,  or  a.iHiKnn, 
f.ir  III!' tVi'lalit  of  tho  «itid  ahip  nnd  gooiln,  ilm  aiiiii  of,  &iv  (nr  ao  iniii'li  por  Ion,)  wllliln  Hvioity-onn 
ilava  nflpr  thn  anld  ahip  arrived,  and  kooiIh  r.'tnrniMl.  and  (limliarvi-il  at  tliv  port  of  London  arori'anid, 
for  the  end  of  thu  anid  voymrn  i  mid  alHo  hIiiiII  nnd  will  piy  for  di'iiiiirrairi',  (if  miy  aliall  Ih>  hyili'faiilt 
nf  lilai,  th>  a  lid  ('.  I).,  hia  fartnra  or  nKalKiin.)  thu  aiiiii  lU',  Itr,.  piir  day,  dnily,  and  cvi^ry  day,  aa  tho 
aiitnu  Klinll  crow  dm-.  And  thn  anld  A.  11..  for  hiiiiai'lf,  hia  I'Xui'.iitora,  mid  ailinlnlxtrulorH,  ilolh  cnvo- 
irint,  pronilaR,  mill  Kraiit,  to  nnd  with  tin'  aald  ('.  I).,  hia  pxeciitora,  adiiilniHtr:>iora,  and  aKaixna,  hy 
these  proaHnta,  that  the  anid  ahip  nr  vi'iarl  ahall  Iia  rniidy  nt  thn  |iort  nf  London  In  tnki-  in  rooiU  hy 
the  aald  ('.  I>.,nn  or  bnfore,  Stc,  nuxt  coming.  And  Ihi'  anid  (.'.  !>..  for  hlni«p|l',  hi'  &.r.,  dnili  loviinmit 
nnd  proniiac,  within  tiM)  dnya  nlli'r  tho  aald  ahip  or  vchiiuI  ahull  liii  lima  ronily,  Imvo  hia  iriioda  on 
lionril  Ihi' aald  ahip,  to  prnrnt'd  on  In  Hip  aald  voyai?i!  i  nnd  niao,  on  arriv.il  of  llio  anld  ahip  at,  *r  , 
wllliiii,  &.r.  ilaya  to  liavo  Ilia  (fooda  ready  to  put  n'li  lioard  llic  aald  ahip,  to  riliirn  on  the  anid  voynj|i<. 
And  tin-  aaiil  A.  11.,  for  hiniai.'lf,  hia  e.xnrntnra,  uiid  adinlnlalralora,  doth  fiirthor  covenant  nnd  itrnnt.  to 
nnd  nilh  Hot  anid  C  l>.,  hia  exociilnra,  adiiiinlHtratora,  mid  naaiicna,  Hint  tint  anld  ahip  ii-  vrasid  ii  \v 
ia,  and  nt  all  lliiii'a  diiriiiK  lliu  voym!i<  ahall  he,  to  th>'  lirat  eniliMivoiira  of  hini,  the  aald  A.  II.,  liU  e.x- 
uciitora  and  uiliiiinialrntora,  mid  at  hia  mid  th<tir  own  prn|K-r  roata  and  chnriiea,  In  a  thinfra  iiin">  mil 
kppt  aii>r,  atniiiirh,  atroiiir,  well  appari'lled,  fiirnlHliiMl,  ,ind  provideil,  na  well  with  men  nnd  iiiHTinors 
aiilHrlent  and  ahle  to  aail,  Rnide,mid  Kovirii  tlie  a:iid  ahip,  na  with  nil  manner  of  riKuli'ir,  lionla,t:ickl", 
and  nppnrel,  fiirnhnre,  provialon,  nnd  appiirtenanrea,  lltllnu  mid  nnreaaary  for  the  auld  men  tiiiU 
niuriiiera,  uiid  for  the  anid  alilp  during  the  vnynge  ufurcaald.    In  witneaa,  Ac. 

The  Rrcut  variety  of  cirrumstanccn  unJrr  which  ilifTorcnt  voyages  ore  made  pr"  'uce  a 
corrc^poiiiiinR  diversity  in  chartcrpnrtios.  'J'he  chiirler|)iirty  of  wliifh  tho  following  i  u  '.  ,iy 
allbrds  a  good  example  of  tho  more  complex  Bpccies  of  thcac  iiiNtruinentm. 

It  Is  Ihia  diy  miitinlly  nereed  hetwcon  Mr.  T.  fl.  Rnnn,  owner  of  the  (rood  alilp  nr  vnsnol  rnlled  tho 
Mnrnmlil,  William  Hennlker,  mnaler,  of  tho  ineaaurenieiit  of  472  tona,  or  therealioiilH,  now  in  tlie 
river  Tlianiea,  nnd  Mr.  David  'riioiiison,of  the  linn  of  MesarH.Thoniaon,  I'uaainore,  mid  I'linniann,  of 
Miiirltiiia,  merclianta,  that  the  aald  ahip,  liein:;  tiuhl,  f.laiim  h,  nnd  stroiiif,  and  every  way  tilted  for 
the  vovnt'e,  ahull  with  nil  eonvpiilpiit  apeed,  sail  nnd  proieed  to  l.'aleuitu,  Willi  leave  to  take  oonviil!* 
out  In  S'ew  South  Wulea,  nnd  from  tlienie  Iroopa,  inurcliundiau,  nr  paaaeiiRera,  to  the  aforenieiitinni'd 
port  of  ralciitla,  with  li-nve  to  touch  nt  Mndraa  on  her  way  thither,  if  reijuired  on  owner's  account, 
nr  an  near  thereiiiiln  aa  alio  may  aafoW  pet,  and  there  load  from  the  firtora  of  the  anid  merc'ianla  at 
ralcuita.  n  full  and  cnniplete  cargo  nf  rice,  nr  any  other  lawful  ({ouda  which  tho  charterer  ei  ;ngea  to 
ahip,  and  proceed  with  the  same  to  I'ort  Loiiia,  in  the  Isle  of  Krnnce,  and  deliver  the  aaiiie  free  of 
frciiilit ;  nflerwarda  loail  there  a  full  nnd  complete  cnrKo  of  an;:ar  in  hn^ta,  nr  other  lawful  niercliandiao 
of  as  ftivoiirahio  lonnaire,  which  the  charterer  enK'ii»eB  tnahip,  not  exceeding  what  ahe  can  reasonably 
alow  and  cnrry  over  and  above  her  tackle,  nppnrel,  proviaiona.  nnd  fiiriiitiire  ;  and,  hcinK  ho  loaded, 
aliall  therewith  proceed  to  London,  or  ao  nenr  thereunto  aa  ahe  may  aafely  get,  and  deliver  the  aainii 
on  bcinK  paid  freinht,  vii.  for  audi  i|iimititv  of  aiigar  eiiiial  to  the  nctiial  (|uaiitily  of  rice,  or  other 
gnnila,  that  may  be  shipped  nt  Cnlinttu,  at  th"  rate  of  5/.  li«.  di/.  per  ton  of  20cwt.  nctt,  shipped  there  ; 
and  should  tho  vesael  deliver  more  iiPtt  aiigir  in  tin"  port  of  London  than  the  quantity  nf  rice,  or  other 
gnnila,  actually  shipped  in  Calciillu,  thu  owners  to  be  paid  nii  the  e.xcuaa  at  the  regular  current  rate  of 

freight  for  sugar  which  other  vessels,  loading  nt  the  saiin.'  liiiienl  I'ort  I i«,  receive  j  the  tonnage  of 

the  rice,  wheat,  or  grain,  to  he  reckoned  nt  20cwt.  iiett  per  ton  j  that  .  '  '''"r  gooda  nt  the  iisuiil 
measurement  (the  net  of  Ood,  the  king's  eneiiiiea,  lire,  nnd  all  nnd  every  ■  le-  .Inngera  and  accidents 
of  the  acna,  rivers,  nnd  navigation,  of  whatever  nature  nnd  kind  aoev,  ,,  wring  tlie  aaid  voyage, 
nivvays  excepted).  The  freight  to  be  paid  on  unloading  mid  right  delivery  ot  the  cargo,  na  ia  cin-loin- 
ary  ii'i  tho  port  of  Lniidnn.  Ninety  running  days  are  'n  be  nlhiwed  the  aaid  merchant  (If  the  ship  is 
n  i|  sooner  despatched)  for  loading  the  aliipnt  Calcutta,  ilisclnirging  the  cargo  nt  I'nrt  LniiiH.and  toad- 
hig  the  cargo  lliere  ;  the  aaid  laydays  to  coniineiKe  on  the  vessel 'elng  ready  to  receive  cargo,  thn 
masler  giving  nidlce  III  writing  of  the  aniiie  at  Caleiilta,  nnd  to  i  iiiiniii'  diii-lng  the  loading  there  j 
nnd  from  the  time  of  her  arrival  at  I'ort  Louis,  nnd  being  ready  to  dischurgn,  till  the  final  Inadlng  at 
that  port,  and  to  lie  diachnrged  in  the  port  nf  London  wit>!  ii>:  pi/  silmt  despatcii ;  and  '.20  days  on  de- 
murrage over  and  above  the  said  laying  days,  nt  \it.  per  day.  I'citalty  for  non-perrornimice  of  this 
aareeinent,  4,000/.  Tlie  cnrgn  to  be  brniiiiht  to  and  taken  from  alongside  at  the  expense  and  risk  of 
the  merchants.  The  neceasnry  cnah  for  the  dishiiraeinenta  nf  the  vessel  nt  (lulcuttn,  not  e.xceediiig 
!i'<ni.,  to  be  advanced  by  the  charterer's  agent  • ;  they  taking  tlie  ninsler'a  drafts  on  the  owner  for  the 
same,  nt  the  regulnr  current  rntc  of  exeliange.niidat  three  mnnilia'  sight  ;  and  if  the  anid  bills  be  not 
regularly  accepted  and  paid  when  due,  the  aame  to  be  deducted  from  tiie  freigiit  payable  by  this  i  liar- 
terparty.  The  vessel  to  bo  disbursed  at  I'ort  Loiiia  by  the  chartering  agenia  ;  aiiiii  iint  to  exceed  3001., 
free  of  commission ;  and  the  amount  to  be  deducted  from  the  freight  at  the  liiinl  aettlemeiit  nt  the 
jMirt  of  London.  Captain  nnttosliip  goods  without  consent.  In  theeventof  theship  being  prevented, 
by  damage  or  any  other  cause,  reaching  the  Maiiriliiia  on  or  before  the  let  day  nf  January,  IH.'II,  tho 
charterer  or  hia  agents  shall  be  at  liberty  to  employ  the  vessel  for  one  or  two  voynges  to  Onlciittn,  at 
the  rate  of  2/.  per  ton  of  rice,  or  other  gooda.  delivered  nt  Mauritius.  I'lfty  running  days,  to  load  nnd 
discharge,  to  be  allowed  on  each  voyage;  it  being  uiideratood  tliat  the  chnrterer  or  his  ngenta  shall 
load  the  ship,  as  before  agreed,  either  at  the  end  of  the  Urgt  or  second  voyage,  as  the  case  may  be. 


f>VJ, 


i!  IMI 


■I    I,- 


■  i 


•  I  t.r 


I  r( 


';.;i;. 


lb 


336 


CHAY  ROOT— CHEESE. 


&^'    h 


Th(i  fVelght  on  the  intermediate  voyages  (if  any)  to  be  paid  on  delivery  of  the  cargo,  in  cath,  or  by 
biile  on  London  at  usance,  at  the  option  of  the  master.  The  vessel  to  be  addressed,  both  at  C'alcutti> 
•nd  Isle  of  France,  to  the  agents  of  the  charterer.  In  witness  whereof,  the  said  parties  have  here 
anlo  set  their  hands  and  seats,  at  London,  the  3d  day  of  December,  183!). 

Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered,  )  (Signed)  TIIOS.  B.  RANN.  (L.H.) 

in  the  presence  of  f  *"   ~...^.. 

(Signed)         E.  FORSYTH. 


D.  THOMSON,       (U.S.) 


Stamp  Duty  on  Charterparties. — The  statute  65  Geo.  3.  c.  184.  enacts,  that  any  char- 
terparty  or  any  agreement  or  contract  for  the  charter  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  any  memo. 
randum,  letter,  or  other  writing,  between  the  captain,  master,  or  owner  of  any  ship  or  vessel, 
and  any  other  person,  for  or  relating  to  the  freight  or  conveyance  of  any  money,  goods,  or 
effects,  on  board  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  shall  lie  charged  with  a  duty  of  1/.  16s. 

And  when  the  same,  together  with  any  schedule,  receipt,  or  other  matter,  put  or  indorsed 
thereon,  or  annexed  thereto,  shall  contain  2,160  words  or  upwards,  then  for  every  entire 
quantity  of  1,080  words  contained  therein  over  and  above  the  first  1,080  words,  there  sliall 
be  charged  a  further /}ro§re«8tve  duty  of  1/.  5s. 

CHAY  OB  CHOY  IIOOT,  the  roots  of  a  small  biennial,  rarely  triennial,  plant,  growing 
spontaneously  in  light,  dry,  sandy  ground  near  the  sea ;  and  extensively  cultivated,  especially 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel.  The  cultivated  roots  are  very  slender,  and  from  1  to  2  feet  in 
length  with  a  few  lateral  fibres ;  but  the  wild  are  shorter,  and  supposed  to  yield  one  fourth 
part  more  of  colouring  matter,  and  of  a  better  quality.  The  roots  are  employed  to  dye  the 
durable  reds  for  which  the  Indian  cotton  yarn  and  chintzes  have  been  long  famous,  and 
which  can  only  be  equalled  by  the  Turkey  red, 

Chay  root  forms  a  considerable  article  of  export  from  Ceylon.  Only  a  particular  set  of 
people  are  allowed  to  dig  it.  It  is  all  bought  up  by  government,  who  pay  the  diggers  a 
fixed  price  of  75  or  80  rix-doUars  a  candy,  and  sell  it  for  exportation  at  about  175  rix-dol- 
larx. — {BertolaccCa  Ceylon,  p.  270.) 

This  root  has  been  imported  into  Europe,  but  with  no  success.  Dr.  Bancrofl  suspects  it 
may  be  injured  by  the  long  voyage ;  but  he  adds,  that  it  can  produce  no  eifect  which  may 
not  bo  more  cheaply  produced  from  madder.  It  is  a  very  bulky  article,  and  is  consequently 
burdened  with  a  very  heavy  freight. — {Permanent  Colours,  vol.  ii.  p.  882 — 303.) 

CHECKS,  CHEQUES,  oh  DRAFTS,  are  orders  addressed  to  some  person,  generally  a 
banker,  directing  him  to  pay  the  sum  specified  in  the  check  to  the  person  named  in  it,  or 
bearer  on  demand.    The  following  is  the  usual  form : — 

g^  <•  •  London,  ZQth  October,  \%2,X 

cdbioo. 


aeeount 


Pay  Mr,  A.  B.  or  bearer,  One  Hundred  Pounds,  on 


"ay 
of 


C.  D. 


Metara.  Jones,  Loyd,  and  Co. 

In  point  of  form,  checks  nearly  resemble  bills  of  exchange,  except  that  they  are  uniformly 
payable  to  bearer,  and  should  be  drawn  upon  a  regular  banker,  though  this  latter  point  is 
not  essential.  They  are  assignable  by  delivery  only ;  and  are  payable  instantly  on  prexcnt- 
ment,  without  any  days  of  grace  being  allowed.  But  by  the  custom  of  London,  a  banker  haa 
until  5  of  the  afWrnoon  of  the  day  on  which  a  check  is  presented  for  payment  to  return  it ; 
■o  that  where  a  check  was  returned  before  5,  with  a  memorandum  uf  "  cancelled  by  mis- 
take" written  under  it,  it  was  held  a  refusal  to  pay.  If  a  check  upon  a  banker  be  lodged 
with  another  banker,  a  presentment  by  the  latter  at  the  clearing-house  is  sufficient.  Checks 
arc  usually  taken  conditionally  as  cash ;  (or  unless  an  express  stipulation  be  made  to  the 
contrary,  if  they  be  presented  in  due  time  and  not  paid,  they  are  not  a  payment.  It  is  diffi- 
cult to  define  what  is  the  due  or  reasonable  time  within  which  checks,  nolcH,  or  bills,  should 
be  presented.  A  man,  as  Lord  Ellenhorough  has  observed,  is  not  obliged  to  neglect  all  other 
business  that  he  may  immediately  present  them  :  nevertheless  it  is  the  safest  plan  to  present 
them  without  any  avoidable  delay ;  and  if  received  in  the  place  where  payable,  they  had 
better  be  presented  that  day,  or  next  at  furthest.  If  a  check  be  not  presented  within  a  rea- 
sonable time,  the  party  on  whom  it  is  drawn  will  be  justified  in  refusing  to  pay  it ;  and  'ho 
holiler  will  lose  his  recoui'se  upon  the  drawer.  Checks  drawn  on  ban!.„rs  re.siding  10  miles 
or  more  from  the  place  where  they  are  drawn,  must  be  on  a  stan.^'  .if  the  same  value  as  a 
bill  of  exchange  of  an  equal  amount;  but  checks  drawn  on  a  banker,  acting  as  such  within 
10  miles  of  the  place  where  they  are  issued,  may  be  on  plain  paper. — (C/iitfy  on  Commer- 
eiiil  Imw,  vol.  iii.  p.  591. ;  Wnolryeh  on  Commercial  Laui,  c.  3.  §  3.,  &c.) 

CHEESE,  (Ger.  Jfa«e;  Tixi.Kaass  Fr.  Froinage  ,•  It.  Frorawj^i^io,  C ado,-  S[>.QueiiO{ 
Rus.  S«r;  Lat.  Caseus),  the  curd  of  the  milk  separated  from  the  whey,  and  pressed  or 
hardened.  It  has  been  used  as  an  article  of  food  from  the  earliest  ages :  vast  quantities  of  it 
are  consumed  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  must  countries  in  Europe. 

There  U  a;i  immense  variety  of  cheeses,  the  qualities  of  which  depend  principully  on  the 
richness  and  flavour  of  the  milk  of  which  they  are  made,  and  partly  on  the  way  in  which 
they  are  prepared.    England  is  particularly  celebrated  for  the  abundance  and  excellence  of 


CHEESE. 


Id  cheese.  Cheahire  and  Gloucestenhire  are,  in  this  respect,  two  of  its  most  famous  conn- 
ties;  the  cheese  produced  in  the  former  has  been  estimated  at  11,600  tons  a  year.  There 
are  two  kinds  of  Gloucester  cheese,  double  and  single  ;  the  first  is  made  of  the  milk  and 
cream,  the  latter  of  the  milk  deprived  of  about  half  the  cream.  They  are  of  various  sizes, 
from  20  to  70  and  even  80  lbs. ;  but  they  generally  run  from  60  to  60  lbs.  A  great  deal  of 
cheese  is  also  made  in  that  part  of  Shropshire  which  borders  upon  Cheshire,  and  in  North 
Wiltshire.  The  former  goes  under  the  name  of  Cheshire  cheese :  the  latter  was,  till  lately, 
called  Gloucestershire  cheese ;  now  it  receives  its  appellation  from  the  county  where  it  is 
made.  A  strong  cheese,  somewhat  resembling  Parmesan,  is  made  at  Chedder  in  Somersiet- 
ehire.  The  celebrated  rich  cheese,  called  Stilton,  is  made  in  Leicestershire,  principally  ia 
the  villages  round  Melton  Mowbray.  It  is  not  reckoned  sufficiently  mellow  for  cutting  un- 
less  it  be  two  years  old ;  and  is  not  saleable  unless  it  be  decayed,  blue,  and  moist.  A  rich 
cheese  is  also  made  at  Leigh,  in  Lancashire.  The  other  cheeses  made  in  England,  which 
have  acquired  a  peculiar  name,  either  from  the  quantity  made,  or  from  the  quality,  are  the 
Derbyshire,  Cottenham,  and  Southam  cheeses.  The  two  last  are  new  miUc  cheeses,  of  a 
peculiarly  fine  flavour :  the  places  where  they  are  made  are  in  Cambridgeshire.  Bath  and 
York  are  remarkable  for  their  cream  cheeses.  The  county  of  Warwick,  and  Banbury 
in  Oxfordshire,  are  also  remarkable  for  cheeses ;  the  former  for  the  quantity  made  in  it, 
about  20,000  tons  being  annually  sent  to  London,  besides  a  very  large  supply  to  Birming- 
ham.   Banbury  cheese  is  distinguished  for  its  richness. 

Scotland  is  not  celebrated  for  its  cheese :  the  best  is  called  Dunlop  cheese,  firom  a  parish 
in  Ayrshire,  where  it  was  originally  manufactured.  Dunlop  cheeses  generally  weigh  from 
20  to  60  lbs.  each ;  and  are,  in  all  respects,  similar  to  tliose  of  Derbyshire,  except  that  the 
latter  are  smaller. 

Turmeric,  marigolds,  hawthorn  buds,  &c.  were  formerly  used  to  heighten  and  improve 
the  colour  of  cheese ;  but  annotto  (which  see)  is  decidedly  the  best  ingredient  that  can  be 
employed  for  that  purpose,  and  is  at  present  used  in  Cheshire  and  Gloucestershire  to  the 
exclusion  of  every  thing  else.  An  ounce  of  genuine  annotto  will  colour  a  hundred  weight 
of  cheese. 

Large  quantities  of  very  good  cheese  are  produced  in  Holland.  In  the  manufacture  of 
Gouda  cheese,  which  is  reckoned  the  best  made  in  Holland,  muriatic  acid  is  used  in  curd- 
ling the  milk  instead  of  rennet    This  renders  it  pungent,  and  preserves  it  from  mites. 

Parmesan  cheese,  so  called  from  Parma  in  Italy,  where  it  is  manufactured,  is  merely  a 
ihim-milk  cheese,  which  owes  its  rich  flavour  to  the  fine  herbage  of  the  meadows  along  the 
Po,  where  the  cows  feed.  The  best  Parmesan  cheese  is  kept  for  3  or  4  years,  and  none  ia 
ever  carried  to  market  till  it  be  at  least  6  months  old. 

Swiss  cheese,  particularly  that  denominated  Gruyere,  from  the  bailiwick  of  that  name  in 
the  canton  of  Fribourg,  is  very  celebrated.  Gruyere  cheeses  are  made  of  skimmed  or  par- 
tially skimmed  milk,  and  are  flavoured  with  herbs.  They  generally  weigh  from  40  to  60 
lbs.  each,  and  are  packed  for  exportation  in  casks  containing  10  cheeses  each. 

According  to  Mr.  Marshall  the  average  yearly  produce  of  cheese  from  the  milk  of  a  cow 
in  England  is  from  3  to  4  cwt,  or  more  than  double  the  weight  of  the  butter. 

For  further  details,  see  Loudon's  Ency.  of  Agriculture ;  art.  Dairy  in  Supp.  to  Eney, 
Brit ;  Stevenson's  art  on  England,  in  the  Edinburgh  Ency.,  ^e. 

The  imports  of  cheese,  in  1831,  amounted  to  134,459  cwt,  almost  the  whole  of  which 
came  from  the  Netherlands.  The  quantity  re-exported  was  but  inconsiderable.  The  duty 
of  lOs.  6d.  a  cwt.  on  imported  cheese  produced,  in  1823,  69,049/.  2«.  Sd. ;  showing  that  the 
quantity  entered  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  about  132,000  cwt 

The  contract  price  of  the  cheese  furnished  to  Greenwich  Hospital,  in  the  undermentioned 
years,  has  been  as  follows : — 


Van. 

Plica  per  lb. 

Vean. 

PricnpcrlU 

Vmn. 

Fricet  per  lb. 

Tan. 

Pricn  per  lb. 

d. 

d. 

d. 

d. 

1730 

3 

ISOO 

6 

1814 

8» 

1894 

4 

1740 

3 

1H05 

7: 

1815 

8 

1835 

8 

1750 

3 

1806 

7 

1816 

6i 

1820 

6k 

1760 

S 

1807 

7 

1817 

6i 

1827 

S 
5 

1770 

3 

1803 

7 

1818 

6 

1833 

1T7S 

3 

1809 

8 

1819 

8 

1820 

5 

1780 

3 
3 

1810 

8 

1820 

7 

1830 

4 

1785 

1811 

6' 

1821 

6 

1831 

4' 

1790 

4 

1812 

8. 

1822 

5 

1N33 

.1» 
Prices. 

i;»5 

»t 

1813 

81 

1823 

4 

See  ort. 

It  is  not  possible  to  form  any  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  cheese  annually  consumed  in 
tireat  Britain.  Dr.  Colquhouti  states  that  the  butter  and  cheese  consumed  in  the  United 
Kingdom  must  be  worth  at  least  6,000,000/,  a  year,  exclusive  of  the  milk  of  which  I  hey  are 
made ;  but  he  assigns  no  grounds  for  this  statement ;  which  we  are  inclined  to  think  is  veiy 
greatly  exaggerated. — (See  Buttkh.) 

[The  quality  of  the  cheese  made  in  the  United  States  has  been  gradually  improving,  and 

Vol.  I.— 2  F  43 


1  '( 


i[ 


I       ■'! 


II 


338 


CHERRIES— CHOCOLATE. 


is  in  such  estimation  that  while,  on  an  average  of  fonr  years,  the  value  of  the  foreign  artici* 
consumed  in  the  United  States  has  been  only  $12,80U,  the  annual  amount  of  American 
cheese  exported  to  foreign  countries,  chiefly  to  the  West  Indies  and  the  British  North 
American  colonies,  has  been  as  much  as  $650,000. — Am.  Ed.] 

CHERRIES,  tlie  fruit  of  a  tree  (Prunus  Cera.sus  Lin.)  too  well  known  to  require  any 
description.  They  derive  their  name  from  Cerasus,  a  city  of  Pontus,  whence  the  tree  was 
brought  by  Lucullus,  about  half  a  century  before  tho  Christian  era.  It  soon  after  spread 
into  most  parts  of  Europe,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  carried  to  Britain  about  a  ccnturr 
after  it  came  to  Rome.  The  principal  supplies  of  cherries  for  the  London  market  are  brought 
from  the  cherry  orchards  in  Kent  and  Herts,  The  wood  of  the  cherry  is  close,  takes  a  fine 
polish,  and  is  not  liable  to  split. — {Rees's  Cyclopaedia  ,■  Loudon's  Ency.  ofAgric,  ^c.) 

CHESNUT,  a  forest  tree  (Fasua  eastunea)  growing  abundantly  in  most  parts  of  the 
southern  countries  of  Europe.  It  Jtaa  at  one  time  very  common  in  England  ;  and  is  still 
frequently  met  with.  It  is  long  lived ;  grows  to  an  immense  size  ;  and  is  very  ornamental. 
The  wood  is  hard  and  compact ;  when  young,  it  is  tough  and  flexible ;  but  when  old,  it  is 
britUe,  and  often  shaky.  The  chesnut  contains  only  a  very  small  proportion  of  sap-wood ; 
and  hence  the  wood  of  young  trees  is  found  to  be  superior  to  even  the  oak  in  durability.  It 
is  doubtful  whether  the  roof  of  Westminster  Hall  be  of  oak  or  chcBnut ;  the  two  wopJs 
being,  when  old,  very  like  each  other,  and  having  been  formerly  used  almost  indifferently  in 
the  construction  of  buildings.  A  good  deal  of  chesnut  has  been  planted  within  the  last 
thirty  years. — {Tredgold's  Principles  of  Carpentry.) 

CHESNUTS  (Fr.  Chataignes  ,•  Gcr.  Kastanicn  ;  It.  Castagne  ,•  Sp,  Castanas),  the 
fruit  of  tiie  chesnut  tree.  Chesnuts  grows  in  this  country,  but  are  very  inferior  both  in  size 
and  perfection  to  those  imported  from  the  south  of  Europe.  In  some  parts  of  the  Conti- 
nent they  are  frequently  used  as  a  substitute  for  bread,  and  form  a  large  proportion  of  the 
food  of  the  inhabitants.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  Limousin,  in  Corsica,  and  in 
several  districts  of  Spain  and  Italy.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Limousin  are  said  to  prepare 
them  in  a  peculiar  manner,  which  deprives  them  of  their  astringent  and  bitter  properties. 
Chesnuts  imported  from  Spain  and  Italy  are  frequently  kiln-dried,  to  prevent  their  germina- 
tion  on  the  passage.    In  this  country  they  are  principally  served  up  roasted  at  desserts. 

Durinn!  the  3  years  ending  with  IfiSl,  the  ontries  of  foreign  chpsniils  for  home  consumption  nveraiied 
80,948  hushela  a  year.  Tlie  duty  of  2s.  a  bushel  produced,  in  lb32,2,32U.  12«.  lOii,  nctt,  allowing  that 
the  consumption  must  have  amounted  to  33,216  bushels. 

CHET WERT,  a  measure  of  com  in  Russia,  equal  to  5^^-  Winchester  bushels,  so  that 
100  chetwerts  =«  74J  Winchester  quarters. 

CHILLIES  (Hind.  Gas  Murridge  ,•  Javan.  Lomhok  ,•  Malay,  Chabai),  the  pods  or  fruit 
of  the  Capsicum  annuum,  or  Guinea  pepper.  This  is  one  of  the  hardiest  and  most  pro- 
ductive plants  found  in  tropical  climates ;  growing  luxuriantly  in  almost  all  dry  soils,  how- 
ever indilTerent.  In  the  wild  state,  the  pods  arc  small,  and  so  pungent  and  acrid  as  to 
blister  the  tongue ;  but  when  raised  on  rich  soils,  they  are  large,  and  comparatively  mild. 
The  plant  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  both  Indies.  It  is  very  extensively  cultivated ;  and,  with 
the  exception  of  salt,  is  far  more  extensively  used  than  any  other  condiment.  In  tropical 
countries,  the  pods  are  frequently  made  use  of  when  unripe  and  green :  when  ripe,  they  be- 
come of  a  deep  red  colour ;  and  in  this  state  they  arc  exported  dry  and  entire,  or  reduced  to 
powder — that  is,  to  Cayenne  pepptr  ,•  which,  when  genuine,  consists  wholly  of  the  groiiml 
pods  of  the  capsicum. — (See  Pkppem.) 

CHINA  ROOT  (Get.  Chinawurzcl  ,•  J)u.  Chinawnrte! ,-  Ft.  Squine,  Esquine  ,•  Sp. 
Raiz  China,  Coctilmeca ;  Arab.  Rhitbsinie),  the  root  of  a  species  of  climber  (Smiltix  China 
Lin.).  It  comes  from  the  West  Indies  as  well  as  from  China:  but  that  from  the  latter  is 
best.  It  is  oblong  and  thick-joined,  full  of  irregular  knobs,  of  a  roddixh  brown  colour  on  the 
outside,  and  a  pale  red  within ;  while  new,  it  will  snap  short,  and  look  glittering  wiihiii ;  if 
old,  the  dust  flies  from  it  when  broken,  and  it  is  light  and  kecky.  It  should  be  chosen  largo, 
sound,  heavy,  and  of  a  pale  red  colour  internally.  It  is  of  no  value  if  the  worm  be  in  it. 
— (Milhum's  Out  lit.  Commerce.) 

CHINA  WARE.    See  Porceiaiw. 

CHINT3  or  CHINTZ  (Fr.  Indiennes ,-  Gpr.ZilzCf  U.Indiane.-  Rus.  S!z ,-  Sp.  Cliite^, 
Ztiraza),  fine  printed  calico,  first  manufactured  in  the  East  Indies,  but  now  largely  manu- 
factured in  Europe,  particularly  in  Great  Britain. — (Sec  Calico.) 

CHIP  HATS.    See  Hats. 

CHOCOLATE  (Du.  Chocolade ,-  Fr.  Chocolat ,-  Gcr.  Schokolutc  ,■  It.  Cioccilata ,-  Tor. 
Chocolate  •  Rus,  Shokolad  ,•  Sp.  Clwcolatc),  a  kind  of  cake  or  confection,  prepared  princi- 
pally from  the  cacao  nut.  The  nuts  are  iir:it  roasted  like  coffee ;  and  being  next  reduced  to 
powder  and  mixed  with  water,  the  paste  is  put  into  tin  moulds  of  the  desired  shape,  in 
which  it  speedily  hardens,  being,  when  taken  out  and  wrap[)cd  in  piipcr,  fit  for  the  market. 
Besides  cacao  nut,  the  Spaniards  use  vanilla,  sugar,  maize,  &(;.  in  tiie  preparation  of  choco- 
,«te.  This  article  which  is  celebrated  for  its  nutritious  qualities,  is  Imt  little  used  in  Great 
Britain ;  a  circuinstonco  tiiat  seuais  to  be  principally  owing  to  the  very  heavy  duties  with 


iv- ,  i' 


CHRISTIANIA. 


[i- 


which  it  has  been  loaded.  Hie  importation  of  chocolate  used  formerly  to  be  prohibited ; 
and  though  this  prohibition  no  longer  exists,  yet,  as  the  duties  on  it  are  proportionally  much 
Heavier  than  upon  cacao,  we  manufacture  at  home  almost  all  that  is  required  for  our  con- 
sumption. British  chocolate  is  said  to  be  very  largely  adulterated  with  flour  and  Castile 
sm^.— {See  Edward's  West  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.*364.  ed.  1819.;  and  the  art.  Cacao.)  The 
quantity  of  chocolate  brought  from  abroad,  entered  for  home  consumption  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  in  1830,  only  amounted  to  1,321J  lbs.,  producing  160/.  of  revenue. 

"Alike  easy  to  convey  and  employ  as  an  aliment,  it  contains  a  large  quantity  of  rutritivo 
and  Htimulating  particles  in  a  small  compass.  It  has  been  said  with  truth,  that  in  Africa, 
rice,  gum,  and  shea  butter,  assist  man  in  crossing  the  deserts.  In  the  New  World,  chocolate 
and  the  flonr  of  maize  have  rendered  accessible  to  him  the  table  lands  of  tho  Andes,  and  vast 
uninhabited  forests." — {Humboldt's  Pers.  Nar.  vol.  iv.  p.  234.  Eng.  trans.) 

CHRISTIANIA,  the  capital  of  Norway,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  fiord  or  gnlf,  in  the 
province  of  Aggerhuus ;  in  lat.  59°  55 J'  N.,  Ion.  10°  48J'  E.  Population,  according  to  tlie 
Weimar  Almanack  for  1833,  about  20,000.  Christiania  is  about  60  miles  from  the  open 
sea :  the  gulf  is  in  some  placss  very  narrow,  and  its  navigation  somewhat  difficult ;  but  it  is 
eiifTiciently  deep  for  the  largest  vesaelj,  having  6  or  7  fathonis  water  close  to  the  quay.  It  is 
compulsory  on  all  ships  to  take  a  pilot  on  board  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay.  The  trade  of 
the  town  is  considerable.  The  principal  exports  are  timber  and  deals ;  glass,  particularly 
bottles ;  linseed  and  oil-cake,  iron  and  nsils,  smalts,  bones,  oak  bark,  &c.  Salted  and  pickled 
fish,  one  of  the  staple  products  of  Norway,  is  principally  exported  from  Bergen.  Tho  deals 
of  Christiania  have  always  been  in  the  highest  estimation ;  a  consequence  of  the  excellence 
of  the  timber,  and  of  tho  care  with  which  the  sap-wood  and  other  defective  parts  is  cut 
away ;  and  not,  as  Mr.  Coxe  seems  to  have  supposed,  of  the  skilful  sawing  of  the  plank. 
The  saw  mills  were  formerly  licensed  to  cut  a  certain  quantity  only,  and  the  proprietors  were 
bound  to  make  oath  that  it  was  not  exceeded. — {Coxc'h  Travih  in  thfi  North  nf  Europe,  5th 
edit  vol.  iv.  p.  28.)  This  absurd  regulation  no  longer  exists.  There  are  far  fewer  restric- 
tions  on  industry  and  commerce  in  Norway  than  in  Sweden.  In  the  former,  British  manu- 
factured goods  are  admitted  on  moderate  duties,  and  are  very  generally  made  use  of.  The 
principiil  articles  of  import  are  corn,  colonial  produce ;  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  goods ; 
butter,  wine,  brandy,  &c. 

Trade  of  Norway. — The  following  tables  give  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  foreign  trade 
of  Norway. 

htforts.—Kn  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  ilie  priiiclpnl  Articles  imported  into  Norway,  during  each 
of  the  Three  Yeiirs  ending  with  1831. 


Articles. 

1829. 

18,30. 

1831. 

NorwijiMiWiifht  !  English  Wfi.;lit 

NnrwpTiinWtii-'Iit 

English  Wr;;M 

Norwegian  Weight 

Eni!lUh  Weight 

and  .MeiRure.' 

and  .VlL'a.-urJ. 

anl  Measure. 

aii<l  Meai'jre. 

:in  1  MiMS'jri'. 

and  Measure. 

Cotton  eoods 

132,620  11)9. 

6,499  tons. 

Iti0,r,63  Iba. 

83-17  tons 

174.385  lbs. 

85-45  tons 

French  brandy 

5.11,307  pot. 

I40,.5S9(,ml9. 

809,630  pot. 

20H,-I31  sals. 

314,184  pot. 

80,107  Bills. 

Coiroe 

I,5t7,,'i7.')ll>:<. 

758-31  tons 

1,. 576. 130  lbs. 

772-30  tnnsil,614,185  Iba. 

688-95  tons 

Vinegar 

101,430  pot. 

26.(126     (lalg. 

IlO.SWpot. 

30,552  sals.  1      73,050  put. 

18,8,56  g.ilfi. 

Hemp 

2,20»,e.')3  lbs. 

l,082-73tons 

1,369,540  lbs. 

671-08  tons  l,410,2«lb8 

693  96  tons 

Hops 

96,931 

47-52 

7.5,164 

36-83 

66,807 

32-73 

Flax 

763,973 

.374-35 

651,802 

319-38 

462,5.59 

236-65  tons 

Grain,  wheat 

13,766  tond. 

0,700      qra. 

15,675  tond. 

7,635  nra. 

11,963  tond. 

5,822  qrs. 

Hyc 

232,602 

113,219 

2,52,105 

123,858 

305,300 

148,607 

Biirley 

300,644 

116,338 

304,019 

147,081 

330.730 

160,082 

Oats 

l.'),179 

7.384 

10,3,10 

5,028 

32,015 

15,597 

Malt 

42,.'530 

20,701 

.56.210 

27,374 

36.277 

176.57 

Wlieaton  flour 

573,087  Iba. 

280-81  tons 

683,071  Ills. 

3.34-21  tons 

6HH,610  lbs. 

337-43  tons 

Rye  flour    - 

27,393 

1342 

00,525 

44-.35 

110,104 

71-70 

i;:"ir|py  flour 

116,815    . 

71-94 

165,616 

70-25 

6.5.600 

32-18  tons 

I'e:i3 

11, 202  tond. 

5,452      qrs. 

8,'264tond, 

4.023  qrs. 

9,3.30  tond. 

4,,541-30nrs. 

Oil 

203,423  lbs. 

99-68  tons 

223.144  lbs. 

109-,34  tone 

254,023  lbs. 

121-70  tons 

CAv'sn 

23^,438 

110  83 

223,363 

I  OS -HO 

215,F83 

105-78 

Hire 

273,093 

133-81 

341,110 

107-11 

25.5,917 

125-10 

llaisins 

102,271 

5011 

103.S,36 

•50-88 

117,955 

57-I-0 

Rum 

12,142  pot. 

.3,095     gala. 

17,3SR  pot. 

4,433  gals. 

13,815  pnt. 

3,522  gals. 

Salt 

284,373  tond. 

138,419      qrs. 

283,600  tond. 

- 

294,799  tond. 

Sailcloth    - 

3,580  pes. 

- 

V  3,013  pieces 

i&49.1'l01bs. 

1  2402  tons 

f  2.35  pees.  & 
1  160,;)10  Ihs. 

78-55  tons 

Silks 

4,270  lbs. 

200  tons 

4.S.S3  lbs. 

239 

4,002  1I)S. 

2-40 

Syrup 

720,738 

353-18 

807,035 

395-74 

719,031 

352-e2 

Grindstones 

f  133chnld. 
1  &  5,,W  pea. 

" 

(■22oh;.ld.  & 
(.1,337  pieces 

V    - 

No  return. 

liiUler 

417,824  lbs. 

201-73  tons 

305,808  lbs. 

179-2t(ons 

391,818  llH. 

ini-OOtons 

Coals 

39,.Mmiond. 

4.S07-t8c)i!iId. 

27.001  tond 

3,3S5-75clial. 

21,2:i8lond. 

2,5,S3-.83rhal. 

Sii?ar 

2,195,752  Iba. 

l,07.'i-91  tons 

2,313.325 

1,117-69  tons 

2,131,810  1!,3. 

1,180-09  to,  B 

Soap, green 

196,219 

61-85 

145,774 

71-43 

137,708 

67-48 

Soup,  white 

100,456 

49-22 

123,0 '3 

00-28 

1.33,939 

65-15 

Tea 

41,435 

20-;!0 

4.5,.5flO 

23.33 

41.317 

21-f>S 

Tobacco 

1,405,952 

688-91 

2,90!),4(.9 

1,082-03 

1,OS3,103 

630-70 

1  Woollens   - 

180,926 

88-65 

180.058 

91-17 

l'.13,!H)0 

f5-01 

Wine 

474,218  pot. 

120,911  Rails. 

63S,791pot. 

10-2,873  pals. 

189,001  pot. 

48,313  g  Is. 

Mnon  cloth 

1626. 

1827. 

182.S.                       1 

30.5,291  lbs.   1    100-59  tons 

159,226  lbs. 

780'2tons 

303,325  lbs. 

1-29  03  inns] 

.'  : 


i   f 


t  I 


i; 


1 


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J      ! 


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f  '  ;r 


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840 


CHRISTIANIA. 


Kxport».—An  Aceonnt  of  tbe  Qiiantltiet  of  the  principal  Artlciei  exported  flrom  Norway  durtnt  each 

of  llie  Tliree  Year*  ending  wltii  1831.  * 


Ai^m. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831.                   1 

NorwffiuiWeijhl 
aod  Measure. 

Ei«liih  Weifht 
and  M<^asure. 

Norw«ian  Weifhl 
and  Measure. 

Enillih  Weight 
and  Meaiure. 

Norwegian  Welgbt 
an!  Measure. 

Euglijh  Wtijhi 
aud  Meaiuie. 

Anchovies,  ' 

(pickled       - 
sprats) 
Oak  bark    - 

7,390  kegs 

— 

0,173  kegs 

— 

0,413  kegs 

.                      _ 

— 

6,8768k.  lbs. 

I,078-15tons 

13,380  sk.  lbs. 

l.OSl-Trtont 

Bones 

820,916  lbs. 

402  35  tons 

1,097,755 

537-89 

955,743 

463-31 

Bottles 

161,520  bot; 

— 

144,038  bot. 

— 

344,987  bot. 

Smalti 

308,418  lbs. 

10313 

357,310  lbs. 

136-09 

183,700  lbs. 

00-01 

Chroinateof  7 
lead     -     / 
Lobsters     - 

OT8,6J8 

S83-S3 

538,608 

363-91 

694,500 

291-30 

1.034,90?  lobs. 

— 

1,I96,«)«  lob. 

— 

872,944  lob. 

Dried  flsh  - 

41,417,718  lbs. 

81, 764-67 

43,447,887  lbs. 

21,289-46 

25,418,885  lbs. 

12,469-95 

:jalted  fisb 

397,816  tnd. 

38,039      bar 

313,093  tnd. 

300,218   bar. 

469,659  tnd. 

449,051-15bar. 

Horns 

36,198  lbs. 

18'83tonB 

52,391  lbs. 

25-67  tns. 

39,858  lbs. 

Ifl'41  tuns 

Iron 

6,458,192 

3,161-51 

6,133,037 

3,000-28 

5,135,677 

3,516.48 

Rags 

6,686 

3-27 

14,838 

6-97 

8,640 

4-23 

Copper 

010,33} 

399 

751,825 

368-39 

534,894 

257-20 

Caraway  seed 

1,605 

0-78615 

1,518 

074383 

1,535 

0.75215 

Fish  roes    - 

17,039  tnd. 

16,283      bar. 

32,677  tnd. 

31,683   bar. 

17,011  tnd. 

lB,264biir. 

Buck  &  gnat ) 
skins          i 
Rock  moss 

84,101  lbs. 

41 -30  tons 

113,847  lbs. 

85-78  tns. 

114,951  lbs. 

86-32  tons 

357,515    ■ 

17517 

109,?03 

53-80  tns. 

91,613 

44-08 

Tar 

1,257  tnd. 

1,201      bar- 

1,017  tnd. 

973    bar. 

604  tnd. 

S77-50  bar. 

Train  oil     - 

31,806 

20,849 

20,476 

19,577 

18,708 

17,8S7 

Wood,  tim-  \ 
ber  &  deals  5 

183,802 

— 

191,615 

— 

172,979 

wnodiiester 

360,251 -92  tons 

woodlasster 

3SI,415'4tns. 

woodliEHter 

339,038'84tna. 

Zaffre 

33,860  lbs. 

16-59  tuns 

no  return 

— 

610  lbs. 

0-29,H!IO 

Trade  with  Eit ff land. —Accordinfi  to  the  offlcini  accnunla  rendrrrd  by  the  British  CiiBtom-house, 
there  w«re  imported  from  Norway,  in  1831,48,151  cwt.  oak  bark,  377  tons  iron,  18,219  goat  skins, 
&00,810  lbs.  smaltfit  118  cwt.  tallow,  8,439  great  hundreds  batluns  and  batten  ends,  10,457  great  dn.  deal 
and  deal  ends,  4,82tt  masts,  &c.  under  12  inches  diameter,  and  23,527  loads  of  timber,  cxchisive  of 
about  1.000,000  lobsters,  of  whioh  no  acrnnnt  is  kept.  During  the  same  year  we  exported  to  Norway 
53J,491  lbs.  coffee,  7.705  lbs.  indigo,  8,189  lbs.  pe»pper,  4,981  lbs.  pimento,  4,585  rhIIoiib  rum,  3,109  cwt. 
muscovado  sugar,  360,024  lbs.  tobacco,  83,566  lbs.  cotton  wool,  3,774  tons  coal,  4.^4,714  yards  cotton 
rioth,  earthenware  of  the  value  of  3,402/.,  cutlery  of  the  valtie  of  8,fi'18/.,  92,150  bushels  of  salt,  snap 
and  cuudles  of  the  value  of  2,9.38/.,  woollen  manufactures  of  the  value  of  about  13,000/.,  and  sume 
minor  articles  —(Part.  Paper^  No.  650.  Sees.  1833.) 

Nothing  would  do  bo  much  to  extend  our  trade  with  Norway,  and  not  with  it  only,  but  with  the 
whole  north  of  Europe,  as  the  repeal  of  the  discriminating  duty  on  Norwegian  and  baUic  timber. 
And,  as  this  measure  would  be,  in  other  respects,  highly  advantageous,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  its  adop- 
tion may  not  be  long  deferred. 


previously  remarked,  these,  when  compared  wUh  the  Swedish  dutieB~(8ce 
floTTENBUROH),  are  moderate.    Th 


Customs  Duties.— Kb  . 

K  are  moderate.  They  amounted,  in  1831,  inwards,  to  161,840/.  5s.  M.;  outwards,  to 
47,3811.  Ss.  3i/. ;  making  together,  209,221/.  13«.  Od.  To  these  have  to  be  added  27,436/.  Ida.  5d.  received 
on  account  of  tonnage  duties,  liglus,  &c. 


Cui((muAniIafi(m«.— Within  24  hours  after  a  vesMl  hu  Rot  to 
her  mnoriiiKi,  the  niaitt-r  ihuuld  deliver  to  the  collector  lui  gf  iie^al 
report  »  to  iliip  and  canjis  or  present  the  requiitie  dociiniftitB  for 
having  inch  report  ni.^de  out  wiih  the  asiislance  of  a  ihip  broker, 
wboK  Mrvice«  marten  of  foreif^  vessel*  cannot  entirely  diipensv 
V\\\},  Oo  tnal^in^  this  general  report,  the  measuring  bill  ti  to  t>e  ex- 
bibilcd,  and  payment  of  the  toniia^  and  other  due*  inward  ii  io  t*e 
nude.  If  the  fthip  have  not  tiecn  prcvinuiily  measured  in  NorwRV, 
■  nd  ii^coniequenl^,  not  provided  wiiha  Norweg  an  measuring  bill, 
alie  is  tn  be  meagtired.  to  ascertain  herlmrden  in  Norwegian  com- 
mercial luta,  for  the  calculation  of  the  toanagn  duty. 

Thegenen)  report  having  I>t'en  m\A>\  the  CuitomhoiiM  nflicen 
fn  charge  of  thv  vessel  are  furnished  with  the  books  for  delivery,  and 
the  diMharge  of  the  car^o  c.iiimicncus  uutler  their  insfiecrjcn;  and 
the  consifntfee  may  make  th^ir  special  n'ports  under  their  re^iHinsi- 
bility  and  »i|(n:iture.  If  they  are  without  precise  inform  ition  as  to 
the  contents  of  any  or  att  of  the  t>4okaffi«  nr  hales  to  their  ad  'resK, 
theae  tales  nr  \)n*k^%f\  may,  at  their  rarjuctt,  l>e  open'>d  in  the  pre- 
sesre  of  the  ofHcers  before  report  is  made.  If  a  c>niiiicnee  omits 
avAilinj;  himself  of  this  permission,  his  prHendiii^  thereafter  that 
tann  nr  oilier  |onds  than  be  h\d  ordered,  or  been  adviael  of,  have 
been  sent  to  his  iddreis,  will  not  be  attended  to.  fn  the  rrpnrli  or 
rntries  ii  to  be  stated,  whi4her  it  h  inteoited  tu  pay  (he  duties  forth- 
wiih,  whether  the  sooda  are  intended  for  eiporlatioD,  or  whether 
tbey  are  t4>  be  landed. 

iVior  to  commencinif  loadini^  outwards,  the  nuster  Is  to  ptlve  ver- 
bal notice  of  his  intention  at  tbe  Customhouse,  If  heh.ive  no  Nor- 
Wfi^ian  mraiuriiiK  bill,  the  veev-l  is  to  be  mhutired.  This  beinc 
done,  ttie  slup|>rr  or  shippers  of  the  outward  bf)und  c.-ir>^  are  each 
of  Ihem  to  make  their  special  entries  as  to  the  quality,  weicbtj  and 
measure  of  Ibd  gooJs  they  mean  to  load,  A  copy  of  ^ajch  eii'.rm  is 
to  t>e  de(>osited  at  the  Cuitonihouw,  and  the  loadin;^  coninifnces 
under  the  eon'rol  of  the  oflTicere.  I'his  applies  to  all  mixed  carKo«-s; 
but  if  the  outward  houni  cargo  roiisist  e)(ciu<:ivejy  of  wo<h),  itie  ship- 
per nr  shipper!  are  only  to  notify  that  they  intend  loading  wood, 
without  s|iecifying  quantity,  measure,  fcc,  an  the  export  duty  on 
wood  is  charged  according  to  the  burden  of  the  venel.  Vviien  the 
titaster  clean  outwards,  he  produces  the  propt-r  docunienis  for  bhow- 
Ing  tbe  burden  nf  bis  vcsael,  and  to  what  port  shr  Itelongf,  and  he  is 
then,  OB  proper  applicatiop  being  made,  provided  with  a  pilot,  who 
taiiei  his  vevel  to  pea. 

H^ATcAoutinf.— In  Norway,  ipx>ds  brmight  from  abroad  may  be 
bonded  or  warehoused,  with  a  view  to  their  being  ag^iii  ttxporiH  at 
fm>9  imiff99iU4t    0o9d»  «At#rf4  for  b(X>u>  cu|uuai|)ltOD  lua^  also 


be  bonded  for  a  eertilo  period,  In  order  to  facilitate  the  paTmest  of 
the  dutiM. 

The  former  H  called  •'  trnntit  OfXng^  that  Is,  fiepniiting  or 
warehousing  gomis  for  exportation,  subject  to  transit  duiies  only. 
The  latter  is  C4l(cd  **crtdit  optagy"  that  is,  warehousing  or  boudlcg 
oo  credit 

1.  Ttansit  Op/ag.— Under  this  sjrstem,  goods  from  ahroad  may  be 
warehoused  for  ex|)nrtatton  free  nf  import  duly,  paving  on  ei|torta- 
tion  a  transit  duty,  whi^h,  in  moat  casts,  is  l>IOth  of  what  Ihey 
would  pay  if  rntered  for  home  onsumption.  If  the  gnodn  are 
deposited  in  the  Cu.->lom  hi<use  warehouses,  they  lie  free  of  rent  or 
dues  during  14  days,  and  if  in  private  tvarehousrs,  under  the  'tey 
and  seal  of  the  customs, during 6 mon'hs.  If  they  rmain  long.  vix. 
beyond  14  days  In  the  otic,  and  beyond  6  montlis  in  the  oilier 
cas'*.  they  pay  rent  or  dues  equal  to  l-ath  of  the  transit  duly  per 
mr.ith  ;  which,  after  the  laivse  of  3  uionihs,  as  reranis  goods  ui  the 
Cut  om  houbc  warehouses,  is  Increased  to  l-4th  of  the  transit  duty 
per  nonlh. 

9  Credit  Oplag.— This  system  allows  most  goodi  importr!  fmm 
abrv'^  to  be  placed  in  the  owner**  or  importer's  own  warehouses, 
Qnlcr  his  own  lock,  fiee  of  duty,  for  a  given  lime,  on  his  rcportiog 
to  the  customs,  every  3  months,  how  much  he  has  s^ld,  ol'iertvite 
miiitunted,  or  exporte*),  and  then  pa)ing  thedmy  onsnchai.iountt 
the  Custom-bouse  ofllcers,  who  are  b')und  quartrrly  to  examine 
the  goods,  convincing  themselves,  by  ocular  deniousl ration,  that 
no  more  is  musing  than  the  quantity  reported  to  have  been  takea 
away. 

This  credit  on  the  duties  In  no  esse  to  exceed  2  years  from  the  lime 
(be  goods  wfro  imported. 

ny  nny  of  serurily  for  payment  of  the  duties  on  which  tbe  cridil 
is  gnnled,  goveronient  rccerre  to  themselvec— 

1.  Priority  of  mortgage  on  an  the  anndntii  quea'lon. 

2.  Priority,  or  first  right,  in  the  pmperiy,  gio!«.  and  effrcts  of 
evrry  description  belonginc  tn  the  trailer  aviiliug  tiini^rlf  of  this 
credit,  in  is  far  as  such  pn.perty  is  not  previously  legally  mort- 
gaieJ. 

3.  MbertT  for  the  ruslomhouse  officers,  when  and  as  often  as 
they  shall  deem  it  expedient,  between  the  s'ated  quarterlv  inspec* 
tion,  to  look  over  the  alofk  on  hand,  with  a  virw  rf  ascfrtaming 
whether  there  remains  sufTicient  value  for  tbedntifs;  andifttwywe 
reason  to  donbt  this,  full  riirht.  in  dtfault  of  other  saliifaclory  sfcii' 
rity  being  tilTered,  to  seixe  the  stock,  aiut  to  sell  the  whole,  or  as 
much  as  shall  cover  the  duties. 

4.  la  case  of  death  or  failure  of  tb«  party,  sa  cqiul  ri|bt  to  mU 


CHRISTIANIA. 


ty  durlni  each 


Eugllih  Weijbl 

auii  Muiuie. 


l>931'77ton» 
4Cd'31 

0001 
991 '30 

13,46995 
449,05M5biir. 
„    1911  torn 
2,516.48 
4-83 
257-20 
0.75215 
lfl,264bar, 

86-32  tons 

44-08 

577-50  bar. 
17,8S7 


On  •  qoarttr  of  what,  lor  Iha  Snl  3 

Dlntittu     ■ 
Afiarwanli 
On  a  Ion  ol  raw  lugar,  for  Iha  fini  3 

mon'hi    •  .  •  . 

Allerwaida  •  •  • 


841 

t.    i. 

■'3 1  0   0-SS3B  pn  BODtk. 

0  1-1076        — 
I  0  II-J384  |wr  month. 

1  ll'07<»        — 


u),v||Mhe<rhn1atrbti<lnHiat  public  incfioa,  ami  lo  nlain  ai 
much  of  the  prt>cmla  afl  ihall  cover  tbe  liuliua  {  and  in  caae  of  do* 
■inier,  an  ntaliliihad  claim  tor  ihe  nmaiodar  on  Uw  Mtatoof  Uu 
jeceuel  (ir  baiikfjpt,  aa  the  ciie  may  bo. 

Id  char<inx  -ha  duiiei,  no  allowance  ii  nttda  for  waati  or  damage 
fo  ,he  win-tiouKi.  

11ie  warrhoiM  rent  charijiid  en  gnoda  bondetl  under  Iht  tnnait 
ifi»ni,  in  the  Cuiiom  bouw  warehouiea,  la  u  followa  :— 

Mnniy,  Weights,  and  Metuure».—ln  Norwuy  there  are  no  gold  coins.  The  princlpnl  lilvor  coin, 
cillc'ila  epcciea  dnllnr,  la  divided  into  120  akilllngR.  There  nrn,  also,  half  specins,  or60Bkilling  piitcet) 
■..'ith  specius,  or  34  akltling  pieces ;  I-15th  species,  or  8  skillirig  pieces ;  and  what  ia  dt-iioniiimted 
ikilliMiiyiit,  or  smiill  change— that  is,  4  and  3  skilling  pieces.  The  spocics  dollar  contains  3'J0-58  Eng. 
gra.  pure  silver,  and  is,  consequently,  worth  4».  6id.  sterling,  the  par  of  exchange  being  4  species  doT- 
\An  42  C-17  skill.  »  II.  All  Norway  coins,  except  the  small  change,  are  alloyed  with  I  -7ih  copper,  so 
that  till!  species  dollar  weighs  448-38  Eng.  grs.,  and  its  divisions  in  prnportioTi.  Bnmll  change  coinit 
arc  Rlloyed  with  three  times  their  weigh:  of  copper.     There  are  1  and  2  skilling  pieces  of  cupper. 

Weights  and  Measures,  samo  as  at  Copemhaoen  ;  which  sec. 

Table  showing  the  Number  of  Ships,  their  Destination,  and  Tonnage  in  Norwegian  Lasts  and 
EnRlidh  Tons,  that  clnared  out  from  Christiania  ;  and  also  the  Number  of  Shipo,  their  D'istination, 
anil  Tonnage,  that  cleared  out  from  Norwegian  Ports  generally,  Christiania  included ;  during  each 
of  the  Three  Years  ending  with  1831. 


Sailed  from  Cliristianji 

. 

Sailed  from  Norway.                I 

Dntintlioo. 

Year. 

Shipa. 

I.ail9. 

Ton>. 

Shipi. 

LaalB. 

Tona. 

' 

1829 

15 

.ST6 

910 

508 

13,172 

33,930 

Sweden    -          -          -     • 

18:40 

10 

217 

542 

423 

10.323 

25.807 

IMl 

11 

.S03 

7.^5 

516 

13,220 

33,065 

p 

1829 

117 

1,899 

4.747 

2,063 

24,442 

61,105 

Denmark,  Altona  excepted    < 

1830 

126 

2,216 

5,540 

1,968 

24,390 

60,990 

L 

1831 

155 

3,678 

6,695 

2,0U6 

26,817 

07,043 

Russia      -          -          •     < 

1830 

_ 

__ 

_ 

117 

4,537 

11,343 

I 

1831 

1 

17 

42 

133 

6,038 

16,595 

( 

1829 

3 

44 

110 

354 

11,827 

29,567 

Other  Baltic  porti           -     < 

1830 

2 

tiO 

l.'iO 

2-22 

6,092 

15,230 

1831 

8 

31)2 

755 

210 

7,210 

18.025 

1  naniburgh,    Altona,    and    , 

1629 
1830 

A 

7 

207 
239 

517 

5!I7 

89 
07 

2,067 
2,2f« 

5,167 
6,670 

Uremcn  -          -          -      ^ 

1S31 

9 

328 

615 

114 

2,b05 

7,162 

c 

1829 

96 

8,144 

20,360 

228 

44,027 

110,067 

Great  BriUin  and  Ireland      ■< 

1830 

86 

7,189 

17,972 

810 

44,819 

112,017 

(. 

1831 

122 

9,981 

84,952 

970 

53.735 

131,.3.37 

Holland,  Hanover,  and  01-  S 
denburgb           -           -      ^ 

1829 
1830 

1 

5 

60 
381 

150 
952 

983 
1,030 

43,595 
50.170 

108,977 
125,425 

1831 

5 

349 

872 

823 

33,0-24 

8-2,.560 

f 

1829 

127 

8,b25 

22,062 

579 

35.708 

89,265 

France      -          -          -     ■< 

1830 

145 

9,683 

£-J,'>07 

569 

35  120 

87,>^00 

(^ 

1831 

101 

6,085 

16,712 

421 

25,855 

64,637 

f 

1829 

— 

— 

— 

86 

3,674 

9,185 

Portugal  and  Spain         -     •< 

1830 

— 

— 

— 

81 

3,;S9 

7,972 

(_ 

1831 

1 

91 

227 

63 

3,015 

7,537 

1829 

— 

— 



05 

4,307 

10,767 

Other  Mediterranean  ports    ' 

1830 

— 

— 

— 

90 

6,3!)7 

15,892 

\ 

1831 

_- 

^^ 

.« 

67 

5,00 1 

12,510 

f 

1829 

— 

— 



3 

71 

177 

Ports  beyond  Europe      -     *) 

1830 
1831 

.Sftip^iHy  CA/if|r«.— The  varioiii  chirjfw  nf  a  public  oalure  pay* 

able  by  i  ship  <<f  about  300  tons  burden,  eiiteriiii;  the  pnrt  of  Christi* 
laia  tviih  a  niixe  1  cir,!<n  on  boarJ,  uninirlin;  there,  taking  on  board 
taottier  carg-^  and  clearing  out,  are  as  follow ; — 


I.  Clutrra  /rttwrrf*.— Pilotage  from  Farder,at  the  mouth 
of  Ctirisiiania  Bty,  where  all  ahi)ii  must  take  a  pilot 
on  boinl  ...... 

Bill  of  tiealth,  assiimliif  lh.it  the  crew,  including  the 
niastcr,  c(iit!(i!<;!iof  14  p'rsoni  • 

Toiiiiii^  duet  and  ti^hl  money  ... 

Bmkcm'  ftea      •  •  •  .  - 


L.   i.  ft 


2    2  2 

0  17  9 
9  16  9 

1  5  4 


r..  14    2    0 

2.  Charfa  Oiilioanb.— Pilotage  • 

.082 

Ciitledues 

.017 

Mmter  m;l  of  crew       ■           • 

.10    5 

Pale  or  stike  money 

.032 

MnMinn<  bill    - 

.245 

Charily  cheil 

.017 

Tnnin^e  duel  and  light  money 

.  10  II     1 

Hijlwilm  li^hl    ■          -           - 

.009 

PiliiUje  lo  Farder 

.    1  IG    8 

Brokera' feel 

.    1  18  11 
L.  I8~B  II 

y.  fl.— Tliere  Is  no  difTerftpce  between  the  chuT^t;**  on  native 
milMiii  Norwc/ian  porti,  iirl  privtle-xed  foreign  tliips,  that  in,  the 
ihipinf  countries  havitiif  reciprocity  in-alit^  wiih  N<irway  ;  nfir  in 
(heriulics  on  ftoodi  ini|>orte(l  Ivy  native  iblps  an  I  uch  pritilegej 
fore;i(i)fthi|is.    (Jrtjat  Britain  inn  privil''a:ed  coimtry. 

The  ihippin?  t'f  Nnnvny  haa  declined  ongtderaMv  of  Inte  ycara; 
»  pro'.f,  if  any  vurU  ««re  wanting,  of  ho  nr'-'nullt'^sneas  f>f  the 
elanifiiira  k^pt  up  in  thin  country  m  lo  Ihv  supposed  peruicioufl  indu- 
ttW't'iif  nriprcity  trMtJM  oii  ntir  shipping. 

BaiiKi7ix*-^'V    re  arc  no  urivate  banking  eiUbliihoicDli  ii,  Nor> 


way;  hut  there  is  a  public  bank,  havinfr  it*  frincipil  office  at  Dron- 
theiin,  with  branches  it  ChriKtiinia,  Rerf^en,  and  Ctirislians.iiid.  It 
was  established  bv  a  compulsory  aMebsnient  in  1S16.  Its  capital 
consisli  (f  ijOCOjOOO  sptcies  dollars,  in  transfer.ible  shares, divided 
amongst  those  who  were  forced  tn  contribute  to  its  forinStion.  Thece 
»h;ire8  are  now  at  a  premium  <-<{  30  per  cent.  Its  niaiiaifera  are  :ip« 
pointed  by,  and  are  accniin table  to,  Ihe  ^tor'hing  or  NirwcKian  par- 
liam-rnt.  It  iHues  nnici  for  100,  50,  10,  and  V3  low  as  1  species 
dittlar.  These  note^  slioiild  be  pa\able  in  .specie  on  dtmartd  ;  but 
Ihfy  are  at  a  diacount  of  35  per  ceiit.,  and  are  paid  hv  the  bank  at 
th.it  rale.  It  discounts  bills  at  2  and  3  nmntlis  date  at  6  percent,  per 
aniiuin  ;  adv:inct^s  nioiu'y  on  mort^^e  at  4  per  cent. ;  and  transacts 
theordiniry  banking  huBinesB  of  individuals.  It  d<ies  not  attow  in* 
lereal  on  deposits.  I'he  dividend  is,  at  present,  from  6  2-3d3  to  7  per 
cent. 

Crtdit. — Goods  are  sold  partly  for  ready  money,  and  partly  on 
credit,  but  principally  ibe  former. 

Citintnissmu,^. —  1  he  nuudier  of  brokers  in  Christiania  is  linulfHl 
lo4.  Cnmiiii.*sion  on  the  sde  of '^nds,  2  piT  cent.,  or,  rfei  crtdtre 
tncluilcil,3  per  cent.  Brokerage  is  Hxtnl  by  law  at  6-6  hs  {ler  cent,, 
wbidi,  ill  practice,  is  Dai. i  by  fbe  st-IIcis. 

//»i/r(i/(f#.— All  houses  pituateil  in  Norwegian  market  towns  must 
be  injure  .1  in  the  Geticral  lii.suiance  Conii>ai.y  atCIiriatiwiia,  which 
is  giiiraiilecd  by  llie  s'ate.  The  pnniirm  is  modt-nte,  beinp,  nii 
tuildiii^s  situated  in  lowni,  I -4th,  and  on  Uuac  aiiua'eil  in  the  cuun* 
try,  l>th  percent.  Sonietlnu-s,  liov  ever,  when  very  dcstructivo 
fifes  occur,  it  is  niaid. 

/Vouhkou,  JJ-f.— Chri«iiiTti'\  Ii  not  a  fivourable  place  for  careen* 
Inland  rej  4ir;ri< ships  ;  but  supplies  of  btef,  br«id,  water. and  other 
sea  stores,  may  be  bad  as  chrap  or  chraper  tiian  in  any  other  prirt  o/ 
Norway  ;  but  i!s  distance  from  the  sea  is  too  n-eat  li  allow  of  iti 
leiiiK  visilcil  by  ships  dcssirnus  merily  of  vIchnlUng. — fWe  havede. 
rivf'f  Ibi'se  i'ctail<  fmni  varions  sourrc,  but  princiiwlly  from  l^e 
abl*"  Jliiiweta  nf  ihe  Cnvntf  ai  Christiania  to  the  (.'irtit'ar  Q%unes  ) 

Tiwttr. — Aslaiidaril  Chrihti.mia  deal  is  11  fi[>et  loiip,  I  1-4  Incb 
(hick.    11 1  9  iiicht'S  broail :  and  .M*2  »urh  d»als  nialce  a  load. 

Freivht  of  deils  fmni  Norway  to  Kn^land  in  calculated  at  the  rate 
of  sinKlf  deals,  ilies  ar-Tanl  nieisure  nf  ^^hich  for  Chrislianiaand  al! 
(iie  southern  {loris  of  Norway,  except  Dram  (•!  »s*all  tuvkO  cu  Un 


1 

^  ilB  In 

*if 

Mb  1 

ji 

ffl  1 

:l, 
ill 

1 

M' 


I  }'•• 


I  1:1: 


•ii 


)^ 


'M 


342 


CHU  NAM— CINNAMON. 


Drammen,  nbont  2t  mites  S.  W.  of  CTiriillanh),  li  II  feet  lonv,  and 
■  1-4  inch  in  liuclinctB,  A  tingla  deal  Irom  Dram  if  redioued  10 
fcel  lonj^iinit  I  l>2  inch  thick. 

Balteni  —Three  tKit'ens  ni»lfc  2  deilt,  retaining  Ihoir  own  Iffiglh 
and  thicllneas.  Half  denii  .tre  onljr  countnd  u  deal  endi,  if  ihey  run 
under  6  feel ;  but  if  ih^y  run  G nr 7  feet  lonKi  then  2  hjlf  deal!  are 
counted  a  <t«-%l,  retaining  their  nwn  thicknru. 

Riuit  n!  /><ll<.— t'DUr  en  Is  u(  deals,  allhoujh  S  feet  lonf,  mike 
but  a  deal  11  feet  lonff,  rel:iilliii<  tlicir  thickness,  whirh  tlie  owners 
and  captains  of  ships  thinli  urireavin-thle;  but  as  thu  freii^htcrs  of 
ahips  sridnm  wish  to  have  this  assortineat,  which  conimuuiy  run 
from  3  to  0  feet,  and  are  taken  on  board  as  stnwnge,  consequently  for 
Iho  advantajfe  of  the  ship  and  nut  the  freighter,  the  ship  ought  to  bu.ir 
the  burden. 

£'uf  of  BntU^iMf  called  Lanoick  fulinirf.— No  less  than  6  ought 
to  be  counte.1  a  single  dtal,  11  feet  long  and  1  1-4  inch  thick. 

PaUboardtf  when  llicv  have  Itieir  nropcr  length,  are  7  feet  long ) 
8  palti-boirls  are  counlnl  a  single  deal, 

yrtavtt  for  hng^hends  take  up  much  room ;  in  conseqttence  of  which 
more  th^n  10  cannot  be  conipuied  a  sinj^Ie  deal. 

The  widlh  of  deal  is  never  noticed  in  the  ciiculatinn  of  freight ;  a 
food  deal  ought  t>  run  0  inches  wi  hin  the  aip,  which  not  a  twen- 
tieth p.trt  of  a  car^o  does  .It  present ;  liut,  thriuifh  soine  nviy  be  above 
0  inches  wide,  mauy  are  only  8,  therefore  one  must  ntake  up  for  llie 
other. 

Timber^  or  lltvm  Ooorf*— cannot  he  exactly  eomputod  according 
to  the  contents  in  de.ils,  because  it  cannot  be  stowed  m  a  ship  in  tile 
•ame  manner  as  deals:  the  freight  is,  therefore,  agreed  fur  by  tlie 


laup,  or  accnrdlng  lo  the  ntimber  of  dealt  which  the  vonl  uti 
have  taken  on  boaril  on  a  former  occaiion.  ^^ 

One  hunlred  deals  a  110. 

A  ton  =11 40  solid  feet  of  timber,  cut  to  a  squar*, 

Une  load  of  balk,  or  tinitjer,  »  uOsoiid  feet. 

Two  Imds  of  timber  are  rt'Ckon>kt  for  150  deals. 

The  sevenil  bills  of  lading  contain  together  an  eiact  account  of  the 
can^o  which  (he  captain  has  received  on  boant  his  ship,  cousequenlly 
Lin  ling  him  t'lduliveracconliiig  to  their  contents  :  wlien,  tli^rcf')!^ 
the  dftils  are  mentioned  as  usual  9and  10  feet,  and  11  ami  \X  feel,  lie 
cannot  insist  on  more  freight  than  half  of  the  lcn>;lh,  accordiiig  to  its 
deicription. 

One  thnusind  Norway  standard  deals  are  rr:ckonad  equal  to  a  keel 
of  coals,  wiiich  is  21  tons, 

B  twipritf  pay  duty  as  masts ;  capravens  are  atiovn  I J  and  unuer 
18  inclit'S  in  circiunferencuai  the  middle,  an'l  witliout  Uirk.  CUp. 
boanl  iscxported  i-i  wh'do  piecee  and  unquartered.  Uwls  from  (jfr. 
many  pa«  aa  Norway  deali ;  sjiruce  deals  are  upwards  of  20  fwt  in 
leiigtii ;  dealb  from  Norway,  above  7  feet  long,  are  counte/1  as  wIkjIq 
deals :  aliove  5  feet,  ani  not  above  7  feel  in  lenxth,  are  accouutul  as 
iLlIf  JcaU,  nnd  2  of  them  pis^    s  one  whole  deal. 

The  dnfunnice  between  the  Christiaiiii  an>l  Dram  slandard  being 
nearly  Mlth  part,  the  freii^hfs  to  Dram  ought  to  be  varied  propoi^ 
tionatty.  It  his  s'linetiiiies  happened  that  snips  lio'h  for  Clirialiaiiia 
and  Df.ini  have  been  in  company  anl  llnse  for  Chris'taiiii  ti.ue  got 
up,  lonited,  and  aaileJ,  befoie  the  others  for  Dram  luve  gut  over 
UniiHtnioin.  which  runs  very  strong  down  in  the  spring  of  the  year, 
— (iioriiintz'  Eurupcan  dnnnurce.) 


CHUNAM,  the  name  given  in  India  to  lime.  The  best,  obtained  by  tho  calcination 
of  shells,  is  employed  in  the  composition  of  Betel — (which  see),  to  prevent,  it  Ls  said,  its 
injuring  tho  stomach. 

CIDER,  on  CYDER  (Fr.  Ctdre ,-  Ger.  Zider,  Apfdwein.-  It.  Cidms  Rus.  Sidwi  Sp. 
Sidru),  the  juice  of  apples  expressed  and  fermented.  The  produce  of  tho  duty  on  cidj  •  and 
perry  (the  expres.<«!d  and  fermented  juice  of  pears)  amounted,  in  1828,  to  37,220/.;  wnich, 
as  the  duty  was  10s.  a  barrel,  shows  that  the  quantity  produced  must  have  amounted  to 
74,440  barrels,  exclusive  of  what  might  be  clandestinely  manufactured.  The  perry  is  sup- 
posed to  have  amounted  to  about  a  fourth  part  of  this  quantity.  The  duty  was  repealed  in 
1830.— (See  Applks.) 

CIGARS.     See  Tobacco. 

CINNABAR  (Ger.  Zinnober ;  Du.  Cinaber,  Virmilioen ;  Fr.  Cinnabre ;  It.  Cinabro; 
Bp.  CinaOrio  f  'Raa.  Kinowar  ;  hat,  Cinnnbrium), 

1.  Native  Cinnabar — a  mineral  substance,  red,  heavy,  and  brilliant.  It  is  found  in  va> 
rious  places,  chiefly  in  quicksilver  mines,  being  one  of  the  ores  of  that  metal.  The  cinnabar 
of  the  Philippine  Islands  is  said  to  be  of  the  highest  colour;  but  that  of  Almaden  in  Bpain, 
is  tho  richest.  The  best  native  cinnabar  is  of  a  high  colour,  brilliant,  and  free  from  earthy 
or  stony  matter.    . 

8.  Artificial  Cinnabar. — "  When  two  parts  of  mercury  and  one  of  sulphur  are  triturated 
together  in  a  mortar,  the  mercury  gradually  disappears,  and  the  whole  assumes  the  form  of  a 
black  powder,  formerly  called  Elhhps  mineral.  When  this  mineral  is  heated  red  hot,  it 
sublimes ;  and  if  a  proper  vessel  be  placed  to  receive  it,  a  cake  is  obtained  of  a  lino  red 
colour.  This  cake  was  formerly  called  cinnabar ;  and  when  reduced  to  a  fine  powiler,  is 
well  known  in  commerce  under  the  name  oi  verm' lion." — (Thomson's  Chemistrij.) 

CINNAMON  (Da.  Kaneel {  Fr.  Cannelle.-  Gat.  Zimmet,  KunM ,■  It.  Ca'iella ,•  Lat. 
Cinnarnory.'m,  Canellu  ,•  For.  Canclla ,•  Sp.  Canela,-  Pens,  and  Hind.  Z)arcAenJe ,•  Arab. 
Darsini  ;  Malay,  Kaimanis;  Greek,  Kiv^^cv),  the  bark  of  tho  cinnamt^n  tree  (Laiirus  ciima- 
momum),  a  native  of  Ceylon,  where  it  grows  in  great  abundance ;  it  is  also  found  in  Cachin 
China,  but  no  where  else.  The  cinnamon  said  to  be  found  in  China,  Borneo,  &c.  is  merely 
Cofisia  lignea.  It  is  brought  home  in  bags  or  bales  weighing  9'3i  lbs.  each ;  and  in  stowin? 
jt,  black  pepper  is  mixed  with  the  bales  to  preserve  the  cinnamon.  The  best  cinnamon  is 
thin  and  rather  pliable :  it  ought  to  be  about  tho  sul)stancc  of  royal  paper,  or  somewhut 
thicker ;  is  of  a  light  yellow  colour,  approaching  nearly  to  that  of  Venetian  gold ;  it  is  smooth 
and  shining ;  fractures  splintery ;  has  an  agreeable,  warm,  aromatic  flavour,  and  a  mild 
sweetish  ta.ste  when  chewed,  tho  pieces  become  soft  and  seem  to  melt  in  the  mouth  ;  it  i.';  not 
so  pungent  but  that  it  may  be  borne  on  the  tongue  without  pain,  and  is  not  succeeded  Ity 
any  after  taste.  Whatever  is  hard,  thick  as  a  half-crown  piece,  dark-coloured  or  brown,  nr 
so  hot  that  it  cannot  be  borne,  should  be  rejected.  Particular  care  should  be  taken  that  it 
be  not  false  packed,  or  mixed  with  cinnamon  of  an  inferior  sort. — {Mllbuni's  Orient.  Cumm. ; 
Marsfmtl'a  Essay,  quoted  below.) 

The  cinnamon  of  Cochin  China  grows  in  the  dry  sandy  districts  lying  N.  W.  of  the  town 
of  Faifoe,  between  15°  and  16°  N.  lat  It  is  preferred  in  China  to  tho  cinnamon  of  Cey- 
lon :  the  annual  imports  into  Canton  and  other  ports  vary  from  250,000  to  300,000  llts. 
There  are  no  fewer  than  10  varieties  of  this  species  in  the  market.  It  is  not  cured,  like 
tliat  of  Ceylon,  by  freeing  it  from  the  epidermis. — (Crawford's  Embassy  to  Siam,  S(C, 
p.  475.) 

Cinnamon  Mmiopoly. — Down  to  the  present  year,  the  cultivation  of  cinnamon  in  Ceylon 
was  restricted  to  a  few  gardens  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Colombo  ;  the  production  and  sale 
of  the  article  being  whi>lly  monopolised  by  government  Upon  the  transference  of  ihe 
icland  from  the  East  India  Company  to  tlie  king's  government,  the  former  agreed  to  ]iay 


CINNAMON. 


848 


Cinahroi 


60,000/.  a  year  for  400,000  lbs.  or  4,342^  bales  of  cinnamon  ;  it  being  stipulated,  that  if 
the  quantity  collected  exceeded  this  amount, //i«  attrplus  was  to  be.  burned  .'*  But  this 
Bgreemeiit  was  afterwards  broken  off;  and,  for  thcRe  sumo  years  past,  the  cinnamon  has 
been  sent  to  England  hy  government,  and  sold  on  its  account  at  quarterly  sales.  The 
revenue  derived  by  the  Ceylon  treasury  from  the  cinnamon  monopoly,  in  1831,  it  said  to 
have  amounted  to  106,434/.  11*.  llrf. ;  but  it  is  not  said  whether  this  is  the  nett  or  gross 
revenue,  that  is,  whether  it  be  exclusive  or  inclusive  of  the  expenses  attending  its  manage- 
ment.— (C'e///««  Almanac  for  1833,  p.  82.)  As  the  monopoly  could  notl)e  enforced  except 
by  confining  the  culture  of  cinnamon  to  certain  districts,  it  necessarily  led  to  the  most  op- 
pressive interference  with  the  rights  of  individuals,  to  the  creation  of  numberless  imaginary 
ofTonces,  and  the  multiplication  of  punishments,  forming  a  heavy  drawback  upon  the  pros- 
perity of  the  island.  We  are,  therefore,  glad  to  have  to  state  that  it  hns  been  at  length 
abandoned  ;  and  that  we  are  no  longer  liable  to  the  charge  of  upholding,  without  improving, 
the  worst  part  of  the  Dutch  policy  ;  but  have  restored  to  the  natives  their  right  to  cultivate 
cinnamon  any  where  and  in  any  way  they  think  fit.  We  subjoin  a  copy  of  the  advertise- 
ment issued  by  the  Ceylon  government  in  reference  to  this  im[iortant  suliject. 

Notice  is  hcrnhy  given,  tliat  in  direct  pursuance  or  instruct  inns  roceived  from  the  secrrtury  of 
slate,  from  and  after  the  lOlli  of  July  ne.xt,  tlie  Rnni'ml  export  of  ciniiaiuoii  friiin  tlie  ports  of  Colmnlio 
and  i'lilntdii  Galle  exclusively,  in  the  Island  of  Ceylon,  will  be  allowed,  on  imyiiifiit  of  an  export 
duty  of  3s.  per  pound,  without  diKtinctioii  of  qunlity. 

From  the  B'lniH  period,  all  restrictions  and  prohibitions  against  the  cnltivniion,  possession,  or  sale 
nf  cinnamon  by  private  individualg  will  cease  ;  and  such  quantities  of  ciniianmn  as  eov>'rnnieiit  now 
has  in  its  possession,  or  may  lierenltcr  be  dbliged  to  receive  in  payment  of  rent,  or  from  (he  givern- 
mcnt  plantations  (until  they  can  ollierwise  be  disposed  of ),  will  be  sold  at  periodical  sales,  subject 
always  to  the  payment  of  the  said  export  duty,  and  under  conditions  as  to  the  completion  of  the  jnir- 
cliase,  and  the  actual  payment  of  the  purchase  money  in  cash  or  covernment  bills,  on  delivery  of  the 
cinnamon,  similar  to  those  heretofore  stipulated  at  the  sales  held  in  London,  and  which  will  be  fully 
mrtifled  and  explained  herentler. 

No  collections  will,  for  the  future,  bo  made  in  the  forests  on  account  of  Kovernment. 

The  first  sale  will  be  held  on  the  10th  day  of  July  next,  at  the  offlce  of  the  comniissinner  of  rc- 
veiine;  when  1,000  bales  of  cinnamon  will  be  put  up  to  sale  in  lots  ut  the  undermentioned  prices,  and 
will  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder  above  the  reserved  price. 

s.    d. 
1st  sort,  per  lb.       -  -  -  -  -  -36 

2d— 20 

3d        — 09 

The  proportion  of  each  sort  to  be  put  up  will  be  nntifled  hereafter 

The  stock  of  cinnamon  in  the  hands  nf  the  auent  in  London,  in  Hcptember,  1832,  and  which  wag  to 
be  sold  at  the  4  usual  quarterly  sales,  in  October.  1832,  and  January,  April,  and  July,  1833,  amounted 
In  4,fiS8  bales ;  two  consiftnments,  amonntini!  to  826  bales,  have  since  been  sent  to  England,  viz.  SUO 
bdes  in  July,  18.'!2;  326  bales  in  October,-1832;  since  which  no  shipments  have  been  made,  and  none 
will  be  made  hereafter. 

The  sales  for  the  2  years  ending  with  that  of  July,  1S32,  somewhat  exceeded  5,500  bales  per  annum. 
Chief  Secretary's  office,  Colombo,  March  0,  1833. 

Duties  on  Cinnamon, — Nothing  can  be  more  satisfactory  than  this  document,  in  so  far  as 
the  free  culture  of:  'nnamon  is  concerned ;  but  it  is  deeply  to  bo  regretted,  that  the  abolition 
of  the  old  monopoly  system  should  be  accompanied  by  the  imposition  of  the  exorbitant  duty 
of  2s.  per  lb.  on  all  cinnamon,  exported,  without  distinction  of  quality.  Its  natural  cost 
docs  not,  we  believe,  exceed  6c/.  or  8d.  per  lb.;  but  taking  it  at  Ix.,  the  duty  is  no  less  than 
300  per  cent. !  So  enormous  a  tax,  by  confining  the  export  of  cinnamon  within  the  narrow- 
est limits,  will  go  far  to  deprive  the  island  of  the  advantages  it  would  otherwise  derive  from 
the  repeal  of  the  monopoly,  and  will  be,  in  all  respects,  most  injurious.  We  have  heard, 
that  it  is  contended,  in  vindication  of  this  oppressive  tax,  that  Ceylon  having  a  natural 
monopoly  of  cinnamon,  it  is  sound  policy  to  burden  it  with  the  highest  duty  it  will  liear;  as 
the  largest  revenue  is  thus  obtained  at  the  least  expense  (o  the  island.  But  in  addition  to 
the  cinnamon  produced  in  Cochin  China,  and  which  it  is  more  than  probable  will  speedily' 
find  its  way  to  the  European  markets,  the  exlimt  to  which  cassia  lignca  is  substituted  for 
cinnamon,  shows  that  the  monopoly  possessed  by  Ceylon  is  of  very  triiUiig  importance.  But 
lliough  it  were  otherwise,  though  cassia  lignea  did  not  exist,  and  cinnamon  were  to  be  found 
no  where  but  in  Ceylon,  we  should  not  the  less  object  to  so  exorbitant  an  exjiort  duty.  So 
long  as  it  is  maintained,  it  will  confine  within  the  narrowest  limits,  what  might  otherwise 
become  a  most  important  branch  of  mdustry,  and  a  copious  source  of  wealth  to  the  island. 
According  to  the  crown  commissioners,  the  average  quantity  and  value  of  the  diireront  sorts 
of  cinnamon  annually  sold  of  late  years  has  been, — 


Sorts  of  Cinnamon. 


First  sort 
Seconil  sort 
Third  sort 

All  sorts     - 


Quality 

Rue. 

lbs. 
00,000 

2:in,n(io 

IbU.OOO 

».     d. 

7         2} 
S         lOi 
4           3i 

.'100,000 


♦  See  an  article  by  H.  iMarshall,  Esq.,  stufT  surgeon  to  the  forccB  in  Ceylon, 
«/  Philoaopliy,  vol.  x.  p.  350. 


Amount. 


£ 

s. 

32.812 

15 

67,502 

10 

38,437 

10 

138,343    15 


in  Thumsun'n  AnnaU 


A. 


M: 


''■•■■ 


'1,1 


1       I 


l\i\ 

wn 


tfc( 


"^m 


Ii 


i  ill 


844 


CINQUE  PORTS. 


It  is  not  at  M  probable  that  the  eipoiib  will  matcnally  increase  under  the  new  ayiiteni 
but  had  the  dutjr  varied  from  about  Bd.  per  lb.  on  the  beat,  to  3d.  or  4d,  on  the  infurior  Horta, 
wo  have  little  doubt,  now  that  the  culture  in  free,  tliat  the  exports  would,  at  no  very  distant 
period,  have  amounted  to  aome  roilliona  of  pounds.  It  is  the  high  price  of  cinnamon, — a  price 
not  cause<1  by  its  scarcity  or  the  difficulty  of  its  production,  but  by  the  oppreflsive  monopo- 
lies and  dutiea  to  which  it  has  been  subjected, — that  has  mode  it  be  regarded  as  a  luxu^ 
attainable  only  by  the  rich.  There  ia  no  other  spice  that  is  no  universally  acceptable  ;  and 
there  is  none,  were  it  charged  with  a  reasonabk  duty,  that  would  be  to  sure  to  command  rq 
immense  sale.  We  know,  quite  as  well  as  the  writer  of  an  article  on  this  subject  in  the 
Colombo  Journal,  "  that  the  cook  who  employs  I  ounce  of  cinnamon  to  improve  tho  flavour 
of  his  dishes,  will  not  employ  4  ounces  when  the  spice  is  a  fourth  of  the  price  ;"  but  we 
further  know,  what  the  journalist  would  seem  to  be  ignorant  of,  that  were  its  price  reduced, 
as  it  might  be,  to  a  third  of  what  it  haa  hitherto  cost,  it  would  be  used  by  trn  or  a  dozen 
cooks,  for  every  otie  who  employs  it  at  present.  In  fact,  the  entire  consumption  of  cinna- 
mon in  Great  Britain  is  under  20,000  lbs.  a  year ! 

Should  the  exports  of  cinnamon  from  Ceylon  under  the  now  plan  amount  to  500,000  lbs. 
a  year,  government  will  receive  from  it  an  annual  revenue  of  75,000/. ;  and  supposing  them 
to  amount  to  600,000  lbs.,  the  revenue  will  bo  00,000/.  And  to  secure  the  immediate  pay- 
ment of  this  trifling  sum,  every  ulterior  consideration  of  profit  and  advantage  has  been  sacri- 
ficed. It  is,  however,  pretty  clear,  that  this  short-sighted  rapacity  will  be,  in  the  end,  no  less 
injurious  to  the  revenue,  than  to  the  industry  and  trade  of  the  inland.  Were  cirmamon  allow- 
ed to  be  exported  for  a  few  years  under  a  low  duty,  or  till  such  time  aa  the  taste  for  it  was  fully 
diflused  throughout  this  and  other  countries,  it  would  then  be  easy,  by  gradually  raising  the 
duty,  to  obtain  from  it,  without  materially  checking  the  consumption,  a  very  large  revenue  ,• 
at  least  6  or  6  times  more  than  it  will  ever  produce  under  the  present  plan. 

Suppose  that  we  had  hod  the  power  efTcctually  to  monopolise  the  inventions  by  which  Sir 
Richard  Arkwright  and  others  have  so  prodigiouisly  fariiitated  the  spinning  nf  cotton;  what 
would  have  been  thought  of  the  policy  of  those  who  should  have  profioscd  laying  a  duly  on 
exported  cottons  equivalent  to  the  peculiar  advantages  we  enjoyed  in  their  production  1 
Had  this  been  done,  we  should  have  got  a  monopoly  value  for  our  exports  of  cotton ;  but 
instead  of  amounting,  as  at  present,  to  17,000,000/.  a  year,  they  would  not,  under  such  a 
plan,  have  amounted,  to  170,000/.;  and  instead  of  afTordiiig  subsistence  for  some  1,300,000 
or  1,400,000  individuals,  the  cotton  manufacture  would  not  have  supported  50,000  !  And  yet 
this  is  the  mischievous  nostrum,  for  it  would  be  an  abuse  of  terms  to  call  it  a  principle, — on 
which  we  have  proceeded  to  regulate  the  export  of  the  staple  product  of  Ceylon. 

The  following  table  shows  the  quantities  of  cinnamon  retained  for  home  consumption,  the 
rates  of  duty,  and  the  nett  amount  of  the  duties  in  each  year,  since  1810. 


<2iiaitlili«s 

Qij:tntilir<i 

Ye«n. 

retained  for 
Home  Con- 
lumplion  in 
Ihe     United 

Netl  Amount  of 

Uuty  recriial 

thereon. 

Ralei  of  DulT  chirpd 
tbemin. 

Yeirj. 

retained   for 
Home   Con. 
tuiliplinn  in 
the     United 

iVett  Amount  nf 

Duty  reci'ived 

tlirrcon. 

Rate«  of  Duty  charged 
thereon. 

Kingdom. 

Kingdom. 

LbB. 

£     s.  d. 

Of  tilt  KaAt  Indieii. 

Ua. 

£     a. 

(/. 

Of  the  Kast  Indies. 

Ca».  per  lb.  nnd  2/, 

1820 

10,618i 

1,331    3 

6 

2«.  dd.  per  lb. 

1810 

13,793 

8,609  7   3 

<  13«.  id.  per  cent. 

1821 

12,002 

1.503  18 

3 

<lo. 

(.ad  valorem. 

1823 

14,507i 

1,816  19 

0 

do. 

1811 

8,748 

3,715  16  7 

do. 

182,1 

14.22.^ 

1,767    8 

7 

do. 

1813 

13,416 

4,081  10   I 

do. 

1821 

I3,76<'ij 

1.723  16 

4 

do. 

* 

fCFrnm  April  15) 

IS95 

14,0984 

1.766    0 

2 

do. 

1813 

Recorda  destroyed  - 

J  3s.  4)ii.  per  lb.  and 
]  3i.  3«.4(/.  porcent. 

1826 
1827 

14,15U 

1,782  14 
I, (-07  19 

9 

7 

do. 
do. 

Lad  Vitlnrt'iii. 

1828 

15,696i 

1,773  16 

9 

do. 

1SI4 
IfitS 

9,565 
9,.')55 

8,977   3  11 
1,175  17   7 

J  (From  April  10.) 
\ia.U.  per  lb. 
di>. 

1829 

29,720 

1,.343   8 

4 

rCFroin  .Iiiiie  21.) 
J  Gil.  pur  lb.  from 
"1  Ilritiah      possos- 

IHIfl 

9,863 

1,M5  14    1 

do. 

LsioiiB. 

mi 

10,689 

1,324   0   9 

do. 

1830 

Nil.* 

709    5 

0 

do. 

1818 

11,381 

1,4S4  18  1I 

do. 

1831 

2.1.172 

5S3I7 

6 

do. 

1819 

13,077i 

1,637    1    1 

(■  (Frnm  April  10.) 
\  -in.  U.  pnr  lb. 

1832 

l."),271 

435    0  10 

do. 

In  the  London  market,  cinnamon  is  divided  into  3  sorts.  Tlie  first  is  wnrib,  nl  present  (Sp.it.  1633), 
duty  included,  from  8«.  6d.  to  10«.  per  lb,;  the  second,  6s.  to  7s.  6d.;  and  the  third  from  5a.  to  (is. 

[See  I.MPORTS  ANn  Exports. — Am.  Ed.] 

CINQUE  PORTS.  These  are  ancient  trading  towns,  lying  on  the  coast  of  Kent  and 
Sussex,  which  were  selected  from  their  proximity  to  France,  and  early  superiority  in  navi- 
gation, to  assist  in  protecting  the  realm  against  invasion,  and  vested  with  certain  privileges 
by  royal  charter, 

"  The  ports  so  privileged,  as  we  at  present  account  them,  are  Dover,  Sandwich,  Romney, 
Hastings,  Hythe,  and  the  two  ancient  towns  of  VVinchelsea  and  Rye ;  although  the  two 
lotter  places  appear  to  have  been  originally  only  members.    The  services  which  they  were 

♦  The  export  aaving  exceeded  the  quantity  charged  with  duty  within  the  year. 


CITRON— CIVITA  VECCHIA. 


845 


ippointed  to  perform,  were  either  honorary,  viz.  nuistini;  the  coronation  and  lending 
members  to  parliament ;  or  auxiliary  to  the  defence  of  the  realm,  aa  furnishing  a  certain 
iupply  of  vesHela  and  seamen,  on  bcini;  summoned  to  that  service  by  the  king's  writ. 

•'In  process  of  time  the  Cinque  Ports  grew  so  powerful,  and,  by  the  posscHsiun  of  a  war- 
like  fleet,  so  audacious,  that  they  made  piratical  excursions  in  defiance  of  all  public  failh  ; 
on  tome  occasions  they  made  war,  and  formed  contcdcracics  as  separate  independent  states. 
It  seems,  however,  that  these  irregularities  were  soon  suppressed,  when  the  government  was 
ftrong,  and  sufficiently  confident  to  exert  its  powers.  80  long  as  the  mode  of  raising  a  navy 
by  contributions  from  different  towns  continued,  the  Cinque  Ports  alforded  an  ample  sup- 
ply; but  since  that  time  their  privileges  have  been  preserved,  but  their  separate  or  peculiar 
services  dispensed  with.  Their  charters  are  traced  to  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor ; 
they  were  confirmed  by  the  Conqueror,  and  by  subsequent  monarchs.  William  the  Con- 
queror, considering  Dover  Castle  the  key  of  England,  gave  the  charge  of  the  adjacent  coai>t, 
with  the  shipping  belonging  to  it,  to  the  constable  of  Dover  Castle,  with  the  title  of  Warden 
of  the  Cinque  Ports ;  an  oflice  resembling  that  of  the  Count  of  the  Saxon  coast  ( Cornea 
llltoris  Saxoniei)  on  the  decline  of  the  Roman  power  in  this  island.  The  lord  warden  has 
the  authority  of  admiral  in  the  Cinque  Ports  and  its  dependencies,  with  power  to  hold  a 
court  of  admiralty ;  he  has  authority  to  hold  courts  both  of  law  and  equity  ;  is  the  general 
returning  officer  of  all  the  ports, — parliamentary  writs  being  directed  to  him,  on  which  he 
issues  his  precepts ;  and,  in  many  respects,  he  was  vested  with  powers  similar  to  those  pos- 
sessed by  the  heads  of  counties  palatine.  At  present  the  cflicient  authority,  charge,  or 
patronage,  of  the  lord  warden  is  not  very  great ;  the  situation  is,  however,  considered  very 
honourable,  and  the  salary  is  3,000/.  He  has  under  him  a  lieutenant  and  some  subordinate 
officers ;  and  there  arc  captains  at  Deal,  Wulmer,  and  Sandgate  Castles,  Archclilf  Fort,  and 
Moats  Bulwark. 

"  There  is  an  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  the  Cinque  Ports  (before  the  mayor  and  jurats  of 
the  ports),  into  which  exclusive  jurisdiction  the  king's  ordinary  writ  does  not  run;  that  is, 
the  court  cannot  direct  their  process  immediately  to  the  sheriff,  as  in  other  cases.  In  the 
Cinque  Ports,  their  process  is  directed  to  the  constable  of  Dover  Castle,  his  deputy,  or  lieu- 
tenant. A  writ  of  error  lies  from  the  mayor  and  jurats  of  each  port  to  the  lord  warden 
of  the  Cinque  Ports,  in  his  court  of  8hepwa^-,  and  from  the  court  of  Shepway  to  the  King's 
Bench ;  a  memorial  of  superiority  reserved  to  the  crown  at  the  original  creation  of  llie 
franchise ;  and  prerogative  writs,  as  those  of  habeas  corpus,  prohibition,  certiorari,  and  man- 
damus, may  issue,  for  the  same  reason,  to  all  these  exempt  jurisdictions,  because  the  privi- 
lege that  the  king's  writ  runs  not  must  be  intended  lietween  party  and  [larty,  and  there  can 
be  no  such  privilege  against  the  king." — (Chitty's  Commercial  Law,  vol.  ii.  p.  12.) 

CITRON  (Gcr.  Succade  ,•  Da.  Sukkat ;  It.  Confetti  di  eedro ;  Sp.  Acltron  verde ,-  Fr. 
Citronat  verd),  an  agreeable  fruit,  resembling  a  lemon  in  colour,  smell,  and  taste.  The 
principal  difference  lies  in  the  juice  of  the  citron  being  somewhat  less  acid,  and  the  yellow 
rind  b«ing  somewhat  hotter,  and  accompanied  with  a  considerable  bitterness. — (Lewis's  Mat. 
Med.)    It  is  imported,  preserved  and  candied,  from  Madeira,  of  the  finest  quality. 

CIVET  (Get.  Zibeth .■  Da.  Civet;  Fr.  Civette,-  ItZibelto,-  9p.  A/galia),  a  perfume 
taken  from  the  civet  cat.  It  is  brought  from  the  Brazils,  Guinea,  and  the  interior  of  Africa. 
When  genuine,  it  is  worth  309.  or  408.  an  ounce. 

CIVITA  VECCHIA,  a  fortified  sea-port  town  of  the  papal  dominions,  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, in  lat.  48°  4'  38"  N.,  Ion.  11°  44'  52"  E.     Population  7,000. 

Harbour.— The  port  of  Civita  Vecchia  ts  nrtificial,  and  ia  formed  by  tliroe  larRe  mnlos.  Two  of 
them  projucting  from  the  mainland,  iiicli  Me  to  tlie  nortli  and  the  other  10  the  ooiith,  form  the 

sides  nf  tlie  iiarbnur ;  wliile  a  third  nio!e,  nr  nreakwater,  cunslriicted  oppusite  to  the  gap  between  the 
other  two,  sKrveg  to  protect  the  liarhnur  from  tlie  lieavy  eea  that  would  otherwise  hn  thrown  in  lijr 
the  westerly  galea.  A  lightliotise,  having  the  lantern  elevated  74  feet  above  the  level  nf  the  gea,  is 
erected  on  the  southern  extremity  of  the  outward  niolej  the  distance  frnm  its  extremities  to  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  lateral  moles,  on  which  there  are  towers,  being  about  90  fathoms.  Vessels  may 
«Htcr  either  by  the  south  or  north  end  of  the  outer  mole,  but  the  soutliern  channel  is  the  deepest, 
having  I'rom  8  to  6  and  4  fathoms.  Ships  may  anchor  witliin  the  port,  in  from  10  to  18  feet  water,  or 
between  It  and  the  outer  mole  where  tlie  water  is  deeper.  Within  the  port  there  is  a  dock  and  un 
arsenal.— (P/un  of  Civita  yecehia.) 

tliaiorical  JVu/icc— This  harbour,  which  is  liy  far  the  best  on  the  western  side  of  the  papal  domi- 
nions, owes  its  origin  to  the  Emperor  Trajan,  and  affords  llie  most  unequivocal  proof,  not  of  his 
power  merely,  but  of  liis  sagacity  and  desire  to  promote  the  interests  of  commerce  and  navigation. 
There  is  in  one  of  Pliny's  Letters  (lib.  vi.  epist.  31.)  a  clear  and  iiitereslingnccount  of  this  great  work, 
which  Ims  obviously  been  planned  and  constructed  with  equal  skill  and  jnds^ment.  The  outer  inolo 
was  mostlv  furnied,  precisely  like  the  breakwater  at  I'lymoiitli,  by  sinkiiie  inuiiense  blocks  of  stone 
into  the  si  vhich  became  fixed  and  consolidated  by  their  own  weight,  till  by  decrees  it  was  raised 
above  the  «  iuirs.  {.^murgit  autem  arte  visendii:  ingentia  saxa  io(i.->«imo  naris  prnrehil.  Contra  hire 
alia  super  alia  dejecta  ip.w  ponderc  munent,  iic  sensim  iiiiodiim  reliit  ai'gere  ronntniiiiilur.)  Originally  it 
was  culled  Trajanus  Partus,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  it  did  not  always  bear  the  name  of  its  illus- 
trious founder.  But  in  the  latter  ages  of  the  Roman  empire  it  was  called  CnUum  Cella,  and  in 
nioilurn  times  Cicita  yeechia. — (Cellarii  Jfotilia  Orbis  .^ntiquir,  i.  p.  734.) 

Mmcy  ^Accounls  are  kt^pt  jierri,  and  tlmiii;I)out  tlie  pap.i!  HhtK,  |  a  spccr  •  of  Ijaiik  nnttfs ;  liul  lliese,  not  being  payable  in  ipecie  oo 

Id croiviis or  t.uli,  called  sciidi  R ^niaiii  and  ^ciidi  mnnrt^,     I  itv^o  \  (Jeiiitiit,  are  nirfoniily  at  a dittrniuil. 

=  10  ;'(|i./i,  and  1  pattli  ~  10  bnjtKclii.     'I  lie  sciido  ciiilairi*  40.1  I       tVe'^htt. — 'llie /t^^a,or  jmuud  of  12  onci or  6,!>I2  ^rnnt,  cnnUtiD* 

irains  of  Kiiijlihli  slanilani  silver,  ind  Is,  c<in8e(iiiun11y,  worth  ■!»  -1'/.  't,?M  Kiijr'iftli  eniiis.     Hunre,  100  Hnitian   poui.ds  =?  74,771    llta. 

Iterliog,    Wynients  above  3  siudi  ai-e  made  in  cuitAt,  or  u:kn.lules,  I  avoirdupois  =>  00,ijti8  lbs.  truy  =  S3,U0ti  kilo^raiumet  =i  70,(jOo  Ibl. 

44 


[\  j:j;' 


i  I  =; ; 


VI 


1' »  J 

■(ft  '■ 

t 

m 


'  m 


:i 


3<:e 


CLARET— CLOCKS. 


\  . 


6f  lljmliurj.    TtitM  tn  lhrt«  .lldhrtnt  (nn'u.^or  quliililii  »ii. 
of  ino,  INO,  «niH -0  In.     Tin.  nii«li  ilo  n  l.orxi  ||„, 
Nmuru — Tin  Hnniaii  fool- 1  l-7i  Kii|(.iiich«ii ;  lh«raniio-783l 

I.Ui!.  Iii.-l.pjj  llie  ri„iu  uwJ  ly  liuilJin  =>  »7  W)  KjitHili  linhen; 


IliB  Inrrtl  of  irln*  -  11,8.11  Imi .  f\\\m;  anil  the  barr«|  rH  nit  , 
Ii8-llni|i.  «a'li.  1  Ihntmn/infoll  -  Ki'il  Imp.  ,lo.;  ihx  nibbm  3 
era  •.  KHi  imp.  liiuluili.--(/tUlk'l  t'a«itii(;  fiiHuiiLiujiMf 
\tiiiiuf'  Ifmifiiel )  ' 


Impurinanil  F.rpiirli'. —Thnngh  tlin  wnulih  nnil  p(i|iiitiill<iii  of  thn  cniintry  rmind  f'lvlln  VorrliU  bit 
imii'li  tallnn  off  hi  iiinilnrii  tininii  rniiipiiriMl  wllli  iiiitl()illi]r,  It  ■till  colitliiiiiii  to  hu  llm  i>iiir<>iiAt  of 
Kiiino,  ami  eii|triii«i'9  nliiioat  till  iiitire  truiln  of  lli«  |iu|iul  iloiiiiiiliiiin  on  the  «iilu  ul' llii;  MiMliti^rru- 
iiftiiii.  The  liii|iiiru  rniiHlKt  priiiii|iiilly  iil"  inltoii,  wonllrii,  Hllk,  niiil  llni'ii  HtiiffH  j  i-otri'ii,  Hiigiir,  cnnia 
linil  iillii>r  riiliniLiI  proiliirls  ;  h.II  iiml  k.\\\i'.i[  flxli,  wiiio.  Jrwcillery,  cliiiifi  anil  eiirllii'iiwririi,  kc  Tin! 
I'xpiirn  coiinI*!  nf  Ktiivi!*  and  (Inilinr,  corn,  cohI,  wool,  choeae.  piitaih,  p'.iiiiirn-iilone,  iiliiin,  frum 
liilla,  ill  Iho  vicinity,  and  othnr  iirticleii.  Tlio  tiilHl  viiIhb  of  tliii  ImpurtH  iimy  lie  mkiiiied  lit  Criiin 
n30,fl0()/.  to  lO'i.oiUl/.,  and  It  nniy  in' fairly  pri'miiiiud  lliul  lliii  ri'iil  viilim  of  tlii>  r\pnrt«  Ih  not  nnicl' 
infHrlor.  Mnr^i.illi's  imd  (Jenoa  liiivo  tho  lorgist  ilmro  of  the  fonilgn  trade  of  flvita  Vccrhln  ninl 
lULXt  til  thi-iii  England. 

/>«/n;j>.-('ivit»  Vecthia  la  a  free  port,  that  li,  a  port  Into  wlilih  prodiire  nmy  he  Imported,  and 
eitlii'ri-oiniiiiiiMl  or  rfl-e.\portiid,  fri'c  of  limy 

QiianiiiriHf  i  giilatlona  are  ilrliHy  enfurred  ;  iin  venel  with  n  foul  hill  of  hi-iillh  heing  permlttod  to 
enlur  any  of  the  pupal  ports.— (j»BK«ai.«  du  Vommerce  JUarilime,  loni.  ii.  p.  30(1,  4ic.) 

Ilcturn  of  the  Number  and  Tnnnnjfn  of  VesHols,  dlatlngniahiMR  the  Cnilnlrh'i  to  which  they  belonged 
which  entered  inwurda  in  the  I'apul  Mtalea  in  IttJ.I.  ' 


or  Ihi'  vetMli 

millriiii  Ilia  porli 

on  the  ,\lFdil«rraiw«li,  fully  t|ira«  fourllit  iinl«retl  I  ivila  Voci  hla. 

<' '      riio. 

In  PorNnf  the  Mttlllorraiwaii. 

In 

Porti  Inihe  AJri.lllf. 

Tnuctiliicor 

Toucbiiig  or 

— 1 

Tnr  Tra  !inf 
Puri>oK** 

C4lliiii(.  ii'il  Tur 
TraJiin  Fur- 

ruiilni  VmkIi, 

Fur  Tnilinn 
FurpoiM. 

I'allinl,  nut   for 
Tnuiint  Pur- 

Filhiiii  VeiKlf. 

fHHiri. 

IKJlCi. 

SAtfi. 

Tlo'ii. 

Hhipi, 

Taia. 

Mi;ii. 

Tunu 

S/li|i>. 
1,1  (») 

r.<iu. 

.S/liur. 

Toiii. 

.S"ii;i, 

Austriiii 

tM 

3,T« 

2 

1,11 

— 

« 

40 .70^ 

W 

1,878 

1,11)0 

7,II3S 

(Irtffk 

2 

9i» 

— 

— 

— . 

_ 

6 

4W 

Mivlfiirmj 

^ 

-. 

— 

. 

_ 

167 

4,201 

Fri'iirli 

61 

5,728 

42 

4,J30 

llri'inh 

26 

4,183 

— 

— 

2 

9 

34 

5,837 

Ionian 

~_ 

^ 

— 

— 

— 

_ 

1« 

MOl 

I y>ii it Afdn- Venetian   • 

— 

— 

— 

.. 

« 

.. 

442 

I4,!itll 

48 

2,1:21 

3,393 

23.001 

Ltccht^fl 

14  J 

3.4'^^ 

4^ 

«97 

1 

4 

;          1 

Neapitilaa 

7V» 

ii,m 

4211 

19,1147 

244 

8,08 

it, 

8,766 

as 

1,2S7 

49 

«42 

P.trni.\ 

— 

— 

» 

— 

-~ 

4 

ft! 

1 

41 

r.,ui 

mi 

31,433 

217 

11,711 

sa 

791 

S,IF« 

127.440 

4J4 

15,(12>l 

ll,HB 

151,586 

^tirJiiiiu 

166 

I3,*17 

109 

10,321 

w 

^ 

44 

5,lil4 

1 

&31 

Siiitiiih 

27 

1,132 

H^v^Wih 

— 

.^ 

— 

— 

.. 

S 

842 

1 

ie3 

I'uMaa 

Totals 

412 

17,722 

183 

8,813 

3 

9 

2,2  il 

126,823 

I,0J1 

6.'i,8JI 

•m 

3,478 

fi,0!l6 

2M,)^I2 

573 

22,069 

18,431 

1      361 

Sup.) 

CLARET,  one  of  the  best  French  wines.     See  the  articles  BonnKAUx  and  Wink, 

CLEARING,  "among  Lomlm  Bankers,  is  a  method  adopted  by  them  for  exchiinging 
the  drafts  on  each  other's  houses,  and  settling;  tho  dilfcrences.  Thus,  at  half-past  3  o'clock,  a 
clerk  from  each  banker  attends  at  the  clcaring-ltDuso,  where  he  brings  all  the  drafU  on  the 
other  bankers,  which  have  been  paid  into  his  house  that  day,  and  deposits  them  in  their 
proper  drawers  (a  drawer  l)eing  allotted  to  each  banker)  ;  he  then  credits  their  accounts 
separately  with  the  articles  which  they  have  against  hira,  as  found  in  the  drawer.  Balances 
nrc  then  struck  from  all  tho  accounts,  and  the  claims  transferred  from  one  to  another,  until 
they  are  so  wound  up  and  cancelled  that  each  clerk  has  only  to  settle  with  two  or  three 
othRrs,  an  !  their  balances  are  immediately  paid. 

"  Such  drafts  as  are  paid  into  a  banker's  too  late  for  clearing,  are  sent  to  the  houses  on 
which  '  ley  arc  drawn,  to  be  marked,  which  is  understood  as  an  engagement  that  they  will 
be  p;ii  1  the  next  day."— (/ic//y's  Cambi.st,)  — (For  an  iicciiuiit  of  the  saving  of  money 
effected  by  this  d'-vice,  see  ante,  p.  71.  The  technical  operations  carried  on  at  the  clear- 
ing-house have  lieen  described  by  Mr.  Gilbart,  in  his  Pradical  Treatise  vn  Banking,  pp. 
16— -io.) 

OLE.VRTNG-HOUSE,  the  place  where  the  operation  termed  clearing  is  carried  on. 

CFiOCK,  CLOCKS,  (Ger.  Uhren,  Grosse  U/iren,  Wianduhren  ,-  Du.  Uuren,  Vurwerken, 
Horoloj^ien  ;  Fr,  Hnrlmren  ,•  It,  Orolniriri,  Oriuoli  ,•  Sp,  Ilefujcs  ,•  Rus.  TVcAfwii),  a  kind 
of  machine,  put  in  motion  by  a  gravitating  body,  and  so  constructed  as  to  divide,  measure, 
and  indicate  the  succes.^ive  portions  of  time  with  very  great  accuracy.  Most  clocks  mark 
the  !;jur  by  striking  or  chiming.  It  is  a  highly  useful  iiiritruincnt,  and  is  extensively  ctn- 
ploycd  for  domestic  and  philosophical  purposes.  Clocks  are  made  of  an  endless  variety  of 
materials  and  models,  so  as  to  suit  the  different  uses  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied,  and  the 
different  tastes  of  their  purchasers.  Their  price  consequently  varies  from  a  few  shilliiiijs  to 
more  than  10(1/.  The  Germans  and  Dutch  are  particularly  celebrated  for  their  skill  in  the 
manufacture  of  wooden  clocks ;  while  the  English,  French,  and  Genovese,  especially  tho 
former,  have  carried  the  art  of  making  metallic  clocks,  so  as  to  keep  time  with  the  greatest 
precision,  to  a  hiijh  degree  of  perfection. 

The  history  of  the  invention,  introduction,  and  successive  improvements  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  clocks  has  boon  carefully  investigated  by  some  very  learned  and  industrious  antiqua- 
ries— (sec  B'ckmnnn's  Hist,  nf  Inventions,  vol.  i.  pp.  419 — 4G2.  Eng.  e^l. ;  and  R'^es^n  Cy- 
elopxdiii)  ;  but.  notwithstanding  these  researches,  tho  subjtict  is  still  involved  in  considera- 
ble obscurity.    It  seems,  however,  that  tho  middle  of  tho  fourteenth  century  may  be  regard- 


CLOTH— CLOVES. 


847 


VorchU  bi> 
•'iilrR|irti  of 
Ali'iliti-rru- 

rn,  ic.    Till, 

»liini,  t'n.in 

i"'il  lit  Cniiii 

iiiit  Hiiich 

Vecchln,  und 


7,l!35 


64J 

131/186 


«!  R«  the  epoch  when  clock*,  having  wcifrhUi  lunpendoil  ax  a  moving  power,  anil  a  reKulabir, 
bogan  to  lie  introduced.  The  priod  whnn,  ami  i\\o  individual  by  whom,  the  |)en(iulum  wan 
firHt  applied  to  clockwork,  have  been  subjecta  of  inuvh  contention.  Unlileo  and  liuygena 
have  diopulrd  the  honour  of  the  dincovery.  "  ])ii*  ^vlioovor  may  have  been  the  invvntur,  it 
U  cKljin  that  the  invention  never  llouriihed  till  ii  came  into  the  handa  of  Huytcenii,  who 
iiiMHti),  that  it'  I'vrr  Galileo  thought  of  auch  n  thing,  he  never  brought  it  to  any  ilegri'c  of 
perfection.  The  first  pimdulum  clock  made  in  England  was  in  thoyear  1662,  by  one  Fr(>> 
mnnti'l,  a  Uulchinan." — (Hulfon'i  Math.  Dictionary.) 

The  clock  manufacture  ia  of  conaiderable  imi)ortunce  and  value.  It  ia  carried  on  to  a 
gntat  extent  in  London. 

Tlio  ad  vuliircin  duty  of  25  per  cent,  on  foreign  clocka  produced,  in  1832,  6,02n/.  8s. 
iiett.    It  IB  principally  derived  from  the  wooden  clocks  brougtit  from  Holland  and  Gurinuny. 

Under  the  article  WATniEft,  tho  reader  will  find  auiiie  atuteineiUa  aa  to  the  im|iurtaliurt 
and  exportation  of  clocka  as  well  as  watchea. 

(^Inrkiinkom  nro  nliligiMl  to  eiigrnvn  upon  tlin  dlnl-plnte  of  .ill  clorku  inndo  hy  Ihi-in  flicir  iinine,  nnit 
llii'  \\[m-v.  of  tliiMr  rfl^Uliiiii'u.  No  oiitu  ^iril  or  liiwiiril  box,  cnsi>,  or  (linl-plnte  of  niiy  dork  or  wiilrli, 
Willi  the  mitknr's  name  cngrnvcd  lliiTHon,  ■Imll  Iih  t- xportiid  willioui  tlin  tiiovHinniit  or  iiiuclilnery 
bi.'iiig  ill  or  witli  siicli  box  or  cnHe,  un^lur  forroitiiro  of  doiiblH  Ha  value. —  (3  St  I  (I'l//.  4.  ('iip.  U'i.  i  Kll  ) 
It  U  llli^cal  to  liiiiiort,  or  to  eiiti'r  to  bH  wiirfihoiiBml,  luiy  ilork  or  wntch  iMiprriiMiid  with  iiiiy  mark 
purjinrtln;;  to  rrprenent  any  legnl  Brltiali  murk,  or  not  Imvina  tim  iinim;  of  lu  Ibrulgii  innki'r  vlaUile 
on  lilt'  frainn,  iiiid  alio  on  tlie  face,  or  nut  lieinv;  In  a  complete  atate.— (j  '>!.) 

It  III  Hulil,  bowuvor,  not  to  be  an  niicoiniiioii  priirlko,  aiiioiig  Ww  Ii'hh  rcpulahli*  portion  of  tlio  trndn, 
to  ('ML'ravn  tlii;lr  name*  and  "  London"  on  fori'lgn  clocks  nnd  wiitchnu,  and  to  si-ll  tliriii  to  the  pilbtio 
BH  Kiiglinb  work.    The  I'raiid  may  bn  detected  by  referrinit  to  any  ruvpectablK  vvalrhinaker. 

U)  a  Treasury  order  of  the  4th  of  Heptenibur,  IM'ZN,  cIocIch  and  wuuhen  fi>r  privule  iihi',  Ihoiieh  not 
marked  in  lliii  maiinur  now  npecined,  iniiy  be  admitted  on  pnyincnt  uf  the  duty,  on  Ihu  piirtlea  making 
Bindiivit  of  Ihi'lr  entire  iKnornnce  of  the  law  in  qiieHtlon. 

Penionii  hired  by  or  in  the  employment  of,  clock  and  watch  mnkem,  who  shall  fruiidnlently  aai- 
Iic7,/.le,  Hi'crete,  oell,  Jcc.  any  iiietnl,  nuiterlal,  or  precious  Htone,  with  which  be  may  bappi'ii  to  he  in> 
lrii<ited,  ubiill,  upon  trial  ami  cioiviction  before  a  Juxtice  of  tlie  peace,  fnrfeit  'M.  for  the  IIihI  olTence  t 
niid  for  the  Hecond,  and  every  xubsoqiient  otTence,  be  xball  forfeit  40/.;  ami,  in  default  of  payment,  i« 
to  be  committed  to  the  house  of  correction.— (27  Qeo.  2.  c.  7.  {  1.)— (See  Watch.) 

CLOTH.    See  Wooi,  Linew,  &c. 

QLOVER  (Gcr.  Kke.-  Du.  Klaven  Fr.  Trejl-,  Luzerne  i  It.  TrifnirHo ,  Sp.  Trebnl ; 
'R\i».  Trilistnik  I  hat.  Trifolium),  a  very  important  spccica  of  grass.  Some  of  the '•iwcios 
in  cultivation  are  annual ;  others  biennial  or  triennial ;  and  others  perennial.  The  aeej 
used  formerly  to  be  principally  imported  from  Holland ;  but  that  wliich  is  raised  in  this 
country  is  now  said  to  be  of  a  superior  quality. — {Luudoii'ii  E/ici/cli>pwdia  of  Agriculture.') 
Culture  for  seed  ia,  however,  very  precarious,  and  of  uncertain  profit. 

Tlie  entries  of  foreign  clover  seed  for  homo  conauiiipllon,  at  an  overaae  of  llie  .\  years  eiidiiiB  with 
1831,  were  99,040  cwt.  a  year.  But  for  the  high  duty  of  20s.  n  cwt.,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  tho 
iinjinrtatloii  would  be  much  more  considerable.  Tiie  price  of  f.ircipn  cluver  seed  in  the  London  mar- 
ket, at  present  (September,  1833),  varies,  duty  included,  from  SOii.  to  (i(i«.  a  cwt. 

CLOVES  (Ger.  Ndglein,  Gewilrzm.lkm  ,•  Du.  Kraldnngekn  ,•  Fr.  Clous  de girnfle,  Gi- 
rnjles  {  It.  CJiiovi  di  gari)fano,  Garofani ,•  Garoffuli;  Sp.  Clams  de  e.tpecia,  Oluvillns  ,• 
Rus.  Gimmdikui  Arah.  Kerenful ;  Ma'my,  Chntikee),  the  fruit,  or  rather  cups  of  tho  un- 
opened flowers,  of  the  clove  tree,  or  Cari/nphj/llus  aromnlicus.  The  clovo  tree  in  a  native 
of  the  Molui'cas,  where  it  was  originally  found ;  but  plants  have  since  been  carried  to  Ciy- 
cniic  and  other  places,  where  they  succeed  tolerably  well.  Cloves  are  shajicd  like  a  nnil ; 
whence  tho  name,  from  the  French  cluu,  nail.  They  are  importi'd  from  the  Dutch  settle- 
ments; tho  best  in  chests,  and  an  inferior  kind  in  bags.  Tho  boat  variety  of  the  .\ml)oyna 
cloves  is  smaller  and  blacker  than  tho  other  varieties,  very  scarce,  and  as  a  mark  of  pre-emi- 
nence, is  termed  tho  Royal  clove.  Good  cloves  have  a  slronif,  fniijratit,  aromatic  odour ; 
and  a  hot,  acrid,  aromatic  taste,  which  i.s  very  permanent.  'J'hcy  should  be  chosen  largo 
sized,  perfect  in  all  parts  ;  the  colour  should  be  a  dark  brown,  almost  approacliing  to  black ; 
and,  when  handled,  should  leave  an  oily  moisture  upon  the  fingers.  Good  clovea  are  some- 
times adulterated  by  mixing  them  with  tlioso  from  which  oil  has  been  drawn  ;  hut  tlioso  aro 
weaker  than  tho  rest,  and  of  a  paler  colour;  and  whenever  they  look  shrivelled,  havin.?  Inst 
tlie  knob  at  the  top,  and  aro  light  and  broken,  with  but  little  smell  or  ta-,le,  they  choiild  be 
rejected.  As  cloves  readily  absorb  moisture,  it  is  not  uncommon,  when  a  quantity  is  ordered, 
to  keep  them  beside  a  vessel  of  water,  by  which  moans  a  considerable  iidililion  is  inadn  to 
their  weight. — (Thomson's  Dispensaforj/  ,•  Milburn'.i  Oriciifut  Cturnuerre.) 

I'olici/  of  the  Dutch  as  to  the  Trade  in  Cloves. — From  the  expulsion  of  the  English  from 
Amboyna,  in  162.1,  the  Dutch  have,  a  few  short  intervals  only  excepted,  enjoyed  the  exclu- 
sive possession  of  the  Moluccas,  or  Clovo  Islands.  In  their  conduct  as  to  the  clovo  trade, 
tliey  have  exhibited  a  degree  of  short-sighted  rapacity,  which  has  been,  wo  believe,  seldom 
equalled  even  in  the  annals  of  monopoly.  Their  object  has  not  been  to  encourage  tho 
growth  and  trade  of  cloves,  but  to  confine  both  within  the  narrowest  limits.  Tliey  have 
preferred  deriving  a  large  profit  from  a  stunted  and  petty  trade,  to  a  modeiiite  profit  from  n 
trade  that  might  have  atlbrded  employment  for  a  very  large  amount  of  capital ;  and  to  pre- 
vent their  narrow  and  selfish  prefects  from  being  counteracted  by  tho  operation^)  uf  the  ua« 


:^..   >!j   ■    i 


f     1 


ifi 


;  f 


!!i 


Hi  CLOVES. 

tlvet,  thev  have  lubjoctiN)  thnm  to  the  moat  revolting  tyranny,  "  That  they  rr  < 
Crawfurd,  "roKulate  and  control  production  and  price  iuat  aa  they  thuittcf^'  ; 


ht ,"  anyi  M/. 
v^iC',  :liu  clove 
;  ariil  thg  kun 
':•  de-ill  urtijii 
'  iJj.jl.    The 


Ueoa  were  extirpated  every  where  but  in  Amboyna,  the  aeat  of  tbrii  ^n'V" 
rounding  princca  were  bribed,  by  annual  atipenda,  to  league  with  them  1  r 
of  their  aubjccta'  property  and  birthright.  Thia  plan  waa  begun  about  the  y» 
cuntmcta  are  atill  in  force,  and  an  annual  fleet  viaita  the  aurrounding  iMianda  to  RupprcM  \h» 
growth  of  clovea,  which,  in  their  native  country,  apring  up  with  a  luxuriance  which  thine 
inea«ur('a  of  Hutanic  rigour  and  of  aacrilege  towanU  bountiful  nature,  can  aratcc  ropreita, 
By  the  plan  on  which  the  clove  trade  ia  now  conducted, — a  pliin  carried  into  cH'ect  tliruuxh 
ao  mud)  iniquity  and  bloodshed, — the  country  of  apicea  ia  rcnditred  a  |ietty  farm,  of  which 
the  natural  ownera  are  reduced  to  the  worat  condition  of  predial  aluvery ;  and  the  great 
inonopoliiier  and  oppreaaor  ia  that  government,  whoae  duty  it  ahould  have  been  to  inaure 
freedom  and  aflbrd  protection.  Human  ingenuity  coulJ  hardly  deviae  a  pliui  more  dciitruc< 
tivu  of  industry,  more  hoatile  to  the  growth  of  public  wealth,  or  injurioua  to  moralM,  than 
thia  ayiiti<m  framed  in  a  barbaroua  ago ;  and  it  retlccta  diagracc  upon  the  character  of  a  civil. 
iaed  p«'oplo  to  pcraevore  'n  it. 

"  It  ia  curioua  to  remark  how  the  monopnlisera,  in  carrying  the  delaila  of  thia  ayatem  into 
efluct,  at  once  impoao  upon  the  natives  and  deceive  themaelvi-a.  The  nominal  price  paid  to 
Uie  nativea  ia  actually  above  the  natural  price  of  the  commodity,  but  thry  arc  cheated  iu  tlin 
dutniU.  The  cultivator  brings  hia  produce  to  the  public  atorca,  where  it  ia  subjected  at  once 
to  a  deduction  of  one  fifth  for  payment  of  the  aalarica  of  the  civil  and  military  olTicerg.  Tlio 
price  of  the  remainder  ia  fixed  at  the  rate  of  9-0  Spaniuh  ^  jllara  the  pirul :  but  before  payment 
iM  made,  another  deduction  of  one  fifth  ia  made ;  one  half  of  which  in  for  the  chiefs  or  rnjan, 
and  the  other  lor  the  native  elders,  who  are  oveniccra  of  the  forced  culture.  The  real  price, 
therefore,  paid  to  the  grower  ia  8  Spaniah  dollara  per  picul,  or  3id.  per  lb.  avoirdupois,  in* 
atcad  of  1 1  y^^  Spanish  dollara  per  picul,  or  i^d.  per  lb.  which  ia  pretended  to  be  given. 

"  When  clovea  havo  been  suld  on  the  spot,  the  price  usually  exacted  has  been  about  64 
Spanish  dollars  the  picul,  or  8  timea  the  price  paid  to  the  cultivator.  The  average  price  in 
Holland,  previously  to  the  war  of  the  French  revolution,  may  bo  talien  at  Gs.  per  lb.,  or 
1 77, '^"^  Spanish  dollars  per  picul,  being  2,122  per  cent,  advance  on  the  real  cost  oi' the 
commodity  in  the  place  of  its  growth.  When  brought  direct  to  England,  they  havn  cost  at 
ari  average  3«.  Sd.  the  lb.,  making  lOS/^V  Spanish  dollara  per  picul,  an  advance  on  the 
natural  export  price  of  1,2&8  per  cent" — (Eastern  Archipelago,  vol.  iii.  pp.  388 — 300.) 

An  Account  of  the  Qiinntity  of  Cloves  entered  for  ITnmo  Consiimptinn  enrli  Year  since  1810;  of  tlia 
Nett  Amount  of  Duty  received  therefrom,  and  the  Kates  of  Duty. 


Qiuntilix 
reiauietl  for 

Ratm  of  nutjr  cbarKei!  thereon. 

r»»ri. 

lliinit  Con- 

Nett  Amnun!  ni 

Duly 

•tinintinn  in  the 

Uuilxl  KiDf 

doDl. 

recfliveii  ttivreuo. 

Of  the  Cut  lodief. 

Of  the  Brilifh  Pi*. 
seMimii  in  America. 

Of  llie  ForeiRn  Pneeeuiooi 
in  America. 

u$. 

£ 

1. 

d. 

f  4«.  8<I.  per  lb.  and  7 
<2/.13».4(/.  percent.  S- 

ISIO 

39,584 

10,197 

19 

10 

i$.  per  lb. 

4s.  8d.  per  lb. 

(.ad  valorem.            } 

1811 

28,977 

8,370 

I 

1 

do. 

■       do.       . 

do. 

1813 

Sd,ssa 

8,547 

19 

10 

do. 
fFrnm  15th  of  April") 

-      do.       - 

do. 

1813 

Records  d( 

istroyed 

- 

J  6s.  6Jrf.  per  lb.  and  1 
]  31.  3».  4d.  per  cent,  f 
Lod  vaUirnm.            J 

is.  W.  per  lb. 

58.  6li.  per  lb. 

1814 

31,975 

0,540 

0 

3 

f  From  10th  of  April) 
1 5«.  7id.  per  lb.        f 

do. 

do. 
<  31M.?».4rf.p(>rceiit. 

181S 

50,463 

5,708 

3 

0 

do. 

-      do.      - 

<  ndvnlorcm,eniiul  to 
(.about  1«.  6(i.  per  lb. 

1816 

16,470 

1,867 

n 

10 

do. 

-      do.       . 

do. 

1817 

73,»73 

6,390 

13 

6 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do.  • 

ISIS 

18,281 

1,777 

5 

3 

do. 

-       do, 

lio. 

IHl!) 

3l,2:.t| 

3„154 

4 

7 

From  5thor  Jiily28.^lb. 

is.  per  lb. 

3s.  per  lb. 

1820 

3«,5MJ 

3,657 

0 

5 

do. 

-       do. 

do. 

1821 

32,«33 

3,285 

0 

a 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do. 

1832 

4!»,7fl5i 

6,026 

16 

8 

do. 

•       do. 

do. 

182a 

57,780} 

5,747 

14 

4 

do. 

-      do. 

do. 

1821 

60,323i 

6,035 

10 

0 

do. 

-      do.       - 

do. 

leas 

1836 

45,261 
S2,70U 

4.543 

5,979 

0 

4 

10 
0 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do. 

Of  Britiill  PoMeniniu. 

or 

Foreign  PoncniuDi. 

-    8».  per  ID.    • 

. 

3*.  per  lb.     - 

1627 

83,990* 

8.603 

1 

g 

do. 

- 

do.          -       - 

1828 

61,2lfii 

6,148 

19 

3 

-       -          do. 

- 

do;          -       - 

1829 

48,637t 

4,875 

13 

3 

do. 

- 

do.          -       - 

18.T0 

60,111 

6,061 

0 

7 

do. 

• 

do.          -       - 

1831 

83.885 

8,379 

8 

3 

do. 

- 

- 

do.          -       - 

1832 

82,072 

8,169 

6 

0 

do. 

- 

- 

do.          -       - 

COACHES. 


849 


Tu/y  on  Chvti. — This  wai  ooniiderably  reduced  in  IfllO ;  and  there  hu,  in  coniequnnca, 
been  a  decliird  incrra«e  in  the  connumption  of  the  artirle,  though  not  nearly  to  great  a«  it 
would  have  been,  had  it  been  aupplied  under  a  more  librral  ayotem.  The  cloves  at  prmont 
entered  for  home  consumption  in  Onat  Britain  amoun*  tu  altout  80,000  lbs.  a  year,  of  which 
t  part  comes  from  Cayenne.  Uut  the  cultivation  of  the  clove  in  Cayenne  dopttnils  entirely 
oil  the  existence  of  the  present  system  in  the  Moluccas.  The  superiority  which  the  Inttar 
enjoy  over  every  other  place  in  the  production  of  cloves  is  so  very  great  that  were  any  thing 
like  freedom  given  to  those  engaged  in  their  culture,  they  would  very  speedily  exclude  every 
other  from  the  market.  It  is  nut  to  bo  imagined,  that  so  lilwrol  and  intelligent  a  govern- 
ment as  that  of  Holland  can  much  longer  continue  insensible  to  tlie  difigrnce  of  support- 
ing  a  system  like  the  present,  and  to  the  many  advantages  that  would  result  from  its  abo- 
lition. 

The  price  of  cloves,  r  rduilvs  of  the  duty,  In  the  London  market,  Is,  at  present  (October,  1833),  as 
follows  i— 

Amiioyna,  Bencoolcn,  &e.       •       -       \:  U.  to  If  Od.  per  lb. 

Bourbon,  Cayenne,  Ac.  •       •       I«.  U.  to  If.  3d.  per  lb, 

[See  iNPOHTtiNDExroRTa. — Am.  Ed.]  i 

Clovrs,  Oil  op,  it  procured  from  cloves  by  distillation.  When  new,  it  is  of  a  pale  red- 
dish brown  colour,  which  becomes  darker  by  age.  It  is  extremely  hot  nnd  fiery,  and  sinks 
in  water.  The  kind  generally  imported  from  India  contains  nearly  half  its  weight  of  an 
insipid  expressed  oil,  which  is  discovered  by  dropping  a  little  into  spirits  of  wine,  and  on 
shaking  it,  the  genuine  oil  mixes  with  tho  spirit,  and  the  insipid  separating,  the  fraud  is  di*> 
covered.— ( Mitburn.) 

COACHES,  vehicles  for  commodious  travelling.  They  have  sometimes  two  and  some- 
times four  wheels.  Tho  body  of  the  coach  is  generally  suspended,  by  means  of  springs, 
upon  the  framework  to  which  the  wheels  are  attached.  They  are  usually  drawn  by  horses, 
tut  recently  have  been  impelled  by  steam.  The  forms  and  varieties  uf  coaches  arc  almost 
innumerable. 

1.  HLitmcal  Nutiee. — Beckmonn  has  investigated  the  early  history  of  coaches  with  his 
usual  care  and  learning.  It  is  certain  that  a  species  of  coaches  were  used  nt  Rome  ;  but 
whether  they  were  hung  on  springs,  like  those  now  made  use  of,  is  not  certain.  Af\er  the 
suhversion  of  the  Roman  power,  horseback  was  almost  tho  only  mode  of  travelling.  AI)out 
the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  however,  covered  carriages  began  to  lie  employed  by  per- 
sons of  distinction  on  great  occasions.  In  1050,  thoro  were  at  Paris  only  three  coaches ; 
one  of  which  belonged  to  the  queen ;  another  to  the  celebrated  Diana  of  Poitiers  ;  ami  the 
third  to  a  corpulent,  unwieldy  nobleman,  Ren^  de  Laval,  lord  of  Boia  Dauphin.  Coaches 
were  seen,  for  the  first  time,  in  Spain,  in  154G.  They  began  to  be  used  in  England  aliout 
1580 ;  and  were  in  common  use  among  the  nobility  in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century. — (/fu/.  of  Invent,  vol.  i.  pp.  111.  127.  Eng.  trans.) 

2.  Manufaeture  of  Carriages. — This  is  a  department  of  considerable  value  and  import* 
anco.  The  best  built  and  handsomest  carriages  are  made  in  London,  where  only  the  trade  of 
a  coach  currier  is  carried  on ;  but  the  carriages  made  at  Edinburgh,  and  some  other  places, 
are  also  vera  superior.  Down  to  1835,  a  duty  was  laid  on  all  carriages  made  for  sale ;  and 
it  appears  from  the  following  account,  that  in  1812,  1,531  four-wheeled  carriages,  1,700 
two-wheeled  ditto,  and  106  taxed  carts  (small  carriages  without  springs),  were  made  for 
sale. 

3.  Duties  on  Carriages. — ^These  duties  have  been  long  impo.ied,  and  have  fluctuated  con- 
siderably at  difTerent  periods.  The  table  on  p.  350  shows  the  iiumbcr  of  four-wheeled  and 
other  carriages  (exclusive  of  hackney  coaches)  charged  with  dui'es  in  the  years  1812, 1825, 
and  1830,  the  rates  of  duty  on  each  species  of  carriages,  and  tho  produce  of  the  duties. 
(Compiled  from  ParL  Paper,  No.  686.  Sess.  1830.  and  Papers  published  by  the  Board  of 
Trade.) 

Hotel  of  Dnty  en  Carriofu.— On  those  having— 


rourwhwli.  L.    I,  d.  L.  t.  d. 

rvwiu  kaepiu  1    •   t   0   0    fmoaa  kaeplng  S  •   S   4   0 

—  9-«10   0  —  T<RiOO 

—  S>700  —  S-SISO 

—  4  •  7  10   0         tudapmnb   ••16 

—  5   -   T  IT   « 

iditltinnlMIn SSO 

Cirriaj^  let  to  liir«       •  •  •  •  'fiOO 

PostchAiiet  •  -  •  •  *650 

Carriafs  with  whadt  of  lea  dtaneler  ttu*  n 
inchee,  diami  by  poaieeor  mulMBol  eieMdlog 
UhaoJj  •         •  •  •  •         -tSO 


Carriagei  drawn  bj  one  hofw     -  • 

Carrlnfrt  uied  by  comDioo  carrlen        •  • 

Two  wlierle. 
DnwB  by  I  bono  •  ■  •  • 

Drawn  by  3of  nuin        .  •  • 

Additional  bodie< 
Dncribnl  is  act  3  ft  3  Will.  4.  cap.  3X  No.  I. 

charnd  •  .  .  • 

Ditto,  ditto.  No.  II.,  nmmoa  itage  carta 
I.et  out  to  hir*      .  .  .  • 

Catriajw  uierl  by  auBBon  orrttn        •  • 


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4,  Hackney  Crtnchex  are  conches  stalionod  in  the  streets  or  other  imhllc  places,  iind  bound 
io  carry  such  persons  as  require  their  services,  for  certain  rates  of  hire  according  to  the  dis- 
tances travelled.  They  liavo  grnerully  been  licensed  by  authority,  and  subjected  to  certain 
regulations,  intended  to  prevent  strangers  and  others  using  them  from  fraud  and  im(iosition. 
It  may  be  doubted,  however,  whelhcr  those  regulations  have  had  any  good  eflcct,  and 
whether  the  putilic  would  not  be  as  well  accommodated,  al  leiist  in  all  large  towns,  by  throw- 
ing the  business  open,  and  trusting  to  ronipctition  to  rectify  abuses.  As  respects  London, 
nothing  can  bo  said  in  favour  of  its  hackney  coach  estiiblishment.  Speaking  generally,  the 
coaches  are  the  dirtiest,  most  disagreeable  vehicles  that  can  well  be  imiigiiicd,  and  the 
hotscs  and  drivers  arc  but  litllo  superior  ;  forming  a  striking  contrast  to  the  elegance  and 


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COACHES. 


351 


cowmoiliousnesB  of  the  private  carriages,  the  excellence  of  the  horses,  and  the  neatness  of 
the  servants. 

Hackney  coaches  were  first  established  in  London  in  1625 ;  but  they  wrere  not  then  sta- 
tioned  in  the  streets,  but  at  the  principal  inns.  In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  their  number  was 
considerable.  Commissioners  for  licensing  and  superintending  hackney  coaches  were  esta- 
blished by  the  act  9  Ann.  c.  23. ;  and  successive  acts  have  been  passed,  specifying  the  num- 
ber of  coaches  that  might  be  licensed,  the  duties  payable  to  government,  anel  the  conditions 
under  which  licenses  were  to  be  granted.  The  total  number  of  hackney  coaches;,  chariots, 
and  cabriolets,  actually  licensed  in  the  metropolis,  on  the  Ist  of  January,  1830,  appears,  from 
the  following  table,  to  have  been  1,265. 

An  account  of  the  Number  of  F'icltney  Coaches,  Chariots,  nhd  Cabriolets,  licensed  in  the  Mmropolis, 
in  each  of  the  Five  Years  to  the  Ist  of  January,  1830;  showing  the  Rates  of  Duty,  and  the  Pro- 
duce of  the  Duties.— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  6b7.  Bess.  1830.) 


Years  ending  Ut  of  January  1826 

—  1st  of  January  1827 

—  Ist  t.f  January  1828 

—  Ist  of  January  1829 

—  Ist  of  January  1830 

Nunil)or 
Ucfeniod. 

1,150 

1,200 
1,200 
1,265 
1,265 

Bates  of  Duty. 

Produce  of  (lie  nulies, 
including  Fiues. 

f  2J.  per  lunar  month  7 
X      each  carriage,      j 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

£        s.     ,1. 
29,302    12     6 

30,606    12     6 
31, .333      7      6 
.32,176    17      6 
32,008    13      6 

5.  Hackney  Coach  Regulations,  Fares,  <5-c. — The  laws  ub  to  hackney  conches  in  tlie  city  of  London 
were  consolidated  by  the  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  22.,  wliich  placed  the  collection  of  the  duties,  ic.  in  tho 
linnds  of  the  cnininissioners  of  stamps.    We  notice  a  few  of  the  more  important  clauses. 

Drfinilion.—K  linckney  coach  is  any  carriage  with  2  or  more  wheels,  standing  or  plying  for  hire  in 
any  [iiiblic  street  or  road. — J  i. 

Licensing,  Plates,  <!(•«. — \  license  to  keep  a  hackney  coach  costs  5/.,  and  a  weekly  sum  of  10*.  has  to 
be  paiil  per  advance  on  every  licence.  A  plate  specifying  tho  number  of  the  licence  is  to  be  placed 
inside  tlie  coach  ;  and  2  other  plates,  on  which  are  painted  tho  names  of  the  proprietor,  or  of  one  of 
tlie  proprietors  of  the  coacli,  are  to  be  placed  externally  one  on  each  side.  Tenalty  on  proprietor  for 
letting  or  employing  a  hackney  coach  without  haviiig  properly  numbered  plates  properly  fixed  upon 
such  coach,  10/. :  ditto  on  driver,  if  proprietor,  10/.;  if  not, !)/.—}  J  22,23. 

Obligation  to  phj. — Carriages  standing  on  the  streets  with  plates,  to  be  deemed  hackney  coaches  ; 
and,  unless  actually  hired,  shall  be  compellable,  under  a  penalty  of  40s.,  to  go  with  any  person  offer- 
hig  to  hire  the  same. — J  3." 

Distance.— Drivers  of  hackney  coaches  compellable,  under  a  penalty  of  40.?.,  to  go  any  distance  not 
exceeding  5  miles  from  the  Oeneral  Post  OtHce,  or  from  the  place  where  they  shall  have  been  hired. 
-J3t. 

Jfumher  of  Passengers. — To  prevent  disputes,  the  number  of  persons  to  be  carried  by  hackney 
coaches  is  to  be  painted  in  some  conspicuous  place  outside  ;  and  they  are  compellable,  under  a  pe- 
nalty of  40s.,  to  carry  this  number  if  required. — }  46. 

Ra'c^  and  T'drM— Ttiese  miy  be  charged,  at  itie  option  of  the  pro- 
prjelnr  nr  driver,  cillicr  by  time  or  didtance ;  that  is,  l>y  tlK  hour  or 
niilp,  but  not  by  the  day.  Ttie  tenni  ar^  wheu  charged  by  diS' 
tantXy 


for  every  hackney  coach  drawn  by  3  hones,  for  any  distance 
within  and  nut  exccedin;  I  mile,  Is.;  and  for  eveiy  distance 
exceeding  one  mite  after  the  rate  of  wf.  for  every  ^  inlle,  and 
for  any  fractional  part  <>-  ^  a  ntile  over  and  nbove  any  num* 
ber  of  I  mllEs  completed. 


Fares  when  taken  by  tin  ..  are— For  any  time  ivifhin  and  not  ft- 
ccediiig  30  inil'iules.  It  :  alvive  GO  minutes  and  not  exceeding 
4.1  'to.,  ts.  Gd. ;  above  i-j  minutes  and  not  exceediae  I  hour, 
2*.;  atid  for  any  fuitber  liinc  txcetdin^one  liour,  then  after 
the  rate  and  proportion  of  6rf.  for  every  If,  minutes  com* 
pteted,  and  6a.  for  any  fractional  part  of  the  period  of  15 
minutes. 
Cabriolets,  or  carriages  with  one  horse,  are  entitled  to  two  thirdt, 

and  no  more,  of  the  rates  and  charges  above  mentioned. — s.  3i.  and 

schedules. 


Back  Fare.— The  driver  of  a  hackney  coach  dischargett  beyond  the  limits  of  the  metropolis,  that  is, 
beyond  3  miles  from  the  General  Post  Office,  after  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  or  before  5  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  shall  be  entitled  to  full  fare  from  the  place  of  such  discharge  to  the  nearest  part  of  said 
limits,  or  to  the  stand  where  the  coach  shall  have  been  hired  beyond  the  limits,  at  the  option  of  the 
hirer.  Coaches  discharged  during  the  day  beyond  the  limits,  are  entitled  to  a  hack  fare  at  the  rate  of 
M  a  mile  ;  but  such  back  fare  is  not  payiible  for  any  distance  less  than  4  miles. — J  311. 

Coaches  wailing  are  entilli^d  to  a  reasonable  deposit,  to  be  accounted  for  in  the  fare.  Penalty  on 
drivers  refusing  to  wait,  or  to  account  for  deposit,  40s. — }  47. 

Hffiisal  to  pay  Fare, or  defacing  or  injuring  any  hackney  coach,  maybe  punished,  unless  reasonable 
satisfaction  be  made  for  the  same,  by  imprisonment  for  I  calendar  month.—}  41. 

Drivers  exacting  more  tluni  legal  Fare  linbla  to  a  penalty  of  10.?.— {  42. 

Agrtrment  to  pay  more  than  legal  Fare,  not  binding  ;  Kiitn  paid  beyond  such  legal  fare  may  be  reco- 
vered hack,  and  driver  be  liable  in  a  penalty  of  40s. — }  43. 

Drirers  demanding  more  than  Sum  agreed  vpon,  though  distance  be  exceeded,  or  it  be  less  than  thu 
I'ril  tare,  forfeit  40.-..  for  each  offence.—}}  44,  43. 

Drivers  to  hold  Check  Strings,  under  a  penally  of  20s.—}  48. 

Property  left  i.;  Hackney  Coaches  to  be  carried  to  Stamp  Oflice,  under  a  penalty  of  20/.  If  not  claimed 
within  a  year,  to  he  given  up  to  driver  ;  or  if  not  applieil  for,  to  be  sold.—}  49. 

Cni;,(  of  Aldxrinen  authorised  to  make  orders  for  regtilnling  haeUney  coaches  in  city. — }  51. 

Offences  mai,  he  tried  cither  l)y  a  justice  appointed  for  that  pur|)ose  by  tho  secretary  of  state,  or  bjr 
any  other  of  his  Majesty's  justices.—}  62. 

Hackney  coaches  were  first  eHtablishc.l  nt  Edinburgh  in  1673  ;  but  the  number  licensed 
was  inconsiderable  till  after  the  American  war. 

5.  Slitfre  Coaches,  TVavelliiig  by, — Ovvin^  to  the  improvement  in  the  breed  of  horses  and 
tho  bt'.il  ling  of  carriages,  but,  above  all,  to  tho  c.ctr.inrdinary  improvements  that  have  been 
effect:,!,  within  these  few  years,  in  the  laying  out,  construction,  and  keeping  of  roads,  tho 
ordinary  rate  of  travelling  by  stage  coaches  is  seldom  under  9  or  10  miles  an  hour,  stoj)- 
pn!,'03  included,  and,  on  some  roads,  is  as  much  aa  11  or  12!  The  stages  having  been 
Bhorlened,  this  wonderful  speed  is  not  found  to  be  materially  more  injurious  to  the  horsen 


IT  A : 


t     [i 


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ill 


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m:hu. 


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852 


COACHES. 


than  the  slower  rate  at  which  they  travelled  some  yean  ago.  The  surface  of  the  roads  Ks 
ing  perfectly  smooth,  and  most  sharp  turns  or  rapid  descents  having  been  got  rid  of,  travel- 
ling even  at  this  speed  has  been  rendered  comparatively  safe ;  and  it  is  astonishing,  consider' 
ing  the  number  of  coaches,  how  few  accidents  occur.  They  are  occasioned,  for  the  moat 
part,  by  the  misconduct  of  the  driven ;  and  principally  by  their  endeavouring  to  make  i,p 
by  increased  speed  for  time  lust  at  stoppages,  or  by  their  attempting  to  pass  each  other. 

6.  Law  as  to  Stage  Coachet.—Thia  is  now  embodied  in  the  acts  3  &  3  Will.  4.  c.  120.  and  3  &  4  Will. 
4.  c.  48. 

D^nition.—K  stBfje  coach  is  any  carriage  travelling  along  tlie  road  at  the  rate  of  3  mileR  or  more  an 
hnur,  withnut  re^nrd  to  form,  provided  the  passengers  pay  separate  fhrcs  for  their  places  therein  ;  hui 
hH  rarrlaces  used  wholly  on  a  railway,  or  impelled  by  staam,  are  excepted  from  this  definition  — 
(2&3  H'iH.  4.  c.  120.  H) 

TAcenset,  Dutiu,  ifc.—K  large  portion  of  the  act  is  occupied  with  regulations  as  to  licences,  duties, 
plates,  &c.    But  it  is  sufficient  for  our  purpose  to  give  the  following  schedule  of  the  duties  :— 


For  ami  in  mpect  of  every  origlniil  lieeiue  to  be  taken 
out  yearly  by  the  (lersnn  who  shall  keep,  uje,  or  em- 
ploy any  sta^  carriage  in  Grrat  Britain,  (that  ii  to 
«ay,)  for  every  fucll  «!a?e  carriage 

AnA  for  and  in  reaped  of  every  supplementary  Ileenefl 
for  the  Mtne  carriai^,  for  uhich  any  aurh  oricinal 
licence  ihall  have  teen  granletl,  which  shall  betaken 
out  in  any  of  the  leveral  casta  provided  for  by  thil 
act,  durinj^  the  period  for  which  such  original  licence 
was  granted.      ...... 

And  for  and  in  reapect  of  every  mile  which  anytuch 
sta^e  carriage  shall  be  licens&l  to  travel,  the  several 
sums  following  respectively,  (that  is  to  lay,)  if  auch 
itage  carriage  ihalt  be  licensed  to  carry— 

Not  more  than  4  paiMngen  ... 

>lore  Itian4.\nd  nntmore  tlianSpaMengefi  . 
More  than  6  and  not  more  than  9  passengeri  . 
More  than  9  attd  not  more  thin  12  pisaetigera 
More  than  12  and  not  more  than  l'>  p.useni;en 
More  than  15  and  not  more  than  18  jiaasengen 
Moi-e  than  18  and  not  more  than  21  passengers 


Duty. 
L.  t.  ± 


S   0   0 


0    I    0 


Dnty 
per  mile. 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 
0    0 


Duty. 
L.  I.  J. 
And  If  mrh  stage  carriage  shall  be  licensed  to  carry 
more  than  SI    passengers,  then  for    every  3  ndli. 
tional  pnssengera  exceeding  21  which  such  slate  car* 
riage  sttall  be  licensed  to  carry,  the  additional  duty  of     0   0  01 

Attd  where  sucfl  excess  above  21  shall  not  be  exactly  3,  or  a  p  u]. 
liple  of  3,  then  such  additional  dut  of  ^tf.  ahall  l>e  payable  for  any 
number  of  such  excess  being  Ienthan3,  or  progrrssively  h-ss  than 
any  multiple  of  3,  which  such  stage  carriage  shall  be  licensed  to 
carry. 

Pmvided  always,  that  the  number  of  pa«sen«t?rs  for  ca'r)*ing  of 
which  any  stage  carriage  shall  be  licensed,  shall  be  reckoned  eiclu. 
Bive  of  the  onchman  or  driver,  and  also  ei-  lusive  of  the  couductor 
or  guard,  if  there  shall  be  a  pondiu-tor  or  guard. 

And  also  the  duties  on  passengers  conveyed  (Or  hire  by  carriages 
travelling  upon  railways;  (that  is  to  siy,) 

The  pntprietor  or  cuni}iany  of  prijrrietora  of  every  railway  in 
Great  Britain,  along  which  any  p.-usrti^ris  shall  be  conveyed  for 
hire,  in  or  upon  carriages  drawn  or  impelled  by  the  power  of 
steam,  or  otherwise,  sliall  pay  for  ' 


gers  at  and  after  the  rate  of  ^(f.  pe, 
conveyed. 


I  in  rcspec'  of  all  such  jiauen. 
ile  Tor  every  4  passengers  so 


Want  cf  I.icevce,  Sft. — Keeping,  using,  ic.  any  stage  cnrriuge  wlthont  a  licence,  or  wUhniit  plates, 
or  with  recalled  plates,  or  rontrary  to  their  licences,  or  with  improper  plates,  arc  offences  punishablo 
each  by  a  penalty  of  20?.— J  J  27,  28. 

Penalty  on  Drirtrs  of  Coaches  withovt  Plates,  if  not  the  owner,  lOJ. ;  if  the  owner  20/.— J  30. 

Forging  Plates,  a  misdemeanor. — }  32. 

Jfames  of  Proprietors,  ^-c.  to  be  painted  oxitside,  in  legible  and  conspicuous  characters,  the  names  of 
the  extreme  places  between  which  piii^h  carriage  glial!  be  licensed  tn  go,  and  also  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  passengers  licensed  to  be  carried  inside  and  outside.  Penalty  for  neglect  in  this  particular,  5{. 
—J  30. 

Certain.  Carriai^ei  net  to  carry  outside  Passengers  or  Luggage,  vlit.  those,  the  top  or  roof  of  which 
shall  be  more  than  8  feet !)  inches  front  the  ground,  or  the  bearins  of  which  on  the  ground,  that  is,  the 
distance  between  the  centres  of  the  tracks  of  the  wheels,  shall  be  less  than  4  feet  6  inches.  Penalty 
6/.-)  37. 

Luggage  on  the  Roof  not  to  erreed  a  certain  Heirht.  viz.  10  feet  9  inrhes  frnn;  the  ground  on  a  carriage 
drawn  by  4  or  more  horses ;  and  10  feet  3  incln-  from  ditto,  if  on  a  carriage  drawn  by  2  or  3  horses. 
Driver  of  any  carriage  where  such  offence  is  coiiiiiiilted  liable  in  a  penalty  of  5(. — D  43. 

The  clauses  in  the  net  2  &  3  Will.  4.  c.  120.  relating  to  the  distribution  of  outside  passengers,  &c, 
have  been  repealed  by  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  48.,  which  substitutes  the  I'ollowing  in  their  stead. 

J^umher  of  outside  Passengers,  S,-e. — Any  licensed  stage  carriage  with  4  wheels  or  more,  the  top  or 
roof  of  which  shall  not  he  more  than  8  feet  9  inches  from  the  ground,  and  the  bearing  of  which  on  the 
ground  shall  not  be  less  than  4  feet  0  inches  from  the  centre  of  the  tracks  of  the  wheels,  if  such  car- 
riage shall  be  licensed  to  carry  any  number  not  more  than  9  passengers,  shall  he  allowed  to  carry  nnt 
more  than  5  of  such  passengers  outside ;  and  if  licensed  to  carry  more  than  9  and  not  more  than  14 
passengers,  shall  he  allowed  to  carry  not  mure  than  8  of  such  passengers  otilside  ;  and  if  licensed  to 
carry  more  than  12  and  noi  more  than  15  passengers,  shall  be  allowed  to  carry  not  more  tliun  II  of 
Bucti  passengers  outside  ;  and  if  licensed  to  carry  more  than  15  and  not  more  than  18  passi^ngcr.",  shall 
be  allowed  to  carry  not  more  than  12  of  such  passengers  outside  ;  and  if  licensed  to  carry  any  greater 
liiiniher  than  18  passcnzers,  shall  be  allowed  to  carry  not  more  tlian  1  additional  passenger's  outside 
for  every  3  additional  passengers  which  such  carriage  shall  be  go  licensed  to  carry  in  the  whole  ;  pro- 
vided that  in  no  case  a  greater  number  of  passengers  shall  be  carried  on  the  outside  than  is  authorised 
by  (he  licence.    If  more  lie  carried,  driver  to  forfeit  il.—jii. 

Driver,  Guard,  and  Children  in  lap,  not  to  be  counttjW  as  passengers ;  2  children  under  7  yeori 
reckoned  as  1  passenger.—?  3. 

A*)  Person  to  ait  on  Luggage  on  the  Roof,  nor  more  than  I  person  besides  driver  on  the  box.  Pcnulty 
51.-1)  14. 

Justices,  Road-furre.yors,  Toll-keepers,  ^r.  authorised  to  cause  stage  carriages  and  luggatrc  to  he 
measured;  any  passenger  ctitborised  to  require  the  driver  to  stop  nt  n  toll-gate,  mid  to  require  the 
gate-keepitr  to  measure  the  carriage  and  luggage,  and  to  count  the  number  of  inside  and  outside  pas- 
sengers. Penalty  on  driver  refusing  to  stop,  5/.  ;  on  gate-keeper  neglecting  to  provide  a  measure,  u' 
refilling  to  measiire  and  cotint,  5/ —(2  &  3  H'iH.  4.  c.  120  J  45  ) 

Conduct  of  Drivers,  ^e. — Drivers  quilting  the  bor  before  a  proper  person  sh"!!  stand  at  the  head  of 
the  horsef  ;  such  person  leaving  the  horses  before  some  other  person  shall  bo  placed  in  like  manner, 
or  have  the  command  of  the  horses,  or  iiefore  the  driver  has  resumed  his  sent  on  the  box  and  taken 
the  reins  ;  driver  allowing  any  iiasseneer  or  other  person  lo  drive  for  him,  or  leaving  the  box  withtiut 
any  rca.«onaUl«  occasion,  or  for  u  longer  time  than  is  alisolutely  necessary  ;  coiicealine  or  ttiisplacing 
plates;  guard  dischareinif  flre-nrms  unnecessarily;  driver,  conductor,  or  guard,  neglecting  lo  take 
rare  of  lu?gage  ;  asking  more  than  the  proper  fare;  neglccline  to  nc.cotiut  to  his  employer;  or  as- 
sanltine  or  using  abusive  language  to  any  person  having  travelled,  or  about  to  travel,  as  a  p'lsscnger, 
or  lo  any  person  accompanyimr  the  same  :  shall  in  each  and  every  biii»>  case  forfeit  51.— i}  47. 

Drunktnness,  ^-i;.- I'rivers,  coniluctors,  or  guards  having  the  care  of  any  stage  carriage,  entlanirer- 
Inp,  thrniigh  into.xication,  negligeiire,  or  wanton  ai  ,  ftirioiis  driving,  the  safely  of  any  passenger  or 
other  i>er.«on.  or  the  property  of  the  owner  of  lU  Ji  carriage  ot  other  person,  thull  each  person  so 
offending  forfeit  61.— i  49. 


COAL. 


353 


Ae  roads  he. 
rid  of,  travel- 
ing.  consider, 
for  iho  mogi 
g  to  make  i.p 
!h  other. 


DutT. 

1. 1.  i, 


a  0 


H 


be  licenied  t» 


Oanert  HaHe  for  pennltles,  when  driver  or  gunrd  li  not  known,  or  cannot  be  fonnd.— >  49. 

Hailutay  Proprietors  ore  to  render  nccoiintgofthe  passengers  conveyed  along  the  game  to  the  Stamp 
Oltice, and  to  give  security  to  Iceep  and  render sucli  accoiinis,  and  to  pay  the  duties.— J}  SO,  51. 

TrMsxirij  way  compound  with  proprietors  of  railvvays  fur  the  duties  cliargeable  on  passengeri  con- 
veyed by  tiieni.— J  .V2. 

Mail  Coaches  are  under  the  regulations  of  the  post-master  general ;  and  the  enactments  in  this 
art  as  to  plates,  inscriptions,  outside  padsengers,  and  luggage,  do  not  extend  to  them  j  but  the  other 
repiliitions  as  to  the  conduct  of  drivers,  guards,  &c.  do  apply  to  them.  Mail  coaches  have  only  four 
oiit.-iile  passengers  ;  one  on  the  box,  and  three  imnirdiately  behind  the  box.  No  passenger  allowed 
tn  sit  hesiile  Ihe  guard.  The  rate  of  travelling,  the  time  allowed  for  stoppages,  the  iiuantity  of  lug- 
iragc  10  be  carried,  &c.  are  all  regulated  by  the  post-nuister  general. 

CO.\L  (Da.  Sieenkttlf ;  Tin.  Steenkookn ;  Fr.  Charbon  de  terre  ,•  Get.  Steinkohkn  ; 
ll.  Carboni  fossili !  LdU  Lithanthrax ;  Fort.  Carvuea  de  terra,  uu  de  pedra  ;  Uua.  Ufrnlj, 
Kamennoe ;  Sp.  Curbones  de  tierra,  Carbones  dc  pledra  ;  Sw.  Stenkol).  This  highly 
important  coiubuBliblo  mineral  is  divided  by  miucralogista  into  the  three  great  families  of 
black  coal,  uninflammable  coal,  and  brown  coal ;  each  of  these  being  again  divided  into 
niaiiy  subordinate  species. 

All  the  common  coals,  as  slate  coal,  foliated  coal,  cannel  coal,  &c.,  Itelong  to  the  black  coal 
family.  Slate  and  foliated  coal  is  found  in  vast  quantities  in  Durham  and  Northumber- 
land, at  Whitehaven  fft  Cumberland,  in  the  river  district  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde,  &c.  The 
best  Newcastle  coal  kindles  easily  ;  in  b'trniiig  it  cakes  or  runs  together  into  a  solid  mass, 
emitting  a  great  deal  of  heat,  as  well  as  of  smoke  and  flame;  it  leaves  a  small  (juantity  of 
heavy,  dark-coloured  residuum  or  ashos.  M./st  of  the  Scotch  coals  are  what  arc  familiarly 
called  open  burning  coals.  They  do  not  last  so  long  as  the  Newcastle  coal,  yield  less  heat, 
do  not  cake  or  run  together  in  burning,  and  usually  leave  a  ccn.iiderable  quantity  of  light, 
white  ashes.  They  make,  however,  a  very  pleasant,  cheerful  fire  ;  and,  for  most  house- 
hold purposes,  the  best  fire  ix  said  to  be  made  of  a  mixture  of  Scotch  and  Newcastki  coal. 

Cannel  coal  is  sometimes  met  with  in  the  Newcastle  pits,  in  Ayrshire,  &c. ;  but  the 
largest  beds  of  it,  and  of  the  purest  kind,  are  near  Wigan  in  Lancashire.  It  Imrns  with  a 
beautiful  clear  flame,  emitting  a  great  deal  of  lia;ht,  but  not  a  great  u.  •'  if  heat.  It  takes  a 
good  polish;  and  articles  made  of  it  are  often  passed  off  for  pure  jet. 

The  uninflammable  coals  are  those  known  l)y  the  names  "f  Welsh  culm  or  stone  coal, 
Kiikc.iny  coal,  and  the  blind  or  deaf  coal  of  Scotland.  These  coals  are  ditficidt  to  kindle, 
which  has  given  rise  to  their  name  ;  but  when  once  thoroughly  ignited,  llicy  burn  for  a  long 
time:  they  make  a  hot,  glowing  fire,  like  charcoal,  without  either  flame  or  smoke  ;  but  owing 
to  their  emitting  noxious  vapours,  they  cannot  be  used  in  dwelling  houses,  thougli  they  are 
in  considerable  demand  among  malsters,  dyers,  Ac. 

Brown,  or  Bovey  coal,  so  called  from  its  lieing  principally  foimd  at  Bovcy  near  Exeter,  ia 
light,  yields  but  little  heat  in  burning,  and  is  seldom  ustid  as  fuL-l. 

In  all,  about  .seventy  species  of  coal  are  said  to  be  imported  into  London,  of  viWich  forty- 
five  are  sent  from  Newcastle!  Of  course,  many  of  them  difier  from  each  other  l)y  almost 
imperceptible  degrees,  and  can  only  be  distinguiished  by  those  thoroughly  conversant  with 
the  trade. 

Origin  nf  Coal.  Phenomena  of  Citmbtistion,  SfC. — Coal  btvls,  :>.■  strata,  lie  among  those 
of  gravel,  sand,  chalk,  clay,  &c.  which  form  great  part  of  the  (iresont  surface  of  the  earth, 
and  have  been  evidently  accumulated  during  remote  ages  by  the  agi  i  ,  I"  '  moving  water," 
—siintlar  to  accumulations  now  in  process  of  formation  at  the  uio  -  of  all  great  rivers, 
and  in  the  bottoms  of  lakes  and  seas.  When  these  strata  had,  by  ■\%  coi-tpct  and  pres- 
sure, been  solidified  into  a  rocky  crust  to  the  earth,  this  crust,  by  su  >  ,>i]iirnt  convulsions  of 
nature,  of  which  innumerable  other  proofs  remain,  has  l-.ecn  in  various  parts  broken  and 
heaved  up  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  so  as  to  form  the  greater  part  of  our  dry  or  habitable 
lajiil ;  in  some  places  appearing  as  lofty  mountains,  in  othci  '  exicn<led  plains.  In  many 
situations,  the  fracture  of  the  crust  exhibit,  the  edges  of  the  ..ulous  distinct  strata  found  in 
a  given  thickness  of  it.  When  the  fro/lure  has  the  form  i>f  a  precipitous  clilf,  these  edges 
appear  one  above  another,  like  the  edges  of  piled  planks  or  books-  but  often  also  titey  aio 
met  with  in  horizontal  succession  along  a  plain,  as  the  eili^cs  of  a  pile  of  iMoks  laid  down 
upon  a  table ;  or  they  may  be  seen  surrounding  hills  of  granite  which  protrude  through 
them.  Coal,  and  <>»her  precious  minerals,  were  first  discovered  by  man  at  the  fractures  of 
tlic  strata  above  described,  aii/(  by  his  continued  digging  of  the  strata  or  veins  he  has  gra- 
dually formed  the  vast  excav.itions  called  mint's.  When  ii  was  at  last  discovered,  that  all 
the  world  over,  the  mineral  strata  occur  among  themselves  in  nearly  the  same  order  or  suc- 
cession, so  that  the  exposure  any  where  of  a  portion  of  one  itratutuis  a  good  indication  of 
the  other  strata  lying  near,  the  operations  of  the  miner  hecanic  of  much  surer  res.ait,  and 
expensive  l>oring  through  superior  strata  might  be  prudently  undertaken,  even  where  no 
Biu'iiiiien  of  the  desired  but  more  deeply  buried  substance  hud  yet  been  seen. 

Uel'ore  the  discovery  of  coal  mines,  or  the  invention  of  cheap  means  of  working  ihem, 

wood  was  the  general  fiiil  of  the  earth  ;  and  in  many  coiintrics  where  the  arls  have  not 

niuch  flourished,  it  is  still  the  chief  fu"l.     Coal,  however,  for  many  puvposes,  answers  much 

better  than  wood.     Now,  coul  and  wood,  although  in  appearuiicc  so  dillVreut,  arc  in  tUeii 

3oSt  45 


_^!l|41| 


!5! 


I  ui'iMWI 


1 

:H  -if! 

m '  1 

854 


COAL. 


uUiniato  compoRition  very  no nrly  nllioil.  They  both  hnvo  fcir  thoir  Imsis  or  rhicf  indmdimt 
tho  substiinco  called  by  tlio  du'inlhU  atrlimi,  anii  for  Ibi'ir  chirf  other  iiinrcilioiil,  tin- hhI). 
Btiiiico  t'lilk'tl  iiydrofi^cn,  which,  whflii  sp|)nriitc(i,  fxiKts  in  the  form  of  iiir  or  Ka«.  'I'lic  liy- 
dro^'t'ii  in  oiisily  driven  awiiy  or  voliitiliHcd  l'ri)i>(  cillicr  coal  or  wood,  by  hcaliriff  in  ii  cIoho 
|ihicc ;  and  when  it  is  caui;ht  and  prciiorvod,  it  forln^<  the  ^as  now  ii-^ed  to  lii;ht  our  Hirects 
unit  pnblic  buililin|;s,  M'hat  remains  of  coal,  alter  beint;  ho  tn>at<!i1,  in  the  Hulntance  called 
ei)kc  ;  and  what  renir.ins  of  wood,  similarly  treated,  in  the  miliKtanee  called  r/nrrmil, — lindi 
beidu'  nearly  |)nre  carbon,  but  dillerinK  as  to  the  Htaies  of  coinimrtiienx.  'J'hiR  kiudied  nature 
of  coal  and  wood  does  not  Hiiriirise,  when  the  fict  is  Known,  that  much  of  onr  coal  is  realiy 
transformed  wood;  nianyeoiil  mines  bein);nvid(Milly  the  remains  of  antediluvian  forcst^i,  swept 
tou;elher  ni  the  course  of  liie  terrestrial  ehanites  already  allf  '  ,' to,  and  afl.Twards  Siilidifu'd 
to  the  stale  now  seen.  In  these  mines,  the  s|iecics  of  the  |ili.  or  trees  which  f.inncil  tlicrn 
are  still  (inile  evident  in  abimdant  specimens  mixed  often  wiiu  the  remnants  of  the  aiiiiiials 
which  inhabite<l  the  earth  at  the  same  time.  The  extensive  peat-mosses  now  existinp;  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  consist  ehicdy  of  vet?ctalile  remains  in  an  early  stage  of  the  kind 
of  charij^e  which  terminates  in  the  t'orituilion  of  coal. 

A  sub.stanct?  vvhidi,  like  coal  or  wood,  chcioly  answers  tlio  purpowi  of  j)rnductintf  (^eat 
heal  and  liitht,  is  called  fuel,  and  the  pheuonu-uon  if  that  production  is  called  eointinstinn. 
Now,  mudein  di.scovcry  has  ascertained  that,  in  every  instance,  condaistion  is  merely  an 
Hlipearanco  which  accompanies  the  mutual  action,  when  very  intense,  of  two  sulistiinces  in 
tlie  act  of  forniin!!;  an  intimate  or  chcMiical  miion,  \V'here  tliat  act  is  less  encrjiclic,  Iho 
heat  produced  is  less  inlen.-;e,  and  there  is  no  liuht.  Thus  water  and  snlphuri(  aiiil  when 
mixiu!;  produce  f^rcat  heat,  hut  no  lit;ht.  Wa'cr  an<!  (juickliuie  laodnce  still  KicaUi  heal ;  siif- 
licii-nt,  it  is  known,  to  set  tire  to  a  ship  in  which  the  niivlme  uiilorl\iualely  oc'urs,  It  is  ati 
occurrence  of  the  same  kind  when  heal  is  evolved  frnm  an  acid  fiissnlvinp;  a  melal ;  audit 
is  still  of  the  same  kind  when  a  tnass  of  coal  or  wood  in  a  fire-c;rate  is,  with  the  appearaiuc 
of  conduistion,  undercoint;  solution  in  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere.  In  this  last  ca<e, 
however,  the  temperature  ■'(  the  fuel  is,  by  the  vei-y  intense  action,  raised  so  much  that  llie 
fuel  liecomcs  incaiule.scent  or  luminous;  an  appearance  a.ssumed  liy  every  substance,  whether 
burninij  or  not, — ot"a  stone,  for  inst  nice,  or  picci'  of  metal. — when  heated  beyond  tlic  tciii- 
perature  indicated  by  K00°  of  Fahrenheit':,  llicrmonu-ter.  Thi^  inferior  d(L;recs  cif  such 
iiicaii'!cscencc  ;ire  ei'lled  r('<//«v// ;  the  superior  de),'r<'es  7/'Af7f /(ccr/.  The  reason  why  any 
Ktroniily  heated  body  throws  out  liuht,  we  cannot  yet  explain.  W'Ik'ii  a  quantity  of  wood 
or  coal  has  ticen  burned  to  ash  in  a  confined  portion  of  air,  the  wliolc  of  the  fuel,  vanished 
lV()m  view,  is  held  in  solution  by  the  air,  as  salt  is  held  in  water,  and  is  affain  recoverable  liy 
the  art  of  the  chemist.  'I"he  phenomenim  of  common  fire,  or  eombu.stioii,  llu'ii,  is  merely 
the  fuel  l)eiiii;  cheuncally  dissolvd  in  the  air  of  the  atmosphere.  If  'he  fuel  has  uotliiie' 
volatile  in  it,  as  is  true  of  pure  carbon,  and  ;herefore  nearly  truo  of  ,'oke  and  charcoal,  u 
burns  with  the  appearaiu-e  of  red-hot  stones  ;  but  if  there  he  an  '  Mi;redi«'iit.  as  hydmiren, 
\kl\ich,  on  being  heated,  readily  assumes  the  forui  of  air,  tliat  injT'dient  ddates  before  burn- 
inj;,  and  in  the  act  produces  the  more  Imlky  incandescence  c;dled  il.une. 

The  two  jxreat  i)urposcs  which  combustion  serves  to  man,  are  to  ixive  liiiht  and  heat.  By 
the  former  he  may  be  .said  to  leiu^then  considerably  the  duratinn  of  his  natural  existence; 
for  he  converts  the  dismal  and  alnu'st  useless  niuht  into  what,  liir  many  ends,  serves  him  as 
well  as  dav  ;  and  by  the  latter,  besides  eonvcrtiti'.^  winter  into  tmv  climate  which  he  desires, 
he  is  enabled  to  clTect  most  importai't  mutations  on  many  of  the  substances  which  nature 
oilers  fir  his  use;  and,  since  the  invunti(>n  of  the  steam  cn.^ine,  he  makes  heat  perl'ortn  a 
threat  proportiim  of  the  work  of  soi'iety.  From  th^se  eorisiclerations  may  ho  perceived  the 
im[K)rtance  of  Imvintr  fire  at  com.oand;  and,  as  tLt  cheajiest  mtans  of  co:nmanding  the,  of 
haviufr  abundance  of  coal. 

In  respect  to  the  natural  supply  of  coal,  Uritain,  amoucr  the  nalion<>,  is  most  -inc'darly 
fnvoured  :  much  of  the  nurface  of  the  country  conceaii'  under  it  continuous  and  thick  Unh 
«if  that  valuable  mineral. — vast'y  more  |)reri()U.s  to  i»  than  would  have  been  mines  of  llie 
pri'ci'ius  met.als,  like  those  of  Peru  and  Mexico;  for  coal  since  applied  to  tlie  sti'am  eurrino, 
i.--  really  hoarded  |)Ower,  applicable  to  almost  every  purposi  which  hmnan  labaur  directed  by 
inscuuitv  can  accomplish.  It  is  the  possession  of  her  ci>al  mines  wlii'-h  has  rendered 
Uritain,  m  relation  to  the  whidc  world,  wh.tt  a  city  is  to  the  rural  di^lri(•t  whic  h  surrour.'Js 
it, — the  producer  and  dispenser  of  the  ri«h  products  nf  art  and  indostry.  fallionr  her  coal 
niii\ea  the  coal  collars  of  the  great  <;itv,  ther*'  is  in  th<'m  a  su|iply.  w-'o"'     at  the  prc.-.'ot  rati) 

of  exprniliture.  will  last  for  2  tX'O  years  at  least;  and  therefore  a  yruv,  which,  as  c.uiin'; 

improvements  in  the  arts  of  life  will  naturaliy  <  fVect  ecooDiuy  of  fue;.  yr  substitution  of 
other  means  to  effect  similar  purposes,  may  be  r^aarded  as  inexhaustilile. 

The  comparative  values  of  the  ilitferent  kmis  of  fuel  !:i\c  been  »scertaini'd  by  fimlinc; 
how  much  ice  a  certain  ()uantity  of  the  dillcrcnt  kinds,  wliiic  Imrnitiij,  will  melt ;  and  than, 


1  It),  of  flood  cnal        -  -    iiralls  nf  ic«  SO  lbs. 

—  CdlO!         -  -  —         91  Ao. 

cliarcoal  of  wood  —      ilS  .'i. 


1  lb.  of  good  H'ond 

—  peat 

—  hydrogeiigus 


melts  of  ice  .'ii  Ma, 

—  I'.iilii. 

—  37  U  da. 


COAL. 


355 


The  kinds  or  differcnrcs  of  pool  depend  on  the  comparative  projiortionfi  in  them  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  and  of  earthy  irnpiiriticH  totally  itieonilniHtihle,  While  Koine  specieH  of  coal 
rontaiii  nearly  u  third  of  tlieir  weight  of  liydroRcn,  othiTH  have  not  a  fiftieth.  The  fornii  r 
kinib  are  lluminpt  coal,  pleasinff  in  parlour  fireH,  and  fit  for  the  maiiufiicture  of  gas.  The 
other  kinds— -Homo  of  the  WeUh  stone  coal,  for  iiiBtimre — will  only  hurn  wh(;n  in  large 
heaps,  o,  when  mixed  with  more  inflammable  coal ;  they  have  no  flame.  When  flainin;^ 
coal  in  bun'c'd  where  a  auineiency  of  oxygen  cannot  paws  through  or  enter  above  the  (ire,  to 
conil)iiie  with  and  conBume  the  hydrogen  as  faHt  as  it  rises,  a  dense  smoke  is  given  out,  con- 
fiHtirig  of  hydrogen  and  carbon  combined  in  the  projiortiona  which  form  a  pitchy  xubstanre. 
Till)  Welnh  coal  above  mentioned  can  as  little  give  out  smoke  an  flame,  and  hence  id  now 
much  used  in  great  breweries,  and  in  the  steam  engine  furnaces  uf  towns,  vv)i<.ro  smoke  is  a 
icrious  nuisance.  _^ 

According  to  Mr.  Kirwan,  ""'"  '  '~'    '    ' 


ton  pnrtH  Kilkenny  rnni  yinid 

CluiTonl. 

ni'iimrn. 

K.tnli. 

Sp.  KT.         1 

073 

0 

3-7 

1-52(1 

—        niiii|i.  riiniiul       ... 

irri 

aifiSniallha 

.VI 

I'm 

—       Hwniinea             ... 

Tfr,:t 

!2:i'l  1  iiii.xt. 

3-3r> 

\'xa 

—       1,1'iirim    .... 

71  IS 

i!;i:i7   (111. 

r.". 

!■  ftl 

—        Wit'ir.i      -            .            -            . 

ni  7S 

:!(r7      do. 

1-57 

'  Mii 

—       NcwonRlli!           ... 

.'iHOO 

■ino     do. 

— 

I'i7l 

—       \Vliil(!lmv(in        ... 

57  0 

4t  ;t 

1-7 

i-a.w 

—       Hliily  ciiriMcl         „           .           . 

"17t>2 

:i'2r.2  milium 

200 

i-i'^fi 

—       HH|>linltiim           ... 

.Tl  0 

(j^0    hiiiiiiKMi. 

— 

1117 

—       inalttiii     -           .           -           - 

Hd 

-- 

— 

207 

100  piirts  of  till!  lioKt  KiigllHh  eoul  ftWo,  of  I'oke  r:iO  hv  Mr.  .larH. 

100  do  ....  -         7:i()  llii.lni. 

100  do.  Ncwrnstle  do.  ...         SHO  Dr.  Watson. 

The  filiated  or  culiicid  coal,  and  Klatc  co;d,  are  chiefly  used  as  fuel  in  [irivato  houses  ;  the 
c'lkiiiu;  coals,  for  Kinitliy  forijcH  ;  the  uliitocoal,  IVoiii  its  keeping  open,  answers  best  for  giving 
Rrciil  bents  in  a  wind  furiuice,  as  in  distillation  on  a  large  seulo  ;  ami  glance  coal,  found  in 
Stiill'irdsliire,  is  used  for  drying  grain  and  malt.  'J'lie  coals  of  Soutii  Wales  contain  less 
volatile  matter  than  either  the  l''nL;lis!i  or  tlie  iScoteh  ;  and  hence,  in  e.|ual  weight,  pnjihice 
a  ilnuli'e  (]uaiitity  .if  cast  iron  in  siiieltinti;  the  ores  of  this  metal.  It  is  sujiposed  that  3  parts 
of  good  Newcastle  coiil  are  eiiuiviiluiit,  iis  fuel,  to  4  piirts  of  good  Hcotch  coal. 

Consiuiip/iiDi  of  Coi.'l.  Ntiinh'r  (if  I'l-t-Kdn/i  r.iii^iigril  in  the  Trtu/e.  Suppli/  of  Coul.-^ 
Tim  great  reposilories  of  eonl  in  ibis  kingdom  are  in  iNorlluimlierlund  and  Durliani,  wlienco 
Lnnilon  and  most  piuls  of  the  south  of  England  are  , it  present  supplied  ;  in  (>umlierland, 
whence  large  (piaiitilies  of  coal  are  eiportid  to  IrdiUid  ;  iuiil  in  ."5l:illl)rdsliiri,  Derbyshire, 
Lancashire,  Vorksliii"  I.eieestersliiie,  Warwieksliiro,  .Soutli  Wales,  t^a".  In  Scotland,  co.il 
is  found  in  the  Lothiaris,  Lmiarkshire.  Kenfiew.^hire,  Ayrshire,  and  other  counties.  la 
Ireland,  roal  is  both  delicient  in  cpiautity  and  inferior  in  quality  to  that  of  Great  Uritain  ; 
and  turf  forms  the  great  article  of  fuel. 

Mr.  'layliir.nn  nxpcrieiiceil  coal  owner  anil  coal  agflnt,  estimates  the  animal  cnnsiiniption  of  coal  in 
'Jti'al  llrilain,  as  fuilnws  :   - 

The  annual  vcn'i  of  cnnls  carrieil  coastwise  fmni  Uin  liaiii  and  Nortliiinibvrland  is 

Iliinii' cm  siiiniiti'.ii,  say  one  liflli  ..--...- 

Wliiih  (iiianiity  Kwp|ilii's  alieiit  5.000,000  personn ;  anil  iiijiposiini!  the  wIioIb  population 

111'  (;ri'\I  lirilain  to  In'  ir>,OIIO,(K)0.  lliis  must  li-  Irclileil ;  fir  llioii^'li  lliest!  two  Iliirils  of 

popiit  ilii'ii  ;iri'  pi'rli.ip-;  less  alilc  m  aiTi.rd  fiii'l.  m'I  latdni;  iiitu  i'iiiisil"r;iii.iM  tlic  iiimin- 

f;irtiiriii),' (li.«iricis,  and  Itic  cliiMpm^sH  of  coal  iii  llie  inlerinr,  till!  estiiiiad:  will  not  lio 

tun  liitrll  ...,..-.--- 

•  '..iisnnieil  by  Iron  works,  say  COO.OOfttoiis  of  inftal,  to  produce  which  retiiiir«s  at  l"a"  ■* 

liiiics  till'  i|ii:inlity  of  coal  in  making  even  pi;;  iiictal,  and  tlic  extraordinary  cnnsiiiiip- 

tiiin  in  llii-  Cornwall.  &,c.  mines         -  -  -  -  -  -- 


Totii. 

3,:(0(i.ono 

tiOU.OUU 


11,880,000 


r'onsnined  in  crrnt  llrilain 
KipurliMl  to  Ireland,  say 


Total  tons,  excliisivc  of  foreign  exportation 


,^,0{)n.ooo 

1  l.KSO.flOO 

7(10,000 
1.0,5811,000 


Thi»  pslin-ate  duns  not  differ  mntcially  from  thiit  of  Mr.  Hti'venfon  {Kdinburfrh  Knrtjc.  art.  Kayland, 
p.  71(1     unit  Mr.  Hakewell— (see  pnut) ;  ami  may  be  re(i»rdeil  ni<  siitlicienlly  uciiirate. 

Mr.  Huddle  of  Wallsend,  an  extremely  well  informed  coal  engineer,  gives  the  following 
estimate  of  the  number  of  persons  eimaged  in  the  dillerent  departinents  of  the  coal  trade 
on  the  Tyiie  ami  Wear,  in  the  conveyance  of  coal  to  London,  and  in  the  London  coal 
trade : — 

"I  hold  a  paper  in  my  hand  stating  the  number  of  people  employed  in  the  coal  trade  in 
each  department.  I  wonld  beg  to  ohserve,  the  ret'.ims  from  the  Tyne  are  ofliciil  doeumeiits; 
from  the  Wear  I  have  no  leliirns,  but  it  is  by  an  ap|ru\iinate  calculation.  The  number  of 
J)cr80iig  emphiyeii  under-ground  on  the  Tyiic  are, — men,  4,'J37;  boys,  3,.').jl;  togelher, 
8,4S>1 ;  above-ground,— men,  2,745  ;  boys  718  ;  making  3,403  :  making  the  total  employed 


iM!.ia 


I ,  I 


' » 


ill'- 

'Mil 


Ay. 


'1 


qf 


356 


COAL. 


li    I 


In  the  minot  above  and  below  ground,  11,054,  which  in  round  numbers  I  call  13,000,  Nv 
cauw  I  am  pretty  sure  there  were  some  omissiong  in  the  returns.  On  the  river  Wear,  I 
conceive  there  are  9,000  employed;  making  S  1,000  employed  in  Jif^i^ing  the  coal,  and 
delivering  it  to  the  ships  on  the  two  rivers.  From  the  best  calculations  I  have  been  able  to 
make,  it  would  appear  that,  averaging  the  coasting  vessels  that  carry  coals  at  the  size  of 
220  London  chaldrons  each  vessel,  there  would  be  1,400  vessels  employed,  which  would 
require  15,000  seamen  and  boys,  I  have  made  a  summary.  There  are,  seamen,  15,000; 
pitmen  and  above-ground  people  employed  at  the  colleriee,  21,000 ;  keelmen,  coal-boatm°n, 
castors,  and  trimmers,  2,000 :  making  the  total  numlter  employed  m  what  1  call  the  North- 
ern Coal  Trade,  38,000.  In  London,  whippers,  lightermen,  and  so  forth,  5,000  ;  factors, 
agentH,  &c.  on  the  Coal  Exchange,  2,600 ; — 7,500  in  all,  in  London.  Making  the  grand 
total  in  the  North  country  and  London  departments  of  the  trade,  45,500.  This  does  not, 
of  course,  include  the  persons  employed  at  the  outports  in  discharging  the  ehl))s  there." 

In  another  place,  Mr.  Buddie  states,  that "  colliers  are  always  paid  by  the  piece,"  and  con- 
sequently their  wages,  although  at  the  same  rate  per  chaldron,  vary  according  to  the  quan- 
tity of  work  they  have  to  do ;  and  it  is  difficult  to  form  an  average,  they  vary  so  very  con- 
siderably :  they  have  varied  from  14s.  a  week,  to,  in  some  in^tana's.  40s.  "  The  colliers 
can  earn  up  to  Us.  or  even  more  per  day  ;  but  there  is  not  full  eni]>loynient  for  them ;  t)>py 
sometimes  do  not  earn  more  than  half  that  sum ;  2.^  dd.  is  the  certain  wages  that  they  are 
hired  to  receive  from  their  employers,  whether  they  are  employed  or  not ;  that  is,  conse- 
quently, a  tax  on  the  coal  owner,  during  the  suspension  of  his  cuiiiery  from  any  accident. 
The  men  have  the  option  of  finding  work  elsewhere ;  but  if  they  cannot  do  this,  they  may 
call  upon  their  master  to  pay  them  14».  per  week ;  it  was  15?.  a  week  till  1828." 

We  regret  that  we  are  unable  to  lay  any  estimates  Iwiorc  our  readers  of  the  number  of 
persons  employed  in  the  other  branches  of  the  coal  trade ;  but  taking  into  view  the  propor- 
tion which  the  trade  on  the  Tyne  and  the  Wear  liears  to  the  trade  of  Great  Britain,  as 
shown  in  Mr.  Taylor's  statement,  we  are  inclined  to  tiiink  that  the  totnl  n timber  of  persons 
directly  engaged  in  the  coal  trade  may  be  set  down  at  from  160,000  to  18ii,000. 

The  importance  of  coal  as  a  necessary  of  life,  and  the  degree  in  'vhich  our  superiority  in 
arts  and  manufactures  depends  upon  our  obtaining  supplies  ot'  it  at  a  cheap  rate,  has  natu- 
rally attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention  ^o  the  question  as  to  tUu  period  when  the  exhaustion 
of  the  coal  mines  may  be  anticipated.  But  the  investinations  hitherto  made  as  to  the  magni- 
tude and  thickness  of  the  different  coal-beds,  and  tlie  extent  to  which  tliey  may  be  wrought, 
are  too  vague  and  unsatisfactory  to  afford  grounds  for  forming  any  thing  like  a  tolerably 
near  approximation  to  a  solution  of  this  question.  But  such  as  they  are,  they  are  su.licieiit 
to  show  that  nmny  centuriea  must  elapse  before  posterity  can  feel  any  serious  difficulties 
from  a  diminished  supply  of  coal.  According  to  Mr.  Taylor,  wiio.se  estimate  of  the  con- 
sumption of  coal  is  given  above,  the  coal-fields  of  Durham  and  NDrthumberlauJ  are  p-'"- 
quale  to  furnish  the  present  annual  supply  for  more  than  1,700  years.  We  subjoin  Mr. 
Taylor's  estimate. 

Estimate  of  the  Extent  and  PaoDecE  or  the  Durham  and  North cmcerland  Coal-field9. 

Durham.  s^.mtt. 

"  From  Soiuli  Shields  southwanl  to  Castle  Eden,  91  nil*-!* ;  thence  westward  to  West  Auck- 
Iniid,  32  iiiilea  ;  north-casl  from  West  Aiickluiid  i»  EUriiii;liuii:,  'Si  niilos  ;  and  tlien  to 
Bliiclda,  22  miles  i  being  an  extent  of  nreu  of  ......    S94 

M'orthuviberlafUi. 
"From  Shields  northward,  27  niitef,  by  an  average  lireadlh  of  9  miles  -  •  •343 

Portion  gxcavated, 
"  In  Durham,  on  Tyne,  say  ........ 

—         on  Wear       --  ...... 


337 


39 
40 

jmm  -- 

so 

—  105 

732 


"  In  Northmnberland,  sa    T   mile>  '.'-  1 


"  Estlmalins  the  workahie  mal  strata  at  an  average  thickness  of  12  feet,  the  contents 

of  1  siiuare  mile  will  be  12,390,000  tons,  and  nf  732  s(iuiire  miles         ...    9,OC9,4Sn,00fl 

"  Deduct  one  third  part  fur  loss  by  small  coal,  interceptitins  by  dikes,  and  other  inter- 
ruptions     -  -  -  -  .   '       .     "^    .  .  .  .  .    3,023,160,000 

Kemainder       -    0,016,320,000 

"This  remainder  is  adequate  to  siijiply  the  present  vend  from  Nowcasdi-,  Sunderland,  Uarlley, 
Blyth,  and  Stuokton,  of  S.M'O.OOn  iiwis,  tnr  a  period  of  l.*27  yeiiro. 

'•  It  will  be  understood  tliiit  this  ustlmate  of  the  (|itaiiiily  of  coal  in  Durham  and  Norlluimlierland 
can  onl)  be  an  approxiinaiinri,  e»peiially  as  the  Biiiitli-eaiiteni  ioal  dii-lrii  t  of  Diirliaiii  i>"  yet  almost 
wkMlyuntiplored  ;  Imt  the  iMltMtipi  is  marie,  in  tlie  hope  of  satiyfyiiii'  loiir  I.otclship!<  that  no 
•rf*'<'«>«nsMa  need  be  unlerlumed  uf  this  valuable  mi'ieral  being  exhausted  I'l^r  many  future  jene- 


COAL. 


857 


*•  There  in  Rt»n  •  eonnlderable  eTtent  ofcnnl-flcld  in  the  northern  and  innth-wealern  districts  of 
Kortliiiiiiberland ;  but  the  fiir«i{niiig  ccmiprliiKs  thnt  which  i»  continuous,  and  must  suitable  andavull- 
ible  for  exportation."— (ior(/«'  Rtport,  IbSU,  p.  134.) 

Dr.  Buckland,  the  celebrated  geologist,  coniidera  this  estimate  as  very  greatly  exaggerated ; 
but  in  his  examination  before  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  he  quotes  and  ap- 
proves  a  passage  of  Bakcwell's  Geoloiry,  in  which  it  is  stated  that  the  conl-bcdH  m  South 
Wfiles  are  alone  sufficient  to  supply  the  whole  present  demand  of  England  for  coal  for 
2,0i)0  years.    The  passage  is  as  follows : — 

"  Fortunately  we  have  in  South  Wales,  adjoining  the  Bristol  Channel,  an  almost  exhaiist- 
Ie>is  supply  of  coal  and  ironstone,  which  are  yet  nearly  unwroiight.  It  has  been  stHtod,  tliat 
this  coal-field  extends  over  about  1,200  square  miles  ;  and  thnt  there  are  23  beds  of  worka- 
ble coal,  the  total  average  thickness  of  which  is  95  feet;  and  the  quantity  contained  in  each 
ocre  is  100,000  tons,  or  65,000,000  tons  per  square  mile.  If  from  this  we  deduct  one  half 
for  waste,  and  for  the  minor  extent  of  the  upper  beds,  we  shall  have  a  clear  supply  of  coiil 
equal  to  32,000,000  tons  per  square  mile.  Now,  if  we  admit  that  5,000,000  tons  from  the 
Northumberland  and  Durham  mine^  is  equal  to  nearly  one  third  of  the  total  consumption  of 
coal  in  England,  each  square  mile  of  the  Welsh  coal-field  would  yield  coal  for  100  years' 
consumption ;  and  as  there  are  from  1,000  to  1,2U0  square  miles  in  thiii  coal-field,  it  would 
supply  England  with  fuel  for  2,000  years,  after  nil  our  English  coal  mincu  are  worked  out!" 

It  is  therefore  quite  idle  either  to  prohibit,  or  impose  heavy  duties  on,  the  exportation  of 
coal,  on  the  ground  of  its  accelerating  the  exhaustion  of  the  mines.  The  abolition  of  tlie 
expensive  and  destructive  process  of  screeiimg — (see  poi<i) — will  more  than  balance  uny 
export  that  is  ever  likely  to  take  place  to  foreign  countries. 

Profits  of  Coal  Mininf!;,  Cuul  Ownern^  Monopoli/,  c^c. — Instead  of  the  business  of  coal 
mining  being,  generally  speaking,  an  advantageous  one,  it  is  distiui-tly  the  reverse.  Some- 
times, no  doubt,  large  fortunes  have  been  made  by  individuals  and  associations  engat^cd  in 
this  business;  but  theae  are  rare  instances.  The  opening  of  a  mine  is  a  very  expensive  and 
hazardous  operation,  and  of  very  uncertain  result.  Collieries  are  exposed  to  an  infiiiito 
number  of  accidents,  against  which  no  caution  can  guard.  The  chances  of  explosion  iinve, 
it  is  true,  been  a  good  deal  lessened  by  the  introduction  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy's  lurnf) ; 
and  sora"?  mines  are  now  wrought,  that  but  for  the  invention  of  this  admirable  instruiitfnt, 
must  have  been  entirely  abandoned.  But  besides  explosions,  which  are  still  every  now  and 
then  occurring,  from  the  carelessness  of  the  workmen  and  other  contingencies,  mines  are 
very  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  creeps,  or  by  the  sinking  of  the  roof,  and  by  drowninur,  or  Iho 
irruption  of  woter  from  old  workings,  through  fissures  which  cannot  be  seen,  and  conse- 
quently cannot  be  guarded  against.  So  great,  indeed,  is  the  hazard  attending  tliis  sort  of 
property,  that  it  has  never  boea  possible  to  elfect  an  insurance  on  a  coal-wurk,  against  fire, 
water,  or  any  other  accident. 

Mr.  Buddie,  who  is  intimately  acquainted  with  the  state  of  the  coal  trade,  informed  tlie 
committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  that  "Although  many  collieries,  in  the  hands  of  fortunate 
individuals  and  companies,  have  been,  perhaps  making  more  than  might  be  deemed  a  rea- 
sonable and  fair  profit,  according  ^o  their  risk,  like  a  prize  in  a  lottery  ;  yet,  as  a  trade,  tak- 
ing the  whole  capital  employed  on  both  rivers,  le  should  say  thnt  certainly  it  has  not  been 
60." — (First  Report,  p.  56.)  Again, being  asked,  "  What  have  the  coal  owners  on  tlie  Tyne 
and  We  '.r,  in  your  o|>inion,  generally  made  on  tlieir  capital  employed  1"  he  replied,  ''Ac- 
cordinpr  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  I  should  think  that  bi/  no  means  ten  per  cent,  has  been 
made  at  simple  inttnst,  without  aUoiving  any  extra  intereM  ftr  the  redemption  afcipitul." 
(p.  57.) 

In  addition  to  the  vast  experise  attending  the  sinking  of  shafts,  the  erection  of  steam  en- 
gines, &.f.,  and  the  ris'f  of  accidents,  the  coal,  alter  l)eing  brought  to  the  surta-e,  has  tVc- 
quoiitly  to  be  conveyed  7  or  8  ndles  to  the  place  of  shijiynng ;  and  those  whos3  collieries  are 
in  that  situation,  Imve  to  pay  way-leai'e  rents,  amounting,  in  some  cases,  to  .';  lO/.  a  year, 
for  lili'-rty  to  open  a  comnmtiication,  or  a  railroad,  tlirougii  the  properties  lying  between 
tl'pm  and  the  shore. 

.Vluch  has  freiiuently  been  said  of  the  monopoly  of  the  coal  owners  on  the  Tyne  and  the 
Wear ;  but  wo  are  satisfied,  after  a  pretty  careful  investigation  of  the  circumstances,  that  no 
siK'i',  monopoly  has  ever  existed;  and  that  the  liisrti  price  >!  coal  in  the  metropolis  is  to  lie 
ascribed  wholly  to  the  various  diilies  and  eharnes  that  have  lieen  laid  upon  it,  ^l"o^n  the  time 
that  it  has  passed  from  the  hands  of  the  owner.  |.»  the  time  that  it  is  Iodised  in  the  cellar  of 
tiie  consumer,  VVhat  means  have  tbs  coal  owners  of  ohtainiiic^  a  innnojidly  price  for  their 
coal  \  They  enjoy  no  exclusive  privileges  of  any  sort;  thev  are  a  numerous  l>ody ;  and  the 
trade  is  as  onen  as  any  other  to  all  capitalists  to  engaire  in.  The  number  of  plarc*  on  the 
ea»t  and  west  coasts,  lioth  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  liw  southero  parts  of  Wa!»»H.  frora 
which  coals  are  exported,  render  it  quite  visiona  to  suppote  that  amy  jsenhTi!  agfeei«  rif  to 
keep  up  prices  can  take  place  aniougiit  the  various  coal  pr<*(>f.^ti>r».  Ami  '  , mgh  so-  li  an 
agreement  were  entered  into,  it  is  impossilile  it  could  lie  main'ur.^ii.  Tin  /)<iii<cr  of  produc- 
Uigcoal  greatly  exceeds  the  jircscnt  diJUiaiid  ;  laaay  new  miuc*  — ve  >v<i'.  recently  opeiicd, 


i 


'I 

I'  'I 


t 


M 


\''. 

! 

1 

'\ 

I 

1 

\ 

if  mi 

1     1! 
i  '    t 

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i  ,' 

M 

f  Jjl 


.!  ' 


II 


.ni! 


iilf 


ill 


m 


m 


COAL. 


h 


h     a! 


one!  many  others  i^ould  be  brought  into  activity  were  the  price  artificially  enhanced.  It  !i 
tru«?  thnt  the  coni  owners  referred  to,  having  cxpcriencol  the  ruinoim  effects  of  throwing  a 
8ii|i(<rat)un(Jaiit  (|U!intity  of  coal  upon  rcsiitricteil  and  already  glutted  markets,  liave  occnsioiiHlly 
nirt  together ;  and  each  having  named  the  price  ho  thinks  his  coal  will  command,  and  at 
wiiii'ii  lie  intends  to  sell  it,  tliey  have  proceeded  jointly  to  regulate,  according  to  the  proba- 
lilu  demand,  the  quantity  that  each  shall  raise  during  any  particular  pttriod.  By  nirnni 
of  this  arrangement,  tho  supply  and  price  of  coal  have  been  kept,  during  the  time  it  has 
ixisted,  comparatively  steady.  Common  prudence  prompts  and  justities  such  an  arrange- 
ment ;  but  it  also  suggests  the  necessity  of  reducing  the  price  of  coal  to  the  lowest  level  that 
will  afford  (he  customary  rate  of  profit.  For  were  the  price  demanded  by  the  nortiiern  coal 
owners  raised  al>ove  this  level,  new  mines  would  bo  opened  in  Uurham  and  Northumlicr- 
lutiil ;  the  imports  from  the  Tees,  whence  a  large  eup|)ly  of  excellent  coal  is  at  present 
'jriiufr/U  to  the  London  market,  would  be  augmented  ;  and  fresh  competitors,  from  Bwansea 
!<nd  other  places,  would  come  into  tho  field  and  undersell  them.  Government  >«hould  en- 
courage and  promote  this  fair  competition  ;  but  it  ought,  at  the  same  time,  to  do  eijual  jus- 
tice by  all  the  competitors.  It  is  not  to  lend  assistance  to,  or  remove  burdens  from,  on»  eet 
uf  adventurers,  which  it  din's  not  lend  to  or  remove  from  others.  It  is  no  part  of  its  duty  to 
sny  /low  coals,  or  any  species  of  prmluce,  shall  he  carried  to  market.  It  is  bound  to  give 
every  reasonable  facility  for  the  opening  of  new  channels  or  modes  of  conveyance  between 
all  parts  of  the  country  ;  but  it  would  bo  glaringly  unjust  to  lay  a  tax  on  the  coals  conveyed 
by  a  particuler  channel,  from  which  those  conveyed  by  other  channels  were  exempted. 

Mr.  Buddie  thinks  that  the  aggregate  capital  employed  by  llie  coal  owners  on  tho  Tyno 
amounts  to  about  1,. '500,000/.  exclusive  of  the  craft  in  tho  river;  and  supjwsing  this  esti- 
mate to  be  nearly  correct,  it  will  follow,  allowing  for  the  value  of  the  shipn,  that  the  total 
capital  employed  in  the  coal  trade  may  I.J  moderately  estimated  at  from  e/if///  to  ten  mil- 
lions ;  an  immense  sum  to  be  almost  wholly  at  the  ri»k  of  the  owners,  without  any  insur- 
ance upon  it. 

I'lviri-ensive  Consumption  of  Coal.  Duties  and  Regulationn  affecting  it,  parliculttrly  in 
llie  Port  of  London. — There  arc  no  mines  of  coal  in  either  Greece  or  Italy ;  and  no  evi- 
J(MK'e  has  been  produced  to  show  that  the  ancients  had  learned  to  avail  themselves  of  this 
most  useful  mineral.  Even  in  England  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used  previously  to 
the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century  ;  for  the  llrst  mention  of  it  occurs  in  a  charter  of 
Henry  III.,  granting  licence  to  the  burgesses  of  Newcastle  to  dig  for  coal.  In  1281,  New- 
castle is  said  to  have  had  a  considerable  trade  in  this  nrlicle.  About  the  end  of  this  century, 
or  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth,  coals  began  to  be  imported  into  London,  being  at  first 
used  only  by  smiths,  brewers,  dyers,  soap-boilers,  &c.  This  inn  )vation  was,  however  loudly 
com])lained  of.  A  notion  got  abroad,  that  the  smoke  was  hi  ;hly  injurious  to  the  public 
health  ;  and,  in  1316.  parliament  petitioned  the  king,  Edward  !.,  to  prohibit  the  burning  uf 
coal,  on  the  ground  of  its  being  an  intoleral)le  nuisance,  His  Majesty  issued  a  proclamii'ion 
conliirnmbly  to  the  prayer  of  the  petition  ;  but  it  being  but  little  a'teuded  to,  recourse  was  had 
to  more  vigorous  measures;  a  commission  of  oyer  and  terminer  being  issued  out,  with  in- 
structions to  inquire  us  to  all  who  burned  sea-coal  within  the  city,  or  parts  adjoining,  to  pu- 
nish thorn  for  the  (irst  offence,  by  "  pecuniary  mulcts  ;"  and  upon  a  second  olVenco  to  de- 
molish their  furnaces;  and  to  provide  for  the  strict  observance  of  the  proclamation  in  all 
time  to  come. 

But  notwithstanding  the  efforts  thai  were  thus  made  to  prohibit  the  use  of  coal,  and  the 
j'rrjudice  that  was  long  entertained  against  it ;  it  continued  progressively  to  gain  ground. 
This  was  jiartly,  no  doubt,  owing  to  experience  having  shown  that  coal  smoke  hati  not  tho 
noxious  influence  ascribed  to  it,  but  far  more  to  tho  superior  excellence  of  coal  as  an  article 
of  fuel,  and  the  growing  scarcity  and  conse<iuent  high  price  of  timl)er.  In  the  reign  of 
(.'hnrles  I.  the  use  of  coal  Iwcame  universal  in  London,  where  it  has  ever  since  been  used 
to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  articles  of  fuel.  At  the  Restoration,  the  quantity  imported  was  sn])- 
jiosed  to  amount  to  about  200,000  chaldrons.  In  IfiTO,  the  imports  had  increased  to  270,000 
eliiildrons.  At  tie;  Kevolntion,  they  amounted  to  about  ;i(H),()00  chaldrons,  and  have  since 
>ioiic  on  increasing  with  tho  growing  magnitude  and  population  of  tho  city  ;  being,  in  IT.'iO, 
about  500,000  chaldrons;  in  1800, about  900,000  clialdrons  ;  and  at  present  about  1,700,000 
elialdinns. — {Cam/ibclts  rolilicalHurvty  of  Great  Britain, \o\.  ii.  p.  30.;  Edlnglon  onthb 
V,ul  Tradr,  p.  41.  &c.) 

If  niinht  have  been  supposed,  considering  that  coal  is,  in  this  country,  a  prime  necesjsarj' 
of  lite,  and  by  far  tlic  must  important  of  all  the  instruments  of  manufacturing  industry, 
that  it  would  liave  been  exempted  from  every  species  of  tax  ;  and  that  every  possi'ile  facility 
\\  oidd  have  lu'en  given  for  its  conveyance  from  the  mines  to  the  districts  in  the  south  of 
England,  and  other  places  in  want  of  it  But  such,  we  regret  to  say.  has  not  bci  n  the 
f  ase,  'I'he  coal  tiade  of  Great  Britain  has  been  for  more  than  a  rentury  and  a  half  Bubjected 
to  the  most  oppressive  regulations.  From  a  very  early  period,  the  corporation  had  under- 
taken the  task  of  wetsjliin'!;  and  measuring  the  coal  brought  to  London;  nnd  had  l.ien 
UctustilPiiied  to  charge  8(/.  a  ton  for  Ihoir  trouble.     In  Hi  1 3,  llie  power  to  maiic  this  chaij^'e 


COAL. 


8S9 


was  confirmrJ  to  tho  city  by  roynl  chnrter,  it  bcini?  at  the  satne  time  onlorotl  that  no  coa. 
should  be  unladen  from  any  vesucl  till  the  Lord  Mayor  had  given  leave.  'I'he  right  to 
cliart5«  this  sum  according  to  the  chaldron  of  coal,  has  since  l)ecn  conlirincd  to  the  city  liy 
aot  of  parliampnt;  and  ils  tho  lahnuriiig  meters,  notwithHtanding  they  Imvo  bcim  very  well 
nnid,  have  received  oidy  5rf.  out  of  the  8rf.,  tho  balance  of  3(/.  jter  chaldron,  pvuducing  at 
prcsi'fil  about  20,000/.  a  year,  goes  to  the  city  treasury. 

Dill  liesidoa  the  above,  duties  for  civic  purposes  have  been  laid  on  the  coal  ini|ior(Rd  into 
Loiiiliin  from  the  reign  of  Oharles  II.  downwards.  They  were  originally  imposed  in  MJ07, 
alter  the  great  fire,  in  order  to  assist  in  the  rebuilding  of  churches  and  other  public  edifices  ; 
and  have  ever  since  been  continued,  to  enable  the  corporiitioti  to  execute  iinprovemetits  in 
tilt'  city;  though  it  is  probal)le  most  of  our  readers  will  bo  inclined  to  thitili  that  few  ini- 
priivenicnts  could  he  so  great,  as  a  reduction  in  the  price  of  so  very  important  an  article  ai 
coal.  At  present,  a  duty  of  \0d.  per  chaldron,  denominated  tho  orphans'  duty,  is  appropriated, 
until  18.'J8,  to  defray  tho  expense  of  the  approaches  to  London  IJridne. 

Exclusive  of  the  corporation  duties,  a  duty  piiyai)le  to  government  was  laid  on  ail  fCit' 
borne  coa\  in  therei^n  of  William  III.,  which  was  only  repeaU^d  in  ISUO.  This  duty  was 
at  once  glaringly  unjust  an{l  oppressive:  unjust,  inasmuch  as  it  fell  only  on  those  parts  of 
till!  empire  to,which  coals  had  to  be  carried  by  sea;  and  oppressivt;,  inasmuch  as  it  amonntud 
tot'uliy?//,y  per  cent,  upon  the  price  paid  to  the  coal  owner  for  the  coal.  It  is  not  very  ea<y 
to  fiilculutc  the  mischief  that  this  tax  has  done  to  the  southern  counties.  We,  however,  aro 
satislicd  that  the  depressed  condition  of  the  peasantry  of  the  south,  as  compared  with  t!io.<u 
of  the  north,  is,  in  no  inconsiderable  degree,  to  be  ascribed  to  tlie  operation  of  tho  coal  tax. 
This  tax,  after  being  long  stationary  at  bn.  a  chaldron,  was  raised  to  9,v.  Ad.  during  the  late 
war;  but  was  reduced  to  C.v.  in  18:24.  But  the  ineijuajity  of  ilie  tax  was  not  confined  to 
its  alfecting  those  parts  only  of  the  empire  to  which  coal  had  to  be  carried  by  sea.  Even 
there  its  pressure  was  not  equal :  fur,  while  it  amounted  to  O.v.  a  chaldron,  or  4*.  a  ton,  in 
the  metropolis  and  all  the  south  of  England,  it  only  amounted  to  I.*.  7i^/.  a  ton  on  coal 
carried  by  sea  to  Ireland,  and  to  l.f.  HcL  on  that  carried  to  Wales ;  while  Scotland  was  lur 
many  years  entirely  exempted  from  the  duty. 

Besides  this  striking  partiality  and  injustice,  various  truuhlcsome  Custom-house  regula- 
tions were  required,  in  consequence  of  distinctions  being  made  between  the  duties  on  large 
and  small  coal,  between  those  o.\  coal  and  culm  (a  species  of  coal),  and  coal  and  cinders, 
and  of  coiil  being  oUowed  to  bo  i-nported  duty  free  into  Cornwall,  Devon,  t&c.  for  the  uso 
of  the  mines.  These  distinctions  ni'i  now,  however,  wholly  ubolislied;  and  no  duties  exist 
on  coid  except  those  collected  in  '.  lOndon  and  a  few  oilier  ports,  and  appropriated  to  local 
purposes. 

A  small  supply  of  coal  was  of  ito  years  brou!?ht  to  London  from  Stallbrdshire,  by 
eniial  navigation.  This  coal  was  charged  with  a  duty  of  1*.  a  chaldron;  but  this  is  now 
also  n'i)ealcd. 

Tho  regulations  to  which  tho  sale  and  delivery  of  coals  have  been  subjected  in  the  city 
of  London,  have  l»ecn,  if  possible,  still  more  objectionable  than  the  duties  imposed  on  tlnuii. 
Instead  of  being  sold  by  weight,  all  coals  imported  into  the  Tliames  have  been  sold  by  measure. 
It  is  curious  to  oliserve  the  sort  of  abuses  to  which  this  practice  has  given  rise.  It  is  stated 
by  tlio  celebrated  mathematician.  Dr.  Hutton,  wlio,  being  a  native  of  Newcastle,  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  coal  trade,  that,  "If  one  coal,  measuring  exactly  a  cubic  yard  (nearly 
equal  to  5  bolls),  be  broken  into  pieces  of  a  moderate  si/e,it  will  measure  7^  bolls;  if  l)rokcii 
very  small,  it  will  measure  9  bolls ;  which  shows  that  the  proportion  of  the  weight  to  tho 
measure  depends  upon  the  size  of  the  coals ;  therefore,  accounting  by  weight  is  the  most 
rational  method."  Tho  shippers  were  well  aware  of  th's,  and  insisted  upon  the  coal 
owners  supplying  them  with  large  coal  only  ;  and  to  such  an  extent  was  tliis  principle  car- 
ried, that  all  coal  for  the  London  market  was  .screened,  as  it  is  technically  termed,  or  p,issed 
over  gratings,  to  separate  the  iunaller  pieces.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  coals  were  sold  in 
all  their  subsequent  stages  by  mr.isure,  no  sooner  had  they  been  delivered  by  the  owner, 
than  it  was  for  the  interest  of  every  one  else  into  whose  hands  they  came  before  reaching 
the  consumer,  to  break  them  into  smaller  portions.  In  fact,  the  profit  of  many  of  the  re- 
tailers in  London  has  arisen  chiefly  from  the  increase  of  measure  by  the  breakage  of  coal. 
And  Mr.  Uraudling,  a  very  intclliiT;ent  and  extensive  coal  owner,  stated  to  tiio  Coinmous' 
coiiiiiiittee,  that,  in  consequence  of  the  breakage,  coals  are  reduced  ui  London  to  a  size  in- 
ferior to  what  they  would  be,  were  they  put  on  hoard  unacrcciied,  and  eul'jected  to  no  addi- 
tional breakage. 

The  statements  now  made  sufTiciently  evince  the  nullity  of  all  che  regulations  enforcing 
the  sale  of  coal  by  correct  measures  :  for  oven  though  these  regulations  liad  been  enforced, 
instead  of  being,  as  they  usually  were,  wholly  neglected,  they  would  have  been  of  almost 
no  uso ;  inasmuch  as  any  dishonest  dealer  was  as  able  to  cheat,  by  breaking  his  coals  a  little 
smaller  than  usual,  as  if  he  had  sold  them  in  delicient  measures. 

The  loss  occasioned  liy  the  u.scless  process  of  screening  has  lieen  very  great.  The  quantity 
of  cjal  scpcratcJ  by  it  has  amounted  in  some  cases  to  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  the  whole ; 


il  ]-'':i 


i 


,;■.! 


I  1 


ill 


It'r 


•1  i,\: 


MMr 

ill 

f 

':  '- 

\  I 


860 


COAL. 


tnd  the  greater  pnrt  of  this  residue,  containing  a  portion  of  the  very  ho^t  coal,  ig  burned  rn 
the  spot.  "  I  have  i(nown,"  anys  Mr.  Buddie,  "  Ht  one  collivry,  mh  muiiy  m  troin  ilU  to  lUO 
chaldrons  a  day  destroyed.  If  they  wcro  not  consumed,  tliwy  would  cover  tlio  whole  Murl'ace, 
and  in  the  Ijurnings  of  them  they  are  extremely  destructive;  they  deHtioy  the  cropg  a 
great  way  round,  and  we  pay  largo  sums  for  injury  done  to  the  cro\in,  anil  f'i>r  (laninf{c  ii>  th« 
ground." — (/•'/>*/  LimU  Hip,  p.  72.)  The  waxtu  of  coal  hiu  heen  in  tli  ww\  enorinniia; 
and  the  coal  owner  han  been  obliged  to  charge  a  higher  price  upon  the  coul  hoKI,  in  onltT  to 
indemnify  himself  for  tlie  loss  of  so  great  a  quantity,  and  for  the  mischief  ho  does  to  othore 
in  burning. 

The  I  ii't,  that  so  monstrous  a  system  should  have  been  persevkjred  n'.  for  more  than  a 
century,  Hcts  the  power  of  habit  in  reconciling  ux  to  the  most  perniri'^cj'i  aOdurditieM  in  a  very 
striking  ])uiiit  of  view.  Happily,  however,  the  nuisance  has  been  at  last  abnted;  the 
sale  of  coal  by  weight  taking  away  both  the  temptation  to  break  coal,  aiil  the  necenNity  uf 
screening. 

But  th>'  aliuecs  that  have  infected  the  coal  trade  were  not  confined  to  those  that  grew  out 
of  the  duties,  and  the  sale  by  meusuro.  They  have  insinuated  themselves  into  most  de- 
inirtments  of  the  business  ;  and  '  i  such  an  extent  iiave  they  been  carried,  that  it  takex,  at 
this  moment,  a  larger  sum  to  convey  a  chaldron  of  cimI  from  the  jxml,  a  littlu  1m>Iow  Lniidon 
Bridge,  to  the  consumers  in  the  city,  than  is  sufficient  to  defray  the  entire  cost  of  thr  ciul 
in  the  torlh,  including  the  expense  of  digging  them  from  the  mine,  their  conveyance  to  the 
shore,  landlord's  real,  iSic!  T.'ic  followiiit;  statement  shows  tho  various  items  that  made 
lip  the  price  of  coal  to  the  London  (  .sumer,  in  ()ctol>er,  1830,  diHtribuled  under  tlicir 
)>roper  heads.  They  have  been  carefully  ubsti-ictcd  from  the  evidence  before  the  parliamcntui'y 
committees. 


(  iiAROEs  IP  TO  Tiiu  Time  of  Akrival  in  tub  Pout  of  London. 

£ 

....  1 

£  ».  d. 

Coni  Otcver. 
Pniil  coal  owner  (\ir  ronln        ....-- 
Deduct  river  duly  piiiil  by  him  for  Improvement  of  Sunderland  liurboiii 

Coal  Filler. 
Keel  dues,  and  flttage  (Including  7  miles'  water-carriage) 

" 

0  11    0 

n  0  3 

0  13    U 

0 

3    3 

Ship  Oiitner.                 , 
For  freight,  includinc  insurance  of  ship  and  cnrRo,  pllotnije,  seamn 
wear  and  tear  ni'  t!ie  ship  and  matoriula,  discliarging  ballast,  S 

n 'swages, 

0. 

0 

8    6> 

Mnvifipal  Dues,                                                '  . 
Fiver  duty,  as  above         ..---. 
Tier  duty,  ligiits,  Hlk..  |uid  by  ship           .... 

«'H\f)a)?s  IN  THE  PonT  or  London. 

£   ». 
0    0 
0    0 

(7. 
3 

0 

0    8! 

0  U    J} 

\Ji'remmt%l  7Vix- 
Miiviapitl  l)>iii' 

Triiiity  tani,  Nore  lights,  tonnage  duty.  Trinity  Ilouie  for  bal- 
lsy, &r.               

EntrinH,  &r.            ....... 

Corporatio-.  of  London  metage    -           -           -           -           - 

Ditto  orphi..iB'  (iiicB            -.-.-. 

Ditto  mi'tfr'a  pnj  and  allowance             .          .          .          - 

Ditto  mari.et  dui's              ...... 

Ditto  Lopl  Mayor's  groundage.  Ice,         .... 

Ditto  Ian  j(  metage               ...... 

Ditto  un  lertaker    ....... 

Coal-wh:p,>ers        ....... 

Coal  Fa/tor. 
Facto/age  r.nd  del  credcro  commission    .... 

0    0    9 
0    0    21 
0    0    ■» 
0    0  10 
0    0    4 
0    0     1 

0  0   05 

0    0    0 
0    0    1 
0    1     7 

0 

0 
0 

6    0 

4    4J 
0    ii 

. 

Cull  M'ereh.mt. 
Ituvf  r'f.  commission           ...... 

Jj(.'lilerage  -.-..--. 
Cuitage       ........ 

Cr'dit          ........ 

81  ootaee     ........ 

Ai)d  fur  even  money          ...... 

0    I 
0    2 
0    fl 
0    2 
0    1 
0    0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

a 

3 

(See  Com.  Rep.  p.  8.) 
Aid  for  discount,  aeorajie,  and  inffrain*  (see  same  Rep.  p.  9.) 

0  11 
0    2 

6 

2^ 

0 

14    8i 

1  5  n 

2  10    7i 

Mating  the  price  paid  by  the  consumer    ..... 
VVliich  is  thus  apportioned  : — 

Coal  owner  for  coal          ....... 

Shipowner,  &c.  for  voyage  to  London             .... 

Government  duty,  corporation  charges,  and  London  coal  merchant 

0 
0 

I 

13    0 

II    r^; 

.1    5i 

1  2  10  :i 

•     ♦  Scorage  and  Ingrain  were  allowances  that  prcw  out  of  the  syalein  of  selling  by  measure.    As 
this  systeai  is  now  repealed,  it  is  unuoc-odsary  to  dedcribu  them. 


Jasure.    As 


COAL. 


861 


of  the""  fh«fiie« ''"'"••'•  "'<''"'•'"''  n""'  h"  I""!""!!  for  In  thnxo  Innirrcd  In  Ihf  rlv^r»Tyne  «n< 
Wfiir,  nnil  In  the  ruin  of  frflirlit ;  BntI  ni  llie  uovrrnnK'nt  duly  of  «j.  per  ctinlilron  Im*  l)««n  nhnllilieil, 
the  chnrtfo  il*"'  <ii'lrnlt  nf  fiirtlicr  rtdiirllon  nri*  Ihn  miiiiicl|inl  iliica,  niiil  llinse  ntlHnrilnn  Iho  tiellvery 
of  rnnl  to  lh«  fiinmiiniTii ;  nnil  In  Ihcue,  rrrtnlnly,  thi-rf  la  (ini|ile  moin  fur  reiremhnient. 

Of  the  Itecna  which  niiike  lit)  thr  kiiiii  of  4x  4lr/.  of  <'hi\r|ri'ii  In  tli<'  pciri  of  l.onilon,  n  mim  nf  1«.  %l. 
(1IU.  ni  nrplmii  (Inty,  nppronriiiti-il  to  ths  new  hrlilgo,  nnd  til.  no  corporiition  inttiiiKiO  I*  »  •p«t'li>it  of 
piihlir  tfix.  Ho  nnnn,  hovvpvnr,  an  tlin  term  for  which  Iha  orplinn  (tiily  li  nppriiprliUiMl  hiia  viplrcil,  It 
oiillit  10  he  nImllKlii-il ;  itml  it  wniiM  b«  hlRhly  (|Miir:ihlt-  w^e  «oni«  rnoiin*  then  iiNi>  found  nf  Indoiniil- 
(\inKlhH  rorporiition  nir  the  4r/,  of  melnire  cIh  lined  liy  Ihein  ;  Inimninch  ni  the  Hhnliilon  of  Ihi-ae  dm  lea 
wiMild  not  only  nceiialon  n  direct  invInK  In  thn  price  of  rnni,  hnt  would  nfTord  grcut  fucllltlui  for  lit 
di'llvnry.— (Hoc  pout,  fur  nn  nccount  nf  th«  local  dullea  In  I'-.'W.) 

The  nioKt  Iniportdnt  Ih  iii.  In  thoan  formlnR  the  chnrgea  In  the  port  of  I.nndon,  la  the  fee  nf  the  nml- 
ftHpfcr,  or  coBl-henvcr— ihnt  la,  the  deliverer  of  the  roRia  from  the  ililp  to  the  liaree  or  llf  hter,  Thia 
fde  it  iihont  U.  ^ll.,  and  U  lit  Innat  3  tlinea  na  Rrent  ni  It  ought  to  he.  At  Ncwcnatle  and  Hiinderlund 
thetllliiiK  of  H  chulilron  of  cohI  Into  the  wngon  rnata  frniii  Ijrf.  to  l)(i.  ;  nnd  iidniitllnir  tliiit  to  riilitc  cmil 
from  the  hold  la  h  little  more  dlllicnlt,  atlll,  If  id.  were  iillowed,  It  woiiht  be  n  moat  llhcrnl  piiyimnt. 
But  tho  truth  la,  thiit  thia  lluin  ahoiild  be  atruck  off  altom'ther.  It  Ih  ccciiHlonnd  l>y  u  ri'Kiiliilion  pe. 
(ulliir  to  the  Thninea,  which  prcveiita  the  crewa  nf  collli'ra  from  pi'rformlnii  thla  Indlspi'iianhln  purl 
of  their  peculiar  duty,  in  tlie  outporn.ln  which  luckily  Itiia  prepoHlcroiiH  rf'UMliilInn  dnua  not  exlrnd, 
thcrri'Wa  uct  na  ronl-henvera,  and  they  dn  an  without  eitlii'r  iiakinu  or  oIiimIiiImi;  nildllloniil  wnffa. 
Anil  there  ccrtalnlv  la  no  reiicon  whntever  for  auppnalni  tliitt  Iheciiai-  udiild  hi'  iiiiiterlally  illll'iri'nl 
Inihe  port  of  I,onilon,  were  It  not  for  the  reftnliitlnn  rcforred  to.    In  If^'iH,  the  ttiliil  iiinount  of  nioiii>y 


nnlil  totliecoHl-heavera  waa  107,.1flfi/.  13«. ;  of  which  nt  Icnat  1)0,(1 
by  dimply  ttUowing  the  crow  to  perform  the  function  of  ciml-lo'iivei 


may  h«  auved  to  Iho  cItUciia, 

ncotiiry  crniinltteea  eslii- 

>lii;   U'henlniiili'd  with  llliihor 

I  ro:il     Luckily,  liowi'ver,  tha 

II"         !•  crew,  or  nuch  other 

hat  wliili'  thn  roct  of 

.,.  .if  the  aiMne  bunion, 

a,  certainly,  la  a  aulijuct 


).m)t. 
by  minply  aHoicing  tho  crew  to  perform  the  function  of  coal-h''averH. 

The  evidence  given  by  the  fhip  ownera  and  cnptnliia  hcrite  tlo'  i 
lillshcn,  in  the  fulleat  nmnner,  nil  that  hna  been  atnled.    To  ilidchnrf 
Is  admitted  to  he  rather  more  difficult  than  when  aho  la  loaih'l  ■ 
manlcra  of  all  shipa  other  than  rolllera  may  employ.  In  their  dli« 
iiiboiirera  na  they  think  lit,  without  nny  aort  of  Interference.     A; 
ili>chiir|!ln«  a  ahip  of  DOO  lonN,  Inden  with  coal,  umoiinla  to  nh> 
lailiiii  with  timber,  may  he  diachnrired  for  IW.  or  10/.— (Cum.  Hep. 
deaervinit  of  thn  immediate  ottenlion  nf  parliament. 

Rt'xiilea  the  charge  of  Hrf.  on  nccount  of  ahip  metnce,  there  i'^  m  u  a  i^r'  r  charge  nf  0//,  per 
chnlilron  on  nccount  of  land  metnite.  But  the  new  reiriilationa  I'lil'  rnoK  aale  ''>  v  i'i|.'ht  will  lead  to 
tlicalinlilion  of  the  land  na  well  na  the  ship  iiielcra.  Their  Inetliclcncy  for  all  useful  piirpoaea  WHg 
cniicliisivcly  ahown  by  the  wiineaaea  examined  by  the  pHrlliinieiitiiry  commitlcL'H.  In  fact,  the  lyalein 
of  mctaue  hna  rather  been  a  ineana  of  cnncnaling  than  nf  iliHcoverinir  friiiiil. 

The  diitlea  apprnprlnted  to  pttlilic  purpoaea,  thnae  claimed  by  the  cily  i,(  London  an  private  properly, 
anil  llioHe  remilred  to  defray  thn  coKt  of  the  coal  exchange,  nnd  the  welifhluK  eHliilillaliiiii'iilH,  Ac,  are, 
in  future,  to  ho  charged  in  the  ngt'regiite  nt  ao  much  a  ton  on  the  coal  Imported,  and  paiil  Into  the  (.'ity 
Ch.imliirlnin'a  office  :  Recounts  of  the  dlutributiun  of  the  produce  of  the  duty  belli);  annually  prepared 
anil  hid  before  parliament. 

Diit  the  charges  on  account  of  the  delivery  of  coal  from  the  ahIp  to  the  consumer  arc  tho  moat 
oiM'r'HxIve.  They  amount  in  all  to  no  lets  than  Hit.  8|r{. !  One  item  h  U^hlcriige,  being  a  anm  of  'in. 
a  olialilron  paid  for  conveying  the  coals  from  the  ahip  to  the  wharf.  This  charge  seems  to  be  in  no 
ordiniiry  degree  exorbitant.  It  Is  mentioned  by  Mr.  Huddle,  In  bin  evidence  (,Ftral  Kunle'  Hep.  p.  \'1\.), 
that  the  Tyne  keelmen,  who  take  the  coals  from  the  spouts  or  stalihs,  us  they  are  trrnied,  to  deliver 
thi^iii  to  ihi'  ships,  are  paid  only  li».  M.  n  chaldron,  Ihoiigli  they  have  to  navigate  their  kerh  from  7  la 
imilo,  and  though  It  Is  far  more  ditficult  to  shovel  the  coals  Irom  the  keels  into  the  porl-lioles  of  Ilia 
8lii|i!i,  than  from  n  lighter  to  n  wharf.  Were  the  charge  for  lighterage  reduced  to  the  snnie  level  hi 
the  Thames  as  in  the  Tyne,  it  would  not  certainly  exceed  Hd.  or  Pi/,  a  chaldron.  Il.it  before  tliii 
licvirahle  result  can  be  accnmpliahcd,  thia  department  nf  the  trade  must,  like  all  the  rest,  he  thrown 
nprn.  Here  again  tho  trammels  of  monopoly  interfere.  At  present  no  indiviilnalcaii  act  as  u  lighter- 
limii,  who  Is  not  free  nf  the  Waterman's  Company,  and  wlio  has  not  served  7  years  as  an  appii'iilica 
n|Miii  the  river,  r'ompetltinn  Is  thus  wholly  excluded,  and  tho  charges  rendered  fur  higher  thuii  they 
would  he  under  a  different  system. 

The  next  item  in  the  charge  for  delivery  is  Os.  a  chaldron  for  cartage  from  the  wharf  to  tho  con- 
siinicr'a  residence.  The  best  way,  perhaps,  to  Judge  of  the  rensonableiicss  of  this  i  .laige,  is  by  cim- 
piiriiig  it  with  the  sums  charged  lor  similar  work  done  elsewhere.  Now,  assuming  the  avi  rage  weiglil 
of  llii'  chaldron  to  be  27  cwt.,  and  the  average  distance  to  which  coals  are  carted  li  inihs  the  chargo 
will  he  3.«.  S-irf.  per  ton  per  mile  ;  but  In  the  north,  in  Durham,  Lancashire,  &c.,  it  Is  usual  to  let  tlia 
cartasn  of  coals,  including  the  loading,  by  contract,  nt  from  Id.  to  tji/.  a  ton  on  turnpike  roads,  nnd  \)d. 
ami  lOrf.  on  heavy  country  roads.  So  that  the  expense  of  cartage  In  London  is  fmir  or  jiitt  tiines  ai 
much  as  it  costs  in  the  north.  It  seems  diflicult  to  account  for  this  difference  by  the  groater  expense 
atleniling  keep  of  men,  horses,  ic.  in  the  inotrnpolis,  though  that  certainly  Is  very  heavy.  I'erhaps  a 
p:irl  nf  it  is  owing  to  the  sjstem  nf  licensing  carts,  and  regulating  the  fees  of  curtugc.  At  all  event! 
the  Riilijeit  is  one  that  ouglit  to  be  Investigated. 

E.ni  liieive  of  the  charge  of  6.1.  for  cartage,  there  Is  n  further  charge  of  1«.  firf.  for  shoutinir,  that  la, 
for  unloading  the  wagon  into  tho  cellar.  Next  to  the  Item  for  whippers,  lliis  is  the  most  oiitragi'oiis 
overclmrge  in  this  lengthened  catalogue  of  abuses.  There  are  thousands  of  labourers  in  London  who 
wiiiihl  he  glad  to  bo  allowed  to  perform  the  same  work  for  3rf.  or  -W.,  for  which  the  i  iiizens  are  obliged 
topay  Is.  I  J.  Indeed,  we  bellave  it  might  be  done  for  a  pood  deal  less.  Mr.  Hud. lie  kuvs,  "At  Iha 
rate  we  pay  our  wagon-men  for  filling  the  wagons,  I  believe  they  would  be  very  glad,  for  W..  to  heavo 
thfise  same  coals  out  of  the  cellar  again  up  the  hole," — (Fimt  J.ords'  Hep.  p.  1'21.);  an  ojieratioli 
whicli,  every  one  knows,  would  be  ahoiit  10  times  as  troiililesoine  as  pmiriiiL'  tliem  down. 

Siicli  of  our  readers  as  may  have  pone  through  these  statements  will,  we  think,  feel  hut  little  dls- 
pnseil  to  ditfer  from  the  committee  of  the  Ilcuise  of  Lords,  who  olnerve,  in  the  Secovd  hcpurl,  '•that 
in  every  stage,  from  the  port  of  shipment  to  the  coal  merchant's  wharf,  and  thence  to  the  consumer's 
cellar,  the  regulations  under  which  the  trade  Is  conducted  are  productive  of  delay,  of  an  upgravatioii 
of  expense,  and  an  encouragement  to  fraud  I" — {Hej\  p  S.) 

The  sale  of  coal  by  weight,  and  the  abolition  of  the  iiietage  system,  have  undoubtedly  eruilicated 
lonio  of  the  more  flagrant  abuses  that  infected  the  trade.  Itiil  iho  Ktati'inenrs  now  laid  before  tliti 
ri-ader  sliow  that  there  are  other  departments  that  require  to  be  Ihorouihly  evamined.  'I'lieexorhiiancy 
of  the  existing  charges  for  the  delivery  of  coal  from  the  ships  to  the  wharf,  anil  for  carting,  shooting, 
&r.  demand  that  nothing  should  be  left  untried  that  may  have  any  cliuiic"  of  contrihutiiig  to  their 
etr.'itiial  ri'duclion. 

Keiriilalinvs  cis  In  Sale  in  f.ovdnrt.—K  seller's  ticket  is  to  accompany  all  coal  sold  within  the  city  nf 
Loniliin  and  its  environs,  specifying  the  species  of  coal,  anil  the  niiniher  of  sacks  and  weight  of  i  oal 
S'lit.  'I'lii!  co-.ils  mav  be  either  in  bags  contaitiing  1  or  2  cwt  .  or  in  hulk.  The  caroi'm  is  in  all  ca^es 
liiii'id  to  I  iirrv  a  weighing  machine  with  the  coal,  which  machine  is  to  be  m;ide  conformably  to  renu- 

Vol.  I.— 3  H  46 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)873-4503 


362 


COAL. 


'    ll 


m 


latlon,  and,  upon  being  desired,  he  ta  to  weigh  anyone  inck, or  the  whole  lacki  In  Ms  wannr. 
Pennlty  on  refusing  to  weigh,  or  otlierwise  ohstriicting  the  weighing,  20/.  Ptiniilty  on  non-delivery 
of  tiuket  to  piirch.istr,  20/.  In  the  event  of  the  weight  being  deficient,  a  penalty  is  impneed  nf  loj. 
or  .'^0/.,  nccnrding  to  deficiency.  Quantities  of  leas  than  560  lbs.  may  be  sold  without  being  weighed.— 
(Its  Hill.  4.  c.  76.) 

In  order  to  save  trouble  in  collecting  the  duties  that  still  attach  to  coal  in  tho  port  of  London,  the 
corporation  is  authorised  to  conipiiiind  with  the  owner  or  muster  nf  any  ship  or  vessel  iniportiiiK  coal, 
for  tlie  tonnaec  upon  which  the  duties  are  to  he  pnid.  A  certificate  of  such  composition,  expressing 
the  number  of  tons  of  coal,  cinders,  or  culm,  agreed  to  be  taken  as  the  careo  of  the  vliipor  vessel  roin- 
poniided  for,  is  to  be  given  to  the  master  or  owner  of  the  same,  and  to  be  taken  as  evidence  of  the 
quantity  on  hoard. 

When  no  composition  is  entered  into,  the  coal  is  to  be  weighed  in  the  prexcnce  nf  an  officer  of  the 
ciistnnm  at  the  port  of  uliipment ;  and  the  duties  are  tn  be  paid  upnn  the  weight  so  sliipped. 

The  shipment  of  coal  in  the  Tyne  is  at  present  regulated  by  the  act  5  Geo.  4.  c.  72.,  cnnimonly  called 
the  Turn  .Act.  The  object  of  this  act  is  to  make  all  ships  engaged  in  the  trade  of  the  Tyne  be  loaded 
in  the  order  in  which  they  arrive.  It  prevents  any  preference  being  piven  to  particular  shipx  ;  nnd 
renders  it  nearly  impossible  for  any  coal  owner  to  give  constant  employment  tn  any  vessel  in  the 
trade  which  he  may  wisli  to  employ.  In  some  respects  this  act  is  probuhly  uilvantageous,  hut,  on  the 
whole,  its  policy  seems  very  questionable.  Why  should  a  cnul  owner  lie  prevented  from  em|iloyin;{ 
certain  ships  in  preference  to  others  f  Under  tliia  act,  if  mnre  ships  engage  in  the  trade  than  can  be 
profitably  employed  in  it,  the  loss  produced  by  detention  in  port,  and  wailing  for  a  carsn,  instead 
of  fulling,  as  it  naturally  woulil,  were  the  trade  free,  on  particular  ships,  and  driving  tliein  from  the 
business,  fulls  equally  on  every  ship  employed,  and  depresses  the  whide  trade.  There  is  no  regula- 
tion of  this  sort  in  the  Wear. 

Kxpiirtation  of  C<i«/.— For  a  considerable  number  of  years  past  a  duty  nf  17»,  6rf.  a  chaldron  was  laid 
on  all  large,  nnd  of  is.  6d.  a  chaldron  on  all  small  coul  exported.  The  first  of  these  duties  is  quite  ex- 
cessive ;  and  is  not  to  he  vindicasud,  unless  the  policy  of  preventing  the  expnrtiitiiin  of  coul  were  ad- 
mitted. Inasmuch,  however,  ns  small  coal  is  the  only  species  used  in  manufactories,  no  ground  could 
he  assigned  for  prohibiting  the  o^|iortation  of  round  coal,  except  the  risk  of  exhausting  the  uiincji. 
But  tlie  statements  previously  made  show  the  futility  of  this  apprehension.  There  cannot,  therefore, 
he  any  reasonable  doubt  as  to  the  policy  of  the  reduction  thut  has  recently  been  made  in  the  duty  ou 
larse  coal  eximrtcd.  We  believe,  indeed,  that  It  might  have  been  carried  a  good  deal  further,  with 
advantage  to  tho  revenue  nnd  to  all  parties.— (For  the  existing  duties  on  coal  exported,  see  Tahifp.) 

Price  of  Coal.—1'he  following  is  an  account  of  tlie  contract  price  of  coal  supplied  to  Greenwich 
Hospital  in  tho  undermentioned  years  : — 


Van. 

Pl 

r  ChaMron. 

Tears. 

Per  CliaHmn. 

Ynra. 

Per  Ctijl.tron. 

£ 

(.         d. 

je     t.     d. 

£       8.       d. 

1730 

4       6 

1785 

1      14       2| 

1894 

2       3       8 

17.t5 

S       0 

1790 

I      14       4| 

1825 

2       3       2 

1740 

9       0 

1795 

1      19       9 

1826 

2       0       4 

1745 

10       0 

1800 

9      11        7 

1827 

2        I       5i 

1750 

7       7t 

1805 

3      11        8) 

1828 

2       0       8i 

1755 

8       "H 

1810 

3       0       8 

1829 

1      16       7 

1760 

12       8 

1815 

3      15       6f 

I8,W 

1      12      11 

1765 

12       4i 

18iO 

3       9       9 

1831 

I        7       0 

1770 

9       H 

1821 

2       6       6 

1832 

1        4       3 

1775 

10      lU 

1822 

3       4       6i 

1780 

IV        3» 

1823 

2       6       7 

(Pee  art.  PnicEs.) 

This  table  sets  the  beneficial  influence  of  the  abolition  of  the  duty  on  coals,  and  of  the  other  altera- 
tions that  have  been  made  in  the  inanagenient  of  the  trade,  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view. 

tmpnrta  of  Coal  into  London,  and  public  Duties  thereon  —The  following  table  shows  the  quantity  of 
coal  and  culm  (small  coal)  imported  into  London  during  each  of  tlie  7  vears  ending  with  1832,  the 
public  duties  charged  on  the  same,  and  the  produce  of  the  duties.— (Par/.  'Paper,  No.  197.  Sess.  1833.) 


Coals,  Cioden,  and  Culm,  imported  into  the  Port  of  London* 

Years. 

Total  Quantily  Imported,              1 

Ratei  of  Public  Dulles  char^  on  Importation 

Produce  of  llie 
Uulics. 

Ktaled  in 
Cll.ll  Irom. 

Sla'ed  in  Tons,  allowln? 
25  1.2  cnt.  to  the  Clia  dnin, 
\ki  Will.  4.1.76.1.  44. 

1S27 
18« 
1S29 

l8,;o 

1831 
1832 

1,600,229 
1,470.331 
1,537.691 
l.-WS-.^il  1 
1,6.30,804 
l.fiOl.l.ll 
l.fl77,7flS 

2,010,291 

1,882,321 
l,9fi0,.M9 
2,018,075 
2.fl79,275 
2,0I5.2<I2 
2,1.39,078 

'Coals  and  cinders :                                               "I 

Charged  by  measure,  Cs.  per  chaldron. 

Charged  by  weiirht,  is.  per  ton. 

Culm,  6d.  per  chaldron. 

f  Duties  repealed  from  Ist  of  March,  1831,1 

.1     peractl&2Will.  4.  c.  16.                        /. 

£ 

407,8,52 
416,804 
443,217 
4lil,6'i9 
407,716 
40,7!'2 

Account  nf  the  various  Local  or  Municipal  Duties  charged  on  Coals  imported  into  the  Port  of  London 
sinie  1825;  specifying  such  Duties  in  detail,  the  Kate  of  each,  and  the  Amount  of  Duty  aniintilly 
produced  by  each.— (/»ur/.  Paper,  No.  296.  Bess.  1833.) 


Y.an. 
~1820 

Description  of  Duties. 

Ri'e  of  each  Duly. 

Anni>.il  Prfflliice  of 
each  Duty, 

Duty  on  coals  delivered  in  tho  year  ending  5th  of  .lanunry. 
1827.  pursuant  to  the  net  of  the  5th  &  Otiiof  Will,  fc  Mary, 
c.  10.,  fur  the  relief  nf  the  orphans  and  <ither  creditors  of 
the  city  fif  Loiolon,  nnd  continued  by  various  ai  ts  of  par- 
liiinient  for  etrectiiig  public  works  -           .           .           . 

Additional  inet:ige  duty,  pursuant  to  the  said  net  if  5  &  6 
W.  &  M.  and  applicable  to  the  purposes  of  the  said  or- 
phans' fund           -...«. 

6(/.  per  chaid."! 
id.  per  cliald.J 

Jt'        s.  d. 
65,548    3    5 

1627    \tl< 


1628  1 

iNiU   I 

18110 
18S1 
1832  lent 


1827 
IS-iS 
1IJ2» 
18311 
1831 


1820 

I  1827 
182S 
1820 
1830 
1831 
1832 


1820 


1S27 

1*28 

182« 

1830 

ISHI 

1832  IC 

l82ti  IF 


1827 
lS2-i 
1S2'.1 
1830 
I  1831 
I  1332 


ChiMron. 

». 

d. 

a 

8 

3 

2 

0 

4 

1 

Si 

0 

H 

0 

7 

2 

n 

7 

0 

4 

3 

'f. 

PnicEs.) 

COAL. 


Table  of  Dutiea  on  CovlI.— continued. 


Vnn. 


1B27 


1828 
IS2tf 
18:10 
1831 
18:i-i 


IS26 

1S27 
]Sii 

\m 

1»3I) 
1831 

1832 


18-20 

1827 
I8-2S 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 


1820 


1827 

1828 
1820 

ls:io 

1S31 
1832 
182U 


1827 
]82-i 

i8a!i 

18H0 

1831 

I  1832 


Docriptlon  of  Dnlio, 


Rata  of  each  Duly. 


.Vtlditinnal  metage  duty,  pursuant  to  the  said  act  of  5  &  Oi 
W.  &  M.  and  applicable  to  the  purpovei  of  the  said 
orphans'  fund        ..---- 
Ditto    .-..--- 

Ditto 

Ditto    ------- 

Ditto  ---.--- 
Cnmmut.itlon  pursuant  to  the  act  of  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.  for 
the  said  duties  of  6d.  and  id.  per  chaldron,  continued  hy 
llie  act  of  10  Geo.  4.  c.  136.  for  mailing  the  approaches  to 
London  Rridge  ..-.-- 
Duty  charged  by  43  Geo.  3.  c.  134.  for  establishing  a  market 
ill  tlie  city  of  London  for  the  sale  of  coals 

Ditto 

Ditto     -.-.-.- 
Ditto    ------- 

Ditto 

Ditto  including  267Z.  8».  6Jd.  for  duty  on  coals  import- 
ed in  1831,  but  delivered  in  1832     - 
Continued  by  the  act  of  the  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  said  ninrlcet,  and  for  paying  tlieconipeiisutions 
of  the  land  coal-meters  of  London,    Westminster,  and 
Middlesex,  for  the  abolition  of  tlieir  offices 
Duty  payable  to  the  corporation  of  the  city  uf  London,  for 
nietiigi!        ------- 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Ditto    ------- 

Ditto     ------- 

Ditto     ------- 

Comnintation  for  the  said  duty  of  4d.  per  chaldron,  water 
biiilliagc  and  groundage  of  coiils,  and  fees  to  Lord  Mayor 
on  permit,  &c.  pursuant  to  the  act  of  the  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c 
76.,  chargeable  with  the  compensations  to  the  clerks, 
officers,  and  deputy  sea-coal  meters,  fur  the  abolition  uf 
their  places  by  the  said  act  -  - 

Duty  of  water-bailliage  on  coals  and  groundage  of  colliers, 
payable  to  the  corporation  of  London  by  non-freemen 
only 

Ditto    ------- 

Ditto    ------- 

Ditto    ------- 

Ditto    ------- 

Ditto     .------ 

Commuted  by  said  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.,  as  before  stated 

Fees  payable'  to  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  for  permit  and 

registering  certificates  of  the  quantity  and  quality  of  coals, 

pursuant  to  the  act  9  Anne,  c.  28. 

Ditto    -  .  -  -  -  - 

Ditto    ------ 

Ditto    -  -  -  .         -  . 

Ditto    ------ 

Ditto    ------ 

Commuted  under  the  said  act  1  &  3  Will.  4.  c.  76.,  as  before 
mentioned.  .  .  -  .  . 


id.  per  chald. 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


Sd.  per  ton 

li.  per  chald. 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 

ditto 


III.  per  ton 

id.  per  chald. 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


id.  per  ton 
'ill.  per  Neiv-' 
castle.nr  dou- 
ble clinld.  and 
hd.  per  ship 
groundage 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 


U.  6rf.  per  ship 
ditto 
ditti> 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


Annual  rro:luce  of 
eicn  Duly. 

59,292    9    9 
63,211  11    r 
05,029  14  10 
6fi,0S9  10  11 
65,304  15    6 

71,020 

5 

4 

6.619    8  10} 
B,n!tl  18    2J 
6,(72  15     U 
0,031)  18     5  J 
6,785    9  11 

6,865 

S 

Oi 

8,877 

10 

8 

26,624    1    4 
21,367  12  11 
25,S93  13  11 
W,^M  13  10 
27.111  19    5 
26,390  14    0 

35,510 

S 

8 

999    4 

7i 

003  11 

3\ 

912  11 

9 

<K»0    2 

5 

,oin   6 

3* 

991  15 

0* 

Nil. 

517  11 

6 

407  16 

0 

495  19 

0 

515  13 

6 

521  19 

0 

481  14 

6 

Nil. 

a.  d. 


JVotc.—The  act  of  the  47  Geo.  3.  c.  68.  (repealed  by  the  act  1  &  2  WIH  I.  c.  76.),  imposed  a  duty  of 
6r;  ptT  iliiililrnn  on  all  coals  sold  by  wharf  measure,  and  Is.  per  5  chiildn.ns,  sold  by  ihihI  nieaanre  ; 
but  tlie  ciirporatinn  of  London  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  iiniciimt  nf  thuse  dutiea  paid  in 
tlw  districts  of  Westminster,  Middlesex,  and  Snrrt^y.— Guildlnill,  15ili  of  Miy,  1833. 

It  appears  from  (his  account,  that  the  various  local  and  municipal  duties  cliarjeil  on  cnal  in  the  port 
nf  I.nndoii  in  1S32,  amounted  to  I15,407f.  18s.  8irf.,  being  at  tlie  rate  ofiihoiit  l,--.  IJrf.  per  cbalilron  on  tht 
cnal  iijipnrted  that  year.  Were  these  duties  wholly  abolijihed,  or  coiiiiiiiiteil  for  some  otiier  lax,  and 
nil  rHi;Mluli()iis  us  to  the  unloading  nf  ships  in  the  river,  with  llie  exception  of  those  necessary  to  pre- 
serve order,  swept  off,  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  price  of  coal  would  be  materially  reduced. 

(We  are  glad  to  have  to  state,  that  the  duty  on  coal  exported  in  English  ships  is  repealed 
anJ  that  the  duty  on  all  descriptions  of  coal  ex[)orted  in  foroi^rii  ships  is  reduced  to  4.9.  a  ton 
The  increased  *!xportation  of  coal  this  measure  has  occasioned  cannot  fail  of  being  highly 
advantageous.  Ships,  that  might  otherwise  have  had  to  go  out  in  hallast,  have  now  an  op- 
pDrtiiiiity  of  taking  with  them  what  i\iay  prove  a  prufituble  cargo,  at  the  same  time  that  the 
cost  of  conveying  the  mineral  abroad  operates  as  a  premium  in  favour  of  our  own  manufac- 
liiiea,  The  fact,  too,  that  there  is,  in  South  V\'ales  alone,  a  supply  of  coal  sullk-ient  to  meet 
the  present  demand  of  the  empire  for  more  than  2,00(1  ye.irn;  Bhows  the  futility  of  imatnning 
that  the  measure  can  bo  injurious,  by  its  hastening  the  exhaustion  of  the  nunes. — Siij),) 


864 


COAL. 


I      .1 


Sob 


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n;  pivis  vs|M 

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in  e«  e<  an  >o  t- »i « 


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^i-^o  (-^"^S  o  t- o  ■*• 
^^  of  OOCQ  fff  to  ofcQ  cf 


GO  —  « 


M         ^  -^  •^  Tf  •<)•  u 


SSSS 

<e  *  i*« 


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fl*  _  M  fj  ^  *< 

O^-r '^00 

31  31  Ci  05 


38; 


OD  :C  — 

«o  n-  ^ 

«  ©' cT  cT (C  <-«' o"  c*r  si" -^ 
^1  ^  rt -H      ^^^eii-i©i 


•^  in  ©•  as 

QD  —  '.-J  M 

•^  "S-  CO  O 


li^  w  »- 


FN  CO  CO  f^ 


I      I      I   fNCO  CO' 

III     -.-ef 


ft-^O-^eo  —  —  T-'ciS 

•O^  r--^ to  Ol^  M^ »_ 3D  K,  5*^ O^ 

«(*  gT  yf  to  CO » -Tar  I  J" '^"{^ 
»rj  cv  >.-)  ( -  I-  -^  :2  o  5  CO 
eoeoc^cococococoeoro 


2R  S  5  ?|  -M  io  l'-^  O  00^  31^ 
(D  oT  ^  ■^'o^'^sr  as^'B*'  tT 
trt«^i?sdtO'rtco»3j 


qocpoo^O)'^Wt^i)»o 

QOQt*SC^|--.rO  —  — 'CO 

?)  a*  w  ©»  00^  "O  ^  CO  fo^oi 
irt  —  co  —  ('-d-c?5:to 

^Ol^l'^X^CO  CO  cc  t^'S^^'O 
CO  CO  CO  CO  "1  ■■  ^' ^ 


•*  ^  5P  CO  'I 
CO  —  c»  >c*» 


l^  O  Cft  CO  CitN  «  .O  ©*  W 


»-»L"-0©»<OCO  roir  —  0> 

Iff  X  coo 
C«  l^  O  i-. 


»c  of  <o -^cf  1  "^eo  ao"  3"^  cT 

O  (M  O  O  I-  T)  C*  55  CO  jQ 

— t  -I^C*  M  <0  "O  tO^t^  »'^'ft, 
C»  C«  M  C^' «  cf  «"  of  cf  cf 


-•  t  I-  o>  CO  CO  <S  »n  r-  (■» 

O  O  3;  O  OD^Cl^t'^co  Cl^rj*^ 

00 1-^  e*f  i-T -^r  hT  oT  i>r  Iff  tr> 
Meotocico-rcowoo>-t« 
n*  -**  f  ***  "0  o  o  io  «n  o 


cc  X  r,  /:  X  Tj  X  X  X  00 


ill 

Ifil 


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II 


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1-5  S 

U-rt 


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& 


l«^  FN  C0 10  te  m  CO  h- to  b. 

355 »-  fr-  o»  ei  OS  CO  X  »i", 
.^  S  !"•  t:  ♦::  «  55  O"-  -•  d 

r^oi  N  w  o  ^o  ^3  m  r^  S 

cuo  ■^ooror-^co'n»'.''-jr 


,^FNO>^«otagoaoco« 
tBt*eoeo^tftto-N|^o6»o 

*j  i/>  eo^oi  t\9  X  -T  m  —  Tt« 


•091b*OC4—4tO<rt<01XFN 

S^»0«»OX3HCM 

co>C(x»0(Oxc:  x3i© 


(J  !-  tC  3>  (J 

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L— »aooix  01 


O-f  O  JDtO 


Si  -O  •*  s « 
—  i-  i?s  CO  a 


^ -fl^  1^  V « "o  «o  o"  »o  ifl 


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■"  ©  Oi  O*  n?  r~  "~ 


•-NQ«i3l9eO©t^X0» 


OkOoototQiomoxti 

li^— *  —  C5  —  Ol'I'fl 
<-«(?»  (M  O  O  I-  C»  TT 


C«»0  —  '-CNCOtPCOO— « 

(^  ..-.  c>  "n«  IN  (N  c»  r-  *-;  -:: 

eoQO-^  — eo»r:'»*toc»o 


l-iOOXOCOtOOXCO 


c-i"  c^' -^  co"  I -T  itT -^  —  ^r  « 

Q  —  tpCOOl  —  to  —  C-t 

ifi  x  w  ("^c  o  o  T*^  j::  31^ 
c*  cT  «f  ©f  eo  CO  CO  eo' c*  cf 


©1  to  —  'O  Ol  <0  fm  CI  CO  to 

rocor-cJi-xocJO-o 

1-.  LT  to  •*  *n  I-  in  ff*  -f  » 


<e»o©icoxot'*nxtn 
*  in  X  -^  —  x  CO  —  '^  X 

CO  cf  rTtp  Q  CO  I-"-- CM' 
—  I'.c^iScScocox®!;; 

to  to  (O  to  {^  io  i^  Qo  X  a> 


OiQ  —  C»CO--«tn(fit-X 
<— CICI'flCICIClCJC'C* 

IX  'J-  X  X  T  X  X  X  r  « 


COAL. 


CC(r  tB.1-!<o 

^  »c  <o  »-«T» 

[The  great  coal  field  of  the  United  Statei  is  rituated  west  of  the  Alleghany  ridge  of  moun- 
taiiw,  which  conBtitutes  its  eastern  boundary  from  the  county  of  Bradford,  in  Pennsylvania, 
through  that  State,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  This  boundary  line  then  bends  towards  the 
west,  through  Tennessee,  and  into  the  State  of  Alabama ;  coal  being  found  as  far  south 
ga  the  neighbourhood  of  Tuscaloosa.  Its  western  boundary  passes  from  Pennsylvania 
into  Ohio  near  the  town  of  Sharon,  and  enters  Kentucky  near  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Sandy 
river ;  whence  it  proceeds  into  Tennessee,  in  the  direction  of  the  town  of  Irvine,  and  of  the 
point  where  the  Cumberland  river  intersects  the  boundary  line  between  the  two  last  men- 
tioned States.    The  coal  in  this  field  is  of  a  bituminous  character. 

Abundance  of  bituminous  coal  has  been  recently  found  in  the  States  of  Indiana,  Illinois, 
and  Missouri,  which  no  doubt  belong^  to  one  extensive  coal  field.  It  has  been  noticed  par- 
ticularly in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  a  very  important  position. 

On  Uie  Raystown  Inranch  of  the  Juniata  there  is  a  small  bituminous  coal  field,  which  is 
likely  to  become  important  in  a  commercial  point  uf  view ;  and  the  same  description  of 
coal  has  been  lately  found  in  Dauphin  county,  near  Harrisburg,  being  at  the  western  termi- 
nation of  the  Pottsville  or  Schuylkill  field  of  anthracite  coal. 

But  the  most  important  of  the  smaller  bituminous  coal  fields  is  that  lying  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Henrico,  Goochland,  Chesterfield,  Prince  Edward,  and  Cumberland,  in  the  State  of 
Virginia.  A  considerable  amount  of  capital  has  been  here  invested  within  a  few  years,  in 
mining  and  conveying  the  coal  to  market.  Previous  to  1820,  it  is  said  that  the  whole  ex- 
port of  it  from  Virginia  to  the  northern  ports  of  the  Union  did  not  exceed  500,000  bushels. 
"In  the  year  1835,  the  amount  exported  from  Richmond  to  diflbrent  ports  of  the  United 
States  had  attained  to  about  3,600,000  bushels,  with  a  supply  to  the  home  market  of  nearly 
a  million  of  bushels." 

"The  bituminous  coals  are  more  particularly  designed  for  manufacturing  purposes.  The 
veins  are  generally  found  in  positions  nearly  horizontal,  and  in  parallel  strata.  The  close- 
burning  Bpedea  is  the  kind  which  melts,  and  forms  a  crust,  or  what  smiths  call  a  hollow  fire, 
and  emits  a  bituminous  smell.  The  open-burning  kind  produces  an  extensive  flame,  which 
passes  freely  through  the  coals,  and  emits  little  or  no  bituminous  smell  when  burnt  in  a 
grate." 

Even  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  where  the  anthracite  coal  is  to  be  found  most  abun- 
dantly, the  anthracite  coal  districts  are  of  very  limited  extent,  in  comparison  to  that  of  the 
bituminous  districts.  These  were  estimated  by  Mr.  Packer,  in  his  report  to  the  Senate  of 
the  State,  in  1834,  on  the  subject  of  the  coal  trade,  to  consist  respectively  of  624,000  and 
13,410,000  acres.  From  the  peculiar  situation,  however,  of  the  anthracite  coal  districts  so 
near  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  rapidly  increasing  rate  with  which  their  product  has  been 
brought  into  market,  as  well  as  the  extraordinary  enterprise  of  the  parties  who  have  invested 
their  capitals  in  them,  they  have  become  an  object  of  especial  interest  to  the  community  ; 
for  which  reason  we  shall  now  throw  together  some  of  the  most  important  facts  wo  have 
been  able  to  collect  concerning  them  and  the  trade  to  which  they  have  given  origin. 

The  anthracite  coal  fields  under  consideration  are  three  in  number,  averaging  about  65 
mile  in  length  and  6  miles  in  width.  The  first,  or  southrrn,  or  Schuylkill  field,  includes  (he 
Lehigh,  Little  Schuylkill,  Schuylkill,  Swatara,  and  Dauphin  dii'cricts.  The  second  comprises 
the  Beaver  Meadow,  Shamokin,  and  Mahanoy  districts.  The  third,  or  northern,  includes  the 
Lackawanna,  and  Wilkesbarre  or  Susquehanna  distiictf!.  "Each  of  these  fields  forms  a 
long  elliptical  basin,  with  a  well  defined  border  of  r<>d  siiale,  and  surrounded  by  a  barrier  of 
long  and  sharp  mountain  ridges.  Two  of  these  fields,  iV.e  first  and  the  second,  run  side 
by  side,  ranging  a  little  north  of  east ;  the  remaining  one  is  somewhat  apart  from  them,  and 
has  a  more  northerly  direction." 

Of  the  above  mentioned  districts,  the  most  important,  at  the  present  time,  are  the  Schuyl- 
kill, Lehigh,  Beaver  Meadow,  and  Lackawanna.  The  Shamokin  district  is  just  opening,  and 
will  soon  take  a  station  among  the  first  in  the  quality  of  its  coal  and  extent  of  its  products. 
The  first  field  is  remarkable  from  its  containing  Red  Ash  coal,  which  is  supposed  to  exist  in 
none  of  the  others  to  any  extent.  This  coal  is  easily  ignited,  bums  freely,  and  its  residuum 
is  more  ponderous  than  that  of  the  White  Ash.  It  occupies  nearly  two-thirds  of  this  field. 
The  White  Ash  produces  a  more  intense  heat,  and  leaves  less  residuum  than  the  lied  Ash. 
It  is  free  from  what  are  called  clinkers,  which  a  white  heat  produces  in  all  the  Red  Ash 
coals.  On  these  accounts  it  is  better  suited  for  stoves,  and  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
This  is  the  product  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  first  or  Schuylkill,  as  well  as  of  the  other 
two  fields. 

The  consumption  of  anthracite  coal  is  rapidly  increasing.  It  is  superseding  all  other 
kinds  of  fuel  in  a  considerable  part  of  this  country  for  almost  every  purpose.  It  is  now  very 
generally  used  for  domestic  purposes  upon  the  seaboard.  In  stutionary  steam  engines  it  is 
now  a  common  fuel ;  and  in  locomotives  it  is  every  day  becoming  more  general.  During 
the  last  year  it  has  been  cffectunlly  introduced  into  steamboats.  It  is  the  common  fuel  in 
the  curI  regions  for  blacksmith's  forges,  in  preference  to  any  other.  And  it  has  lately  been 
2u8 


p' 'iUiii 


!;'?:.»« 


r  ii!ii. 


!|  m 


306 


COAL. 


introduced  with  aucccm  in  the  manufacture  of  iron ;  in  Wales  on  t  large  scale ;  in  thia 
country  on  a  scale  sufficient  to  prove  its  economy. 

It  may  Ihs  fair  to  put  the  saving  ia  the  use  of  anthracite  coal,  instead  of  wood,  as  high  as 
fifty  per  cent. 

The  progressive  consumption  of  anthracite  coal,  for  the  first  fifteen  years  after  its  intro. 
duction  i'<to  use,  was  quite  extraordinary,  amounting  to  about  33  |)er  cent,  per  annum.  For 
the  last  3  years  the  increase  has  been  only  about  16  per  cent  per  annum.  About  830,000 
tons  were  consumed  in  1838.  As  our  forests,  too,  diaap()ear,  and  as  the  demand  for  timber 
for  building  purposes  increases,  the  consumption  of  coal  must  also  increase ;  and  the  ponod 
is  fast  approaching  when  its  importance  to  us  may  not  be  less  than  is  that  of  the  collieriea 
of  England  to  her. 

Before  the  year  1820,  the  anthracite  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania  were  entirely  unworked. 
The  quantity  brought  to  market  from  that  time  to  the  present  is  exhibited  below  in  a  tabular 
form. 

QuantitleB  of  Anthracile  shipped  frnm  tho  minns. 


llylheCnlnn 

Te»ni. 

LeblKfa. 

'<cbuTlkUI. 

ntDiiA. 

Tota'i. 

Voan. 

Uhjgh. 

Schuylkill, 

I><ckiwiuin«. 

i  a  till,  r  oil) 
Iho  I'iuo- 

3:,imokiD. 

Tol,k 

Ton». 

Torn. 

Tans. 

To,<t. 

Timt, 

Tim. 

T.m. 

Tom. 

Tmi. 

Ti.TU. 

7'oiii. 

1830 

305 

— 

— 

305 

1830 

42,790      8!»,(t8» 

43,000 

— 

175,774 

\»il 

1,073 

— 

« 

1.073 

1831 

41,08.V      81,851 

S4,0iH) 



. — 

17li.!B9 

IHtl 

3,211) 

— 

— 

2,210 

1833 

80,000    209,'i71 

84,000 

— 

— 

373,87/ 

1823 

5,623 

— 

— 

5,823 

1833 

12.1,000    250,.58-J 

112,000 

2,383 

— 

487,971 

1824 

9,541 

— 

— 

0.541 

1834 

l(Ki,2H    221,212 

47,700 

2,t:-o 

— 

.3fn,(i;i() 

1825 

28,393 

ti,5m) 

— 

31,MJ3 

183.»     131,250     .3.34.872 

flO.CKiO 

5,200 

— 

.W!.n(i'< 

1820 

31,280 

10,707 

— 

48,047 

1830  :140,.'-.n2    432,015 

100,270 

11,70!) 

— 

fi',)fi,,'.25 

1827 

32,070 

31,.300 

— 

03,430 

1837    2a3,!in2    523,1.12 

115,387 

13,098 

— 

871,531) 

1S«28 

30,2,32 

47,284 

— 

77,516 

1838    212,831    433,875 

76,321 

13,809 

3,740 

727,5y2 

1S29 

25,110 

7i),<J73 

7,000  112,083 

1 

The  country  nlong  tho  North  Brnnch  of  thn  Siiaquchanna  is  supplied  with  coal  from  the  WiUMjs- 
barrc  district,  of  which  no  account  is  talten  above. 

General  Statement  of  the  whole  Anthracite  Coal  business. 


Yean. 

ToMl  reMlpti  at 
tide  wMlcr. 

On  hiiu)  al  tide  water 

A)iril  lit,beiiiifsurp!iis 

over  consuniptiun. 

On  h-inl,  aiKt  bromhl 

dort'ii  duriijg  Itle 

yeir. 

Consumed  of  all  kinds 

in  ye,ir priding 

April  l.'illi. 

Atinu-il  iticreueof 
consuiiip-iou. 

Tojn 

Tons. 

Tons. 

I'lmi. 

Tuns. 

1820 

365 

__         r 

365 

.365 

1821 

1,073 



1,073 

1,073 

708 

1.^22 

8,210 



2,210 

2.240 

1,107 

1823 

S,823 

— 

5,823 

6,82.3 

3,,5S3 

1824 

9..M1 

— 

9.511 

9,541 

3,718 

182.5 

.34,893 

— 

31,893 

34,893- 

S5.3')2 

1820 

"48,017 

— 

■48,017 

•43,017 

8,154 

1827 

63,1,30 

S,000 

08, 130 

60.430 

17,:iS3 

1828 

77,516 

8,000 

85,516 

73.510 

13.086 

1829 

113,083 

13.000 

121,083 

100,083 

32.,')()7 

18.30 

175.774 

18,000 

19,1.774 

13.1.774 

27.691 

1831 

170,9.39 

60,000 

230,939 

210,9.19 

101,165 

18.33 

373,871 

— 

37.1.871 

313,871 

76,932 

1833 

487,971 

60,000 

647,971 

427,971 

114,100 

18.'!4 

3.-0,0.10 

13fl,0'IO 

.500,030 

42l),820 

2,t,lfl* 

1835 

562,008 

79,816 

611,824 

6tl.S21 

221,001 

1836 

696,525 

— 

096.52:. 

6I6,.525 

4,701 

1837 

874,539 

60,000 

»2l,.M9 

724,539 

78,014 

1H38 

727,582 

200.000 

927,583 

827,582 

103,013 

♦  Decrease. 

We  subjoin  the  following  Statement  of  the  Retail  prices  diirine  a  serins  of  Years,  for  Unbroken  Coal 
delivered  in  I'hiladelpliia,  pur  ton  of  22U)  pounds. 


Yean. 

I.«h!<h, 
(White  Aih.) 

Schuvlklll. 
(Hoi  Ash.) 

Yean. 

L.-lii|!ll. 
(While   .*th) 

SrliDy'liill. 
(He.l  Ash.) 

1820 

#8  40 

1830 

«0.50 

#0  50 

1831 

8  40 

1S31 

6  00 

5  00  a  10  00 

1823 

8  40 

, 

I8::2 

0  00  a  6  50 

6.50a    7  50 

1823 

8  40 

18.13 

6  00 

6  .',0 

1824 

7  33 

■  .           ! 

1834 

4  75  n  5  25 

6  25 

182.5 

7  3.3 

1835 

4  75  H  5  25 

5  25  a    6  00 

1S26 

7.33 

IHIft 

0  -25  11  0  50 

6(j0!i    8.'-)0 

1       1827 

7  00 

#0  50 

1837 

5  75 

O.'.Ou    9f0 

1838 

6  50 

700 

1838 

6  25  a  0  75 

6  50  a   7  00 

!       1830 

650 

650a750 

. _-. 

Hitherto  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania  have  presented  almost  the  exclusive  source 
whence  anthracite  coal  is  procurable  in  the  United  States.  The  explorations  lately  made  in 
Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  have  met  with  Utile  or  no  success ;  the  coal  procured  ap- 
iicaring  to  be  of  an  inferior  quality. 


'*         COAL. 


867 


c  scale;  in  thi, 
ooJ.  as  high  as 

after  its  intm. 

■  onnum.  For 
About  830,000 
"I'l  for  timlicr 
and  the  pe.-ind 
f  thi!  collieries 

■cly  urjworked. 
»w  in  a  tabular 


mokin.     Totjli. 

^ 

I     7t»i«. 
I    ^5,774 

37;i,S7/ 

3f(l,fi;(0 
M-.'.nns 

fi!Ki,,'i85 


,7-16 


im  tlie  VViUtos. 


invnl  increiieof 
conaunip'idu, 

Tms. 

7(W 
1,167 
3,5SS 
3,7  IH 

8,i;j4 
I7.:is;i 
I3,nS6 

27,601 
I0:i,165 

7fl,!l.'!'3 
114,101) 
2,(.1<I* 
221, on  1 

4,701 

78,014 
KKt.Ol.l 


nbroken  Coal 


iiiy^kill. 
!.l  Ash.) 


In  10  on 
la    750 


a  coo 

;i  8.00 

a  fl.^O 

a  700 


iivo  source 
ly  made  in 
ocurej  ap- 


The  duty  on  coal  imported  into  '.his  country  from  abroad  was  five  cents  per  bushel  from 
17!)4  to  1812 ;  and  it  was  doubled  during  tlie  war.  In  1816,  ader  the  war,  it  was  reduced 
to  five  cents  on  the  heaped  bushel.  It  continued  at  this  rate  until  1824,  when  it  was  raised 
to  six  rents  on  the  heaped  bushel.  And  in  the  year  1833,  the  law,  commonly  rcq;arded 
as  a  (!omproriiiso  of  the  t$riflf  question,  provided  fur  the  limited  continuance,  and  for  the 
reduction  of  this,  in  common  with  other  duties. 

The  average  amount  of  the  coal  onnually  imported  from  abroad,  that  is  to  say  almost 
altogether  from  Nova  Scotia  and  fiom  Great  Britain,  duritii^  the  four  years  ending  Septem- 
ber 3Uth,  1837,  was  2,750,000  bushels,  valued  at  about  240,000  dollars. 

For  an  account  of  the  quantity  of  coal  exported  from  P/iilitdelphia  ond  Richmond  to 
other  places,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  comparative  statement  of  the  trade  of  our  principal 
ports,  under  the  head  of  Impohts  Ksvt  Expouts. 

Additional  information  concerning  American  coal  may  be  obtained  by  consulting  a  RC' 
port  of  the  Committee  of  the  Senate  of  Pennsylvania  upon  the  mhjed  of  the  Ccal  Trade, 
S,  Y,  Packer,  Chairman,-  an  article  on  the  coal  trade  of  Permsylvania  in  the  42d  volume 
of  the  Nortk  American  Review;  the  reports  on  the  geological  survey  of  this  state,  by  Pro- 
fessor Henry  D.  Rogers;  a  letter  from  I^aac  Lea,  Esq,  to  Nicholas  Diddle,  Exq.  dated  April 
4th,  1838,  and  publisheil  in  the  National  Gazette  of  IMiiladelphia;  &c. — Am.  Ed.] 

COASTING  TRADE,  the  trade  or  intercourse  carried  on  by  sea  between  two  or  more 
ports  or  places  of  the  same  country. 

It  has  been  customary  in  most  countries  to  exclude  foreigners  from  all  participation  in  the 
coasting  trade.  This  policy  began  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  (5  Eliz.  c.  5,),  or, 
perhaps,  at  a  more  remote  era;  and  was  perfected  by  the  acts  of  navigation  passed  in  Kiol 
and  1660.  A  vast  numlier  of  regulations  have  been  since  enacted  at  dilFerent  periods.  The 
existing  rules  with  respect  to  it,  which  have  been  a  good  deal  siiupliGed,  are  embodied  in  the 
act  3  and  4  Will.  4.  c.  53.,  and  are  as  follow : — 

D'finilion  of  Coaaling  Trade.— K\\  trade  by  Bra  from  any  one  pnrt  of  the  United  Kingdom  to  any 
nllwr  part  tlicrnof,  or  from  onn  partol'tlio  iHleof  Miin  to  ni]otlii;r  tliiaeof,  Bimll  lie  dcerncd  to  he  a 
cimtilin)!  trndH,  and  all  Bhip«  while  eiiiploy(<d  tl\t'rcin  Bhnll  he  deoniud  to  lie  coasling  »\\\\m  ;  and  mi  pfirt 
uf  IhB  United  Kingdom,  however  sitiiiited  with  n-gard  to  nny  nlliur  part  llipriiof,  siniil  be  dccnuMt  in 
law,  with  refurcnce  to  each  othfr,  to  be  piirtg  beyond  the  sens  in  uny  matter  relating  to  the  trade  or 
niivijralinn  or  revenue  of  this  realm.—}  10.5. 

Lonla  nf  Treimttry  to  regulate  what  simll  be  deemed  trading  by  fea  under  thin  Jlr.t, — It  shall  he  hiwfnl 
for  tlie  siiid  conimi:isioners  of  his  Majesty's  Irensnry  to  dpterniiiie  imd  direct  in  what  raHca  thi-  trade 
by  water  from  nny  place  on  the  const  of  tlie  Itnhed  Kingdom  to  arollier  of  the  same  shall  or  shall  not 
be  deemed  a  trade  by  sea  within  the  meaning  of  this  act  or  of  any  act  relating  to  the  customs — }  lOfi. 

Coasting  Ship  eovfined  to  eoaating  foyage. — No  goods  shall  bo  carried  in  any  roasting  slilp,  except 
inch  as  shall  lie  luden  to  e  so  carried  at  some  port  or  place  in  the  United  Kingilnin,or  at  some  port  or 
pl:irc  in  the  Isle  of  Man  respectively  ;  and  no  goods  shall  he  liden  on  hoard  nny  ship  to  he  carried 
coastwise  until  all  goods  brought  in  such  ship  from  parts  heyond  the  soas  shall  have  been  unladen  ; 
aad  if  any  goods  shall  he  taken  into  or  put  out  of  nny  coasting  ship  ot  sen  or  over  the  sea,  or  if  any 
coasting  sliip  shall  touch  at  any  place  over  the  sea,  or  deviate  from  hiT  voyage,  unless  forced  liy  un- 
avoiilable  circumstances,  or  if  the  innstcr  of  any  coasting  siiip  which  slinll  have  touched  at  nny 
pl.ice  over  the  sea  shall  not  declare  the  same  in  writing  under  his  hand  to  the  collector  or  comptroller 
nt  the  port  in  the  Vnited  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man  where  such  ship  shull  afterwards  first  arrive, 
tlie  master  of  such  ship  shall  forfeit  tlic  sum  of  200/.— {  107. 

Bforr,  Gamin  be  laden  or  unladen,  JVotke  of  Iiitcniiuv,  i^c  '«  be  given,  and  proper  Documents  to  ismie. — 
Nn  eodds  shnll  be  laden  on  hoard  any  ship  in  nny  port  or  place  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Islo 
of  .Man  to  be  carried  coastwise,  nor  having  been  brought  c<iastwise  sliull  he  unladen  in  any  such  port 
or  place  from  any  ship,  until  duo  notice  in  writing,  signed  tiy  the  master,  shall  have  been  given  to  the 
collector  or  comptroller,  by  the  mnster,  owner,  whartinger,  or  ngnnt  of  such  ship,  of  the  intention  to 
laile  goods  on  board  the  same  to  be  so  carried,  or  of  the  arrival  of  such  ship  with  goods  so  lirouL'ht,  as 
tho  case  may  be,  nor  iinlil  proper  dociiniiMits  shall  have  lieen  granted  us  hereiiiafler  directed  for  the 
h.Vuii;  or  fur  tlie  unlading  of  such  goods;  and  such  goods  shall  not  be  laden  or  utduden  except  at 
such  times  and  places,  and  in  such  manner,  and  by  such  persons,  and  under  the  care  of  such  oflicers, 
as  arc  hereinafter  diri!Cted:  and  all  goods  laden  to  be  so  carried,  or  brought  to  be  so  unladen,  con- 
trary hereto,  shall  be  forfeited. — }  108. 

Particulars  in  JVolicc. — In  such  notice  shall  bo  stnted  the  name  and  toniinge  of  the  ship,  and  the 
name  oftlie  port  to  which  she  belongs, and  the  nnnie  of  the  master.nnd  the  name  of  the  port  to  which 
the  is  bound  or  from  which  she  has  arrived,  and  the  nniiic  or  description  of  the  wharf  or  place  at 
which  her  lading  is  to  be  taken  in  or  discharged,  as  the  case  mny  he  ;  and  such  not  ice  shall  be  signed  by 
thfi  master,  owner,  wharfinger,  or  agent  of  such  sliip,  and  sh.ill  he  entered  in  a  book  to  he  kept  by  the 
collector,  for  the  information  of  nil  parlies  interested  ;  and  every  such  notice  for  the  unlading  ot  nny 
ship  or  vessel  shall  be  delivered  within  21  hours  a'\er  the  arrival  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  under  a 
penalty  of  2IH,  to  be  paid  by  the  master  of  siidi  ship  or  ves^^el ;  and  in  every  such  notice  for  the  lading 
of  any  sliip  or  vessel  simll  be  stated  the  last  voyuL'e  on  which  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  have  arriveJ 
nt  such  port  j  and  if  such  voyage  shall  have  been  from  parts  beyond  the  seas  there  shall  be  produced 
with  such  notice  a  certificate  from  llic  proper  olficer  of  the  discharge  of  all  goods,  if  any,  brought  in 
iuch  ship,  and  of  the  due  clearance  of  such  ship  or  vessel  inwards  of  such  voyage, — i  100. 

From  and  to  Ireland.— Vynm  t'le  arrival  of  any  conslina  ship  at  any  port  in  Oreat  Britain  from  Ire- 
land, or  at  nny  port  in  Ireland  from  (irent  Krilain,  the  master  of  such  ship  shull,  within  24  hours  after 
such  arrival,  attend  and  deliver  such  notice,  signed  by  him,  to  the  collector  or  coinplridlcr ;  and  if  such 
ship  shall  have  on  board  any  goods  subject  on  arrival  to  any  duty  of  excise,  or  any  goods  which  had 
been  imported  from  parts  heyond  the  seas,  the  particulars  of  sinli  goods,  with  the  marks  and  numhera 
of  the  packages  containing  the  game,  sliall  be  set  fortli  in  sni:h  notice  ;  and  if  there  shall  be  no  such 
goods  on  hoard,  then  it  shall  be  declared  in  such  notice  tliat  no  such  good..)  are  on  hoard  ;  and  the 
master  shall  also  answer  any  iiucstions  relating  to  the  voyage  as  shall  be  demanded  of  liiin  by  the 
collector  or  cnmptridler  ;  and  every  master  who  shnll  fail  in  due  time  to  deliver  such  notice,  and  truly 
to  answer  such  questions,  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  100<,--}  110, 

After  Jfulice  given  of  lading,  Collector  may  grant  a  general  Snfferavee. — When  due  notice  shall  have 
liteD  given  to  the  collector  ur  comptrullur  at  the  port  of  lading  of  the  lutcutiou  to  lude  goods  on  board 


m 


'I 


'I,  'M 


t'  \\ 


* 


V  i  ^ 


ha 


m 


868 


COASTING  TRADE. 


•n^  conitlng  ihlp,  inch  cnllcrtnr  or  eomnlroller  ilial)  grant  a  (eneral  luflerAnrc  fnr  tho  laitini  of  gondi 
(withiiMt  apocifyini;  tlie  (utinc)  nn  hnurtl  such  slilp,  ut  tlie  wlinrf  or  pliico  vvliith  Rlinll  bo  expremed  in 
•iirh  tiiiffi'runre  ;  and  hucIi  mfforancc  slinll  Ix-  a  niifflcinnt  nulhorlly  fur  llic  liuliiig  nfiiny  sort  nf  gdoiln 
exrppt  riich,  if  any,  as  elmll  he  expressly  excepted  therein :  prnvidvd  alwayi,  that  before  any  tur> 
feranre  be  granted  for  any  gnodi  prohibited  to  be  exported,  or  luhjert  to  any  eX|Mirt  duty  ntlicr  llian 
any  ad  luiloreia  rinty,  tlio  ninBtcr  or  owner  nf  nny  luch  ahip,  or  tho  ahipper  of  micIi  goodii,  shall  i;iv« 
bond  with  one  sntnclenl  aurely,  in  treble  the  vufiie  of  the  goods,  that  tlie  anme  f>hall  be  landed  at  tlie 
port  for  whirl)  Riiih  BiKTi'rnnrp  ia  required,  or  shall  be  otherwise  accounted  for  to  the  latiaruction of 
thn  ciimniiHalonora  of  ills  Majesty's  ciiatonis. — i  111. 

Mister  nf  Cvaaiin/f  Vessel  to  keep  a  Cargo  Bonk.— The  master  of  every  coasting  ship  sliall  kepp  nr 
cause  to  lie  kept  a  cargo  book  nf  the  same,  stating  the  name  of  the  ship  and  of  the  niaater,  and  ol^the 


t 


irt  to  which  she  belongs,  and  of  tlie  port  to  which  bound  on  each  voyage  ;  and  in  which  hook  hhiII 
0  entered,  at  the  port  of  lading,  an  account  of  all  goods  taken  on  lioard  such  ship,  ataliiig  the  desrrip. 
tioiia  of  the  packages,  aiid  the  iiuiintities  ond  desriiptloiis  of  the  goods  therein,  and  tlie  qunnlltius  and 
descriptions  of  any  gixTlla  stowed  loose,  and  the  names  of  the  respective  shi|i|H>rs  and  consignees,  ni 
fir  »K  any  of  such  particiilnra  shall  be  known  to  him  ;  and  in  which  book,  at  the  port  of  dlsclmrge, 
»linll  bo  noted  the  respective  days  upon  whii'h  any  nf  such  goods  he  delivered  out  of  suth  ahip,  niid 
also  the  respective  times  of  depiirtiire  frniii  the  port  of  lading,  and  of  arrival  at  any  port  of  iiiiliwljng; 
and  surli  master  shall  produce  such  book  for  the  inspection  of  the  coast-waiter  or  other  proper  otiiccr, 
so  oficn  as  the  same  shall  be  demanded,  and  who  sliall  be  at  liberty  to  uiuke  nny  note  or  reniurk 
therein ;  and  if  such  master  shall  fail  correctly  to  keep  such  book,  or  to  produce  the  same,  or  If  at  any 
time  there  be  found  on  lioard  such  ship  any  goods  not  entered  in  the  cargo  hook  as  Inden,  or  any  goods 
noted  IIS  delivered,  or  if  at  any  lime  it  be  found  that  any  goods  entered  as  laden,  or  anv  goods  not  noted 
as  delivered,  be  not  on  board,  the  master  of  such  ship  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  5U/. ;  and  if.'upon  exanilnn- 
lion  at  the  port  of  l:iding,any  package  entered  in  the  cargo  book  as  containiii:-  my  foreign  gouda  elmll 
be  fiund  not  to  contain  such  goods,  such  package,  with  Us  contents,  sliiill  he  forfeited ;  and  if  at 
the  iMirt  of  discharge  any  parkiige  shall  be  found  to  contain  any  foreign  goods  which  are  not  entered 
in  such  book,  such  goods  shall  he  forfeited.— $  113. 

Accounts  of  Foreign  Goods,  ^c.  to  be  delivered  to  Collector.— Before  nny  cop.sting  ship  shall  depart 
from  the  port  of  lading,  nn  account,  together  with  a  duplicate  of  tho  same,  all  fairly  written,  and 
signed  by  tho  master,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  collector  or  comptroller ;  and  In  »uch  account  shall  lie 
set  forthsuch  particulars  as  are  required  to  he  entered  in  tho  cargo  book  of  all  foreign  goods, and  of  all 
poods  subject  to  export  duly  (other  than  any  ad  valorem  duty),  and  of  all  corn,  grain,  meal.  Hour,  or 
malt,  laden  on  hoard,  and  generally,  whether  any  other  British  goods  or  no  other  British  goods  be  ladea 
on  board,  as  the  case  may  hu,  or  whether  such  ship  be  wholly  laden  with  llritish  goods  not  lieing  of 
any  of  the  descriptions  het'oro  mentioned,  as  the  case  may  be ;  and  the  collector  or  comptroller  shnll 
select  and  retain  one  of  such  accounts,  and  shall  return  the  other,dated  and  t^igned  hy  him,  and  noting 
the  clearance  of  the  ship  thereon  ;  and  such  account  shall  be  the  clearance  of  the  ship  for  the  voyage, 
and  the  traiisire  for  the  goods  expressed  therein  ;  and  if  any  such  account  be  false,  or  shall  not  cui- 
rps|)ond  with  tho  cargo  book,  the  master  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  502.—}  113. 

Traitsire  to  be  dclirered  to  Collector. — Before  any  goods  be  unladen  fr(>m  any  masting  ship  at  the  port 
of  discharge,  the  master,  owner,  wharfinger,  or  agent  nf  such  ship  shnll  deliver  the  trniisire  to  the 
collector  or  comptroller  of  auch  port,  who  shall  thereupon  grant  an  order  for  the  unlading  of  such  ship 
at  tho  wharf  or  place  specified  in  such  order :  provided  always,  that  if  any  of  the  goods  on  lionrd  sncti 
shl|)  be  subject  to  any  duty  nf  customs  or  excise  payable  on  arrival  coastwise  at  such  port,  the  muster, 
owner,  wharfinger,  or  agent  of  such  ship,  or  the  consignee  of  such  goods,  shnll  also  deliver  to  the 
collector  or  comptroller  a  bill  of  the  entrjr  of  the  particulars  of  such  goods,  expressed  in  words  at 
length,  together  with  a  copy  thereof,  in  which  all  sums  and  numbers  may  be  expressed  in  figiircB,and 
shall  pay  down  all  duties  of  ciistimis,  or  produce  a  permit  In  respect  of  ail  duties  of  excise,  which 
shall  he  due  and  payable  on  any  of  such  goods,  as  the  case  may  be ;  and  thereupon  the  cidlector  and 
comptroller  shall  grant  an  order  for  the  landing  of  such  goods,  in  the  presence  or  by  the  authority  of 
tho  coast-waiter. — }  1 14. 

Collector  in  certain  Cases  mat/  grant  general  Transire  for  Coasting  Fissels.-lt  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
collector  and  comptroller,  In  tlie  cases  nercln-afVer  mentioned,  to  grant  for  any  coasting  ship  a  general 
transire,  to  continue  In  force  for  any  time  not  exceeding  one  year  from  the  date  thereof,  for  the  lading 
of  any  goods  (except  such  giKnls,  If  any,  as  shall  he  expressly  excepted  therein),  and  for  the  clearance 
of  the  ship  in  which  the  goods  shall  be  laden,  and  for  the  unlading  of  the  goods  at  the  place  of  dis- 
charge  ;  (that  Is  to  say,) 

For  any  ahip  regularly  trading  between  places  in  the  river  Severn  eastward  of  the  Holmes ; 
For  any  ship  reeularly  trading  between  places  In  the  river  Ilumber  ; 
For  any  ship  regularly  trading  between  places  in  the  Frith  of  Forth  ; 
For  any  ship  regularly  trading  between  places  to  be  named  in  the  transire,  and  carrying  only  manure, 

lime,  chalk,  stone,  gravel,  sand,  or  any  earth,  not  being  fullers'  earth : 
Provided  always,  that  such  transire  shall  be  written  in  the  cargo  hook  herein-beforc  required  to  be 
kept  by  the  masters  of  coasting  ships  :  provided  also,  that  if  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  at  any 
lime  revoke  such  transire,  and  notice  thereof  shall  be  given  to  the  master  or  owner  of  the  ship,  or 
shall  be  given  to  any  of  the  crew  when  on  board  the  ship,or«liall  be  entered  in  tlic  cargo  hook  by  any 
ofiicer  of  the  customs,  such  transire  shall  become  void,  and  shall  be  delivered  up  by  the  muster  or 
owner  to  the  collector  or  comptroller.—}  115. 

Coast-iraiter,  4[C.  mail  go  on  board  and  examine  any  Coasting  Ship. — It  shnll  be  lawful  in  any  case, 
and  at  all  legal  times,  foi  the  coast-waiter,  and  also  for  the  landing-waiter,  and  for  the  searcher,  and 
for  any  other  proper  officer  of  the  customs,  to  go  on  board  any  coasting  ship  In  any  port  or  place  in 
the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  at  any  period  of  her  voyage,  and  striclly  to  search  eucti 
ship,  and  to  e.xamine  all  goods  on  board,  and  all  goods  being  laden  or  unladen,  and  to  demand  all 
documents  which  ought  to  be  on  board  such  ship.—}  llf!. 

Times  and  Places  for  landing  and  shipping.— tio  goods  shall  be  unshipped  from  any  ship  arriving 
coastwise  In  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  no  goods  shall  lie  slilppeil  or  wiiterliurne 
to  be  shipped.  In  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  to  be  carried  coastwise,  hut  only  on  days 
not  lieing  Sundays  or  holidays,  and  in  the  daytime,  (that  is  to  say,)  from  the  1st  of  ejepteniber  until 
the  last  day  of  March  betwixt  sun-rising  ami  sun-setting,  and  from  the  last  day  of  March  until  the  1st 
of  September  between  the  hours  of  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  4  o'cloc  k  in  the  atti;rnorn  ;  nor  shall 
any  such  goods  be  so  unshipped,  shipped,  or  waterborne,  unless  in  the  presence  or  with  the  authority 
of  the  proper  officer  of  the  customs,  nor  unless  at  places  which  sliall  be  appointed  or  approved  by  tlis 
proper  officer  of  the  customs.—}  117. 

Ooods  prohibited  or  restrained.- Vfhenc\PT  any  goods  which  may  lie  prohibited  to  be  exported  by 
proclamation  or  by  order  in  council  under  the  autlKirity  of  this  act  shall  be  ho  prohibited,  it  shall  lie 
.awful  in  such  proclamation  or  order  In  council  to  prohibit  or  restrict  the  carrying  of  such  goods  coast- 
Vt'ifB  i  and  if  any  such  goods  shall  be  carried  coastwise,  or  shall  be  shipped  or  waterborne  to  be  carried 
coastwise,  contrary  to  any  such  prohibition  or  restriction,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited.-  }  118. 

Duet  of  the  City  of  London.— Fot  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  dues  payable  to  the  city  on  articles 


COBALT— COCHINEAL. 


969 


Imported  ronotwlie  to  be  auertalned  and  enllectnd,  It  I*  nnacled,  that  if  nit  or  any  of  the  foltoTrlni 
•nnili  vix.  flrklni  of  butler,  Inni  of  cheein,  AmIi,  efgn,  «nlt,  fruit,  room  natnlilo,  and  onloni,  brouiht 
coashvise  into  the  port  of  llin  inld  city,  iinil  whirli  nre  liiiblo  to  the  «iiid  dues,  be  landed  or  unililppnd 
at  nr  In  the  «nld  port  bnfore  a  proper  certlHcnte  of  tli«  puyment  of  the  v  Id  dues  ihall  "lave  been  ob- 
tained, such  goodR  Rlinll  hn  forfeited,  nnd  inuy  be  lelzed  by  nn  oftlcer  of  >  latnuiit  eninowered  to  lelza 
any  goods  timt  may  be  landed  witliout  due  entry  thereof.— (7  k,  8  Oto.  A.  c.  SU.  }  19.) 

Arcnunt  of  the  Tonnage  of  Vessels  employed  In  the  Coasting  Trade,  which  have  entered  at  and 
rlnarcd  out  from  the  I'orli  ofGreut  Britain,  from  1637  to  1831,  both  Inclusive.— (/>url.  Papir,  No.  43tt, 
Hess.  1833.) 


Tmi* 

Inwanli. 

Tontiiii(«  cleared 
Oulwinli. 

Tmi*. 

Toiin«t<i  entered 
Inivinli. 

ToDiujte  clm«d 
Outwardf. 

8,186,001 
8,M11,I09 
8,033,fl33 

8,618,868 
8,l»57,38a 
9,198,339 

11^30 
1831 

0,)'2I.6I» 
0, 176,798 

0,43fl,099 
9,378,870 

[Aa  in  England,  so  in  the  United  States,  the  coasting  trade  is  forbidden  to  foreigners.  It 
is  enacted  that  no  goods  shall  be  imported,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  thereof,  from  one  to 
another  port  of  the  United  States,  in  a  vessel  belonging  wholly  or  in  part  to  a  subject  of 
any  foreign  power.  This,  however,  is  not  to  be  construed  to  prohibit  the  sailing  of  any 
foreign  vessel  from  one  to  another  of  such  ports,  carrying  goods  imported  in  it  from  some 
foreign  port,  which  goods  shall  not  have  been  unlailen. 

Vessels  of  twenty  tons  and  upwards,  enrolled,  and  having  a  license  in  force,  or  if  less 
than  twenty  tons,  not  enrolled,  but  having  a  license  in  force,  shall  he  deemed  vessels  of  the 
United  Stales,  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  vessels  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  and  fisheries. 

Every  vessel  of  twenty  tons  or  upwards,  (other  than  such  as  are  registered,)  found  trading 
between  district  and  district,  or  iHStween  different  place.'*  in  the  same  district,  or  carrying  on 
the  fishery,  without  being  enrolled  and  licensed,  or  if  less  than  twenty  tons,  and  not  less 
than  five  tons,  without  a  license,  if  laden  with  goods  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  the 
United  States  only,  (distilled  spirits  only  excepted,)  or  in  ballast,  shall  pay  the  same  fees  and 
tonnage  in  every  port  at  which  she  may  arrive,  as  vessels  not  belonging  to  citizens  of  the 
United  States ;  and  if  she  have  on  board  any  articles  of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture,  or  dis- 
tilled  spirits,  other  than  sea  stores,  the  vessel,  together  with  her  tackle,  appnrel,  and  furniture, 
and  the  lading  found  on  board,  shall  be  forfeited.  But  if  such  ves^l  lie  at  sea  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  time  for  which  the  license  was  given,  and  the  master  shall  swear  that  such 
was  the  case,  and  shall  also,  within  forty-eight  hours  after  his  arrival,  deliver  to  the  collector 
of  the  district,  in  which  he  shall  first  arrive,  the  license  which  shall  have  expired,  the  for- 
feiture aforesaid  shall  not  be  incurred,  nor  shall  the  vessel  bo  liable  to  pay  the  fees  and  ton- 
nage aforesaid. 

For  the  regulations  concerning  the  enrollment,  licensing,  and  registry  of  vessels,  as  well 
(8  for  the  regulations  generally  of  the  coasting  trade,  see  Gordon's  Digest  of  the  Lawn  of 
the  United  State/i,  or  the  acU  of  Congress  of  February  18th,  1793;  of  March  2d,  1795.;  of 
March  12th,  1812 ;  of  March  Ist,  1817 ;  of  March  3d  of  the  same  year ;  of  March  2d,  1819 ; 
of  May  7th,  1822;  of  February  llth,  1830;  and  of  March  2d,  183\.— Am.  Ed.] 

COBALT  (Ger.  Kohalt ;  Ba.  Kobal .-  8w.  Coholt ,-  Ft.  Cobalt  .■  It.  Coballot  Rus. 
Kobolt ,-  Lat.  Ciibaltum),  a  mineral  of  a  grey  colour,  with  a  shade  of  red,  and  by  no  means 
lirllliAnt.  It  has  scarcely  any  taste  or  smell ;  is  rather  soft ;  specific  gravity  about  8-6. 
Sometimes  it  is  composed  of  plates,  sometimes  of  grains,  and  sometimes  of  small  fibres  ad- 
hering to  each  other.  Its  oxides  are  principally  employed. — (See  N«,vits,  or  S.haltz.) 
They  form  the  most  permanent  blue  with  which  we  are  iic(|uaintcd.  '-''le  colouring  power 
of  oxide  of  cobalt  on  vitrifiable  mixtures  is  greater,  perhaps,  than  thai  ,->f  any  other  metal. 
One  grain  gives  a  full  blue  to  240  grains  of  glass. — (  Tlwmsoii'a  Chemistry,  and  Ure's  Dic- 
tionary.) 

COCCULUS  INDICUS,  or  INDIAN  BERRY  (B^ns.  Kakamari  .•  Malay,  Tubit- 
bidgi),  the  fruit  of  the  Menispermum  Cocculus,  a  large  tree  of  the  Malabar  coast,  Ceylon, 
&c.  It  is  a  small  kidney-shaped  berry,  having  a  white  kernel  inside,  of  a  most  unpleasant 
taste.  It  in  of  a  poisonous  and  intoxicating  quality,  and  has  been  employed  to  adulterate 
ale  and  beer.  But  its  employment  in  that  way  is  prohibited,  under  a  penalty  of  200/.  upon 
the  brewer,  and  of  500/.  upon  the  seller  of  the  drug,  by  the  56  Geo.  3.  c.  58, 

COCHINEAL  ((Jer.  Kos.-herilje i  Du.  ConclenUji: ,•  Pr.  Cochenilk ,•  It.  Coectniglia,- 
Sip,  CiKhinilla,  Grana,-  Port.  Cochenilha {  'R\\».  llomsenel),  an  insect  (Cocctts  cacti) 
found  in  Mexico,  Georgia,  South  CaroUna,  and  some  of  the  West  India  islands;  but  it  is  in 
Mexico  only  that  it  is  reared  with  care^  and  forms  an  iinport.int  article  of  comnverce.  It  is  a 
small  insect,  seldom  exceed)  .ig  the  size  of  a  grain  of  barley;  and  was  generally  believed, 
fur  a  considerable  time  after  it  Iwgan  to  be  imported  into  Europe,  to  he  a  s(Ht  of  vegetable 
grain  or  seed.  There  are  two  sorts  or  varieties  of  cochiiioal :  thi>,  ln-Bt  or  domesticated,  which 
the  Spaniards  called  f^rana^na,  or  fine  grain ;  and  the  wild,  which  they  call  i;rn7i't  sylvestra. 
'J'lic  former  is  nearly  twice  us  largo  us  the  latter;  pi-ol)a!)ly  boc.iuse  its  size  has  been  improved 
by  tiiu  favourable  elfects  of  human  care,  and  of  a  more  copious  and  suitable  nourishment, 

47 


f^\ 


!'!  1} 


Si  ti 


-:li  I 


870 


.-'  COCOA,  COCO.        ) 


dcrlvpd  grtlcly  from  the  Cnctun  encMnelfiftr,  during  mniiy  Rcnomtioni".  Wild  rochipcnl  ii 
collcctud  NIX  times  in  tho  ycnr  ;  hut  thnt  which  i»  rultivatrd  in  only  rnllcrtcd  thrirn  Jnring 
the  Httme  pertml.  Tho  inxoclH  are  dotuclicd  from  llio  plnntii  on  whiih  they  riod  liy  a  lijoiit 
knife;  they  h  re  then  put  into  hnq[i,  anil  dip|>rd  in  IxMlinar  water  to  kill  thorn,  aflrr  which 
thi'y  arc  dried  in  the  »un ;  and  though  thi-y  Ioho  nliont  two  thinld  of  th«ir  wright  hy  this 
proci'tM,  nhout  000,000  or  700.000  llm.  (fuidi  pound  Ix-inK  iiuppoM'd  to  contiun  70.000  in- 
wtIh)  iirc  brought  nnnuiilly  to  Europe.  It  in  prinripnily  ust-d  in  th«'  ilyi'in)^  of  Hnirlet,  rrinimm, 
ar)d  other  t'Hti'i'meti  colours.  Tho  watery  infunion  is  of  n  violet  crimson;  tho  alcoholic  ntn 
deep  crim<on ;  and  the  alkaline  of  a  deep  ])urplt>,  or  rather  violet  hue.  It  in  impiirteil  in 
hniftK,  each  containini^  about  UOO  ll)». ;  and  \\an  tho  appearance  of  ■mall,  dry,  Hhrivelled 
ruijDHo  Imrries  or  HcedH,  of  n  deep  brown,  pi!n)le,  or  ntullMjrry  colour,  with  n  white  nmitcr 
between  the  wrinkloH.  In  thin  stiite  they  suflTer  no  ehanRo  front  length  of  keepini;.  Dr. 
Dancrol^  says  that  that  cochineal  ia  the  boHt,  which  "  is  large,  plump,  dry,  and  uf  a  nilnr 
white  colour  on  tho  surface." 

'I'he  opecieg  of  cochineal  called  grnnilla,  or  ihmt,  is  supponcd  by  Dr.  Bancroft  to  be  prin- 
cipally formed  of  griiria  ni/lrestni.  The  insectH  of  which  it  concists  are  Hmaller  than  thom 
composing  thu  fine  cocbinenl ;  nnd  it  do<'H  not  yield  more  than  a  third  of  the  colouring  mat- 
ter that  ii«  yielded  by  the  latter.  The  cochineal  insect  was*  introduced  into  India  in  1795, 
but  a  very  inferior  nort  only  u  produced.  It  has  also  been  infroducod  into  Java  piid 
Hpain,  but  with  what  Buecess  reinuinii  to  be  sceti. — {Thummm's  Dispennntory  t  Bancroft  m 
Colours,  <^r.) 

The  imports  of  cochineal  usually  vary  from  1,100  fo  l.O.IO  bags,  or  from  220,000  to 
330,000  lbs.  In  1831,  the  (|uantity  imported  omoutifed  to  224,371  lbs.;  of  which  9.5.728 
lbs.  were  brought  from  Mexico,  C'J,824  llis.  from  the  United  St.itoh.  B1.140  lbs.  from  tho 
British  West  Indies,  and  4,370  lbs.  from  ('uba  and  the  frircign  West  Indies.  Tho  exports 
during  the  same  year  amounted  to  about  Ott.OOO  lbs.  The  duly  im  foreign  rochineal  was 
reduced,  in  1826,  from  !.••■.  jicr  lb.  to  fir/.  At  an  average  of  the  three  years  ending  with  1831, 
tho  entries  for  homo  consuni|ition  omounted  to  148,131  lbs.  u  year. 

Tho  price  of  cochineal  (lucluuted  very  n'.ach  during  the  war,  partly  on  account  of  tho 
obstacles  \?hich  it  occasionally  threw  in  the  way  of  imporiation,  and  partly  on  occouiit  of 
its  l)eing  an  article  of  direct  government  expenditure.  In  1S14,  tho  price  of  tho  bent 
cochineal  was  as  high  as  30.».  and  39.«.;  and  it  has  since  gone  on  regularly  declining,  with 
hardly  a  single  roily,  till  it  has  sunk  to  8.«.  or  10.».  Previously  to  the  war  it  had  never  been 
under  12.V.  or  13.«.  Lnc  dye  has  recently  been  employed  to  some  extent  in  <lyeing  scarlet ; 
hut  notwithstanding  this  circumstance,  the  consumption  of  cochineal,  occasirmed,  no  doubt, 
partly  by  its  cheapness,  and  partly,  perhaps,  by  sonio  change  of  fashion,  has  been 
materially  increased  since  1824.  This,  however,  has  not  had  any  material  influcnro 
on  its  price ;  and  it  would  ajipear,  from  the  long  continuance  of  low  prices,  without  any 
diminution  of  imports,  thiit  they  are  still  sufficient  to  remunerate  the  growers  of  the  arti- 
cle.— {Tiinheon  Hi^h  and  Low  Prices ;  Covh'.i  Commerce  of  Great  Hritain  for  18U0,- 
furl.  Papers,  SfC.) 

COCO.V     See  Cacao. 

COCO,  COKER,  OH,  more  properly,  COCO.V  NUTS  (O''!--  Knkmnime  ;  Du.  Kolm 
no'.lcn ;  Fr.  and  8((.  Coais ;  If.  CocchI ;  Rus.  Kukon  ,•  Sans.  Nari/frla),  the  fruit  of  a 
species  of  palm  tree  {Coeoi  nue'ifera  Lin.).  This  tree  is  commim  almost  every  where  with- 
in the  tropics,  and  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  in  tho  world.  It  grows  to  iho  liei',dit  of  from 
50  to  90  feet ;  it  has  no  branches,  but  the  leaves  are  from  12  to  14  feet  in  length,  with  a  very 
strong  middle  rib.  The  fruit  is  nearly  as  large  as  a  ni  m's  head  ;  the  external  rind  is  thin, 
tough,  and  of  n  brownish  red  colour ;  beneath  this  there  is  a  quantity  of  very  tough  librous 
matter,  which  is  used  in  many  countries  in  the  manntacture  of  cordage,  and  coarse  sail- 
cloth— (sec  Coik);  within  this  fibrous  coaling  is  the  shell  of  the  nut,  which  is  nearly  i;lo- 
bular,  very  hard,  susceptible  of  a  high  ]>olish,  and  used  for  many  domeslic.  [lurpoi-cs;  tho 
kernel  is  white,  in  taste  and  firmness  resembling  that  of  a  hazel  nut ;  it  is  hollow  in  the  in- 
terior, the  hollow  being  filled  with  a  milky  fluid.  While  the  nut  is  green,  tho  whole  hollow 
of  tho  shell  is  filled  with  fluid,  which  is  refreshing,  agreeable,  and  pleasant  to  the  taste.  The 
solid  part  of  tlie  ripe  kernel  is  extremely  nutritious,  but  rather  indige.-itible.  'J'he  kernels 
yield  by  expression  a  great  deal  of  oil,  which,  when  rweni,  is  equal  to  that  of  sweet  nlniomls, 
lint  it  soon  becomes  rancid,  and  is  then  employed  by  painters.  A  tree  generally  yields  alioiit 
100  nuts,  in  clusters  near  the  top  of  about  a  dozen  each.  The  wooil  of  tho  tree  is  made 
into  boats,  rafters,  the  frames  of  houses,  and  gutters  to  convey  water.  The  leaves  are  used 
for  thatching  buildings;  and  are  wrought  into  mats,  baskets,  and  many  other  thingfi,  for 
which  osiers  are  employed  in  Europe ;  so  that  every  part  of  it  is  a]iplied  to  some  useful 
purpose. 

If  the  body  of  the  tree  he  bored,  there  exudes  from  the  wound  n  white  liquor,  called 
palm  wine  or  toddy.  It  is  very  sweet  when  fresh ;  kept  a  few  hours,  it  liecomes  morn  poig» 
nant  and  agreeable;  but  next  day  it  begins  to  grow  sour,  and  in  the  space  of  24  hours  is 
changrd  into  vinegar.     When  distilled,  it  produues  tho  best  spicies  of  Indian  arrack;  it 


COD. 


871 


alM  yielilii  ■  great  ileal  of  ii  ir.  Toddy  in  obtained  from  anvrrnl  iprrinx  of  palina, 
but  thttt  of  the  Cuan  nuciftra  is  the  boat. — (Wco  Aiiulie'i  Multiia  Iiidieu  /  Keet'$  Cyelu- 
pxdiit,  ifC.) 

All  iinprovoment  haa  recently  been  effocted  in  the  preparation  of  cocon  oil,  which  pro- 
n\iv»  to  be  of  much  importance  ui  the  arta,  by  making  it  nvailalilfl  in  tho  manufacture  of 
ranillr*  and  loap,  and  fur  various  purpoaea  to  which  it  wan  not  prcviouHly  nppiirulilo. 

Tlie  palm  oil  met  with  in  tho  market  la  not  obtained  from  tho  ('ncnn  tnielfrrrt,  but 
from  uiiothcr  apecieit  of  puliii.     It  it  chietly  imported  from  tlio  count  of  (.Juiiica. — (S^-u  1'alm 

""••) 
Coi'oa  nuta  aro  produced  in  immenae  quantities  in  Ceylon,  forminir,  with  their  prrMhicta, — 

oil,  orruck,  and  coir, — tho  principal  urticlea  of  export  fri)in    that  ixlaiid.     Thry  are  niao 

very  uliuiidunt  in  tho  Maldive  lalanda,  Hium,  and  on  aeveral  pInctM  of  the  coiinI  of  Hray.il, 

C(M-oa  oil  is  in  very  extonnivo  une  all  over  India,  and  larire  iiuantitius  are  maiiuficturrd  in 

tho  lower  provincea  of  Bengal.     Thia  latter  ia  aaid  to  bo  aupcrior   to  that  imported  from 

Cuyion. 

The  duty  on  cocoa  nuts,  which  ia  imposed  by  tale,  wuh  judiciously  reduced  in  1832,  front 
5.9,  per  12U  on  thoHu  fri>in  a  Urilish  poaKcasion  to  Is.  per  IfiOii ;  thoHO  from  a  foreign  country 
pay  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

COD  (Oor.  Kahljau,  HakalaH;  Du.  Kahrljaautr,  nnnkacljit;  Tin,  KiibHan,  ShreUnruk, 
Ihthelaui  Sw,  Kiitii /111,  Bakeldu  ;  Vt.  Muruc,  Cahilliiud ,•  It.  liiicculii,  ISncai/ure ;  Sp. 
Bttcalao  I  Port.  Baculkaii  ,•  Lat.  Gadus),  a  species  of  linii,  too  well  known  to  roi|uirc  any 
lioficriptlon.  "  It  is  amazingly  prolific.  Leewcnhoek  counted  9,:!8 1,000  eui?M  in  a  cod-ligjt 
of  a  middling  size;  a  nuinlwr  that  will  bafHe  all  tlie  ctfort^  of  man  to  cxtcrmiiiiite.  In  uur 
Ufa*  they  beji^in  to  8|)awii  in  January,  anil  deposit  their  ej^'^s  in  ruiigh  ground,  among  rocksi. 
8umo  continue  in  roc  till  the  beginning  of  April. 

"The  cod  is  only  found  in  the  northern  partA  of  the  world  ;  it  i»  an  ocean  finh,  and  nover 
mi't  witl»  in  the  Meditornmean.  Tho  great  rendczvoun  of  llin  cod-liKh  id  on  tlic  Imnkn  of 
Ncwfimndland,  and  the  other  sandhankH  that  liooirthn  cotiKtaof  Cape  lireton,rs'ova  Scotia, 
ami  Now  England.  They  prefer  those  situations,  by  reason  of  tho  quantity  of  worina  pro- 
duced in  thiwe  sandy  bottoms,  which  tempt  them  to  report  there  for  foiwl.  But  anothfr  cau'io 
of  llie  particular  attachment  the  fish  haVe  to  those  spots  is  their  vicinity  to  the  polar  m'ua, 
where  they  return  to  tipawn  :  there  they  deposit  their  roes  in  full  security  ;  but  want  of  f  lod 
forces  them,  as  soon  as  the  more  SDUthern  seas  are  ojien,  to  repair  thither  for  Hubsisten;'e. 
Few  are  taken  to  the  north  of  Iceland,  but  they  abound  on  its  south  anJ  west  coasts.  They 
are  iiiso  found  to  swarm  on  the  coasts  of  Norway,  in  tho  Baltic,  and  olF  the  Orkney  and 
Western  Isles;  alter  wliicli  their  numbers  decrease  in  proportion  as  they  ii^lvancc  towards  tho 
Bniitli,  when  they  seem  quite  to  cease  before  they  reach  tho  ni.mth  of  the  Straits  of  (Jib- 
rnitar. 

'•  Before  the  discovery  of  Newfoundland,  tho  greater  fisheries  of  cod  were  on  the  seas  of 
Iceland,  and  of  our  VVo'tern  Isles,  which  were  the  grand  resort  of  hliips  from  all  Iho  com- 
mercial nations ;  but  it  seems  that  tho  greatest  plenty  was  met  with  near  Iceland.  The 
Eiitflish  resorted  ihiiher  before  the  year  141.5;  f)r  we  find  that  Henry  V.  was  disposed  to 
(jive  satisfaction  to  the  King  of  Denmark,  for  certain  irregularities  committed  by  his  subjecta 
on  those  seas.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  the  English  were  excluded  from  ihe  fishery,  by 
Ireiity.  In  later  times,  we  find  Queen  Elizalieth  coiulescciidinL;  to  a^k  permission  to  fish  in 
those  seas,  from  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark.  In  the  rei;^n  of  her  siicci's.ior,  however,  n.) 
fewer  than  1.50  English  ships  were  employed  in  the  Iceland  lishery  ;  which  indulifciiee 
mii^ht  arise  from  the  marriage  of  James  with  a  princess  of  Dcmiark." — (I'cniunl'n  Brithh 

'/(Hlli^fl.) 

Cod  is  prepared  in  two  diffVrcrit  ways;  that  is,  it   is  either  gutted,  salted,  and  then  bar- 
relled,— in  wliich  state  it  is  denominated  green  or  pickled  cod, — or  it  is  drieil  and  cured — in 
which  state  it  is  called  dried  coj.     Heady  access  to  the  shore  is  uidispensable  to  the  prosecu 
tion  of  the  latter  speeies  of  fishery. 

Cod  FUhrri/,  Br.'tm/i. — Newfoundland  was  discovered  by  John  or  Sebastian  Cabot,  in 
11*1/;  and  the  extraordinary  abundance  of  cnd-lish  on  its  Icinks  wis  speedily  ascertained. 
'i'li;  French,  Portuguoric,  and  Spaniards  engaged  in  the  li>Iiery  soon  afior  this  discovery. 
The  English  were  later  in  coming  into  the  field.  In  157S,  f'ranci;  had  on  the  banks  of 
Newfiundland  1.50  vessels,  Spain  120  or  IHO,  Portugal  .'lO,  and  England  fron  ;!0  to  .50. 
During  tho  first  half  of  last  century,  the  fishery  was  principally  carried  on  by  the  English, 
including  the  Anglo-Americans,  and  the  French:  bnt  the  capture  of  Gape  Brixton,  and  of 
their  other  possessions  in  America,  gave  a  sevore  blow  to  the  fishery  of  the  latter.  TUe 
American  war  divided  tho  British  fishery;  that  portion  of  it  w  i;ch  hail  previously  been 
carrioJ  on  from  New  England,  being  thereafter  merged  in  that  of  the  United  States.  Still, 
however,  we  contrived  to  preserve  the  largest  share.  At  an  averago  of  the  3  years  ending 
■with  1789,  we  are  said  to  have  had  402  ships,  1, 91 1  bouts,  and  10,S56  men,  engii'ied  in  tlin 
American  fisheries.  During  last  war,  the  French  being  cxclu<icd  from  Ihe  fisheries,  thosti 
\'  England  attained  to  an  extraordiaary  degree  of  pros^>erity ;  the  total  value  of  the  producu 


It 


873 


COD. 


of  the  Newfoundland  Atherr  in  1814  having  exeeeilcd  3.fl00,000/.  Dut  liiico  the  peace, 
the  Dritikh  flihery  on  the  NowfoundlanJ  banka  haa  rapidly  ilcrlincJ ;  and  ran  hanlly,  in* 
dwd,  In)  Raid,  at  thia  momrnt,  to  exint  It  i«  now  ciirrifd  on  altnoHt  rntirrly  by  the  French 
and  the  Americana;  the  facilitiea  cnjoyrd  liy  the  latter  for  ita  proarctition  lieins  greater  tliun 
thoae  of  any  other  people,  and  the  former  being  templed  toenictge  in  it  liy  thoexlraordlDiiry 
fneouroffementa  aflorded  by  government.  At  preaent,  the  BritiHli  tUtiitry  rnrricd  on  by  the 
inhnbiinnti  of  Newfoundland,  i«  confined  entirely  to  the  abnre  or  boiil  nMiery.  Dut  tliiii, 
thaut{li  prnlrably  not  mi  good  n  nuraery  of  aailora  aa  the  bank  finhery,  in  admitted  to  be  "the 
moat  produetive  of  morcliantublo  (l«h  ond  oil." — (M'drt/for'ii  Hrilish  Ainrriea,  2d  rd.  vuj.i. 
p.  2U6.)  The  nveraa[e  annual  produce  of  the  fiahoriea  of  all  aorin,  ineluding  aeal,  iidmciii, 
<&e.,  exported  from  Newfoundland,  during  the  3  ycara  ended  with  18:12,  is  utated  by  Mr, 
M'Gregor  at  616.417/. — (vol.  i.  p.  161.)  .\  comiidprttble  Huhery  ia  alxo  carrioil  on  from  (he 
jiorta  and  hnrlioura  of  Nova  Mcotia  and  Cnpo  Breton,  New  Brunnwick,  itc.  But  next  lo 
that  of  Newfoundland,  the  principal  Britiah  Hnhery  ia  carried  on  aloni^  the  coait  of  IiiibrHdor. 
We  Iwrrow  from  the  valuable  work  now  referred  to,  the  following  recunt  and  authentic  atalc- 
inonta  with  reapect  to  it  :— 

"  Diirinf  lh«  flahlny  •cninn,  from  590  lo  SOO  ■cbnnnrra  prnrBod  from  Ncwfniindland  lo  the  dlfrcrctil 
fl'liiiilt  •tnllcini  on  Itit*  niiiit  of  Lnhriiitiir,  wlH^re  uhoiil  'ilt.nOO  llrltlxh  miliji-rlii  nrc  i*tn|iliiyK(l  Tur  the 
Mtnanii,  Altniit  one  third  nf  thi>  ichdoniTi  wnkn  two  rnynei^n,  lundeil  Willi  dry  ftali.  hack  in  Ni>w. 
foiiiidlaTid  diirlnj  the  ■iiriiiner  ;  and  vnveriil  iiit-rrhant  vi-Mnviii  |irnen«d  from  LnbrRiior  wltlilhuircariiiii'i 
dlrncl  lo  Eiirnpn,  Icuvina,  ir>-nornlly,  full  c.ir;roug  for  llin  flHliliiir  vejitt'lK  lo  nirry  tn  Newfimiidliiii'l. 
A  fonsldcrtthlw  part  of  ilio  fluh  of  llm  necnnil  voyngc  U  In  a  arncn  nr  plckliid  (lute,  nnd  drlinl  nflcr- 
ward*  HI  Nnwfiiuiidliind.  Kl|;li(  nrfliii'h»nner«  from  Qiir>liev  fyiiqiiont  tlin  ronat,  hnvlnr  nn  hoard  Hhniit 
>*niinimen  iind  IIHI  llitlii'rmHn.  Some  of  ihn  f\*\\  ciiiiirht  hy  Ihem  Ih  aent  lo  t'nrope,  uiid  the  rfBl  lu 
UiKihiT. ;  hcKidea  which,  thi<y  carry  nnnunlly  nhniil  H.OOIK  worth  of  fiira,  oil,  and  anitiioii,  to  t^anaihi, 

"  Kriini  Nova  Hcotia  and  New  nrnnnwlck',  hiil  rhlittly  from  the  former.  KM)  to  120  vessi'ln  ri'Horl  to 
l.i'irndor;  the  hiirdim  nfihean  vei^ila  nmy  nmoiint  lo  fl.niK)  or  T,(H)U  tona,  rarryinv  ahoiil  I, '100  aeanicn 
iiiil  Haheriiien.    They  ironeriilly  carry  the  primlpnl  purl  of  their  curRoea  liomo  In  a  ureen  aliile. 

'*  One  third  nf  the  reaidcnt  Inhihilnnto  aM  KimliKh,  Irlah,  or  Jcraey  aerviinH,  left  In  chnrtre  of  Iho 

rirop.^rty  In  the  tiahinir  ronma,  and  wlio  iilao  employ  lh>'inaelve».  In  llii!  aprlnir  niid  fill.  I'alrliiiie  aenlii 
II  nela.  The  olln^r  two  tlilrda  live  conalnntly  nt  l.nhrnili>r,  ua  fiirriera  and  ai'iil-ralrhera  on  their  own 
acniiint,  hill  rhietly  in  Ihe  furiiior  caimcily,  diiriiiK  winter  ;  anil  all  nru  eiic»H>'  I  in  llie  llalieriua  during 
viinriier.    II  ilf  of  theae  people  are  Jcraeynien  mid  ratindiiina,  innal  of  wlioin  have  fiiniilies. 

"  Fnun  10.000  to  IS.OOO  aeala  lire  taken  iit  I.'ihrnilnr  In  Ihe  hesiniihiK  of  wliiler  and  In  apring.  Thf  y 
urn  very  laru'e :  iind  the  Canndinna,  and  other  winter  reaidenla.  are  anid  to  feiiat  and  fallen  on  llii-ir 
fle»h.—Altout  4,000  of  tlieac  aeala  are  killed  by  the  Eai|ninianx.  The  whole  iiiiniher  cunjjht  pruducg 
ahoiit  .1MI  tuna  nf  oil.  value  ahoiit  H,l!00(. 

"  'i'hi^re  nre  0  or  7  Eniiliah  hoiiaea,  an  I  4  nr  9  Joraey  hnnaea,  eatahll'hnd  nt  I.nlirndor,  iiiicnnnnctiid 
with  Newfoundland,  who  export  their  Hah  and  oil  direct  to  Europe.  The  iiiuntlly  exported  luat  your 
(1833)  to  the  Mediterrunean  wai  ab.mt 

St.OOO  qnintnla  rnd-flah,  nt  I0«.         ...     £27,nOf) 

I.O.V)tierceaaalmon,  atOUf.  >  .  .         R.l.VI 

To  England,  about  900  tuna  cod  oil  .....         S.'2(K) 

S'»  do.  seul  do 4,SS0 

Fura 3,150 


By  Newfoundland  bouiet,  97.900  qiilntaU  end-flah,  at  10*.         .  •  . 

iaO  tiercBB  lulinon,  at  lO^i.      .  .  .  . 

Total  direct  export  fVom  Labrador 

Produce  aenl  direct  to  Newfoundland  from  Labrador  :  — 

32.120  quintala  cod-tlah,  nt  10*.  beat  qitallty 

312,000  i|uintnla  rod-Aah,  ut  ba. 

I.SOOtunaroduil,  ut20/.         .  .  .  . 

Salmon,  tec.  .  .  .  .  . 

Fish,  lie.  aent  tn  rnnndn.  nhont 
Do.  curried  to  Novu  ricoiia  and  New  nriinawick,  I 
ahould  be  in  value  at  Ie:iat  -  -  > 

Estimated  valiiB  nf  the  produce  of  Labrador,  exclusive  nf  what  the  Mo 
ravlani  mud  to  London  •  •  .  -  -  •    . 


£13,380 

13,7.')0 

HIO 

£j-,r>o 

IB.OfiO 

ISI.SIKI 

3(1,01)0 

3,'>-20 

12,000 

52,000 
J    JE:)02,050 


"The  Labrador  flahery  hag,  since  191 1,  Increaaed  more  than  eiifuld,  nrinclnally  in  cnnaeqnence  of 
onr  fiahermcn  being  driven  from  the  Rrniinda  (on  Ihe  Nowfiiiindlniid  coast)  now  occniileil  I'y  tin 
French.  In  1829,  the  Americana  had  about  900  veaaela  and  H.OOO  men  em|>loyed  on  the  conat ;  and 
three  'catch'  amounted  tn  1,100,000  quintala  Huh,  and  about  3,000  tuna  oil;  value  together  cbiiil 
610.000/."— (ari(i.<ft  Amr.rien,  vol.  I.  pp.  18.%— 197.) 

Th'^  total  produce  nf  Ihi'  British  linherieg  In  the  various  seas  and  rivers  nf  Amirica,  Inclnding  a  !.il 
oil  and  skina.  ia  estimated  by  Mr.  M'(Jre«or.  nt  an  nveraae  of  the  5  years  cndini;  with  1431,  at  8,')7.'Jli'/. 
a  year. — (Vol.  li.  p.  .VJO;  ace,  also.  Tor  further  particulars,  the  useful  pamplilet  nf  Mr,  Utias  on  th« 
Statistica,  Tradi,  ifc.  of  British  America) 

About  eipfht  tenths  of  the  dried  fish  exported  from  Newfoundlnnd  by  Briti-«h  anhjecfa,  nre 
tient  to  Spain.  Portucfal,  Italy,  and  other  Continental  nations ;  the  rest  goes  to  the  West  Indies 
and  to  Great  Britain. 

By  the  act  26  Geo.  3.  c.  26.  bounties  were  given,  tinder  certain  conditions  specified  in  the 
net,  to  a  certain  number  of  vcs.<iels  employed  in  the  fi.shcry  on  the  coasts  ojtd  banks  of  New- 
foundland ;  but  theae  bounties  have  entirely  ceased  several  yenrs  since.  A  bonntv  was,  how- 
over,  paid,  down  to  tlie  5th  of  April.  1830,  to  all  persons  resiilint?  in  Great  llritaiii  and  Ire» 
lind, curing,  iJrying,  qr  pickling;  cod-finh,  ling,  or  hake;  the  bounty  being  ia.  a  cwt,  on  tht 


COD. 


873 


ilriid  cod,  ike.,  and  3«,  (iri.  a  barrel  on  t)mt  which  wm  picklrJ.  A  (iinnB7«  liountjf  wu  al 
,\w  Mtiin  time  paid  on  vraiivl*  flttrd  out  fur  (he  cixl,  ling,  and  huiio  fishery  on  tlie  cuaaU  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  but  ihia  ha«  alto  craaeil. 

Thnncl  9(>i">.  4.  c,  SI.  contnlni  anvernl  re|iilutl«na  with  rnpurl  in  ilm  Nawri'iinillnnil  nihKrln* 
AlliMt  iirx  prolilhittiil  rroiii  h»hln|  on  tliiM'iuiti*.  or  In  Ilm  liiiya  nr  rlvvrii  nf  .Ni-wt'ininill'inil  t  (•iirrpi. 
Iiiir,  liiiwi'ViT,  till'  rldiU  nnil  |>rlvll«|iKi  grniil(>il  liy  irniily  in  rnrclKn  itnlii  ill  ntiilly  wlili  til*  Mnjcaly. 

All  ItrllUh  miliJiM'la  niiiy  tnkr,  ciiri>,  niiil  ilry  (Ull,  (iccu|iy  vai:niil  pliivva,  cm  down  Iruva  I'lir  liullilinir, 
(nil  (III  nllicir  tlihiit*  uniifnl  I'or  llin  Mni\*.—i  .T 

Orlllli  nlia  ulinll  lii<  irriinti'il  In  \<>»»i'\»  rlciirlnir  nut  fur  th<'  tWli<'ry  i  nriil  nn  iirrlvnl  it  Niiwfiiiinillnnil 
M  ii'|iiirl  •liiill  bii  mnilv  nf  lurh  CKrililialn,  mid  r«vl»l«r)Ml  i  iiiiil  nn  ItiuvliiK  llin  tlahvry  llif  iiaunl 
cleiiriiict)  iihiill  li«  nhlHlned.  VeitvU  having  nn  biiiird  any  gouiU  olhur  lliuii  Hah,  lir.  In  riirr«U  the 
llalilnji'erllrtfOtB.— H. 

(•rrxiiiK  tliniwIiiK  nut  hultnat,  he.  to  thu  iirejudlco  of  the  hnrbniiri  In  Nawrnnndland,  iliall  be  iiib- 
JKi  lit  11  pi'n^illy.- j  S. 

A  riiiitriicl  In  wrltlnR,  ipeclfyinR  wngra,  and  how  tn  he  paid,  muil  be  cntercil  Into  nllh  icnnion  anil 
ndii'imen.— }7. 

A  li«li''riiiiin  Im  |irnhllil(i^d  rprt-lviiig  ninro  Ihnn  Ihror  fmirlha  nf  lila  wmca  diirlii|t  aiTvlio  i  bin  Ihj 
lijiliiMrv  ilili'  In  hlin  la  In  lin  piiid  liiinii'iljiilrly  iipun  lllo  cxpiriitlnii  i  I  tliif  rnviiiiiiiili'il  limit  ii|°  aorviii-. 
Nil  liiilii'riiiiin  In  bi;  liirnt'd  nil',  I'xrppt  fur  wlll'iil  ni'llli'it  nl' ilmy,  nr  ulliur  aiilllrii^iit  cuiihr,  under  ii 
pcriiilly.  fnr  vnrli  nllViii  n,  nf  nnl  Icaa  limit  M,  iinr  iiinri!  limn  Mt. 

Ill  (ircior  tn  fiillll  lliiMiinilllloiia  In  miy  Irnnly  wllli  ii  liinli'ii  aliilo,  hia  MnJi'Hv  nmy  •■ntpnwpr  Ihn 

fovi'rnnr  of  Newfniiiiillnnd  lo  rvntnvo  niiy  wnrka  ititIi'iI  by  Hrlllsli  Hiiliji-i'la  li'r  liif  piirpnan  nl'rnrry- 
UK  (III  the  lUlivry  belwvun  Cape  HI.  Juhn  and  l.'upe  lluy,  and  tu  cniiipol  thuiii  In  dupurt  to  unntlu'r 
pl«(c.-}  U. 
Kvi'ry  poraon  lo  ri>fiialn(  to  di'pnrt  almll  flirfell  tiOl.—  i  \tl. 
The  gnveriinr  la  einpnw'ured  tn  a«ll  or  lunae  pliicci  wllliin  the  iaiiind  called  Sliip-rnnma.— )  II, 

Tlicro  are  no  mranii  whatever  hy  whi'  .  to  fnrin  any  cHtimata  of  the  luiinlwr  nf  Mhipn  and 
lioatH  employed,  either  ri'fjuiarly  or  occni<ioiiully,  in  the  ciul-lixhery  on  the  eDiiHts  of  Grout 
Uritain,  and  on  tiiose  of  Norway,  the  Orkney  and  Shetliinil  Ittliiidx,  tho  Wc^ll-lmiik,  llu« 
DiiRPfor-bank,  the  Uroad-fourteuna,  i&c.  or  of  tliu  quantity  and  vuluo  of  the  fnh  annually 
cauttlit.     They  muRl,  however,  be  very  conHiderah|«,     .See  Finn, 

For  tho  ri-){uIittion»,  &e.  as  to  the  iinportiition  nf  ti->h  into  (Srent  Dritain,  see  Ftmi. 

It  ia  doubtful  whether  tho  distant  cod  flxhery  may  not  have  paHsnl  it>i  zenith,  Spain, 
Italy,  and  other  Catholic  countries,  hnvo  always  been  the  great  markets  for  dried  flNh ;  but 
the  ubjcrvancc  of  Lent  is  every  day  becoming;  less  strict ;  and  the  demand  for  dried  fn-h  will, 
it  imiost  likely,  sustJiin  a  corresponding  decline.  The  relaxed  observance  of  J.c  I  in  thu 
Netherlands  and  elsewhere  has  done  more  than  any  thing  eUo  to  injure  tho  herring  fishery 
of  Ilnlliind. 

Cud  Fi>}ury,  Amtriean, — The  Americans  have  at  all  limes  prosecuted  tho  cod  fishery 
with  Krcat  vigour  and  success.  Their  fishermen  are  remnrknble  for  their  activity  ond  enter- 
priric,  sobriety  and  frugality  ;  and  their  proximity  to  the  fishing  grounds,  and  the  other  fucili- 
tii'i  thoy  possess  for  carrjing  on  tho  fishery,  give  them  advunt;iQ;i's  with  which  it  is  very 
(liincult  to  contend.  In  1795,  the  Americnns  employed  in  the  cod-fishery  about  :)I,0II0  tons 
uf  ahipping;  in  1H07,  they  are  said  to  have  employed  70,300  Inns:  but  it  suliseipieiitly  ile< 
cliiied  fir  several  years,  ond  was  almost  entirely  susipcnded  during  the  lute  war.  According 
to  the  ofiicial  returns,  thd  Americans  had  85,687  tons  of  shipping  engaged  in  the  cod  fishery 
inI82S;  but  owing  to  the  slovenly  and  iiinceurate  wny  in  which  the  navigation  account* 
lull!  before  Congress  have  Itcen  prepared, — (for  proofs  of  this,  see  Nt.w  Yoiik,) — this  stiito- 
mcnt  is  entitled  to  no  credit.  The  corrected  accimnis  for  18.11  (laid  before  Congress  tho 
loth  of  Ffbruiirv,  1833)  represent  tho  Khipping  engaged  that  year  in  tho  cod  fi«bery  as 
amounting  to  60,977  tons.  During  tho  year  ended  the  30lli  of  September,  1832,  tho 
Ampricuns  exported  250,511  quintals  of  dried,  and  102,770  barrels  uf  pickled  cod  ;  their 
agt^regnto  value  being  about  1,050,000  dollars. 

"The  Aiiicrlcniis  fnllnw  two  or  more  inndcs  of  fillli'e  nut  for  Ihn  flobiTJcs.  The  first  Is  nTi'inpliKhcd 
by  fiiir  7  fiirniiTa,  nr  I  heir  sniis,  biilldiiiKH  nclmnnBr  ilnritiii  winter,  wliiih  lliey  iiiiiii  IIii'iiikoIvi's  (;ih  nil 
th<>  Aiiterleniis  on  the  pell  eonst  are  more  nr  \e«*  seaiiteii  nn  wtill  ris  riirinerH) ;  niiil  ill'ter  lilliiiB  Ills 
vi's-el  with  iii'ci'ri-nry  Htori's,  Ihey  prni'citd  In  Ihn  liiliili!!,  Oiilf  nf  ft.  I.invmifH,  or  l.iihrnilnr :  iittil. 
lii!|iliiti[  their  ve^»'l  Willi  \U\\,  iiinke  n  vnyiiic  hi'tweeii  sprint' unci  haivi'Hi.  The  prneeeilM  they  divilll^ 
after  pnyInK  itny  hnlitncR  Iliey  iiiny  owe  for  oiillil.  They  riMiiuin  nt  home  to  iisnini  In  s  itherin!;  iheir 
cr(i|is,  unci  proceed  u)filn  fir  «iinthere.iiri!o,whiih  is  sillied  down,  ninl  not  ufierwanU  dtieil:  IIiIh  is 
leniieil  nind-ii-'h,  iiiiil  kept  fur  hntni!  cotistiiiiplioii.  The  ntl'er  plan  is,  uheii  ii  iiiereliaiit,  nr  any  other, 
nvv!iiii2  H  VHsel,  leti<  her  lo  10  or  Ij  men  on  sItart'H,  II."  Iliids  tho  vessel  iiinl  nets.  The  nieii  pny  Inr 
,ill  the  proviiiniis,  hnnk»,  nt\d  liiieH.anil  fnr  the  v\\^  nete-sarv  tncnre  Iheir  propnriion  of  llio  fish. One 
01' llitMiiiiiiher  ill  acktiiiwl(u!;;eil  master  i  l>iit  lie  liaa  tn  catch  linli  ax  well  as  tliL>  others,  auil  reeeivea 
only  nhoiit  00,<.  per  nii)iilh  for  iiaviBitiiij;  the  vepael :  llie  irew  have  Hveeigl.lh:!  nf  ihu  li.-iii  cuiiglil,unil 
Ih.'  (uvners  Ihre.!  eidhllis  nf  tlii!  whole. 

"The  (irst  sprinL' voyasp  ia  iiindein  the  hanks  ;  the  second  pitherlntho  haiikH,(^iilfof  St.  F,nnreiice, 
or  the  coast  of  Labrador ;  tin!  third,  or  fall  voyiiL'e,  isiiKaiii  In  \\\<:  lianka  ;  and  a  foiirlh,  nr  second  full 
Vi'Viiee,  i.s  iiIho  made.  t"niiietimis,  to  the  hntiks."— (.U'f.'re'fiir,  vol.  i.  p.  'i::^) 

It  \*  slipiilat.'d  in  the  lirsl  arlicle  nf  neon  vent  ion  helwoetifJreal  lliilain  an.I  the  United  StaleB.sieneri 
HI  l,<indnn,'2lllh  nf  Oclnbir,  18I.S,  that  the  siilijects  nfihe  lliiilHil  Slalea  Khali  have  liberty  tn  take  all 
S'lis  of  fish  '"nil  that  part  of  the  cnasi  nf  Newfounilland  from  Oipc  Uay  to  the  Rimeaii  Islaiiilif,  on 
Hie  western  and  nnrltiern  coasls  of  Newfoninlland  IVniii  ('ape  Ray  lo  l!ie  Uitirpoii  Islan'Is,  on  Ih"! 
Miiflalen  Islands,  and  also  on  the  coasts,  hays.  In  rhoiirs.  and  crnekd,  from  MonnI  .Iidy,nn  ihe  souther  n 
cimst  of  l.ahrador,  In  anil  IhrniiKh  the  Si  rails  nf  l!<'lleisle,  and  thence  iiorlliwar  lly  iinlelinilely  ;i|niii{ 
111"  roast,  wilhniit  prejudice,  however,  lo  any  nf  Ihe  exclusive  rights  nf  tlr!  iliidsnii's  Day  C'oiiipaiiy  ; 
niel  lliat  the  Aiiierhan  ttsiiermen  shall  also  have  lilierly.  for  ever.  In  dry  and  cine  fi"h  in  any  of  liie 
iiii-eiileil  liav's.  h  irlhiurs,  and  cre.tks,  nf  the  ijoiitliern  part  uf  the  coniit  uf  Newfounilland  here  ubuvo 
Vol,  I.— 2  I 


;:i: 


^m 


''«>,  ,* 


il 


8T4 


COFFEE. 


describi'd;  and  of  thn  const  of  T.alirndor ;  l)ut  «o  soon  as  the  inme,  or  any  'portion  thereof,  ihrtll  h* 
dcllled,  it  hIi.'iII  not  In-  lawful  for  tliu  mild  tif^iiornion  to  dry  or  cure  fisli  williout  previoua  iigr««iiient  for 
Mucli  pnrrtosn  with  the  iiihul)il:int!i,  prnprle.'orH,  or  pnnseasors  of  th<!  crouiiil.     And  the  United  8liiii<g 


Ml 


lieruby  renounce  forever  any  llliorty  heretofore  enjoyed  or  claimed  by  llm  JnliabituntH  thereof,  to  lakn 
ilry,  or  enre  tivji  on  or  within  3  murine  iiilles  of  any  of  the  corisls,  liayH,  tp'eks,  or  hiirbonrH  of  hia 
liritaiinlc  Mnjufity's  doniliiionH  in  America  not  Included  within  the  aliovo  incntiont'd  limits  "  Tlig 
American  flsliermen  are,  however,  ndmittod  Into  all  hnya,  *.<;.  for  tlie  purpose  of  shelter,  of  repulrinu 
damages,  of  purchaslni;  wood,nnd  ofoblaiiiinR  water,  and  lor  no  other  puriHise  whatever;  and  when 
there,  they  are  to  be  placed  under  such  restrictions  as  may  be  necessary  to  prevent  their  abusinetha 
privileges  hereby  renvrved  to  them. 

Cod  Fishert/,  French, — France  has  always  enjoyed  a  considerable  share  of  the  cod 
llshery.  The  following  Table  shows  the  extent  to  which  she  has  carried  it  since  the 
]>eacc  :— 

Account  of  the  number  of  Ships,  with  their  Tonnage,  Crews,  and  Cargoes,  that  have  entered  tlin 
diflerent  Ports  of  France  from  the  Cod  Fishery  dnrint'  the  Nine  Years  ending  with  1831.— (Fiom  the 
Tableau  Oiniral  dii  Commerct  di  la  »iine«  for  ItiSI,  p.  34fi.) 


Vran. 

Shiia. 

Tnniia];e. 

Crew. 

t'lxl,  green. 

CoJ,  dry. 

Oil. 

Kil.-ir. 

Kt'1- 

A'l'loT- 

1823 

18t 

10,2.-S8 

3,055 

4,4l)7,7.?0 

4.423,739 

415,210 

lK3t 

348 

3H,B«» 

0,073 

7,077,824 

14,091,189 

1,353,898 

1S25 

3:t0 

3.=>,IT2 

6.311 

7,288,'.)  1!) 

I5,8r.';),7;ii 

1,291,. '130 

iwao 

311 

38,1):!8 

7,088 

8,027,311 

I5,59l,«04 

1.063,070 

IS'27 

387 

44,868 

8,'.U8 

»,016,II5 

I5,!)70,2,'.0 

1,201,023 

KS28 

.181 

45,0i»4 

7,'.»7 

12.8:i8,2',)l 

17,2.')(i,l;.5 

l,3'.)5,h97 

1899 

414 

50,i574 

9,428 

10,518,878 

30,:»77,.'5g4 

1,909,117 

1830 

3T- 

4.5,03t> 

8,174 

10,410,302 

13.015,790 

1,150,059 

\        1831 

302 

35,180 

6,243 

9,'.»22,C''0 

12.817.9 13 

1,103.229 

The  qnantities  of  oil  are  exclusive  of  draehet  (huiles  non  epur's) ;  there  are  also  sounds,  Ut. 
Mar!<eilles.  firanviile,  Dunkirk,  Bordeaux,  La  Rochelle,  and  Nantes,  are  the  principal  ports  whence 
sliips  are  titled  on:  fur  the  fishery. 

But  notwithstanding  the  apparent  prosperity  of  this  branch  of  industry,  it  may  lie  doubled 
whether  it  l)e  really  so  lieneficial  to  France' as  would  at  first  sigiit  appear.  It  depends  more 
upon  artificial  regulations  than  tipon  any  thin^  else.  Foreijirn  cod  is  excluded  from  the 
Frruh  markets  by  the  oppressive  duty  with  which  it  is  loaded ;  and  the  comparatively  great 
demand  for  dried  fish  in  Catholic  countries  renders  tiiis  a  very  great  boon  to  the  French 
fishermen.  But  it  is  admitted,  that  this  would  not  be  enough  to  sualain  the  fishery  ;  and 
bounties  amomiting  to  about  1,500,000  fr.,  or  60,000/.  a  yeur  are  paid  to  those  engaged  in  it. 
'i'hose,  however,  have  been  recently  reduced. 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  small  islands  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland,  belong  to  the  French. 
Their  right  of  fishing  upon  the  shores  of  that  island,  and  upon  the  great  bank,  was  replaced, 
ill  1814,  upon  the  footing  on  which  it  stood  in  1792.  Tliid  conccsHion  has  been  much 
objected  to  by  Mr.  M'Gregor  and  others ;  we  believe,  however,  that  they  have  materially  over- 
rated its  influence. 

[See  article  Fisii  for  further  accounts  of  the  American  cod  fishery. — Am.  E(f.] 

COFFEE  (Ger.  Koffe,  Koffefmhnen  ,  Du.  Koffi/,  Kofftbimien  .•  Da.  Kaffe,  Kuffebdnner  .- 
Sw.  Koffe,-  Fr.  It  and  Port  Cnffc,-  Sp.  Ciifc ,-  '  Rus.  Knfe  .■  Vol  Kawa,-  Lat  Coffea, 
Caffm  f  .Arab.  Bun  ,•  Malay,  Kmvi  ,•  Pers.  Tuehein,  Keivr/i ,-  Turk.  Chaube),  the  lierriea 
of  the  colTee  plant  (C»/ft'a  y4raWc«  Lin.).  They  are  generally  of  an  oval  form,  smaller 
than  a  horse-bean,  and  of  a  tough,  close,  and  hard  texture ;  fhry  are  proiiiinctit  on  the 
one  side  and  flattened  on  the  other,  h.iving  a  deeply  marked  furrow  running  lengthwise 
along  the  fiuttencd  side;  they  are  moderately  heavy,  of  a  greenish  colour,  and  a  somcvvhut 
bitterish  taste. 

y/n/f/r/Va/  Notice  of  Coffee. — The  coflTee  plant  is  a  native  of  that  part  of  Arabia  called 
Yemen  ,•  but  it  is  now  very  extensively  cultivated  in  the  southern  extriynity  of  India,  in 
.lava,  the  West  Indies,  Brazil,  &c.  We  are  ignorant  of  the  precise  period  when  it  began 
to  be  roasted,  and  the  decoction  used  as  a  drink,  though  the  discovery  is  not  supposed  to 
late  further  back  than  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  No  mention  of  it  is  made  by 
any  ancient  writer;  nor  by  any  of  the  mnJerns  previously  to  the  sixteenth  century.  Leon- 
hiirt  Kauwolf.  a  German  physician,  is  believed  to  Im  the  first  European  who  has  taken  any 
notice  of  cofl'eo.  His  work  was  published  in  157.'1,  and  his  account  is,  in  some  resiiects, 
iiiaccurale.  Coffee  was,  however,  very  accurately  de. cribcd  by  Prosjier  Albums,  who  had 
been  in  E'^pt  as  physician  to  the  Venetian  connul,  in  his  works  d/:  Plantis  E'^ypti,  and 
<ie  Mdirina  Esyptiorum,  published  in  1591  and  1.592. 

A  public  coffee-house  was  oftened  for  the  first  time,  in  London,  in  IB.'JZ.  A  Turkey  mer- 
chant, of  the  name  of  Edwards,  having  brought  along  with  him  from  the  Levant  some  bags 
of  coffee,  and  a  Greek  servant  accustomed  to  make  it,  his  house  was  throngtxl  with  visiters 
to  see  and  taste  this  new  sort  of  li(|uor.  And  being  desirous  to  gratify  his  friends  without 
putting  himself  to  inconvenience,  he  allowed  bis  servant  to  make  and  sell  coffee  publi<'ly. 
In  consequence  of  this  permission,  the  latter  oi)ened  a  coffee-house  in  St  Michael's  Allev, 


COFFEE. 


375 


CornWll.  on  the  spot  where  the  Virginia  Coffee-house  now  stands.  Oarraway's  was  »lie 
first  coll'ec-house  opened  after  the  great  fire  in  1666. — (Museley  on  Coffee,  5th  ed.  p.  15.)* 

M.  (le  la  Roque  mentions  that  the  use  of  cofTee  was  first  introiiuccd  into  France  in  the 
ncrioil  between  1640  and  1660;  and  he  further  states,  that  the  first  cotree-houso  for  the 
sale  of  coffee  in  France  was  opened  at  Marseilles,  in  1671 ;  and  that  one  was  opened  at  Pant 
ill  the  following  year. — (  Voyage  de  la  Si/rie,  torn.  ii.  pp.  310 — 319.) 

tjoine  time  between  1680  and  1690,  the  Dutch  planted  coHee  beans  tlicy  had  procured 
from  Mocha,  in  the  vicinity  of  Batavia.  In  1690,  they  sent  a  plant  to  Euro|)e  ;  and  it  wh» 
from  berries  obtained  from  this  plant  that  the  first  coflee  plantations  in  the  West  Indies  and 
Surinam  were  de.ived. 

Vmgressive  Consumption  of  Coffee  in  Great  Britain.  Influence  of  the  D'if!e.i. — In 
16G0,  a  duty  of  id.  a  gallon  was  laid  on  all  cotTee  made  and  sold.  Previously  to  1733,  the 
duty  on  collbe  amounted  to  is.  a  pound ;  but  an  act  was  then  passed,  in  compliance  with 
the  solicitations  of  the  West  India  planters,  reducing  the  duty  to  \s.  6d.  a  pound ;  at  which 
it  stood  for  many  years,  producing,  at  an  average,  about  10,000/.  a  year.  In  conscquonci!, 
however,  of  the  prevalence  of  smuggling,  caused  by  the  too  great  magnitude  of  the  duty, 
the  revenue  declined,  in  1783,  to  2,869/.  10s.  lO^rf.  And  it  having  been  found  impossible 
otherwise  to  check  the  practice  of  clandestine  importation,  the  duty  was  retluci?il,  in  178  t, 
to  (>d.  The  consequences  of  this  wise  and  salutary  measure  were  most  benelii-ial.  Instoad 
of  being  reduced,  the  revenue  was  immediately  raised  to  near  tfiree  times  its  previous 
amount,  or  to  7,200/.  15.v,  9d.,  showing  that  the  consumption  of  legally  imported  cotfee  niimt 
have  increased  in  about  a  ninefold  proportion  .' — a  striking  and  coticlusive  proof,  as  Mr. 
Bryan  Edwards  has  ob.«ervcd,  of  the  etievt  of  heavy  taxation  in  defeating  its  own  object. — 
{Hist,  of  the  West  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.  340.  8vo  ed.) 

Tlie  history  of  the  coffee  trade  abounds  with  similar  and  even  more  striking  examples  of 
the  superior  productiveness  of  low  duties.  In  1807,  the  duty  was  \s.  8d.  a  pound ;  and  the 
quantity  entered  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  I  170,164  lbs.,  yielding  a  revenue  of 
l(il,24.5/.  lis.  id.  In  1808,  the-duty  was  reduced  from  Is.  8d.  to  7'd.;  und.in  1809,  there 
were  no  fewer  than  9,251,847  lbs.  entered  for  home  consumption,  yielding,  notwitliHtandlnti 
the  reduction  of  duty,  a  revenue  of  245,856/.  3s.  id.  The  duly  having  been  raised,  in 
I81J,  from  7d.  to  Is.  a  pound,  the  quantity  entered  for  home  consumplion,  in  1824,  was 
7,91)3,041  lbs.,  yielding  a  revenue  of  407,.544/.  4s.  3d,  In  1824,  however,  the  duty  being 
a';iun  reduced  from  Is.  to  6rf.,  the  quantity  entered  for  home  consumption,  in  18^5,  w:m 
10,760,112  lbs.,  and  in  1831  it  had  increased  to  22,740,637  lbs.,  yielding  a  nett  revenue 
of  .583,751/. 

The  consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom  may,  at  present,  he  estimated  at  about 
23,000,000  lbs.,  producing  about  600,000/.  of  revenue. 

We  subjoin 

I.  Quantltios  ofthe  different  Sorts  of  Coffee  entered  for  Home  Consumption  iu  the  United  Kingt'^m, 

eucli  Year  since  1822. 


Yean  eaded 


5tll  .Inn.  1822 

—  1823 

—  1821 

—  1825 

—  1820 

—  1827 


Brllish 
riaiitation. 


r.li. 
7,38ti,0fl0 
7,491,218 
8,218,342 
7,047,890 
10,fi22,37fl 
12,100,000 


Foreign 
I'lant 


7fi4 
3,416 

S81 
I..")  10 
9.819 
2,753 


Gait 
India. 


r.u. 
200,177 
171,717 
235,097 
313,513 
457,745 
791,570 


Total. 


I.la. 
7,593.001 
7,009,3.')! 
8,454,!»20 
8,2H9,013 
11.082,970 
13.203,323 


Yean  cnJed 


Drilish 
Plintatinn. 


itIiJiin.  I818'14,076,968 

—  1899 1 16, 15 1,239 

—  I8.i0|l8,19.'i,-I07 

—  lHX1j91,()97,9«fi 
1832121. .501, two 


Fdrei^ri 
Manl- 
atioii. 


1.210 

2.984 
0.197 
3,97 


East 
Indiiu 


Tolal. 


8S8,198  15.riliti,;i70 
973,110  17,127.033 
974,570il9,;7«,l<H(l 
'.l-i9,5\5|v20'»l 


3.9  lO:i,9.U,';  21  22,740,027 
1833'20,W)4,301  1 17,591,  1,970,1135|22,952,.'j27 


n.  An  Account  of  the  qnantity  of  CofTee  reltiincd  for  Home  Consumption  in  GreHt  Ilritain,  the  Rntng 
of  Duty  thereon,  and  the  Produce  of  tlio  Duties,  uuch  Year  since  1789. 


Tcara. 

Q'lJiilltiefl  rrtalned 

for  Iloinij 

CnnsutDptlnn 

Kitn  of  Uuiy  on 

Ketl  Revenur  nf  CiuUmii  •ml 

Rntith  Plaiiuti;ii. 

Eail  InJia. 

17S9 
1790 
1791 
1799 
1793 
1794 
1795 

LU. 

930,141 

97.3,110 
1.017.270 

010,008 
1,070.438 

«>9,5I2 
1,054,588 

Per  lb. 
t.  d. 

0  lot 

l~i 

Per  lb. 
».      d. 
2      0[ 

Furccnt.al  valnri-ni. 

£    K.    d. 
Ml. 

£         a.    d. 

40.980     17     11 
50,700      7      4 
57,0.''9      5     11 
48,825      0      2 
07,3.'i7     1 1       9 
74.430      4      0 
05,788      3      7 

♦  riinrlcs  II.  ntteniptod,  by  proclanuition  iBsiied  in  167!i,  to  suppress  coffee-linuseB,  on  the  Rrniind  of 
tlieir  licinu  re«orteil  tn  by  disiiffei-tiMl  persons  who  "dcviseil  unci  tiprciid  iilimud  ilivers  falsi-,  iii.illciouit 
nii'l  »c-.inilii|()U8  rejinrts,  to  the  (lefiimtition  of  his  MiijcptyV  Boveiiiinenl.  iind  to  the  diHtiirlmnie  ofllni 
pi':ii(-  nml  qitietot  iIim  niitioii."  The  opinion  of  the. IikIkpb  ImviiiR  liecn  taken  as  to  the  lep.illiv  of  the 
procHnrliiiir  they  resolved.  "That  retuilinK  rotlee  nii|.'lit  lie  an  iiuMU. m  traili^ ;  hut  uh  il  wiiri  used  to 
ll'iunsh  sclitioii,  spread  lies,  and  scundaliae  ,f  rcat  men,  it  iiiiglit  also  bu  a  common  iiuisuiice!" 


.m 


:\l   'i 


;i  !i 


iii  f 


II 


876 


COFFEE. 


n.  An  Account  ofth*  Quantity  of  Coffee  retained  for  Home  Coniuinption  in  Great  Btita\n—tantiniui 


■ 

1       Tom. 

ror  Home 

CoMumplioB. 

lUIn  of  Duty  en 

Itutt  RevnuA  of  Cuitoma  tod 
Eiciw. 

Britidi  Flaniailnn. 

Ewl  Imlia 

1 

11*. 

Fbrlb. 

Fwlb. 

Porrenl.ulTalorain. 

£         1.   d. 

«.      rf. 

t.      d. 

£       *.    d. 

17M 

■    3W.0S3 

1      5 

3     6| 

Nil. 

30,048     6    11 

1797 

637,001 

1      5 

3     7 

92,469     3    U 

1788 

997,487 

1      5 

3     7f 
3     7| 

—w 

78,966     6     9 

17W 

682,432 

1     5 

3     0     0 

74,001      9     3 

1800 

82e,5U0 

H9.h67    11      5 

1801 

750,801 

1  ~5i 

3     7 

9     0      0 

100,076     9     7 

1809 

83»,4.-U 

1      6 

3     7t 

9     0     0 

79,1S3     9     3 

1803 

005,533 

1     61 

1    lU 

3    ei 

9    16      3 

72,003    IS     8 

1804 

1,061,337 

1      7 

3      3      6 

151,368     0    11 

1805 

1,301,730 

1      7 

9     04 
9      0 

3      3      9 

130,179    18     7 

1800 

1,157,014 

1     7 

3      7    U 

1,'>2,7:)9     6      0 

1807 

1,170,104 

lfll,2l5    11      4 

1806 

1,069,691 

0~7 

0    10 

3      7    11 

299,738    10     6 

18(4 

9,851,837 

0     7 

0    10 

3     A     8 

315,S80     8     4 

1810 

8,308,096 

175.567      1      4 

1811 

6,390,123 

_ 

.. 

_ 

919,h90    12    10 

1813 

8,118,734 





^^ 

255,184      7      1 

181S 

8,788,001 

0     71 

0    101 

0   ui 

3    19     3 

Cuiloin  r«t)nlnlMtroyed. 

1814 

6,324,207 

0     7} 

Nil. 

213,513    18      4 

1815 

6,117,311 

258,762    18      3 

1810 

7,557,471 

_ 

mmm 

^^                  V 

2110,834      0    11 

1817 

8,688,726 

_ 

^_ 

_^ 

20S,MO      5      i 

1818 

7,967,857 



^ 

_» 

250,  KM)      4    10 

1819 

7,42!),3.'S3 

1      0 

1      6 

_ 

292,  LM      8    10 

18-20 

6,809,2S6 

_ 

340,223      6      7 

1831 

"  327,283 

« 

__ 

„_ 

371,2.^2     5     6 

1823 

<0 1,201 

_. 

.^ 

^_ 

374,.^06    19     7 

1893 

8,309,245 



_ 

_ 

416,324      3     9 

18-M 

7.993,010 

— 

^ 

^ 

407,544      4     3 

1825 

10,766,112 

0      6 

0     0 

_ 

307,204    14      3 

18-M 

12,724,139 

— 

_ 

32l,ti67     11       1 

1827 

14,974.378 

— 

.. 



384,994    13     2 

1833 

16,522,423 

— 

.» 



4-2,'i,389      3      7 

1829 

18,906,373 

— 





484,975     10      8 

1830 

91,840,590 

— 





658,544      3    10 

1831 

31,747,813 

— 





55«,431     19      6 

1832 

32,053,326 

^ 

— 



575,261     18      8 

III.  Account  of  the  Qiinntitjr  of  CnfTee  imported  into  the  ITnited  Kini^ilnm  firnm  thn  sevnrnl  British 
Colonics  and  Pliintalinna,  from  the  British  posgnggloiis  in  the  Kasl  InilieH,  nnd  t'rnni  P'orci^n  Conn- 
tries,  in  the  Year  ending  the  5th  nf  January,  1830;  distiiigiiigliiiig  the  si^vural  Boris  of  Coffee,  and 
the  Colonies  and  Countries  from  which  the  same  was  imported. —  (Furiiisliud  by  the  Custom  Hoiite.) 


oriheRriliih 

1       Colonin  ami  Countries  rrrnn  which  impnrted. 

Fr>!w^(inna  in 

Ainfrira.  nnd  of 

Sinn  l.eooe. 

Of  the  »;ai>  tn.lies 
anJ  Miuriliua. 

Of  the  Fnntijn 
Flanliliam. 

Total  Quantity 
Imported. 

J.b$. 

Ui. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

British  cnlnnies  and  plantations  in  Ame- 

rica ;  viz. 

Antiifua         -          .          -           - 

S80 

— 

— 

.ISO 

Barbadoes      -          .          •           - 

57,825 

— 

— 

57,825 

Dominica       .          -          -           - 

112,557 

— 

— 

112,:'.'57 

Grenada         .          -          •          . 

8,230 

— 

— 

8,2Pfi 

Jamaica         .          •          .          - 

11,154,307 

— 

— 

11,151,307 

St.  Christopher         .          .           - 

40 

— 

— 

40 

8t.  I.iicia       -          -          -           - 

53,582 

— 

— 

5.1,5^2 

8t.  Vincent's             .           -           - 

Its 

— 

— 

118 

Trinidad        .          .           .          - 

21,950 

— 

11,110 

33,o<;o 

Tortoln          .... 

28 

— 

— — 

ss 

Bahamas        •           .           -           - 

— 

2H0,I56 

9Rfl,ir.O 

Peinerara      -          -          •           - 

1.139.054 

— 

— 

1,1 39,054 

Bcrlilce           .... 

2,027,0.-)7 

— 

— 

2,027.(13? 

British  North  American  Colonies   - 

5,416 

— 

8,K99 

14,315 

Esypt                   .... 
West  Coast  of  Africa      -           -           - 

» 

_ 

.50 

SO 

32,306 

— 

31,032 

63,S.1S 

Cape  of  Good  Hope         .           -           - 

— 

SS"* 

— 

33S 

Eastern  Coast  of  Africa 

— . 

214 

— 

211 

Nanriliiis              .... 

— 

243,2«6 

— 

213,S9t) 

'Britit'h  possessions  In  the  Rast  Indies;  viz. 

— 

East   India  Coinpiiny's  territories. 

^ 

etcliislvo  of  Singapore     - 
Sinpapore      .          -          -          - 
Ceylon           .          .          .          - 

'ijava          .          -          -           -           • 

= 

3,4W!,SI3 

849.900 

1,870.143 

— 

2,402,813 

210.«00 

1,870,143 



1,034,262 

— 

l,034,2fi2 

'Philippine  Islandi^           -           -           - 

— 

34,019 

— 

34,01(1 

'fMher  islands  of  tne  Indian  Sens 

— 

449 

— 

442 

'China 

— 

"7 

■— 

27 

«.    d. 


18    6  n 

19     3    11 

Wei 

1    3    a 

7    11      5 

«     9     7 

3     3     3 

i    IS     8 

9     0    Jl 

2    18     7 

i     6     0 

i    11      4 

)  ir>    s 

i     8     4 

1      4 

1    13    10 

7      1 

iru«  (lettroyed 

18      4 

18     3 

0    11 

5      1 

4    10 

8    10 

6     7 

5     « 

19     7 

3     9 

4     3 

14     3 

11      1 

13     3 

3     7 

10     8 

3    10 

19     6 

18     8 

sso 

57,825 

112,.'i57 

H,2?fi 

1,151„'?07 

40 

53,5^2 

118 

33,(l(;n 

SM 

?sn.i,',fl 

,  1 39,05  ♦ 

i,()2r.(ir 

14,313 

SO 

63,S,1S 

3SH 

21 » 

243,SUti 


COFFEE.  877 

m.  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Coffoe  Imported  Into  the  United  Kingdom— C0ne<«ve<(. 


CoMmuJ  C'Uii.'r'  '-;rom  which  ImpoiM. 

(»  th«  nriiiih 

Pmmioni  in 

Amtrica,  and  of 

or  the  Kut  IndiM 
ud  Mauritiui. 

or  tha  Foniipi 
Flantiliou. 

To'al  Quantltj 
Impurtad. 

Npw  SoUtil  Wu.                ... 

I  ort'i«n  colunlei  in  the  west  Indie*  j  tIi. 
Culm              .... 
Ilnitnil  Statei  of  America 
(iiiiitfiiiinla           .... 
r^iliiiiibia             .... 
Brazil        ..... 
Europe     .          .          -          •          . 

Totnii 

Lbt. 
4,010 

Ut. 

no 

673,350 

Lbt. 

1,134,313 

600,418 

37,360 

57,530 

328 

4,117,094 

336,434 

Lbt. 

110 
1,134,313 

600,418 

37,360 

57,539 

238 

4,117,091 

1,013,794 

14,617,046 

7,167,914    1       6,013,533 

38,308,403 

IV.  Ancnuntof  the  Quantity  of  CoflTeo  exported  from  tho  United  Kingdom,  In  the  Year  ended  the  .5th 
of  Jiinimry,  1836 ;  distinRiiishlng  the  eevornl  Sorts  of  Coffee,  and  the  Countries  to  which  the  sani* 
W.1S  exported.— (Furnished  by  Ciulom  Hotiie.) 


or  llie  Rrlliili 

Cotinlrlei  to  wliich  ciportad. 

l^memlnns  in 

America,  and  of 

Siena  Lennc. 

Of  the  E'lit  Tnilin 
and  Mauriliut. 

Of  the  Forelun 
Flanlaliuua. 

Total  quanllly 
cxportwi. 

Urn. 

Lb». 

Lbs. 

Lbn. 

R\lB»ia                   .             "            .            - 

18,853 

3,750 

1,319,652 

1,342,254 

3wn4en               .           .           .           - 

._ 

103 

9,085 

10,087 

\nr\vBy              .... 

^^ 

732 

»00,7.17 

310.459 

Dnninaric             .... 



13,839 

61.5,328 

629,167 

Prussia               .          .          .          - 



31,156 

13.3.013 

157,769 

ficriiinny             .           .           .           - 

44,867 

194,081 

866.730 

1,105,678 

Tiie  Netherlands            ... 

43.597 

2,008,468 

4,307,527 

6,449,592 

Fin  lire                 .... 

— 

95,951 

— 

95,951 

Pr  rlii^iil,  the  Azores,  and  Madeira 

30 

643 

7,534 

8,206 

Spiiiii  and  the  Canaries 

— 

479 

149 

628 

fiihraltar 

... 

— 

6,379 

6.279 

Imly                   .... 

35,513 

309,686 

1,489,905 

1,7.35,103 

Multa                 .... 

43,036 

4,967 

364,888 

411,881 

The  Ionian  Islands        -          .          . 

-.. 

260 

.17,021 

.37,881 

Turkey  and  Continental  Oreece 

— 

8,821 

7.39,114 

747,935 

Morea  and  Greek  Islands 

— 

— 

104.139 

104,1.39 

Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and  Man  . 

8,802 

10,488 

3,837 

23,217 

103,776 

2,576,413 

10,406.0.38 

•  13,176,226 

OapeofOoodllopo        ... 

-^ 

— 

34,776 

34,776 

Oilier  parts  of  Africa     •           .           • 

3,108 

5,ro 

5,255 

12,733 

I'ast  Indies  and  Cliina   .           .           • 

— 

906 

303 

1,208 

New  South  Wales,  Swan  River,  and 

Van  DlGMinn's  Land   -           -           . 

3,447 

9.719 

7,348 

19,544 

nritish  North  American  Colonies 

1,648 

14,702 

.12,819 

C9,l(i9 

nrili.'h  West  Indies        ... 

— 

8,676 

10,988 

28,604 

United  States  of  America 

— 

— 

6-10 

640 

nrazil                  .... 

» 

761 

— 

761 

Slates  ofthoUiode  la  Plata     . 

— 

— 

781 

781 

Chili                  .... 

113 

345 

1,330 

1.687 

Peru                   .... 

Totals  from  Great  Britain 
British  North  American  Colonies 

Total  quantity  exported  firom  the 

— 

— 

121 

131 

200,091 

2,616,881 

10,.52n,398 

13,346,370 

167 

— 

— 

167 

United  Kini;dom 

200,258 

2,616,881 

10,!i29,398 

13,346,537 

t  of  the  Amonnt  of  Duties  received  on  Coffee  in  Orenf  Britain  and  Ireland  respectively  in 
enrtimr.IlM  of  .January,  1830;  distinffuishiiiK  each  Sort  of  CnifeB,  and  the  nett  Produce  of  the 

I  PnfFun  ill  Itin  ITliitpil  ICinirHnni  In  Biipl.  vnni.  _rl?iir,iiBlir>fl  liv  tliH   nitntnin^hniiiif  ^ 


V.  Arcount i 

the  Veareri ^  ,..,. ... .,, ..,  ...... ,  ...o,.,,,...,,,..,,^  ^^^ - -, 

Duties  on  Coffee  in  the  United  Kingdom  in  such  year. — (Furnished  hy  the  Custom-hou.ie.) 


Year  ending  SIh  January,  tSW. 

In  Gieat  Ilritairi. 

!n  Irelamt. 

In  tlie  t'rtiled 
Kln^lntn. 

Of  the  British  possessions  In  America  and  Sierra ) 

I.eone  .---.. 
0'' the  East  Indies  and  Mauritius        ... 
Other  sorts         ...... 

Total  gross  receipt     .... 

Nett  produce  ..... 

£ 

428,416 

203,310 
143 

£ 
14,581 
6,120 

£ 

442,997 

209,110       I 
146       ' 

631,901 

20.702 

6:)2,fi03 

631,422 

20,702 

652.121 

The  introduction  of  tea  and  coffee,  it  has  bfcn  well  n^tnarked,  "  has  led  to  tlie  most  won 

derfiil  fhanire  that  ever  took  place  in  tho  diet  of  modern  civilized  nations, — a  change  highly 

im|mrt;int  Imtii  in  a  moral  and  physical  point  of  view.     These  beverages  have  tiie  ndmiralile 

advaiitane  of  affording  stimulus  without  producing  intoxication,  or  any  of  its  evil  contw* 

2  i2  48 


11 


378 


COFFEE. 


:    J 


qucnces.  Lovers  of  tea  or  ooflt'O  arc,  in  fact,  rarely  drinkers ;  and  hrnire  the  use  of  tlipss 
hcvernges  has  benefited  Ijotli  manners  and  morals.  Kaynal  obwrves  tbiit  Mie  use  oCtra  hag 
contributed  more  to  the  sobriety  of  the  Chinese  than  the  sevorpst  lav/s,  the  most  eloquent 
discourses,  or  the  Iwst  treatises  on  morality." — (Scnlsmaii,  I7th  of  October,  1827.) 

S:ipph/  and  Consttmption  nf  Coffee, — Owing  to  the  rapidly  increasinff  cnnsuMiptioii  of 
coffoe  m  this  country,  the  Continent,  and  America,  the  great  value  of  the  article,  the  liu'^e 
amount  of  capital  and  labour  employed  in  ils  production,  and  the  shipping  required  for  it« 
transport,  it  has  become  a  commodity  of  primary  commercial  importance.  It  deserves  par- 
ticular attention,  loo,  inasmuch  as  there  arc  few,  if  any,  articles  that  exhibit  such  variatiois 
not  only  as  to  consumption,  but  also  as  t  !;rowth  and  piicn.  These  are  occasioned  pattly 
by  changes  of  commercial  regulations  a  duties,  and  partly,  also,  by  the  plant  rcquirinir  4 
or  5  years  liefore  it  comes  to  bear ;  so  thiit  the  supply  is  neither  suddenly  increased  when 
the  demand  increases,  nor  diminished  when  it  falls  ofT.  St.  Domingo  used  forinerlv  tu  tie 
one  of  the  greatest  sources  of  supply,  having  exported,  in  1786,  about  3.'),000  tons ;"  iind  it 
is  supposed  that,  but  for  the  negro  insurrection  which  broke  out  in  1793,  the  exports  of  that 
year  would  have  amounted  to  48,000  tons.  'I'he  devastation  occasioned  by  this  event  oaiiseJ, 
for  a  series  of  years,  an  almost  total  cessation  of  supplies.  Rerently,  however,  they  have 
again  be<;un  to  increase ;  and  are  understood  to  amount,  at  present,  to  aliovu  20,000  tons  a 
year.  From  Cuba,  the  exports  of  coffee  have  within  tliese  few  years  rather  declined,  owing 
partly  to  an  increased  consumption  in  the  island,  and  partly  to  the  efforts  of  the  planters 
having,  a  little  time  back,  been  more  directed  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar  ;  they  may  at  present 
amount  to  from  18,000  to  20,000  tons;  or,  including  Porto  Rico,  to  2.5,000  or  27,000  tons. 
In  Java,  also,  the  exports  of  coffee  have,  of  late,  been  on  the  decline,  but  not  to  any  consi- 
derable extent.  In  Jamhica  and  the  other  British  West  India  colonies,  the  cultivation  of 
coffee  was  greatly  extended  during  the  prevalence  of  the  high  prices,  but  the  imports  have 
fallen  off  from  12,000  tons  in  1829,  to  about  10,800  tons  in  18:32.  In  Brazil,  the  growth 
of  coffee  has  increased  with  unprecedented  rapidity.  So  late  as  1821,  the  quantity  of  coffee 
exported  from  Rio  dc  Janeiro  did  not  exceed  7,500  tons;  whereas  it  now  amounts  to  attout 
oO.OOO  tons  !•  This  extraordinary  increase  has  probably  been,  in  some  measure,  owing  to 
the  continuance  of  the  slave  trade  ;  and  it  remains  to  be  seen,  whether  the  growth  of  coffee 
may  not  now  be  checked  by  the  late  cessation  of  that  abominable  traffic.  The  culture  of 
coffee  in  India  and  Ceylon  is  daily  becoming  of  more  importance.  In  India,  it  is  raised 
chiefly  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  and  the  quantity  exported  is,  at  present,  believed  to  exceed 
4,000,000  lbs.  The  exports  from  Ceylon,  in  1830,  were  1,669,490  lbs.  The  total  imporU 
of  coffee  into  Great  Britain  from  the  East  Indies,  in  1832,  were  10,407,897  lbs. 

The  following  may,  we  believe,  be  regarded  as  a  pretty  fair  estimate  of  the  aimuul  exports 
of  coffee  from  the  principal  places  where  it  is  produced,  and  of  the  annual  consumptiun  in 
those  countries  into  which  it  is  imported  from  abroad,  at  the  present  time  : — 


Rzportl. 

Mnrhn,  Hodeida,  and  other  Arabian  ports 

Java  -...-- 

Sumatra  and  other  parts  of  India 

Drazil  and  the  Spiinish  Main  ... 

St.  Doniineo  ..... 

f"nlm  and  Porto  Rico 

British  West  India  colonics  ... 

Dutch  West  India  colonies  ... 

French  West  India  colonies  and  the  Isle  de  Bourbon 


CnnsumpUoD. 
Great  Britain  ...... 

\elli«rlanilH  and  Ilnlland     .  .  .  .  . 

(■erniaiiy  and  counlries  round  the  Baltic  ... 
I'rani'e,  Sjiain,  Italy,  Turlvcy  in  Europe,  the  Levant,  &c. 
Amurii-a         ....... 


TnTu, 

lo.nno 

18,(MI0 
8,0(10 
49,(100 
20,000 
28,00(1 
11,000 
.'i.t'OO 
8,000 


-147,000 


-138,500 


Of  this  quantity,  the  consumption  of  Great  Britain  and  America  amounts  to  nearly  a  fourth 
part,  ami  may  be  said  to  have  arisen  almost  entirely  since  1807. 

Of  the  entire  export  of  coffee  from  Arabia,  not  more,  perhaps,  than  bfiOO  or  6,000  tons 
finds  its  way  to  the  [daces  mentioned  above ;  so  that,  supposing  tliese  estimates  to  be  about 
correct,  it  follows  that  the  supply  of  coffee  is,  at  present,  about  equal  to  the  demand.  'J'ho 
latter  is,  however,  rapidly  increasing ;  and  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  it  be  destined  to 
outrun,  keep  pace  with,  or  fall  short  of  the  supply.  On  the  whole,  however,  we  should  lie 
inclined  to  think,  that  though  they  may  occasionally  vary  to  the  extent  of  a  few  thousand 
tons  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  tho  probability  is  that  they  will  be  pretty  nearly  balanced ; 


♦  M.  Montveran  Is  plRaxed  to  inform  us,  in  his  lUmai  de  Stnlhtiiiiit  nur  Us  Cilovifa,  a  work  in  other 
ropects  of  conslcliTiilile  niiTit  (/'iteji  JiM(iffro/u-i.v,  p.  II.),  that  llie  e.xtiorts  of  r (ifl'cM!  from  lltnzil  in 
)H:)0-3I  amounted  to  1,865,000  kilog.  ^  1,^36  tons  !  In  point  if  fact  tht- y  were  more  tlian  '20  tinici 
Mipurh 


COFFEE. 


379 


10  that,  snppoilng  peace  to  bo  pretiervpcl,  wc  do  not  anticipate  any  Very  great  variation  of 
liricc.  Tlio  prices  of  1827,  1838,  18*9,  and  1830,  seem  to  have  been  a  good  deal  liclow  the 
avcMge.  ''"'"s  depression  naturally  cheeked  production  and  stimulated  consumption,  so  that 
prifiH  rose  considerably  in  1831,  1832,  and  1833  ;  but  the  advance,  in  the  last,  has  not  l>een 
maintiiincd,  at  least  to  the  whole  extent  Such  oscillations  will,  ni>  doubt,  continue  to  take 
place ;  but  unless  the  cost  of  produuing  coflfee  should  be  permanently  increased  or  diminish- 
ed, tliey  can  only  be  temporary. 

'I'lie  consumption  of  colTee  in  the  United  States  has  been  more  than  quadrupled  since 
1821,  in  which  year  it  amounted  to  6,680  tons.  Part  of  this  increase  is,  no  doubt,  to  be 
ascribed  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty,  first  from  5  to  2  cents  per  pound,  and  its  subsei^uent 
repeal;  part  to  the  fall  in  the  price  of  colTee;  and  a  part,  perhaps,  to  the  increase  of  tenifwr- 
ancc  societies.  Probably,  also,  it  was  in  some  degree  ascriliable  to  tlie  comparatively  high 
dutii'.s  formerly  laid  on  the  teas  imported  into  the  United  States ;  these,  however,  finally 
ceased  in  1833. 

Aconiint  of  Itie  Inipnria  of  CnflVe  Into  the  Unitetl  States,  the  Exportu  from  the  snmo,  ami  the  Quan- 
tities lct>  for  llonie  CdiiHUiiiptioii,  during  each  of  the  Fifteen  Years  ending  the  30th  uf  6c|iteiiibor, 
Vi35.— (Papers  published  by  Order  uf  Congress.) 


Yein. 

laiporn. 

Eipoili. 

Left  fr>r  HoiTiC  CoiiMimption. 

IM. 

Ui. 

U, 

T:>:>. 

1821 

21,a73,B59 

9,387,598 

ll,a80,003 

5,309 

lt.21 

2,'i,T92,.rjO 

7,267.119 

18,51,5,271 

8,266 

1823 

37,337,732 

2I),900,0S7 

lfi.4.'t7,OI5 

7,3.38 

18i!l 

30,221,251 

19,427,2'27 

19,797,021 

8,838 

lH-i5 

45,190,fi30 

24,512,568 

20,678,062 

9,231 

IHSe 

43.319,497 

11,5«4,713 

31,7.14,784 

14,167 

1827 

50,051,086 

21,097,739 

2H,354,I97 

i'i,ms 

1828 

55,101,1)97 

10,037,(164 

39,l.'ifi,733 

17,481 

1829 

51,133,538 

18,083,813 

33,019,195 

14,751 

1830 

51,48.^,218 

I3,121,.')61 

3H,303,687 

17,127 

mi 

81,7.M),3H8 

6050,029 

75,702,7.'J7 

33,706 

1812 

91,722,329 

55,2.-,  1,1. '58 

40,471,171 

18,067 

18M 

99,9:)5,0i0 

21,897,111 

75,057,906 

3;i,508 

18.14 

8(),153,36l> 

35,800,801 

44,346,.';05 

19,797 

1835 

103,199,577 

11,446,775 

fll,752,b02 

40,961 

Mr.  Conk  gives  the  following  statement  of  the  Imports  of  coffee  Into  the  Continent  and  Great 
Britain,  and  of  the  stocks  on  htiud  on  the  3l8t  of  Deceuil)«r  each  year : — 


Flaui. 

imiwrli. 

Stticks, 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1830. 

1831. 

18.12. 

Tmt. 

T^mn, 

Tim. 

Ttrnt. 

Tvnit. 

Tint. 

France     -          .           -          • 

13,000 

8,300 

13,1S0 

6,1.50 

2,!i00 

5,100 

Trii'ste,  Genoa,  and  Leghorn    - 

12,100 

6,430 

13,.')T0 

4,300 

1.2.'.0 

6,200 

Antwerp  -           -           -           - 

21,2110 

5,130 

8,100 

4,000 

2,8.'i0 

1,960 

Itoltordiitn          ... 

4,.50O 

11,710 

14,200 

::,6flO 

4,.'i00 

7..5flO 

Ainstnrclara          .            -            - 

9,000 

10,700 

lO.S.'iO 

5,800 

6,000 

7,480 

Ilain>)iirgh           ... 

20,250 

17,380 

2a,.5()0 

10,700 

7,500 

11,000 

Bremen    .... 

4,960 

4,3:;o 

6,130 

2,000 

1.7,'.0 

2,6S0 

rii|)ciih:ieen         .           -           - 

1,340 

1,570 

1,670 

S50 

490 

61)0 

I'dersburgh         ... 
Totals 

500 

1,200 

i,:oo 

300 

1,000 
2b,2IO 

960 

86,850 

60,780 

91 ,8.i0 

37.200 

43,120 

Great  Dritain      ... 
Coiitini-nt  and  Great  Ilrilain 

18,290 
105,140 

19,350 

22,;rro 

1,3,120 

12,5.10 

12,180 

86,130 

114,220 

50,620 

40,1 70 

55,61:0 

ifilale  of  Commerce  of  Oreat  liriliiin  fur  1832,  p.  19  &  21.) 

Aororrting  to  Mr.  Cook,  the  prices  of  Jnmnica  nnd  Pt.  Dnniinpo  (llayti)  coffee,  exclusive  of  duty. 
In  thb  London  market,  at  the  close  of  each  year  since  1814,  have  Ijeen— 


ork  in  other 
im  llinzil  in 
lan  20  tiiiini 


Vkiti. 

Januii-a. 

St.  Domingo. 

Yean. 

Jamaica. 

St.  DddiIii^. 

1811 

8i«.  Iol05s.  pcrcwt. 

90».tol01«.purt\vt. 

1826 

42.V.  to 9.').-.  per.cwl. 

50.V.  lo51s.perc\vt. 

|fi,-> 

61  —  110 

72  —    80 

1827 

3(»—    80 

37  —  39 

It-It) 

68  —  102 

74  —    75 

1828 

28-    80 

36  —  38 

IHI7 

86  —  105 

93—98 

1829 

SO—    75 

32  —  .14 

1818 

134  —  155 

144  —  148 

1830 

32—   78 

34  —  35 

1819 

1 17  —  105 

128  —  1,14 

1831 

.M)—    86 

45  —  46 

18-M 

112  -  1,15 

lis  —  120 

1832 

fo—  no 

.55  —  .57 

IS2I 

85  -  125 

98  —  102 

1833 

77  —  110 

05  —  66 

lN-22 

85  —  135 

95  —  100 

1834 

68  -  124 

48  —  52 

18-2:) 

79  -  117 

75  —    79 

1835 

80—113 

51  —  53 

IvJI 

50  —  102 

58  —    61 

IM  Nov. 

wa 

48  -  100 

55  —    50 

1836 

71  —  120 

51  —  54 

I  w 


880 


COFFEE. 


The  (hllowlni  extract  flrom  Prlnce'i  Price  Current  ihowi  the  pricei  of  the  different  lorti  of  coffee 
In  London  on  the  4th  of  November,  1830. 

».  d.     I.  d.  Duty. 

61    0  la   M   0'\  E  i„ 

11. » 

W.I. 
B.H. 

M. 

r.E. 

1  fd. 

r. 


Juniica 


Cuflbe,  per  cwt.  in  bond,— 

'  rfliw  mid.  and  Am  • 

'-  middling    •  • 

luw  do.       •  • 

fliMnrd.      •  • 

good  ord.    - 

,nrd  and  tritj^  • 

^i^nnd  mid.  tfl  ftoo  • 

I  iiii(<dlin<     >  • 

\  giiod  and  fine  ord.  • 

LnnHuary      >  • 
(mid.  and flna 

{guod  and  fine  ord.  • 

( triago  and  ord.  - 

CofTre  ti  mid  in  bond  {  the  btuinoM  !i  dnne  in  the  public  market. 

•Ittier  by  public  aale  or  private  contract.    The  ternii  are— B.  I,  and 

W.  I.  Hritiih  riaotation,  I  month,  I  percent,  ditcount,  altowlog  4 

T  cent  for  caiih  ;  Eait  India  at  k  prniiipt  nf  three  monlhi  fmn  (he 

ly  t}{  ule,  without  diKouut;  Foitsl^n  1  month,  i^  per  cant,  dii* 


t.d.    t.d. 

Duty. 

no  0 10  lit  0-1 

E. 
IdJ. 
Brit. 
PI.* 
W.  1. 
B.  P. 
'   (id. 

r.  G. 

Ltd 

r. 

I<.3ii. 
peril). 

M    0—106    0 

to   0-  93   0 

8S  0-  te  0 

7>>  0-  80  0 
«3    0—  72    0 

lOT    0-118    0 

93  0-ioe  0 

17  0-  91  0 
70   0-  1«   0 

93  0-116  0 
80    0—  tl    0 

70    0-  76    Oj 

St.  DnmlB|0        •          •  •          • 

Braiil        .          .           •  -          . 

Havannah  and  Cubn,  good  and  flne 

ord.        .           .           •  •           . 

Porto  Rico            .          -  •          . 

Cast  Iiidiaf  Jan    -           >  -           > 

Cheribon  and  Bat.  good  • 

Cey  Inn  certificate          *  • 

fnreipnrt  .           •  •           • 

Sumatra  and  Samarmi«  • 

Mocha   .          -          •  •          « 


48 

0  — 

78 

0 

&3 

0- 

-,2 

0 

40 

0- 

48 

0 

SO 

u- 

71) 

n 

71 

0- 

72 

0 

44 

0- 

Ai 

0 

as 

0  — 

48 

0 

eoanl,  .nd  4  pw  c«n'.  for  cuh.  Th.  tern  ire  the  ume  »i  allowed 
l.jr  lb.  reteime.  The  ilraft  on  B.  P.,  lumelv,  uiki  of  5  cwt.  ,,„)  ^ 
w.rdi  S  ll«. ;  umter  6  cwl.  4  lU.  J  Urreli  ud  bui  2  lu,  i  Forcia 
and  Eui  Indi*  I  lb.  * 


s; 

Notwithstanding  the  great  reduction  of  the  duties  on  cofllee  in  18S4,  there  ran  be  no  duuht 
that  tliey  are  still  too  high.  At  this  moment  they  amount  to  50  per  cent,  on  the  price  of 
very  fine  cofTee,  and  to  76  or  90  per  cent,  on  the  price  of  inferior  sorts.  Wrre  the  duties 
on  British  plantation  coiTce  reduced  to  3d.  per  lb.  (28s.  a  cwt.),  and  those  on  Mocha  and 
Foreign  India  coffee  to  4d.  per  lb.  (37s.  Ad.  a  cwt),  the  consumption  would  be  so  miuh 
extended,  that,  instead  of  being  diminished,  the  revenue  would  be  decidedly  increased.  The 
increase  of  consumption  mentioned  above  must  not,  however,  be  wholly  attributed  to  tbo 
reduction  of  the  duty  in  1824 :  the  low  prices  from  that  year  to  1830  had,  no  doubt,  a  iim- 
terial  effect  in  facilitnting  the  formation  of  a  taste  for  coffee.  The  great  reduction  in  the 
price  of  low  brown  sugar  (at  least  \\d.  per  lb.)  must  also  have  assisted  the  consumption  of 
coffee, — the  one  being  so  necessary  to  the  extensive  use  of  the  other.  The  small  increase 
of  consumption  since  1830  is  wholly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  rise  of  prices;  but  wrre  the  duty 
reduced  to  3(/.,  this  rise  would  be  counteracted,  and  the  consumption  would  again  rapidly 
increase ;  nor,  provided  East  India  were  admitted  at  a  duty  of  Ad.,  and  foreign  at  a  duty  of 
%d.,  is  there  any  reason  to  fear  that  the  increased  consumption  would  have  any  material  in- 
fluence on  the  price. 

Species  of  Coffee,  Roasting,  <J-c. — The  coffee  of  Mocha  is  generally  esteemed  the  best ; 
then  follow  the  coffees  of  Jamaica,  Dominica,  Berbicc,  Deinerara,  Bourbon,  Java,  Martinique, 
and  Hayti.  Arabian  or  Mocha  coffee  is  produced  in  a  very  dry  climate,  the  best  being 
raised  upon  mountainous  slopes  and  sandy  soils.  The  most  fertile  soils  are  not  suitable  for 
the  growth  of  very  fine  coffee.  Mr.  Bryan  Edwards  observes,  that  "  a  rich  deep  soil,  fre- 
quently meliorated  by  showers,  will  produce  a  luxuriant  tree  and  a  great  crop ;  but  the 
beans,  which  arc  large,  and  of  a  dingy  green,  prove,  for  many  years,  rank  and  vapid." 
And  the  same  remark  is  made  by  Mr.  Crawfurd,  with  respect  to  the  cotfee  of  Java. — {Etist 
Indian  Archtpelugo,  vol.  L  p.  487.)  Coffee  is  improved  by  being  kept ;  it  then  becomes  of 
a  paler  colour. 

Mocha  or,  as  it  a  commonly  called,  Turkey  coffee,  should  be  chosen  of  a  greenish  light 
olive  hue,  fresh  and  new,  free  from  any  mustinrss,  the  berries  of  a  middling  size,  clean, 
plump,  and  without  any  intermixture  of  sticks  or  other  impurities.  Particular  care  should 
be  taken  that  it  be  not  fiilse  packed.  Good  West  India  coffee  should  be  of  a  greenish 
colour,  fresh,  free  from  any  unpleasant  small,  the  berries  small  and  unbroken. 

Coffee  berries  readily  imbibe  exhalations  from  other  bodies,  and  thereby  acquire  an  adven- 
titious and  disagreeable  flavour.  Sugar  placed  near  coffee  will,  in  a  short  time,  so  iinpre;;- 
nate  the  Iierries,  as  to  injure  their  flavour.  Dr.  Moseley  mentions,  that  a  few  bags  of  pep- 
per, on  board  a  ship  from  India,  spoiled  a  whole  cargo  of  coffer. 

"  The  roasting  of  the  berry  to  a  proper  degree  requires  great  nicety  ;  the  virtue  and  agrec- 
ableriess  of  the  drink  depend  upon  it;  and  both  are  often  injured  by  the  ordinary  method. 
Beniier  says,  when  he  was  at  Cairo,  where  coffee  is  so  much  u?cd,  he  wus  assured  by  the 
best  judges,  that  there  were  only  two  people  in  that  great  city  who  umlcistood  how  to  pre- 
pare it  in  perfection.  If  it  bo  under-done,  its  virtues  will  not  be  imparted,  and,  in  use,  it 
will  load  and  oppress  the  stomach  ;  if  it  be  over-done,  it  will  yield  a  flut,  burnt,  and  bitter 
taste,  its  virtues  will  be  destroyed,  and,  in  use,  it  will  heat  the  body,  and  act  as  an  astrin- 
gent."—(J»fose%,  p.  39.) 

Adulteration  of  Ciffee. — A  mill  for  grinding  coffee  may  bo  bought  for  a  small  sum ;  and 
no  o\\6  who  h;is  the  means  of  grinding  it  at  home  ought  to  purcha.'^c  it  ground,  unless  from 
shops  of  the  first  respectability  Ground  coffee  is  liable  to  be,  and  in  point  of  fact  is,  very 
extensively  adulterated  with  succory,  beans,  roasted  corn,  &c.  The  fafilities  for  tlii.^  fraud 
ulent  intermixture  are  so  very  great  as  to  render  it  impossible  materially  to  lessen  them  other- 
wise than  by  a  reduction  of  the  duty. 

Hcirvlationi  with  rttptct  to  Salt,  Importation,  &e. — Roasted  bcane  and  rye,  reducpd  to  powder,  linve 
fteiniently  tteun  used  to  niliiller.itc  Eroiiiid  coffee  :  and  the  pcssi-ssion  nf  snrli  snliplitntcs  lor  cdllVB 
was  formerly  an  offence  puiiishiihio  by  the  forfeiture  of  the  arlicle«,  and  n  penally  of  100/.  Hut  h> 
Ibe  act  3  (Jeu.  4.  c.  53.,  peraons  who  nre  not  dtaltri  in  coffee  may  take  it  lieeiise  I'ur  roasting  and  selling 


COFFEE. 


381 


nt  lorls  ofcoffet 


0  to   M 
0-  64 

S    0-  78 

3    0-   72 

0    0-   48 

»    0-    70 

0-   72 

0-   ^^ 

0—   40    . 

0— lOi   0 


••"'.  Duty. 


Bril. 
M.» 
W.I. 
B.P, 

(W, 

r.r. 

In 

r. 

u.u, 

per  lb. 


■"»«.»  11*  >•&;; 

•an  be  no  douht 
on  the  price  of 
Vrre  the  duties 
on  Moiha  and 
ilii  be  so  much 
ncreased.  'J'lie 
ttributed  to  thu 

10  doubt,  a  ma- 
nduction  in  iho 
orisumption  of 

small  increase 
were  the  duty 
1  agnin  rapidly 
n  at  a  duty  of 
ly  material  in. 

meJ  the  best ; 
lA,  Martinique, 
Ihe  best  being 
lot  suitable  for 
1  deep  soil,  fre- 
crop;  but  the 
t  and  vapid." 
■Java.— (fiw/ 
on  becomes  of 

fjrecnish  light 
ig  size,  clean, 
r  care  should 
of  a  greenish 

jire  an  adven- 
le,  so  iniprcjj. 
'  bags  of  pep. 

ue  and  asrcc- 
nary  method. 
Bsurcd  by  tlie 
il  how  to  pre- 
ind,  in  use,  it 
nt,  and  bitter 
IS  an  astrin- 

11  sum ;  and 
,  unless  ffow 
'  fact  in,  very 
}r  tlii.s  fraud 

1  them  other- 


rxmder,  linve 
lies  I'lir  c-iill'iie 
100/.  Kiii  lij 
ig  and  selling 


«om,  peia,  beam,  or  nnrincpi,  labelling  the  parcel!  with  Ihe  namci,  and  conforming  to  the  varlont 
Mjulatlnni  prcirrihed  In  the  act. 

Healnri  In  cofTee  niiiit  take  out  ■  licence,  renewable  annually,  which,  at  present,  coiti  lU. 

Ko  cnlT'O  can  be  imported  In  Packard  of  less  tlinn  100  Iha.  nut  weight. 

]4oahntoment  of  diitiei  la  made  on  ai-cniint  n(  any  diiinnitH  cnfTee  may  have  received. 

Cofr.?e  ciinnnt  be  entered  aa  being  the  produce  of  any  liriflah  prigacBiiion  in  America  or  of  the  Man* 
ritiut,  until  the  master  of  the  ahip  In  which  the  cnffeu  la  imported  deliver  to  the  collector  or  i4iinp> 
trailer  n  certilicate  of  Iti  origin,  and  declare  that  Iho  coflue  i«  llie  produce  of  such  place,— (3  &4  iViU. 
4  c.  «.  M  Sfi.  37.) 

We  luhjoln  two  tiro  formA  aeconnta,  one  of  Ihe  sale  of  100  b.igs  Brazil  colTee,  the  other  of  the  ante 
of  to  llerceH  Jamaica  coffee.  They  may  be  dependnd  upon  us  accuriite;  and  nro  intoreatiug  from 
llioir  showing  in  detail  the  various  charges,  exclusive  of  duty,  atTicliug  this  iniportant  article. 


Pro  forma  AcmwiU  Sntt  of  A.  B.  tOO  Big*  Coffe«  p«r  **  Lnndon,"  from  Rin  Janelm,  oa  Acoouot  of  C.  1).  and  Co. 


tni. 

OclM 


Bj  E.  r.  for  100  liagi.    Pmni|it  I  imnlli. 
Cwt.  qrt.  Ibt, 
Lotilto6.»«Uhiii(     14}     0     Ogmti 

3    2    8   TanSlb.   Drtfl  1  lb. per taf. 


141     I   UBtit 


Chargm 

To  Sei  Inmimim  on  400r.  kl  21.  per  nut  •         • 

Tolicy  ^1. 6if.  iwrceiit.  .  •  .  . 

ComiiiiMJon  1-2  percent       .  •  •         • 

Docli  ntn  on  143  cwt.  0  qr.  >4  Ibe.  at  t>.  M,* 
Uitting  Irf.  per  btf     •  •  •         ■ 

iDttirence  efatntt  flr«  •  .  •         . 

Frrighl  on  143  cwl.  0  qr.  24  Ibi.  •!  3>. 
Priiniie  S  per  cent.  II.  If.  6il    Fienfe  It.  id. 

Public  nie  ctiantn  ITi.  td.    Fetljr  npeniet  If.  td, 
BnikKnge  t  per  cent.  ■  •  •  . 

Comniiuion  2  1-2  pur  cent.     •  •  • 

Errett  eiceptel. 

lonim,  td  of  NmitmUr,  18391 


•   St  31.91. 
Dlicounl  2  1-2  per  cent 

I.  t.  d. 

.800 
•  •  '12    0 


3 

0   0 

8 
0 

7  1 

8  4 

21 

1 

9*8 
3    7 

L.  1. 

d. 

445  to 

0 

11    2 

9 

.   i 

f  , 

11    2 

0 

8  1^ 
0  12 

R 
5 

22  13 
1    6 
4    0 

11    2 

8 

0 

1 

9 

Nelt  proceed! 

I.  t.d. 


4?4    7   3 


€0    0  II 
i.374    9   4 


(Cuh,  settlor  NovcDilver,  IS33.) 


Pro  forma  AcaunI  Salt  at  G.  H.  10  Tiercce  CoRee  per  "  Kioitlon,"  rram  Januica,  on  Account  of  I.  K.  and  Co. 


1833. 
Gel.  30 


B«  L.  M.  for  10  (iereea.    Prompt  1  moath. 
CiuU  Cu)U  m.  lit. 

Lot  4.   6    wtlfbiiq;   V>    0    0 
S    0  15 


Ciott.  art.  Itt. 
Tkra  3  2  18 
Draft  0     0  25 


31     0  13  sen 


IS        - 


Tare  3 
Draft  0 


1    18 

0  IS 


31    0  13  sell      « 


ClkarfMb 

TaSeatnninneeim309t.  ttStperceot.  • 

Policy  Si.  6ii  per  cent  ... 

Commiuion  I'Z  per  cent       .  •  • 

Dock  ralea  on  S  cwt  2  qre,  20  Iba.  at  1>.  (iL* 
Lotting  at  8i<.  per  lieica        •  •  • 


.   at  SI.  lib. 


•  tl  ilSt. 


DiKonst  I  per  tent 


£.1.  d. 

6  0  0 

0  16  6 

1  10  0 


4  14   0 
0   7    6 


Imnnnce  aralnal  Are  ... 

Freitlit  on  62  cwt  2  qre.  20  Ilia,  at  6f .  * 

Primage  St.  awl  pierage  3t.9d.         •  • 

Public  lale  chanree  7i.    Petty  eipemee  7f.  6dL 
Brnkeraee  I  per  cent  ... 

Commiuioo  2  i-2  per  cent     ... 


18  16 
0   8 


L.  t.d. 


171   2    9 


132   4  10 


303    7    7 
3    0    0 


8   0   6 


19  4  10 
0  14  6 
3  0  8 
7  118 


Error!  cicepted. 
Lmdon,  2d  of  ffuvtmbtr,  1R33 


Nett  proceeda      /..2.5.'i  19   0 


L.  i.d. 


300  6  11 


44   7  1 


(CMh,  SOIh  or  November,  1833.) 


We  pointed  out  (art  East  Indiks)  the  injustice  antl  impolicy  of  chargint;  2d.  per  Ib.more 

on  the  coffee  of  our  Eastern  dominions,  when  imported  for  home  consumption,  than  on  that 

imported  from  the  West  Indies.    This  distinction  has,  however,  been  put  an  end  to;  the  5 

and  6  Will,  4.  c.  66.  having  cnactrd  that  coffee,  the  produce  of  British  iiossesnons  within 

the  limits  uf  the  East  India  Company's  charter  and  of  Sierra  Lconc,  shall  pay,  when  entered 

fur  home  consumption,  a  duty  of  Gd.  per  !b. 

Such  coffee  must,  however,  be  accompanied  with  a  rerlifaife  nf  oricin,  that  Is,  a  certificntc  rub- 
icrilied  by  the  proper  officer  of  the  place  where  It  wns  shipped,  bearinp  that  he  had  rereived  frntn  tb< 
ii'flster,  and  examined,  a  declaration  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  shipper  of  the  coffee,  stalini;  thai 
it  wan  really  and  bona  file  the  produce  of  some  such  British  poesessioii,  and  that  he  (the  olTiccr)  he. 

*  Coffee  In  bags  pays  U.  id.,  and  In  casl;s  }g.  Cd,  of  dock  dues. 


Ml  COINS. 

Ileved  Riich  itt^rliiratlnn  tn  h«  true.  The  mnitor  miiBt  nipn,  when  he  nrrivna  In  thli  rnnntry,  ninkn  dthI 
mib'irrllip  B  (li'i'larnlion  hi'l'iire  the  rollpplnr  or  rniiiinriillcr.  FlnliriK  thiU  Ihp  Cfrlltlraie  nr  orlsin  wai 
received  hy  him  lit  the  pnrt  where  Ihe  piitree  wiih  titke'i  on  hoiiril,  uiiil  tliiit  the  uiil)\'ii  iinporttil  in  |j,„ 
■nniH  till!  i»i  iiii-iitioiuMi  ilii'riiiii.  (We  lieiievo  timt  tliiii  i*  ilii-  si'imi-  or  lliu  cltimn  (2)  nlatlug  to  i|j^. 
r.crtitlrnle  ;  Ixit,  from  Moine  error  iif  the  press  or  ollierwiae,  it  ia  ull  but  iiiiinti'lliKihle.)'— &»;i.) 

[The  ronHumption  of  roflfec  in  the  Tlnitcd  Stiites  w  very  Inrj?**.  As  much  a«  91,321,000 
pouniN  of  it  wrro  annually  imported,  on  an  ayora^f  of  tlip  four  yenrti  rndins?  SpptoniluT 
30lh,  18:)7,  chicHy  from  Brazil,  Cuha,  Iliiyti,  Uuloinbio,  and  Java.  Of  iIum  aiuouiit,  how. 
pvrr,  nearly  19  niillionit  of  pounds  were  re-exported  to  France,  the  llaniH*  townii,  Holland 
Dcla[iiiin,  Trieste,  Turkey,  the  Levant,  &c. — Am,  Ed.] 

(X)INS,  pieces  of  metal,  most  commonly  gold,  silver,  or  copper,  impreosed  with  a  pnlijic 
stamp,  and  frequently  nmdu  legal  tender  in  payment  of  delit^,  either  to  a  limited  or  an  un- 
limitA-d  extent. 

1.  €ircHmsfitnce,i  tuhi'ch  ltd  tn  the  Jnlroductinn  and  Use  nf  Coins. — When  thi!  prorioiw 
melals  fnst  began  tu  lie  used  ax  money,  or  ah  ctiindardd  liy  which  to  nieatiure  the  value  of 
did'orenl  aitides,  and  the  ei|uivalentH  for  whieh  they  were  most  coiniiioiily  exchiiiigeil,  tiny 
were  in  an  unfu-^hioncd  state,  in  bars  or  iiigotn.  The  parties  having;  agreed  ujinii  tlie  iiuaiiiiiv 
of  metal  to  be  given  for  a  commodity,  the  exact  amount  waH  then  asccrtiiiiieil  by  weight,  liiii 
it  is  obvious  that  a  practice  of  this  sort  must  have  been' attended  with  a  (jreat  de^il  of  trciilijo 
and  inconvenience.  There  can,  however,  be  little  doubt  that  the  greatcwt  obsiacli!  to  tlie 
use  of  unfashioned  metnis  as  money  would  be  found  in  the  dilllculty  of  determining  tlicir 
quality,  or  the  degree  of  their  purity,  with  MulTicient  precision.  The  operation  of  ussav  in;,' 
is  one  of  great  nicety  and  difliculty  ;  and  could  not  be  performed  in  the  early  ages  otherwise 
than  ill  a  clumsy,  teilious,  and  inaccurate  manner.  It  is,  indeed,  most  probable,  tli:it  \\lu'ii 
the  jirecious  inctals  were  first  used  as  mimey,  their  quality  would  be  appreciated  only  hy 
their  wci'.jht  and  colour.  A  very  short  experience  would,  however,  bo  sulHcicnt  to  sliow  the 
extreme  inexactness  of  conclusions  di'rived  from  such  loose  and  uiisalisllictory  criteria;  iiiul 
the  devising  of  some  method,  by  which  the  ilneness  of  the  nietiil  might  be  easily  ninl  cor. 
rectly  ascerliiined,  would  very  foon  be  ft'lt  as  indispensable  to  the  general  use  of  gold  aii.l 
silver  as  money.  Such  a  method  was  not  long  in  presenting  itself:  it  was  early  discovered, 
that,  to  ascertain  the  purity  of  llic  metal,  and  also  to  avoid  the  trouble  and  expense  of  wriijli- 
ing  it,  no  more  was  necessary  than  to  mark  each  piece  with  a  stamp  deolaiing  its  weight 
and  fineness.  This  invention  was  made  at  a  very  early  perioil.  According  to  Herodotus, 
the  Lydians  were  the  first  who  coined  money. — Lib.  i.  e.  91.  Other  ancii  nt  autli<irs  siiv 
that  the  art  of  coining  was  invented  during  the  period  when  Saturn  and  .laiius  reigned  ia 
Italy  ;  that  is,  in  a  period  antecedent  tu  authentic  history. — (^Ongiiet,  dc  l'Ori'i;ine  dtti  Liiix, 
4-c.'tom.  i.  p.  207.) 

2.  Mitiiluftd  in  the  Manufacture  of  Coins. — Before  the  art  of  metallurgy  was  well  under- 
stood, the  baser  metals  were  frecjuently  used  as  money.  Iron  was  the  primitive  money  of 
the  Laccdaiinonians,  and  copper  of  the  Romans.  But  both  iron  and  copper  deterioriiU' liy 
being  ke|)t ;  and  liesides  this  defect,  the  rapid  improvement  of  the  arts,  by  lowering  their 
price,  rendereil  their  bulk  too  great  in  proportion  to  their  value  to  permit  of  their  contiiiiiing 
to  be  used  as  money.  Copper,  indeed,  is  still  used  in  the  form  of  tokens,  convertible  into 
silver  in  very  small  payments.  In  this  country,  copper  pence  and  httlii/cn''e  are  rated  at 
about  72  per  cent,  above  their  real  value ;  hut  as  their  issue  is  exehisively  in  the  liimds  of 
government,  and  as  they  are  only  legal  tender  to  the  extent  otunf  nhi/liiii^  in  anyone  pny- 
inent.  this  over-valuation  is  not  productive  of  any  bad  rlloct.  The  use  of  copper  in  other 
countries  is  limited  in  much  the  same  way  ;  gold  and  silver  being  every  where  the  only 
metals  made  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  the  coins  used  in  considerable  payments. 

3.  St.mdai-d  if  Coins. — By  the  standard  of  a  coin,  is  meant  the  depiec  of  its  purity  and 
its  weight;  that  Ls,  the  finenes.s  of  the  metal  of  whicli  it  is  made,  and  the  nuanlily  of  nuti 
contained  in  it, 

(1.)  Silrer  Coins. — A  pound  Troy,  or  12  ounces,  of  the  metal  of  which  Engli.ih  silver 
coins  are  made,  contains  11  oz.  2  dwts.  pure  silver,  and  18  dwts.  alloy.  This  pound  is 
coined  into  06  shillings;  so  that  each  shillinir  contains  80'727  grains  line  silver,  and  f*/'*? 
grains  standard  silver;  and  the  tnoiuy  pound,  consisting  of  20  shillings,  contains  lOUSIS 
grains  pure  silver,  and  1745'i54  grains  standard  silver.  From  IfiOO  d'nvn  tolSHJ,  th.' 
pound  weight  of  standard  silver  bullion  was  coined  into  02  shillings.  All  the  English 
silver  coins  have  been  coined  out  of  silver  of  11  oz.  2  dwts.  fine,  from  the  Conquest  to  this 
moment,  except  for  the  short  period  of  1 6  years,  from  the  3'lth  Henry  Vllf.  to  the  2ii 
Eiizalieth. 

(2.)  Gold  Coins. — The  purity  of  gold  is  not  estimated  by  the  weights  commonly  in  use, 
but  by  an  Abyssinian  weight  called  a  carat.  The  carats  are  subdivideil  into  four  part:;, 
called  grains,  and  these  again  into  quarters;  so  that  a  carat  i^ra'n,  with  respect  to  the  com- 
mon divisions  of  a  pound  Troy,  is  equivalent  to  2.J  dwts.  Gold  of  the  highest  degree  of 
fineness,  or  pure,  is  said  to  be  24  carats  fine.  When  gold  coins  were  first  made  at  the 
English  mint,  the  standard  of  the  gold  put  in  them  woe  of  23  carats  3^  grains  fine  and  ^ 


COINS. 


888 


•rein  alloy ;  anJ  «o  it  continued,  without  any  variation,  to  the  1 8th  of  Henry  VIIT.,  who,  in 

ntyear,  first  introduced  a  new  standard  of  gold  of  22  carat*  fine,  and  2  rarata  alloy.  The 
'Irnt  of  tlicM!  standards  whb  called  the  old  ;  and  the  geconil  the  new  standard,  or  crown  Rold ; 
liocniiiic  crowns,  or  pieces  of  the  value  of  6*.,  were  first  coiiipd  of  this  new  standan).  Henrv 
VIII.  mnile  his  gold  coins  of  both  these  standards  under  dilferent  denominations;  and  thw 
pmc'tice  was  continued  by  his  surcesgors  until  1633.  From  thiit  period  to  the  present,  the 
(jol(l  of  which  the  coins  of  this  kingdom  have  been  made  hna  been  invariably  of  the  new 
itandard,  or  crown  gold ;  though  some  of  the  coins  made  of  the  old  standiird,  previoucly  to 
1633,  continued  to  circulate  till  1732,  when  they  were  forbidden  to  be  any  longer  current. 
^{Uvirpw/l  on  Coim,  p.  27.) 

The  purity  of  our  present  golil  coins  is,  therefore,  1 1  parts  fine  gold  and  1  part  alloy.  The 
jovereisn  or  80  shilling  piece,  contains  113'001  grains  fine  gold  and  123'274  grains  stand- 
ard gold,  'rhc  pound  Troy  of  standard  gold  is  coined  into  46  j'V.g  sovereigns,  or  into 46/. 
14».  (!(/.  The  mint  or  standard  price  of  gold  is,  thireforc,  said  to  be  46/.  \As.  6rf.  per  lb. 
Troy,  or  3/.  lis.  lOJrf.  on  ounce. 

'J'he  alloy  in  coins  is  reckoned  of  no  value.  It  is  allowed,  in  order  to  save  the  trouble  and 
cxpciifle  tlint  would  be  incurred  in  refining  the  metals,  so  hs  to  bring  them  to  the  highest 
degree  of  purity ;  and  because,  when  its  qiinntity  is  nmall,  it  has  a  tendency  to  render  tho 
coins  harder,  and  less  liable  to  be  worn  or  rubbed.  If  the  quantity  of  alloy  were  considera- 
ble, it  would  lessen  the  splendour  and  ductility  of  tho  metals,  and  would  add  too  much  to 
the  weight  of  the  coins. 

'J'iit!  stiindaid  of  the  coins  of  foreign  countries  may  bo  learned  at  a  glance,  by  inspecting 
the  Tiihle  of  Coins  subjoined  to  this  article. 

4.  Vuriutioiis  afthe  Standard. — The  value  of  all  sorts  of  property  being  estimated,  and 
tlic  siipulutions  in  almost  all  contracts  for  its  purchase,  sale,  or  hire,  being  made  in  money 
or  coins,  it  iii  plain  that  no  change  can  take  place  in  the  value  of  such  money  or  coins,  with- 
out virtually  subverting  these  estimates  and  contracts,  and  enriching  the  debtor  portion  of 
Docicty'at  the  expense  of  the  creditor  portion,  or  vice  rma.  As  the  cost  of  producing  all 
commodities  is  liable  to  vary  from  improvenumts  in  the  arts,  the  cxhonsiii)n  of  the  present 
or  the  discovery  of  now  sources  of  supply,  none  can  be  selected  to  serve  as  money  or  coin, 
that  may  not  vary  in  its  real  value.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  precious  metals  vary 
less  than  any  material  that  could  be  suggested.  And  with  the  exreption  of  the  extraordinary 
full  in  their  value  caused  by  the  discovery  of  the  American  mines,  it  seems  to  have  been 
remnrkably  constant  at  other  periods. 

But  in  addition  to  the  fluctuations  naturally  inherent  in  the  value  of  coins,  arising  from 
variations  in  the  cost  of  the  metal  of  which  they  arc  made,  their  standard  has  been  repeat- 
edly changed.  Notwithstanding  that  money  or  coin,  from  its  being  universally  used  as  a 
scale  by  which  to  compute  the  value  of  all  commodities,  ond  as  the  equivalent  for  which 
tlicy  are  commonly  exchanged,  is  by  far  the  most  important  of  all  the  measures  used  in 
society  ;  and  should,  consequently,  be  preserved  as  invariable  as  possible  ;  there  is  none  that 
has  been  so  frequently  altered.  The  necessities  or  extravagance  of  government  have  forced 
them  to  borrow  ;  and  to  relieve  themselves  of  tb.c  incumbrances  thus  contracted,  they  have 
almost  universally  had  recourse  to  the  disgraceful  expedient  of  degrading  the  coin  ;  that  is, 
of  c/fftt/Zn^' thoFC  who  lent  them  money,  to  the  extent  of  the  degradation,  and  of  enabling 
every  other  debtor  in  their  dominions  to  do  the  same. 

The  ignorance  of  the  public  in  remote  ages  facilitated  this  species  of  frnuil.  Had  tho 
names  of  the  coins  been  changed  when  the  quantity  of  metal  contained  in  them  was  di- 
minished, there  would  have  been  no  room  for  misapprehension.  But,  although  the  weight 
of  the  coins  was  undergoing  perpetual,  and  their  purity  occasional,  reductions,  their  ancient 
denominations  were  almost  uniformly  preserved;  and  the  people  who  saw  the  so.nc  names 
still  remaining  after  tho  substance  was  diminished;  who  saw  coins  of  a  certain  voight  and 
fineness  circulate  under  the  names  of  florins,  livres,  ilollnrs,  and  pounds ;  and  who  saw  them 
continue  to  circulate  as  such,  after  both  their  wcisht  and  the  degree  of  their  fineness  had 
licen  lesticned  ;  began  to  think  that  tlicy  derived  their  value  more  from  the  stump  affixed  to 
them  by  authority  of  government,  than  from  the  quantity  of  the  precious  metals  they  con- 
tained. This  was  long  a  very  prevalent  ojiinioii.  But  the  rise  of  prices  which  invariably 
followed  every  reduction  of  the  stand'ird,  and  the  derangement  that  was  thereby  occasioned 
in  every  pecuniary  transaction,  undeceived  the  public,  and  taught  them,  and  their  rulers,  tho 
expediency  of  preserving  the  standard  of  money  inviolate. 

The  standard  may  be  reduced  by  simply  raising  the  denomination  of  the  coin  ;  by  order- 
ing, for  example,  that  a  half-sovereign  should  puss  for  a  sovereign,  and  the  latter  for  a  double 
sovereign,  &c.  If  injustice  be  resolved  upon,  this  i-i  the  least  mischievous  way  in  which  it 
can  be  perpetrated,  inasmuch  as  it  saves  all  the  trouble  and  expense  of  a  recoinage.  But  as 
it  renders  the  fraud  obvious  and  glaring,  it  has  rarely  been  resorted  to ;  ond  most  reductions 
have  been  cflfected  either  by  diminishing  tl#  weight  of  the  coins,  or  by  increaeing  tho  pro- 
portion of  alloy  in  the  metal  of  which  they  arc  made,  or  bodi. 

Originally  the  coins  of  all  countries  seem  to  have  had  the  same  denomination  as  th« 


n  U 


'[  V 


ill- 


884 


COINS. 


^1 


weight!  commonly  used  in  them ;  anJ  contained  the  exact  quantity  of  the  precious  mrtali 
indicated  by  their  name.  Thui,  the  iitknt  was  a  weight  U'wd  in  the  carlioMt  period  hy  ti)« 
Greeks,  the  aa  or  pondo  by  the  Romans,  the  livre  by  the  French,  and  the  pound  by  the 
English  and  Scotch ;  and  the  coins  originally  in  use  in  Gnitce,  Italy,  France,  and  ErigLuid, 
bore  the  same  names,  and  weighed  precisely  a  talent,  a  pondo,  a  livre,  and  a  |)ound,  Tiie 
standard  has  not,  however,  been  preserved  inviolate,  cither  in  modern  or  ancient  t'mos.  It 
has  been  less  degraded  in  England  than  any  where  else ;  but  even  hero  the  (|uantity  of  ai|. 
ver  in  a  pound  sterlinK  is  less  than  a  third  part  of  a  pound  weight, — the  quantity  it  con- 
tained in  130U.  In  France,  the  livre  current  in  1789  contained  Ic«s  thnn  one  aixty-^xtk 
part  of  thu  silver  implied  in  its  name,  and  which  it  had  actually  contained  previously  lo 
I  lU,').     In  Spdin,  and  some  other  countries,  the  degradation  has  tteon  curried  still  further,* 

From  1296  to  135.5,  the  coins  of  England  and  Scotland  wore  of  the  same  weight  and 
purity  ;  but  at  the  last  mentioned  epoch  the  standard  of  Scotch  money  was,  for  the  fir^t 
time,  sunk  below  that  of  England ;  and  by  successive  degradations,  the  value  of  Scutdi 
money,  at  the  union  of  the  crowns  in  1600,  was  only  a  twelfth  part  of  tiio  value  of  the 
English  money  of  the  same  denomination.  It  remained  at  this  point  till  the  union  of  tli« 
kingdoms  cancelled  the  separate  coinage  of  Scotland. 

The  gold  and  eilvor  coins  of  Ireland  have  been  for  a  considerable  period  the  same  an 
those  of  Great  Britain;  but,  until  1835,  they  were  nominally  rated  8i(  per  cent.  hi<;hor. 
This  dilfercnce  of  valuation,  which  was  attended  with  considerable  inconveniencGs,  was 
put  an  end  to  by  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  79,,  which  assimilated  the  currency  throughout  the 
empire. 

The  Tables  annexed  to  this  article  contain  all  the  information  that  can  be  desired  by 
mercantile  men  with  respect  to  the  weight,  fnieness,  fee.  of  English  and  Scotch  gold  and 
«lver  coins,  from  the  earliest  periods  to  the  present  moment 

5.  Mint,  or  Government  valuation  of  Gold  and  Silver  Coins. — If  Iwth  gold  and  silvor 
coins  bo  made  legal  tenders,  it  is  obviously  indispensable  that  their  value  with  respect  to 
each  other  should  be  fixed  by  authority ;  or  that  it  should  be  declared,  that  individuiflg  shall 
be  entitled  to  discharge  the  claims  upon  them  by  payments,  either  of  gold  or  silver  coinB, 
according  to  some  regulated  proportion.  The  practice  of  making  both  motals  legal  tenders 
was  long  adopted  in  England.  From  13.57  till  1664,  the  value  of  gold  coins  was  regulated 
by  proclamation ;  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  it  was  ordered  that  the  gold  coins,  then  cur- 
rent, should  be  taken  as  equivalent  to  certain  specified  sums  of  silver. — (Liverpool  on  Coins, 
p.  128.)  From  1664,  down  to  1717, the  relation  of  gold  to  silver  was  not  fixed  by  authority; 
and  silver  being  then  the  only  legal  tender,  the  value  of  gold  coins  fluctuated,  according  to 
the  fluctuations  in  the  relative  worth  of  the  metals  in  the  market  But,  in  1717,  the  ancient 
practice  was  again  reverted  to ;  and  it  was  fixed  that  the  guinea  should  be  taken  as  the 
equivalent  of  21  shillings,  and  conversely. 

But  the  value  of  each  of  the  precious  metala  is  liable  to  perpetual  changes.  And  henne, 
how  accurately  soever  their  proportional  value,  aa  fixed  by  the  mint  regulations,  may  curro- 
Fpond  with  the  proportion  which  they  actually  bear  to  each  other  in  the  market  when  the 
regulation  b  made,  the  chances  are  10  to  1  that  it  will  speedily  cease  to  express  their  re- 
lation to  each  other.  But  the  moment  that  such  a  change  takes  place,  it  becomes  the  obvious 
interest  of  every  one  who  has  a  payment  to  make,  to  make  it  in  the  overvalued  metal :  which, 
consequently,  becomes  the  solo,  or  nearly  the  sole,  currency  of  the  country.  Hence  the 
reason  why  the  coins  of  some  countries  are  almost  wholly  of  silver,  and  others  almost 
wholly  of  gold.  It  is  estimated,  for  example,  that  when  it  was  fixed,  in  I717,that  the  guinea 
should  exchange  for  21  shillings,  gold  was  overvalued  as  compared  with  silver  to  the  extent 
of  IJ^  per  cent — (Liverpool  on  Coins,  p.  85.)  ;  and  as  the  real  value  of  silver  with  respect 
to  gold  continued  to  increase  during  the  greater  part  of  last  century,  the  advantage  of  pay- 
ing in  gold  in  preference  to  silver  became  more  decided,  and  ultimately  led  to  the  univeriial 
use  of  gold  in  all  large  payments,  and  to  the  fusion  or  exportation  of  all  silver  coins  of  full 
weight. — (  Liverpiiol,  loco  cit.) 

Ill  Franco,  a  (lilfercnt  valuation  of  the  metals  has  had  a  ditrerent  cflbct  Previously  to 
the  rrcoinage  in  1735,  the  Louis  d^or  was  rated  in  the  mint  proportion  at  only  S4  livrcs, 
when  it  was  really  worth  25  livres  10  sols.  Those,  therefore,  who  should  have  discharged 
the  obligations  they  had  contracted  by  payments  of  gold  coin  instead  of  silver,  would  plaiiily 
have  lost  one  livre  10  sols  on  every  sum  of  24  livres.  In  consequence,  very  few  such  pay- 
ments were  made ;  gold  was  almost  entirely  banished  from  circulation,  and  silver  became 
almost  tlie  only  species  of  metallic  money  U8c<l  in  Franco. — (Say,  Traile  d'Economie  Poli- 
tique, toin.  i.  p.  393.) 

In  1816,  however,  a  new  system  was  adopted  in  this  country;  it  being  then  enacted 
(6fl  Geo.  3.  c.  68.),  that  gold  coins  only  should  be  legal  tender  in  all  payments  of  mart 


*  For  an  account  of  the  degraditlon  of  the  coL 
kee  itie  iirtidc  JUunei/,  In  the  Supiiltiniont  to  the 
Hritannica. 


A  of  the  ancient  and  modern  Continental  nntinns, 
Did,  or  ill  the  new  edition  of  the   JCncyciiptdi» 


COINS. 


88S 


Ihm  iO  thiUhg».  The  pound  of  lilvor  bullion,  that  hnd  pre vioudy  been  coined -into  63 
•hilling*,  wu  then  alio  coined  into  66  ihiliingfl,  the  additional  four  ihilling*  being  retained 
by  government  h  a  uignorage  or  duty  (amounting  to  6gf  |>er  cent)  upon  the  coinage. 
To  prevent  the  lilver  coins  from  Incoming  redundant,  government  haa  retained  the  power 
to  iwue  them  in  its  own  hand*.  Under  these  regulations,  silver  has  ceased  to  be  a  standard 
of  value,  and  forms  merely  a  subordinate  or  subsidiary  species  of  currency,  or  change,  occu* 
pying  the  same  place  in  relation  to  gold  that  copper  occupies  in  relation  to  itself.  Thin  sya- 
t«ni  has  been  found  to  answer  exceedingly  well. 

A  good  deal  of  diiTerence  of  opinion  has  existed  as  to  whether  gold  or  silver  coins  are  best 
fitted  fur  being  made  a  legal  tender.  It  does  not  seem  that  the  one  possesses  any  very 
•triking  advantage  over  the  other;  none,  certainly,  that  would  justify  a  change,  after  a 
•election  had  been  made,  and  acted  upon  for  any  considerable  period, 

Down  to  1626,  a  scignorage  or  duty  upon  the  coinage  was  UHually  charged  upon  the 
gold  and  silver  coins  issued  by  the  mint;  and  it  may  !«  easily  shown  that  the  imposition 
of  •uch  a  duty,  when  it  is  not  carried  to  an  undue  height,  is  advantageous.  A  coin  is  more 
uieful  than  a  piece  of  uncoined  bullion  of  the  same  weight  and  purity ;  the  coinage  fitting 
it  for  being  used  as  money,  while  it  does  not  unfit  it  for  being  used  for  any  other  purpose. 
When,  therefore,  a  duty  of  seignorage  is  laid  upon  coin  equal  to  the  expense  of  coinage,  it 
circulates  at  ita  real  value ;  but  when  this  charge  is  defrayed  by  the  public,  it  circulates  at 
ilcMthan  its  real  value,  and  is  consequently  either  melted  down  or  exported  whenever  there 
u  any  demand  for  bullion  in  the  arts,  or  any  fall  in  the  exchange.  It  is,  indeed,  true,  that 
were  a  seignorage  to  be  laid  on  gold  coins,  it  would  be  necessary,  to  prevent  an  enhancement 
of  the  value  of  the  currency,  that  their  weight  should  be  proportionally  reduced ;  and  it  u  on 
thin  account  better,  perhaps,  to  let  them  remain  on  the  present  footing.  But  when  a  seignor* 
ago  was  laid  on  the  silver  coins,  in  1816,  it  was  not  necessary  to  take  the  circumstance 
now  alluded  to  into  consitlenition ;  for  as  they  were  mode  subordinate  to  gold,  and  were  in- 
tended to  serve  as  change  merely,  ita  imposition  had  no  tendency  to  raise  the  value  of  the 
currency,  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  calculated  effectually  to  prevent  the  fusion  of  the 
coins,  and  to  yield  a  small  revenue  to  government. 

6.  Coinage  since  1790.  Amount  of  Coin  in  Circulation. — No.  V.  of  the  subjoined 
Tables  shows  the  amount  of  the  gold  and  silver  coinage  at  the  British  mint,  each  year,  from 
I79U  downwards. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  account,  that  gold  coin  to  the  amount  of  about  47,000,000/.  haa 
lieen  coined  at  the  mint  between  1817  and  1831,  both  inclusive.  It  is  not  easy  to  form  any 
very  precise  estimate  of  the  portion  of  this  immense  sum  now  in  circulation.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  exemption  of  our  gold  coin  from  any  seignorage,  large  quantities  of  the  coins 
carried  abroad  during  an  unfavourable  exchange  find  their  way  to  the  foreign  mints,  where 
tliey  are  meltetl  and  recoined.  We  are  not,  however,  wholly  destitute  of  the  means  of  a;^ 
proximating  to  the  quantity  of  coin  in  circulation.  The  mint  works  wholly,  or  almost 
wholly,  for  the  Bank  of  England,  so  that,  by  comparing  the  issues  of  coin  by  the  Bank 
with  the  coin  paid  to  her,  and  allowing  for  the  export,  we  are  able  to  get  at  a  tolerably 
accurate  result.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Horsley  Palmer  for  the  following  estimate,  made 
up  on  this  principle,  of  the  gold  coin  in  circulation  in  February,  1833.  It  may  not  be  quite 
accurate,  but  we  are  sure  that  it  is  as  accurate  as  it  is  possible  to  make  any  estimate  of  the 
sort.— (See  next  pa^.) 

7.  The  Exporfaiion  and  Importation  of  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  was  formerly  prohibited ; 
but  in  1819  it  was  enacted  (59  Geo.  3.  c.  49.),  that  they  might  be  freely  exported  and  im- 
ported, without  being  liable  to  any  charge  or  duty  whatever ;  and  they  may  be  imported 
without  being  either  reported  or  entered  at  the  Custom-house.  This  regulation  has  rendered 
it  next  to  impossible  to  ascertain  the  value  of  the  bullion  imported. 

8.  Forgery  of  Coin.  Isstie  of  forged  or  spurious  Coins. — The  forgery  of  coin  is  an 
ofleDco  that  is  practi>ied  more  or  less  at  all  periods.  The  most  effectual  means  of  preventing 
it  is  to  improve  the  fabric  of  the  genuine  coins,  to  cut  the  dies  with  great  delicacy,  and  occa- 
sionally to  vary  the  form  of  the  coins.  During  the  lengthened  period  from  1770  down  to 
1816,  the  genuine  silver  coins  in  circulation  were  so  much  worn  and  defaced,  that  it  was 
very  difficult  to  distinguish  between  them  and  counterfeits,  which,  in  despite  of  the  severest 
penalties,  were  thrown  into  circulation  in  immense  quantities.  But  since  the  issue  of  the 
new  coins,  in  1816,  forgery  has  been  comparatively  rare.  There  has,  however,  been  a  con- 
siilcnilile  increase  of  forgery  during  the  last  7  years,  as  compared  with  the  previous  7. 
Sufficient  time  has  not  yet  been  afforded  for  determining  the  influence  of  the  law  exempting 
the  oUbnce  of  counterfeiting  from  the  punishment  of  death. 


\m 


!-J. 


I   ,\ 


.1  s.f 


I'lii!- 


\ 
\  ' 


Vol.  L— 2  K 


49 


y'. 


flSG 


m 


COINS. 

'■•liiMU  of  QM  Ootn  in  clNalmkm  In  Fthruarr.  1U>. 


kHM4  bf  Uw  9%ik. 


From  Jiinusry,  1831, 
|o  July,  1891,  inci 
ilvu 


From  Aitfiiit,  ItOI, 
lf>  niTnmber,  IWS, 
Inolutlva  • 


From  Jnniiary,  IWd, 
in  April,  isas,  I 

llUniVM 


Frnm   May,  IMS, 
I'llh  uf   Fubruary 
J83U 


"I 


17,3f7O,O0O 


t,fl60,000 


9,370,000 


0,000,000 


Otoir>ill(iw. 


nodMel  frfr  «»port. 
1H9l-3ft      £0,0011,000] 


Frnm  1Mb  of  Pebrii 
nry,  IHM,  to  tSth 
Februnry, 1830. 


eo,uoii,oooi 

600,000  >■ 
3,000,0003 

11-7 

"'I 


"'1 


Ucdiict  the  itock 
the  brunch  bunki 
which  hug  hRPii 
tnken  ni  pnrt  nfthe 
ifiHiie  from  the  Bank 
In  I/indon  -    . 

T.n;ivlii|{inrirciilntlnn 
In  thn  hands  of  the 
public  nn  the  ISth 
ofFeliruary,  1833  -  . 


88,000,000 


8,300,000 


Sl>,&00,000 
1,800,000 


31,300,000 


1,300,000 


30,000,000 


f  Tlw  eiKhangei  durln*  thia  porind  wert  In  (kvovr  of  ilu 
l     country,  and  (cild  wui  luiportpd, 

'The  aichanfea  during  the  mujnr  pnrt  of  tlil«  p<irind  wtm 
aiainit  the  nnintry,  and  (nlit  wnn  iit[Kiri«il.  Of  thn  tnttl 
linMo  nf  8.fMM),0n0l.  about  l.fMIO.OIIIK.  were  liiued  frnm  (k. 
toliar  to  llie  end  of  Dvcarnlier,  \H'ii,  to  *U|i|ily  the  uIhih  i'( 
tlincoiinlry  nati>i  thi^n  illitrri'ililcil,  IraviiiK  (|0()0,onOi  iii 
llin  eillmaled  pxiHirt  of  riiln,  In  addition  tn  the  hnr  and 
other  uncolnad  geld  lold  by  thii  Bank  during  ibis  p«rlnd. 

fTho  exrhanira  dnrlnir  Ihla  period  were  In  Aivnur  nf  iht 
I     country,  and  (old  wiii  Importtd. 

lat.  The  exfhanfft*  Were  atainut  the  country  from  Nnvotn- 
ber,  I89S,  to  February,  ItiW,  diirlng  whith  jiarlnd  thn  \,,»„ 
anmuntvd  to  l,50n,(KM);.  of  wlilili  1,000,000/  U  mtliiiiu,.,! 
to  hiivn  been  annlii-d  In  the  withdrawal  nf  ihit  ronntry  11 
noti-i,  li>avlii(  .MIO,(IOOI.  as  the  amount  ofeitiiuatcd  eiport 
durinc  thill  period. 

ad.  From  Anunat,  1830,  to  Felirnary,  18.W.  ihn  exchonMi 
wore  aliio  nriiinpt  the  eniintrv,  during  which  perln<i  thi, 
Imux  wa*  4,000,000<. :  I.OOO.OOW.  ofthia  luni  was  iraiiBil  in 
Novoniher,  IH:il,upon  tliw  rt-Jmllon  of  the  Kpforni  Uiil.ariil 
l,00<),()U()/.  more  may  fiilrly  liii  ciitliimtnd  nn  the  I'lKtlicr 
omniint  applied  within  lh«  whole  pKriod,  from  Aii;iiit 
18.10, InthowKhdmwnlnfllie country Rinnll  notoi;  Itinvini 
3,()00,C.lO/.  a*  iha  estimated  aniuunt  uf  coin  e.«purted  rrom 
1830  to  1833.  ^  ' 

i  This  sum  was  taken  out  during  the  pnlltlrni  discredit  of 
I     May,  1839,  and  has  not  yet  returned  to  the  Uank. 


Jiji;ti«t. 


0.  favi  A«  tn  tk$  eaunttrfritinir,  tft.  at  Coin,— The  acta  an  to  tills  were  consolidated  and  amended  by 
(be  3  &.  .1  Will.  4.  c.  31,  of  which  tlie  following  Is  u  lirit-f  ali^trnct  :— 

CounlerfpltlnR  the  gold  or  silver  coin  nf  tlin  realm,  tranH|>nrtatli>n  for  life,  or  fir  not  less  ibnnT 
ypnrH,  or  Imprisonment  for  not  etreedins  4  years  i  and  every  sucb  oflbnoe  shall  be  deDmed  to  he  com- 
pictp,  nTlhongh  the  connterfehlng  Im  not  finished, — }  3. 

C'olouriag  counterfeit  coin,  or  any  pieces  of  iiietnl,  with  intent  tn  make  them  pnoii  for  gold  nmllrtr 
coin  ;  colouring  or  altering  genuin>:  rnin  with  iiilent  to  make  It  pans  fi)r  lilffhprenin)  transpiirtaliiin  fur 
lif<^  or  for  any  term  not  lesH  than  7  years,  nr  imprisonment  for  any  term  not  exrei'riing  4  years.— ^  4. 

lni|inlring  tne  >nld  nr  silver  cnin,  with  intent  tn  make  lite  coin  *n  injpnired  (tass  for  gold  nr  silver 
coin  of  full  weight,  transportation  tut  not  exceeding  M,  nor  less  than  7  years,  nr  Imprisonment  for  not 
exi'i'cding  3  years. — )  .^. 

Haying  or  selling,  ftc.  rnnnterfRit  gold  nr  silver  cnin  fnr  lower  value  than  Us  dennminalinn,  linnofl- 
In?  cnuntPrfRlt  coin  (Vom  beyond  seas,  transportation  fur  life,ur  for  not  less  than  7  years,  nr  iuiptuon- 
niunt  fnr  not  exceeding  4  years.—}  0. 

Uttering  cnunlerfeit  cold  or  silver  coin,  Imprlsnnmnnt  fnr  nnt  exreeding  I  year;  andulterimr.scroni- 
pnnlcd  by  pnasessinn  nf  other  rnnnterfeit  coin,  nr  followed  by  a  second  ul'tering  within  lOdiiya,  Im- 
priiinninent  for  not  exceeilinR  3  \eara  ;  every  second  nffence  of  uttering  after  a  prevlnuit  eoiiviclinn, 
•hall  he  t'elnny,  transportation  for  life,  ur  for  not  less  than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  exoeciling 
4  years.— *  7. 

Having  7nr  mora  pieces  of  cnnnterfelt  gold  or  silver  coin  In  possession,  with  Intent  tn  utter  lti« 
•ame.  Imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  3  years  ;  iincond  offence,  transportation  for  life,  or  fur  nut  Ua 
than  7  years,  or  Imprisonment  for  not  excecdini/  4  year-).—}  H. 

.Making,  mending,  having  pnoiession  of,  nr  selling  any  mould,  4ce.  nr  coining  tools,  nr  any  preia  or 
engine,  conveying  tools  or  monies  nut  nf  the  mint  withnut  authnrity,  felony ;  traiMporlation  fur  life, 
nr  for  not  less  than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  H.xcHeding  4  years.—}}  10,  11. 

Counterfeiting  any  cnrrunt  copper  coin,  nr  making,  mending,  nr  having  in  his  pnrspsnion  anyrnln- 
lug  tool,  or  buying,  gelling,  &e.  any  counterfeit  copper  cnin  fnr  lower  value  than  its  dennniiinilinn, 
Iruiisportatinn  fnr  not  exceeiling  7  years,  nr  imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  3  ye'irs  :  ami  uttering 
•  ny  counterfeit  copper  coin,  or  having  in  his  possussion  3  or  uinre  pieces  of  counterfeit  copimr  coin, 
imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  I  year. — }  13. 

CJold  or  silver  coin  tendered  to  any  person  suspecting  any  piece  to  bo  counterfeit,  may  he  broken  by 
gneh  p<!riion  i  and  If  it  shall  appear  to  be  coimterf-it,  the  person  tendering  shall  hear  tlie  ln»!i ;  kill 
if  it  shall  be  of  due  weiglit.  and  appear  to  lie  of  Uwful  coin,  llie  pemon  lireakiiis;  it  id  to  rei'eivi'  it  »t 
the  rate  it  was  coined  for,  and  any  dispute  shall  h-  flnnlly  determined  by  any  jiistire  j  and  the  tollMS 
of  the  Exchequer  and  the  rereivcrs-genernl  of  Ihu  reveuue  are  to  break  or  dcfuco  every  pictc  of 
counterfeit  coin  tend"red  for  payinent.— }  13. 

Any  person  discovering  any  counterfeit  coin,  gold,  silver,  nr  copper,  or  any  coinins  met,  is  In  carrir 
the  same  l^irthwlth,  betbre  some  justice,  and  nn  reaennablp  rauHo  tn  suspert  any  person  of  coiinipr- 
feiting,  or  having  such  coin,  or  any  tool,  Xcc,  such  Jnetice  may  cause  any  place  ui.iler  the  rniilrol  »f 
flucb  suspected  pctsou  tu  be  searched,  either  in  the  day  ur  night,  and  if  li.ny  such  coin  or  tool  sliult  b« 


COINS. 


887 


n  (Wvoiir  of  IIm 


n  (hvnur  of  tb« 


Ibttnil.  O  **UM  th«  Mm*  to  b*  inUnd  fnrihwith,  mul  etrilail  h«ror*  •  JniilM,  whi  )•  tn  iteirt  Ifea 
MIDI  for  lh<  piirpoii  of  bvltig  priMlucaii  In  •vlileuc«,  and  anarwariti  ut  balng  daUvarad  up  in  th* 
■liil— >  H' 
Tha  nranaally  of  Iha  evidanca  of  any  offlcar  of  Iba  mint  lo  prova  eouplaifvU  coin  dlapaniail 

wUh  '  i  I7- 

Thi'  oiHirt  Miny  nrilcr  hnnl  Intmul     '  mliliiry  cnnflncm^nl.— }  19. 

Till' W'iriji)  "klni'ii  nijn"  III)  liiili!  ill  loln  Inwriilly  nirreiit  In  Ilia  Unllint  Kiiifilnni  i  n ml  wilfully 
hnvlnir,  III  any  dwullliii-liiiuaii  or  iiihir  Itiiililliii,  I<hI«Iii|,  R|mrlnirnl,  lli'lil,  nr  nihrr  pliirp,  nprn  (<r 
Ini'liiti'il,  whnthur  hi'liinirlilK  to  or  nri  n|ileil  hy  iiiinm-ll'  or  not,  niiil  whrtlii'r  iVr  htii  own  iim)  nr  IhiiuIU, 
cr  fur  Ihiit  iif  nniilliMr,  nhiill  In*  ili>eniH>l  IikvIiIk  m  ht"  ixiixi^aainn  M  llhlii  DiIh  iirt.   -i  21. 

rcrtiiiiii  iirlliiR  In  Ihn  ivMiciitlnii  «(  thin  net,  proliM  mil  In  llie  iiniiil  iiiuiiiier,  hy  tvipilriiiK  noiira  of 
ittlmi,  kf  I  nod  nllowliiK  t«>iiil«r  of  iimi-tiiN,  lic.—i  23, 

10,  Ciini>lrlion»  fur  Ciiintii;r  anit  t'tterini;.  In  Hie  7  yrnt*  enilinKwIlh  IMlH,  03  pttranni  wrr*  eon- 
vlctuil  III  Klillloixl  nnd  Wiilrri  i>l'  (!<n  offiinrK  ot'  i'"<inlnrfi'lliiiB  I'lu  iiiiii  of  llin  rcnliii,  iif  whiuii  I  wii* 
•leciilpil  III  Iba  n»>t  T  yauni  ll  convk-tlnnii  r  r  ruining  \v«r«>  n-iliii'iiil  to  It,  hut  nf  tlion  "i  wi'ro 
(icriilril.  In  tbn  Inat  aeptaimliil  ;  md,  andliig  with  li^'I'i.  the  mnvirlldiia  wi^nt  3t,  and  lh«  <>t»cii- 
lliitm?.  Thi>  I  iinvktlnna  T'r  laaulng  furgitd  coliia  In  Iha  llrat  of  >bc  above  porluila  wxre  'il,lji  tho 
•iicoBd  9,  und  In  Iha  tlilnl,  39. 


and  amendeil  by 


T*Bi.ca  IICI.A1IVI  TO  Till  CoL-ta  or  OtCAT  DRtTAiN  AND  ornrn  Colntrib". 

N(i' i  KNni.iKii  RoiNa.— Areoiiiit  of  tbn  RtiRllih  Rllvrr  ami  dold  ruin*  j  ahnwlng  Ibrir  ViiIiip,  ilio 
fli-IHiinriitH  or  Priiflt  u|ion  Ihn  Oolniiir<>,  and  tha  Prlre  of  ilia  i'liiiiid  'I'ny  nf  Htniiilard  (Jnlil  and 
ftilver,  iVotii  tliii  Conqiinit  to  Iha  preii^nt  liiiio.— (Thia  niiil  IIih  ncit'l'iiMr,  Nn.  11.,  are  token  from 
Part  11.  of  Kttayi  an  Munin,  Kxehanget,  nnd  PulUUal  KeBniimf,  by  Henry  Jiiinoa.) 


nilnr. 

OolJ. 

'} 

1.      i      3. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6.               1 

8. 

RqiMl   In  Ihv 
Mini    Vrc 

EniMl  In  tha 
.Mini  Pi  Ira 

rim^^M       fnund 

IV.«i 

Of 

FhiTWi 

rmiti'l           rrrdi 

nt 

i.D. 

Anno  iltfnl. 

r  Iha  Sil-  Wil|ht  at 

!l«i<iinrA|ia 

ht  SUn  lard 

nf  <h< 

W.:l<lil  lit     S<.i<imil(a 

('  r  siwiliril 

trr  ill  Ilia  lucli  Sil»"r 

on  iha 

.Silt,  r  nf 

(hi  1  in 

■nrh  (iol  1          on  iho 

(Inlcl  r.(  il 

Colna.     ealHd  loin 

CoiiLife, 

It  ni.  ailwU. 

llw  Coiiit. 

ciiiiitd  into 

Ciiina^f. 

('Krala  finn 

1 

ftnd  'Imy 

Troy  woight. 

1 

wifl(hi. 

Ot.  dit.     L,  t.   i. 

L.  1. 

d. 

L,     .    A 

Crla.  fnt. 

L.    1.    d. 

L.     t. 

d. 

L.    1.    d. 

\m 

Conciiirat 

11    2 

I    00 

I'W) 

t*  Edward  T.     - 



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\m 

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0    7 

6 

21   15    0 

l.'lfl« 

I  Henry  VIII.  - 



1  17  6 

0  1 

0 

1   18  lU 
1  18  11} 



22  10  0 

0    2 

6 

22    0    0 

♦i5'n 

IS 



2    00 

0  I 

0} 



21     0  0 

0    2 

8 

22    0    0 

2    5  0 

0  1 

0 

2    4    0 

29  0  { 
23  0 
22  0 

27    0  0 

0    2 

0  3 

1  4 

a  10 

{) 

25    2  0 

?,«  10  0 
30    0  0 

0 
0 
0 

34 10  e 

20    K    0 
27  10    0 

1  im;i 

1515 

tt 

10    0 

3    8  0 
8    8  0 

08 
2  0 

0 
0 

2  4    41 

3  II    11^ 

36     - 

0    0 

15!l) 

37 

4    0 

2    8  0 

44 

0 

2  15    6 

20  0 

30    0  0 

5    0 

0 

97  10    0 

1517 

1  Kdward  VI.  - 

4    0 

2    8  0 

4  4 

n 

3  IS    6 

20  0 

.'10  0  0  ;  1  10 

0 

31     7    0 

IM9 
1351 

n 

0    0 
3    0 

3  12  0 
3  12  0 

40 

0 

3  19    2^ 

i:2  0 

34    0  0 

1   1 

0 

33    0    0 

tl   ■■"    ■ 

5 

11    0 

3    GO 

23  3',  < 

22  0 

23  3S  ( 

22  0   i 

23  y. 

36    0  0 

" 

■ 

"                      * 

lj,V3 

it 

11  i 

3    00 

0  1 

Q 

2  19    .3i 

?n  0  0  ;  0  2 

83    0  0,0    3 
SO    0  0  1  0    3 

0 

(1 

0 

32  17    8 

33  0    8 

1.™ 

1  Mnry 

tl    0 

3    0  0 

0  1 

0 

2  19    fl' 

l.'StlO 

2  EUziibelh     - 

u  a 

3    0  0 

0  1 

6 

2  18    6 

23  nS 

30    0  0      0    5 

0 



-  . 

_ 

_ 

. 

- 

22  0   I 

33    0  0      0    4 

0 

33  16    0 

lOflO 

43 



3    20 

0  2 

0 

3    0    0 

23  3',s 

22  0  ; 

2 !  0 

ro  10  0    0  10 

33  10  0      0  10 
37    4  0      1  10 

0 

33    0    0 
35  14    0 

imi 

2  Jiinii-s  I. 

»  — 

3    20 

02 

fl 

2  19    c" 

0 

im 

2niiirlRfiI.     - 



3    20 

02 

0 

3    0    0 

— 

<!!     00      11 

5 

30  18    7 

turn 

IS  ChiirliH  II.    - 



3    20 

00 

0 

3    2    0 



44  10  0      - 

. 

41  10    0 

1717 

3  (Jenrt'e  I. 



3    2  0 

00 

0 

3    2    0 

—  — 

10  14  n     . 

. 

40  H    fi 

ISIb 

50  (ipnrge  III. 



3    6  0 

0  4 

0 

- 



■10  110      - 

- 

40  14    6 

(!'■■ 


if 


ICO  every  iiieoui 


•  ir)27— Henry  Vni."!  Tbn  Snxon  or  Tower  pound  wns  used  nt  tlie  mint  up  to  this  time,  when  tha 
pnunil  Troy  was  PiihntitiitPd  in  Its  atend.  The  Tower  pniinil  wiis  hiil  11  nz.  5  ihvta.  Tmy  ;  vo  that, 
frniii  the  (.'iiiiiinest  tn  the  2.>*lh  iif  Rdwiird  I.,  20  slillllii(.'8  In  lalt;  were  e.\;ictly  n  pmijul  in  weichl. 

t  ltV6— 18  flhiirlea  H.]  The  BeiRiKiriitfe  on  the  loiiiaffe  w;is  (it  thin  tiii'ie  j;ivi'ii  up,  iind  llii'  eolj 
builinn  hrniighl  to  the  mint  hiia  ever  since  been  eiiincd  t'rccof  cxpcnuc.  Ascigiior'ageof  0  '  1  percent 
vtasimpoHedontbecoinHfeofallver  by  SOGeo.  3.  *' 


■■i 


\->'\ 


(UV 


■  U.>^j  V 


(. '" 


,  ,-• ,    (• 


■.M 


I,  I  ■ 


n  .All 


•  ,-■■[ 
-  •   r 


\['i 


'■:'( 


888 


COINS. 


No.  II.  ENQLlsn  CoiNl.— Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Fine  Silver  coined  into  20».  or  the  Pound  Rtnr. 
ling;  tile  Quantity  of  Standard  Siiver,  of  11  oz.  2  dwia.  Fine  und  IH  dwIH.  Aliny,  cniitainud  in  261 
or  (he  found  Sterling,  in  the  dlfTcrent  Keignn,  from  thi;  Time  of  IMwurd  I.  to  tliu  llei^'n  of  Wdlinni 
.  IV.— A  limilar  Account  with  respect  to  Gold. — And  an  Account  of  the  propnrtionul  VniiiR  of  Fine 
Gold  to  Fine  Silver,  according  to  llio  Number  of  Grains  comainud  in  the  Vuhia.—  Catmilaltd  ■■ 
OruiiM  and  lOOOt*  Partt  Troy  iVeight. 


.  D. 


lOfifl 
1280 
1.1  H 
1319 
I3'.ft 
liOl 
1421 
ItHI 
1 1(>5 
1170 
H82 

isog 

l,Vi7 
1513 
1515 
1510 
I5t7 
1519 
♦1551 

1552 
1.553 
ISfiO 
IfiOO 

I  tin  I 

lli'20 

1006 

1717 

fI81fi 


Anno  RcgiiL 


Conquest  -    - 
8  Rdward  I. 
18  Edward  III. 

23 

30- 


3  ftonry  IV. 
9  IfHnry  V.  - 

4  Edward  IV. 
5 

49  Henry  VI. 
22  Edward  IV. 
1  Henry  VIII. 

18 

S» ■ 

36- 
37- 


i  Edward  VI     ■ 


1  Mury     -    - 

2  Elizaoeth  - 
43 

2  .Inines  I.    • 

2  Charles  I.  - 
18  Charirs  II. 

3  GeorvR  I. 
50  George  III. 


Silver. 


Numlwr  nfGniini 
of  Fine  Silver  ia 
90  ShilliiiKsor 
the  Ptniiht  stor. 
line,  ai  coined  by 
Ibo  Mint  Indea- 
turu. 


Graini. 
4,995000 
4,995000 
4,933  333 
1,410000 
3,996  000 
3,990000 
3.330000 
2.C«40<)0 
2.f>61  000 
2,60ttin0 
8,604000 
9,601000 
8,368  000 
2,000  000 
1,200000 

SOOflOO 

soomto 

800  000 
400000 
I,7(i00fl0 
l.TOSIMH) 
1.760000 
1,776000 
1,718-709 
1,7I8'7II9 
1.718709 
1.718-709 
1.718-709 
1,611-545 


Nunitwrnf  Onlni 
of  Stiii.dirtl  Sil- 
ver. II  .17..  2itwti. 
FilK  ililiOSIill- 

lioKS,  or  the 
rnunil  Slcrlinf, 
K^  cnliifit  tiy  IliQ 
Mini  Inilfnture^ 


(iraint. 
8,400-000 
5,400000 
6,!)33-333 
4,800-000 
4,320-000 
4.320-000 
3,600  000 
2,880-000 
2,880000 
2,880-000 

2,asoooo 

2,880-000 

2,.580-000 

2,162102 

1,25)7-297 

861-861 

861-864 

864-861 

1,002-702 
1,011 -.351 
1,902  702 
I,<t20-0TO 
1,858-061 
1.858-061 
1,8,')8064 
1,858-064 
1,8.58-061 
1,745  451 


Gold. 


Numtwrof  Gralni 
or  Fine  Gold  In 
20  .shlllin«9.  vr 
the  Fniind  Ster- 
ling, M  coiiieil  hy 
the  Mint  liideu- 
turea. 


GratnJ. 


407-990 
S83705 
.358  123 
.358-125 
.322312 
2.57-850 
238-7.50 
2.38-7.50 
238-750 
238-750 
810  149 
191  066 
176-000 
IfiOOttO 
160-000 
155-291 

1 60000 
160-000 
159  166 

iwinoo 

1.57612 
111  9.35 
128-780 
1181151 
113001 
113  001 


4. 
Numlier  of  Onina 
nf  Slui'lard  Uijld, 
22  C.-inia  fine,  in 
in  ,Shillinj{i,  or 
the  Found  Ster- 
ling, M  cjiiied  by 
the  .Mint  lodtn 
lurea. 


Qrairu, 


445-080 
418.588 
390-682 
390  082 
351-813 
981-291 
260-454 
860-454 
2liO-454 
260-451 
229-253 
2()!l-0',i0 
1!«-(H)0 
171-515 
174,515 
169-112 

174.515 
171515 
173-036 
171515 
171-910 
154-838 
110-487 
129- 133 
123  271 
123-274 


6. 

IViponiniato 

>>luoiif  F.iie 

„  t«)IJ  li  tiM 

Jlii'fr,  afvnnlin^ 

t"  Dm  tjmntity  of 

t»<  h  Mel,-vl  cun. 

taint-d  iu  the 


Gohftii  .filter. 


1  to  lanai 

1-11.571 
1  — llLW 
l-ll-i.-iS 

1  —  w:m 

1  —  10-,TII 
1  —  ll-l-)8 
1-11-1,58 
I  -11-1,58 
1-11-158 
1  — 1|-2IkS 
1  —  10-431 
1  —  6MH 
1  —  51100 
1  —  5-0110 
1  —   5  151 

1  — iiono 

1  — 110.'0 
I  — II0,-)7 
1  — 11-100 

1  —  lo-uni 

1  — 12-109 
1  —  13-.1I6 
1  -  14-485 
1  —  1,V209 
1  —  14-2B7 


No.  III.  Scotch  nours,— Account  of  the  Number  of  Pounds,  Shillings,  and  Pennies  Srntch.  whirh 
have  been  coined  out  of  One  Pound  Weight  of  Silver,  at  different  Times  ;  willitho  Degree  nf  Purity 
of  such  Silver,  or  its  Fineness,  from  the  year  1107  to  the  year  1001.— (From  CarJonnel't  JVamismalo 
ScoltJi,  p.  24.) 


A.  I). 


Frnn, 

1107 

to 

1296 

From 

1.306 

to 

1329 
1.160 
1367 
From 
1.371 
to 

1.390 
1.393 
U21 


Anno  Refni. 


Alexander  I. 
David  I. 
VVIIIInm 
Alexander  II. 
Alexander  III. 
John  Buliol 


I 


Robert  I. 


David  II. 


1: 


38 
39 


Robert  II. 


Robert  III.       4 
James  I.         19 


Purity. 


Alloy. 


Oz.  pw.  ,Oz.pw. 


II  8 


II  9 

11  2 
11  2 

U  8 

11  8 
II  2 


0  IS 


0  18 

0  18 
0  18 

0  18 

0  IS 
0  18 


Vtlueof  the 
Money  p.in- 

ed  oil'  nf  a 
Lb.  Woi,'ht 

of  S.lver. 


£  s.  d. 


I    0    0 


1    I  0 

1    5  0 

I    U  4 

1    g  4 

I  13  0 

I  17  6 


A.  D, 


list 

14,56 
H75 
14S1  ! 

11SS 


Anno  Regni. 


James  II. 
James  III. 


j{2f,  ;}.IamesIV.| 


1 529 
1.544 

1,556 
1505 
I. '.67 
1571 
1.576 
1.579 
1.581 
1597 
lUOl 


Jatnes  V. 
Mary 


James  VI, 


Purity. 


Alloy. 


Oz.  yw.    Oi.  pu\ 


11 
II 
11 
II 

II  8 

11  0 
11  0 
II  0 
II  fl 
11  0 
It  0 
8  0 
11  0 
11  0 
11  0 
11  U 


0  18 
0  18 
0  18 
0  18 

0  18 


Value  of  the 

Mrtnev  roil). 

eil  out  fit  n 

I.h.  WrJKliI 

of  SiUer. 

£  s.  rf. 

3    1    0 

4  It)    0 

7    1    0 

7    0    0 

7    0    0 

9  12    0 

9  12    0 

1,1    0    0 

18    0    0 

IS    0    0 

16  .4    0 

16  14    0 

22    0    0 

21    0    n 

30    0    0 

30    0    0 

♦  1.551— S  Edward  VI.]  The  rnlnaffe  of  debased  silver  nmrey  In  the  5th  year  of  Edward  VI.  nf  3 
or.,  fine,  ought  more  properly  to  lie  considered  as  Tokens.  Tbu  sum  of  lao.OOOf.  only  was  so  coined  - 
(See  Jamm'a  F.ssatjf,  chap.  Iv.) 

■|- 1816— 56  Oeorse  111.]  The  government  having  taken  (lie  rolnnge  of  »ilvor  Into  Its  own  liards, 
there  is  at  presptil  no  flxird  price  paid  lo  Ihf  jmlilie,  by  the  iniiit,  for  Hlamlard  hIIvit.  And  siipjuising 
the  government  to  1  ntltitic  the  iircsent  mint  rogiilalioim,  and  to  kei-p  fold  at  T*.*.  101  J.  an  Olllli-e,  a) 
t^«  price  01°  lilver  varies,  tl(u  culutivu  value  of  gold  tu  silver  will  vary  in  iil;e  propurliun 


COINS. 


889 


the  Pniinrt  Bfpr, 
foiilainoil  in  20,. 
lelati  of  W.liiHm 
ml  Valiin  of  Fina 
ta.—Cttletilalti  11, 


Proponim.i, 
*>luoiTF,i,« 

'"'lioljmnii,,,  , 
«'ll  MrUlc'i,. 

lainnl  iu  iiie 


WdliiSilttr. 


1  to  lanai 

J-IIS71 

-111,18 
j  -  KI'Ml 

1  —  in.Tii 

J  —  IIIM 
I-IIIS« 
1-lllSH 
1  — IIIM 
1  — lliiiVS 
1  —  lOl.Tl 
1  —  fi-MS 
1  —  SOllO 
I  —  S'fldO 
1—  5151 

I  — n  nno 

I  — 110.-0 

1  -iio:i7 
I  — IIIIIO 
1  —  I0«04 
1  —  12109 

1  —  i:t-3i6 

1  —  1I'4H5 

1  — 15  ai9 

1  —  1  ISflT 


I  Hcntcli,  which 
'ogrei>  of  I'liriiy 
tel'a  JV«mi«/im(« 


V.ilur  of  the 

Mniipy  miti. 

oy. 

fni  nut  rif  a 

I.b.  Wfinlit 

of  Silier. 

DW, 

£  s.  rf. 

18 

3     1    II 

18 

4  111  n 

18 

7  4  n 

18 

7    0    0 

18 

n 

7    0    0 
0  12  n 

0, 

0  12  0 

0  !     0  12    0 

0  1  1.)  0  n 

0      18    0    0 

0  1   is    0    0 

0  ,  I((  i4    0 

0    Hi  14  0 

0     22    0    0 

n    21  0  n 

0    :m  n  0 

0      30    0    0 

1 

Iwnrd  VI,  nf3 

IS  so  coined  - 

1  own  hnnils, 

till  fiiippiiFitiit 

an  uiiiiri',  ui 

n 

«n  IV.  flcoTcn  Cones.— Arcoiirt  of  the  Niiinber  of  Pniind*,  Bhilliniri,  and  rcnnlei  Scotch,  whlcti 
Imve  been  coined  out  «>f  One  I'ound  Weiglit  of  (Jold ;  wilh  the  degree  of  their  Purity,  and  the  l'ro« 
niirtlon  that  the  Gold  bore  to  the  Silver.— (Cartjonne/,  p.  25.) 


A.  D. 


1371, &c. 

l.lW.ic. 

M3t 

MM 

1I5« 

1I7J 

list 

IISS 
1.121,1 
I5,W 
I5li7 
I37» 
1,VI7 
ItiOl 
1033 


Anno  Re|nL 


Robert  II. 
Rnhert  II. 
James  I. 
Jamci  II. 

Jnineg  III. 

.Tames  IV. 
.Tiimcs  V. 
Mary 
James  VI. 


Charles  I. 


19 
15 

an 
10 

St 

1 

10 

14 

1(1 
13 
81 
35 
» 


FiiienM 


Alloy. 


Value  of  tlie  Coin 

coined  rut  of  Onu 

I'numI  nt  Gold. 


Oz.  pu).  gr, 

II  18  18 

11  18  18 

11  18  18 

It  18  18 

II  18  18 

11  18  18 

11  18  18 

II  18  18 

11  18  18 

11  0  0 

11  0 


10  10 

11  0 
II  0 
11  0 


Oz.  fw,  gr. 


1  A 
I  6 
It 


0  0 
0  0 


£ 

17 
II) 
22 
33 

50 

78 

78 

78 

108 

144 

210 

210 

300 

432 

4U'i 


s.    d. 

13  0 
4  0 


..und  of  l^ureGuld 

wtiglii'il  of  fure 

hilver. 


10 

6 

0 

15 

15 

15 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


Ll4.  vt, 

II  1 

II  I 

II  I 

0  8 

0  8 

10  3 


pw.  gr. 

17  22 

17  22 

17  83 


10    5 


lU 
II 


12    0 

12  0 

13  3 


14 

14 
20 
U 
U 
0 
A 

n 

su 

I) 

0 

11 


No.  V.~Accniint  of  the  value  of  tlie  Gold  mid  Silver  Coins,  specifyin?  encli.  mined  at  IIk;  Mini,  cacll 
Yenr  siiii-c  1700.— (PurZ.  Paper,  No.  138.  Scss.  1833  j  and  papers  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade.) 


Yan, 

OolJ  coineu. 

silver  coined. 

Vears. 

Gold  coined. 

Silver  coiiu^I. 

£       g. 

d. 

£     s. 

d. 

£        8.   d. 

JE         ».  d. 

1T90 

2,000,521  10 

0 

Nil. 

1812 

Nil. 

52  1 1    0 

17(11 

2,156,560  17 

6 

Ml. 

1813 

519,722    3    6 

89  18    0 

I7!)2 

1,171,863    0 

0 

251    17 

6 

1814 

Nil. 

ini    4  0 

1793 

2,747,430    0 

0 

Nil. 

1815 

Nil. 

Nil. 

i;u4 

3,558,8M  12 

6 

Nil. 

1816 

Nil. 

1,80\251  16    U 

1795 

49.3,416    0 

0 

393    11 

II 

1817 

4,27.''.,3.37  10    0 

2,4.10,297  12    0 

rut 

404,080    3 

6 

Nil. 

1818 

2,862,373  10    0 

.576,279    0    0 

1797 

2,000,297    5 

0 

Nil. 

1819 

3,574  10    8 

1,267,272  12    0 

1799 

2,967,501  15 

0 

Nil. 

lh20 

919.516    0  10 

817.717    4    0 

1799 

410.901   15 

0 

Nil. 

1821 

9.,520,7.')8  13  10 

433,080    0   0 

MM) 

189,937    2 

6 

Nil. 

1822 

5,3:)fi,7H7  12    0 

3i,j;m   7   1 

1801 

4.10,243    2 

0 

53      7 

1 

1823 

,     759,748  10    0 

2t..>,a7l   10    0 

1^02 

4.37,018  18 

6 

62      0 

0 

1821 

4,005,075    0    0 

2'«2,o:0  16    0 

|K03 

596,144  12 

« 

72      6 

8 

1825 

4..'>hO,919    0    0 

4l7,.i:i,'<  til    0 

l!-01 

718,,39fi  17 

6 

77    10 

0 

1826 

5,890.461     7    6 

Olh.Oll.i  10    0 

IMS 

54,i')68    5 

0 

182    18 

U 

1827 

2,512,0.36  17    6 

;i.'t,019  16    0 

18(lfi 

405,105  15 

0 

Nil. 

1828 

l,IM)8,,5.'i9    2    6 

lO.asH     3    0 

IH07 

Nil. 

108    10 

0 

1829 

2,410,701  12   6 

I08,av.i  Hi  0 

IS08 

.371,744    3 

0 

Nil. 

1830 

2,387,881     2    6 

1.11  10  0 

it-og 

398,916  11 

0 

114    14 

0 

1831 

587,9.19  14    5 

33,0110    5    8 

IMO 

iNii 

316,9.35  13 
312,203    3 

A 

120    18 
Nil. 

u 

6 

Total 

£09,856,894    8   9 

1  9,183,259    6    0 

Nn.  VI.    Gold  Coin.s  ok  difi^'erknt  CouNTniES. — A  Table  containini;  tlie  Ahsbvs,  Wc'i(;hts,  niiil 
Viiliips  of  the  principal  Gold  Coins  of  all  CouiitrieB,  coiii|iiitcd  acfordiiiL'  to  the  Mint  I'rii  e  of  (,'idd 
ill  England,  and  from  Auaays  made  both  at  London  and  Paris,  which  have  been  found  to  verily  each 
oWv't.* 
*«*The  publishers  of  ihls  work  have  purchased  the  ripht  lo  publish  this  Table  from  Dr.  Kelly,  in 

the  second  edition  of  whose  Cambist  it  originally  appeared. 


COINS. 

As3»y. 

Weigt.l. 

St.iiidanl 
Wcishl. 

CorjtciiK 
in  rim 
Gold. 

Vihic  in 
Mcrlititf. 

t.     il. 

Car 

•  ?'■ 

Ilwl.sr. 

/Ill'/ er. 111.. 

GlIl'IIT. 

ArsTBUN 

7  Soiiverain      .          -          -           . 

WO 

Oi 

3  14 

3  13  15 

7^■6 

13  1002 

Do.MiiNioNs  5  Poiihlc  ducat              ... 

B.    1 

2i| 

4  12 

4  20     5 

lOOl 

18    9  07 

Diirat  Kreiiinitz,  or  Hungarian 

11.    1 

3 

3    5} 

2  10     3 

y.i-3 

0    5  91 

D.VVARIA 

-  ('arolin            .... 

W.  3 

3 

0    3i 

5     5  10 

115- 

20    423 

Mii.x  d'or,  or  Maxinillinn 

\V.  3 

2^ 

4    4 

3  14     0 

i  1 ' 

13    7-44 

Ducat              .... 

II     1 

'■if 

2    .-i} 

2  19  11 

.52-8 

9    4  12 

DEnN     - 

-  Ducat  (double,  ice.  in  proportion)  - 

II.    1 

13 

1  23 

2    2     1 

4:)-9 

8     l-IS 

Pist.de            .... 

\V.  0 

li 

4  21 

4  19     0 

105-5 

18    7 -Hi 

lim'NSWICK 

-  PJHlole  (double  in  proportion) 

\V.  0 

li 

4  21 J 

4  19    5 

105.7 

18     8-.lh 

Ducat              .... 

11.  1 

Oj 

2    SJ 

2    8    9 

51  8 

9     2' 

Poi.nnNR 

-  DlK-Ilt                 .... 

II.  1 

2 

2     53 

2    9    8 

.')26 

9    3T0 

1)!;.NMAIIK 

.  Ducat  current             .           .           - 

W.  0 

3K 

2    I) 

1  21   19 

42'i 

7     502 

Dilcut  specie                .            .            - 

11.  1 

2 

2    5J 

2    9    H 

.',20 

9    3-70 

Christian  d'or            ... 

\V.  0 

1 

4    7 

4     5  10 

933 

16    614 

say 
ati 


♦  The  London  assays  in  this  Tiihio  were  made  liy  Robert  Hinsrley,  Esq.  F.  R.  8.  llie  KiiiK's  Asi 
Mnsicrof  tlie  Mini,  and  those  nt  Paris  by  Pierre  Frulrric  Ilonnevllle,  Ussayeiir  du  (;oniiiicre«, 
piililislied  in  his  eliihnrate  work  on  the  coins  of  nil  iiaiions, 

SpcciinPiii  of  all  the  foreijin  coins  broiiKhi  to  l.cuidnn  for  coniniercini  purpetieR  have  been  supniind 
fur  Ibis  Talile  from  the  Hiillimi-ollice,  lliiiik  of  Kniiland,  by  order  of  Ihe  Hank  Dir.clors,  iiml  Iimvo 
lii'cn  seli'iiiil  by  .hdin  lluiiible,  r.sii..  the  chief  clerk  of  that  otlice.  who  nl?o  exiiiniiicd  Ihe  TiiIiIi'h  in 
their  prouresM,  ll  may  likewi,i<e  he  aitded,  IIimI  ihe  Ulitil  Rcpiirla  of  Ihese  coimiii'rt  i.il  coins  are  ( liielly 
friiiiiiivi'riiL'e  aesavs;  anil  that  all  Hie  coiiipulalions  have  been  cnrei'iilly  verilied  by  ditlerent  tlilcu 
lull  rj,"  (Note  by  Ur.  Kelly,  to  Bucoiid  odiliun  of  the  CambUt,  puiilished  in  1821.) 


■II 


'I     !■ 


'  M' 


!lil 


V\i^ 


990 


COINS. 


■,li 


i  ,-;.  «  ., 

COINS.                   i 

A«y. 

Weifht. 

BtiiKtird 
Weight. 

CoDlenii 
in  pun 
Gold. 

Vtlue  io 
Sleilin,. 

Car.  p. 

Dwt.  gr. 

Duil.gr.mi 

Oraint. 

».    d. 

England 

.  Oiiinea           .          .          .          . 

Htand. 

5    Oi 

S     9  10 

1187 

21    0- 

Half-giiinna   .          .          .          . 

Htiind. 

3  I6f 

2  lA  15 

59'3 

10    6- 

Sc'Vfiii  shilling  piece 

Stand. 

1  19 

1  19     0 

390 

7    0- 

SnvereiRn      .          -          .          . 

Stand. 

5    H 

5     3    S 

1131 

20    0- 

France 

.  Double  Louis  (coined  bcrore  1766)  - 

W.  0    2 

10  11 

10    a    6 

224-9 

39  0-ei 

I-oiiig             .... 

W.  0    8 

5    5i 

5    3    3 

1124 

10  1('-71 

Double  Louis  (coined  since  178A)    . 

W.O    li 

9  20 

9  IS  19 

212  6 

37    7  53 

.  .         ""^ 

Louis             .... 

W.O    li 

4  22 

4  19  19 

1063 

18    9-75 

»                V. 

Double   Napoleon,  or  piece   of  40 

I 

francs         .... 

W.O    If 

8    7 

8    3    0 

179- 

31    8'36 

Napoleon,  or  piece  of  20  francs 

W.O    IJ 

4    3i 

4    1  10 

89-7 

15    10-5 

: 

New  Louis  (double,  &c.)  the  same  as 
the  Napoleon. 

FaANCKFORT  ON  THH  Ma'iNB  DUcat  ... 

B.    1    2i 

2    5} 

2    9  14 

829 

9    4-34 

Genuva 

.  Pistole,  old     .... 

W.O    2 

4    71 

4    4  18 

935 

16    4-45 

Pistole  new   .          -          -          - 

W.O    OJ 

3  lij 

3  15    4 

80-  • 

14    1-9 

Oenoa  - 

-  ii^equin           .           .          .          - 

II.    1    3.i 

2    ^ 

2  10    6 

534 

9    5-41 

IIamburou 

.  Ducat  (double  In  proportion) 

B.    1     2i 

2    a 

2    9  14 

529 

9    4-35 

IIanoveb 

.  George  d'or    .... 

W.O    1} 

4    C< 

4    5    3 

92-6 

16    4-eB 

Ducnt             .... 

B.    1     Si 

2    51 

2  10    3 

533 

9    i-l!) 

Gold  florin  (double  in  proportion)  . 

W.  3    Oi 

2    3 

1  18    6 

39- 

6  lO-M 

Holland 

.  Double  ryder             ... 

Stand. 

12  21 

12  21     0 

■b32 

50    1-10 

Byder             -           . 

Stand. 

6    9 

U    9    0 

14fl'3 

24    9-75 

Ducat             .... 

B.    1    2- 

2    5J 

2    9  13 

.V2'8 

9    4-13 

Malta  - 

.  Double  Louis            ... 

W.  1     3i 

10  10 

9  18  18 

2153 

.38    1-25 

Louis  ..... 

W.  1    3 

5    8 

4  21  10 

108' 

lit    1-37 

Demi  Louis    .... 

W.  I     21 

2  16 

3  1!     8 

51-5 

9    775 

Milan  . 

.  Sequin           .... 

B.    1     3 

2    5J 

3  10    0 

532 

9    4-D8 

Doppia  or  pistole      ... 
40  Lire  piece  of  1808 

W.O    1 

4     li 

4    0    8 

88-4 

15    7-74 

W.O    1} 

8    8 

8    4    0 

1797 

31    904 

Naples 

.  Six  ducat  piece  of  1783 

AV.  0    2i 

5  10 

5  13  18 

121-9 

21    f)-M 

Two  ducat  piece,  or  sequin,  of  176J 

W.  1     91 

1  201 

1  Id    6 

37-4 

*    7-42 

Three  ducat  piece,  oroncetta,  of  ldl8 

B.    1     3i 

2  lOi 

2  15     1 

5b-l 

10    3-40 

Netheblands  Gold  lion,  nr  14  florin  piece 

Stand. 

5    71 

5    7  16 

1171 

20    8P9 

Ten  florin  piece  (1820) 

W.O    IJ 

4    7J 

4    5  IS 

93-2 

16    5-93 

Pabma  - 

.  Quadruple  pistole  (double  in  propor- 

tion)          .... 

W.  1    0 

18     9 

17  12  18 

3S6- 

hS    3-78 

Pistole  or  doppia  of  1787     . 

W.O    3 

4  14 

4  JO    4 

!>7-4 

17    2-M 

Ditto  of  179ti  .... 

W.  1    01 

4  14 

4    8  14 

95-9 

16  I|-«7 

Miiria  ThercRn  (1818) 

W.O    IJ 

4    34 

4    1  10 

89-7 

15  10  5 

Piedmont 

.  Pistole  coined  since  17S5  (i,  &c.  in 

proportion)             ... 

W.O    u 

5  20 

5  17    0 

125-6 

22    2-75 

Bcquin  (i  in  proportion) 

B.    1    2i 

2    51 

S    9  13 

52-9 

9    431 

Carlino,  coined  since  1785  (i,  tc.  in 

proportion)             ... 

W.O    u 

29    6 

28  20    0 

634-4 

112    3.38 

Pi(!ce  of  20  francs,  called  Marengo 

w.  a  0 

4     3i 

3  18    4 

82-7 

14    7  03 

Poland 

-  Ducat             .... 

B.    1    2i 

2    5J 

2    9  13 

52-9 

9    4-.34 

POBTUOAL 

.  Dobraon  of '24,000  rees 

Stand. 

34  12 

34  12    0 

759- 

134   a% 

Dobra  of  12,800  rees 

Stand. 

18     6 

18    6    0 

401-5 

71    0-70 

.,.. 

Moidore  or  Lisbonnine  (J  tc.  in  pro. 

portion)      .... 

Stand. 

«  22 

6  22    0 

1522 

26  11-21 

Piece  of  16  testoons,  or  1,600  rees  . 

W.O    Of 

2    ti 

2    5  14 

49-3 

8    8-70 

f 

Old  criisado  otMOO  rees 

W.  0    0.! 

0  15 

0  14  18 

136 

2    4-86 

' 

New  crusado  of  400  rees 

Milree  (coined  for  the  African  colo- 

W.O   Uj 

0  lOi 

0  10    3 

14-8 

2    7-43 

nies  17,55)    .... 

Stand. 

0  19j 

0  19  15 

18-1 

3    244 

Prussia 

.  Duiul  of  17-18             ... 

B.  1   a; 

2    5J 

2    9  14 

529 

9    4  04 

Dncntofl787 

B.    1     2 

2    5J 

2    9    6 

.V2-B 

9    371 

Kr.'dcrinit  (double)  of  I7fi9  - 

W.O     1} 

8  14 

8    9  18 

18.V 

32    8!-0 

Frederick  (single)  of  177H    . 

W.O   u 

4    7 

4    5    4 

9-i8 

Ifi    5'll8 

Frederick  (double)  of  IHOO  . 

w.  0  a 

8  11 

8    9    6 

lM-5 

32    7«t 

Frederick  (single)  of  1800    . 

w.  0  a 

4    7 

4    4  13 

92-2 

16    342 

Rome    . 

.  Hequin  (coined  since  1700)  . 

».     1     3i 

2    4i 

2    9    0 

52-2 

9    2-^0 

Scudo  of  the  Republic 

W  0    u 

17    Oi- 

16  10    6 

367- 

01  11-1.1 

Russia 

.  Ducat  of  17!)6              ... 

B.    1     2i 

a    t) 

a  10    U 

.M-a 

9    4-98 

Ducat  of  1703            ... 

B.    1     2 

2    ij 

2    9    8 

52  6 

9    3-71 

(Jiild  rulde  of  1756     . 

Stand. 

1     01 

1     0  10 

22-5 

3  11  TH 

Ditto  of  171W              ... 

W.O    Oi 

0  1S» 

0  18  14 

171 

3    0-31 

Gcdd  poltiri  of  1777    ... 

Stainl. 

0     9 

0     9    0 

8-2 

1     .V41 

Imperial  of  1801          ... 

B.  I   ai 

7  Ui 

8    b    8 

181-9 

32    a.'d 

Half  Imperial  if  1601 

H.  1    ai 

3  ao.; 

4    3    4 

110-9 

If.     l-ll') 

Ditto  of  1H18 

B.    0    IH 

4     3i 

4   3  la 

91  3 

10     I'HJ 

Sardinia 

-  Cirlino  (t  in  proportion)     . 

w.  0   aj 

10    7i 

9  23  1« 

aiw8 

30    810 1 

Saxunv 

.  Ducat  of  1781             ... 

B.    1     2 

2    5J 

2    9    8 

52-6 

9    3-Tl  1 

Diiral  of  17!t7 

B.   1    a* 

a   .ij 

a    9  14 

529 

9    4-31  j 

AiigustUBof  1754        ... 

W.O  as 

4    li.1 

4     3     8 

91-2 

Hi     II.!)  1 

Aui{uiitusori784        .           .           - 

W.  0    1  ? 

4    Oi 

4    4  12 

82-2 

10    3-|! 

Sicily* 

-  O'ifire  of  1751             ... 

W.  1     2i 

a  204 

2  15     8 

5h-2 

10    3110 

Donl'lo  ounce  of  1758 

W.  1     2 

5  17 

5    7  14 

117- 

2U    t-M 

Spain    - 

.  Doubloon  of  1773  (double  and  single 

in  proportion)         ... 

W.O    2i 

17    81 

61  21  16 

372- 

65  lOfl.'i 

Quadruple  pistole  of  1801    .           .     W.  1     1    1 

17    9 

16    9    0 

300-3 

63    9-02 

*  Much  variation  is  found  in  the  flue 

ness  of  the 

Sicilian 

(Old  coini 

1. 

COINS. 


sfti 


:■  ••       V"Tn."            COINS.      .»•■■(  '      .  .    »       , 

Amy. 

W«ighl. 

Standard 
Weight. 

CoDtenri 
in  iiure 
Gold. 

Value  In      : 

■Slerling. 

■ 

Car.  gr. 

Dwt.  f. 

Dwt.rr.mi. 

Graiiu. 

t. 

H. 

Spain    -       -  Pistolo  of  1801          ... 

W.  1    1 

4    8i 

4    2    6 

901 

IS  11-351 

C>>roiiiUa,  gold  dollar,  or  vlntem  of 

ISOI 

W.  1    2i 

1    3 

1    0  18 

22  8 

4 

042 

Sweden        -  Ducat            .... 

B.    1    2 

2    5 

2    8  13 

519 

9 

2-22 

awiTZERLANO  Pistflla  of  the  Helvetic  Republic  of 

1800            -          .          -          - 

VV.  0    u 

4  214 

4  19    9 

1059 

18 

891 

Treves         -  Diicnt             .... 

B.    1    3 

3    51 

3    9    8 

52-6 

9 

371 

TuBKBV        -  Sequin  fonducli  of  Constantinople 

of  1773        .... 

W.  8    2i 

9    51 

I  23    6 

43-3 

7 

7-91 

Bequin  fonducli  of  1789 

W.  2    Si 

2    5i 

1  2-2  Iti 

429 

7 

711 

Half  inissinr  (1818) 

W.  8    3i 

0  Ibi 

0  13    5 

1216 

2 

182 

,    1               Hequin  fonilnc'li         ... 

W.  2    3 

2    5 

1  32    7 

425 

7 

6-26 

YenncRbeslilelt         ... 

H.    0    35 

a  u 

3    4  13 

70-3 

12 

5-.fO 

TuscANT       -  Zecciiiiio  orsi'qnin    .           .           . 

».    1     3} 

3    S» 

2  in  14 

536 

9 

5  83 

Kuapono  of  Die  Kingdom  of  Etruriu 

K.    1     3} 

6  17i 

7    7  13 

I61' 

26 

6-93 

United  States  *  Gaile  (iand  i  in  proportion)    - 

W.  0    04 

11    6 

11    4    8 

21U1 

43 

666 

Venice         -  Zeccliino  or  sequin  {i  and  i  in  pro- 

portion)     .... 

U.    1    3i 

2    6 

3  10  10 

536 

9 

5-S3 

Wibtemoeho   Carolin           .... 

VV.  3    2 

6    34 

5    4    0 

113-7 

20 

1  17 

Ducat             .... 

B.    1    3 

3    S 

2    8  13 

51-9 

9 

222 

Ducat  (double  and  1  ducat  in  propor- 

tion)           .... 

B.    1    3 

3    5J 

3    9    8 

62-6 

0 

3-71 

EAST  INDIES. 

Mohurofl770 

B.    1     2} 

7  22i 

8  11  1.1 

ISO'S 

33 

0-72 

Mohur,  Half  (1787),  i  in  proportion 

B.    1     21 

3  i!.t4 

4  16  10 

91- 

16 

7-64 

Mnhur  Sicca  of  Uengal 

B.    1     3f 

7  23 

8  13    0 

189  6 

30 

101 

Mohur  of  the  Dutcli  East  India  1 
Company,  (1783)                             j 

W.  3    3i 

10    3 

8    8    0 

183-4 

32 

5-50 

Mohur,  Half  Ditto  (1801)     . 

W.  3    U 

5    34 

4  18  18 

96-2 

17 

C-30 

Rupee,  Bombay  (181.S) 

B.    0    04 

7  11 

7  11  13 

lt)4-7 

29 

1-78 

Rupeeof  Madras  (1818) 

Stand. 

7  13 

7  12    0 

165- 

29 

242 

Pagoda,  star  .... 

W.  3    0 

3    4) 

1  21  11 

41-8 

7 

477 

y    I 


Ko.  VII.  Silver  Coins  op  different  Countries.— A  Table  contninini;  the  Assays,  Weiphts,  and 
Valupaof  the  principal  Silver  Coins  of  all  Counlrii'S,  ci>niputi;d  at  the  rate  of  5s.  2d.  per  Ounce 
Standard,  from  Assays  made  both  nt  tlie  London  and  Paris  Mints. 


COINS.                               i 

Amy. 

Weight. 

S'.Tnilaril 
Weight. 

Content! 
in  Pure 

Silver. 

Val 
Stcr 

le  in 
ins. 

nz.  dwt. 

Dinl.  fr. 

Dvrt.tr,  tni. 

Craim. 

1. 

rf. 

Austria 

.  Pixdollar  of  Francis  11.,  1800 

W.  1     5 

18     1 

16    0    4 

355-5 

4 

164 

Rixdollar  of  the  kingilom  of  Hungary 

W.  1     2 

18     1 

10    6    1 

3tiO-9 

4 

2-.?9 

Half  rixdollar,  or  florin,  Convention 

W.  1     3 

9    04 

8    2    1 

179-6 

2 

107 

Copftsiick,  or  20  crculzer  piece 

W.  4    3 

4    64 

8  10    3 

59-4 

0 

8-29 

17  Creutzer  piece      ... 

W.  4    8 

4    0 

3    9  18 

.53-5 

0 

7-47 

Halbi!  copf,  or  10  creutzer  piece 

W.  5    5 

2  11 

1    7    1 

28-8 

0 

4-01 

Baden  . 

-  Rixdollar        .... 

W.  1    4 

IS    2 

16    3    1 

358-1 

4 

2- 

Uavaria 

-  Rixdollar  of  1800  (4  in  proportion) 

W.  1     44 

17  12 

15  13  13 

345  0 

4 

025 

Copftsuck       .           .           .           - 

W.  4    3 

4    64 

8  16    3 

59-4 

0 

8  29 

Bern     . 

.  Patngon  or  crown  (4  in  proportion) 

W.  0    7 

18  22 

18    7  14 

406-7 

4 

8-79 

Piece  of  10  batzpn    ... 

W.  1     2 

5    3 

4  14  17 

1025 

1 

2-31 

Bremen 

.  Piece  of48  grotcs      ... 

W.  2    2 

11    0 

8  22     1 

198- 

2 

3-64 

Brunswick 

.  Rixdollar,  Convention 

W,  1    3 

18     1 

16    4    4 

359-2 

4 

215 

Halfrixdiillnr           ... 

W.  1     3 

9    OJ 

8    2    2 

179-6 

2 

107 

Gulden,  or  piece  of  },  fine,  of  1704  - 

tt.    0  16 

8  104 

9    1     1 

900-8 

2 

4-03 

Gulden,  cnnuiinn,  of  1764      - 

VV.  1     2 

9    0 

8    9  10 

ISO- 

2 

1-13 

Gulden,  ditto  of  1795 

W.2    2 

II     14 

8  2-3    7 

199-1 

2 

3-80 

Half  gulden,  or  piece  of  },  of  1764  . 

VV,  1     2 

4  12 

4     1     5 

90- 

1 

0-56 

Denmark 

-  Ryksdnler,  specie,  of  1798   . 

VV.  0  13 

l.«  It 

17  11  17 

38K-4 

4 

6-23 

New  piece  of  4  marks 

VV.  0  12 

12    9 

11  16  14 

259-8 

3 

0-27 

Half  ryksdaler          ... 

W.  0  13 

9    7 

8  17    8 

191-2 

2 

3-11 

Mark,  specie,  or  4  ryksdalcr 

W.  3     1 

4    0 

3  21  12 

64-4 

0 

7-59 

Rixdollar,    specie,  "of   Sleswig   and 

HoUtein  (pieces  of  i  and  |  in  pro- 

portion.)     .... 

W.  0  12 

18  13 

17  12    fl 

389-4 

4 

6-.'!7 

I 

Piece  of  24  skillings 

VV.  4    7 

5    21 

3    2  10 

6S-9 

0 

962 

Knqland 

-  Crown  (old)               ... 

Htaiid. 

10    8', 

19    8  10 

429-7 

5 

0- 

Hal'-crown    .... 

Slaiid. 

9  l()| 

9  16    5 

214-8 

2 

6- 

Sliilling          .... 

Stand. 

3  '!! 

3  21     0 

85-9 

1 

0- 

Sixpence                    ... 

Stand. 

I  82! 

1  22  10 

429 

0 

6- 

Crown  (neie)              ... 

Sian<l. 

18    4i 

18    4    7 

■•03-0 

4 

8-36 

Half-crown    .... 

Stand. 

9    2 

9    2    4 

201-8 

2 

418 

Shillins          .... 

Stand. 

3  l.M 

3  15     6 

80-7 

0  11-27  1 

Sixpence        .... 

Stand. 

1  ^.'i 

1   19  14 

4«-3 

0 

5-P3 

Francs 

-  Ecu  of  6  livrea          ... 

VV.  0    7 

1„  Irt 

18     7  11) 

4031 

4 

t«-2S 

Demi  ecu        .... 

VV.  0    7 

9    9 

9     I   18 

201-5 

2 

4-13 

Piece  of  21  sous  (divjjiinns  in  prop.) 

VV.  0    7 

3  20 

3  10  19 

834 

0  ll-tU! 

I'lisce  of  30  sons  (1  in  priijiortioii) 

VV.  3    8 

fi  12 

4  12    4 

1(102 

1 

I  -IHt 

Piece  of  5  francs  of  the  (Convention 

VV. 0  104 

If.    0 

15    5  14 

•  aM-3 

3 

1124 

Piece  of  5  francs  (Napoleon)  of  IbOS    W.  0    7 

10     1 

15  12    4 

314  9 

4 

016 

♦  This  val 

Piece  of  2  francs  of  1H08      -           -      W.  0    7 

6  11 

6    6    2 

13»-8 
f  twelve 

1    7-38  i 
years. 

lie  of  the  Aniericau  eagle  is  taken  from  i 

iveruge  ass 

ays  of  t 

le  coins  o 

i 


I  {'■ 


m 


,  I. 


^h'.. 


I  ;- 


iiri: 


m 


i  ■■'  11 


[1.1 


392 


COINS. 


I  ' 


( 


1  ..  ■• .  ■' 

COINS.         ,         i    •-. 

Amj. 

Wcislit. 

Standard 

Wtighl. 

ConlrnU 
in  Pura 

Si.ver. 

Vili'e  in 
Stcrlii.f. 

Cj.  dwt. 

DwI.  tr. 

Dwi.gr.mi 

Oraini. 

1 

d. 

Frahoi 

.  Franc  of  1809            ... 

W.  0    7 

3    5* 

3    3    1 

69-4 

0 

0-60 

Demi  franc    .... 

W.O    8i 

1  15 

4  13    6 

347 

0 

4-84 

'    .'    ' 

Franc  (Lonis)  of  1818,  same  as  franc 
of  1809. 

Grneva 

.  Pntogon         .... 

W.  1    0 

17    9 

'5  19    8 

351- 

4 

1-03 

Piece  of  15  sous  of  1791 

W.2    6 

3    U 

1  15    1 

361 

0 

504 

Genoa  • 

.  Scndo,  of  8  lire,  of  1796  (i,  i,  tie.  in 

proportion)            ... 

W.O    8 

31    0 

20  14  10 

4574 

9 

3-87 

Sciido  of  ttie  Meurian  Republic      . 

W.O    9i 

21     9 

20  11    a 

4.51 -3 

5 

3-43 

IlAMBCRan 

.  Kixdnllar,  specie       ... 
Donhle  mark,  nr  3?  schilling  piece 

W.O  10 

18  18 

17  31  12 

397-0 

4 

7-49 

(siniileii)  proportion) 

W.  2    3 

11  18 

9  11     8 

210-3 

a 

S36 

Piece  of  8  schilltnps 

W.  3  12 

3    Si 

3    6    4 

50-1 

0 

6-99 

Piece  of  4  srhillings 

W.  4    6 

■i    3 

1    6  12 

28-3 

0 

3-95 

Hanotes 

.  Rixdollar,  Constitution 

W.O    9 

18  19 

18    0  14 

400-3 

4 

7-8(1 

Florin,  or  piece  of  f,  fine     - 

B.    0  IC 

8  10 

9    0  10 

SOO-3 

a 

3'W 

■. 

Half  florin,  nr  piece  of  \,  ditto 
Qnnrter,  or  piece  of  0  guodyrosclien. 

B.    0  16 

4    4 

4  11    4 

99-3 

1 

1-85 

ditto            .... 

B.    0  16 

3    1 

3    4  10 

48-6 

0 

6-78 

Florin,  or  piece  of  !,  base    - 

w.  a   1 

11    0] 

8  23  15 

199  6 

a 

3-S7 

Hesse  Cabsel  Rixilollur.'Conrenriun 

W.  1    b 

18    1 

IS  23    6 

353- 

4 

1  .19 

Florin,  or  piece  of  J  (J  In  proportion) 

W.  1     0 

9    Oi 

7  23    3 

176-8 

a 

O-fiH 

Thaler  of  17^9 

W.  0  lOi 

12    '.i 

11   17    5 

2597 

3 

0  26 

Ecu,  Convention  (1815) 

W.  1     6 

17  23  j 

15  21    2 

349-3 

4 

077 

Bon  gros         .... 

W.O  14 

1     4 

0  11    5 

103 

0 

Its 

Holland 

.  Dncatoon       .... 

B.    0    3 

20  22 

21     4  15 

471-6 

5 

5-85 

Piece  of  3  florins       ... 

W.O    2 

20    7 

20    a  12 

410  4 

5 

2-.13 

Rixdollnr  (the  assay  varies) 

W.O  10 

18    6 

16  20    8 

375-9 

4 

4-99 

Hulf  rixdollar 

W.O  lt5 

9    0 

8    8    8 

185  4 

2 

1-S8 

Florin  or  gnildcr  (i  in  proportion)  - 

W.O    4i 

6  18 

6  14  14 

146-8 

1 

S-IR 

18  Stiver  piece           ... 

W.  0  16i 

4  12 

4    3  18 

92-4 

1 

n-!in 

- 

Florin  of  Batavia      -           .           - 

W.O    5i 

6  13 

6    9    2 

141  6 

1 

7-77 

Rixdollar,  or  .50  stiver  piece,  of  the 

liinK.'lom  of  Holland 

W.O    5J 

17    0 

16  13  18 

367-9 

4 

3-37 

LVBEO     • 

.  Rixdollar,  specie       -          .           - 

W.  0  13 

18    8 

17  15  12 

.101-9 

4 

6-72 

Double  murk  .... 

w.  a  3 

11   18 

9  11    8 

210  3 

2 

5-50 

Mark 

W.  2    3 

5  21 

4  17  14 

105-1 

1 

2-f.7 

Lucca   • 

-  Pcudo             .           .           .           - 

W.  0    3 

17    0 

16  18  10 

.172-3 

4 

a -OS 

Barlione         .... 

W.  3    3 

1  Sfli 

1     7  14 

29  3 

0 

4(19 

Malta  - 

.  Ounce  of  30  lari  of  Emmanuel  Pinto 

W.  2    5 

19    Ik 

15    4  14 

,?37-l 

3  11-11 

STaripiecc    .... 

W.  2  19 

1     2 

0  19    2 

17-7 

0 

2-11 

Milan  • 

-  Scudo  of  6  lire  (5  In  proportion) 

W.O    7 

14  2(IJ 

14    9  10 

319-6 

3 

8-62 

Lira,  new       .... 

W.  4  10 

4    0 

2    9    0 

52  8 

0 

7-37 

Lira,  old         .... 

W.O    3 

2  10 

2    9    4 

52  9 

0 

7-38 

Bcudo  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic 

W.  0    7 

14  2U 

14  10    4 

.120-2 

3 

8-71 

Piece  of  30  soldi  of  ditto 

W.  2  18 

4  17 

3  11    8 

77  2 

0  10-78 

Mod  EN  A 

.  Scudo  of  15  lire,  17.^9  (double,  &c.  in 

proportion)         ... 

W.  0  14 

18  125 

17    8    9 

.185-2 

4 

5-78 

Scudo  of  5  lire,  of  1782 

W.O    3 

5  19 

5  17    2 

1208 

1 

5-70 

Scudo  of  1796 

W.  3    3 

18     IJ 

12  22  12 

287-4 

3 

4-i;( 

Na?les 

.  Ducnt,  new  (i  in  proportion) 

W.  1     0 

14  15 

13    7    6 

295-4 

3 

5-24 

Piece  of  12  Carlini  of  1791 

W   1     0 

17  15 

10    0  18 

3.56- 

4 

1-71 

Ditto  of  179() 

\V.  I     2 

17  If.} 
17  IHl- 

15  22  12 

353  9 

4 

1-41 

Ditto  of  1805  (i  in  proportion) 

\V.  1     2 

15  23  IS 

355-2 

4 

1-fiO 

Dittoof  lOCnrliiii  (I81M     . 

W.  1     2 

14  18 

13    7    0 

2'15-1 

3 

5-20 

Nfthehland*  Ducntnnn,  old 

n.  0   4 

21    0 

21     9    0 

474-0 

5 

C-27 

Diiciitoon  of  Maria  Theresa 

W.  0  14 

21  10 

20     1   12 

445-5 

5 

'220 

Crown,  (i,  &c.  in  proportion) 

W.  0  14 

19    0 

17  19    4 

395  2 

4 

718 

5  Stiver  pii'ce            .           -           - 

\V.  6    3 

3    4 

1     9  IS 

31  3 

0 

4-:i7 

Florin  of  1790            ... 

W.O  U 

5  23i 

5  14    9 

121-3 

1 

5  35 

Florin  of  1816 

W.O    7i 

0  22 

6  16    (J 

116-4 

1 

h-72 

Half  florin  (with  divisions  in  prop.) 

\V.  4    54 

5  11 

3    9    2 

75- 

0  in-4ti 

Parma  • 

.  Diir.nt  of  17-4              ... 

W.O    9 

10  II 

15  IW  IH 

3.':fl-(i 

4 

0-!i5 

Ducnt  of  179fi  (i  In  proportion) 

W.O    5i 

16  l'4 

16    2  IS 

357  0 

4 

1-97 

Pleco  of  3  lire           ... 

W.  1     4 

4  11 

4    2    2 

'.0-7 

1 

(!('.() 

Piedmont 

.  Scudo,  1755  (1,  Scr..  in  proportion)    - 

W.O    .5J 

92  14 

22    0  10 

•1^8■9 

5 

ha(i 

8rudo,  1770  (J  and  |  In  proportion)  - 

W.O     5 

22  It 

sa   1  16 

4!iO- 

5 

8-12 

■, 

Pinceof  aiire  (ITM) 

W.O    li- 

7  20' 

7   Ifi  13 

■  170-8 

1 

1 1 -K5 

5  Franc  piece  (1801) 

W.  0    H 

10     U    15  11   12 

.113-7 

3 

lr«9 

Poland 

-  Rixdollar,  old            ... 

W.  1     2 

IS    1     Hi    6    0     3rn-8 

4 

2-:i8 

Rixdollar,  new  (1791) 

W.  2  17 

15  1(1.1    11   11     6     'r.4  3 

2  II -.M 

Florin,  or  gulden       ... 

W.  4    2 

fi     0    :    :i  IS  16       W- 

0  11-72 

POBTLQIL 

.  New  crusado  (1(190) 

,  W.  0    4 

II     0      1(1  19    0'    2.19-2 

2 

9-10 

Ditto          (171K) 

W.  0    »ii 

0    H 

9     1     0     2('»  2 

2 

3-95 

Ditto           (179:)) 

W.O    7 

9    9 

9    1  18     2(11  6 

2 

415 

Doze  vintems,  or  piece  of  210  rees 

1 

(1799)          .... 

W.  0    7 

4  16 

4  12  10  i  ino-4 

1 

201 

ThStnon  (1799)           ... 

W.  0    7 

2    (ii 

1  22  18       -13  4 

0 

fi(ifi 

New  crusudo  (1809) 

W.O    4 

9    3 

8  23    0  :    198-2 

o 

4  07 

Seis  vintems,  or  piece  of  120  rees 

(1802)           .... 

W.O    9 

3    4i     3    3    8i     406 

0 

fi-r.o 

Test.ion  (1802) 

W.O    9 

2    0        1  22    0       42  5 

0 

5-!W 

Tres  vintems,  or  piece  of  1)0  ice8(160'2) 

W.O    9 

1     2f      1     14,     2;i-3 

0 

3-i5 

Half  ttstuon  (1802)   ... 

W.O    9 

0  23 

0  22    0 

,     80-4 

0 

2'84 

COINS. 


398 


in  I'ura 
'i  ver. 


Sltrliitf. 


•raim.  ,.    J 

347       0    481 


361 

57  4 
51-3 
M7S 

10-3 
50- 1 
88-3 

nn-3 

00-3 
U»'2 

»8fl 
!)9  6 
3' 

rti-8 
)97 
193 
03 
Ifi 
0  4 
5-9 
5  4 
fi-8 
24 
1-6 


4  103 

0    504 

5  3-87 
5  3-43 
4    749 


2 
0 
0 
4 
2 
1 

0 

2 

4 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

5 

4 

8 

1 

1 

1 


538 
6!J9 
305 
7-89 
!t% 
1-85 

B7fl 
3S7 
1-39 
OW 

0  28 
077 

1  13 
5'R5 
2-33 
4-P!l 
I-SS 
S-lfi 
fl-ilfl 


3-37 
6-72 
5-30 
2-67 
3-!l.S 
4(10 

nil 

211 

fl-ra 

"■37 
T-38 


0  10-78 

4  5-7S 
5-70 
41 
5-S 
1- 
II 
l-fi 

52' 
iSl 
r-j! 

1-3: 
5  3; 


3 

4i;( 

3 

5-24 

4 

1-71 

4 

I  11 

4 

l-fiO 

3 

5i!0 

5 

627 

5 

lian 

4 

7JS 

0 

'1-37 

0  in -iti 


4  ors 

4  1  07 
1     OM 

5  ha; 

5    H-l-J 

1  UV, 

3  I,!)iJ 

4  2;!8 

2  II-.M 
n  1172 

2  fl-in 

2    3-05 
2    415 


201 

606 
4  67 

fi-.'^O 
503 
325 
2!!4 


COINS. 


FoRTDOUEBE  1  Piece  of  8  macutei,  of  Fortugueie 
CuLOMt:ii    S    Afrlrn         ... 

Ditto  uf  6  ditto 

Ditto  of  4  ditto 
Prussia        •  *Rixdollnr,  Prussian  currency,  ((  in 
proportion)  ... 

Rixdollar,  Convention 

Florin,  or  piece  off - 

Florin  of  Bilesia       -  -     '     . 

t  Drittel  or  piece  of  8  good  groschen 

Piece  of  6  groschen 
Rome    •       >  Sciido,  or  crown  (coined  since  1733) 

Mezzo  Bcndo,  or  half-crown 

Testone  (1785) 

Paolo  (1785)  .... 

Groaao,  or  half  Paolo  (1785) 

Hciido  of  the  Ronmn  Republic  (1700) 
Itl'SSIA  .       •  Riihle  of  Peter  the  Gr<-at     • 

Ditto  of  Catherine  I.  (1725) 

Ditto  of  Peter  n.  (1727) 

Ditto  of  Anne  (1734) 

Dittoof  Eliziiheth  (1750)      . 

DittoofPeter  III.  (1762)      . 
^  Ditto  of  Catherine  11.  (1780) 

Ditto  of  Paul  (1799) 

Ditto  of  Alexander  (1802)    - 

Ditto  of  ditto  (1805)  -  -  . 

20  Copeck  piece  (1767) 

Ditto  (1784)    .... 

15  Cop«ck  piece  (1778) 

10  Copeck  piece        ... 

Ditto  (179S)   .... 

Ditto  (1802)    .... 

5  Copeck  piece  (1801) 

Sciiilo,  or  crown  (i  and  i  in  prop.) 

Rix-dollar,   Convention  (i  and  i  in 
proportion)  ... 

Piece  of  16  groschen  of  Leipsic 

Rixdollnr  current  of  Saxe  Gotha     . 

l-6lh  Thaler  of  1801. 

Ditto  of  lb08  .... 

Ditto  of  Jerome  Bonaparte  of  1S09  - 

Scudo  (I  in  proportion) 

Piece  of  40  grains      -  -  . 

fDolhr,  of  late  coinage 

Hiilf  dollar,  ditto       ... 

Me.xican  peceta  (1774) 

Real  of  Mexican  plate  (1775) 

Peceta  provincial  of  2  reals  of  new 
plate  (1775) 

Real  of  new  plate  (1795) 

Rixdollar  (I7U2) 

Rixdollar  of  late  coinage 
SwiTZEiiLAND  Ecu,  or  rixdollar  of  Lucerne,  1,  Ice. 
in  proportion  (1715) 

Old  guidon,  or  florin  of  Lucerne  (1714) 

Ecu  of40batzcn  of  Lucerne  (1796) 

Halfditto        ... 

Florin,  or  piece  of  43  schillings  of 
Lucerne  (1703) 

Ecu  (if  40  biilzi-n  of  the  Helvetic  Re- 
public, 1798  (i  in  proportion) 

Ecu  of  4  franken  (1801) 
TUHKEY         .  Piastre  of  Scliin  of  l.soi 

Piastre  of  Crini  Tartary  (1778) 

Piastre  of  Tunis  (1787) 

Piaslre  (1818) 
Tuscany       .  Piece  of  10  Paoli  of  tlie  Kingdom  of 
Elruria  (1801)        ... 
■      '•'  Scudo  Plsii  of  ditto  (IS03)     - 

Pioce  of  10  lire  ditto  (1803)  - 

Lira  (1803)      .  -  -  . 

United  State.s  tDtillar,  1793  (1,  &c.  in  proportion) 

Dnllar  (ITOS)  ... 

Dollar  (ISOi)  -  -  -  . 

Dollar,  an  avcrace  of  8  years 

Dinii',  or  one-tenth  dollar  (I7U6) 

Half  dime  (1T96)         ... 


Sardinia 
Saionv 


Sicily 
Spain 


Sweden 


A~y. 

Weliht. 

SUndard 
Wel|lit. 

Content! 
in  Pure 
Si.ver. 

ammt. 

Valut  ta 
Sterliuf. 

Ot.  dial.  Dial.  p. 

Dwt-Sr.mi. 

:      d. 

W.  0    9 

7  13 

7    4  14 

159  8 

1  10  31 

W.  0     9 

5  13 

9    7  13 

118- 

1    4-47 

w.o  y 

8  le 

3  13    8 

781 

0  10-90 

W.  8    5 

14  6^ 

11    9    0 

252'6 

3  1187 

W.  1    3 

18    1 

16    4    a 

359- 

4    a- 13 

w.a  3 

11    3 

832    8 

108  4 

3    3-70 

w.  a  2 

9  II 

7  16    0 

170-3 

1  1178 

W.  3    3 

S    6i 

3  20    4 

85-3 

0  11-91 

w.a  8 

3  14 

a  19    6 

623 

0     8-69 

w.o    4 

17     1 

16  17  13 

3715 

4    3-87 

w.o    4 

8  m 

8    6  16 

185-7 

a  193 

w.o    5 

5  a 

4  83    4 

1103 

1     3-40 

w.o    4 

1  17 

1  16    4 

37  3 

0    519 

w.o    5 

0  20i 

0  20    0 

18-5 

0    3-58 

w.o    6 

17     1 

10  13  18 

J68-1 

4    3-40 

W.  2    7 

18     1 

14     1     8 

312-1 

3    7-58 

W.a  4i 

17  11 

13  33    0 

309-9 

3    7-97 

W.  2  12 

18    5J 

13  83    4 

Slo- 

3   728 

W.  1  11 

16  I4i 

14    6  16 

ans 

3    829 

W.  1    7 

16  12 

14  11  16 

3218 

3    8-93 

w.  2  a 

15  10 

12  12    0 

277-5 

3    375 

w.a  4 

15  13 

18  10    0 

275-9 

3    2-58 

w.o  14 

13  12 

18  15  10 

280-8 

3     381 

w.o  13 

13     U 

17    7    a 

273- 

3    813 

W.  0  16 

13  12 

18  13  18 

278-1 

3    2-83 

W.  2    2 

3  10} 

2  19    0 

626 

0    8-74 

W.a  3 

3    3 

2  13  18 

56-2 

0    7-84 

w.a  a 

3    6 

1  19  18 

40-5 

0    5-05 

w.a  6 

3    1 

1  14  16 

35-9 

0    S-ll 

W.  0  I4i 

1    9 

1     6  16 

28-5 

0    3-97 

W.  0  13 

1    81 

1     6  11 

88-3 

0    395 

W.  0  13i 

0  16i 

0  '5  10 

153 

0    313 

w.o    7 

15    ii 

14  15    0 

324-7 

3    9-34 

W.  1    3 

18    0 

16    3    4 

3.58-3 

4    301 

W.a  8 

9    9t 

7  14  16 

109-1 

1  11  61 

W.4    4i 

18    1 

U     4    3 

248-1 

a  10  64 

W.  4  11 

3  11 

a    0  19 

45-3 

0    6-33 

W.4  llj 

3    5i 

1  21     8 

42-1 

0    5-87 

W.  5    4 

3  17 

1  23    6 

4.?-7 

0    6-10 

W.  1     4 

17  14 

15  16    6 

318-2 

4    0-62 

w.  1  a 

5  21 

5    7    8 

117-5 

1    4-40 

w.o    8 

17    8 

16  17    0 

.370-9 

4    3-79 

W.O    8 

8  16 

8    8  10 

185-4 

a    188 

W.o    8 

4    7i 

4    3  16 

92-3 

1    0-88 

W.O    8 

a  3} 

a    1  80 

46-1 

0    643 

W.  1    9i 

3  18 

3    6    0 

72-2 

0  10-08 

W.  1    9i 

1  81 

1  15    0 

36-1 

0    5-04 

W.  0  18 

18  20 

17  19  10 

395-5 

4    7-33 

W.  0  14J 

18  17 

17  13    0 

388-5 

4    6-28 

W.  0  14i 

17    8{ 

16    5    8 

360-1 

4    3-28 

W.  1  19 

8  14i 

7    3    8 

157-5 

1    9-99 

W.o    5- 

19    0 

18  13  14 

4123 

4    9-57 

w.  1  a 

9  20 

8  20  18 

196-7 

3    346 

W.  1    5 

4  22 

4    8  14 

96-8 

1     1-51 

w.o    6 

18  S3 

18  10  14 

409-5 

4    918 

W.o    7 

18  iS 

18    8  18 

407-6 

4    9-18 

W.  5    0 

8    6 

4    7    8 

9J-7 

1     1-36 

W.  6  13 

10    5 

4    3    4 

90-9 

1     0-09 

W.O   .oi 

10    0 

4    8    6 

96-5 

1     1-47 

W.  5  14 

6    6i 

3    1    4 

67-7 

0    945 

W.O    4 

17  131 

17    5  18 

.382-9 

4    5-16 

W.O  a 

17  12     17    8    4 

38.r0 

4    5-76 

n.  0  7 

25    6     20     1  12 

.')78-7 

6    8-80 

B.    0    7 

2    8       2    9  16 

53  4 

0    7-45 

w.o    6S 

17    8   1 16  19  16 

.3735 

4    415 

W.O    7 

17  101    16  21     6 

374-9 

4    4-35 

W.  0  lOi 

17  10     16  14    0 

.3('8-3 

4     3-12 

W.  0    8i 

17     8  i  16  16    0 

3701 

4    3i58 

W.O    4 

1  m     I  18  14 

305 

0    5-71 

W.O    7 

0  m 

0  21    0 

10-5 

0    372 

♦  Tlin  Prussian  coins,  hnvini!  been  debased  at  different  periods,  vary  in  their  reports. 
JTIiis  is  the  coin  which  is  universally  circulated  under  tlie  name  of  tlic  Spanish  dollar, 
t  Tli(^  American  dollars,  and  inferior  silver  pieces  of  late  coinage,  vary  in  fineness  from  W.  4  dwtl, 
«o  VV.  Oi  dwts.  a  ,       } 


'i 


\'.''X 


t'ni 


)i, ; 


;  1 


1 1. 


1 


1   I 


■J  k 


'I 


so 


':^\f 


I 


■''! ;  ; 


304 


COINS. 


COINS.      -  .V,  1          ,..>. 

Amy. 

Weight. 

8(»n<l.ird 
Welithl. 

ContentH 
til  pure 
Gold. 

V..k.  In 
Slcrhng. 

1.      d. 

Oz.  dwi. 

Dull.  tr. 

Owt.rr.mi. 

C.nim. 

Venice          -  PiBce  of  2  lire,  or  24  creiitr.Rra  (1800) 

W.8    4i 

i  m 

1  13    2 

33'4 

0  4fia 

Diiin  of  2  lim,  cnlled  inoneta  prn- 

vinclalft  (1808) 

W.8    ,1 

s  m 

I  11    8 

32-8 

0    IMS 

nillo  of  2  lire.  1809  (i  and  i  In  prop.) 

W.8    4 

S    fii 

1    6  10 

.10  5 

0    4-2j 

WiUTEMBuno  Rlxilollnr,  specie       ... 

W.  1    3 

18    1 

Ifl  H    2 

a.'io-i 

4    214 

Topftsuck      -          -          .          - 

W.4    2 

4  16} 

3  10  12 

59-8 

0    835 

EAST  INDIES. 

Rupee  Sicca,  coined  hy  the  East  In- 

dia Compnny  lit  ralcutta - 

iB.    0  13 

rm 

722    0 

17,1-8 

2    n-.Vj 

!    •'*  ■■!  "                        CBlciifta  (1818) 

Stand. 

8    0 

8    0    0 

I'^it 

2    «-.'i8 

'       Y    >•                      Bnniltay,  new,  or  Burat  (18)8) 

W.O    0^ 

7  11 

7  10    4 

mi 

1  11(11 

'                         Fanam,  Ciinanore     ... 

VV.  0    H 

1  III 

1  II  10 

.12« 

0    45 

'     ■'                        nnniliny,  old    ... 

n.  0  13 

1  111 

1  13  16 

.15- 

0    -t'SS 

,    •■        '                        Pondlcherrv    ... 

It.    0    5i 

1    m 

I     1    3 

228 

0    3iH 

•   '      '                             Ditto,  double    -           .           - 

W.  0    3 

1  1S| 

1  18    3 

•IB- 

0    5  II 

'    ■              Onldnn  of  the  Dutch  B.  I.  Co.  (1820) 

VV. 0    7i 

a  22 

6  16    G 

148-4 

1     872 

The  sterlin?  value  of  the  forolpn  coins.  In  the  forceoinp  tallies,  hns  been  computed  from  the  assays 
as  follows:— Let  It  be  required  to  nssicn  the  valiir'  in  sterlhiif  of  a  French  double  I.onl.'t  rt'nr  cnirnd 
Bincft  ITSfi,  the  assay  master's  report  being  as  fullows  : — "  Weieht,  9  dwts.  20  fjrs.  j  assay  W.  IJ  grs.," 
that  Is,  0  car.  U  grs.  worse  than  the  English  standard.    Wc  proceed  as  under  : — 

From  23  car.  0  gr.  the  fineness  of  English  standard  gold, 
1    H  ■.,  '  Take    0  Ugr. 


Remains  31 


21 


Then, ns  22 car. ;  21  car. 9}  grs. :  :9dwts.20  grs. :  9dwt.  16prs.,thepfBiidard  gold  contained  In  the  I,niils 
rt'or  ;  and  hence,  ns  1  or.. :  31.  17«.  10^.  :  :  0  dwts.  10  grs. ;  W.  17s.  7irf.,  the  value  of  the  Louis  in  sler- 
ling  money,  ar.d  so  for  any  of  the  oilier  coins. 

.Annenl'Ciiivs — We  snlijoin,  for  the  convenience  of  such  of  our  readers  ns  may  at  any  time  have 
occasion  to  rnnsult  works  in  which  reference  is  made  to  nnrlent  coins,  the  following  Inbli-s  nf  ihniie 
that  were  principally  current  anioni.'  the  Jews,  (Jroeks,  and  Koroans.  lliey  were  calculated  by  Dr. 
Arbiithnot  ('rnhlen  <i'f  Ancient  Coins,  H'e.i!rhU,S[r.  4to  cd.  Lond.  1754.), and  do  not  diffl'r  malerially'from 
the  tables  of  Piiucton,  whose  Melmliiirje  (Ito.  Paris,  1780),  is  the  most  complete  and  elabiwate  work 
that  lm!<  ever  been  published  with  resitect  to  ancient  monies,  weights,  and  measures.  At  the  same 
time  we  confess  we  should  not  be  disposed  to  place  iiuich  reliance  on  these  tables,  and  we  liavc  else- 
where stated  our  reasons  for  holding  this  opinion. — (Art.  Money,  Supp.  to  Kneyc.  Britannica.) 


i  fi.h 


Ui 


i\f 


U 


It 


Nioieg  Snit  Proiuitioni. 
Gerah 


Jewish  Coixs. 


10 

Bekah 

- 

20 

3 

Shekel 

1,200 

130 

60 
3,000 

60,000 

6,000 

Value  In 
£     s. 
0     0 

S'erling. 
d. 

1  .ID 
TffJ 

0     1 

't'« 

0     3 

3f 

Sniidns  aureus,  or  se.xtula,  worth 

Sicliis  aureus,  worth 

A  talent  of  gold,  worth     •  • 


Maneh  I 

Mina  Hebraiea  / 

60  I  Talent 


5   14    0| 


343     3     9 


Grecian  Coirs, 


I.epton 



7 

Chalcus          .          .          .          .          - 

H 

3 

Dlchalcug        .          .          -          « 

3S 

4 

2 

Hemiobolum      .          .          - 

56 

6 

•  4 

3 

Obolus        ... 

112 

16 

8 

4 

2 

Diobolum      •          - 

224 

32 

16 

8 

3 

2 
4 
~T 
12 
15 

Tetrobolum 

336 

48 

S4 

12 

0 

U     Drachma  • 

fi02 

90 

43 

24 

12 

3    1    2 

6     1    4 
7}  !     5 

Didrachr 

l,3'2l 

112 

(16  !  48 

24 

2 

oi 

Tetr 

l.fifiO 

3S1 

120  i  fiO 

31) 

ul 

Pentadrnchma 

Of  these  the  drachma  and  didrachma  were  of  silver;  the  rest,  for  the  most 
The  driicbina  is  here,  with  the  ceneralily  of  authors,  supposed  eijual  to  the 
It  reason  to  believe  that  the  drachma  was  soniewliat  the  weightier. 


.      0 

.    1 

5,175 

13 

16 
0 

01 

6 

0 

a. 
0 

d. 
0 

qrs. 

0 

0 

'1\ 

0 

0 

h\ 

0 

0 

^■h 

0 

1 

>i 

0 

3 

2} 

0 

5 

0! 

0 

7 

3 

I 

3 

2 

3 

7 

0 

3 

3 

3 

part,  of  brass, 
denarius;  though  there 


COINS. 


395 


!n>i 

y.'luB  In 

d. 

olefliiig. 

— 

nu 

»•      rf. 

it 

0  im 

!-fl 

0    4M 

li 

0    •(■Sj 

»I 

4  aij 

»S 

0    8-35 

■8 

9    OM 

!» 

8    «:,8 

•7 

1  11  (11 

•w 

0    45 

0    4-SS 

■s 

0    3'IH 

0    5  11 

•4 

1     8'72 

T8 


0 

qrs. 
0  <> 

0 

''4'5 

0 

h\ 

0 

2rV 

1 

1^ 

2 

2f 

5 

0} 

7 

3 

J 

2 

0 

! 

3 

Tilua  In  SMIok 

£  t.  d. 

The  Orerlm  Knid  coin  was  llio  stater  aureiii,  weighing  3  Attic  drachnii,  nr  balf  of  the  >  n  <a  ]• 

aiaterargcnleuH  ;  anil  exchaiigliiR  iiaiially  fur  !U  Attic  ilrachmai  of  lUrer     .          ,  j' u  lo  it 

Diit  acciinliiiR  tn  our  iirniMirtiun  (if  xnlil  to  Hilvi-r  It  wai  wnrlh    -           -           •           -        1  0  0 

There  tverH  likewise  the  Mtntwr  Cyzlcetiiia,  oxclinngttig  for  38  Attic  drnchmaa,  Of         -       0  18  1 
Tile  Btutitr  I'liiiippiciif,  iind  ituter  Alnxunilriiiufl,  were  of  the  lanie  value. 

Hlater  DariciiB,  iicconliiig  to  .loii«p!iu8,  worth  SO  Attic  druchiiiai,  or      -           -           •        1  13  8^ 
Suier  Crociiiuii,  of  the  luine  value. 


Valub  and  Fropobtion  or  the  Rohah  Coin*. 


f 


Terunclua 

- 

- 

~T 

Sembella    .          -          - 

4 

3 

Libella  ) 

As         i         -           " 

10 

5 

3i 

ScRterliui 

20 

10 

5 

3 

Qnlnarlui    I 
Victoriatus  f 

40 

•20 

10 

4 

2    Denarius 

Slerllnf. 
t.  d.  art. 
0    0    0J7S 
IS09 

0    0     1^S5 
1  oB 

0    0    3  ' 
Iff 


£ 

«. 

d. 

1 

4 

31 

1 
0 

0 
13 

9 
11 

0 

16 

1} 

-  0    1    3^ 
•     0    3    31 

-  0    7    3 


The  Roman  gold  coin,  or  aureus,  weighed  generally  double  the  denariua ;  Ita  value,  \ 
nccorrilng  to  liie  proportion  of  gold  to  siiver,  mentioned  by  I'liny,  wua  -  -  / 

Acniriling  to  the  proportion  that  now  obtains  amongst  us  .... 

Accorrtins  to  the  decuple  proportion  mentioned  hy  Livy  and  Julius  I'dliux 

According  to  the  proportion  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  by  wliicli  the  aureus  exchanged  for  \ 
25  denarii,  ita  value  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -/ 

(1.  AMKRiCA!r  E.vnLG.  Tliis,  which,  with  its  subdivisions,  is  the  only  American  gold 
coin,  has  lately  un^dergono  an  important  alteration.  By  the  mint  regulations  of  the  United 
States,  the  eagle,  whicli  is  declared  to  bo  the  equivalent  of  10  dollars,  contained,  previously 
to  the  3lst  of  July,  1834,  370  grains  of  standard  gold,  viz.:  346  grains  pure,  and  34  grains 
alloy.  But,  by  an  act  of  Congre.ss,  wiiic.h  t-aine  into  operation  at  the  above  date,  the  weight 
of  the  eagle  is  reduced  to  2.58  grains,  of  which  333  are  pure  and  26  alloy.  In  consequence 
of  this  ahcration,  the  sovereign,  that  was  formerly  worth  4  dollars  67  cents,  is  now  worth  4 
dollnrs  87  cents,  and  is  received  by  the  Americans  at  this  rate. 

We  do  not  know  whether  it  was  the  object  of  the  American  government,  in  enacting  this 
law,  to  substitute  a  gold  in  the  place  of  a  silver  currency;  but  it  will  most  probably  have  that 
effect.  Under  the  former  system,  silver  was  over-valued  in  the  American  mint  as  compared 
with  gold ;  and,  as  it  consequently  became  everybody's  interest  to  pay  his  debts  in  silver 
rather  titan  in  gold,  the  latter  was  nearly  banisiied  from  circulation,  precisely  in  the  same 
way  that  the  over-valuation  of  gold  in  the  British  mint  banished  all  silver  coins  of  full  weight 
from  this  country,  and  that  the  over-valuation  of  silver  in  the  French  mint  banished  gold. — 
(Did.  p.  388.)  Under  the  present  American  system,  it  is  believed  that  gold  is  over-valued 
from  i  to  I  ^  per  cent.,  so  that  an  individual  who  has  to  pay  a  debt  of  100/.  and  who  cm]>loy  s 
mctHJiic  money  for  that  purpose,  will  save  from  86st.  to  30s.  by  using  gold  rather  than  silver. 
This  has  certainly  been  the  principal  cause  of  that  exportation  of  gold  to  the  United  Btater 
from  Europe  that  has  been  carried  on  at  intervals  during  the  last  four  years,  though  it,  no 
doubt,  has  been  partly  owing  to  other  causes,  and  especially,  perhap,  to  the  suppression  of 
notes  for  luss  than  5  dollars  in  New  York  and  other  States. — (See  Basks,  ^merica/i,  pp. 
130-168.) 

Amount  of  Gold  received  annually  from  the  Gold  Region  of  the  United  States  from  I93i  to  1838,  both 

inclusive. 


Vara. 

Virginli. 

N.  Carolill.1. 

S.  Cimlina. 

Gforgi-i. 

Tennessee. 

AtaUnia. 

Not 
asctrlaiticd. 

Tolal, 

Dotlart. 

Dotlart. 

DoUnri. 

Dottarl. 

DAlart. 

Do\lnrt. 

Mlart. 

Ikltan. 

1824 

_ 

ft.OOO 

_ 

.. 

_ 

.. 

6,000 

18ii 

— 

17,010 

_ 

^ 

.._ 

_ 

I7,CiO 

I!<i6 

.» 

2n,o(K) 

.. 

_ 

— 

_ 

20,000 

h.'7 

— 

21.01.0 

^ 

_ 

— 

.. 

21,(00 

IfcJS 



vi.(tf) 

.. 

.^ 



_ 

4B,il'0 

IH29 

2.-100 

134,0(10 

tJM 

_ 

_ 

_ 

.. 

I40.0f0 

l»JO 

aj.iKO 

20l,ii(X) 

20,000 

212,(00 



_ 

— . 

4nt:,U'  0 

1>31 

2«,(lO0 

294,'Tn 

2J,O0O 

1711,000 

1.000 

1,000 

— 

620,000 

1-JJ 

ai.iko 

4  ■'■•-.()'  0 

4  '.(VO 

I19..«:0 

l.(.01 



6-h.uai 

IHM 

loi.oix) 

47'i,IKfl 

6(!.l.O) 

2l(i."ifl 

7,11110 

.. 

f  SJ.!  00 

IKH 

tiiuOO 

a«>,0(lO 

3)<,(HM 

,11,000 

3,000 

_ 

89^,(00 

lOi 

RI.40O 

2(i.i.!mi 

42,1X1 

aiii.wm 

'loo 

_ 

12,200 

6»l.0lO 

•  i»ao 

£2.(»M 

I-IMOO 

fi'i.ai  1 

201.. 'CO 

300 

_ 

41i7.0uO 

I8J7 

6j,inn 

IIU.OOO 

2!l,4(0 

Ki.eoo 



2TJ.IKH) 

IBJH 

5.j,000 

6li,0l,0 

I3.00i) 

3'j,0(!0 

1,'iOO 

— 

200 

171,700 

■182.000 

2,n4S,.VlO 

.140. '.00 

1,71)9,9(1 

I3«00 

1,00(1 

12,400 

^,298,200 

'i  I 


U' 


n 


1.1 


i-  i' 


Itii 


I'l', 


n 


:'!'  i 


'A\ 


♦  The  amounts  for  the  last  three  years  have  been  add'id  by  the  American  Editor. 


1 :  • 


800 


COINS. 


I'       ' 


i  «        ,;l  ; 


m 


tli; 


Value  of  Fonign  (fold  Coin*  in  the  Ciirreney  of  Ht  Uniird  SfafM.— It  wni  nrdrrrd  hy  nn  art  nf  rnn- 

Rrraa,  panseil  nt  tlin  aaine  lime  with  iIir  Nkw  Mint  Act,  Hint  lliere  "  flinll  |iob8  t'lirrcm  dk  iiinney,  nnd 
I!  rnreivniile  in  nil  pnynienti,  by  weiRht,  for  the  payment  of  nil  deblfi  nnd  dvninndii,  IVnin  niiil  uller 
the  Hint  dny  of  July,  1S3I,"  viz.  I.  The  (inid  coins  of  Great  Britain,  l'orniK»l,  nnd  Hrnzll,  of  not  lem 
thiin  23  rnrntH  (Inn,  nt  tlie  rnte  nf  U3  8-10centi  per  penny weiitht ;  3.  Tlio  (told  roins  nf  Kmnre,  9-IOt|ii 
Ann,  nt  the  rate  of  1)3  1-IOcenta  por pennyweight ;  and,  3.  The  frold  coinn  nf  Hpnin,  nf  the  tiiieiicaa  nf 
80  cnrnts  37  16  jtrnina,  at  the  rate  of  80  tf-lO  centi  per  pennyweight.  On  thii  principle  the  fulluwint 
table  bai  been  calculated,  * 


Cold  Coini  or  OrnI  Driliin,  I\>rlii|nl  ft  nnzll,  22  nnli  Una. 


Oolil  Colniof  Fnnct,  9-IOllui  finr. 


O.  BRITAIN. 

Guiiiu,  (hair  and 
7*.  iiicce  in  pro- 
pnrltnn) 

Sov-ercif^  (hilf  io 

nrofi.irtiin) 

piikTfuAr. 

Dobnnn  nr  21.000 
nn  (hair  ia  pro> 
porlion) 

Dolin  of  I;!,800ree9 

M>l'lore     • 

Milrw-,  ITIi 
HR.\ZI(. 

Dfibrnoii     • 

I>>l.n 

MoiJore     ■ 


cfuit. 


P  30SO 
31-1621 


34  12 
IH    U 
6  32 
193.4 

34  12 
IH  6 
C  22 


i 


frami 


1186 


7=19 
401'? 
IJ22 
181 

7W 

401-5 

132-2 


rf.    c    m. 


II    0 


Valuo  in 
U.  S-  cur- 
rency, «•• 
tinuicd 
bjr  Iha 
quantity  of 
pure  K"!  1 
cnni|iarcd 
with  thai 
in  the  new 

ea!(Ie  ot 
232  Kraini. 

d.   c.  m. 


4    87* 


32    71 

17    30 


M 

78 

71 
30 
64 


Double  InniR,  coInH 
Buice  17^6,  (single  in 
pmpfirtinn) 

Double  iiapolenit,  (bIq- 
)tle  in  pn)porlion) 

Hew  louii 


;i 

1 

is  * 

1 

11 

Welfht. 

.9 

-ii 

1 

^ 

¥ 

cIwIm    gr. 

fraiiii 

d.    c  in 

0   0 

212-6 

9    13   4 

8    7 

179 

7  71   y 

4   3  1-2 

W-O 

3    M    li 

VdiiB   n 

1'.  S.  ciir 

rency,  n 

liiiiiled 

by  llir 

ipnnti'y  n( 

pure  lold 

ciiu.ptrtii 

oilli  that 

n  ihf  ni-w 

fie'-  of 

-•S!  K.-iini. 

it    r.  m. 


g    16   3 


AVre.— The  double  louii,  Iniiis^  ami  ilcnii  Iniii^ooini"!  licforB  ITWi, 
not  beingS-IOth*  fine,  are  not  inclu  led  ii>  llie  l.ible,  because  tl>rv 
are  not  le^al  tfnderi.  Nt-ilbrr  areihe  ilnutjiu  aiwl  li  ^\a  n^tuilpon, 
or  the  new  louis,  txartly  9-t0lt>B  Hne,  but  the  dtfirierry  it  xi  ven- 
■uiall  that  ilii  believed  it  ia  cuveicd  by  uhat  iicallcd  llic  rcnitily  I'f 
the  mint. 


Gold  Coini  or  Spain,  20  nr>l<3  7.|6  Knin>  fine. 


N.tl.— There  are  levenU  cold  rnina  ot  Portufal  and  Braril,  the 
jmnneae,  the  pieces  or  16,  12,  and  8  rrsloona,  ami  the  old  .'»nd  new 
cniia  to.  which  are  n'd  included  in  llie  above  tatple,  because  they  are 
not  22  rarati  finw,  and  or  course  are  not  le^al  tenders,  the  wonlt  or 
the  .act  lieing  e«pre>8.— "  The  ?il  I  coins  of  Gnat  Britain,  Forlugal 
and  Brazil,  of  not  leii  than  22  carali/Iiu. 

*  In  the  above  table  the  coins  are  .all  presumed  to  he  of  full 
weijht,  but  fractional  par:i  of  a  mill  have  wen  disrerarded  in  the  .  ,  ,  , 
calcu'ation  of  their  value.  ■  It  will  be  f  lund  to  be  a  suffl^icnl  approjc-  Quadruple  pistole  or 
iroaion  to  the  truth  for  all  nnliiiary  purposes.  To  those  nho  wish  ]  doubloon,  coined  be- 
perfect  acruncy,  it  may  he  oliSfrvc-l  that  the  quantity  of  pure  gnttti  '''•'e  17)2,  ('loublc, 
in  ibe  »ivprci(5u  is  113  18-11.  214  drains,  and  that  the  true  value  of|  sinfle,  and  half  in 
the  sovereirn,  compared  with  the  new  ea^Io  of  232  sralns,  is  ptoiKirtion) 
4  87-7100.  This  i<  also  the  true  par  ff  eicbanje  between  the  Quarter  pcs;nle,nr  rold 
Unilel  Slalet  and  Inndon,  and  is  equal  to  a  premium  of  9  7-10  iierj  f']'2'>  ™"'*'  '^''"' 
crit.,  as  near  as  can  be  catculatcti,  OD  the  nomiual  par  of  4  44  or'  , ' 'J.  .  ._-. . , 
109  7-10  for  100.  Doubloon  of  l772,(.lou- 

bie  and  single  in  pro- 
porliont 
llair  pisliileor  1772 
Quarter  pistole  or  1772 


Woighl. 


dwt,    |r. 


17    81-2 


I    3 


81-2 

4 

3 


24-2 


372 
46-3 
23-9 


US'! 

si 


d,    c.  m. 


Ij   tiS    0 


I    01    I 


V,)lue  in 
U.  S.  cur- 
rency, es- 
tiitiated  liy 
ttie  nuanli- 
ty  01  pure 
KtdJ^&c, 

c,  m. 


16    17  e 


I    <U   3 


2.  IxDiAW  RcPF.i!. — The  variety  of  rupees  ol  different  weights  aiul  values,  circiilalincrii] 
different  parts  of  India,  was  long  found  to  be  productive  of  eonsiderablc  inconvenience.  But 
this  is  now  nearly  obviated,  it  having  been  enacted  that,  from  the  1st  of  September,  183.5, 
the  coinage  of  former  rupees  should  cease  at  all  the  mint^  throughout  fndin,  and  that  in 
future  there  should  be  coined  a  rupee  (with  doubles,  halves,  and  quarter.-^),  to  be  called  "The 
Company's  rupee,"  which  contains  163  grains  (ji)  pure  silver,  and  15  grains  (~)  alloy. 
This  new  rupee,  which  is  made  legal  tender  in  all  payments,  is  equal  to  the  fornier  llunibay, 
Madras,  and  Furrackabad  standard  rupees,  and  is  receivable  as  an  equivalent  for  thrin  and 
for  the  Sonat  rupee,  and  for  Jnths  of  the  Calcutta  sicca  rupee.  It  is  worth,  reckoning  .-jilver 
at  ."i.'.  2rf.  and  5.1.  6J.  an  ounce,  l.«.  Wd.  and  2.v.  Old.  sterling.  The  new,  or  (Joinpany's 
rupee,  bears  on  the  one  side  the  head  of  the  reitrning  sovereign  of  Great  Britain,  and  on  the 
obverse  the  words  "East  India  Company,"  and  the  dciignation  of  the  coin  in  English  and 
Persian. 

Moiii'R. — Tt  hn?  also  beencnnrted,  thnt  from  tlm  1st  of  Scptrnilior,  If^S.',  nn  ffolil  coins  slinll  hi'  rnini'd 
at  nny  mint  in  India,  exrept  e<>ld  moliiirs  or  l.'i  rti|iiH>  piercx  (witii  tlio  siibilivislniis),  ciiiilititiiiit.'  laili 
in.')  |!r,-iins  (il-l'2lhs)  pure  sold,  nnd  15  grains  (l-l'2tli  alloy.  Smli  molnirs  nrn  i'iiiisi-i|ii(>n|l}Mt  nrlli 
S  !.«■.  ill.  each.  These  coins  are  inarl<ed  in  tiio  same  way  as  tlie  new  rnpecs,  but  tli(;y  an;  nut  legal 
tender.— Si/p.) 

[We  subjoin  the  act  of  Congress  of  January  18th,  1837,  relative  to  the  Mint  and  Coinage 

((f  the  United  States ;  annexing  to  it  the  other  legal  provisions  still  in  force  on  the  same 

subject 

.fl/i  act  supplementary  to  the  act,  entitled  ".*n  art  establishing  a  mint,  and  regvlativg  the  coins  of  the 

United  States." 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Represcntotirrs  of  the  Uniled  Stales  nf  Jimerira  in  Cnn^rene 
easeiiibled.  That  iho  olflcfrs  of  the  mint  oftheUnilcd  .States  simll  bcadireclor,  a  ircastirt'r,  an  assnyiT, 
a  melter  and  refiner,  a  chiuf  coiiior,  and  an  engravor,  to  liu  appointed  by  the  President  of  llie  Uiiilcd 
Slates,  hy  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Semite. 

9%  .Ind  bt  it  further  tnacted,  That  the  respective  duties  of  the  oflicers  uf  the  mint  shall  he  aa 
follows : 


"- 

^ 

V.ilue   n 

t'** 

!•.  N.  n,r. 

5* 

r«if  jr,  M 

till<«l«l 

iJi 

I')'  lllf 

"•A 

iimnli'v  n( 
I'll"!  »nld 

-o 

cc.iLiurtl 

si 

»iili  itai 

sa 

■  n  ifir  new 

-•3!  K.^ini 


18   3 


7    71 
3    83 


c.  ni. 

C9 

0 

01 

I 

5!) 
94 
01 

0 

7 
1 

V.ilue  In 
U,  S.  cur- 
rpiicv,  e 
lilnairil  rv 
tlie  niwnli- 
ty  of  pure 
K'.U.ic. 

I*.   «.  m. 


IS    17  e 


1    M  3 


10  ns  4 

1  n  s 

I    03    C 


COINS. 


897 


f\rtt.  The  dlrnctnr  »hnll  hiivfl  the  control  nnd  mnnnKement  of  the  mint,  the  miperlntcndence  of  th« 
ulUcrrH  iiiiil  P'TKriiii  HinployiMl  thRrHJn,  and  Ihn  senerul  rcEiilntlmi  and  »ii|iiTvlHhin  nl' tlie  kuiinca* 
oriliu  nevKFTil  hrnnchoii.  And  in  (h's  month  of  Jiiiiiiary  of  every  ynitr  ht:  ahitll  mnkn  ri>;i<itt  tu  Ilia 
Treaiilnnt  of  X\\n  UiillKd  flinteii  of  (he  oporotlonn  of  the  mint  nnd  its  liranchcs  for  tlic  ye:tr  iiri'iM'ilni;!  j 
mil  iiIko  t»  the  )4i!rr<>tnry  of  the  TreMnry,  from  time  to  time,  na  nuid  rierrcinry  shiill  require,  le.tiiiK 
furtli  nil  Ihn  o;)"rntl<inii  of  the  mint  Hiihio-qnenl  to  the  Iniit  report  nmdn  npoii  the  anliject. 

Set'iiiil-  Till!  irciiHiirnr  Nhnll  rect^ivn  iind  ■  ifidy  l<eep,  nil  moneys  which  shall  bit  fur  llio  uae  and  aiip- 
iHirl  iil'tlie  mint :  shiill  kenp  nil  the  current  ncroiints  of  the  mini,  nnd  piiy  nil  moneys  due  liy  the  mint, 
nn  wiirriiiitit  froln  the  director.  He  shall  receive  all  bullion  brou^lit  to  the  mint  for  i  '  2e  i  shiill  bii 
(III'  k'^i'iii'r  iif  nil  liulli(m  nnd  coin  in  the  mint,  except  while  the  same  is  leti'illy  plncR(.  hi'  liniuLi  of 
(illH^riillli'erH;  nnd  Kh  ill,  nn  warrants  from  the  director,  deliver  nil  coiiiH  struck  at  i,.  .  mint  to  the 
n.Tiionii  to  whom  tliity  alinll  be  lutfiilly  ptiyiihle.  And  lie  shall  ko-p  r"(fiilar  nnd  faithful  iiccimiils  of  all 
III'  transai'tiiiiH  '>f  Hi  ^  mint,  in  liiillion  and  coins,  iKith  with  ihedlici'rAof  tlic  mint  and  I  lie  ilcpiiiouir^  ; 
mill  ^hall  pri'Henl,  quarlnr  yearly,  to  the  Treasury  UepnrtmBiil  of  tlio  United  Htati's,  nccording  to  Hin-h 
fiirni'<  an  Hliall  lie  preHrrilvd  liy  llint  department,  nn  account  of  the  receipts  and  disbiirscmuntB  of  tlia 
iiijiit.  fur  till!  purpiiHe  of  bi-inir  ndjiinted  and  settled. 

Tliiril.  Thi!  nscayer  shall  cnrefiilly  assay  nil  metals  used  in  rninnRe,  whenever  such  assays  aro 
repilri'il  In  the  operations  of  the  mint;  he  shall  also  make  assays  of  coins  whenever  iublriicled  to  d» 
to  liy  III  •  ilir.-clor. 

f'liurlk.  The  nu'llor  nnd  refiner  shall  execute  all  the  operations  which  nre  necessary  in  order  to  form 
IniiiilK  of  standard  silver  or  gold,  suitable  for  the  chief  coiner,  from  the  metals  legally  delivered  to  iiini 
fur  lliiit  piirpoue. 

Fifilt-  'I'lio  chief  coiner  shall  execute  all  the  npcrntlons  which  arc  necessary  In  order  to  form  coins, 
rmil'irmulile  in  all  respects  to  the  Inw,  from  the  standard  silver  and  gnld  ingots,  and  the  coiipor 
pluiicli'is,  legally  delivered  to  him  for  this  purpuso. 

Si/'l'.  The  encraver  shall  prepare  and  enprave,  with  the  legnl  devices  and  Inscriptions,  all  the 
dli'K  usimI  In  th'!  coiiiaiie  of  the  mint  and  its  brunches. 

H  3,  Jlnit  be  it  further  enncleil,  Tlint  the  director  shall  appoint,  with  the  approbation  of  the  President, 
assinlants  to  tile  nssiiyer,  melter,  and  refiner,  chief  coiner  and  engraver,  and  clerks  for  the  director 
nnil  Ireasnri'r,  whenever,  on  representation  made  by  the  director  to  tliu  President,  it  shall  be  the 
npiuinn  of  the  President  that  such  assistants  or  clerks  are  necessary.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
nssistanis  to  ai  I  their  principals  in  the  execution  of  their  respective  oftlces,  and  of  the  clerks  to  par- 
furiii  sncli  (liilii's  as  shall  lie  prescribed  for  them  by  the  dircrlor. 

}  4.  Slid  be  it  further  eiiiirJeil,  That  wlienever  any  officer  of  the  mint  shall  he  temporarily  absent,  on 
aoroiiiit  of  slckiie.-'s,  or  any  other  sufficient  cause.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  director,  with  the  consent 
nf  the  suiil  olKior,  to  appoint  some  person  attached  to  the  mint  to  act  in  the  place  of  such  olHcr  diir- 
iiiir  111:*  ahxence  :  and  to  employ  such  workmen  and  servants  in  the  mint  as  he  sh-all  from  time  tu  time 
find  necessary. 

}  5.  ^iid  lie  it  further  enacted.  That  every  officer,  assistant,  and  clerk  nf  the  mint,  shall,  hefnre  'i8 
enters  upon  the  execution  of  his  office,  take  an  oath  or  ntfirmatinn  before  some  jiidKo  nf  the  United 
.Slat"  <,  or  .IniL'e  of  the  superior  court,  or  any  court  of  record  of  any  State,  faithfully  and  dillgeully  to 
pi'rfnrui  the  duties  thereof. 

}  li.  An.t  be  it  further  enattr.i.  That  the  following  officers  of  the  mint,  before  entering  upon  the  exe- 
fiillnii  of  their  respective  otiices,  shall  become  bound  to  the  United  Htates,  with  one  or  more  sureties, 
to  tlin  sill  isfic.t ion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  In  the  sums  hereinafter  mentioned,  with  condition 
llir  the  faithful  and  dilluent  performance  of  the  duties  of  their  offices,  viz. :  The  treasurer  in  the  sum 
uf  t<'n  llmiisand  dollars  ;  the  assayer  in  the  sum  nf  five  thousand  dollar.^ ;  the  meller  and  refiner  in 
till'  "11111  nf  toil  thousand  dollars  ;  "and  the  chief  coiner  In  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars.  And  that 
similar  bonds  may  also  he  required  of  the  assistants  nnd  clerks,  in  such  sums  as  the  director  shall  d-j- 
tcrmiiie,  with  the  approbation  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

J  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  there  shall  he  allowed  to  the  officers  of  the  mint  the  followinu 
pilarles  p.'r  annum  !  To  the  director,  for  his  services,  includini;  travelling  expenses  Incurred  in  visit- 
iiiK  tiie  dltferent  branches,  and  all  other  charees  whatever,  liiree  thousand  Ave  hundred  dollars  ;  to 
the  treasurer,  assayer,  melter  and  refiner,  chief  coln«r,  and  engraver,  each  two  thousand  dollars  ;  to 
the  assi.^lants  and  clerks,  such  annual  salaries  shall  be  allowed  as  the  director  may  determine,  witll 
the  np|irohalinn  of  the  President :  Provided,  That  on  assistant  shall  not  receive  more  than  fifteen 
hiin.lred  dollars,  and  that  n  clerk  shall  not  receive  more  than  twelve  hundred  dollars.  To  the  work- 
mi!n  anil  servants  shall  be  allowed  such  waf;es,  to  be  determined  by  the  director,  as  may  he  custoin- 
nry  nn'l  r'Visonable,  accordinc  to  their  reapective  stations  and  occupations ;  and  tliat  the  salaries 
provided  for  in  this  section  shall  he  payable  In  quarterly  instalments. 

))H.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  standard  for  both  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United 
8tatc:<  shall  hereafter  be  such,  that  of  one  thousand  parts  by  weight,  nine  hundred  shall  be  of  pure 
metal,  and  one  hundred  of  alloy  ;  and  the  alloy  of  the  silver  coins  shall  be  of  copper;  and  the  alloy 
nf  the  col. I  coins  shall  be  of  copper  and  silver,  provided  that  the  silver  do  not  e.xceud  one  half  of  the 
whnle  alloy. 

J  3  And  be  it  further  enacted,  TUnt  of  the  silver  coins,  the  dollar  shall  be  of  the  weight  of  four 
hanihed  .ind  twelve  and  one  half  grains  :  the  half  dollar  of  the  weight  of  two  hundred  nnd  six  and 
one  foailh  grains  ;  the  quarter  dollar  of  the  weight  of  one  hiimlred  nnd  three  and  one  eighth  grains  ; 
the  (lime,  iir  tenth  part  of  a  dollar,  of  the  weight  of  forly-on'!  and  one  fourth  grains  ;  and  the  half  dioii, 
or  i\v,'.iili''th  part  of  a  dollar,  of  the  weight  of  twenty  and  five  eighth  grains.  And  that  dollars,  half 
(Inlliirs,  quarter  dollars,  dimes,  nnd  hnlf  dimes,  shall  be  legal  tenders  of  payment,  according  to  tlieir 
nnininal  value,  for  any  sums  whatever. 

>i  to.  And  he  it  /iirfAerenucffrf,  That  of  the  gold  coins,  the  weight  of  the  eagle  shall  be  two  hundred 
and  filXy-elglit  grains  ;  that  of  the  half  eagle  one  hui.dred  and  twenty-nine  grains;  and  that  of  the 
(|iavlere'it'lc  sixty-fiinr  nnd  one  half  grains.  And  that,  for  all  sums  whatever,  the  eagle  shall  be  a 
Ii\<.mI  li'iiditr  of  payment  for  ten  dollars ;  the  half  eagle  fjr  five  dollars  :  and  tlic  quarter  eagle  for  two 
Biid  a  half  ilollars. 

}  11.  And.  lie  it  further  enacted, That  the  silver  coins  heretofore  issued  at  the  mint  of  the  United 
Smti'-i,  and  llie  sold  coins  issued  since  the  thirty-first  day  of  .Inly,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
thiriy-foiir,  shall  continue  to  be  legal  tenders  of  payment,  for  tlieir  nominal  values,  on  the  same 
lerin?  as  If  tliey  were  of  the  coinage  provided  for  by  this  act. 

}  \i  Aiidhi:  it  further  enacted.  That  of  the  copper  coins,  the  weight  of  the  cent  shall  heone  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  grains,  and  the  weight  of  the  half  cent  eighty-four  grains.  And  the  cent  shall  be 
coimidereil  of  the  value  of  one  hundredth  part  of  a  dollar,  and  the  half  cent  of  the  value  of  one  two- 
handriHlih  part  nf  a  dollar. 

}  111.  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  upon  the  coins  struck  at  the  mint  there  shall  he  the  following 

devil  es  and  legends  :  Upon  one  side  of  each  of  said  coins  there  shall  be  an  iniprnssinn  emblemilic  of 

lihcrly,  with  an  inscription  of  the  word  Lidertv,  nnd  the  year  of  tlie  coinage  ;  and  upon  the  reverse 

ofeachnf  the  gi  Id  and  silver  oiiis,  there  sh^Ul  bo  the  figure  or  representation  of  aiie:igle,with  tiioin- 

Vot.  I.— S  I. 


i 


tfl    ■ 


.  ;  M  I 


I      ■! 


f    I 


V 


I  'It 


I    J 


J  '  ■  t  r 


i 


i   ! 


iir' 


■>i 


,  •■  i  f  ,i 

111! 


:.-i 


m 


';  't 


:i 


.  ,■  it 

m: 


lh 


I'J  'y 


308 


COINS. 


■cdplinn  United  Rtath*  or  AMmoA,aniIa  deiiiiinalinn  «f  lh«  vnliie  of  ths  r<iln  ;  hut  on  the  revKri* 
of  lliu  (liiiit!  iind  hnlf  dime,  coiit  iiiiil  half  c«ni,  lliii  ilmiri'  of  the  vHglt)  ultiill  b»  (iinltluil. 

i  14.  jlHilb4)Hfurlh*riiiueleU,'thnl  gnld  mid  ailvur  bullion  bri>ii|!ht  to  llie  mini,  fur  rninnni',  ^imn 
be  ri'iiii  Bd  and  coinnd,  liy  lliu  |iro|«)r  nlllrcm,  fur  lliu  lii'iifHl  of  lh«  di!|iniiltnr ;  I'mvultd,  'Ibai  jt  ,(,  ii| 
he  lawful  to  refiiMi,  iit  thci  mjiit,  uiiy  di!|Hitll«  of  li^tti  vuliio  lliiin  one  liiiiidri'd  dnlliirH,  iind  uny  iMiliinii 
•o  liHsn  nn  to  be  unmilliiljli!  for  iIik  o|H'rutl<>na  of  the  mint  :  Jl-nil  proruliil,  alio,  'Miiit  ttlmn  iiuld  imi 
rdver  iirr  conililned.  If  I'lilier  of  llii-au  mulnU  lt«  in  ainh  aniull  |iro|ii'riion  Unit  it  ciiniinl  lie  ai'piiri>i«i| 
tdv>intiit:i-oii8ly,  no  ullowuiicu  •iliiill  h«  niiidu  to  Ihv  depoailor  l'<'r  thit  vniiic  of  rinli  nii'tul, 

j  13.  ^11(1  ft6  it  fuwAer  eniirled,  Tliiit  whoh   hiilliiin  ii  liruiiflit  lo  lti«  mini,  fur  toinaue,  It  ainill  be 
wcIkIii'iI  liy  the  'Iruiiaiirnr,  in  thu   pri'seiiru  of  lh«  dt'poaitor,  when  priiiliinblH,  mid  ii   rii'Kiin  ki  ,. 
whirli  hIiiiII  Htiitu  lliu  de>>criplion  iind  Wiiiglil  of  lliii  bullion  :   fruniiltil,  'I'liat  when  I  he  biillmn  la  in    ii.li 
II  alMli'  iia  to  rei|ulrii   nu'lll.iK  liufuri!  iiK  viiliiu  run  ho  uaCertnlncd,  the   weighl  afli.r  iiKdling  ihii  I  ii 
cooKliltrMit  iia  thu  triiK  tvuleht  of  the  Imllion  depoiilnd. 

i  Hi.  .iltid  bt  it  f II tiller  enacled.  That  from  every  pnnel  of  biillinn  di-poallcd  for  rnirHnc,  Ihn  trcn- 
aiirir  ohall  dcllvor  to  the  nitsuyor,  u  aiillli.iunt  portion  for  llic  porpoau  of  beioK  nasnyed  ;  Imt  nil  ,m\^ 
hiillinii  ri'muinlng  from  the  opcrutloni  of  lli^  iiiauy  ibull  b«  relumed  to  tliu  iruiiaiircr  hy  t||i> 
RHsnver. 

}  (".  ."Jfirf  he  it  farther  enaclrd,  Thnt  IIib  nianyor  ahall  report  to  the  Irenaurnr  the  iiimliiy  or 
•tan'hird  of  the  hiillion  naHiiyi'd  hy  him;  and  ho  bIiiiII  oIko  <  rniiMiiiiiiilo  lo  ihc  ireaanrcr  aiiili  in. 
foriniiliiiii  iia  will  uniilje  biiii  to  ominiiitii  the  amount  of  tliv  cbiirifrs  hi'roliiiiiti'r  |<ri'\  iiled  lor,  to 
be  ni:iilu  tu  the  depoaitor,  for  Uie  expviidea  uf  eunverting  tlie  bullion  into  Hlumlurd  iniitiil  lii'tiir 
coin-  K  '. 

(  l>*.  .Ivil  be  Ufuillier  tnactcd,  'ri'iit  the  only  iiilijiwti  of  chnrye  hy  llie  mint  to  llii-  dc|»ifl|cT  ali:i||  ln^ 
the  fi'llowii^:— I'lir  rcflninx.  wh  vi  thu  bullion  1«  hiMow  aliiinlurd  ;  fur  loniheiiliiit.  wlii'ii  niiiiilK  nrc 
rnnuini'd  In  It  which  render  it  unlit  for  roll  ii|>i- ;  fur  coppor  uacd  lor  nlli'y,  w  iii'ii  iliii  biiliion  Ik  iihove 
atmidiird  ;  for  ailver  iiilrudiiced  inio  the  iillny  of  Kold  ;  und  for  aepntaliiiK  Uio  )!<'l>l  nnil  fdvir,  n  .uii 
thciii!  metiiN  cxhl  tognthur  In  tho  hiillio:i ;  und  lliiit  the  rnle  of  thcHe  c  linriics  ahull  lio  tixeit,  rruin  i|ii;« 
to  time,  hy  llie  illrettor,  with  thn  comurrrncu  of  the  Heereliiry  of  Ibi'  '■'ruiiviiry.  ao  iia  not  lo  i  .xieiij 
in  their  judiiiiieni,  the  hcIuiiI  rxpciiae  to  the  mint  of  the  muleriiila  iind  Inliotir  eiiiployed  in  eiiih  nlilie 
tUKca  iHiiri'iiientioned  ;  and  that  tliu  anmniit  received  from  ilioiie  iliariiea  nhall  lie  uucoiinlud  I'er,  und 
approprlnled  fordefruying  the  rontinf.'<'nt  expintiea  of  the  mint. 

}  11).  .IhiI  be  it  further  enacted,  Tliat  froni  Ihe  report  of  ilie  aannyer,  and  the  weight  of  the  bullion, 
the  trensiirrr  ahull  estimate  the  whole  value  of  (-ach  depoHite,  and  al»o  the  niniiuiit  of  llio  i  harvi »  iir 
deductii>iia,  if  any;  of  all  whicli  hu  shall  give  a  detailed  mumoraiidnni  io  lliu  depiwitir  ;  and  hi'  slmll 
also  (live,  at  lliu  aume  time,  under  hia  hand,  a  vurtilliale  of  thu  nutt  iimount  of  tlio  dupoalte.io  lie  puiil 
in  ciiina  of  the  aunic  auecies  of  hiilHon  ai  that  depoaitud. 

i  'iO.  ^nd  be  it  further  tniicted.  That  pnrccla  of  bullion  ihull  he,  from  time  to  lime,  iruneferred  liy  tlio 
treasurer  In  thit  ineller  und  refiner  ;  that  a  careful  record  ot  Iheae  trao.  ii  ra,  ni'llni.'  tliu  weiglif  und 
churacti'r  of  the  bullion,  (hall  be  kept;  and  that  Ihu  bullion  liiiiN  pinci'd  in  nie  liaiula  of  the  ineller  und 
relinitr  all  ill  bu  ■ubjecled  to  the  several  proiieaaHa  wliiuli  may  be  nect.i.-u  ,,  to  foiin  it  into  inguta  ut' 
the  legal  Hlandard,  and  of  a  quality  aiiitablo  for  coinage. 

J  21.  ^ii(i  J8if/ur//ier  enac/erf,  Tlmt  the  inirotalliUH  [irepari'd  ahall  ho  apaayed  by  the  oaaayer,  and 
if  they  pr»vc  to  he  wilhin  the  limits  allowed  for  deviation  fromlhe  alund.ird,  tiiey  ahull  he  iraurilVrreii 
by  the  nielter  und  refiner  lo  tbo  Irraaurer.  nccoin|miiled  hy  the  aaaayer's  tcrtificale  of  their  tine- 
neaa  ;  and  lliat  a  careful  record  of  lh»  tranafer  ahull  he  kept  by  the  treuanrer. 

i  22.  jlnJ  be  it  further  enacled.  That  no  iiigiiiR  of  gold  ahall  lie  uaed  for  coinage  nf  which  the  qiiiiliiy 
diliura  more  Ihuii  two  thouaaniltliR  from  tliu  legal  standard  ;  ami  ihut  no  iniruta  ef  ailver  ahull  he  uaed 
for  coinnirc  of  which  the  qiiilily  differg  mora  than  three  lliouaandlha  from  the  legal  ataiidarit. 

f  SJ.  Jlndbeit  further  e»acfr(/,  Tlint  in  the  Ireuaurer'a  nicount  willi  the  nielier  and  reliner,  the 
melier  and  reliner  ahull  he  >li'hitcd  with  thu  ntuiidard  weight  of  all  the  hnlHon  phiccil  in  liia  hnn(J!i, 
thul  ia  to  auy,  with  the  weight  of  metal  of  legal  alunduid  fineiieaH  wiiich  It  will  make  ;  and  tliut  lie 
shall  he  credilcd  hy  the  mnndurd  weight  of  all  the  ingola  delivered  hy  lilni  to  the  ireaaiirer ;  anil  Unit 
once  at  loaal  ill  every  year,  at  bugIi  time  as  the  direct' r  c'liull  iippiiiiil,  Ih''  nielier  und  reliner  Kieill 
deliver  up  to  the  Ire  laurer  all  the  bullion  in  Ilia  |io!<:ii  ...  '-^n,  in  order  that  Iiik  uccuuiiIh  may  he  seithd 
up  to  that  time  ;  and,  in  Ihia  eetUeiiient,  he  ahall  he  eii.riied  to  u  credd  for  the  dUfereme  between  ilie 
whole  amount  of  bullion  delivered  to  him  and  received  from  him,  aince  the  lual  aelileineiit,  as  an 
allowance  for  nectaaury  waste :  Provided,  That  this  allowance  ahull  not  cxicuil  two  lliourijiidllis 
nf  the  whole  amount  of  gold  and  ailver  bullion,  raapevtively,  that  hud  been  delivered  to  iiliii  hy  iliu 
treuanrer. 

J  21.  .Inil  be  it  further  enacted.  That  Ihn  irenauror  shall,  from  time  to  time,  d(divpr  over  lo  the  chief 
coiner,  ingoiH  for  the  purpose  of  coinage  ;  and  he  ahull  keep  a  careful  reinril  of  tlieae  tr.uiKri'rs, 
noting  the  weight  and  descriplion  of  the  ingots  t  and  that  Ihc  ingola  thus  pluied  in  Ihe  huiidn  uf  the 
chief  coiner  shall  hu  passed  through  the  several  processus  necessary  to  iiiuke  from  thi.'Ui  coins  in  nil 
resitecls  confonnalde  to  law. 

i  2.i.  ^inl  h-  it  further  evarted.  That  in  adjusting  Ihe  weights  of  the  coins,  the  following  deviations 
/roni  llio  standard  weiizlit  shall  not  be  exceeded  in  any  of  the  singh' pieces  :— In  Ihe  dolhir  ami  hull' 
-ftollar,  one  grain  und  a  half;  in  Ihc  quarter  dollar,  one  urain;  in  the  dime  and  Imlf  dime.  In. if  a  iriuiii; 
in  th^iL'oM  coins,  one  quarter  of  a  grain  ;  in  the  copper  coins,  one  gruin  in  the  penny  wei|;ht ;  unil  Unit 
in  weiirhiiig  a  large  niimher  of  pieces  toiieiher,  when  delivereil  freni  ihc  chief  coiner  to  tlie  Ireu- 
surer,aiiii  from  Ihe  treasurer  lo  the  depositors,  Ihe  deviations  from  thu  slaedMnl  weight  sliull  nut 
exceed  Iho  fdlnwing  liinits  :  Four  penny  weights  in  one  llioiisnnd  doll  irs;  three  peni'yweiilit.j  in  one 
thoiisuml  Inilf  diillurs  ;  two  pennyweigiits  in  one  llioiiRnnd  (luarler  dollars  ;  one  peiiii)  U'ei;:lil  in  one 
liioiifand  dimes  ;  one  pennyweight  in  one  liionsund  half-diines  ;  Iwn  [leiinyweiijlits  in  one  ilicn-nad 
nugles;  one  and  u  half  pennyweight  in  one  thousand  half  eagles;  one  pennyweight  in  one  Uiimsuiid 
quarter  eagles. 

{  20.  ^nd  be  it  further  enaeltd,  Thnt  Ihe  chief  coiner  shall,  from  lime  lo  lime,  as  Ihe  coiiis  ure  pre- 
pured,  ileliver  them  over  to  t  lie  treasurer.  \vlii>  sliall  keep  a  careful  nv  unl  uf  I  heir  kind,  nomlier.  aid 
wei'.'hl  ;  and  that  in  receiving  Ihe  coins  it  ehall  be  Ihe  duty  of  tin-  IreuMir.-r  lo  see  vvliellier  ill,-  cuim 
of  that  delivery  are  within  the  legal  limits  nf  Ihe  standard  weiL'ht  :  and  if  liis  trials  for  lliis  piiriiuae 
•hall  not  prove  iutiafactorjf,ho  shall  cause  all  ihe  coins  of  thin  delivery  tu  he  weiglieil  soji;:rM|.  Ij.uiid 
■  ach  us  ure  nut  of  le'.'ul  weight  shall  he  delivered  to  the  luelter  uiid  lellner,  us  stunilurd  liulliun.to  he 
Mgain  furiued  into  iniiois  and  recidned. 

J  27.  And  bt  it  further  «nae/rd,  That  at  every  delivery  of  coins  made  hy  Ihc  chief  coiner  to  the 
treasurer,  it  sliili  he  the.  duly  of  the  treasurer,  in  the  jiroaeiice  of  Ihi'ussayer.lo  luke.  iuilisirlniinale- 
|v,  a  cerluin  niinilierof  pieces  of  each  variety  fur  Ihe  annual  iriil  uf  euina,  (ihe  niimher  hen  g  pre- 
scribed hy  the  director,)  which  shall  he  carefully  lahelled  and  depusiled  in  a  client  upproprlaled  fur 
Ihu  purpose,  kopt  under  the  joint  cure  of  Ihc  treasurer  und  assuyer,  and  so  s. 'cured  tliat  neiihercan 
kave  access  to  its  coutonls  without  the  presence  uf  the  other. 

i  3S.  ^tu<frci(/url/i<r«xac(«l,Tbut  the  chief  coiner  gimll,  from  time  to  time,  deliver  to  the  trea- 


COINS. 


nrrr.  t^'  rllpnlns*  and  oth<>r  porllnni  nf  hnlllnn  romnlnlng  after  Ihe  ptnetitf  of  •       •<\i,      d  tl 
irMinror  xhiill  kH>-p  n  car  fill  record  nfiheir  nniniiiit. 

}*i.  Anil '<r  II  fiirlhtr  ftmtliil,'\'\\M,  In  the  Iruimiirfr'ii  nrrnunt  wllh  the  .ri.iir    ihe  cli 

r,,|n<>r  rliill  hi- dnliiloil  with  tin.' nriioiint  In  witiidit  of  Htrinilanl  iiit'tal  of  all  i  n  iiUccil  in      « 

liiiiil^,  iind  iriMlltiid  Willi  tliK  ninnnnt,  nitin  liy  WRlcht,  nf  nil  tho  rninii,  c'll|>|iin)i<i  •  inprhnllkMi'  ■ 
IMml  hy  him  In  thi<  irnniiiirBr,  and  Ihnt  oiicfi  st  Iriit  In  nviiry  ynur,  n(  fuch  iuik  mi  Iho  ilif4>i  y 
ih:ill  appnint.  (hit  chliif  tnlnor  nlmll  deliver  to  this  tn-otiiirer  nil  tli«  coina  and  bulliun  in  liiii  imhwhk 
iil'in,  Ko  lliHt  hix  nvinnnu  may  he  mittled  up  lo  Ihnt  limn  i  nnd,  in  IhiH  miUleinenI,  hu  hImiII  l>e  iMitiil<Hi 
liii,  iTndIt  tor  th'i  ditfi'ri'nee  liiitwoiwi  the  whole  n mount  nf  ini;ot«  dniiviirDd  to  It ini,  rind  of  the  coin -i 
ami  liiillion  rit'i'ivi'd  t'rom  hliii,  Hincu  th>i  ln«t  (etllenuint,  aa  iiii  nllowiincH  for  ni^ceitiiary  wuatu  s  Pro- 
ri/Ji.A  I'hit  IIiIh  nllowiince  kIiiiII  not  iixinHd  two  tli'Hii<:incUlH  of  tln' wliolo  iiinoiint  oi  lint  nilviT,  nr 
mil'  uiiil  out.-  liiiir  thunaiindtli  of  the  whole  amount  of  thu  void  tliiil  Ind  lii-en  dullvurud  to  him  by  tho 
ircamiriT. 

;:ill.  j^iiil 'id  i(/»r/A«r  tiuieftii,  Thnt  when  the  colni  wbirh  nre  the  oqnivnlent  to  any  depniite  n{ 
bnlliiMi  an;  r>tady  for  delivery,  theynhiill  be  pnld  over  lo  the  dopoxilor,  or  IiIh  order,  by  the  tronfnrer, 
nn  i>  wnmnt  from  tho  director  ;  nnd  the  pnyini'iitH  Nhnll  he  made,  if  domiindiMl,  In  thu  rrder  In  which 
11)11  biillliin  8h:ill  hnvo  henn  liroiiEht  to  Iho  Miiiit.Rivinn  jtriority  according  to  irriorily  of  di!|ioHilu  only  ; 
mill  III  It  in  Ihe  denoiiiin:itionH  of  coin  ili'livcred.  Ihn  trenitiirer  iih:ill  coui|ily  Willi  Ihe  wIhIius  of  thu 
di'pimilor,  nnlciiH  when  hnprnrtiiable  or  incoiivenleiil  to  do  10,111  wlilch  cuau  thedunoinintttlimiof  coin 
■hill  III!  ileHiKiiiitcd  by  the  director, 

}:il.  .-fniJ  ht  Ufnrlhtr  enarltil.  That,  for  the  piirpniio  of  ena'ilinir  Ihe  mint  to  mnke  thn  reliirnR  to 
drpmltiirx  with  nH  little  delay  nH  ponaihlu,  it  chall  he  the  duty  of  Iho  Secretiiry  of  the  Truamiry  to  keep 
III  the  riiiid  mint,  wh<;n  the  stiiti!  of  tho  treasury  will  ndiolt  then-nf,  u  di'|iii!iiiii  of  giicli  nmoniit  of 
piihlii'  iniitiey,  nr  of  bullion  procured  fur  the  piirpufin.  nn  he  hIiiiII  Jmlit  t  convenient  and  neruHKiiry,  not 
(•xi'UC'Iinir  r:ni!  million  of  lollnri,  nut  of  Willi  h  thoofl  who  hriiiK  hnlllnn  to  ihe  mint  may  he  paid  Ihii 
valiiiMliiT'of,  au  siion  nn  prncticnhle  lifter  this  vnlni!  has  lii'en  nxierinined  ;  that  the  hiillioii  no  do- 
p»»il('il  Hliall  b.'enmi'  the  property  of  ihu  llniled  Slat  'K  ;  that  no  dUioiint  or  interent  chall  ho  charnoft 
nil  iiinriry  80  advanced  ;  nnd  that  the  r4erretnry  of  the  Treasury  may  nt  any  time  withdraw  Ihe  Haid 
d !p»Kili'.  '>'  '>ny  part  Iherenf,  or  may,  at  hli)  Uiacretton,  allow  Iliu  coiiiu  forniud  nt  the  mint  to  ho  glvun 
fur  tlU'ir  ii(|iiivalviit  in  oilier  money, 

J  33.  ■'inil  be  it  furlhcr  eiiacie,!,  Ti'mt,  to  seriire  a  dne  conformity  in  the  pold  nnd  Hllver  cnlnn  to  their 
fcs;iiH:tive  alanilardrt  and  wnightx,  an  annual  trial  shall  be  made  of  the  pieces  ros-rved  fur  this  pnr- 
poni!  at  the  mint  and  its  branches,  huf  TO  tho  Juilfre  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  Ktntns  fur  the 
eiisterii  dwlrict  of  I'onnsylvnnia,  the  ottorney  of  Ihe  Uiiiled  States  for  Ihe  eastern  illHtricf  of  Penn- 
jjlvanla,  anil  the  collector  of  the  port  of  Plilladclphia,  and  such  other  persons  as  the  President  shall 
frmn  time  to  time  desljfiiate  for  that  pin  ixigo,  who  shall  meet  as  commissioners  for  Ihe  performance  of 
tills  duty,  on  th'i  Becond  Monday  In  Pobriiary,  annually,  and  nmy  continue  their  meetlnirs  by  ndjoiirn- 
iniMil,  if  necessary  ;  and  if  n  majority  of  the  cnmnilsHinners  shall  fail  to  attend  at  anytime  nppolnleit 
fur  their  mei'tliig,  then  the  director  of  the  mint  shiH  call  a  nieeline  of  the  comiiilssionera  nt  such 
other  timn  as  he  iiiay  deem  convenient ;  nnd  that  before  Ihcse'lomnilssloners,  nr  n  mnjority  of  them. 
and  in  the  presence  of  tho  nfflcers  of  the  mint,  such  examination  shall  he  made  of  the  reserved 
pleoer'  as  shall  be  jiiilofed  suincieiit;  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  these  pieces  do  not  ilifTer  from  the 
■land  trd  liiienes.^  and  wnlght  by  a  greater  quantity  thin  is  allowed  hy  law,  the  trial  shall  he  consiilered 
anil  repoiti'd  as  satisfictory  ;  but  If  ony  Kreafer  deviation  from  the  legal  standard  or  weight  shall 
appi'.ar,  this  fict  shall  be  ceilllled  to  the  President  of  Ihe  Uniti'd  States,  and  if,  on  n  view  of  the  clr- 
canist  inceg  of  Ihe  case,  he  shall  so  decide,  the  otl^cor  nr  nfticers  implicated  in  the  crrnr  shall  he 
theiici'Tirward  disqunlilled  from  holding  their  respective  ntflces. 

}.'l.').  JInd  be  it  fifrther  cnncteilyThnt  copper  bullion  shall  hn  purchased  for  the  mint,  firom  time  tntime, 
by  the  treasurer,  under  instructions  from  the  director  ;  that  the  cost  shall  be  paid  from  the  fund  he4°e- 
liiarter  provided  for;  and  that  the  cupper  bullion  shall  be  of  good  quality,  and  in  the  forinof  planchets 
lit  for  pa'Jisiiig  at  once  Into  the  hands  nf  the  chief  cnlner. 

}  SI,  Will/  be  it  further  enacted,  Tliat  the  copper  phinchcts  shall  bo  delivered,  frnm  time  to  time,  bjr 
the  tri-asiirer  to  the  ciii!>f  roinor,  to  he  by  him  coined  ;  nnd  all  such  copper  shall  be  returned  lo  tho 
treasurer  by  the  chief  coiner,  weiuht  for  weight,  without  allowance  for  waste. 

J  n.5  JIndhr  it  fiirtbirenMieil,ThM  It  shall  be  Ihe  duty  nf  the  treasurer  of  the  mint  to  deliver  the  cop- 
P"r  cuius  ill  exchange  for  their  legal  equivalent  in  other  money,  to  any  persons  whn  shall  apply  for 
thinii :  /Viii'ii/r7,  Tint  the  sum  asked  for  be  nnt  less  than  u  certain  ninonnt  to  b^  determined  by  the 
director,  and  that  it  bit  not  so  great  as,  in  his  judgment,  to  interfere  with  the  capacity  of  thu  mint  to 
■upjily  oilier  applica>its. 

j.'Iti,  ./?rt(i  be  it  further  enneled,  Thtiit  thn  copper  coins  may,  .it  thi)  discretion  nf  the  director,  be  de- 
livered in  nay  of  thu  principal  ciiius  and  towns  of  the  Unilud  s^talus,  at  thu  cost  of  tho  mint  fur 
truispiirlatiiin. 

j;t7.  Jlnit  be  ii  further  enarled,T\inl  the  money  received  hy  the  treasurer  in  exchange  for  copper 
coins,  shall  firm  a  fund  in  his  hands,  which  shall  be  used  to  purchase  copper  planchets,  nnd  to  pay 
the  expense  of  tran':portatiiin  of  copper  coins  ;  and  that  if  there  be  n  surplus,  the  same  shall  be  appio- 
prht.'il  to  (h.'fray  the  contingent  expenses  nf  the  mint. 

J  ,1i  JInd  he  it  further  eniieted,  TIml  nil  acts  or  parts  nf  acts  herctnforn  passed,  relating  to  the  mint 
nnd  coins  of  the  ilniied  ,'^iatus,  which  are  inconsistent  with  thu  pruvlsiuns  of  this  act,  be,  and  tha 
•nine  are  hereby,  r«;)ealed, 
A>;iri(fe(/,  fun.  Itlli,  18,37. 

Other  legal  Provisions  still  in  force, 
I.  Provinions  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  Statfs, 

Th"!  foneress  shall  have  pnwer  to  coin  money ;  regulate  the  value  thurcof,  and  of  foreign  coins | 
anil  (Ix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures. -(Art,  I,  J  H.) 

\o  Slate  shall  coin  money,  or  make  any  thing  out  gold  and  silver  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of 
dcht8.-(.\rt.  I,  }I0.)  - 

11.  Ratablinhinenl  and  location  of  the  AHnt.  "        ' 

Beitrnnrieil,  .^•c— That  n  mint,  for  the  purpose  of  a  national  coinage,  be,  nnd  the  same  la  establishndi 
In  h-  sitMHie  and  carrieil  on  nt  the  seat  nf  governnient  nf  the  United  Hiatea  for  the  time  being. — (Act 
of  April  ai,  IT'.tt:  the  seat  of  government  belli!,'  then  at  Philadelphia  ) 

Rrit  rnn.rie,l,,^-r..  That,  unlil  the  4lh  day  of  March,  1^*01,  the  mint  shall  remain  in  the  cily  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  he  carried  on  as  heretofore,  under  the  laws  now  in  forcu,  any  law  to  the  contrary  not- 
tvilhstanding.— (ActofMay  1  Ith,  1800.) 

Be  it  rnnrted,  ^c,  Th.it  the  mint  shall  remain  In  Philadelphia  until  the  4th  day  of  March,  in  the  year 
18n.1.-(.\ct  of  March  3d,  1901.) 

This  act  was  revived  and  cimtlnued  In  force  and  operation,  for  surcesHivo  ix-rinds  of  five  year*, 
until  thn  4th  of  March,  lS2j,  when  the  location  of  the  mint  at  Philadelphia  wan  made  perinauenti  by 
the  following  enactment : 


1 


I: 


5:1 


400 


COINS. 


BiUtnar.l$d,te.,'ntMtht  att  enlUI«d"An  act  concerning  th«  mint,"  apprnved  Mnrch  th«  ttilnl 
turn  lliiiiiiiunil  nlKht  hiindrutl  and  cina,  li«,  and  tlis  laiiis  hereby  If,  iRvlvrd  and  cuiilliiuod  In  furcu  uud 
oparatlon,  unlll  ulharwiM  prnvldad  by  law.— (Act  uf  May  lUlh,  iOSM,  1 1.) 

III.  Montf  of  attouid  of  tht  VniUd  Stttu. 
B$  U  tnatttd,  ^e..  That  Ihn  nxinry  nf  account  of  the  l''ill*d  8lal<'i  ihall  ba  expraiaail  In  dnilnri  ot 
linlta,  d(ni«*  or  tanthi,  canU  or  hiindrndtlia,  and  mllli  or  llioiuuudllii  i  a  diniu  bi'liiv  ibe  trnih  iwrl 
iif  A  dollar,  a  crni  lh«  hundredth  part  of  a  dollar,  a  mill  tha  thouiandlh  part  oC  a  dollnr  i  and  iIihi  all 
ncronntH  In  tli«  public  nincri,  and  nil  proreailingi  In  the  court '  ol'ilia  Unlird  Mlatuii,  atiull  b«  kupi  and 
had  In  cunlornilly  to  tbli  regulation.— (Act  of  April  9d,  I7U8,  i  W.) 

IV.  Copptr  Coint  turrml. 

J>'  i>  tnaettd,  let..  That  aOxr  the  expiration  of  tlx  calendar  monthi  f^nui  thr  timn  when  th(>re  ihiit 
h'lve  lii*<>n  piild  trilo  thn  trcnuury,  by  Ihn  aold  director,  In  centi  and  half  ci'tila,  a  iinni  not  Ii^m  t||„n 
nHy  tliouDAnd  dollari— which  tIniH  vhall  lorthwlth  bo  announced  by  the  trnuurrr  In  nt  Icinttiwo 
I  iKctle*  or  ne\v«|i',iperi,  piihliiihpil  nt  the  neiit  of  the  novitrnnient  of  the  llnll«d  Mliilfn,  for  thK  linm 
bt'lng-no  cnpiirr  roln>  or  pIccRK  wliatfioevt>r,  tixrept  tlip  snid  cenm  and  hiilf  centf.  rliiill  pn»  currvnt 
an  money,  or  ihall  he  paid  or  nlfitrfd  to  be  paid,  or  recplved  in  pnynu-nt  for  any  diht,  tieniand,  cloiiii, 
niittler  or  tlilngwhiitonver  i  and  all  copper  coinH  or  plecei,  except  the  tnld  cetiln  iiiiil  half  renin,  which 
•h'lll  liK  piilil  or  citr^'red  to  l>«  paid,  or  riicclvt'd  in  pnynieni,  contrary  to  the  prohihiiioii  aforeaHid,  ilmij 
bo  forfeited  i  and  every  |ieraon  by  whom  any  of  them  iihnll  have  Iiein  lo  paid  or  offiTed  to  lie  (hiiiI 
or  received  in  payment,  ihall  nlxo  forfeit  the  nuni  often  dollars  \  und  lliu  iinid  furfi  iiiirv  and  (lenaity 
nhall  nnd  niny  be  recovered  wll*i  co«l«  of  tult,  for  the  benelU  of  any  pernon  by  wlumi  Infxrniatlon  nf 
the  IncurrinK  thereof  Hhiill  have  been  given.— (Act  of  May  8th,  I7ln,  j  3.  The  announcement  rii- 
quired  having  been  duly  made  by  the  Treaiuror  of  the  United  Htatei,  thie  enactment  la  In  •'ull 
rurce.) 

V.  F»Tt\gn  Coint  Curr$nl. 

aoLB  coina,  ' 

I.  Btit  inaettd,  ^-c.,  That,  from  and  after  the  Ihirty-flrKt  day  of  July  next,  tha  following  gold  rnlni 
ahall  pBM  current  ni<  money  within  the  United  Kiate«,  and  bo  receivable  In  ail  pnynieniD,  hy  weiglit, 
for  the  pnymcnt  of  all  debia  nnd  deninndi,  ut  |li«  rates  following;  that  is  to  say— the  gold  coins  of 
Great  Uritnln,  Portugal,  and  liruzil,  of  not  leiia  than  twenty-two  cnratft  line,  at  the  rate  nf  ninety, 
four  cent!  and  eight  tenths  of  a  rent  per  pennyweight;  the  g(dd  coina  of  Krance,  nine  tenths  fine,  it 
the  rate  of  ninety-three  cents  and  one  tenth  of  a  rent  per  pennywctKhl ;  and  the  gold  colna  of  Hpnln, 
Mexico,  nnd  t'(donihia,  of  the  fineness  of  twenty  carats,  three  grains  and  seven  •ixteeniha  of  a  grain, 
at  the  rale  nf  elghly-nlne  cents  und  nine  tenths  of  a  cent  per  p>enny  weight. 

i  2.  ^nd  be  il  furlhtr  enacted.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  rnuu 
assays  of  the  nli>resaid  gold  coins,  made  current  hy  this  net,  to  be  had  ut  the  mint  of  the  United 
fltatci,  at  least  once  In  every  year,  and  to  make  report  of  the  result  thereof  to  Congresi.  >. 

aiLvr*  coma. 

\  1.  It»  it  tnaeltd,  S(e.,  That,  frnm  nnd  after  the  passage  nf  this  act,  the  following  silver  coins  shall 
be  of  the  legal  value,  and  shall  pass  current  as  money  within  the  United  Ktntes,  by  tale,  for  the  pay- 
ment of  all  debts  and  demands,  nt  the  rate  nf  one  hundred  cents  the  dcdiur ;  that  Is  to  say— the  dollars 
of  Mexico,  Peru,  Chili,  and  Central  America,  of  not  less  weight  than  four  hundred  ami  flftecn  grains 
each ;  and  tiiosc  rcstaniped  in  Brazil  nf  tha  like  weiglit ;  and  of  not  less  tincness  than  ten  ounres 
fifteen  pttnnyweighis  pure  silver  in  the  Troy  pound  of  twelve  ounces  of  standard  sliver.  And  the 
flve-frunc  piece  of  France,  when  of  not  less  Aneness  than  ten  ounces  and  si.\teen  pennyweights,  in 
twelve  ounces  Troy  weight  of  standard  silver,  and  weighing  not  less  than  384  grains  each,  at  Ihe  rut* 
nf  ninety-three  rents  enrh. 

i  3.  And  be  it  farther  enacted.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  nf  the  Treasury  to  cans* 
assays  of  the  afriresaid  silver  coins,  made  current  by  this  act,  to  he  had  at  the  mint  of  the  United 
Rtates,  nt  least  once  in  every  year,  nnd  to  make  report  of  the  result  thereof  to  Cutigreas,  (Acts  of 
June  8bth,  1831.)  ,  ., 

VI.  Old  Standards  and  WeighU  of  Coint. 

SILVER  COINS. 

Be  it  enacted,  J^c,  That  the  standard  for  all  silver  coins  of  Ihe  United  Blades  shall  ba  one  thousand 
four  hundred  nnd  elghlv-flve  parts  flne,  to  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  parts  alloy  ;  and,  accord- 
ingly, that  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  eigiity-tive  parts,  in  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
fiiur  parts  of  the  entire  weight  of  each  of  the  said  coins,  shall  consist  of  pure  sliver,  and  Ihe  remain- 
ing one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  purls  of  alloy— which  alloy  shall  be  wholly  of  copper.  (Act  of 
April  34l,  1TU2,  i  13.) 

This  standard  corresponds  to  6ft9'4  thousandths. 

Ry  }  0  of  the  same  net,  the  weight  of  the  dollnr  is  fixed  at  four  hundred  and  sixteen  grains  of  the 
above  standard,  and  Ihc  weiirht  of  Ihe  parts  of  the  dollar  in  proportion. 

This  stan.lard  nnd  weight  were  retained  until  the  end  of  the  year  1830  and  the  coins  of  this  period 
are  still  legal  lenders  of  payment. 

OOLD  COINS. 

fie  il  enacted,  JJ-c,  That  the  standard  for  all  gold  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  he  eleven  parts 
fine  to  one  part  niloy  ;  and,  nccordingly,  that  eleven  parts  in  twelve  of  llie  entire  weight  of  oatli  of 
Ihe  snid  coins  shall  riinaij't  of  pure  gidd,  and  the  remaining  one  Iweinii  part  of  alloy;  und  the  i<uid 
alloy  shall  be  composed  of  silver  and  copper,  not  exceeding  one  half  silver,  as  shall  be  found  con- 
venient.    (Act  of  April  2d,  1792,  part  of  i  12.) 

This  standard  correnponds  to  twenty-two  carats,  or  to  916}  Ibniisandths. 

By  {  0  of  Ihe  same  act,  the  weight  of  the  engic  was  fixed  nt  two  hundred  and  seventy  grains,  and 
the'weijiht  of  the  half  and  quarter  eagle  in  proportion. 

This  Hiandnrd  nnd  weight  were  retained  until  the  end  of  July,  1834,  when  the  following  cnactmcrts 
came  into  force. 

He  it  enacted,  ^c.  That  Ihe  gold  coins  of  the  United  Rtnlea  shall  contain  llie  following  quantities  of 
fiiolal  J  that  is  to  sny— each  eagle  sliall  contain  two  hundred  nnd  Ihirty-lwo  grains  of  pnrc  g<;id,  and 
two  hundred  and  fifty-iiKht  grains  of  standard  gold  ;  eadi  half  eagle,  one  hundred  and  sixteen  grains 
if  pure  gold,  and  one  hundred  nnd  twenty-nine  grains  of  standard  gold ;  each  quarter  cngle  shall 
rontiiin  fifty  eiglit  grains  of  pure  gold,  nnd  sixty-four  and  a  half  praiiis  of  standard  gold.  Every  such 
eagle  shallbe  of  Ihe  value  of  ten  dollars  ;  every  such  half  eagle  shall  be  of  Mie  value  of  live  doliurs  i 
and  every  such  quarter  cade  shall  be  of  the  vn'lue  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents.  And  Ihe  said  g<dd 
coins  shall  '>e  received  in  all  payments,  when  of  full  weight,  according  to  their  suid  respective  values} 


COINS. 


401 


enactincnif 


M(l.  «hiin  of  Imi  than  Aill  walfhi,  tt  t«H  ¥•!•••,  proportbnad  to  tbtir  raipoctlv*  actual  wciibta. 

(Act  nf  Jiin«  !»lh.  1H,U,  J  I  ) 

gtH/urtker  tmuted,  'I'liiit  all  (nlil  eolni  of  tha  Uiiltnii  8talei,  minimi  antarlor  tn  tha  thirty.flral 
H:iy  iif  Jill)  II  xt,  iilmll  iHt  recrlvKbIa  In  all  paviiiunlt  at  Iba  rata  »t  iiluaty-four  and  alglil  tmilha  of  » 
cnni  |inr  penny w«lfht.    (i  S  of  tliit  lame  net.) 

Thi^  alMire  ■taniluril,  whlnii  ciirr«iipnndi  to  91  earala  i  U>41  frnlni,  or  SOO'SU  Ihniiiaiidtlii,  conti' 
Bind  uiilll lli«  '»:(  ol' Jiiiiuary,  1037,  whan  It  wai  chaiifiiil  lu  OW)  tUi'iiauiiilllK.  Tlia  walglitH oftho  K<>l<i 
ecliM  wore  mil,  li'i\v«vnr,  allwrad  i  and  all  gold  cuiua  niadtt  attar  July,  31,  ltd4,  am  lagal  tuiidura,  ac- 
tnrdlul  to  lli>-ir  nominal  valuea. 

VII.  Againil  Counttrfitling  Coim. 

Bi  U  tnitefd,  ^c.  That  If  any  pemon  or  imriona  nhnll  fhUdtv  nial«>.  fnrgn,  or  cnuntrrfiill,  or  cauia 
oriiriicurii  l«  bu  (liUdly  nindn,  forKKd,  or  coiiiiterfeited  |  orwIllinKly  aid  or  oailit  In  nilanly  innklng, 
fulling,  iir  o  iiil>^rri:Ulnir,  aiiv  coin  In  reaeniiilanco  nr  iiuillltiida  of  Ihv  gold  or  Mllver  coin  whlrh  liua 
lii'i'ii,  (If  hi'r>  itfU't  iiiuy  hii,r(iiiit>tl  at  ihe  Mint  of  ihii  (TmIiimI  Ht»loii|  or  in  tli«  ru«<<nililiiiice  nr  uliiiill- 
iiiilii  nf  any  rorpieii  K<>ld  or  allvcr  coin  whlrji  by  luw  now  la,  or  hnrKafler  niiiy  b«  niiulu,  currunt  In  Hie 
UmIihiI  Hiali'K  ;  r  ihall  paH,  utter,  iiublUh,  or  aell,  nr  attenipt  In  pnai,  iillur,  piihlUh,  or  aell,  or  brini 
Imki  till!  Unitcil  siaiua  from  any  foroign  uliicn,  with  Inlinii  tn  pasH,  iiiiur,  puhllib  r  aell,  ai  true,  nn* 
inch  TiiIkh,  fiirci'd,  or  rniinterrKlInd  coiii,  knowing  thn  iiiiiie  In  bH  ftilHc,  forged, ' .  I'.iuntcrfititod,  with 
inlonl  to  defriiud  any  body,  pnlltlc  nr  cnrporalH,  or  iiny  other  pi>rxon  or  iwrn  nawhaUoevvr;  every 
pfrmin,  (o  otrnndlni,  tlialt  bu  di.'eineil  |(iillly  of  frlony,  niiil  iiliull,  on  ronvlctinn  thereof,  be  imnlihi'd 
by  nnii,  not  excoedlng  Ave  thouiuiid  dnllura,  and  by  iiiijirlsoiiinent  und  cuullneniuiit  at  hard  labour, 
nnli'«'<^ediiig  tan  yean,  according  to  the  aggravation  of  the  oflTeiire. 

^mlbe  it  furthtmarUil,  ThnI  I'any  nerann  or  pcmnni  ihall  hiUely  make,  forge,  or  cnunlerfHlt,  nr 
rtiiiie  or  (irocure  to  bo  fnUely  iiiude,  forged,  nr  coiiiiti>rfi!ited,  or  wllliniily  aid  or  aNHlst  In  fnUely 
makliix,  firKiiig,  or  counlertuitliig  iiiiy  coin  In  the  retenililiince  or  Hiiiillituiiu  of  any  copper  coin  which 
lull  liiMP,  or  hor«nfter  may  be,  roliied  »t  the  mint  of  the  United  Htali'H  ;  or  ahull  paaa,  utter,  piibllah, 
or  aell  I  or  ultonipt  to  paaa,  utier,  publish,  nr  aell }  or  bring  Into  the  United  Htntea  from  nny  foreiirn 
place,  with  Intent  tn  |iaaa,  utter,  publlah,  or  aell,  aa  true,  nny  aiich  falne,  forged,  or  counterlultod  coin, 
Willi  intent  tn  defriiud  nny  boily,  polltle,  or  cnrimrnte,  or  nny  perHoii  or  periona  wliutaoever  (  every 
)i"ri>on  ao  olTending  *)>n\\  he  dueiiied  iruilty  of  felony,  and  aliiill,  on  eoiivinlon  tlierenf,  be  piiiiiahed  by 
line,  not  exceeding  one  Ihnuauiid  doltara,  and  by  ImprlKnninenl,  und  confliieincnt  to  hard  labour,  nut 
cicemllng  three  yoara.    (Act  of  March  3d,  \»i5,  H  30,  21.) 

VIII.  Jlgaiiut  offcncf  at  thi  Mint. 

Br  It  enactfd,  l^r..  That  If  any  of  thn  gold  or  ailver  cnlna,  which  ahull  be  atruek  nr  coined  at  the  mint 
or  till!  United  Httttea,  ahnll  be  dehnaed,  nr  made  wnrae  aa  tn  the  proportion  uf  line  gold  or  fine  ailver 
llii<r>'in  cnntaliied  ;  or  ahall  be  of  lean  weight  nr  value  than  the  anine  ought  tn  be.  puraiiunt  tn  the 
K'veril  acta  relative  therein,  through  the  default  or  connivance  of  nny  of  the  officer*  or  peranna  who 
Hliull  lie  employed  at  the  aald  mint,  for  the  piirp<iaea  nt' profit  or  gnIn,or  otherwiae,  with  a  frandu- 
lont  iiiteiit ;  and  If  any  of  the  said  olficera  or  persona  ahnll  «mhe7./le  nny  of  the  metnia  wiiich  nhall, 
ot  any  time,  be  cnininilted  to  their  charge  for  the  purpoae  of  being  coined,  nr  nny  of  the  coin.'* 
iviiirh  shall  he  alriick,  or  coined,  nt  the  aaid  mint,  every  mieh  niHcer  nr  peraon  who  ahnll  commit  any, 
(ir  I'ither  of  the  aald  ntfencea,  ahali  he  deemed  guilty  nt^felony,  and  ahnll  be  aenlenced  to  ImprlHiiiiinent 
and  liard  luiiour,  for  a  term  nnt  leaa  than  niie  year,  nor  iiinru  than  ten  yeara  ;  and  ahull  bo  lined  in  a 
tuin  uut  exceeding  ten  thouaand  dollara.    (Act  of  March  ad,  IH'J5,  $31.) 

IX.  Standard  leeigku  of  the  Mint. 

Be  it  inacted,  ^r.,  That,  for  the  niirpnae  of  apcnring  a  due  conformity  in  weight  of  the  rnlns  of  the 
llMitiMl  Htatea,  tn  the  proviahina  of  the  ninth  acction  of  the  act,  piiaaed  the  aecond  of  April,  one  tliou- 
8.ind  S'^veii  hundred  und  ninety-two,  entitled,  *'  An  act  eataldiHliing  a  mint,  and  revulutini:  the  coiiia 
nfllie  United  Statne,"  the  brnaa  Troy  pound  weiglit  procured  by  the  minister  of  the  United  i^tnlea,  at 
London,  In  the  year  one  thnuaand  night  hundred  and  twenty-aevcn,  for  the  uao  of  the  mint,  and  now 
ill  the  custody  of  the  director  therenf,  ahall  be  the  standard  Troy  pound  of  the  mint  uf  the  United 
Shitei,  conformably  to  which  the  coinage  thereof  shall  be  regulated. 

JInd  be  it  furthtr  enaclrd,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  Ihe  director  of  the  mint  to  procure,  and  aafely 
tn  keep,  a  aeries  of  atandard  weighia,  cnrreaponding  tn  the  nforeaald  Troy  pniinri,  cnnaiating  nf  a  nna 
pound  weight  and  Ihe  roquiaite  aubdivlainns  and  miiliiplea  therenf,  from  the  hundredth  part  of  a 
(irain  to  twenty-tive  pnuniia  ;  and  that  the  Troy  weighia  ordinarily  employed  In  the  Irunaactiona  of 
the  iiiiat,  ah'ill  be  regulated  according  to  the  above  atundurds,  nl  least  mice  In  every  year,  under  hia 
Innpurtiiin,  and  their  accuracy  teated  annually  In  the  pretence  nf  the  aasay  coinmlBaionera,  on  the  da/ 
oftlie  aniiutil  usaay.     (Act  of  May  19th,  1838,  H  3,  3.) 

X.  Jliiiiay  of  bnlliun  not  intended  for  eoinape. 

Be  it  rTtncted,  Sfc,  Tliui  it  Rhall  be  lawful  for  the  director  of  the  mint  lo  receive,  and  cause  to  be 
aiiSHyed,  bullion  not  intended  tor  coinage,  and  to  cause  certincalea  to  be  given  of  the  fineness  thereof, 
liy  siirli  olhier  ua  he  shall  deai^nate  for  that  purpoae,  nt  audi  rates  of  cliurgc,  lo  be  paid  by  the  ownur 
ni'  Kaid  linllinn.  und  under  such  regulationa  aa  the  anid  director  may  from  time  to  time  estubliah, 
(Aitof  May  l«th,  1828,  i7.) 

XI.    Unexpended  appropriaiiont. 

Be  it  enar.tri,  <t-c..  That  in  regard  to  any  sum  which  »\\a\\  have  remained  unexpended  upon  any 
appropriation  oilier  than  for  the  payment  of  Interest  on  the  funded  debt ;  for  the  payment  nf  interest 
upon,  and  reimbursement,  nccoriiiiig  to  contract,  of  any  loan  or  loans  made  on  account  nf  Ihe  United 
Hiale^;  for  the  piirpnse  of  the  sinking-fund  ;  nr  for  a  pur|>oae,  in  respect  lo  wlilch  a  longer  duration 
is  upecially  assigned  by  law,  for  more  than  two  years  after  the  expiration  of  the  calendar  year  in 
wliich  the  act  of  appropriation  ahall  have  been  passed,  such  appropriation  ahall  be  deemed  lo  have 
cased  and  bvcn  determined  :  and  the  sum  so  unexpended  sliull  be  carried  to  nn  account,  on  the  buuka 
of  the  treasury,  to  be  denominated,  "  The  surplus  fund,"  &c.  (Act  of  March  3d,  1705,  }  10.) 
XII.   Frnvinion  for  the  purchnac  nf  bullion  for  coinage. 

Proriied,  That  it  may  be  lawful  for  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  direct  trinsfera  of  the 
pulilir  niniiey  to  lie  made  from  time  tn  time,  In  the  mint  and  branch  mints  of  the  United  States,  for 
Bupplying  metal  fur  coinage.  (Prmito  in  i  13  of  the  luw  regulating  the  deposites  of  public  monu>fe: 
approved,  July,  1830.) 

XIII.   Att  to  establish  branrhea  of  the  viint  of  the  United  Stairs. 

Bt  it  enaeled,  r^c.  That  brnnchea  nf  the  mint  of  the  United  Htntes  shall  he  estalilished  as  follows  .-  - 
One  hruiich  at  Ihe  city  of  New  Orleans  for  the  coinage  of  gold  and  silver :  one  branch  at  the  town  of 
Charlotte  in  Mecklenhiirg  county,  in  the  state  of  North  ('aroiina.  lor  Ihecoliiape  of  gold  only  :  and  one 
branch  at  or  near  Dniiloiicga  iu  Lumpkin  county,  in  Ihe  stale  of  Georiria,  also  for  the  coinage  of  gold 
only.  And  for  Ihe  purpose  of  purchasing  sites,  erecting  suituble  buildings,  and  completing  the  necca- 
2l2  51 


iir 


ii 


Iff!' 


,ih 


402 


COINS. 


I  ^1 


Mry  comhinntinns  o'mnflilnory  for  Hip  several  hranchps  nforesnld,  the  followlnjr  mtnn,  to  bn  ,-,nij  om 
of  nny  iiinm'y  in  llin  ireiisiiry,  not  olhiirwlsn  niiiirnprhilccl,  Hlinll  he  iiiiil  hi'rehy  nre  upprnprmied  :  dn 
thi!  liriMcli  III  \i>\v  Orleiins,  llic  sum  of  two  liiiiiilrRil  lliniisiind  (lolliira  ;  lor  tlio  brunch  at  (;iiarlotie 
fifty  IhniH'uiil  (lolliirs  ;  nn<l  for  llio  hninch  nt  Daliloncga,  fifty  Ihonsiind  diilliirs.  ' 

i  i.  .lilt  lie  it  fiiriher  ciiar.'cil.  Th:it  so  soon  lis  Ihi?  nicpssiiry  hiiililiii;rs  nre  i-reclod,  for  the  well  cnn- 
dliclimt  the  Imsiness  of  oiieli  of  the  Hiii.t  briinclies,  Ihn  followlns  othrers  nhall  he  ii|)|iointed  iipnn  tho 
nninin;ition  of  ttin  President,  and  witli  the  iidvice  anil  ronsent  of  iho  Senate  :— One  siipi'riiilein|,.|it 
one  treasnrer,  one  nssnyer,  one  chief  rolner,  one  iiielter,  and  one  refiner.  And  the  siiperintendenl 
of  e.iih  mint  sli.'ill  eiuraL'e  :ind  employ  as  nmny  clerlts,  anil  lis  many  mihordinate  workmen  and  ser- 
vant.1.  as  sliall  l)e  prnvidi'd  for  hy  law  :  and  tlin  salaries  of  the  said  oHicerH  and  clerics  shall  he  nn 
fiillii'.v.i :  -  I'or  the  iirainli  niiiil  at  New  Orleans  :— to  the  snperiiili'iiileiit,  llie  sum  of  two  Ih.pusiiijil 
five  liiiiidred  dullars  :  to  t'le  Iveasnrer,  the  sum  of  two  thousand  dollars  :  to  llie  chief  coiner,  llip  sum 
of  Iwo  ihonsand  didlars:  to  the  assayer,  inelter  and  refiner,  tliu  sum  of  two  thonsand  dollars  imiIi  ; 
li)  two  clerks,  the  Slim  of  twelve  hniiilred  dollars  each:  to  the  snliordiiiate  workmen  and  servants 
not  I  .vcc'diiiK  twenty  in  niniilier.sucli  watres  and  allowances  as  are  customary  and  reasonable,  accnrj.' 
liiij  lo  lliejr  respective  slalions  and  occupalions.  For  the  branches  at  riiarlotle  and  Hahlonega,  i,i 
til'!  snperliilendenis,  eacli  thi-  fliiin  of  two  thousand  dollars,  who  shall  respectively  discharjje  the  itnty 
of  trrasiirers  :  to  the  chief  coiners,  each  the  sum  of  oini  thousand  live  hundred  dnllnrs:  to  ihi 
assay  TS,  iiK'Uers,  and  reliners,  each  Hie  sum  of  one  thousand  live  liiindred  dollars:  to  the  ilerk?, 
not  exceeding'  one  at  acli  branch,  the  sum  of  one  tlioiisanil  dollars  :  and  lo  the  siilHirdinate  werldnun 
and  nervanls,  not  exceeiliiiR  the  niimher  of  live  at  each  of  the  said  branches,  such  wapes  ami  allow, 
nnces  shall  he  paid  as  are  ciisloniary  and  reasonable,  accordinc  to  their  r  'spective  stations  and  ocru- 
paiioiij.  And  fur  Iho  purpose  of  payinu;  the  said  salaries,  wa^es,  allowances,  and  the  inridenial 
pxp'MiH.'s  of  111,;  said  branches  oftheiniiil  for  the  year  one  thousand  ei;;lit  hundred  and  lliirly-five 
the  f  illowin'.'  siiuis,  to  be  paid  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  oilierwise  appropriated  :— for  ihii 
branch  at  New  Orleans,  llie  sniii  of  Ihiiiy-live  "tlioiisaiul  dollars;  for  the  braiiclies  at  Charlolt,,  uaj 
Ualiloiii'iia,  tlio  sum  of  llfli'en  thoiisaiul  dollars  each. 

J.).  ^Iii'l  he  it  }'iriUe<-  cndofci/.  That  the  olticersand  clerks  to  be  appointed  under  this  act,  before  enter- 
Ins  n;Min  tin!  duties  lliereof,  shall  take  auoalb  oralliruiation,  b;fore  some  JiuIkh  of  the  llnileil  .'^lali's, 
fiithfully  and  diliitCMtlv  to  perf  inn  thi?  duties  thereof ;  and  shall  each  become  bound  to  the  Uailnl 
Btates  of  Anii'riia,  with  one  or  more  sureties  to  the  satisfiction  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  ami  the 
Hrrretarv  of  the  Treasury,  with  condition  for  the  fuithful  and  diligent  iierforniaiicc  of  the  duties  oi 
their  ottUes. 

J  1.  Will/  he  it  fiir-iher  ennfled.  That  the  (icneral  business  of  Iho  said  branches  of  the  mint  nf  iho 
ITniled  Slates,  sirill  be  under  the  coiilrol  and  reKulalion  of  the  director  of  tlie  mint  at  I'liilailelphia, 
Biibjeit  lo  the  appriibiliiin  of  llie  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  and  for  that  purpose,  it  sliall  lie  llnj 
duly  of  the  said  direcior  lo  prescribe  such  reenlalions,  and  reiinire  such  retiiriis,  periodically,  and  nc- 
cnsioiially,  ns  sliull  appear  to  liim  to  be  necei>sary,  for  the  purpose  of  carryini{  into  etloct  the  inteniiini 
of  this  art  111  estalilisliiim  the  said  briiiiches  :  also,  for  discriiniiialins  I  he  coins  which  shall  be  slainpod 
at  each  branch,  and  at  Hie  mint  itself:  also  for  tlie  purpose  of  preserviii!;  iiniforniity  of  weiijlit,  I'orai, 
and  lineness  ill  the  coins  stamped  at  each  place.  And  for  that  purpose,  to  reijuire  the  iransaiissli.!! 
and  (lelivi  ry  lo  hiai  al  Ihe  mint,  from  lime  to  time,  such  parciN  of  llie  coinage  of  each  branch  as  iiu 
■ball  tliiiik  proper,  to  he  sulijecled  to  such  assays  and  tests  as  he  shall  direct. 

{5.  .'i/ii/ 6c  (( /«i-(/if;- c«ac/c/.  That  all  the  liiws,  and  parts  of  laws,  made  for  the  repulation  of  llin 
mint  of  Hie  United  .Stales,  and  for  Iho  govorninent  of  the  otlkers  and  persons  eiiiplnyed  tlierejn,  aiiij 
for  Hie  piiiiishnieiil  of  all  olVences  connected  with  the  mint  or  coinape  of  tlii>  llniled  States,  shall  he, 
and  llie  same  are  hereby  declared  to  he,  in  full  force.  In  relation  to  each  of  the  branches  of  the  mini, 
by  this  act  established,  so  far  as  the  same  shall  be  applicable  thereto.  (Act  of  March  3d,  lH'ii.) 
XIV.     ,/fnieni/iii.  nt  to  the  f,ircgoing  act  enlahUehing  Branch  Mitits. 

Be  it  enarJfil,  ^-c.  That  theotlicers  of  Iho  branch  mint  at  New  Orleans  shall  be  one  superintendent, 
one  treasurer,  one  assayer,  one  nielter  and  rullner,  and  one  coiner ;  and  that  Ihe  oilicera  of  iho 
braiicii  mints  at  Cliarlolle  and  Dahlunega,  severally,  shall  be  one  siiperiitleiident,  who  shall  also  per- 
forin Hie  duties  of  ireisiirer;  one  assayer,  who  shall  also  perform  tlie  duties  of  nieltcr  and  reliner; 
Bnil  one  coiner;  and  the  annual  salaries  of  the  said  othcers  shall  be  as  follows:  for  Hie  branch  al 
New  Orleans,  to  the  saperintendent,  Iv.o  thousand  five  liiimlred  dollars;  to  the  Ireasurer,  Hie  as- 
saver,  the  meller  anil  reliner,  and  the  coiner,  each,  two  Hioiisand  dollars;  for  lli.i  briiiiches  al  ('li;ir- 
loiie  and  at  Daliloneaa,  lo  the  siip.'riiileiidont,  two  th'Hi.saiKl  dollars;  and  to  the  assayer  and  Iho 
Coiner,  eii'li,  lili.'en  hundred  dollars. 

i  i.  JInil  hi-  ii  further  eiiiicliJ,  Thai  so  much  of  tho  net  enlitled  "  An  Act  to  pslablisb  branches  nf 
Hi  '  mint  if  the  I'niled  States,"  approved  the  third  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eislil  hundred  anil 
lliirtv-iive,  as  ij  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  he,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  renculcd. 
Act  of  1S3T  ) 

Tho  followiii(T  talile  exhibits  the  amount  of  coinaste  at  the  mint,  from  tho  commencement 
of  its  operations  in  179'J  until  tho  31st  of  Decemher,  1833,  inclusive. 


Tabular  Sliiteiinnt  of  the  Ainnunt  of  Colnaee  at  the  Mint  of  Hie  United  Slates,  riiiladelplila,  iu 
Hie  several  D'-iiotulnations  of  Coin,  from  the  cominenccment  of  its  operations  until  the  31sl  of  Ue- 
rember,  1838,  inrlilsivR. 


yclrs. 

Half  r.nf}". 

Q'Wier  Ki;;li!«. 

Diilljri. 

Hlir  llolliri. 

iluarlcrll.ilhM 

l)llllr>a. 

Hair  Dimm 

Ctllll. 

171)2 

I7'.)3 
I7ftt 

8,707 

— 

204,791 

323,114 

— 

— 

86,410 

l,(3i',03.' 

I7!tr> 
17;« 

n,iofi 

903 

72,P2n 

,3,913 

0,Sfll 

2'2,1,3.-) 

lo.nin 

n7l,,-na 

I7U7 

3,(ilHI 

8-i'J 

7,770 

— 

2,-ii 

'2r>,w] 

•  ■ll.5'i7 

Mir.Mi) 

170'! 

21.867 

Oil 

S27,'.36 

— 

— 

87„')50 

ti7o,:no 

I7fl'> 

7.151 

4;>o 

413.  •)  I') 

— 

— 

— 



'.1',11,,'SM 

1*^00 

11. (I'M 

— 

2',"),02n 

— 

— 

21,7(1(1 

24,000 

2h'«,i:  1 

Mil 

2(1.001! 

— 

.51.1')! 

,^(),'i'^(1 

— 

3i.(ilO 

,33.1110 

l.;!i  2.-37 

mi 

5:i,l7ii 

2,(112 

41,(lJ0 

2:i,8!KI 

— 

lO.Or-'i 

13,010 

;!,i:ri,"(i 

1.103 

3:)..'i(H5 

4'23 

fili.llOt 

HI, 71.') 

— 

33,114(1 

,37,H:,0 

2.i:i,:;.« 

1KI)4 

3(  .IT-) 

;);.in3 

.1.3^7 

1U,3T0 

l.M!,5H) 

0,7:!i< 

8,2fi.'i 

7.'0.-:^ 

I'M'!.') 

1,7SI 

321 

2ll.7'i2 

121,301 

120,7^0 

i.i.noo 

Oll.llfl' 

IHX) 

«I,(I'J.1 

l,filrt 

___ 

830,5711 

20(1,121 

— 

^ 

3tS,(Mitl  1 

1O07 

m,(W3 

C.sii 

— 

l,OJl,7iO 

S'«l,ni3 

105,000 

— 

727,2'21 

.  for  the  won  cnn- 
ipointeil  iiiiDii  iiie 
le  siiiicrimniil,.,,, 
ic  snperiiitfiiili.iii 
tvnrkiiinii  un,|  gpr- 
■Inrks  Khali  !>(>  ^n, 

111"  lW(i||i,,usarii| 
ff coiner,  llicsiini 
mil  (IdlliirB  (Mill: 
1011  and  scrvaninj 
■asonahlo.iiicnr.l. 
nd  Dahlniioga,  m 
liscliari!!!  the  duly 
d  didlnr.H:  to  i|i,| 
rs :  t(i  tlio  ilorkf, 
iritlnato  wnrkiiion 
wnjros  anil  allow- 
daliiins  ami  iici  u- 
nil  ihfi  inriiloiit.il 
!d  iinil  thirty-live 
iprialoil:-inri|i'n 

III  Chorlutt.,  uiid 

act,  bornri!  piit^r- 
lie  IJniiKil  Sinii'H, 
nrt  to  iht)  IJniiiii 
Iho  Mint,  aiidilie 
'c  of  the  dntlusoi 


reBulatiiin  of  iho 
lyoil  thori'ln,  anil 
StalRn,  shall  \m, 
flios  of  Iho  mint, 
li  .Id,  1S35.) 

J  snporlntcndont, 
10  Dllicor.i  id'  the 
liu  shall  alsi)  pi'r- 
tir  and  ndiiicr; 
ir  the  branch  at 
'(.■asiiror,  tlio  as- 
ramhos  at  Char- 
as.iayur  and  tho 

dish  hranrhos  of 
L'lit  hiindnd  and 
lereby,  rBpeulod. 


cominciiccmcnt 


Philadolphia,  iu 
1  tlio  31bl  111'  Uii- 


nw. 

Ctnii. 

410 

l,(3i',03; 

';.io 

071,. •(VI 

.Vi7 

wir.Mi) 

979.:no 

991, .^M 

mo 

2i-M,i;> 

910 

I.:ii2.si7 

no 

:!,t::.,"o 

i:,0 

2,i:i,:;.« 

7,'ii.>:s 

m 

941,1111 

3tH,nii(i 

787,221 

COINS. 


403 


Tabular  Statement  or  the  amount  of  Coinage— eond'BHeil. 

Yrari. 

InOS 

Ililf  Kif\et. 

Qu^ner  Eauln. 

Dollar!. 

Ihif  IJnIlars. 

(i'larter  Dollars. 

Diniea. 

Half  DiniM 

Ci-nli. 

55,578 

3,710 



1,308,000 



,^ 

__ 

1,109,000 

]-»'.> 

33,S75 

— 

— 

1,405,810 

— 

44.710 



2a2,M17 

ISIO 

100,2H7 

— 

— 

1,270,270 

— 

6,355 



l,4.',h,.'.()n 

Ml 

99,5sl 

— 

— 

1,203,0 H 

— 

65,180 



2I8,0C5 

ISI'J 

5S,0S7 

— 

— 

i,6a8,o:.» 

— 



1,075,500 

IJJI.') 

95,128 

— 

— 

1,241,903 

— 





418,000 

1811 

15,451 

— 

— 

1,039,075 

— 

421,500 

— 

357,830 

W.l 

0J5 

-~ 

— 

— 

69,232 

— 

— 

MO 

— 

— 

— 

47.l,'>0 

20,003 

— 

_. 

2,820,982 

1SI7 

— 

— 

— 

1,12.-),.M>7 

— 



— . 

3,9 18,400 

ISIS 

4H,.588 

— 

— 

1,900,322 

301,171 





3,107,000 

1.^19 

51,723 

— 

— 

2,208,000 

1 14,000 





2,071,000  1 

I'-SO 

203,800 

— 

— 

751,122 

127,411 

912,587 



4,407,550 

ISil 

31,041 

6,448 

— 

1,305,797 

210,851 

1,180,512 



3^9,O00 

ifii 

17,796 

— 

— 

l„^'i9,.573 

64,0^0 

100.000 



2,072,339 

l>-2:i 

14,485 

— 

— 

1,091,200 

17,800 

410,000 



ISil 

17,310 

2,fi00 

— 

3,50 1.O.'^ 

— 

1,202,000 

\Hi:i 

29,009 

4,434 

2,913,100 

168,000 

610,000 



1,'I01,100 

m< 

lH,(Mi9 

700 

— 

4,0flt,|h0 

— 





1,517,125 

iy>7 

21,913 

2,^00 

— 

5,193,100 

4.000 

1,215.000 



2,:i-,7,732 

l-'H 

28,029 

— 

— 

3,07.0,200 

103,000 

12-),000 



2,2f,0,C,2 1 

1>J9 

57,442 

3,403 

— 

3.712.|:,6 

— 

770,000 

1.230,000 

1,411,500 

ISiU 

120,351 

4,5)0 

— 

4,701.800 

— 

510,000 

1,210,01)0 

1,711,500 

mi 

140,594 

4,,'i20 

— 

S,873.(i(i0 

398,000 

771,350 

1,212,700 

3,359,2C0 

b;w 

157,487 

4,400 

— 

4,797,000 

320,000 

522,5(1(1 

965,000 

2,302,000 

im 

193,630 

4,100 

— 

5,200,000 

150,000 

4h5,000 

1,370,0(10 

2,739,000 

1  1H.M 

7.32,  lO'J 

117,;)70 

— 

6,412.004 

2SO,000 

035,000 

l,4S0.OOO 

1,8.'„5,I00 

\b'M 

371,5.34 

131,102 

— 

5,352,0TO 

1,952.(M)« 

1,410.000 

2,7(0.000 

3,878.100 

l?3t) 

553,147 

547,9f<6 

1,000 

6,540,200 

472,000 

l.liKI.OOO 

1,900,000 

2,111,000 

ih;i7 

207,131 

43.080 

— 

3,029,H20 

252,100 

1,012,000 

2,270,000 

5,558,300 

IH.IS 

aS0,!)88 

47,0.30 

— 

3,516,000 

832,000 

1,992,500 

1,255,000 

6,370,200 

Totiil. 

4,220,422 

019,130 

1,1-10,517 

91,443,993 

i    6,524 ,0('.» 

14,8.54,000 

15,981,213 

82,211, ,302 

The!  above  table  contains  the  number  of  the  several  denominations  of  coin,  eagles  and  liulf  cents 
cxi!''|ili'd. 

rrovloii?  to  1805,  tlie  whole  nunihor  of  cncles  coined  amounted  to  1.32,592.  Sinrn  then  none  liavo 
hoin  I'liiiii'd  until  the  yoar  1838,  diirine  which  the  niimbor  of  oaclcs  coiiiod  annmiitcil  to  7,209.  Tlu 
mnaliur  of  half  centa  coined,  down  to  the  end  of  the  year  1838,  was  7,838,713. 


Doposites  and  Coinage  at  the  Mint  and  its  Branches  for  the  A'cai 

1838. 

DEPOSITES. 

Mint!. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Tolat. 

U.  S.  Gold. 

fDrei^n  Gold. 

Tdial  iif  Gold. 

Philadelphia 
Chiirlolte      - . 
Dahliinega    - 
iNuvv  Orluana 

Pollnrf. 

171,700 

127,000 

135,700 

700 

D'Unr%. 

1,452,800 

3,000 

6.100 

39,900 

1,624,500 

130,000 

141.800 

40,600 

2,3"1.2«0 
237,000 

3,925,700 
130,000 
lll.'Oil 
277,600      1 

435,100        1 

1,502,400     1       1,9.S7,500 

2,538,200 

4,475,700     ! 

MinU. 

COINAGE.                                                                 j 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Copper. 

Total. 

l'i.c«t 

Value. 

Pirrti.      I      V.ilue. 

Rem. 

Vilu". 

rii't 

I'3. 

Villi,..      1 

Philadolpliia 
Cliarhdte       - 
DahlonoL'a    - 
.Now  Orleans 

310.818 
•-'0,780 
20,.'83 

Dulliin. 
1,62:,5I5 
84.105 
102,915 

iK.tl.irs. 
8,625,500  2,29:1,000 

402,130        40,2  U 

0,370.200 

/),  Hat  1. 

03,70l' 

15,33 

2 

2 

4( 

0.518 
0,780 
0,5h3 
2,130 

lli'lhirt.     1 

3,979,217: 

81,IO(i; 

102,915 

40,213 

382,181 

1,809.595 

«,027.930  2,333,'il3 

6,370,200 

03,702 

15,78 

0,311 

4,200,540| 

COIR,  a  species  of  yarn  m:>nufiirtun'd  out  of  tlio  IiukIc  of  cocoa  rmls,  'I'lio  hiit^kH  Imint^ 
s'('P|)nd  in  water,  the  dry  dusty  siibsluiico,  mixed  witli  the  litiros  in  ,s(>|)arntri1.  'J'hosn  nn; 
at'lorwards  spun  into  yarn,  and  niaiiufiictured  into  conlaajo,  that  is  docmcd  by  some  superior 
to  tliat  made  of  hemp.  Tho  Roodiicss  of  coir  depiMids  on  the  fineness  of  the  filaments,  iiml 
on  ihoir  heing  of  a  bright  yellow  colour.  About  .'),000,000  lbs.  wciujht  are  aiiiiuaily  ex- 
|iiirU'il  from  Ceylon,  principally  to  (Jalcutt.i,  and  olher  jiorts  in  the  Ciist  Indies.  It  is  also 
propari'il  in  tho  Maldive  Islands,  and  many  other  places;  and  is  very  extensively  used 
tlinniuhout  the  East. —  {HcrtnlticcVs  Cei/liin  ,■  licWn  C/i  ii merer  of  fifnisa/,  i.\c.) 

COI.OCYNTIIIS,  COLOQUINTlb.\,<iit  BITTER  CUCUMBEU  (r.er.  Kdhiquinterif 
Du.  Bitler-iippekn  I  Ft.  Colot/uinlen;  It.  Cnlirpiinfich ,■  8p.  Cnl/iqiiiiitiddn-  Arab,  ami 
Pers.  llunzil),  the  produce  of  an  annual  plant  {Cucumtn  coluci/nlhis  h'ln.)  gruwiuK  iu 


'i' 


li!^ 


\'l 


It 


! 


■'  i: 


\:ii 


■If 


i  I 


niMl  I 


]r 

404 


COLONIES. 


Turkey,  NuMo,  India,  and  other  places,  much  resemljling  the  cucumber  in  herbage.  When 
ripe,  the  fruit  m  peeled  and  dried  in  <\  stove ;  and  in  this  state  is  brought  to  England.  It  it 
inodorous,  but  has  an  extremely  bitter,  nauseous  taste.  It  is  an  exceedingly  powerful  drastic 
cathartic.  When  it  is  larger  than  a  St.  Michael's  orange,  and  has  black  acute  pointed  ends, 
it  is  not  good. — {AimUe's  Maferia  Indica.) 

COLONIES  —COLONY  TRADE.— Co4m;'M  arc  cstabiishmenta  founded  in  foreign 
countries  by  individuals  who  either  voluntarily  emigrate  from,  or  are  forcibly  sent  abroad  liy, 
their  mother  country.  The  colony  trade  is  the  trade  carried  on  between  colonies  and  their 
parent  states. 

I.    EsTABLIsnMF.HT   Of    OoLOXIES. 
II.   IWFIVKNCK    or   THE    MoNOPOtT    OF   THE    ColOWT   TuAnE. SuVElir. 

IIL  Maonititiie,  Potdlation,  Tratie,  &c.  of  Biiitish  Coioxies. 

IV.    ReOULATIONS      CNDEIt      WHICB     CotONT      TkADE     IS     COKDCCTED. DiSFOSAI.    OF 

LA\n  IX  THE  Colonies,  &c. 
V.  FoHEisN'  Colonies. 


I.  Establishment  of  Colonies. 

(1.)  Greek  Colonies, — Various  motives  have,  in  difTcrent  countries  and  ages,  led  to  the 
fonnation  of  colonies.*  The  Greek  colonies  of  antiquity  seem  to  have  been  chiefly  founrlej 
by  citizens  whom  the  violence  and  fury  of  contending  factions  force<l  to  leave  their  native 
land;  but  they  were  sometimes  formed  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  the  mother  country  of  a 
redundant  population,  and  somntimes  also  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  sphere  of  com- 
mnrcial  transactions,  or  of  providing  for  their  security.  The  relations  between  the  mother 
country  and  tiie  colony  depended,  in  a  great  measure,  on  the  motives  which  led  to  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  latter.  When  a  colony  was  founded  by  fugitives,  forcibly  expelled  from 
their  ancient  homes ;  or  when  it  was  founded,  as  was  frequently  the  case,  by  bodies  of  volun- 
tary emigrant'*,  who  received  no  assistance  from,  and  were  in  no  respect  controlled  by,  the 
parent  state,  it  was  from  the  first  independent:  and  even  in  thoi<e  rarer  cases  in  whicli  the 
emigration  was  conducted  under  the  superintendence  of  the  parent  city,  and  when  thn  colony 
was  protected  by  her  power  and  influence,  the  depi-ndence  was,  mostly,  far  from  being  aliso- 
lute  and  complete.  The  great  bulk  of  the  Greek  colonics  were  really  independent  states; 
and  though  they  commonly  regarded  the  land  of  iheir  forefathers  with  filial  rcsjicct,  though 
they  yielded  to  its  citizens  the  place  of  distinction  at  public  games  and  religious  sok-mnilies, 
and  were  expected  to  assist  them  in  time  of  war,  they  did  so  as  allies  only,  on  fair  and  equal 
terms,  and  never  as  subjects.  Owing  to  the  freedom  of  their  institutions,  and  their  superiority 
in  the  arts  of  civilizod  life  to  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  countries  among  whom  they  were 
generally  placed,  these  colonies  rose,  in  a  comparatively  short  [leriod,  to  a  high  pitch  of 
opulence  an.l  refinement;  and  many  among  them,  as  Miletus  and  Ephesus  in  Asia  Minor, 
Syracuse  and  Agrigentum  in  Sicily,  and  Tarentum  and  Locri  in  Italy,  not  only  equalled, 
but  greatly  surpassed,  their  mother  cities  in  wealth  and  power. 

('J.)  Rnmun  Colonics. — The  Roman  c(donie9  were,  for  the  most  part,  founded  by  and 
under  the  authority  of  government;  being  intended  to  serve  both  as  onllets  for  poor  and  dis- 
contented citizens,  and  as  military  stations,  or  garrisons,  to  secure  the  subjection  of  the  con- 
(juered  provinces  over  which  tlioy  were  scattered.  The  most  intimite  political  union  Wiis 
always  mtiint:iincd  between  them  and  the  mothor  city.  Th'-ir  internal  governniont  was 
modelled  on  that  of  Rome ;  and,  while  their  superior  ollicers  were  mostly  sent  from  the  capi- 
till,  they  were  made  to  contribute  their  full  quota  of  troops  and  taxes,  to  assist  in  carrying 
on  the  contests  in  which  tho  Republic  was  almost  constantly  engaged. 

(3.)  Spanish  CuliHes. — The  early  colonies  of  most  modern  nations  were  founded  by 
private  adventurers,  influenced  either  by  the  hope  of  gain,  or  by  a  desire  to  escape  from  reli- 
gious persecution,  without  any  wish  to  relieve  the  mother  country  of  a  surplus  popidatiun, 
or  to  bridle  subjugated  provinces.  On  their  first  institution,  therefore,  the  modern  coliiniia 
approached,  though  with  some  essential  variations,  more  nearly  to  the  Grecian  taan  the 
Roman  model — but  the  jieriod  of  their  freedom  was  of  very  limited  duration.  They  were 
very  soon  subjected  to  laws  and  regulations  framed  in  the  metropcdis,  and  calculated,  aa  was 
to  be  Bup|)osed,  rather  to  promote  its  interests  than  those  of  the  colony.  At  a  somewlmt 
later  period  the  foundation  of  colonial  ostahlishinents  was  eagerly  |)atro.iised  by  most  Eu- 
ropean governments,  in  the  view  of  extending  commerce,  and  of  enriching  the  mother  country, 

♦  Seneca  Img  given,  in  a  few  wordi,  a  very  clear  and  necuMte  sinletnent  of  tlip  dilfiTont  nmlivci 
Ihat  inline  eil  Ihn  nncientd  tn  fmind  culoniea.— "  JVi-c  omnH  jr  eadfin  aiufa  rdiiiqnemii  qa.rrciiuiiiut 
patriam  fnil.  ^H<is  erriilia  whiiiw  tuurum,  hostilibiia  arniis  «»«»»,  in  iilienr.,  spoliutof  fuix,  fz/'ii/fan'.' 
.tHon  dnmimlira  seititii,  ■''muvU  :  Jilins  vimia  suptrjlurnlis  poptiltf'tq  tixtiii,  nil  eriiiieraniliie  rirrx,  einifil: 
jilioK  peniilenlia,  aiit  J,  ri/unitl  tcrraruin  ktatiif,  aiit  Kliijua  iiititleramln  inf  lnh  goli  ejiictriinl :  Qi'i)«7o« 
feriilis  urir,  rt  in  viajiu  laudaUe,  fama  curruptt ;  Ali{)a  alia  causa  excivU  iomibus  iuij."—lCown\  »i 
Ilulviam,  t.  O.i         ^  '  ^ 


COLONIES. 


406 


by  securing  to  her  the  exc\v  vc  possession  of  the  market  of  distant  countries;  and  where, 
5iom  the  tluiiness  of  the  abori  .;itial  population,  or  their  inferiority  in  tiie  arts  of  civilized  life, 
tLe  colimists  were  enaliled  to  amass  fortunes  with  comparative  rapidity. 

The  Spaniards  who  first  rrsorted  to  America  after  its  diwcovery,  had  no  intention  of 
scltlini?  in  the  country,  or  of  colonising  it.  Tlie  idea  that  gold  and  silver  alone  constituted 
wealth  \vc  Jien  universally  prevalent ;  and  the  bold  and  enterprising  companions  and  fol- 
liiwiM's  of  Columbus,  instead  of  engaging  in  industrious  undertakings,  which  they  neither 
understood  nor  relished,  sought  only  to  enrioh  themselves  by  plundering  the  feeble  and  de» 
feiicule.'is  natives  of  the  gold  and  silver  in  tiieir  possesnion,  and  of  the  abundance  of  which 
the  Miost  exaggerated  accounts  were  immediately  spread  throughout  Europe,  When  new 
ailveiiturers  arrived  on  an  unknown  coast,  their  single  inquiry  was,  whether  it  abounded  in 
gold.  If  it  did,  they  remained,  for  some  time  at  lea-t,  in  the  country ;  if  not,  they  iinme- 
diately  s(^t  sail  for  some  other  quarter.  Aitri  rabidi  sitis  a  cullura  ll.'upaiuif!  J.'vcrlit,  is  the 
expressive  statement  of  a  contemporary  writer  (Petius  Martyrus,  in  the  Nwus  Orhia  of 
GrynsBus,  p.  511.).  The  slow  progress  of  the  Spanish  cohinies,  after  iheir  first  discovery, 
muft  principally  be  ascribed  to  this  cause.  The  gold  and  ^Jiiver  aecumuhited  by  the  natives 
uere  very  soon  exhausted ;  and  the  skill  and  energy  of  the  successive  swarms  of  adventurers, 
who  continued  to  pour  into  the  country,  were  pnncipally  directed  to  the  unproductive  and 
gencriiily  ruinous  trade  of  mining.  The  few  large  fortunes  that  were  ni.ide  in  this  way,  like 
the  large  prizes  in  a  lottery,  inflamed  the  cupidity  of  the  nndtitndo,  and  gave  an  appearance 
of  credibility  to  the  fabulous  accounts  of  the  excessive  produciiveness  of  the  mines.  After 
the  gumblitig  spirit  which  had  exclusively  actuated  the  early  adventurers  had  begun  to  sub- 
side, the  colonists  gradually  betook  themselves  to  agricultural  and  conmicrcial  pursuits:  and 
the  va.->t  variety  of  valuable  productions  with  which  Mexico  and  the  other  Spanish  colonies 
abound,  the  extreme  richness  of  their  soil,  and  their  advantageous  situation,  would,  had  they 
been  only  tolerably  well  governed,  have  occasioned  their  rapid  increase  in  wealth  and  civiliza- 
tion. But  a  blind  and  intolerant  despotism  paralysed  their  energies,  and  fettered  and 
retarded  their  progress.  All  the  abuses  and  defects  of  the  government  of  Old  Spain  wcro 
transferred  to,  and  multiplied  in,  the  colonics.  The  whole  property  of  those  vast  regions 
was  considered  as  vested  in  the  crown  of  Spaui;  and  every  law  or  regulation,  whether  of  a 
local  or  general  nature,  affecting  their  government,  emanated  from  the  countil  of  the  Indies, 
in  which  it  was  supposed  the  king  was  always  prenent.  We  cannot  stop  to  describe  the  sort 
of  rcgulitions  to  which  the  colonists  were  subjected  with  any  degree  of minutene.ss;  but  we 
may  notice  a  few  of  them,  to  furnish  the  means  of  judging  of  their  general  spirit  and  probable 
efi'cct.  It  was,  for  example,  made  a  capita/  offence  to  carry  on  any  intercourse  with  foreign- 
ers; and  the  inhabitants  of  the  dilferent  colonies  were  even  forbidden  any  intercourse  with 
cai-li  other,  unless  under  the  strictest  and  most  vexatious  regulations.  There  were  several 
articles,  such  as  flax,  hemp,  and  wine,  which  they  were  not  permitted  to  cultivate ;  at  the 
same  time  that  the  crown  reserved  to  itself  the  monopoly  of  salt,  tobacco,  gunpowder,  and 
some  other  less  impo;  tant  articles.  The  alcavala,  and  other  oijpressive  imposts,  which  had 
proved  destructive  of  industiy  in  Old  Spain,  were  rigorously  levied  as  well  on  the  exports  as 
on  the  imports  of  the  colonics.  No  situation  of  power  or  emolument  could  be  filled  exce[it 
by  a  native  of  Old  Spain.  The  Cathalic  religion  was  established,  to  the  exclusion  of  every 
other;  and  bishops,  tithes,  and  the  inquisition,  followed  in  its  train:  while,  in  order  still 
better  to  consolidate  and  strengthen  the  f  )undations  of  this  monstrous  despotism,  the  go- 
veriinicnt  endeavoured  to  make  the  colonists  insensible  of  their  degradation,  by  proscribing 
every  spi'cies  of  instruction,  and  watchfully  opposing  the  introduction  and  progress  of  all 
uset'id  knowledge ! 

Under  auvh  circumstances,  we  cannot  be  surprised  that  the  Continental  colonists,  amon^ 
whom  the  monopoly  system  was  maintained  in  its  greatest  finrity,  should  have  languished 
fur  above  two  centuries  in  n  state  of  sluggish  inactivity.  'J'hoiigh  surrounded  by  all  the 
means  of  producing  wealth,  they  wcro  not  generally  wealthy.  Oppression  rendered  them 
iniliilent ;  and  went  far  to  dejirive  them  not  only  of  ibe  power,  Itut  also  of  the  wisli,  to  emerge 
from  poverty.  Tlio  progress  of  the  colonists  who  occupied  the  West  India  islands  was  not 
quite  so  slnv.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  down  t()  the  middle  of  last  century,  Spaui  reaped 
no  'greater  ailvantagc  from  the  po-se.^siou  of  Cuba,  Hispaniola,  and  I'orto  Hico,  than  England 
or  I'" ranee  from  the  smallest  of  its  dependencies.  In  proof  of  this  we  may  mention,  that  the 
noliie  island  of  Cuba,  which  could  without  diirieully  supjily  all  Europe  wiih  sogar,  did  not, 
in  175<),  produce  a  sufficient  quantity  even  for  the  consumption  of  Old  Sp;iin.  But  the 
C'wnliined  influcnee  of  an  arbitrary  and  intolerant  governmnt,  and  of  a  degrading  supersti- 
tion, could  not  balance  the  means  of  inijirovenient,  which  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the 
command  thence  arising  over  most  of  the  necessaries  and  many  of  the  conveniences  of  lite, 
gave  to  the  colonists.  Owing  also  to  the  total  iueajiacity  of  t)M  Spain  to  furnish  her  trans- 
allmtic  provinces  with  a  sufficient  sup|)ly  of  the  articles  she  had  forceil  them  to  import  from 
Eiiropi',  and  the  consequent  extension  of  the  contraband  trade  carried  on  with  them  by  the 
other  European  nations,  she  had  been  compelled  gradually  to  relax  the  severity  of  her  com- 
niiircial  monopoly,    A  new  impulse  was  thus  given  to  the  spirit  of  industry.    The  colouisU 


H        It 


i.vl- 


!i: 


I  , .. 


4t 


■i 


1  i 


1,  '^ 


IH 


li:L;i; 


406 


COLONIES  AND 


m 


n 


brgan  to  be  more  sensible  of  the  natural  advantasies  of  their  situation,  and  less  inclined  to 
subiriit  to  the  blind  and  bi(r,)ted  policy  of  the  Spanish  Court,  In  1781,  a  rebellion  brokeoul 
in  Peru,  in  consequence  of  an  attempt  made  by  the  government  to  establish  anew  monopoly 
in  th;it  province,  which  threatened  to  end  in  the  total  dissolution  of  the  connection  between 
Spain  and  South  America,  and  v\asnot  quelled  witliout  great  dillicuity  and  much  blnoilshcil. 
Hut  t!ie  spirit  of  liberty,  when  once  excited,  could  not  be  suppressed.  It  continued  to  pin 
(jround  i)r()gressively,  until  the  conmienccment  of  the  late  contest  between  Franco  and  Spain 
interrupted  the  communication  with  the  mother  country,  and  i^ave  the  colonists  an  oppor- 
tunity of  proclaiminij;  that  imlependence  wliich,  after  a  lengthened  and  bloody  struggle,  they 
happily  succeeded  in  achievin;;. 

(4.)  Britinh  Colonies. — The  English,  who,  like  all  the  other  nations  of  Europe,  had  liocn 
impressed  with  mingled  feelings  of  admiration  and  envy  by  the  extent  and  importance  of  the 
acquisitions  made  by  the  Spaniai'ds  in  the  Nevs'  World,  speedily  entered  with  enthusiasm 
and  ardour  into  the  career  of  discovery.  Owing,  however,  to  the  Indl  which  Fenlinimd  and 
I^;al^^'lla  had  obtained  from  the  Po]ie,  conveying  to  fliem  the  ample  donation  of  all  the  cnun- 
tries  inhabited  by  infidels  that  the  Spaniards  had  discovered,  or  might  discover,  the  English, 
to  avoid  encroaching  on  the  dominions  of  their  rivals,  directed  their  cHbrts  further  to  the 
nortli.  Several  attempts  to  foun<I  colordes  on  the  const  of  America  were  made  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth  by  Sir  Iluinjihrey  Gilbert,  Sir  Richard  Orenville,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and 
others.  But  in  consequence  of  their  ignorance  of  the  country,  the  deficiency  of  their  supplies 
of  provisions,  the  loss  of  time  in  fruitless  searches  after  gold,  and  the  various  ditFiculties  in- 
cident to  the  first  settlement  of  a  colony,  none  of  these  attempts  proved  successful:  and  it 
was  not  until  1(!07,  that  a  small  body  of  adventurers  founded  the  first  permanent  estalilish- 
nient  of  the  English  in  America,  at  Jamestown  in  Virginia.  Letters  patent  were  gra'itoJ 
in  1C09,  by  King  James,  to  the  principal  persons  resident  in  London,  by  whom  the  exp;.'nso 
attending  the  formation  of  the  colony  was  to  be  defrayed,  incorporating  them  into  a  cum- 
j'any,  and  establishing  a  council  in  England  for  the  direction  of  their  proceedings,  the  mom- 
bers  of  which  were  to  be  chosen  by,  and  removab'e  at  the  pleasure  of,  the  majority  of  the 
partners  of  the  company;  permittuig  whatever  was  necessary  for  the  support  and  sustenance 
of  the  colony  for  the  first  7  years  to  be  exported  free  of  duty ;  declaring  that  the  colonists 
and  their  descendants  were  to  be  secured  in  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Englishmen,  the 
same  as  if  they  had  remained  at  home,  or  been  born  in  England  ;  and  reserving  only,  as  the 
stipulated  price  of  the^e  concessions,  and  in  imitation  of  the  policy  of  the  Spaniards,  one.fiflh 
part  of  the  gold  and  silver  ore  to  be  found  in  the  colonies,  which  was  to  be  |)aid  to  his  Ma- 
jesty and  hi-  successors  in  all  time  to  come.  In  virtue  of  these  powers,  the  company  issui'd, 
in  1021,  a  charter  or  ordinance,  which  gave  a  legal  and  permanent  form  to  the  constitution 
of  the  colony.  By  this  charter  the  supremo  legislative  authority  was  lodged,  partly  in  the 
governor,  who  held  the  place  of  the  sovereign,  partly  in  a  coniieil  of  state  named  by  the 
company,  anil  partly  in  a  general  council,  or  assembly  composed  of  the  representatives  of  the 
people,  in  which  were  vested  powers  and  privileges  similar  to  those  of  the  ITi>u»e  of  Coni- 
mon.=.  It  was  not  long,  however,  bef)ve  the  king  and  the  company  quarrelled.  The  latter 
were  in  conseijucncc  divested  of  all  their  rights,  partly  by  o|)en  violence,  and  partly  under 
colour  of  law,  wi'.hout  compensation,  alter  having  expended  upwards  of  150,(100/.  in  found- 
ing the  colony;  and  a  governor  and  council  of  slate  ap[)  linted  by  the  king  succeeded  to  the 
powers  of  those  appointed  by  the  conunittec. — {lioLerhvii's  HLsto'\i/  of  America,  book  ix. 
p^i-^aini,-  Jijf:niin't,-  N j/e-i  on  Virginia,  [t.  179.) 

The  founders  of  the  colony  in  Mrginia  had  been  actuated  solely  by  the  hopes  of  gain:  but. 
the  coloni.'S  that  were  soon  after  estahlished  in  Xevv  England,  were  ehiiifly  planted  by  men 
who  /led  fristn  religious  and  political  persecution.  'J'he  form  of  government  in  the  .\ew 
England  colmiies,  though  at  first  modified  a  good  deal  by  the  jieculiar  religious  ojiinions  en- 
tertaiiied  by  the  colonists,  was  in  its  leading  principles  essentially  free.  For  a  consideral)le 
jxiiod,  the  colonists  elet'ted  their  own  govertiors,  coined  money,  and  exercised  most  of  the 
rights  of  sovereignty  ;  while  the  English,  wliolly  engrossed  with  the  contest  between  free- 
dom and  [irerogative  at  home,  had  no  leisure  to  attend  to  their  procei.'dings.  Suliscijucntly 
to  the  restoiation,  however,  the  governments  of  most  id'  the  New  England  states  weio  es- 
tablished ne.nly  on  the  same  footing  as  iliat  <d"  Vir;,'inia;  which,  indeed,  became  the  fivmir- 
ite  model,  nut  ordy  for  the  constitution  of  the  culonies  established  on  the  Continent,  willi  the 
exeei>lion  of  the  prnprietary  governments  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maiyland.  lint  also  for  those 
that  were  estalilihed  in  the  M'est  India  islands.  But  under  every  vicissitude  of  ujovemniejit 
and  f  irtune,  tlie  New  England  colonists  were  dislingtdshed  by  the  same  anient  and  enlluisi- 
ustie  love  of  liberty  that  had  first  induced  them  to  ipiil  their  native  land.  Every  thing  relat- 
ing to  the  interna!  regulation  and  administration  of  tile  diireient  <'olo!iies  was  determined,  in 
the  ciilDiiiid  assenil'lies,  by  re))resentatives  freely  chosen  by  the  settlers.  The  personal  liherty 
of  the  citizens  was  well  secured  and  vigilantly  protected.  And  if  we  excejit  the  restraints 
«in  tlieir  eonunerce,  the  inoiKipoly  <d' which  was  jealously  guarded  by  the  mother  country, 
tin  iidiabitanis  of  Virgiiua,  Pennsylvania,  and  ISew  England,  enjoyed  ni'arly  thi^  same  de- 
gree of  freedom,  when  colouislij  of  England,  that  they  now  enjoy  as  citizens  of  the  powerful 


COLONY  TRADE. 


407 


less  inolincj  (o 

Pllion  hrokenui 

new  monopoly 

lection  between 

lUch  l)l00(|sllC(]. 

itinupd  to  |T;,i„' 
»noo  and  Spain 
ii«ts  nn  opiior. 
'  stiUfe'glp,  tilPy 

irope,  had  I)oon 
portaiice  of  (he 
ith  cnihiisiastn 
FiTiiinand  and 
f  ill!  tho  coun- 
^r.  the  Enariisi,^ 
furtlipr  to  the 
lo  in  the  reign 
'^■'''•i.;'li,  and 
f'|>oir  supplies 
diHiciiliies  ill- 
e-*sful :  and  it 
lent  t'stahlish- 
were  gru'itcJ 
m  the  e\p;mso 
n  into  a  coni- 
iffS  the  nioni. 
'■'.)"rily  of  the 
hI  .sustenance 
the  colonists 
fflishinen,  the 
{,'  only,  as  the 
Imis,  one  fifth 
lid  to  his  Mu. 
np:iny  issu.-d, 
u  constitution 
partly  in  the 
iuincd  hy  (he 
itativcsofihe 
usp  of  Cm- 
The  latter 
pui-tly  under 
^l-  in  found- 
:c(!dcd  to  the 
f«,  liook  ix. 

of  gain:  but 
iti'd  by  men 
in  tho  \ew 
ipinions  en- 
-■oiisideral'le 
most  of  tiic 
'tween  fiee- 
jbseyuonlly 
;t's  weia  es- 
tlie  fivour- 
it,  with  I  he 
")  for  tho.so 
:overinneiil 
III  enlluii^i- 
hin;r  relat- 
rminefl.  in 
nal  liberty 
restraints 
r  eountry, 
'  Kanie  de- 
J  imwcrful 


.^public  of  North  Amcr'ca.  Their  progress  in  weahh  and  population  was  in  (.'onsequence 
■)iiitc  unprpcedeiited  in  the  history  of  the  world.  The  white  population  of  the  colonies  had 
'iicreased  in  1V76,  at  the  couimnnrement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  to  above  2,()()(),000,  and 
ihc  value  of  the  exports  from  Great  Uritain  to  lliem  amounted  to  about  1 ,300,000/.  a  year  ! 

It  is  not  dillicult  to  discover  the  causes  of  the  uncxatnpU'd  prosperity  and  rapid  gro.v  th  of 
Mir  North  American  colonies,  and  generally  of  all  colonics  placed  under  similar  cireuni- 
stiiiii'es.  The  North  American  coloni.^ts  carried  with  them  a  knowkd>re  of  the  arts  and 
sciences  practised  by  a  civilized  and  polished  people.  They  iiad  liceii  trained  from  their 
inlancy  to  habits  of  industry  and  subordination.  They  were  praelieally  acquainted  with  tiio 
ln'iit  and  wisest  form  of  civil  polity  that  had  been  established  in  Europe ;  and  they  were 
(ilaeed  in  a  situation  that  enabled  them,  without  difliculty,  to  remedy  it*  dcfccU,  and  to  try 
cverj'  institution  by  the  test  of  utility.  But  the  thinness  of  tho  aboriginal  population,  and 
the  consequent  facility  of  obtaining  inexhaustible  su[>plies  of  fertile  and  unoccupieil  land, 
must  certainly  be  placed  at  the  head  of  all  the  causes  which  have  ]iromolud  the  rapid  ir.cica.so 
(if  wealth  and  population  in  llie  lj'nit<>d  States,  and  in  all  the  other  colonics  both  of  North 
nml  South  America.  On  the  fust  foundation  of  a  colony,  and  for  long  after,  each  colonist 
pts  an  ample  supply  of  land  of  the  hc^t  ijualHii;  and  having  no  rent,  and  ficarceiy  any 
taxes  to  pay,  his  industry  necessarily  becomes  exceedingly  productive,  and  he  has  every  means, 
ami  every  nintivc.  to  amass  capital.  In  consei|nence,  lie  is  eas^pr  to  collect  labourers  from  all 
i|imrlers,  and  i:i  both  willing  and  able  to  reward  tbern  with  liij;h  wa^os.  But  these  high  wni,'es 
itf.ird  the  means  of  accumulation,  and,  joined  to  the  jilenty  and  chcaymess  of  the  land,  spcidily 
rhangc  the  more  industrious  labourers  into  proprietors,  and  enable  them,  in  their  turn,  to 
|)Ccon)e  the  employers  of  fresh  labourers;  so  thut  every  class  particijiales  in  the  general  ini- 
(Tovcincnt,  and  ca|iital  and  population  advance  with  a  rapidity  hardly  conceivable  in  old 
ij(  Itled  and  fully  jxiopled  countries. 

It  has  been  frecjuently  said,  that  the  establishment  of  our  American  and  West  India 
rulotiics  was  a  device  of  the  supporters  of  the  exclusive  or  mercantile  system — that  they 
f.iunded  them  in  the  view  of  raising  up  a  vast  agricultural  poindation,  whose  commerce 
lihould  be  confined  entirely  to  an  exchange  of  their  raw  products  for  our  manufactured  goods. 
There  is,  however,  no  truth  in  these  assertions.  On  tho  contrary,  the  charters  granted  to  the 
founders  of  the  settlement  in  Virginia  distinctly  eiupowtr  the  coluiiisls  to  cttrrij  on  a  direct 
Infircowse  loith  foreign  stuten.  Nor  were  they  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  this  pern)i^sion; 
for  they  had,  so  early  as  1G20,  established  tobacco  warehouses  in  Midillebnrf;h  and  Flush- 
m;j. — {li(ibaiifou\f  America,  book  ix,  p.  lO'l.)  ;  and  the  subsequent  (irocccdingii  of  the  British 
(f'lvcriiment,  depriving  them  of  this  freedom  of  commerce,  weie  the  chief  cause  of  those 
t'isputes,  which  broke  out,  in  IC7C,  in  an  openrcbellionof  ominous  and  threatening  import. — 
{llitkrtsoii'is  Aiiiericu,  p.  M7.)  It  was  not  until  the  colonists  had  surmounted  the  difll- 
fuliios  and  hardships  incident  to  their  first  est;d)lishment,  and  had  begun  to  increase  rajiiiily 
in  wealth,  that  their  commerce  became  nn  object  of  importance,  and  that  regulations  v>cre 
funned  in  the  view  of  restricting  its  freedom,  and  of  renderin"^  it  peculiarly  advantageous  to 
the  mot! ler  country.  The  act  of  1650,  passed  by  the  republican  parliament,  laid  the  first 
fnundatiinis  of  the  monopoly  system,  by  coulhiinjr  the  import  and  export  trade  of  the  colonies 
pxclihively  to  British  or  colony  built  ships.  But  tiie  famous  Navigation  Act  of  16G0  (13 
diaries  2.  c,  IS.)  went  much  further.  It  enacted,  that  certain  specified  articles,  the  produce 
of  the  colonies,  and  since  well  known  in  comineree  by  the  name  of  cmiinerutid  articles, 
►liiiuld  not  be  exported  directly  from  t!ie  colonics  to  any  foreign  country;  but  that  they 
should  first  be  sent  to  Britain,  and  there  urdadcn  (the  words  <i'  the  act  are,  htld  upon  the 
i>ltiiie),  before  tlii'y  could  be  forwarded  to  their  final  destination.  Sugar,  molasses,  ginger, 
fustic,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  indij^o,  were  originally  enumerated  ;  and  the  fist  was  subsequently 
enlarged  by  the  addition  of  cotfee,  hides  and  skins,  iron,  corn,  luudn'r,  &c.  In  17:50,  the 
monopoly  system  was  so  far  relaxed,  that  sugars  were  perniittcil  ^o  be  carried  directly  from 
the  British  plantations  to  any  port  or  place  southward  of  Cape  Finistcrre;  but  the  conditions 
under  which  this  indulgence  was  granted,  continu'  il  so  strict  and  numerous  down  to  J  803, 
v.hoii  they  were  a  good  deal  sinqililicil.  as  to  render  it  in  a  great  di'grce  nugatory. — (Eduuirdjf^s 
West  Iiidien,  vol.  ii.  p.  'llJZ.ed.  1819.);  and  with  this  exception,  the  opiiressivo  and  vexatious 
ri\.lii('tioiis  on  their  direct  exportaliun  lo  foreign  cnunlries  were  maintained  on  most  of  the 
dtl'.er  enuinerutid  commodities  of  any  iniportanee.  down  to  the  leeeiif  idlerations. 

But  besides  compelling  the  colonists  to  .«(//  their  proiUiee  exclusively  in  the  English 
tiiarkels,  it  was  next  thought  advisable  to  oblig:'  them  to  Ijui/  such  fori  ii;n  iirtii  les  as  thi'y 
niif-hl  stand  in  need  of  «'ntiieiy  from  the  men  haiits  and  miiniifaetun  rs  of  England.  For  this 
purpo.se  it  was  enacted,  in  llifiS,  that  "no  cominodity  of  the  tuowlil,  pro'Iuetion,  oi  manu- 
I'aetme  of  Europe,  shall  be  imported  into  the  British  plantatimis,  but  sui  h  as  are  laden  and 
put  on  board  in  England,  Wales,  or  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  and  in  English  bnilt  sliiiqiiiig. 
whereof  the  master  and  throe  fonrthsol  thecicw  arc  Eiigli.sh."  The  preamble  to  this  statute, 
\vhieh  eHectually  excluded  the  ccdonists  from  every  market  for  European  produce,  except 
tliat  of  Eiiijland,  as^'igns  the  motive  for  this  restriction  to  be,  "  the  inaintaiiiing  a  greater 
concipoiideiice  and  kiiidncs!)  between  the  subjects  at  home  and  those  in  the  plaiitutions ; 


[  Jj  !« 


Mi 


:iH 


I!   i 


a 


f     ri; 


m 


COLONIES  AND 


keeping  the  colonies  In  a  firmer  depemlence  on  the  mother  country ;  making  them  yet  mote 
beneficial  to  it,  in  the  further  employment  and  increase  of  Eni^lisli  shipping,  and  the  vent  of 
English  manufactures  and  cohimodities ;  rendering  the  navigation  to  and  from  them  more 
Bafo  and  cheap ;  and  making  this  kingdom  a  staple,  not  only  of  the  commodities  of  the  plan- 
tations, but  also  of  the  commodities  of  other  countries  and  places  for  their  supply  ;  it  beiiij 
the  usage  of  other  nations  to  keep  their  plantation  trade  exclusively  to  themselves." 

It  was  also  a  leailing  principle  in  the  system  of  colonial  policy,  adopted  as  well  by  Eii;;. 
land  as  by  the  other  Euroj)ean  nations,  to  discourage  all  attempts  to  manufacture  huc'i 
articles  in  the  colonies  as  could  be  provided  for  them  by  the  mother  country.  The  hi«tory 
of  our  colonial  system  is  full  of  efforts  of  this  sort;  and  so  essential  was  this  principle  dwmral 
to  the  idea  of  a  colony,  that  Lord  Chatham  did  not  hesitate  to  declare,  in  his  plaie  in  par- 
liament, that  "the  British  colonists  of  North  Amoriea  had  no  nioHT  to  miiwifuctun  evma 
nail  fur  a  horses  fine.'" — (Erfwcrib's  West  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.  566.)  And  when  such  were  the 
ptiacttnents  made  by  the  legislature,  and  such  the  avowed  sentiments  of  a  great  parlianiontiiry 
leader  and  a  friend  lo  the  eoloniw,  we  need  not  be  sur[>rised  at  a  declaration  of  the  late  Ijorj 
ShcflicKl,  who  did  no  more,  indeed,  than  express  the  opinion  of  almost  all  the  mcrcliuiiiB 
and  politicians  of  his  time,  when  he  alFirmed  that  "the  oxit  use  nf  American  cxAimksor 
West  India  islands  is  the  aioxoeoLr  of  their  consitmption,  and  the  carriage  of  'hdr 
produce.'" 

II.      Inpioexck  or  thb  Mosopolt  op  thb  Colosv  TiiAnE. — Slaveht. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  enter  into  any  lengthened  dis()uiaition3  with  respect  to  this  pnrt  of 
our  subject  The  rules  by  which  we  are  to  form  our  judgment  upon  it,  are  unfolded  in  th« 
article  CoMMEacK.  Here  it  is  sufTicient  to  observe,  in  the  first  place,  that,  though  it  couM 
be  shown  that  restrictions  on  the  colony  trade  were  really  advantageous  to  the  mother  coun- 
try, that  is  not  enough  to  prove  that  they  should  lie  adopted.  In  d'aling  with  a  colony,  wd 
are  not  dealing  with  a  foreign  country,  but  with  an  integral  part  of  our  own  empire.  Ami 
hence,  in  order  to  show  that  restrictions  on  the  colony  trade  are  advantageous,  it  must  not 
merely  be  shown  that  they  are  beneficial  to  the  mother  country,  but  it  must  further  be  shown 
that  they  are  beneficial,  or,  at  all  events,  not  injurious,  to  the  colony.  The  advantnge  of  one 
part  of  tlie  empire  is  not  to  be  purchased  by  the  depression  of  some  other  part.  The  duty  of 
government  is  to  promote  the  prosi>erity,  and  to  maintain  the  eipial  rights  and  privileges  of 
all ;  not  to  enrich  one  class,  or  one  province,  at  the  expense  of  others. 

This  principle  is  decisive  of  the  whole  question.  Owing  to  the  identity  of  langun;^, 
manners,  and  religion,  the  merchants  of  the  mother  country  must  always  have  very  grent 
advantages  in  the  colony  markets ;  and  if  the  commodities  which  they  have  to  sell  be  about 
as  suitable  for  them,  and  as  low  priced,  as  those  of  others,  none  else  will  tie  imported  into 
thoin;  but  if  they  be  not,  it  would  plainly  be  to  the  injury  of  the  colony  to  compel  her  li 
buy  from  the  mother  country  what  she  might  procure  chea[)cr  from  others.  It  will  iniine- 
diately  be  seen  that  such  forced  s;\le  could  be  of  no  real  advantage  to  the  mother  country; 
but  whether  that  were  so  or  not,  its  mischievous  influence  upon  the  colony  is  munifcst. 
Were  Jamaica,  for  example,  obliged  to  import  any  article  from  England  which  cost  her 
100,000/.  a  year  more  than  she  could  procure  a  similar  article  for  elsewhere,  she  would 
manifestly  lose  this  amount;  and  though  it  were  true  that  every  shilling  of  this  sum  found 
its  way  as  extra  priifit  into  the  pockets  of  the  merchants  or  manufacturers  of  England,  that 
would  be  no  sufficient  justification  of  the  policy  of  such  a  sj.  lem.  The  protection  due  tiy 
a  government  to  its  subjects  does  not  depend  on  the  varying  ile[»reesof  latitude  and  iongiliulo 
under  VI' liich  they  ha|)pen  to  live.  It  vvould  not  be  more  glarin  rly  unjust  to  lay  peculiar 
burdens  on  the  Lothians  for  the  sake  of  Middlesex,  than  it  is  to  lay  them  on  Jamaica  for  the 
sake  of  England. 

In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  monopoly  of  the  colony  trade  is  of  no  real  use,  but  the 
reverse,  to  the  mother  country.  If,  an  has  been  already  observed,  slio  can  supply  her  colo 
nists  with  goods  a.s  cheaply  as  they  can  be  supplied  by  others,  she  will  have  no  competitors 
in  their  mnrkets;  nnd  if  she  cannot  do  this,  the  monopoly  is  really  hostile  to  her  int. 'rest?. 
Each  country  has  some  natural  or  ac(piired  capabilities  that  enable  her  to  carry  on  ceilaiti 
branches  of  industry  more  advantageously  than  any  "ne  else.  But  the  fact  of  a  couulry 
being  liable  to  be  undersold  in  the  markets  of  lier  culonies,  sh.iws  conclusively,  that  instead 
of  having  any  superiority,  she  labours  under  a  disadvantage,  as  compared  with  others,  in  t!ie 
production  of  the  peculiar  articles  in  demand  in  thu.ii.  And  hence,  in  ))roviding  a  lorcpd 
market  hi  the  colonies  for  articles  that  wo  should  not  otherwise  be  able  to  dispose  of,  wb 
really  engnge  a  portion  of  the  capital  and  labimr  of  the  country  in  a  less  advantageous  chan- 
nel than  that  into  which  it  would  naturally  have  flowed.  VVe  im|)res3  upon  it  an  artirifial 
direction  ;  and  withdraw  it  from  those  secure  and  really  beneficial  biisines-ios  in  which  it 
would  have  been  employed,  to  engage  it  in  business  the  existence  of  which  depends  only  on 
the  continuance  of  oppressive  regulations,  and  in  which  wo  are  surpassed  by  foreigners. 

Even  Wore  it  conceded  that  the  possessicm  of  an  outlet  in  the  colonies  for  gootls  that  could 
not  otlierwise  bo  disposed  of,  was  an  advantage,  it  is  one  that  can  exist  in  theory  only 


COLONY  TRADE. 


409 


Practically  it  can  never  be  rcallBed.  The  interests  of  the  colonists,  and  the  dexterity  and 
devices  of  the  Rniugfi;ler,  are  too  much  for  Custom-houde  regulations.  Cheap  goods  never 
fail  of  making  their  way  through  every  obstacle.  All  the  ty  rannicitl  laws  and  giiardu  castas  of 
Old  Spain  did  not  hinder  her  colonies  from  being  glutted  with  prohibited  commodities.  And 
we  may  be  assured  that  the  moment  a  competitor  appears  in  the  field  capable  of  supplying^ 
tbc  Canadians  and  people  of  Jamaica  with  cottons,  woollens,  hardware,  &c.  cheajicr  thun 
we  can  supply  them,  that  moment  will  they  cease  to  be  our  customers.  All  the  revenue 
otlicers,  and  all  the  8hi(i8  of  England,  supposing  them  to  be  employed  for  that  purpose,  would 
\x  unable  to  avert  this  result. 

The  consequence  of  tlie  American  war  ought  to  have  led  to  sounder  opinions  than  those 
that  are  still  current  as  to  the  value  of  the  monopoly  of  the  colony  trade.  Has  tho  inde[)end< 
ence  of  the  United  States  been  in  any  respect  injurious  to  us  1  80  far  from  this,  it  is  cer- 
tain that  it  has  redounded  materially  to  our  advantage.  We  have  been  relieved  from  the 
expense  and  trouble  of  governing  extensive  countries  at  a  great  distance  from  our  shores,  at 
tlie  same  time  that  we  have  continued  to  reap  all  the  aiivantage  that  we  previously  reaped 
from  our  intercourse  with  them.  It  is  visionary  to  imagine  that  we  coidd  have  succeeded 
eilhtr  in  preventing  them  from  establishing  manufactories  at  home,  or  from  importing  pro- 
ducts from  abroad,  had  any  one  been  able  to  undersell  us.  Our  command  of  tho  American 
market  df  pends,  at  this  moment,  on  the  very  same  principle — the  comparative  cheapness  of 
our  goods — on  which  it  dc|)ended  when  we  had  a  governor  in  every  state.  So  long  as  we 
preserve  this  advantage,  we  preserve  the  only  means  by  which  the  monopoly  of  any  distant 
market  can  be  maintained,  and  the  only  means  by  which  such  monopoly  is  rendered  of  tho 
least  advantage. 

But  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that,  because  restrictions  on  the  trade  of  colonies  can  be  of 
no  real  advantage  to  their  mother  countries,  they  arc  not  oflen  very  injurious  to  them  and  to 
the  colonies.  We  could  not,  however  anxious,  exclude  manufactured  articles,  and  such 
foreign  goods  as  are  valuable  without  being  very  bulky,  from  our  West  India  islands,  pro- 
videil  they  were  offered  cheaper  by  others.  But  such  is  not  the  case  with  lumber,  provi- 
sions, &c.  They  are  too  bulky  to  be  easily  smuggled ;  and  may  be,  and  indeed  are,  very 
much  raised  in  price  by  restrictions  on  their  importation.  For  many  years  past,  all  direct 
intercourse  between  our  West  India  colonies  and  the  United  States  was  interdicted ;  and,  in 
consequence,  the  planters  were  compelled  either  to  supply  themselves  with  lumber,  staves, 
&c.  by  a  distant  voyage  from  Canada,  or,  which  was  by  far  the  most  common  practice,  from 
the  United  States,  through  the  circuitous  and  expensive  channel  of  St.  Thomas  and  other 
neutral  ii>lands !  In  papers  laid  by  the  West  India  merchants  and  planters  before  the  House 
of  Commons  (No.  120.  Session.  18.31),  they  estimate  the  increased  expense  they  thus  in- 
curred on  lumber,  staves,  flour,  shingles,  fish,  &c.  at  15  per  cent,  of  the  entire  value  of  these 
articles,  or  at  187,570/.  a  year.  And  it  will  be  observed,  that  no  part  of  this  sum  went  into 
the  pockets  of  any  British  merchant.  It  went  wholly  to  indemnify  the  Americans  and 
others  for  being  obliged  to  bring  their  products  round  about  by  St.  Thomas,  instead  of  direct 
from  the  States. 

This  system  grew  out  of  the  American  war ;  but  it  is  due  to  Mr.  Pitt  to  state  that  it 
received  no  countenance  from  him.  On  the  contrary,  he  introduced  a  bill,  in  1785,  for 
reviving  the  beneficial  intercourse  that  existed  previously  to  the  war,  between  the  United 
States  and  the  West  India  islands.  But  being  opposed  by  a  powerful  party  in  parliament, 
and  by  the  ship  owners  and  Canada  merchants,  ho  was  obliged  reluctantly  to  withdraw  tho 
bill.  The  following  remarks  of  Mr.  Bryan  Edwards  on  this  subject  arc  as  applicable  at  this 
moment,  as  they  were  at  the  period  (1794)  when  they  were  written. 

"  This,"  says  he,  "  is  not  a  business  of  selfishness  or  faction  ;  nor  (like  many  of  those  ques- 
tions which  are  daily  moved  in  parliament  merely  to  agitate  and  perplex  government)  can  it 
be  dismissed  by  vote.  It  will  come  forward  again  and  again,  and  haunt  administration  in  a 
tiiousand  hideous  shapes,  until  a  more  lilieral  policy  shall  take  place ;  for  no  folly  can  pos- 
sibly exceed  the  notion  that  any  measures  pursued  by  Great  Britain  will  jirevcnt  the  Ameri- 
can states  from  having,  some  time  or  other,  u  ainimercial  infercnurse  ivitk  our  West  India 
'emtoriett  mi  their  own  terms.  With  a  chain  of  coast  of  20°  of  latitude,  possessing  tho 
finest  harbours  for  the  purpose  in  the  world,  all  lyin;?  so  near  the  sugar  colonies  and  the 
track  to  Europe,  with  a  country  abounding  in  every  thing  the  islands  have  occasion  for,  and 
winch  they  can  obtain  no  where  else  ;  all  these  circumstances  necessarily  and  naturally  lead 
to  a  commercial  intercourse  between  our  islands  and  the  United  States.  It  is  true  we  may 
ruin  our  sugar  colonies,  and  ourselves  also,  in  the  attempt  to  prevent  it ;  but  it  is  an  experi- 
ment which  God  and  nature  have  marked  out  as  impossible  to  suceced.  T/ie  prenenf  re- 
striiininsr  st/sleni,  is  forbidding  men  to  help  each  other,-  men  who,  bi/  their  ncce.ssitiis,  their 
elimiite,  a/id  their  pniduetiom,  are  standinir  in  perpetual  need  if  nutual  assistance,  and 
ubk  to  Kupphf  UP— {Hist.  West  Indies,  Preface  to  2d  ed.) 

We  have  also  thom;ht  fit  to  interdict  the  Wtjst  Indians  from  the  refining,  or,  as  it  is  tech- 
nically termed,  the  claipng  of  sugars.  This  is  one  of  the  few  manufactures  that  might  be 
advanlajteouslv  set  up  in  tho  islands.    The  process  adds  considerably  to  the  value  of  sugar; 

VoL.I.— SM  63 


■I.M. 


||i 

■1! 


!   i  !■ 


% 


\W 


m 


■\- 


'.\ 


ll 


i 


410 


COLONIES  AND 


li: 


i , 


and  it  migl'it  he  cnrricd  on  in  the  liuilJin^js,  and  liy  thn  hands  tliat  aru  roijuircJ  to  boil  the 
cnnc,  or  to  pnparc  the  raw  or  iniLscovadn  fiuj?ar,  luHtcad,  howevrr,  of  hoing  iillowrd  loroline 
thoir  siieafH  on  the  spot,  and  where  it  ini;<ht  be  done  I'or  a  tiurd  of  the  cxpcnKe  tliat  is  ri'iinirej 
in  Enslaiid,  tiie  |ilaiilerB  have  bren  pr(>hil)iti:d  from  uni;aa;in);  in  this  lirancli  of  imlustrv ; 
And  hiive  hev.n  obliged  to  export  all  their  sugars,  cither  raw  or  crushed,  to  EnKiand.  IS'oihinir 
can  cxi'crd  the  oppre^Miveiics!<  of  mich  a  regulation ;  and  what  ia  most  singular,  it  has  nut 
l)e(>n  enforced,  like  niOHt  rcgulalions  of  the  Hort,  in  order  to  bolster  up  any  of  the  leading  in- 
terests of  the  country,  but  merely  to  give  a  factitious  employment  to  a  very  small  class,— that 
of  the  sus^ar  refiners,  wh(Jse  natural  residence  is  in  the  West  Indies.  The  planters  and  mer- 
chants estimate  the  loss  caused  by  this  preposterous  regulation  nt  75,55U/.  a  year. 

The  distillation  of  spirits  from  sugar  has  cdy  been  occasionally  allowed ;  but  provided 
the  duties  were  so  adjusted  os  to  give  no  advantage  to  the  planters  over  the  growers  of  bar- 
ley, or  to  the  latter  over  the  former,  we  think  tliu  distillers  should  be,  at  all  times,  bIIowciI  to 
diiitil  indiscriminately  from  sugar,  molasses,  or  grain.  It  is  the  duty  of  government  to  take 
care  that  the  duties  be  so  arranged  as  to  give  no  unfair  advantage  to  any  party  over  anullu'r; 
hut,  having  done  this,  it  should  do  nothing  more,  'i'o  prohibit  distiliution  from  su.;ar,  tlmt 
a  forced  market  may  bo  opened  for  grain ;  or  distillation  from  grain,  that  a  forced  market 
may  be  opened  for  sugar;  are  interferences  with  the  freedom  of  industry,  for  which  no  i;oud 
reason  has  been,  nor  we  believe  can  be,  assigned. 

Tiie  interests  of  the  plaiiters  have  l>een  sacrificed  in  many  other  ways  besides  those  now 
pointed  out,  in  the  view  of  securing  some  illusory  advantage  to  our  merchants  and  ship. 
owners.  Perseverance  in  this  line  of  policy  is  the  less  excusable,  as  it  is  in  direct  opposition 
to  the  pri'nc'pk  of  the  measures  introduced  by  Mr.  Itobinson  (now  Lor.l  Goderich)  in  1823, 
and  Mr.  Iluskisson  in  18"i5  ;  and  sanctioned  by  the  le;>islature.  The  avowed  object  of 
these  measures  was  the  subversion  of  the  old  colonial  system,  and  the  repeal  of  the  vexa- 
tious reslriclions  laid  on  tho  trade  of  the  colonies.  "  If  we  look,"  said  Mr.  Kobinson,  "  to 
the  dominions  of  England  in  the  Eastern  hemisphere,  we  shall  fmd  tho  rcstiiclive  system 
lias  been  entirely  and  systematically  abandoned.  The  whole  of  the  East  India  (Company's 
territories  have  never  been  shackled  with  the  peculiar  restrictions  of  the  navigation  laws ; 
and  who  will  say  that  the  interests  of  commerce  and  navigation  have  siilTered  !  or  rather, 
wlio  will  dtnif  iJiat  Ihci/  hive  lucii  mttter'mllij  benefiltd  by  the  freedom  thej/  huve  injui/ed  ?" 
— '•  I  propose,"  said  Mr.  Huskisson,  in  183.3,  '•  to  admit  a  free  intercourse  between  all  our 
colonies  and  other  coimtries,  either  in  British  ships,  or  in  tho  ships  of  those  counlrios,  allow- 
ing the  latter  to  import  all  articles,  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  tlie  country  to 
which  the  ship  belongs ;  and  to  export  from  such  colonies  nil  articles  wliatcver  of  their 
growth,  produce,  or  manufacture,  either  to  the  country  from  whicli  such  ship  came,  or  to 
any  other  port  of  the  world ;  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  its  dependencies  only  excepted." 

Unluckily,  however,  the  conditions  and  regulations  introduced  into  the  bills  were,  for  the 
most  part,  in  direct  contradiction  to  the  principle  laid  down  in  the  speeches  now  quoted  ;  nor 
is  it  easy,  indcid,  to  conceive  for  what  purpose  the  latter  were  made,  unless  it  were  to  ex- 
hibit the  impolicy  of  the  former.  Among  others  which  will  subsequently  be  specified,  the 
act  of  1825  imposed  the  following  duties  for  the  express  purpose  of  securing  to  Canada  and 
to  British  ships  the  supply  of  the  \\'est  India  islands  with  food  and  lumber. 


TlUcof  Dtities  impinf>d  hvfiOeo.  4.  c.  114.  on  certain  Arliclfi  of 
I'rovision,  atnl  uC  VVimk)  ami  Luitibbr,  not  l)t;iii<  the  CliMwlli,  IV»- 
cliirtiori,  or  Mliusf.icturf  of  Hip  L'mfeit  Kini'iorii,  iinr«if  any  Rii* 
tisli  i*(»sew>i'in.  iniporteil  or  hmlr^ht  into  (he  llritUh  Pris.se5sions 
on  (he  Cnutiiitfiit  of  >  -u'b  Aii.crica,  ur  iu  tlie  Wei(  ImJie*,  (he  Ba- 
hauia  an4  Bemiuda  hUucii  mclt.(led. 

Provi'ioii%  vir.  L.    $,   d. 

W'ral.iliehiuhel  •  -  ■  •  -010 

Wht-K  fi'mr.  (lie  liam'l  •  -  -  .050 

Bralil  or  hilftllt,  Ihu  cirl.  •  •  •  -016 

Fli'ur  or  meal,  n.it  of  wheit,  thehsTTe!  •  -026 

FtM3,  \teAm,  rye,  calivancea,  oais,  tarley,  InJiao  corn, 

llitjliiuliil       .  .  .  •  .  .007 

RiiT,  (hr  I.OOO  Ilia,  nelt  nei;ht  •  -  -026 

Live  slock,  to  [-trceiil, 

Lunihrr,  viz. 

Shiiiili-<t.  not  heiti;  more  Ihan  12  luetics  iu  length, 

lli^  l,0"0        - 0    7    0 

S!)i'if>e«,  bf-'in^  more  than  12  inches  in  length,  the 

I.OOO 0  14    0 

Slaves  aiiii  lien  linzi.  vit 

11 -.1  ,i.ik,  Hie  l.ffJO 0  IS    0 

Whih'mk,  the  1,000 0  12    6 

Wmxl  ho'ins,  !ha  1,000  ■  •  •  -053 

Whi'f,  vpil»«,  aii'l  pitch  pine  lumber,  the  1,00(1  Tet 
ol  1  inch  lli.ilt  •  •  •  •    I     1    0 


I.  t.  if. 
Cher  wood  rnJ  Inmtier,  the  1,C00  feet  of  I  inch  thick    I    8  0 

Fish,  hccf,  pork,  iiiohihili'l. 

The  revenue  dei  ive^l  fr-im  these  and  the  other  dnt'M  imltricl  t  j 
the  act  of  Uii'i,  amounte'I  to  aljout  7.'i,(j00/.  a  year,  auil  tiie  clorgot 
of  rn'Ueiion  lnah..ot  (ii'.nOO/.: 

'i'he  oftW-lt  of  iheae  duiits  in  ariJin;?  to  the  prices  of  the  f«od  and 
lilnilter  importei  liy  the  )iliii1ers,  n  exltit^ej  in  (lie  fulinim 
sratenieiit  'if  (he  prices  of  some  of  (he  princioal  of  (he^ear-itl-s  iu 
(lie  L'liiieil  status  auJ  the  Cunlaiuul,  and  in  (Jauaila  nud  the  Tailed 
Kin^'toni  :  — 


Tlerrinrs  flVinisli)  at  the  I-land  of  St.  Thomas,  the  harrel 

Ditio  (British)  in  the  colonies,  the  barrel     - 

Mess  I'eef,  ill  lhiliit:ili<.jh,  the  harrel 

llit'o,  ill  the  I'nilel  KiiKlom, ditto 

P  irk,  in  Manil.'iir','ti,  the  iMrrel 

Di'lri,  in  the  I'li'lel  Kii'l 'in,  .lilio 

Ke.l  oik  st.tvus,  in  the  United  States,  per  l,(iO0       * 

Oillo,  a(  (iue''ec,  p.Tili(("    .... 

White  oak  ^(a  ves,  in  the  Uni'ed  States,  per  ditto    ■ 

Ditto,  at  liiiet'tc,  per  dill'j    • 

Flour,  in  the  T'nitwl  States,  the  tjirrel         -  . 

Ditt'i,  at  CJllelkV,  ditto  .... 

Shlnales,  ill 'lie  (■nile'I  Stales,  per  1,000      - 

Ui(to,  in  Canada,  per  ditto 


/..  I.  if. 


I  0 

I  II 

3  0 

4  0 
■.>  B 
3  S 
't  0 
7  •< 
6  to 

10  (i 

I  I 

1  5 

0  U 

0  IS 


The  United  States,  who  felt  themselves  aggrieved  by  the  imposition  of  such  oppressive 
duties  on  flour,  wheat,  and  lumber,  refused  to  accede  to  those  conditions  of  reciprocity  under 
v/hich  the  colonial  ports  were  to  bo  opened  to  their  ships ;  and,  owing  to  this  circumstance, 
it  was  not  till  the  end  of  1 830,  when  fresh  negotiations  were  entered  into  with  the  Uiiiti-d 
States,  and  it  was  agreed  to  modify  some  of  the  duties,  th'  t  the  West  India  colonics  derived 
any  sonsiblo  advantige  from  the  chan.'j.'s,  such  as  'iiey  were,  that  were  made  in  1825. 

Bui  notwithstanding  tlic  modifiLutioiis  intioduced  by  the  act  I  Will.  4.  c.  21.,  and  now 


COLONY  TRADE. 


411 


uirt-J  to  hoil  the 
iillovvi'd  ta  reliiie 
e  tlmt  is  rf(|uire(l 
It'll  of  inilusirv ; 
kIuiuI.  JS'oihing 
«iilar,  it  lias  not 
'  tiio  leadinij  in- 
nail  class,— tiiat 
aiilers  uuj  „icr. 
year. 

i ;  I'Ut  provided 
growers  of  bar- 
iiios,  allowed  to 
ernmont  to  take 
ly  over  aiiutliprj 
roin  sii'jar,  ijiut 
n  forced  market 
wliich  110  'i;ood 

sides  those  now 
laiits  nud  ship, 
ircct  oj)po.siiion 
icrich)  in  1823, 
owed  object  of 
ca!  of  tho  vexa- 
.  Koiiinsoa,  "  to 
stiictive  system 
liia  Com()any's 
Jvic;alioii  laws ; 
red  ]  or  rather, 
'luve  iiij(ii/ed t" 
lelwceu  all  our 
ounlriLy,  allow- 
tlie  country  to 
latcver  of  their 
hip  came,  or  to 
)ly  excepted." 
Is  were,  for  the 
iw  quoted ;  nor 
s  it  wnc  to  ex- 
c  specified,  the 
to  Canada  and 


I.  .1.  A 
I  mdi  thick    I   8  0 

hpr<Uif'M  inii)r;iH  [» 
year,  and  llie  iliirguj 

3riKs  of  thp  f  v>d  and 

ill-J     ijl    tllf    fo|,„A||i» 

).-il  of  these  ai'id.n  in 
iiiaJa  aud  llic  luilcd 

/..  I.  (L 

,  the  barrel      I    0   0 

•  I  II    0 

•  3    0   0 

-  4    0   0 
.•.'BO 

-  3    5   0 
,400 

-  7    S   4 

o  .       .  6 10  a 

■  10    C   2 

•  1     I    0 

•  I    5    5 

■  0  U   0 
.    0  IS   0 

jch  oppressive 
!il)rocity  under 

circiiiiistaiicc, 
til  the  L'liitiil 
lion  it's  derived 
n  1835. 

"i'i.,  aiid  now 


otnhoJicd  in  tho  act  .3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  59. — (see  pout), — tho  rcgulationii  uniler  which  tho 
colony  trade  is  nt  present  conducted,  are  in  tho  highest  detrree  olijcctionahle.  There  is,  for 
example,  a  duty  of  ."i,*.  n  barrel  on  all  flour  brought  from  a  foreign  country  into  our  posses- 
(ioM  in  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  and  also  into  Nova  Hrotii,  New  Hrunswick, 
and  Prinee  Edward  Island.  At  first  sight  there  seems  nothing  to  object  to  in  this  reg;uhition, 
cM-ept  the  imposition  of  the  duty  ;  in  point  of  fact,  however,  this  is  its  le.ist  objcctiouablo 
f.'atiire,  mill  is  used  merely  m,  a  pretext  to  conceal  its  real  object.  The  necessity  of  •  lising 
a  revenue  might,  in  some  degree,  excuse  even  the  imposition  of  a  duty  on  the  food  of  the 
colonists;  but  there  cannot  be  v  ..v,h  as  the  shadow  of  an  apology  for  taxing  it  for  the 
htnrfl  iif  another  elms.  Such,  ^o'wevtr,  is  tho  solo  end  and  purfiose  of  this  ingeniously 
contrived  regulation.  It  will  be  observed,  that  though  no  wheat  flour  can  be  carrieil  duty 
free  direet,  from  a  foreign  country  to  our  possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  or  to  our  posses- 
sions to  the  north  of  the  United  States  on  tho  Atlantic,  it  may  be  imported  liiity  friv  into 
Cnnnda,  where  it  is  not  needed  !  The  consequence  is,  that  a  large  proportion  of  (he  United 
States'  flour  intended  for  the  West  Indies,  instead  of  being  fihip[icd  direct  from  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  &c.  for  the  islands,  is  carried,  in  the  first  inslancc,  to  Montreal  and  Queliec, 
ami  is  theiiee  conveyed  in  Uritish  ships  to  its  final  destination.  The  duty  is  imposed  to 
force  this  trade ;  that  is,  to  make  the  food  of  the  colonists  be  carried  to  them  by  a  round- 
about course  of  more  than  2,000  miles,  in  order  that  a  few  hundred  pounds  may  \k.  forced 
into  tho  pockets  of  the  ship-owners,  at  an  expense  of  many  thousand  pounds  to  tho  eolonists. 
Such,  indeed,  is  the  influence  of  the  system,  that  there  have  been  instances  of  wheat  having 
been  carried  from  Archangel  to  Quebec,  landed  there,  and  again  shipped  for  Jamaica  ! 
Shingles,  lumber,  &c.  aro  subjected  to  the  same  regulations,  with  this  dilVerence  merely,  that 
thoy  may  be  imported  duty  free  into  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  &c.,  being  thence  car- 
ried to  the  West  Indies;  whereas,  by  confining  the  importation  of  duty  free  tlour  to  Canada, 
it  must  pass,  before  it  can  reach  the  consumers,  through  the  lengthened,  dilKcutt,  and  dan- 
gerous navigation  of  tho  St.  Lawrence. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  make  any  commentary  on  such  regulations.  None  more  objectiona- 
Ms  in  principle,  or  mischievous  in  practice,  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  worst  parts  of  the  old 
Siiaiiish  colonial  rt^gime. 

All  duties  on  and  regulations  with  respect  to  the  importation  of  articles  of  provision, 
lumber,  &c.  into  the  colonies,  ought  to  be  wholly  abolished.  Jamaica,  and  our  other  West 
India  eolniiics,  may  be  viewed  as  immense  sugar,  rum,  and  cotlee  manufactories,  which, 
though  situated  at  a  distance  from  England,  belong  to  Englishmen,  and  are  carried  on  by 
English  capital.  But  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  any  manufacture  without  injuring  that 
of  others,  there  are  no  means  at  once  so  obvious  and  efli'ctual,  as  to  give  those  engaged  in  it 
every  facility  for  supplying  themselves  with  the  materials  necessary  to  carry  it  on  at  the 
lowest  jirice,  and  to  keep  the  duties  on  its  jiroduce  as  low  as  possible.  This  is  the  sound 
and  obvious  principle  that  ought  to  liave  been  kept  steadily  in  view  in  legislating  for  the 
colonies ;  though,  as  already  seen,  it  has  been  totally  lost  sight  of.  That  the  system  of 
forcing  importation  from  Canada  may  be  advantageous  to  that  province,  we  do  not  prcsuma 
to  deny  ;  but  we  are  not  to  impoverish  one  part  of  our  dominions  that  we  may  enrich  another, 
raore  especially  when  it  is  certain,  as  in  the  present  case,  that  the  advantage  conferred  ii) 
trilling  indeed  compared  with  the  injury  inflicted.  In  other  respects,  the  operation  of  the 
present  system  is  most  pernicious.  Sugar  is  an  important  necessary  of  life,  and  enters 
largely  hito  the  consumption  of  every  individual  in  Great  Britain.  Surely,  then,  it  is  highly 
impoitant  that  every  means  should  be  res(ntcd  to  fur  reducing  its  cost;  and  as  we  have  ex- 
cluded foreign  sugars  from  our  markets,  the  only  way  in  which  any  such  reduction  can  be 
efl'ecled  is  by  abolishing  the  existing  restrictions,  and  allowing  the  planters  to  furnish  them- 
selves with  the  materials  necessary  for  their  manufacture  at  the  lowest  rate,  and  to  dispose 
of  their  produce  in  the  state  and  at  the  places  they  prefer. 

The  vexatious  regulations  now  alluded  to,  have  been,  for  the  most  part,  imposed  to  benefit 
the  niollier  country  at  the  expense  of  the  colonies.  There  has,  however,  been,  in  this  re- 
spect, a  reciprocity  of  injuries.  Being  obliged  to  buy  whatever  thi^  wanted  in  the  markets 
of  the  mother  country,  the  colonists  early  succeeded  in  obtaining,  what,  indeed,  could  not, 
under  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  be  denied  to  them,  the  monopoly  of  these  markets  for 
the  sale  of  their  peculiar  productions.  And  hence  the  high  discriminating  duties  on  foreign 
sugars,  cofli.>e,  timber,  <Scc.  Owing  to  the  very  great  fertility  of  the  colonies  of  Denierara, 
lierbicc,  &c.,  actpiired  during  the  late  war,  the  exclusion  of  foreign  siugar  has  not  latterly 
lii'en  so  great  a  burden  as  it  used  to  bo,  though  it  still  ofcasions  an  enhancement  of  its  ])rice, 
liut  there  arc  no  palliating  circumstances  about  the  discriminating  duty  on  foreign  timber. 
Not  satisfied  with  giving  the  Canadians  an  unfair  advantage  in  the  markets  of  ihe  West  In- 
dies, we  give  them  a  still  more  unjustifiable  advantage  in  those  of  England.  It  was  proved  in 
evidence  taken  before  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  that  timber  from  Canada  is  not  half 
BO  durable  as  that  from  the  Baltic,  and  is,  besides,  peculiarly  liable  to  dry  rot.  It  is  no* 
allowed  t't  be  used  in  the  building  of  ships  for  the  navy,  and  is  rejecteil  by  all  the  more 
ttspcvtable  house-builders :  and  yet^  ur.der  the  miserable  pretext  of  giving  cniployiuent  to 


1  i 


;<f 


1     i 


^1 


'  I 


!    hi 


i   I    ■ 


'r  I 


'   I 


\\ 


,  1 


!' 


\\\ 


t'J 


/  1 


I?   '  f 


«lll 


COLONIES  AND 


nw  mills  in  CanaJa,  and  to  a  few  thouBam]  tons  of  aJilitional  itliipplnK.  we  acltmlly  force 
tho  um  of  thia  worthleNs  article,  by  iinpoiting  a  ilixcriniinating  duty  of  no  \vaa  ilmn  4.)«,  a 
had  on  all  limber  from  the  north  of  Europe.  It  has  been  Hhown,  by  papcrn  laid  In  fore  par< 
liaiiiont,  that  were  the  samo  duty  laid  on  timber  from  Canada  that  itt  laid  on  timber  from  iho 
Haltic,  the  revenue  would  gain  l,600,0U0/.  a  year,  while  the  durability  of  our  aliipg  and 
hoUKea  would  be  doubled. — (For  a  further  ditcuasion  of  thii  lubjcct,  gee  Timiikii.) 

These  roHtrictiona  tend  to  render  the  colony  trade  a  source  of  lonti,  and  of  irritation  and 
t1iHi{ust  to  all  parties.  In  other  respects,  too,  thvir  inlluence  is  moat  pernicious.  80  ioni(  m 
tho  colonics  are  prevented  from  purchasing  lumber,  provisions,  &c.  in  the  chea()edt  maricts 
and  lis  their  trade  continues  subjected  to  regulations  injurious  to  thfir  interosts,  tlicy  are  jus' 
tifkHl  in  rexisting  all  ciforts  to  make  them  contribute  any  thing  cotiHidorabie  to  the  expcnsiM 
of  tho  armaments  required  for  their  protection.  "Attempts,"  said  Lord  I'almorston,  "  Imvo 
been  made  in  all  the  West  India  islands  to  induce  tlium  to  contribute  to  the  expunscn  of  tho 
cstabiishraonts ;  and  they  have  always  rcprescntid  thml  t/icir  ineaivi  of  duin/r  an  wne crip, 
plij  by  the  commercial  arrangements  nffhe  mother  country  ;  ihey  have  »uid,  'If  you  will 
let  UH  trade  aa  we  like,  and  collect  our  own  cunlom  duller,  and  so  an,  we  will  do  it' "  And 
no  proposal  could  be  fairer. — {Finance  Committee,  Evidence,  p.  146.) 

The  expcnjo  of  tho  colonies  is  a  very  heavy  item  in  the  national  expenditure — far  more 
so  than  is  generally  supposed.  Not  only  are  wo  subjected,  as  in  the  case  of  tiinber,  to  on. 
preKrtive  discriminating  duties  on  foreign  articles,  that  similar  articles  from  tho  colonies  inav 
enjoy  the  monopoly  of  our  markets,  but  wo  have  to  defray  a  very  largo  sum  on  aci!ount  of 
their  military  and  naval  ex|icnditure.  There  are  no  means  by  wliich  to  cstimutc  tho  ])rcciHo 
amoimt  of  this  expense ;  but  it  is,  notwithstanding,  obundanlly  certain,  that  Canada  and  tho 
islands  in  the  West  Indies  cost  us  annually,  in  military  and  naval  outlays,  upwards  of  a 
milllonandahalf  in  time  of  pence,  exclusive  nf  the  revenue  collected  in  them.  And  if  to 
this  heavy  expense  were  added  the  vast  additional  sums  their  defence  costs  during  war,  tlio 
dul)tor  side  of  a  fairly  drawn  up  colonial  budget  would  attain  to  a  very  formidable  magni. 
tude  ;  and  one  which  we  apprehend  could  not  possibly  be  balanced. 

In  entertaining  this  opinion  we  are  not  singular.  "  If,"  said  Lord  Sheffield,  "we  have  not 
purchased  our  experience  sulficiently  dear,  let  us  derive  a  lesson  of  wisdom  from  lln'  mis' 
fortunes  of  other  nations,  who,  like  us,  pursued  the  phantom  of  foreign  conquest  and  distant 
colonisation;  and  who,  in  tho  end,  found  themselves  less  populous,  opulent,  and  pawcrfui. 
By  the  war  of  1733,  which  may  be  truly  called  an  American  contest,  we  incurred  a  debt  of 
upwards  of  31,000,000/.;  by  tho  war  of  1755  we  incurred  a  further  debt  of  71,500,000/.; 
and  by  the  war  of  tho  revolt  we  have  added  to  Iwth  these  debts  nearly  100,000,000/.  more! 
And  thus  wo  have  expended  a  far  larger  sum  in  defending  and  retaining  our  colonies,  than 
the  value  of  all  the  merchandise  we  have  ever  sent  them.  So  egregious  has  our  impolicy 
been,  in  rearing  colonists  for  the  sake  of  their  custom  !" — {On  the  Commerce  of  the  Ameri' 
can  States,  p.  840.) 

But  our  object  is  not  to  excite  unavailin;;  regrets  for  bygone  follies,  but  to  induce  the  re- 
turn to  a  better  system.  The  repeal  of  tho  restrictions  on  the  colony  trade  seems  indispeiis,)' 
ble,  as  a  preliminary  to  other  reforms.  We  have  already  seen  that  tho  legislature  has  reco;T< 
nised  tho  principle  of  this  repeal ;  and  until  it  has  taken  place,  or  the  existing  rostrictiona 
been  materially  moditied,  wo  shall  neither  be  able  to  rid  ourselves  of  the  discriininatin!; duties 
in  favour  of  colonial  products,  nor  to  make  tho  colonies  defray  any  considerable  part  of  the 
expenditure  incurred  on  their  account 

If  there  be  no  room  for  surprise  at  the  complaints  so  constantly  put  forth  by  the  West  In- 
dians, there  is  very  great  room  for  surprise  that  so  few  attempts  should  have  been  mudc  to 
redress  the  grievances  of  which  they  complain.  Met  in  every  quarter  by  tlie  keen  and  ac- 
tive competition  of  the  Brazilians  and  Cuban.s,  who  have  been  emancipated  from  the  tram- 
mels of  monopoly,  and  [permitted  freely  to  resort,  whether  as  buyers  or  selleri^,  to  every 
market,  the  planters  in  tho  British  colonies  could  not  be  otherwise  than  depressed.  Tiiey 
have  been  made  tho  victims  of  an  erroneous  system  of  policy ;  for  there  is  nothinn;  in  tlio 
circumstances  under  which  they  are  naturally  place<l,  to  lead  to  a  belief  that  tiieir  dis.ve.sscs 
are  incurable.  Were  they  permitted  freely  to  supply  themselves  with  such  articles  as  they 
require,  to  refine  their  sugar  in  the  islamls,  and  were  the  exorbitant  duties  that  are  now  laid 
on  some  of  their  staple  products  adequately  reduced,  can  any  one  doubt  that  their  condition 
would  be  materially  improvetl  1  or  that  these  measures  would  not  equally  redound  to  tho 
general  advantage  of  the  public? 

The  colonics  being  integral  parts  of  the  empire,  the  trade  witli  them  should,  as  far  a.s  cir- 
cumstances will  permit,  be  conducted  on  the  footing  of  a  coasting  trade.  The  state  of  the 
revenue  requires  that  moderate  duties  should  be  laid  on  sugar,  colfee,  and  rum,  when  ini 
ported  into  Great  Britain  or  Ireland ;  but  the  duties  on  cotton,  cacao,  and  most  other  colonial 
products,  might  be  repealed  without  injury  to  the  revenue,  and  with  advantage  to  all  parties. 
The  system  we  have  hitherto  pursued  has  been  a  radically  ditlV.rent  one,  and  in  most  respects 
the  reverse  of  what  it  ought  to  have  been.     By  excluding  thu  colonists  from  tho  ciicapest 


COLONY  TKADE. 


413 


msrkeU  for  their  food  and  luralwr,  we  have  artindally  mi»cd  the  coat  of  their  produce;  and 
Ihcii,  to  protect  them  from  the  conHO(iunnceti  of  Bucli  nhort-nighted  imjIIcv.  we  give  tiiciii  ■ 
mani)poly  of  the  DritiKh  market !  It  is  thus  that  one  unjuNt  and  vicious  regulation  ih  Hure 
tugivo  hirth  to  othorH;  and  ttiat  thoio  wlio  de|>art  from  aound  principle  have  notliing  hift  l)ut 
to  endeavour  to  buUtcr  up  one  absurdity  by  anutlier.  It  is  time,  surely,  that  an  end  were 
iiiit  to  80  ruinous  a  nystcni.  It  u  as  much  for  the  interest  as  it  is  the  iluti/  of  Ent^lnnJ,  to 
ttiiiovo  all  restrictions  from  the  colonists,  not  essential  for  the  sake  of  revenue ;  for  l\m  is  tho 
only  mcau'i  by  which  she  can  provide  for  their  real  prosperity,  and  rid  herself  of  those  mono- 
jwIIps  that  form  the  heaviest  clog  upon  her  industry. 

VVc  hope  it  will  not  bo  8up|>used,  from  any  thing  now  stated,  that  we  consider  the  founda< 
lion  iif  colonial  Critablishrnciita  ns,  generally  H|M!aking,  inexpedient.  We  entertain  no  .s\ich 
opinion.  It  is  not  to  tho  cstabliHhment  of  colonies,  provided  they  be  plucod  in  advantageous 
litimtions,  but  to  the  Iranuncls  that  have  l)een  laid  on  their  industry,  and  the  iiitcrfiniMire 
cxcriiiHcd  by  the  mother  countries  in  their  domestic  concerns,  that  wo  object.  Every  iiidi* 
vidual  ought  to  have  full  liberty  to  leave  his  native  country ;  and  occasions  very  frca,iiciitly 
occur,  when  governmcntH  may  advantageously  interfere  to  settle  emigrants  in  fori^ign  coun- 
Iriff),  and  when  the  soundest  policy  dictates  tho  propri4>ty  of  their  supporting  nnd  nrotertlng 
them  until  they  are  in  a  situation  to  support  and  protect  themselves.  'I'here  can  be  no  (|ues« 
tioii  whatever  that  Europe  has  been  prodigiously  benefited  by  tho  colonisation  of  America, 
The  colonists  carried  the  arts,  the  sciences,  the  languug<>,  and  the  religion  of  the  most  civi- 
lized communities  of  the  Old  World  to  regions  of  vast  extent  and  great  natural  fertility,  oc- 
cupied only  by  a  few  niiserublo  savages.  The  empire  of  civiliiiation  has  in  ronseiiui'nce 
been  immeasurably  extended :  and  while  the  experience  atforded  by  the  rise  and  pro;rrcss 
of  comniuniticti  placed  under  such  novel  circums'.ances,  has  served  to  elucidate  and  establish 
many  most  important  and  fundamental  principles  in  government  and  legislation,  Eurupv  has 
licen  enriched  by  the  vast  variety  of  new  pro<!ucts  America  has  aflitrdcd  to  stimulate  llic  in- 
ventive powers  of  genius,  and  to  reward  the  patient  hand  of  industry. 

Hut  whatever  may  have  been  the  «dvantagea  hitherto  derived  from  the  colonisation  of 
America,  they  are  trifling  compared  to  what  they  would  have  been,  had  the  European  powers 
left  the  colonists  at  liberty  to  avail  themselves  of  all  the  advantages  of  their  situation,  and 
avoided  encumbering  themselves  with  the  government  of  extensive  territories,  3,000  miles 
distant.  Fortunately,  however,  a  new  era  is,  at  length,  begim — Ntwus  taxlurum  nascilur 
ordo  !  Tho  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  America  is  destroyed,  and  her  independence  achieved. 
From  Canada  to  Caj«  Horn,  every  port  is  ready  to  receive  adventurers  from  Europe;  and 
.'  boundless  field  has,  in  consequence,  been  opened  for  the  reception  of  our  surjtlus  popula- 
liuii,  and  for  the  advantageous  employment  of  European  arts,  capital,  and  tikill.  The  few  re- 
mains of  the  old  colonial  system  which  still  exist,  and  which  are  princi|>ally  to  be  found  in 
the  mercantile  policy  of  this  country  and  France,  cannot  be  of  long  duration.  Their  mis- 
chievous operation  is  no  longer  doubtful ;  and  they  will  disappear  according  as  the  know- 
ledge of  sound  commercial  principles  is  more  generally  difTused. 

Slavery. — Since  the  publication  of  tho  former  edition  of  this  work,  a  law  has  been  made 
which  will  elTect  a  radical  change  in  the  condition  of  society  in  the  British  West  Indies. 
The  abolition  of  the  slave  trade  has  been  consummated  by  the  act  for  the  freedom  of  the  un- 
happy persons  now  in  a  state  of  bondage.  The  statute  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  73.  enacts,  that  on 
the  1st  of  August,  1834,  slavery  is  to  cease  throughout  the  British  dominions,  and  that  the 
then  ex'jting  slaves  are  to  bccr,ne  apprenticed  labourers ;  the  term  of  their  apprenticeship 
partly  ceasing  on  the  1st  of  August,  1838,  and  partly  on  the  1st  of  August,  1840;  when  tlie 
black  and  coloured  population  will  become  altogether  free.  A  sum  of  20,000,000/.  is  to  be 
distributed  in  certain  proportions,  and  according  to  certain  conditions,  to  the  planters,  as  a 
compensation  for  the  loss  of  their  slaves. — (See  article  Slavks  and  Slav/.  Tuadk.) 

8uch  are  the  prominent  features  of  this  famous  statute,  by  which  the  British  parliament 
has  endeavoured  at  once  to  meet  and  satisfy  the  claims  of  humanity  and  justice.  The  pay- 
ment of  20,000,000/.  to  the  colonists,  though  not  more  than  they  were  fairly  entitled  to,  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  striking  instance  to  be  met  with  in  history,  of  a  resolution  to  vindicate  and 
maintain  tho  right  of  property  ;  and  reflects  as  much  credit  on  the  wisdom  aa  on  the  liberality 
of  the  British  nation. 

Nothing  but  vague  conjectures  can,  of  course,  be  indulged  in  as  to  the  future  working  of 
this  measure  in  the  colonies.  We  believe,  however,  that  tho^'e  who  have  contended  that  it 
will  not  be  productive  of  any  falling  off  in  the  industry  of  the  blacks  will  be  found  to  have 
taken  a  very  erroneous  view  of  the  matter.  Field  labour  in  the  West  Indies  has  hitherto 
been  always  associated  with  slavery  and  degradation,  and  lieeii  enforced  by  the  lash.  The 
fair  inference,  consequently,  is,  that  when  the  fetters  are  struck  oil'  the  slave,  and  he  is  left 
to  follow  his  own  inclinations,  he  will  be  desirous  of  escaping  from  what  he  cannot  fail  to 
consider  an  ignominious  occupation.  Necessity,  no  doubt,  will  prevent  him  from  becoming 
altogether  indolent ;  but  the  etfect  will  in  this,  as  in  other  instances,  be  proportioned  to  its 
cause:  and  necessity  in  the  West  Indies  is  very  ditt'ercnt  from  necessity  in  Europe.  Most 
articles  that  arc  here  deemed  indispensable,  would  there  be  positive  ciicutubranccs ;  and  those 
8if  2 


>    .1 


1 

<  ■  ■  ,1 

i  ■     "' 


!i, 


VH 


COLONIES  AND 


PMciitin!  to  Hubiiiiitciiro  mriy  l)i>  prnriirrd  with  lo«»  rortainly  tlmn  liiilf  tlm  l:iliour  hith<irto  ex- 
actnl  fiiiin  tliR  hIuvm.  At  «om<'  lutiiri)  poriiHl,  |icrlia|iH,  wlicii  thii  rocollt'ctiDn  "f  llii'ir.livr.i. 
(lotion  hiiM  b(<K(in  to  fitilo,  niu)  u  tiiHto  for  rnnvi'iiit'iiccM  rii>I  i(riitiru-(itii>n4  hiiit  lii-rii  iiitrMtlin'i.,] 
nni'innKt  thorn,  llicy  nny  Ixicomo  nioro  inilimtrimin  ;  hut  liiii)  i^  ii  iliMtuiit  niid  a  very  unccrtiiin 
|)mH|ii-ct,  V\'i',  thfrrlorc,  look,  Bt  firnt,  tor  a  very  miiHiih'rahht  (Ifclirio  in  tho  iiuhiHtrv  iit'ilio 
■lavi'H,  iind  II  ))ro;iiirtinii.il  riilliiur  oil'  in  tho  export!*  from  tliu  i.'iiaiufM.  It  will  kIvo  um  i)|i'iisiire 
•hoiild  our  aiiticipntioiiM  ho  (liNiippoiiiicii ;  niiil  nsHundly  we  tlo  not  Mtntii  ihoin  by  wuv  ot  oIh 
jot'tiori  to,  or  ilcthiction  Iroiii,  tin*  Rrpnt  iiii'iiMuru  of  cniiiricipution.  It  would  ho  lllOll^tr()^,^ 
to  Kiippo.<o  that  wn  riii;;ht  ri'taiii  aliovc  T.'iO.OOO  of  our  fi'llow-crtmturt'M  in  ii  Hinto  of  iiotul. 
oifo,  for  no  hc-ttnr  reason  than  that  MU^nr  mixht  he  Hcnt  to  England  Irom  Janiniru  or  iJiirlni- 
doPH,  rnthcr  than  from  India,  Java,  or  (Julia. 

For  further  information  on  thin  suhject,  wc  hept  to  rcfor  our  readem  to  un  articlo  on  dolii' 
null  i'liUn/,  in  >fo,  84.  of  the  EdinhurKli  Review,  to  tho  eiiapter  on  C^ilanita,  in  iSjr  Henry 
ParnellH  invahmhle  work  on  "  financial  Ueforin,"  and  to  the  Parliamentary  Paper  .No.  I'^ti, 
Sess.  18;M.  This  paper,  heincf  prepared  hy  n  coinnuttceof  WeHt  India  nierehanl:*  and  pjiiut- 
prs,  o<-cn8ionally,  probahiy,  oxagnerates  the  injury  they  ttustain  from  the  existing  reijuliiiioiiM; 
it  in,  however,  a  very  inKtruclive  and  valuable  dorumcnt.  Some  of  the  previouH  Ktatemcnls 
are  taken  from  the  article  in  the  l-Jifinhurirfi  Kti'i'cwi  but  we  are  not,  on  that  account,  liuWu 
to  the  charge  of  appropriating  tho  labouri*  of  otlierH. 


r.; 


!:l; 


I  ii 


III.    MAOXITUnE,    PoPUlATIOW,    ThADK,    KTC.    of    TIIK    BiUTISII    CoLOXIKfl. 

Notwithstanding  tho  loss  of  the  Uniteil  States,  tho  colonics  of  Great  Britain,  exclusivo  of 
India,  cxreed  in  number,  extent,  and  value,  tho*!  of  every  other  country.  Previously,  in- 
deed,  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  late  conteiits,  tho  colonial  dominion!)  of  Spain  far  exceeded 
in  extent  and  importanro  those  of  any  other  power.  Hut  Cuba,  Porti)  Hico,  and  tho  Pliilip. 
pine  Islands,  are  now  all  that  remain  to  her.  These,  indeed,  aro  very  valuable  possoddions, 
thouirh  inferior  to  those  of  England.  • 

(1.)  Niirlh  Amrriran  Coloiiie.i. — In  North  America  wo  possess  tho  provinces  of  Lower 
and  I  'pper  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Urunswick,  with  their  dependencies.  The  situa- 
tion and  boundaries  of  these  provinces  will  he  more  easily  luarncd  Irom  tho  inspection  of  the 
ocronipanying  map,  than  they  could  be  from  any  des<'ription.  The  ahorcs  of  .Nova  i^Jcotia 
and  New  Urunswick  are  washed  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  and  tho  noble  river  ISt.  Lawrence, 
by  its  communication  with  tho  great  American  lakes,  gives  to  Canada  all  the  benefits  of  a 
most  extensive  ii\land  navigation,  and  forms  a  natural  outlet  for  her  surplus  protlucc,  as  well 
as  for  tho  surplus  prmluce  of  that  part  of  tho  United  States  which  is  washed  by  the  lakes. 
There  is  every  variety  in  tho  soil  and  climate  of  these  regions.  In  Lower  Canada,  the  wmter 
is  very  severe.  The  surface  of  tho  country  is  covered  with  snow  (or  nearly  half  the  year. 
From  the  beginning  of  December  to  the  middle  of  April,  the  St.  Lawrence  is  frozen  over,  and 
affords  a  smooth  and  convenient  passage  for  the  sledges  by  which  it  is  then  covered.  But 
though  severe,  tho  climate  is  far  from  being  unhealthy  or  disagreeable.  Tho  weather  k 
generally  clear  and  bracing;  and  the  labour  of  artisans,  at  their  out-door  employments,  is 
rarely  suspended  for  many  days  in  succession.  On  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  in  the  latter 
end  of  April,  or  the  lieginning  of  May,  the  powers  of  vegetation  almost  immediately  reaunui 
their  activity,  and  bring  on  the  tine  season  with  a  rapidity  that  is  astonishing  to  a  strani;er. 
The  highest  temperature  in  Lower  Canada  varies  from  i)B°  to  103°  of  Fahrenheit;  but  the 
purity  of  the  atmosphere  abates  the  ojipressive  heat  that  is  folt  in  most  countries  where  tho 
mercury  ronges  so  high;  and  tho  weather  is,  on  tho  whole,  decidedly  [ileasant.  In  1814,  it 
was  ascertained  that  the  province  of  Lower  Canada  contained  about  335,000  inhabitants;  at 
present  the  numlier  may  amount  to  about  ■'580,000.  Tho  population  is  chiefly  confined  tj 
the  hanks  of  tho  St.  Lawrence. 

That  part  of  the  province  of  Tipper  Canada,  which  stretches  from  Lake  Simcoe  and  the 
rivers  'J'rent  and  Severn,  westward  to  Lake  Huron  and  the  St.  Cl^iir  River,  and  southward 
to  Lake  Eric,  and  part  of  Lake  Ontario,  has  a  soil  of  extraordinary  fertility,  capable  of  pro- 
dncinu  the  most  luxuriant  crops  of  wheat,  and  every  sort  of  grain.  "The  climate,"  says 
Mr.  Uouchette,  surveyor-general  of  Lower  Canada,  "  is  so  particularly  salubrious,  that  epi- 
demic diseases,  either  among  men  or  cattle,  are  almost  entirely  unknown.  Its  intluinee  on 
the  fertility  of  the  soil  is  more  generally  perceptible  than  it  is  in  Lower  Canada,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  Im5  congenial  to  vegetation  in  a  much  superior  degree.  'J'he  winters  are  shorter,  aiid 
not  always  marked  with  such  rigour  as  in  the  latter.  The  duration  of  frost  is  always  ac- 
companied with  a  fine  clear  sky  and  a  dry  atmosphere.  The  spring  opens,  and  the  resuin|). 
tion  of  agricultural  labours  takes  place,  from  C  weeks  to  2  months  earlier  than  in  tho  neij;U 
bourhood  of  Quebec.  Tho  summer  heats  rarely  .prevail  to  excess,  ami  tho  autumns  are 
usually  very  friendly  to  the  harvests,  ond  favodrable  for  securing  all  the  late  crops."- 
{Bnuchctte's  Topographical  Description  of  Canada,  p.  595.)  The  ground  on  tho  shores 
of  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake  Erie,  as  far  west  as  the  junction  of  the  Thames  with  the  St.  Clait 
Lake,  is  laid  out  in  townships,  and  partly  settled.    But  the  population  is  so  very  thin  as 


COLONY  TRADE. 


41S 


not,  on  an  nvcrn)^,  io  nmotint  to  mnro  tlmn  tinfn/i/  pcmoim  to  n  nqtmro  mile,  in  urttlpJ 
tawnMlii|)'*;  vvhilu  llio  furtility  uf  ihcmiil  in  mirli,  tliiit  120  |ii>ri«iiii  tii  n  M.|ii:irit  mild  wniilil  not 
he  *  ili'iiM'  |Hi|iuliilii)n,  To  the  nortli  of  tl\<'  Kivrr  'rhiitiicri,  iiUiiir  tlio  ImiikH  of  lh»'  Mr,  ( !|nir, 
and  tlio  uliorcH  of  I.iiko  Huron,  round  to  iht^  Uivrr  Hfvcrii,  luul  ihctico  to  the  river  tlint  joitiii 
Lake  NippiiMinK  niiJ  Iiuko  Huron,  in  a  iiouiniii^H.-i  rxtont  of  coiitilry  tikiit  U  iiiiuoHt  nitirciy 
umKru|)ii'(l.  Tho  interior  of  thiw  Kpiire  hiiH  hitliprto  Iipimi  hot  iiii|ii'rr>Ttly  nx|)h>ro(l ;  Ixit  the 
bank"  of  tho  St.  CInir  and  the  nhorci  of  I,iil<p  Huron  nironi  the  fluent  •<itimti(iut  for  settle- 
niiMil*.  Tlio  Noil  M  in  many  plareH  of  llio  |{re;iteHl  fertility,  the  river  iiuil  liike  teem  with  fiHh, 
iikI  every  viiriely  of  the  bcHttimhrr  iH  found  in  the  t;rent4'«t  profusion.  In  17HH,  tlie  nettlerit 
in  I'pper  (i^aniula  wore  CHtiinitlcd  at  only  lO.OOO;  in  1H25  ttiey  ainouuled  to  upwiirdrt  of 
157,000 ;  nnd  now  amount,  aecordint^  to  Mr,  M'fSrcnor,  to  uliove  :)()0,0U0 :  ii  miiMTiilil^f' 
•mall  populiition  for  n  rountry  that  could  rnriily  Nuppurt  maiiy  millinns  of  inhiihitaiita  in  a 
«(at(i  of  the  Rreatent  comfort. 

The  wintwrg  in  the  province*  of  Nova  Scotia  nnd  New  TlruuHwielt  arc  more  novero  than  in 
lfpp<'r  ('aiiada,  and  they  arc  n  good  deal  inttrntetl  with  t'o!i;«  and  inixtH,  Ihit  their  proximity 
to  Kiiglaud,  and  their  favourable  aituutiun  for  tho  liithinK  huHincsft,  give  them  consiJerahlo 
tJvnntaseM. 

Ill  aililition  to  the  above,  wo  poHspsg  the  Hudson'K  Bay  territory, — a  trart  of  va't  extent, 
hut  Hituated  in  on  inhospitahlu  climuto,  and  worth  very  lillio  except  a.t  hunting  xroundfl. 
Wo  aliio  poRgcM  tho  large  iilanda  of  Newfoundland  and  (/a|Mf  Dretoii ;  hut  the  Moil  1.4  bar- 
rrn,  and  the  climate  severe  and  foggy ;  «o  that  thi<y  are  valuable  priiieipally  ax  liiihin^  «ta> 
tiuns. 

Wo  extract  from  tho  valuable  work  of  Mr.  MOregor  on  UritiHh  North  America  (2d  cd. 
vol,  ii.  p.  589.^  tho  followinflf  Btatistical  Table,  reprexeuting  the  population,  stock  of  cattle, 
cultivated  land,  &c.  in  tho  dilTerent  provinces  in  1832: — 


tiiliatilunti. 

Hf»r«i, 

Ifnic-. 

Sllfrp, 

Arrfi  fuHJ- 

ITppcr  Canada     ... 
Canada     .           .           .           - 

New  lining w((lt  -           .           - 

Niiva  Hcolia        ... 
PrIiiiB  IMward  Inland    - 
Newfoundland  and  Labrador    . 

.110,000 

SMO.noo 
110,000 

10(1,(100 

as.ooo 
70,000 

3i,;wo 
1-*,.  .) 

10,0110 
4,,10() 

noo 

SI  t,otis 

4 10,000 
H7,000 
1  M,70rt 

.12,000 
8,000 

S'iO.OOO 
,1'iO,OllO 

nr),ooo 
(tK,aii 
.10,000 
10,000 

•210.000 
010,000 
l(l.'i,0(M) 
234,fl.'.H 
.|,'H,0()0 
10,000 

l.hOO.OOO 
2,IU.-),000 

:m.i,ooo 

3»H.tl«4 
I.IO.OOO 
45.000 

Total 

1,307,000 

100,  IHO 

020,488 

770,214 

1,217,6.18 

4,913.<I(H 

Number  uf  F.mtgrnnli.- 

Iiidlvldiiall, 
189^  8,741 

ISyl         12,818 
1S27  12,(148 


-Tliere  emigrated  to  the  British  Colonica  In  Nortli  America  In 


IndlvlduaU. 
1831  .W,0(i7 

1838  (".0.330 

(Pnrl.  Paper,  No,  O'W.  Segs.  1833.) 

—  (For  the  total  emigration  from 


IndividimU. 

1828  12,0H1 

l>i2U  13,307 

18;m  30,574 

or  Hipue,  tliR  Kfont  majority  have  been  destined  fur  Upper  Canada 
the  United  Kingdom,  rhb  PAsaiiNOEnfi.) 

Information  for  Emigrants  In  Br'ithh  North  America. — In  the  latter  part  of  1831,  a  set 
of  conimiasioners  were  appointed  by  government  for  the  purpose  of  diRustitig  plans  of  emi- 
gration, procuring  information  useful  for  ■emigrants,  &c.  On  tho  9th  of  February,  1833, 
they  issued  tho  foUiwing  paper,  tho  statements  in  which  may  be,  consoi^ucntly,  regarded  aa 
quite  authentic. 

Colomnl  Office,  Olh  of  February,  1832. 

TliP  otiject  of  the  present  notice  is  to  nfflird  such  Infurinntion  n*  In  likely  to  he  useful  to  pernors  who 
desire  either  to  emigrate,  nr  to  nsfiUt  othern  to  emiernte,  to  the  l)rlli>>h  posHecMiiuis  in  Norlli  America. 

In  the  first  place,  it  seems  desirable  to  detlnc  the  nature  of  tlie  UMnistnnce  to  l)e  expected  from  go- 
vernment by  persons  proceeding  to  these  colonies.  No  pecuiiiarv  aid  will  be  iilliiweil  by  itnvernment 
toi'initrrants  to  the  North  American  cobmles  ;  nor  afler  their  arrival  will  they  receive  c'raiiti)  of  land, 
or  cil'lH  of  timls,  or  a  supply  of  provisions.  Ilopes  of  alt  these  tbliifTM  have  been  Hoioitinies  helit  out 
to  eaiisrants  by  speculators  In  this  country,  desirous  of  niakiiis  a  iirnfit  by  tlicir  coiiveyiinco  to  North 
America,  nnd  willing  fur  that  purpose  to  delude  them  with  iiiil'nuniled  expectations,  reirardliiss  of  their 
siiliscquent  disappointment.  But  the  wish  of  Boverniiieni  is  to  furnisli  those  who  emiiiiate  with  a 
real  knowledge  of  the  circumstnncca  they  will  tind  in  llw  couiitriis  to  wliich  they  are  going. 

No  assiatnncB  of  the  extraordinary  extent  above  described  Is  allowed, 'l)ecause,  in  colonies,  whuro 
thnse  who  de.^ire  to  work  cannot  full  to  do  well  fur  Iheni.^elveH,  iioiie  such  is  needed,  i.and,  indeed, 
nscil  tormerly  to  be  granted  erntuitoiisly  ;  but  when  it  was  taken  liy  poor  i>eople,  they  found  that  they 
Imil  not  the  nienns  of  living  during  tho  interval  iHTessury  to  raise  their  crops  ;  and  further,  that  they 
knew  not  enough  of  the  manner  of  farming  in  the  coloiiies,  to  make  any  proiress.  Afler  all,  thcrn- 
foro,  they  were  obllL'ed  to  work  tVir  wages,  until  they  ccuild  make  a  few  savinUH,  nnd  could  learn  a 
lillle  of  the  way  of  farming  in  Canada.  Hut  now,  bind  is  not  disposed  of  evcept  by  sale.  The  produce 
of  sales,  although  the  price  is  very  moderate.  Is  likely  to  become  a  considerable  fund,  which  can  bo 
turned  to  the  benefit  of  the  colonies,  and  therefore  of  tlie  emi.'raiils  ;  while  yet  no  Imrdship  is  inflicted 
on  the  poor  emigrant,  who  will  work  for  waees  jiint  as  he  diil  tieforc,  and  may  afler  a  while  ncquiro 
.and,  if  land  be  his  object,  by  the  savings  wliich  the  high  wages  in  these  coimiics  enable  him  speedily 
to  make. 

These  are  the  reasons  why  government  does  not  think  it  necessary  to  cive  away  land  in  a  country, 
wliere,  by  the  Inwness  of  its  price,  the  plentifuluess  of  work,  and  high  rale  of  wages,  an  industrious 
man  can  earn  enough  in  a  few  seasons  to  become  a  freeholder  by  means  of  his  own  aciiaisitions. 

The  land  which  is  for  sale  will  be  ojieu  to  public  competition,  and  of  cuuriie,  therufure,  its  price 


f 


t 


(  ': 


N,    1: 


in 


!■ 


.\ ,. 


i     ^: 


11. 


(■:;'::-; 


>  ti 


•■•  -i 


«l< 


COLONIES  AND 


mutt  depend  np«n  the  oflbrt  that  may  be  made  t  but  It  wiU  concrally  not  be  lolfi  for  leu*  than  from  U.  to 
Si.  per  iiure  ;  and  in  situntiona  where  roadv  liavc  been  ninde,  nr  the  ground  hiis  been  pnrtlnlly  clonreil 
the  cnminnn  prices  lately  have  been  7».  fid.,  lOu.,  and  I9«.  Further  pnrtirirlnrs  will  be  best  lenriipd 
upon  the  spot,  wliere  every  endeavour  will  be  made  to  meet  the  dUTeront  circumstancei  and  viewa 
of  diflerent  purchasers. 

Althnneh  government  will  not  make  any  gifts  at  the  public  expense  to  emijirants  to  North  America 
agents  will  be  maintained  at  the  principal  colonial  ports,  whose  duty  it  will  I)p,  without  fee  or  rewtirci 
from  private  individuals,  to  protect  emigrants  against  imposition  upon  their  first  laiuling,  to  acquaint 
them  with  tlie  duniund  for  labour  in  different  districts,  to  point  out  the  must  advantngeoua  routes,  aui] 
to  furnish  them  generally  with  all  useful  advice  upon  the  objects  which  they  have  had  in  view  in 
emigrating:  and  when  a  private  engagement  cannot  be  immediately  obtained,  employment  will  he 
■tfurded  on  some  of  the  public  works  in  progress  In  the  colonies.  Persons  newly  arrived  should  not 
omit  tu  consult  the  government  agent  for  emigrants,  and  as  much  at  possible  should  avoid  detoiitinn 
In  the  ports,  where  they  arc  exposed  to  ail  liinds  of  impositions,  and  of  pretexts  for  kerping  tlieni  ai 
taverns  till  any  money  they  may  |>ossesB  has  been  expended.— For  the  same  purfmse  of  puiirdiiie 
against  tlie  frauds  practised  on  new  comers,  and  of  preventing  an  improvident  expeiMHture  at  tiie  firM 
moment  of  arrival,  it  seems  very  desirnlde  that  individuals  who  may  wish  to  furnish  emigrants  wjih 
money  for  Iheir  use  in  the  colony  should  have  the  means  of  making  the  money  payable  there,  iristeail 
of  giving  It  into  the  hands  of  the  emigrants  in  this  country.  The  commissioners  fur  cmlgraiiim  are 
engaged  in  effecting  general  arrangements  for  this  purpose,  and  due  notice  will  lie  given  to  the  public 
when  tliey  shall  be  completed.  Atrents  for  emigration  have  been  appointed  at  Ht.  Jolm's,  St.  An. 
drew's,  and  Miramirhi  in  New  Brunswick,  and  at  Quebec  and  York  In  Canada.  On  the  wlinle  suh- 
Jcct  of  the  manner  of  proceeding  upon  landing,  it  may  be  observed,  in  conclusion,  tlmt  no  efTcirt  will 
be  spardd  to  exempt  emigrants  from  any  necessity  foi  dolay  at  the  place  of  disembarkation,  aiul  frum 
uncertainty  as  to  the  opportunities  of  at  onre  turning  their  labour  tu  account. 

After  this  explanation  of  the  extent  of  the  aid  to  ho  expected  from  government,  the  following  ciatc. 
ments  are  subjoined  of  the  ordinary  charges  for  passage  to  the  North  American  colonies,  as  well  na 
of  tile  usual  rates  of  wages  and  usunl  prices  in  tliem,  in  ordor  that  every  individual  niav  have  the 
me.-ins  of  judging  for  himself  of  the  inducements  to  emigrate  to  these  parts  of  the  British  (foniinions. 

/•(Wsii^e.— Passages  to  Quebec  or  New  Brunswick  miiy  eitlier  l)e  engaged  inclusive  of  provisions,  or 
«n{iuive  of  provisions,  in  which  case  the  shipowner  finds  nothing  but  wntnr.  fuel,  and  bed  places, 
without  bedding.  Children  under  U  years  of  age  are  charged  one  half,  and  under  7  years  of^  nge  one 
third,  of  tlie  full  price  ;  and  for  children  under  \'i  months  of  age  no  cliarge  is  made.  Upon  these  cnii- 
ditinns  the  price  of  passage  from  London,  or  from  places  on  the  east  coast  of  nreat  Britain,  has  gi  ne- 
rally  been  0{.  with  provislims,  or  3^  witliout.  From  Liverpool,  Greenock,  and  the  prmclpal  ports  of 
Ireland,  as  the  chances  of  delay  are  fewer,  tlio  charge  is  somewhat  lower;  tills  year  it  will  proliahly 
lie  from  3/.  to  !U.  I0«.  without  provisions,  or  from  4/.  to  51.  including  provisions,  'it  is  iKissible  tlmt  in 
March  and  April  passages  may  he  obtained  from  Dublin  for  35ji.  or  even  3()s.i  but  the  prices  always 
grow  higher  as  the  season  advances.  In  ships  sailing  from  Scotland  or  Ireland,  it  has  mostly  been 
the  custom  for  passengers  to  And  their  own  provisions  :  but  this  practice  has  not  been  so  general  in 
London  ;  .and  some  ship  owners,  sensible  of  the  dangerous  mistakes  which  may  he  made  in  this  mat- 
tor  thro'igh  isni^rance,  are  very  averse  to  receive  passengers  who  will  not  agree  to  be  victualleil  hy 
the  ship.  Tliose  who  do  resolve  to  supply  their  own  jirovisions,  should  at  least  bo  careful  not  to  l.iy 
in  nn  insufflclent  stock ;  30  days  is  the  shortest  pi'riod  fur  which  it  is  safe  to  provide ;  and  from  Lon- 
don the  passage  is  sometimes  prolonged  to  75  days. 

The  best  months  for  leaving  England  are  certainly  March  and  April ;  the  later  emigrants  do  not  find 
employment  so  abundant,  and  have  less  time  in  the  colony  before  the  commencement  of  winter. 

Various  frauds  are  attempted  upon  emigrants,  which  can  onlj^  be  elfectuully  defeated  by  the  good 
tense  of  the  parties  against  whom  they  are  contrived.  Bometimes  agents  take  payment  t'rom  the 
emigrant  for  his  passage,  and  then  recomtnend  him  to  some  tavern,  wbi-re  he  is  detameil  from  day  to 
day  under  fUlne  pretences  for  delay,  until,  before  the  departure  of  the  sliip,  the  whole  of  his  money  Is 
extracted  from  him.  This  of  course  cannot  happen  whli  agents  connected  wiih  rcspeclnWc  bonnes ; 
but  the  best  security  is  to  name  in  the  harcain  for  passage  a  particular  day,  after  which,  whether  nr  ncl 
the  ship  sails,  the  passenj^er  Is  to  be  received  on  board  and  victualled  by  the  owners.  In  this  manner 
the  emigrant  cannot  lie  intentinnaliy  iirought  to  the  place  of  embarkation  too  soon,  and  be  compelled 
to  spend  his  money  at  public  houses,  by  false  accounts  of  the  time  of  sailing;  fur  from  tlic  very  day 
of  his  arrival  at  the  port,  being  the  day  previously  agreed  upon,  tlie  ship  liecomcs  his  home. 

The  conveyance  of  passengers  to  the  British  posseissions  in  North  America  it  ro;:iiluted  liy  an  act 
of  parliament  (9  Geo.  4.  c.  21.),  of  which  the  following  are  the  principal  provisions  :— Ships  are  not 
allowed  to  carry  passengers  to  these  colonies  unless  they  be  of  the  height  of  5J  r'eet  between  decks; 
nnd  they  must  not  curry  more  than  3  passengers  for  every  4  tons  of  the  registnred  burden  ;  there  must 
bo  on  board  at  least  SU gallons  of  pure  water,  nnd  .'lO  lbs.  of  bread,  biscuit,  oatmeal,  or  bread  slulF,  for 
each  passenger.  When  the  ship  carries  the  full  number  of  pasHcugers  allowed  by  law,  no  part  of  the 
cargo,  and  no  stores  or  provisions,  may  he  carried  between  decks ;  but  if  there  be  less  than  the  cnin- 
plete  number  of  passengers,  goods  may  be  stowed  between  decks  in  a  proportion  not  exceeding  S  cu- 
hical  feet  for  each  passenger  wanting  of  the  highest  number.  Masters  of  vessels  who  land  passengers 
unless  with  their  own  consent,  ata  place  dilfurent  from  that  oriuinally  agreed  upon,  are  subject  to  a 
penalty  of  20{.,  recoverable  by  summary  process  before  'i  Justices  of  the  peace  in  any  of  the  Norili 
American  colonies. 

The  enforcement  of  this  law  rests  chiefly  with  tiic  officers  of  his  Majesty's  customs  ;  and  persons 
having  comidaints  to  make  of  its  infraction,  should  address  themselves  to  the  nearest  Custnui-liouse. 

Besides  the  sea  voyage  from  England,  persons  proveeding  to  Canailu  should  be  provided  with  the 
means  of  paying  for  the  journey  which  they  may  have  to  make  after  their  arrival  at  Quebec.  The 
cost  of  this  Journey  must,  of  course,  depend  upon  the  situation  of  the  place  where  the  individual  may 
find  employment,  orwherehemay  have  previously  formed  a  wish  tosellle;  but  to  all  U  will  pro.ialilybe 
useful  to  possess  the  followingre  port  oftlie  prices  ofconveynncc,  during  tlie  last  season,  on  the  route  from 
Quebec  to  York,  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada.  From  Quebec  to  Montreal  (180  miles),  bysteaiu-bont, 
llie  charge  for  nn  adult  was  6».  M. ;  from  Monlreul  to  I'rescott  (ISO  miles),  by  boats  or  baiges,  7*. ; 
from  Prescott  to  York  (8S0  miles),  by  steamboat,  7».  The  Journey,  performed  in  this  manner,  usually 
oei'upies  10  or  12  days :  adding,  therefore,  lis.  for  provisions,  the  total  cost  from  Quelioc  U  York  (a 
distance  of  .WO  miles)  may  lie  stated,  according  to  the  charges  of  last  year,  ut  W.  lU.  6((.  I'emous  who 
are  possessed  of  suthclent  means  prefer  to  travel  by  land  that  part  of  the  route  where  the  Iliviir  St. 
l/iwrence  is  not  navigable  by  steam-boats,  and  the  journey  is  tlien  usually  performed  In  (i  days,  nt  a 
cost  of  6i.  It  must  be  observed,  that  tlie  prices  of  conveyance  are  necessarily  fliicluating,  and  that 
the  foregoing  account  is  only  presented  as  sufficiently  accurate  for  purposes  of  infuruiHlion  in  this 
country,  leaving  it  to  the  government  at'eut  at  Qnebrc  to  supply  eiiiiiirnnis  witli  more  exact  piirlicu- 
lart.  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the  time  nt  which  they  may  arrive. 

Raits  of  Waget  and  Market  /'rices.— Tlie  colonies  in  Nortli  America,  to  which  emigrants  can  with 
advantage  proceed,  are  Lower  (Canada,  Upper  Canada,  and  New  Brunswick.  From  liio  reports  rn. 
ceived  from  the  other  British  colonies  in  North  America,  namely,  Prince  Edward's  Islaud,  Newfound* 


pj  tlmn  from  i,  m 

partinliycinare" 

be  t't'st  lenrnpd 

nncci  and  viewj 

N'Ttli  America 
mt  fee  or  reward 
nlng,  to  acquaint 
renu»  routes,  and 
fi  Had  in  view  in 
'loymeiit  will  he 
rived  ihonld  not 
avoid  deteminn 
keeping  tlieni  at 
lose  ofpHiirdini, 
Hture  at  tlie  firM 
>  emiKrants  wiih 
10  there,  instead 
emiRraiinn  are 
711  In  the  imblic 
Ji'lui's,  St.  An- 
nie whole  suh. 
at  no  effort  will 
-.ation,  Mid  from 

fnllowinR  stale, 
[nies.  Re  w,,i|  „, 

inav  have  tiie 
llsh  doM)ini(Mi8. 
^f  provisions,  rir 
and  bed  plac,i<!, 
cars  of  age  one 
■pon  these  tnii- 
itnin,  has  gme. 
inclpal  ports  of 
it  will  prohahly 
IHissihIe  Hint  in 

prices  alivayi 
las  mostlv  beoii 
"1  so  general  in 
>dc  in  this  mat- 
e  victualled  liy 
'oflil  not  to  lay 
and  ftoiii  Lon- 


COLONY  TRADE. 


41t 


!  and  person! 
.'nstoiii-hnuse. 
Irted  with  the 
Quebec.  Tlio 
ndividiialinay 
illpro.ialilybe 
(he  route  from 
ly  sleaiii-lniiit, 
r  harues,  7*. ; 
inner,  iisiially 
lec  tc  Vorii  (a 
TersoMs  who 
the  Itiver  St. 
n  (i  days,  at  a 
ling,  unci  that 
union  ill  tills 
!xucl  particu- 

nlH  can  with 
e  reports  Xf- 
i,  Nuwfound' 


lind,  Kora  Scotia,  and  Cape  Breton,  it  appears  that  they  do  not  contain  the  means  either  of  aflbrdiiii 
employment  at  wages  to  a  considerable  number  of  emigrants,  or  of  settling  them  upon  land. 

Upper  Canada.— From  a  comparison  of  all  the  documents  before  the  commlssinnera  for  emipation, 
It  appears  that  the  yearly  wages  of  labourers  in  Upper  Canada,  hired  by  the  year,  ore  from  27/.  to 
30;.;  that  their  monthly  wages,  in  difleri'nt  situations  and  at  diffrront  seasons,  range  from  U.  lOt.  to 
31. 10s.  per  month  ;  and  that  daily  wages  range  from  '2s.  to  9s.  0(/.  In  all  these  rates  of  wages,  lioard 
amt  lodging  are  found  by  the  employer.  Without  hoard,  daily  wages  vary  from  3s.  6d.  out  of  harvest 
to.V.  during  harvest ;  Ps.  3U.,  besides  provisions,  is  sometimes  given  to  harvest  men.  The  wages  of 
iiii'i'Imnirs  may  be  stated  universally  at  from  Ss.  to  7«.  (\d.  per  day. 

The  following  Table  e.xliibits  the  lowest  and  the  highest  price  which  the  several  artlclei  therein 
named  bore,  during  the  year  1831,  in  each  of  the  principal  districts  of  Upper  Canada  :— 


. '    •, 


,  fif 


418 


COLONIES  AND 


Loieer  Canada. — From  Lownr  Canndn  thfi  commUslonerg  for  emii^ration  hn vo  not  rocelved  the  ofllcial 
reporls  which  weru  r«(|uiri'<l  tVoiii  the  Nortli  Ameriunn  colonics,  for  the  piirpniio  nrcornpillti!^  the  pro 
■ent  statement.  They  helieve,  however,  thnt  the  rolhivvlng  account  of  the  prices  of  grain  and  or 
wages  may  he  relied  upon  for  its  general  correctness : — 

Wheat  -  -    per  bushel  ... 

Rye  .  .  _  ... 

Maize  -  -  —  -  -  .      • 

,  Otta  .  .  _  ... 

Wages  of  Inbournrs  -    per  day  ... 

Sliip-liiiildors,  carpenters,  Joiners,  coopers,  masons,  and  tailors  - 

J^eie  BrMiijwfrft.— The  following  is  a  list  of  prices  compiled  from  documents  sent  in  from  varloiu 
parts  of  New  Bruiiswicic :— 


». 

d. 

4 

6 

3 

0 

2 

6 

1 

3 

2 

6 

5 

0 

Wheal 
Maize     • 
Oili 

Kirlcjr    - 
Potatned 
Bulltr  (frmh) 
Dillo  (sail) 
Chei'M 
V.^z\       • 
Iiucks    • 

>'rj«U      • 
(teew 
TurkfvJ 
Hay 
Hlrliv      • 


per  bushel 


ptT  cwt. 
|>i'r  lb. 


per  dnren 
(ler  pair 


L.  I. 

0    5 


porlon    I  10    U 
—         10" 


d. 

L.  1.  d. 

0 

In 

0  10    0 

6 

0    .1    0 

6 

^ 

0    2    6 

0 

_ 

0    6    0 

.1 

_ 

0    3    0 

n 

_ 

0     1    0 

H 

_ 

0    0  10 

4 

_ 

0    0    7 

n 

_ 

0    I    0 

0 

~. 

0    3    6 

(i 

._ 

0    2    6 

n 



0    5    0 

6 

_ 

0  in  0 

II 



2  10    0 

0 

— 

1    3    0 

Bread 

B.-ef 

Muiton 

Pork 

Vual 

Flour 

.Silr  imrk 

Dillo  beef 

.Mall 

Rve  tlniir 

Ir.'dian  >lilto     * 

Oatnieil 

Sail  coJ 

I)iltt»  iinckarcl 

Ditto  alewivps 


L.  I.  i.        I,.  I.  i, 

per  4  lb.  loaf  0    0  10    to    0    I   u 

perslQne  0    3    3    —    044 

—  0    J 

—  0    2 

—  0    2 
per  100  lbs.  0  16 

per  barr-1  4  1 1 

—  3  0 
p«r  bimliel  0  G 
per  barrel  I    2 

—  12. 

Ptr  CVVl.  0    10      0      —     u    10    y 

per  ll2M}s.  0  10    0    —    OHO 

per  bind  0  17    0    -    10   0 

—  0  10    0    —    0  12   0 


4-040 

OJ  -  0    1   0 

•    -  0    .1   S 

—  0  I-  6 

—  5   5  0 

—  3  in   0 

—  004 


0  18   0 


Coals  are  sold  at  Sflo.  per  chaldron.  Honso  rent  is  from  .5/.  to  6/.  per  annum  for  families  occii|iyii;!; 
one  room;  and  for  families  onciipyinii  two  rooms,  from  (>/.  to  10/.  Common  laliotircrs  receive  I'rniii 
is.  to  Li.  a  diiy,  finilins  tliejr  own  snlL-iisteiice  ;  hut  wlicneniploved  at  the  ports  in  luinliTii,' vessels,  tln-jr 
sulisislenco  ia  found  for  them.  Mechanics  receive  from  5«.  to  7*.  Or/,  per  day,  and  superior  worltinun 
from  Is.  (ill.  to  10.1. 

TI;ion  the  fureu.iiiii;  statements,  it  must  be  observed  tlint  emigrants,  esoi'cinlly  such  of  them  iis  ara 
agricuKiiril  hihoiirers,  should  not  expect  the  liiirhi'st  wiiires  named  until  Ilic^y  have  liecnnieiicciislnimul 
to  the  W'lrk  of  the  colony.  Tin;  mechanics  iiioiit  in  ileniaiid  are  those  toiinectcd  wilh  the  b:isiiiessof 
house-building.    Shoemakers  and  tailors,  and  ship-biiildt'rs,  also  lind  abundant  cmiiloynieiit. 

Mr.  Buchanan,  hist  Majesty's  chief  a^entfor  the  supcriiitenilencc  of  emigrants  in  U|ipci 
Hiid  Lower  Canada,  has  issued  the  following  iiifonnntion,  dated  Quebec,  16th  of  July, 
1833, 

There  is  nntbiiii;  of  more  importance  to  etnifirantfl  on  arrival  at  Qtieliec,  than  correct  inforinalinn 
on  the  leadini;  points  connected  with  their  future  pursuits.  Many  have  sufT.tred  much  hy  a  waul  i,f 
caution,  and  Ity  listening  to  the  opinions  of  iiiteresleil  di^siiriii'i!.'  cliaraciers,  wlm  iVequenHy  ull'r  iliijir 
advice  uiHolicited,iiud  whoaremet  L'>'uerally  about  win rlV' and  laniliuiriilaccf!  frciiuiMitedby  strai]!;i'r3. 
To  (Tuard  emigrants  from  fiUinsf  into  such  errors,  they  should,  ituiiiediately  on  arrival  at  H.v.'- 
bee,  proceed  to  the  ollleeof  the  chief  aeent  for  etnicrants  in  Satilt-au-Malehit  Sipiei,  Lower  Tmvii, 
Wii^ 'e  every  information  requisite  fir  their  future  cuidance,  in  either  eettina  settlement  on  lauils,  or 
fibtaining  employment  in  Uppr-r  or  Lower  Cinaila,  will  be  olitaiued  ffrali.i.  On  your  route  I'roui  Qae- 
bee  to  your  destination  you  will  find  many  pi  itis  and  schemes  oHVred  to  your  consideration,  lul  litrii 
away  from  them  unless  you  are  well  sr>.tis(led  of  the  purity  of  the  statemonls.  On  all  occiiioiia 
when  you  Bland  in  miid  of  advice,  apply  to  the  government  aoenls. 

Eiiiif.'raiils  are  informed  ihal  they  may  retnaiti  on  board  ship  f"  hours  after  arrival  ;  nor  can  they 
be  di:prive(l  of  any  of  their  usual  accommodations  for  cooking  or  berthingiluring  that  perioil ;  and  tho 
master  of  the  ship  is  bound  to  land  the  emigrants  and  their  baggage, /cce  if  eipc-.i.sc,  at  the  usual  1  uid- 
ing  1)1  ices  and  at  seasonable  hours. 

fltoiild  you  reiiuire  to  change  your  Fnglish  money,  go  to  smne  respeetabl,-  merchant  or  to  the  liaul;s. 
The  currency  in  tlie  Canadas  is  at  the  rale  of  r)s.  the  ilollar,  and  is  called  M  ililixcurrnni  y  ;  at  pr.s'iit 
the  gold  sovereign  is  worlli  21s.  currency  in  Montreal ;  in  New  York.  f.s.  Is  calctilaleil  lor  the  ili  llir; 
hence  many  are  ileceived  wlien  hearing  of  the  rates  of  labour,  &c.:  5.<.  in  Canada  is  equal  to  s*.  New 
York  ;  thus,  S.^.  Now  York  cnrremy  is  equivalent  to  ."i.*.  Halifix  currency. 

Emigrants  wlio  wish  to  settle  in  Lower  Canada,  or  lo  oiii  lin  employment,  are  informe.l  that  mn.iiy 
desirable  sitiritious  are  to  he  met  witli.  Wild  lands  of  superior  quality  may  he  olitaiueil  liy  iiurcliis.i 
on  very  easy  terms  from  the  commissioners  oft'rown  lands  in  various  townships  in  Ihi"  pn'viin  e.iiii 
good  firm  lalioiirers  and  mivdiiinics  are  much  in  request,  pariicul  irly  in  the  eastern  lowns!iip,3.  v.ln^ro 
also  many  excellent  situations  nnil  inipri>ved  farms  may  he  purchased  I'roiu  private  propriiMor:!.  At 
the  Chambly  Canal  many  labouri'rs  will  find  immcdiati;  eniployment.  In  every  part  of  Upper  Cioi  i  la 
the  demand  for  labouicrs  and  mechanics  is  also  very  great.  All  lalMiiirini.'  e  rii",'r.ii!ls  who  rt  acli  Vir'i, 
and  who  may  he  in  want  of  immediate  einploym'ut,  will  be  pniviil'd  wiih  it  by  thi'  govirnment  'i'lis 
principal  situations  in  U|>per  (Iiiiada  where  arrangements  are  iiia{le  tor  localingeiuigraiils.  -M-.  in  the 
llithiirst.  Midland,  Newcastle.  Home,  London,  ami  Wi^slern  districts.  Settlers  with  meiiis  will  li;iva 
opportunities  of  purchasing  Crown  lands  in  several  parts  of  llie  province  at  the  iniuilhly  ."^'i  s. 
Information  ofwhiih  maybe  obtained  on  apnlicaiion  at  the  Crown  Land  Ollice,  York,  or  in  A.  II. 
Hawke,  Esq.  the  government  agent  for  emigrants  ttiere,  to  whom  they  will  apply,  on  arrival,  ibr  siitli 
further  advice  as  they  may  require. 

Emigrants  pnceeding  to  Upper  t^anada,  above  Kingston,  eilh-r  by  the  fttlawa  or  Ht.  LawrcifS 
route,  are  advised  to  supply  tliiMiiselves  Willi  provisions  nt  Montreali  such  as  bread,  lea,  siimr,  ami 
biltti'r,  which  th"y  will  purchase  cheaper  and  of  Ac^Mr  ^w/i/ify  than  along  the  route.  'I'll  y  ar'^  a!-ii> 
pariicul  irly  cautioned  against  the  \\!f(^  of  ard/nl  s[iirils,  or  driiiUiiig  col  I  rivr  w  il;^r,  or  lying  oa  me 
hanks  of  the  river  e.tposed  to  the  night  d  !ws  ;  they  should  pro(  cmI  at  one  t  from  tl;e  '■• 'iiiilin  il  al 
Montreal  for  Lachine,  8  miles  above,  from  whence  tliu  Durham  and  steamboats  start  for  I'ri^st  olt  ami 
Hytown  il  lily. 

E  nigratits  will  obtain  from  Mr.  .Tohn  Hays,  the  government  agent  at  Lachine,  such  adviie  anil 
assistance  as  they  may  require  ;  and  they  will  (Ind  there  a  einivenient  barrack  log  house,  \\  lien;  ilinso 
wishing  may  remain  for  lit ;  night,  and  avoid  exposure  and  oxp(Mise  of  lodgings.  .Mr.  John  I'alloii, 
the  government  agent  at  I'rescotI,  will  render  every  advice  and  assisiaiice  lo  emigrar:ts. 

Labourers  or  mechanics  dependoni  on  immediate  employment  are  ri'quested  to  |iri<eiMl  immedi  it^ly 
Oil  arrival  into  the  country.   The  chief  ageul  will  consider  such  pDruuug  m  ma)  loiter  ubuul  ihu  piJim 


COLONY  TRADE. 


419 


in  froni  varloug 


I* 


or  Ifinding  liByond  one  icetk  after  arrival  to  have  no  furtlier  claims  on  the  prnioctlon  of  his  Majesty** 
nj!i'iil9  Tiir  assistance  or  employment,  unless  tliey  have  been  detained  by  sidmess  or  some  otliur  satia- 
faclory  t  luise. 

The  ibllowing  information  with  respect  to  Upper  Canada  has  been  circulated  by  the  Ca- 
nada Company : — 

"  rersons  desirous  of  olitaining  employment,  and  having  the  means  of  emigrating  to  Upper  Canada, 
/liny  Kcl  work  nt  high  prices  compared  with  wliat  liiey  liave  tincn  iicciiKtoined  to  receive  in  tlii» 
cdu'iilry  na  agrlc\i1tiiral  labourers.  Tlie  wages  given  in  Upper  Caiiiiiln  iirc  from  S/.  to  31.  per  month, 
with  liiiard  nnd  lodging.  At  these  wages  tliere  is  a  constant  demand  fur  laiiour  in  <i\\  parts  of  Upper 
Cunnda  ;  and  llicre  is  no  doubt  tiiat  a  very  groat  number,  boynnd  tlmse  now  tliere,  would  find  cmploy- 
nieiil.  Working  iirlisans,  particularly  blacksmitlis,  carpenters,  liriikl.iyers,  niiiKon.s,  coopern,  mlll- 
wrl^lits,  wheelwrights,  shoemakers,  and  tailorsi,  get  high  wages,  nnd  are  u  ni  h  wanted.  Inilnstrious 
men  ni.iy  look  forward  with  contidence  to  an  Improvement  in  llieir  Kiluation,  as  they  may  save 
enoiich  out  of  one  season's  work  to  buy  land  themselves  in  uetlled  lownsliips. 

"I'rechDld  land  of 'excellent  quality  is  to  be  sold  at  S»-.  9d.  to  2(k-.  rurrency  per  nrre,  payable  ns  fol- 
lows;—One  lifth  of  the  purchase  money  to  be  paid  down  nt  the  time  of  making  choice  of  the  land  in 
Canada,  and  the  remainder  in  b  annual  payments  with  interest,  which  an  industrious  sutUcr  would  bo 
abli!  to  pay  out  of  the  crops. 

"Upper" Canada  is  a  Kritis'i  province,  within  n  few  week?' sail  of  this  country.  The  clhnate  is 
gnnd ;  all  the  fruits  and  vegetables  common  to  the  Kneli.-ili  kitchen  irarden  thrive  well ;  sugar,  for 
ilonicstic  piirpeses,  is  made  t'rom  the  maple  tree,  on  the  iuul.  Tlie  soil  and  country  possess  every 
rcqnisite  for  farming  purposes  and  comfortable  selMeinenl,  whi<  h  is  pnivcd  by  the  experience  of  the 
ninniirous  Industrious  emigrants  now  setlltMl  therf .  The  samples  of  I'ppiT  t.'aiiaila  wliiat  have  not 
been  e.xceoded  In  quality  by  any  in  the  Rril'sh  mr.rket  during  the  past  year.  'I'he  popul.itlon  of  the 
nrnvince,  which  is  rapidly  increasing,  consists  almost  e.\clusivcly  of  persons  from  (iri'at  Itrilaiu  and 
Ireland,  who  have  gone  there  to  settle.  The  ta.xes  are  very  triflinit,  and  there  are  no  tithes.  The 
expense  of  .tearing  the  land  ready  for  seed  is  about  4/.  per  acre  if  pal  I  for  in  money  ;  but  if  done  liy 
llie  purchasers  tliemsclves,  they  must  employ  part  of  their  time  ut  wages,  or  possess  some  means 
oltlii'ir  own. 

"The  expense  of  removing  from  this  country  to  Quebec  or  Montreal,  including  provisions  for  the 
voyage,  is,  for  grown  persons,  men  or  women,  from  (7.  to  "A,  nnd  half  price  for  chiblr''n  iin.ler  H 
jerirs  of  aao  :  if  the  parties  find  their  own  provisions,  the  pasKai;e  money  is  .U.  or  .S/.  10.».  for  an  adult, 
anil  in  propiirtion  for  children.  From  Ireland  ami  Scotland  lb."  e.vpense  is  considerably  less.  The 
expense  of  the  transport  of  an  adult  emigrant  from  (Inejiee  to  York  and  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  will 
niil  exceed  from  U.  to  II.  S.*.  tirf.  currency,  or  l^'.i.  or  19.^.  sterlina,  exclusive  of  provisions. 

"The  ('anuda  (?<uiipany,  to  encourage!  seitleno'nt  in  the  Huron  tract,  have  deterinined  for  this  yeai 
(1^:W)  to  allow  all  families,  settlers  in  that  district,  piirchasiiig  10(1  acres  or  more,  of  the  Company,  the, 
expensi's  of  runrnianrc,  at  a  slipnlaterl  rale,  frosii  Uiieliec  or  Montreal  to  the  he;id  of  Lake  Ontario, 
allowing  each  family  to  consist  of  2  adults  and  three  children,  by  dedurting  those  expenses  from  th.! 
sccnnd  instalment  of  the  purchase  money  of  their  farm.  The  present  pr:ces  of  land  iu  the  Huron 
•ract,  which  is  of  the  line.^l  quality  iu  America,  are  from  Hs.  M.  to  Ms.  provincial  currency,  that  u, 
irnin  IJ  til  2  dollars  pi'r  acre. 

"  The  Canada  (^'oinpany,  to  facilitate  the  transmission  of  money  to  the  Upper  and  F.ower  Provinces, 
will  receive  from  iniending  emigrants  any  depusits  in  l.omloii,  for  which  they  will  issue  letters  of 
rredii  on  their  aiients,  allowing  the  part  ies  the  full  beiiotit  of  the  r.ite  of  e.xcliani'e,  xvhicli  usually  ranges 
from  !<  to  10  p'^r  cent.  Pc'rsons  resilent  in  this  country,  de.^ir  on  of  ma!iiiij|  remittances  to  their 
frie:iils  in  the  Canadas,  are  aflonled  Ihe  same  facilities  and  advant.iges. 

'■I'lirtlier  informatio!i,  and  the  pajiers  distributed  by  the  Canada  Company,  maybe  obtained  on 
application  to  Ihe  secretary,  John  I'erry,  Esii. 
"London,  October,  1-<H3." 

The  following  e.xtract  from  the  Montrenl  Vailij  Adi'crlhr.r  of  the  -Ith  of  September,  183,1,  gives  tlio 
prices  of  tlie  principal  articles  of  Canadian  produce  us  under: — 


L.  s. 

d.     L.  a. 

a. 

L. 

a.  d.     L. 

a. 

</. 

Ashes,  pot,  1st  sort,  per  nwt. 

1     3 

r>  to  1    4 

6 

Grain  and  seed- 

pearl    -        -        .        - 

1    5 

0  —  1     5 

0 

Wheat,  W.  Canada,  per 

CO  lbs 

.0 

0    3  —  0 

0 

0 

Flour  and  meal  — 

mixed 

. 

0 

6    0  —  0 

6 

3 

Siiperline,  per  I'.lOlhs. (Canada 

)1  10 

9—1  11 

3 

red 

. 

n 

5  10-0 

fl 

0 

J'liie                ditto            ditto 

I     0 

6  —  1  10 

II 

Harley,  per  bushel 

, 

0 

3    4  —  0 

3 

6 

MiiMIIng        ditto           ditto 

»     7 

6—1     8 

0 

Indian  corn 

. 

0 

4    0-0 

4 

« 

Pollards          ditto            ditto 

1   a 

0  —  1    2 

6 

Oats               -        .       . 

, 

0 

1     6-0 

1 

H 

IiHli.'in  meal,  per  I6S  lbs. 

1     2 

6 

Peas  (boiling) 

. 

11 

4    9  —  0 

5 

0 

Oalnieal,  per  twt. 

0  13 

0  — 0  U 

0 

ria.x  se<ul,  jier  bushel 

- 

0 

0    0-0 

0 

3 

(2.)  \V):.<it  hidia  Cnbnles. — In  the  West  Indic.-i  wo  [ms'^c.s^  .laniaioit,  Barliadoc!,  St.  lAtcta, 
Antiijua,  Grei  tda,  Trinidad,  and  some  other  islimk,  exclusive  of  Deinerara  and  berbiee  in 
'South  America.  Jamaica,  by  far  the  larp;cst  and  most  viiliiniile  of  our  insular  po-ssessions, 
is  about  120  miles  in  length  and  4(1  in  mean  breadth,  containiii:'  about  ",800,(100  acres,  of 
which  from  1,100.000  to  1,200,000  are  supjio.ssd  to  lie  in  euiiivation.  Beinu:  situated 
within  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  the  lieat  in  the  West  indie.s  i.^  intense,  li;il  is  moderated  liy  tho 
sea  breeze  which  blows  regularly  during  the  ercaier  part  of  the  day.  'J'he  rains  make  the 
unly  distinction  of  seasons.  They  sometiincs  fall  \vith  prodi'iimis  iini^tuosity,  c;ivitig 
birth  to  innumerable  torrents,  and  luyini  all  the  l,»w  counlry  uinler  water:  i!io  trees  are 
green  the  wliole  year  round:  tliey  liave  no  snow,  no  frost,  and  iiut  ranlv  some  hail.  Tiie 
climate  is  very  humid;  iron  rusts  and  corrode;!  in  a  very  short  time ;  and  it  is  this,  jierhaps, 
that  renders  the  West  Indies  so  tinfrienilly  to  European  constitutions,  niui  produces  those 
malignant  fevers  that  arc  so  very  fatal.  Tlie  veRctalile  productions  arc  numerous  and  vain- 
able;  but  the  sugar  cane  and  tho  eotVcc  plant  are  incoinpaaibly  more  iiniiorlant  than  iIpj 
others,  and  constitute  the  natural  riches  of  the  islands. 

The  West  Indies  are  occasionally  assailed  by  the  most  dreadful  hurricanes,  which  destroy 
iii  a  moment  tho  hopes  nnd  labours  of  the  planters,  and  devastate  entire  idlan.ls.  Whole 
fields  of  sugar  canca  are  sometimes  torn  up  l)y  titc  roots,  houses  are  cither  tiirown  down  or. 


W 


\y,     :1 


m 


■n 


1 1   I 


I  :  ',; 


I  ''  )   '.' 


A<. 


m 


il 


,!l  ;;' 


11,; 


n 


I       «1 


i 


420 


COLONIES  AND 


unroofed,  and  even  the  heavy  copper  boilers  and  stills  in  the  works  have,  in  numerous  instantes: 
been  wrenched  from  the  ground  and  battered  to  pieces.  The  rain  pours  down  in  torrents, 
sweeping  before  it  every  thing  that  comes  in  its  way.  The  destruction  caused  by  such 
dreadful  scourges  seldom  fails  to  produce  a  very  great  scarcity,  and  not  unfrequcntly  famine; 
and  wo  are  ashamed  to  have  to  add,  that  the  severity  of  the  distress  lias  on  several  occasions 
liecn  materially  aggravated  by  a  refusal  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to  allow  importation 
direct  from  the  United  States  !*     This  was  the  case  at  Dominica  so  Into  as  1817. 

Jamaica  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1494,  and  continued  in  [)osscssion  of  the  Spa. 
niards  till  1655,  when  it  was  wrested  from  them  by  the  English.  Although  it  had  ihus 
been  for  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  under  the  power  of  Spain,  such  was  the  dradcniiie 
influence  of  her  coli)nial  system,  that  it  did  not,  when  wo  con()uered  it,  contain  1,500  white  in. 
habitants,  and  these  were  immersed  in  sloth  and  poverty.  Of  the  many  valuable  articles  which 
Jamaica  soon  afterwards  produced  in  such  profusion,  many  were  ihcn  altogether  unknown; 
and  of  those  that  were  known,  such  a  supply  only  was  cultivated  as  was  required  for  the 
consumption  of  the  inhabitants.  "  The  Spanisti  settlers,"  it  h  said  by  Mr.  Bryan  Edwards, 
"  possessed  none  of  the  elegancies  of  life ;  nor  were  they  acquainted  even  with  many  of 
those  pnratifrcations  which,  in  civilised  states,  are  cotisidered  necessary  to  its  comfort  ani) 
convenience.  They  were  neither  polished  by  social  iirtcrcourse,  nor  improved  by  education- 
but  passed  their  days  in  gloomy  languor,  enfeebled  by  sloth,  and  depressed  by  poverty. 
They  had  been  for  many  years  in  a  state  of  progressive  degeneracy,  and  would  probablv  in 
a  short  time  have  expiated  the  guilt  of  their  ancestors,  by  falling  victinis  themselves  to'tlie 
vengeance  of  their  slaves." — (Hist,  West  Indies,  vol.  i.  p.  297.  8vo  ed.) 

For  a  considerable  number  of  years  after  we  obtained  possession  of  Jamaica,  the  chief 
exports  were  cacao,  hides,  and  indigo.  Even  so  late  as  1773,  the  exports  of  sugar  amounted 
to  only  11,000  hogsheads.  In  1774,  they  had  increased  to  78,000  hogsheads  of  sugar, 
26,000  puncheons  of  rum,  and  6,547  bags  of  coffee.  The  American  war  was  very  injurious 
to  the  West  India  settlements;  and  they  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  be  still  suffering  from  its 
cllects,  as  the  independence  of  America  led  to  the  enactment  of  tho^e  restr'ictions  on  the 
importation  of  food,  lumber,  «S:c.  that  have  l)ecn  so  very  hurtful  to  the  planters.  In  1 780, 
Jamaica  was  visited  by  a  most  destructive  hurricane,  the  devastation  oicasioned  by  which 
produced  a  dreadful  famine ;  and  other  hurricanes  followed  in  the  imme<1iately  succeeding 
years.  But  in  1787,  a  new  era  of  improvement  began.  The  devastation  of  St,  Domingo 
by  the  negro  insurrection,  which  broke  out  in  1793,  first  dimiirishcd,  and  in  a  few  years 
almost  entirely  annihilated,  the  annual  supply  of  115,000  hogsheads  of  sugar,  which  France 
and  the  Continent  had  previously  been  accustomed  to  receive  from  that  island.  This  dimi- 
nution of  supply,  by  causing  a  greatly  increased  demand  for,  and  a  conse(]uent  rise  in  the 
price  of,  the  sugar  raised  in  the  other  islands,  occasioned  an  extraordinary  extension  of  cul- 
tivation. So  powerful  in  this  respect  was  its  influence,  that  Jamaica,  which,  at  an  average 
of  the  6  years  preceding  1799,  had  produced  only  83,000  hogsheads,  exported,  ui  1801  and 
1802,  upwards  of  285.000  hogsheads,  or  143,000  a  year ! 

The  same  rise  of  price,  which  had  operated  so  powerfully  in  Jamaica,  occasioned  a  similar 
though  less  rapid  extension  of  cultivation  in  our  other  islands,  and  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico, 
and  the  foreign  colonies  generally.  The  vacuum  caused  by  the  cessation  of  the  supplies 
from  St.  Domingo  being  thus  more  than  fdled  up,  a  reaction  commenced.  The  price  of 
sugar  rapidly  declined ;  and  notwithstanding  a  forced  market  wa^  for  a  while  opened  to  it, 
by  substituting  it  f»r  malt  in  the  distillery,  prices  did  not  attain  to  their  former  elevation. 
On  the  opening  of  the  Continental  ports,  in  1813  and  1814,  they,  indeed,  rose,  for  a  short 
time,  to  an  extravagant  height;  but  they  very  soon  fell  again,  involving  in  ruin  many  of  the 
speculators  upon  an  advance.  And  notwithstanding  a  recent  rally,  they  are,  and  have  been 
for  the  last  10  years,  comparatively  low.  The  full  seems  to  bo  entirely  owing  to  the  vast 
extension  of  the  sugar  cultivation  in  Cuba,  Brazil,  Java,  Louisiana,  &c.,  and  in  Deinerara, 
Berbice,  and  the  Mauritius.  From  the  facility,  too,  with  which  sugar  may  be  raised  in  most 
of  these  countries,  and  their  vast  extent,  there  seems  little  prospect  of  pri  es  ever  again  attain- 
ing to  their  old  level.  It  is  to  no  purpose,  therefi)re,  to  attempt  to  relieve  the  distresses  of  the 
planters  of  Jamaica  and  our  other  islands  by  tcnporary  expedients.  The  present  low  prices 
have  not  been  brought  about  by  accidental  or  contingent  circurnstanci's.  And  to  enable  the 
planters  to  contend  successfully  with  the  active  competitors  that  surrounil  them  on  all  sides, 
we  must  place  them,  at  least  in  so  far  as  we  have  the  means,  in  a  similar  situation,  by  allow- 
ing them  to  resort  for  supplies  to  the  cheapest  markets,  and  to  send  their  produce  into  Eu- 
rope in  such  a  shapt;  as  they  may  think  best. 

'i'he  devastation  of  St.  Domingo  gave  the  same  powerful  stimulus  to  the  growth  of  coffee 

•  It  ifl  stnteil  in  a  report  bv  n  cnmniiltoo  of  tlie  Asseinlily  of  .lanmirn,  tlmt  15,000  iien-roes  prrisliod 
between  llie  liitltr  end  of  I7'no  and  the  licpinnitig  of  l*iS7,  tlirniicli  fiiiiiine  oroiisinncd  by  harriciiiies 
•nil  the  itrohibition  of  inipnrtntioii  from  the  tliiiteil  S\a\m'.~  (.fUhtanh's  II  est  iKditu,  vol.  ii.  [i.  iil!;.) 
Tlinso  who  are  so  v«ry  fond  of  viliiperiitins  "  liard-lifarled  ocononiisra,"  as  Ihoy  ate  pleased  •».,  rural 
llinni!  wlio  advocate  tlie  rupniil  of  ojiprcsbive  rustritliona,  mutt,  wc  presume;  look  upon  occurrencci 
of  this  sort  as  merciful  dispensations. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


421 


(n  the  otlior  West  Tndinn  colonies,  that  it  did  to  the  growth  of  sugar;  and  owing  to  tho 
extraordinary  increase  in  the  demand  for  coflec  in  this  and  other  European  countries  during 
the  last  10  years,  the  impulse  has  been,  in  a  great  measure,  kept  up. — (See  Coffke.)  In 
17.53,  the  export  of  coff«H  from  Jnmaica  amounted  to  only  60,000  lbs. ;  in  1775,  it  amounted 
to  440,000  lbs. ;  in  1797,  it  had  increased  to  7,931,621  lbs. ;  in  1832,  the  exports  to  Eng< 
land  amounted  to  19,811,000  lbs.;  and  they  have  been  stationary  at  about  this  quantity 
for  Roine  time. 

We  have  already  seen,  that  when  Jnmaica  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards,  it  only  con- 
taincit  1,500  white  inhabitants.  In  1673,  the  population  amounted  to  7,768  whites  and 
9.504  slavos.  It  would  have  been  well  for  the  island  had  the  races  contii'.ued  to  preserve 
this  relation  to  each  other;  but,  unfortunately,  the  black  population  has  increased  more  than 
five  times  as  rapidly  as  the  white ;  the  latter  having  increased  only  from  7,768  to  about 
30,000,  while  the  former  has  increased  from  9,504  to  322,421,  exclusive  of  persons  of 
colour.  The  immense  preponderance  of  the  slave  population  has  rendered  the  question  of 
emancipation  so  very  difficult. 

Tlie  correspondence  of  the  slaves  in  Jamaica  with  their  emancipated  brethren  in  Hayti 
or  iSt.  Domingo  has  been  prohibited  by  a  provision  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  59.  §  55. — 
(.see  post.) 

The  real  value  of  the  exports  to  Jamaica  amounts  to  about  1,600,000/,  a  year,  being 
more  than  half  the  amount  of  the  exports  to  the  West  Indian  colonies.  U  should,  how- 
ever, be  observed,  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  articles  sent  to  Jamaica,  and  some  of 
the  other  colonies,  are  only  sent  there  as  to  an  entrepot,  being  subsequently  exported  to  tho 
Sp«ni-ih  main.  During  the  ascendancy  of  the  S])anish  dominion  in  Mexico  and  SlSouth 
America,  this  trade,  which  was  then  contraband,  was  carried  on  to  a  very  great  extent.  It 
is  now  much  fallen  olT;  but  the  central  situation  of  Jamaica  will  always  secure  to  her  a 
consiilerable  share  of  this  sort  of  transit  trade. 

Burbadoes  was  the  earliest  uf  our  possessions  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  the  most  easterly 
of  the  Garibbee  islands;  Bridge  Town,  the  capital,  being  in  Ion.  59'  41'  W.  Barbadoea 
is  hy  far  the  best  cultivated  of  all  the  West  India  islands.  It  contains  about  105,000  acres, 
having  a  population  of  about  16,000  whiles,  2,700  free  people  of  colour,  and  68,000  slaves. 
Il  exports  aliout  21,000  hogsheads  of  sugar,  of  16  cwt.  each.  Barbadoes  had  attained  tho 
acme  of  its  prosperity  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the  white  popula- 
tion is  said  to  have  amounted  to  about  50,000,  though  this  is  probably  an  exaggeration. 
But  it  is  only  as  compared  with  itself  that  it  can  be  considered  as  having  fallen  olV;  for 
comiiarod  with  the  other  West  India  islands,  its  superiority  is  manifest.  It  raises  nearly  ua 
niiich  food  as  is  adeqnate  for  its  supply. 

The  islands  next  in  importance  are  St.  Vincent,  Grenada,  Trinidad,  Antigua,  &c.  It  is 
unnecessary  to  enter  into  any  special  details  with  respect  to  them;  their  population  and 
ifiiJe  being  exhibited  in  the  Tables  annexed  to  ih;s  section. 

During  the  late  war,  we  took  from  the  Dutch  the  settlements  of  Denjorara,  Berbice,  and 
fissoiiuilio,  in  Guiana,  which  were  definitively  ceded  to  us  in  1814,  The  soil  of  these 
selth'mcnts  is  naturally  very  rich ;  and  they  have,  in  this  respect,  a  decided  advantage  over 
most  of  the  West  India  islands.  Their  advance,  since  they  came  into  our  possession,  was 
for  a  while  very  great ;  but  recently  their  progress  seems  to  have  been  checked,  and  their 
exports,  particularly  tliose  of  rum  and  coffee,  have  declined  considerably.  The  import-s  of 
f  ii;;iu  from  them  amount  to  about  a  third  of  the  imports  from  Jamaica.  The  rum  of  Deme- 
rara  enjiws  a  high  reputation;  and  of  the  total  (luantity  imiiorted  from  the  British  colonies 
anil  plantations  in  1832,  amounting  to  4,741,649  gallons,  Demerara  and  Berbice  furnished 
1,415,119  gallons.  The  best  samples  of  Berbice  coffee  are  of  very  superior  quality  ;  but 
the  planters  finding  the  cultivation  of  sugar  more  profuabb',  tho  imports  have  materially 
doi'lined  of  late  ye.irs.  In  1832,  they  amounted,  from  both  coloLiies,  to  3,449,400  lbs.  Con- 
siilerilile  quantities  of  cotton  were  formerly  exported  from  Guiana;  but  the  Americans 
having  superior  fac''  for  its  production,  the  planters  have  in  a  great  measure  ceased  to 
cultivate  it.     Cacao,  .     .  tto,  &c.  are  produced,  but  not  abuinlantly. 

These  statements  are  suflicient  to  show  the  importance  of  Demarara  and  Berbice.  Con- 
siilering,  indeed,  their  great  natural  fertility,  and  the  indefinite  extent  to  which  every  sort 
of  tropica!  culture  may  be  carried  in  them,  they  certaitdy  rank  among  the  most  valuable  of 
the  colonial  possessions  we  have  acipiircvl  for  many  years. 

Exclusive  of  the  above,  we  possess  the  settlement  of  Balize  en  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 
This  is  of  importance,  as  allording  a  means  of  obtaining  abundant  supplies  of  mahogany  ; 
but  it  is  of  more  importance  as  an  entrrpdl  tor  the  sup[)ly  of  Guatemala  with  English  m,i- 
nut'actured  goods. — (For  accounts  of  the  colonies  in  Australasia,  &c.,  see  Colu.muu,  Oafb 
or  Good  Hoi-e,  Pout  Louis,  SinNEr,  &c.) 

V.iL.  I.— 2  N 


i'l;!;^ 


i  It  I 


■'■  ill 


iifii 


.t  Hi 


ti 


:m 


:'!■ 


!  I 


422 


COLONIES  AND 


Aceniint  of  the  Qiiantitles  of  Ruitnr,  Rujh,  Mnlngsoi,  nnd  Coffe«,  Imported  into  the  United  Kinfdnm 
from  lliu  Weal  Iiiillcg  uml  the  Mnnriliiis,  am)  of  tlio  I'iirtii)ii8  of  tliuao  Quantities  uiitcrvU  fur  U(!> 


-^ 


i 


e-xpurtiition  In  1^34  nnd  \bM 

.—{Pari.  Paper,  No. 

S<J».,  HU8B. 

1S30.) 

Colrniiv  w}  ence 

Suifar  (urirvfliied.) 

Rum. 

MoIaa»H. 

Coffin. 

iii)i«rit.<i* 

is;!4. 

1S3;. 

IKJi. 

1833. 

1834. 

1(133. 
Cuil>. 

183.1. 
Lla. 

West  Iii.lit*. 

Cu'U. 

fiDlf, 

Gatlmtt. 

Oui;ri,j. 

fu'd. 

Aiiiltiia 

•J -I?,  177 

I74,«18 

71,U'> 

UT.nsi 

si,<e2 

75,9'5 

m 

3^ 

Riri..vlor<       . 

39l.-iT 

344,Hf9 

il,i:0 

1,79< 

6-.,3V1 

f.8,123 

77,S68 

67.S'i 

I>«)tiiiiiiai       -          • 

r.i.sTO 

2-..0I4 

27,76-1 

7,3»18 

2,V,0 

2,700 

683,41  2 

ll..ii7 

Qiriilldil          ■            • 

miM2 

I70.2W) 

847,049 

II-.'-M 

23,219 

8,747 

Ili,;l32 

J.t k*a          • 

l,2liJ-.J 

l,l4S7tO 

3,!i2l,0li7 

2,4  •» ',272 

2,K.9 

9b2 

l8,2C)',btU 

11,154,307 

,  Mmi  sprnU      • 

2ii,63l 

l<i,^6l 

1J|),JS0 

2(i.  I','2 

4,779 

l,"4'< 

_ 

Ni'vii 

»9,-W 

3'J,ttl7 

S3,2)'« 

39,31,6 

(i.4«a 

1«1 

_ 

_^ 

S'   Kid's 

l(o;n', 

87.614 

7!\l!fO 

107,101 

r,397 

7,S2a 

183 

SI.  l.uc.a 

63.3U6 

M,T44 

4,707 

10,972 

•2,mi 

«.0-i7 

96,004 

63,m5 

:»T.  Vincent     - 

213,0:7 

l9-,,0-i7 

93,3!I7 

IM),I>4 

!l3.Ki 

26,4.i5 

197 

1  'i'..biw 

7».ii18 

77,2..0 

27J.T'il 

21i»,7n^ 

11, uu 

B,!(«6 

— 

— 

T'ltioli 

21,';!ti 

I3,S2I 

3,473 

u.22(> 

— 

1,408 

~> 

Trir.iiiail 

339,015 

2,-9,303 

7,714 

9,5.16 

99,494 

84,640 

160,915 

33,060 

H^h:tiiiis 

4 

— 

— 

m 

— 

«^ 

46,579 

28^,166 

neniiU'Iu 





2 

33 

.~ 

._ 

„. 

Deiiirr.tra       •           " 

6*7,.W2 

701.376 

l,J73.6!>3 

1,873,243 

2-^.%7 

221,782 

I,48I,«<I0 

I.13M-,4 

iM-rlnce 

e0,6i)9 

12(>,IS6 

61,277 

113,411 

i:0,GU9 

6,223 

l,U4J,Ur8 

2,027,037 

li'twliirai 

— 

— 

4 

18 

— 

— 

163 

MAIRITIUS 
Total  liiiportatiotis     - 
Proportion  re-      J  W.I, 

M.i.ro 

5)((,7I2 

1 

201 

206 

61.7,627 
4,733 

701 

243,296 

4^9T,St,(i 

4,082. ')2I 

5,1I2,4M 

5,4A3I8 

6W,372 
2,078 

22,082,191  1  li,l(«,S7li 

12,313 

II.ISW 
1.7.)0  ( 

l,6:3,lfia 

1,G6H.203 

768,.M9  j      ci;;od 

The  duties  on  West  India  produce  entered  for  home  consumption  during  the  year  1835, 
yielded  about  6,700,000/.  nclt. 

The  exports  from  this  country  to  our  West  India  colonies  consist  of  coarse  cottons,  linens, 
checks,  hats,  and  other  articles  of  neg-o  clothin<r ;  hardware  and  r arthenware ;  staves, 
hoops,  coal,  lime,  paint,  lend ;  Irish  provisions,  herrinf^a  and  other  salt  fish  ;  along  with  fur. 
niture,  wine,  beer,  medicines,  and,  indeed,  almost  every  article  which  a  great  manufacturinj 
country  can  supply  to  one  situated  in  a  tropical  climate,  which  has  very  few  mechanics, 
and  hardly  any  manufactures.  Since  the  dejjression  of  West  Indian  property,  and  the  opoij. 
ing  of  the  ports  on  the  Sj)anish  main  to  ships  from  England,  the  exports  to  the  West  Indies 
have  decreased  both  in  quantity  and  value.  Their  declared  or  real  value  amounted,  as  appears 
from  the  following  account,  in  1834,  to  2,680,022/. 

Statement  of  the  Totiil  nnionnt  of  Trndc  Itetween  the  Unilod  Kingdom  nnd  the  British  WcBt  India 
ColoniCH,  in  each  yeiir,  from  1811  to  lb3l,  bolh  iiiclu.sive. 


Official  \ 

.-tint). 

Dt;ct.ire,l  Value 
of 

Eiporl 

to  tl-.c  OrMiih  Wf!l  Indies. 

ye-iri. 

Imrofts  fmm 

Ilrillsh  and  Irtsb 

Ihellriiijii 
WmI  ludicj. 

L:i'i.«li  and  Iristi 

HiYiliirp  ami 

Maiiufaciurei. 

Furt-tKii  :lnU 

Cnlnni.il 
MtrcKiiiiiise. 

Total 

t>f 

Ei|«irta. 

exii,iitt:d  tnthe 
Britlali  Well  Intiiel,   j 

i 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

18U 

fl.022,309 

6,282,226 

339.912 

6,222,138 

7,019,938 

1815 

9.1KI3,2«iO 

6,712,151 

453,030 

7,190,081 

7,218,057 

1810 

",''17.895 

4,.'-|81„'in9 

808,719 

4,S53,2aS 

4,537,056 

1817 

8,:t2rt,U2fl 

6,032,798 

382.8^*3 

7,015,.'-;91 

5,t-90.I99 

1818 

b,(''a'^,7!>0 

5.717,210 

272,491 

5.9S9.707 

6,021. ('27 

1819 

8,188.5:!9 

4,.?9.'>,215 

297,199 

4,092.414 

4.8il.2.'i3 

ISM 

8.;i.'!,i,7oe 

4,210,783 

314..'.07 

4,.501.3.^0 

4,197,701 

18'il 

8,:i(;7.i77 

4,9 '9,009 

.170.738 

6.311,347 

4,;t-;o,.';8i 

18'22 

8,019,705 

4,127,052 

243,126 

4,370,178 

.3.  i:i9.s|S 

1823 

H,l2;j.270 

4,021,589 

2i^5,217 

fl,900,S."6 

3,070.789 

1824 

9.no.j..'-,jo 

4.813..').';0 

321.375 

5,107,9.11 

3,827,  !89 

1825 

7,932.829 

4,702,219 

29.').021 

4.«»7.27n 

3.80H,8:!.t 

1820 

8,120,4,M 

3,792,4.53 

255,211 

4.017.091 

3,199.205 

l.'^27 

S.SMI.-^.'IS 

4,085,789 

331, .'.80 

5,9l7,:i75 

3,t'83,222 

1S28 

P.1W>.9:"0 

4,1;M,744 

320.298 

4.ifll.0!3 

3,289,701 

1'<'29 

9,987,923 

6.1  (■2, 197 

SSiMLIO 

5..'.2l,2.'i6 

3.012.a'-5 

ISIO 

8..')()y,i()n 

.3,749,799 

2!H),87'i 

4,010,077 

2.838,418 

IN.tl 

8, 1  i8,h;;9 

3.7-J9..V22 

2,-'^,70l 

3.9'<8,'.'80 

a,,'*  1,9 19 

18M 

8.i:i8.(;()8 

3,81.3.s21 

2-0.005 

4.190.420 

2,439.'-n7 

18,13 

8,098.2(8 

4,401. 9<.;o 

:ill2.1l-9 

4.701,180 

2..'-.<V7.5!ll 

I8:it 

5.410,113 

4,4iM,059 

323,1'80 

4,818,046 

2,0M1,022 

Till!  f'lllowinpr  nre  the  tiiwvlilir.i  of  some  of  the  piliiclp.'il  tirliclcs  rvporlPil  to  Iht?  \Vt\«t  Iiidiiin 
fidmiifs  in  1831  :-('t)ltnns,  21,975,4.50  yiirtis  ;  Hiifn<^.  11,009.191  ytinls;  wtitilOtis.  1  ;9.9.'i2  jards;  hills, 
SO.COl  dit/i'ni! ;  li'itlher,  wrin'phl  !>nd  imwrotielit,  319,842  Ihs,;  t'tirlhi'nwiirt?,  1,331.799  picfes  ;  cl^iss, 
23,5!  I  fwf,;  li;ir(lw!iri'  iind  ititlt'rv.  13,5;!5  cwt. ;  iniils  nnd  nilin,  l8,r-30  nms  ;  Oeef  und  pork,  24,173 
barrils  ;  soup  and  ciiidlca,  4,3s9,'.,(jb  Ibi,.,  &.c.—(,Parl.  I'apir,  No.  6:0.  i'.v.^a.  18;i3,) 

The  articles  exported  from  Canada  and  the  Briti-uh  possiWons  in  North  America  princi- 
pally  ronsist  of  tinilicr  anil  lumber  of  all  sorts;  grain,  flour,  and  l)i.»cuit;  furs,  dried  fi.-ih, 
ii--ih  oil,  tur|)cntine,  &c.  The  imports  iirincipnlly  consist  of  woollens,  cottons,  and  linens, 
rarthenwiiie,  hardware,  leather,  salt,  halicidasliery  of  all  sorts;  tea,  sugar,  and  colfec; 
epiccs,  wine,  brandy,  and  rum,  furniture,  staiionery,  &c. 


United  Kinjdo- 
«.mcri.d  for  Ho" 


CuSre. 


683,41  J 

ll',;(3i 

2Cy,6(y 


IS", 

96,0114 

197 


60,31? 
40,679 

r,9<IO 

4.■>,U^8 

Iti3 

701 


liC 

OSO 

6'.N'5 

ll..-.i7 

.       N  W 

'I|1H3OT 


M,:'«2 

-'" 

M,fl60 
««J,li6 

i.ian.nu 

«.U.i:,037 


^9  )     cij,o-o  I 

lie  year  1835, 

ottons,  linens, 
ware;  staves, 
ong  Willi  fur. 
iianufiictiirin<» 
w  mcclianics' 
and  the  opei,. 
'  ^Vost  Indies 
ed,  asap|)carg 

ish  West  Ijidia 


:cl,irej  Value 

of 
lish  and  Jriib 
I'rciiuc'ts 
t>'U(t«l  to  (he 
ill  Wm  InJJM. 


£ 

,01B,9.18 
,218,057 
,S37,(«6 
>P0.I<10 
,(I2I.(;27 
.SJl.ViM 
Hl7,T(iI 

Ko.riHi 
i:i!i.s|S 

tiTii,7t-(l 

se7. :,-,« 

■.-'.'1,2*2 

iM.din 

^(),fl•2a 


l'<"pt  Indian 
iirils;  hills, 
■•■''s;  cl.'isa, 
pork,  SH,473 


ica  princi- 
dried  Tls!), 
nd  linens, 
id  colFucj 


COLONY  TRADE. 


493 


The  folldwing  are  tho  quantities  of  aomo  of  ilie  prineipal  articles  exported  from  Great 
Prilnin  to  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  Ac,  in  ISDl  : — Cottons,  15,618,10'')  yards ;  woollens, 
9()0,l"'t  yards;  linens,  3,309,105  yards;  earthenware,  2,253,S51  pieees;  iron  and  steel, 
(vrnui^lit  and  unwrouf»ht,  12,4(10  tons;  hardware  and  cutlery,  29, '182  cwt. ;  coals  and 
tii\\n,  31.134  tons;  salt,  1,55U,084  bushels;  hccf  and  pork,  8,534  barrels.  &c. — {Purl. 
;'(///«•'■.  No.  5r)0.  Sess.  1833.) 

\Vo  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Mayer,  of  the  Colonial  OfTiee,  for  much  valuable  informntion, 
and  in  particular  for  tho  'J'ablcs  given  in  the  next  two  pai;es,  tho  nio.st  coiiipleto  that  have 
over  been  published,  of  tho  population  and  trade  of  our  colonial  p()s»ew.-ions. 

.Wiiiey.— VVIi:it  is  enlled  West  India  currcnry  is  iin  linnirinnry  ninncy,  mi. I  haa  ii  diU'eront  value  in 
diRVrc'iil  ciili>iiie!>,  Tlii!  viihK!  it  liears,  an  (,(ini|i.irHil  Willi  alerliiic  niniii'y,  was  smiipuscd  to  lepreKi'iit 
tlic  ii>rri'H|)iiniliiig  v:ilue  of  tlie  enins  in  rirciil'iljiiii  in  ilie  ditl'iiriMit  ixluniN  lit  tliu  tiiii«  tliu  |irii|iiirlioa 
wnn  H.mm!  :  tliese  colim  lieinir  for  tlii!  most  piirt  iiiilliluli'd,  and  otiierwii'c  wurii  iiiid  defac'd,  niirtiii-jr 
Is  ill  III!  casft.s  leKM  valiialile  tliiin  I'terliiiit.  The  liilluvviii);  uru  lliu  values  of  lUO/.  sterling,  uiid  of  a 
dullur.  In  tlie  ciirreiiciuii  of  llio  dill'urvnt  islands:— 

Strrlini. 

.lanmira     ......     iniK,    = 

ll.'irliadiii'S  .....     ino/.     r. 

Windward  Islands  (except  Barbadoes)  -    liWl.    » 

I.ecward  Islanils  ....     10U{,    •= 

llal  lliose  prni'K"    t>!  .jiini  acted  upon  ;  the  exi  liange  heiiig  ,jrenerully  from  10  to  20  per  cent. 

abiive  tlie  II.VHi 

l!y  an  Older  111        iiicil  o  ;Sd  of  Mari'h,  1^2.1,  Hrilir^h  si      -i     ,iey  is  innile  lecal  lender  t^rni.ch- 

niit  all  llritiKli  colonial  pflsl•..^»,lln8,  nt  iIik  noniiiiul  value  lis  i.,  Knulanil;  niiil  lulls  fnrllii'  saniii  are 
(livi'ii  on  the  Treai-iiry  of  t.ondon,  of  100/,  each  hill  lor  HW,  mii-.h  silver  iniiiiiiy.  Uy  thin  nnler,  aUii, 
Ihi^  value  of  the  t^panish  dollar  is  li,'ceil  at  U,  id.  Urilish  Kilvvr  money  tliroii'ghout  all  lliti  colonies 
where  it  is  nirrent. 

The  following  are  tho  gold  coins  circulating  at  Jamaica,  with  their  legal  wei);ht  and  fineness : — 


Ciim.rcy. 

Uoilir.         riiripncy 

no/. 

1     =     l!.v.  8U. 

1 ;!.'!/. 

1    =    On.  :ui. 

17.'./. 

1     =     t-s,  StI. 

200/. 

1     =-•     t'rf.  0(/. 

Iho't. 

gri.  Tr 

Spanish  dnnhlnon 

- 

- 

17 

H 

Two  piKtole  piece 

- 

• 

8 

10 

I'isiolii 

• 

. 

4 

8 

Halfpintolo 

. 

. 

2 

4 

Portuguese  .lohiinnes  (called  Joe) 

. 

18 

12 

IlalfJoe     - 

. 

_ 

« 

C 

Uiiarler  Joo 

. 

_ 

4 

15 

Moiilorc 

. 

. 

R 

22 

Half  inoidoro 

. 

m 

3 

11 

English  eninea 

• 

- 

.0 

8 

lliilf  Bnitie.l 

. 

. 

m 

a 

10 

Sovereign 

- 

- 

. 

5 

3 

Vdlue  in 

C.ir 

renry 

/.. 

f. 

d 

_ 

5 

0 

0 

. 

o 

10 

0 

_ 

1 

5 

0 

. 

0 

12 

6 

. 

5 

10 

0 

, 

2 

15 

0 

. 

1 

7 

0 

. 

2 

0 

0 

_ 

1 

0 

0 

. 

I 

12 

0 

_ 

0 

II) 

3 

. 

1 

12 

0 

IV.  Ukgulations    c.xnr.n    which    Coioxt    Tiiadk    is    cosductep. — Dispcsal    op 

Lakh  in  thi-;  Coiomks,  &c. 

These  are  embodied  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.c.  59.,  which  came  into  operation  on  the  1st 
of  September,  1833.    It  is  as  follows : — 

[iiiporlalion  and  EtpnrliUUm  of  Goods  runjined  In  free  Ports. — \o  ponds  slinll  he  imported  into,  nor 
shall  any  (ii)ods,  except  the  produce  of  the  fislirries  in  Urilish  ships,  he  cxporiid  from,  any  of  the 
DiiiiFh  piissesslons  in  America  hy  sea,  from  or  to  any  place  other  than  the  United  Kintrdoni,  or  some 
niliiT  cii' siiili  possepsions,  except  into  or  from  the  seviiral  ports  in  such  pussessioiiii,  ciillcii  "Free 
I'.iil,*,"  eiiiiiiierated  or  ilescrihed  In  the  liilile  followiiiir ;   (Ihal  is  to  say.) 

'I'lible  iiffire  I'urls. — Kiiit'sloii,  (<avaiiiinli  l,e  IMar,  Monle;.'!!  Bay,  Saiili  I  iicla.  Antonio,  f^aint  Ann, 
Faliiiimlh,  Maria,  iMorant  Bay,  Aniiotio  Hay,  Hlick  Uiver,  Rio  niniio,  I'ort  .Morant,  Janiaii-a  ;  Saint 
llioa'c,  (Grenada  ;  Koseaii,  Doiiiiiiira  ;  Saint  .lolm's,  Anli^iia;  San  .losif,  Trinidad  ;  ScariioroiiL'li, 
Toliii(!o  J  Iload  Ilarhoiir,  'I'orlola  ;  Nassau,  New  I'roviiliiice  ;  Pin's  Town,  C'rooKcd  I.ilanil ;  Kings- 
ton, Saint  Vincent ;  I'ort  Saint  (leorge  and  I'ort  llaniiltini.  Ili-riiiiiila ;  any  iiort  where  there  is  a 
Ciisloni-lioiise,  llnliainas  ;  Bridtrelown,  Iliirhadoe!i ;  Saiiil  Jilin's.  Saint  Andrew's,  New  llrniiswick  ; 
Iliililiix,  I'icloii,  N'ova  Scotia  ;  Hiiehec,  t!anaila  ;  Saiiil  .lolm's.  New  foiiiiill.iiiil ;  (.'(.oi-;.'e  Town,  Ueiiie- 
rara  ;  New  Ainsterilam,  llerliice;  (laslries.  Saint  l.iicia  ;  llllssell.•lT(^  Saint  Kill'.-' ;  Charles  Town, 
Nuvis ;  I'lyiiiontli,  Monl..!errat ;  Sydney,  (ape  Breloii ;  C'lnrlolle  'I'owii,  Prince  Ijilwaid's  Island; 
Animilla,  AiiLMiilla  ;  and  if  any  ponds  shall  ho  ini|inrt|.||  iiilo  any  port  or  plaie  in  any  of  llie  said  peg. 
sc>sioiis  coiiirary  thereto,  siali  poods  shall  he  forfeited.-  J  2. 

/Ii.i  Miije.inj  iiiuij  nppnint  olhrr  Purl.i  to  be  frrr  I'nrln.--  Provided  always,  that  if  Iiis  Majesty  shall 
deem  it  expedient  to  extend  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  any  port  or  ports  not  enuinerateil  in  Ilic  said 
talile,  it  shall  he  lawful  lor  his  Majesty,  hy  order  in  council,  to  do  so  ;  anil  I'roni  llie  day  mentioned  in 
siicli  order  ill  council,  all  the  privilet'es  :iml  advantapes  of  this  act,  aeil  all  llie  provi,~ioiis,  petiallies, 
mill  forfeitures  therein  contained,  shall  exleml,  and  he  deemed  and  construed  lo  exleiiil.  to  any  siiili 
port  or  ports,  as  fully  as  if  the  sami!  had  heeii  inserted  and  eniiiuerateil  in  llie  ahove  lalde  :  provided 
also,  that  iiollilnp  herein  liefore  contained  shall  extend  to  pnihihii  ilie  iiiiporliilion  or  exporlation  of 
goods  into  or  from  Tiny  ports  or  places  in  Newfoundland  or  l.ahr.ulor  in  linlisli  ships,  -}  ?, 

Ili.i  Jl:ije.-t!i  maijnytiiiinl  I'nrlf  for  thiiiled  Viirpnfr.i.—XwiX  whereas  lliere  are  ill  the  said  possessiwiis 
many  places  sitiilited  in  rivers  and  in  hays  at  which  it  may  he  necessary  to  i -fildish  ports  for  p.ir- 
tlciilar  and  liniiled  purposes  only;  he  it  tliereforo  enacted,  that  it  shall  he  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  on 
any  order  in  coniieil  made  tor  the  appolntmenl  if  any  free  port,  lo  limit  and  coniiiu'  such  a|ipointiiieiits 
respedively  to  any  ami  such  purposes  only  as  shall  he  exp^e^isell  in  such  urdi  r-    i)  1, 

I'ririlnrrn  irraoird  to  t'linian  Sliiim  liihitid  to  tlir  Sliijit:  of  llio,-e  Voinilrirs  ur^mlh".'  the,  like  Pririleirm 
to  Hrilish  .S7i/;;.-',  .ij-c,— And  whereas  hy  llie  law  of  uaviL'alioii  foreipii  ships  are  perinil'.ed  to  import  into 
niiv  of  the  British  [lossessions  ahroa'l.  from  the  countries  lo  wliicli  liny  helmip,  po-uls  llie  produce  t  f 
those  countries,  and  to  export  pooil;-.  from  such  possessions  lo  he  canieil  lo  any  hireit'ii  country  what- 
ever; he  it  therefore  enacted,  that  !lie  privileL'es  therehy  cranted  to  foreii;n  ships  shall  he  Iin  iled  to 
the  ships  of  those  countries  which,  havinir  colonial  possessions,  shall  L'ranl  Ihe  like  privilepes  of 
tradiiip  with  those  possi'Ss'onH  to  Urilish  slii|is,  or  which,  not  liavini:  i  nloni.'il  |i<issi'ssioiis,  shall  phne 
tile  cuniuicrco  and  iiuvigatiuii  of  this  country,  and  of  its  posscb^ions  abroad,  upon  the  fuoung  of  the 


IM? 


'i  .  ii 


It 


I 


,'ii  ! 


I  iW 


iM 


I    ! 


tii 


.     /  r 

1 

1 

! 

N     ■'   M 

\  1 

'         * 

jl 

lii 

it 

■  *  ' 

i 

'5 

M 


424 


COLONIES  AND 


Extent,  Populntlon,  Jtc.  of  the  Dritiih  North  American  and  W«il  Indian  Culonlei. 


BritUh  Norlh  American  CoIodIqi. 

Area  in  Brlllib 
iiquare  Milci. 

IM& 

1B25. 

1S34,             1 
or  latest  Cenrti.    > 

I/itTer  Can-ida 

. 

gyiooo 

200,000 

421,030 

641,001          ; 

Upper  CaoAJa 

•            ■ 

iw.oon 

70,7  IS 

1.7,141 

336,,|61           1 

New  Brtinitvicl 

•           • 

2:,70O 

85,000 

72,932 

119,457          ; 

N<)va  Sci>lia 

•           • 

l.%600 

6-1,000 

I04,('fl0  1 
1C,(XI0  < 

142,64"          1 

Cij»e  Breton      - 

•           • 

3,100 

2,313 

Prince  K.lwarJ'i 

Island 

.            • 

2,ion 

9.676 

2(I,H)0 

32,2<a 

NewluuudUod 

Totals 

'           * 

36,000 

26,J0i 

62,497 

60,088 

43S,-KI0 

4as,4l2 

846,600 

1,239,851 

I  Ceniius, 

Britiih 
Wnt  Indiaa 

Area 

iu 
British 
Square 
Miles. 

Imnortf  ' 
or5iii;»r 

fmiii       1 
W«t      1 

IN4. 

63t,  or  htn 

Wbilo. 

Free 
Coloured, 

Slavei. 

Total, 

IVIiile.. 

Fre,' 
Coloured. 

ApprenI, 
l,alK>ur, 

Total. 

Colouica. 

Colnni(*f   I               ^ 

into  U.  K.       J       •= 

inlMi.    :    •;         1 

1    S       £ 

1     1 

II 

1^ 

h 

Si 

AntlfTua 

109 

C'cl. 
IS-i.VM  l,NO        WO 

1,149     2,346 

14,454       I6,ri3l 

36,!'6ll 

1,(>SU 

33,432 

31,4121 

Barliadiiea         • 

IjO 

8i!3,70n  6,S27     7,803 

2,2  Ji     2.266 

S-sl.W       42,li57 

97,970 

I4,91ii 

S,|,|6 

82,«07 

I02,!II2| 

27J 

2,>,0I4     4x7         417 

1,406      1,7:.8 

7.919         8,(i3i 

2<l622 

t4C 

3.606 

14,aM 

\',^X 

Urenaila            • 

125 

170,-^!«     «S        211' 

1,3.^7     2,101 

U,2M        13,012 

29,G4!< 

Ml 

3,7  to 

23,l<36 

2M23 

Jamaica 

? 

•.•«.377i       {.K,e.Mlui"l<en.J 

106,193      169,6J8 

373,405 

No  census  laki-11. 

3II,6!'2» 

3ll.i;?2 

MniitKiTat         • 

47 

ie.262'    m       313  1   Hi        320 

3,032         3,4-3 

7,447 

3,10 

074 

6,315 

7.H« 

Nevis     • 

20 

aa,(a7|              i,uo 

4,"rb3         4,6'!> 

10401 

7«1 

2,(100 

8,722 

l,<22 

St.  Kitt*i 

6-i 

87.6I4!       1,613       1       1,996 

9,103       10,313 

23,42.1 

1,012 

3,(;fio 

ao.eiio 

2S,2;2 

St,  Lucia           ■ 

Ft< 

34,l3)i    67B        6t8|  1,576     ^,083 

6,297         7  497 

1S647 

mi 

3,91(1 

13.34" 

Is.  US 

130 

l!)-|,0-.6i        1,053 

1,482 

12,007        12..!r. 

2fi,7,>-7 

1,301 

2,-24 

22,WI7 

27,12. 

TnUix"  • 

187 

77,2(iO,    2-'0          H 

225        360 

6,153         7,0»6 

I4,4S1 

2tiO 

3,CC0 

Il,b2l 

4,i;o 

Toriola  and  Tirtiu 

( 

hUnds. 

_ 

13,821 

207        201 

2K)        32ii 

2,975         3,4S'I> 

7,478 

47: 

1,266 

5,192 

P.M. 

_ 



\ei        203!    130         17" 

1.279         l,6»5 

Slif* 

,%■ 

327 

2,3>> 

3.0-1 

Trinidad 

2,-lUO 

221,342 

2,-243      l,s  3  6,(iM      7,3141   13.0  1        lO.DJIO 

41,47!) 

4,201 

18,721 

2J,;i-i'. 

4.1.2t. 

2,2  2     2,27! 

HCT      1,332      S,'.29         S.-'TO 

l7,-67 

4.&1- 

4.'2I  1 

9,703 

IM7 

llrrii'Udai 

__ 

., 

1,697      2,7  jl 

31J        410      2,o20         2,ti>2 

10,612 

4,26, 

4,4J6 

_ 

8,T2l| 

British  Guiana,  Vir- 
niarara  and  Ks- 

leqiiibo 

_ 

5'l->,284 

2,609        2io|  1,336     l.TTs'  41.224       33,7'>3 

80,041 

D,0(« 

6,3m 

61,116 

74,f22 

— 

12ti,l43 

4-.3        lOi.     32S         6I0|    13,007        10,:M!1 

24.7-2 

57( 

l,6ol 

10.3-.! 

2].hK\ 

lluriduras 

63,000 

156          61      6»3        73- 

1,654            bll 
Total     • 

4,ll!7 

2X 

i,;ni 

1,920 
Total 

1       3,1* 
i    781/i7 

i 

1 

(O0..KI1 

1 

j 

Population  and  Trade  of  Asiatic,  Afi'ican,  and  European  Colonies  in  1831. 


p 

s 

II 

^ 

§3 

fp   , : 


.!! 


Dechrcfl  nr 

Nunitier  and  Tnnnii^e  of  Vesseli 

British  Afriran  and  European 

Colouie*. 

PopulaUoD. 

Imports 

into  llie 
Uniiel 
Kitifdntn, 
Official 
Value. 

Exports 
frrnu  the 
United 
Kiii<loni, 
Official 
Value. 

re-\l  Value 
of  British 
and  Irish 
Pro  Ince 
and  Manu- 
factures ei- 
lK)rle.l  from 

to  atid  rrolii  the  Un  led 
Kingdom  and  ttie  Colonics. 

Whites. 

Free 
Coloured 
and  Ap- 

Inwards. 

Outwardi 

prentices. 

/„ 

L. 

the  U.K. 

/•„ 

SHifK, 

Tm,t. 

SAijii. 

Tm„. 

P,84» 

W,464 

782,148 

30:,S4S 

149,318 

71 

20,901) 

33 

9,193 

6,7S« 

1,150,239 

2-9,617 

91,937 

.'0,181 

10 

2,774 

13 

4;3i-' 

New  South  WalM  • 

60.7<»i 

— 

112,010 

73-.,s21 

4S2,313 

) 

Van  Uiriiien'i  L4,nd 

37.6>'8 

— 

93.310 

336,1.19 

230,141 

(    " 

i2,4'-n 

90 

2S,567 



.- 

6U 

.1,089 

;i,i.l3 

) 

Ca|)c  of  Grxx!  Hone 

Sierra  Leone,  and  selOpmenti 

55,673 

70,279 

248,760 

619,153 

301,391 

27 

6,566 

47 

9,145 

1 

on  the  coast  of  Africa- 

85 

33,438  ' 

River  Gambia,  Sierrv  Lenne, 

and  coast  lo  Me«ura:ia   - 

WiiilwardCi**!  from  Mf»u- 

rada  to  Cai«  ApoHonia 
Cape  Otast  Cnstle  ani  Gold 

.     456,016 

794,973 

323,087 

136 

32,213 

130 

33,358 

Cfvutfrim  UipeAp>ltonia 

toRioVolta 

Coav  froni  Rii  V.dta  to  Cape 

of  Good  H.ipe  (iucluiiiig 

Ft-rnando  Pu)      - 

Heligoland  - 

2,»l 

—                          11 

203 

31 

1 

s« 

1 

53 

Oitiraltar     • 

t4,9!)S 

10              47.315 

1,4-23,160 

4'-0,719 

2s 

0,7211 

ICO 

12,'M 

Malta 

123,!2.i 

—                      14,935 

5W,42> 

212,696 

9 

1,219 

86 

13,006 

United  Statei  of  the    Ionian 

Ulandi    - 

194  391 

—          1         207,393 

214.229 

— 

62 

8,469 

42 

6,713 

t  Thft  white  populatioD  of  Jamaica  ii  lupposed  to  amount  to  about  36,000. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


42B 


llli 

B  S  c : 


li|e'l.l.|?rpi| 


3-? 


Is"  i^|?2.'S  3sjl  3i■3ft 


nil 


BJ  §  ?308!  i  BBBBBOOg 

li."siiS|lil§ill?. 

el's  PBojf  a  bbbbbbbI' 

p.           ^ 
.  .  'I.  I  •  .  I  * • 

5  5* 


-gS 


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sig  i?s^  ISiiifsi^gi^ 


OC5-^       tO*--lCl.J.£.0'Xi  —  0.005 


S3 

i3     wo   3 


S5e 


§3§    3B*slSE!^f3i2S 


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JS    i3>' 


t^  d  -I      ;;<  -1  hi  (3  u  -"  S  O  Ki  - 1  to  O 


'a 


aSot      OiS.itjSJqp^cbSt^uP 


^1  -     k  —  -  «-    — 

^      —01    —  ^^       »-pi  — M  A  to  — S  — |C«^ 


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if 
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£!3§    -ST,  o,fegrtg5«.§*;K:a?i 


w  X    *        (OyiK)      •- *.  «  C  rjDO  —  U.  ^,  O --1  (5 


* -*■  t.'       ffo-i     KJiS-gMoa  5mS«  — f5o 


:-re 


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ji^— jOMJJ  — (0;*J0 


r2 '«  10  O  Z 


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8 1  9  ?i  S    "it  s  ^    g^ W 1' «  U  S  2  s  s  Ss'~ 

2  Ta 


BO     BBS  B   1 
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BB     EBB  8  I 

t   Si    lis  i  I 


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2     88      i 


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f  f' 


SS     £,3-  = 


.,     Si.ipi. 


rf-  'is      o  L"  to 


Toiii. 


Ships. 


S    .-I 


g     &     &    2 


Toiij. 


Shi|w. 


5  —     a:  ta  — 


Toi* 


i  I 


5        05 
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420 


COLONIKS  AND 


most  flivourn!  nntinn,  nnl*»««  !iN  ^I'i,i"«ty  by  nnlrr  In  cnnnril  xlmll  in  nny  rn^ft  ilnnm  It  oxpiiillt-nt  to 
prrufit  ttirt  wlitilc  ur  iiny  iiI'MUih  iirivitfirt's  to  ilic  ntiipw  <'f  nu\  i\irv\)ti\  mnt'try,  titfhtuiL'ti  ili.w.-  (undi. 
ticitH  Im>  not  in  idl  rt'ttpiTtH  t'liltillcil  by  Hiich  foriMun  rountry :  prnviiU'it,  thiit  nn  i'nr-  uii  (niinir)  sh  ii| 
bi«  il-eiiH'i!  til  have  I'lillilli'd  tlir'  ItHlnr''  niciilioinMl  forulitin(m,  nr  tti  hi^  f|ilillt»t|  tn  tlictif  (invil. -_  ,, 
iitil»>«rt  liiH  ]M.ijM|4ty  (thill,  tiy  lii<i  ordor  or  nnti^rx,  liiivn  d'-rliircd  Dint  inch  t'i'rt'iirn  (-(>nnlr>  liuth  sn  tiil- 
tllh'i)  tlH>  Mant  rtMMlili  iiiH.  iiikI  \t  I'lititlml  U>  tlir  ^tiiil  |irivil»<i.^tM  :  pi'n\  li!t><l  :'l^<>,  tliiit  r\  i  ry  nnlir  n 
t'xiiit,  ,1  ill  t'.iri'f  tit  tin*  tintu  nt' ihd  rtunincip  t-iniMtt  •>!  this  m  t,  \vlii-ri'lt<  tin  Mr  ilimi  is  mailf  ni  thu 
f  oiiiitrii*.^  iMititI  '(I  in  u  linlc  or  in  part  to  I  ho  pilv  ilt'tfi'H  nt'tht*  hiw  (tt*niivt({  itioit,  Hhult  continut!  in  I'nrce 
n^*  rirt'i'ti'Hlly  i\H  it' the  nrnc  hml  Imm-h  riiiiilo  tnnltr  lln'  nnlhiTKy  of  ihin  lul.-  ^  .), 

'/'  H  .iri  ii-it  fo  oiln't  rvrtnin  Arts,  Nothing  ronliuMfil  In  Ihln  rut,  or  any  iilhtT  net  pnfltioit  tn  Iho  pre. 
fiMil  H''H-*iin.  frp;irli;iiih'iil,  mIiiiII  cxtrml  Xw  rcpt'il  "f  In  i»ny  other  Wiiy  hllcr  or  nttett  an  ;»ri  (I  (.,.,,  ; 
c.  Ti.),  ihtilnlfij  "An  A''t  to  iinthnri/.i*  hin  Miii'v-tiy,  ntitji-r  i^rrlaln  rinnniHtanrt--^,  lo  riU'ihilc  iht*  ^)\^\i^^ 
Hn<t  l>ra\vl)urUH  nri  (iooil^i  iiiiporti'il  or  pxporttitt  iii  I'orMiun  VcMiHilH,  ami  to  oY<>iri|it  ocrt.iin  Inr  un 
V('p!<»'|  n  iVoni  Piloiiiu'i*,'*  nor  to  rt»|>eal  or  hi  any  way  iilitT  or  ait'crt  an  an  (.^  (iro.  1  c,  fiO  )  to  :im!i ml 
Ihr  iMt-iii'iitlotrc')  art;  ami  that  all  triilr  anil  iritciroiirHi' hitwi'cn  lint  Hrili:«h  potiRi-M^iuhii  and  all 
fi*ir.i;ii  riMiMlru'M  t-h;iil  hi^  i*nli|t;it  to  lh«»  powiTH  grantiMl  to  hU  M.iji  sly  hy  thnsr  nits.  — {  0. 

ih-  ih  fnuihihiti,.'  or  rff'rirfgti  fo  he  nupurttd  into  d  Imui.*.  -  Tin*  scvfriil  f^orli*  ofL't'i'ilM  rininn'rnti'ij  or 
ft  ■■iiriht'il  in  ihu  tahl'  till  >\vlntf,  ilnnnninatnl  ".VTalih'  of  I'lohihiii'm^  ami  Ui'HirlrtioriH,'*  art'  iirr.-liy 

IirohiMtt'il  to  l)(>  hnporli-.l  or  hronKht,  f  itln^r  hy  H<'a  or  hy  intaml  larriaifn  or  navieatlmi,  hiio  tli? 
trtli.<li  po<a>it'M!4ionH  in  Ainrrica,  or  Hhall  lie  ho  nnporfciror  broiifthl  only  nniirr  llm  rrfitririintiH  nii'it- 
llonnl  111  Niirh  Irihlo.  uccortlniif  hh  tho  severul  aortii  oi'  mich  gimiU  urc  H(it  lurili  Ihurein  ;  (ilutt  U  tu 
•:tyO 

j5  Table  of  Prohibitions  and  Be $trif lions. 


Giiiipow.l  ■■,  »nii«,  snniuiiitioi'B  or  uIhimIi  nf  w.ir,  \lr'•\\^  ii^^l  'r'  Ic 
iii)[M)i'e  !.  '  X''i  [ii  rniiii  Itio  L'liiltrJ  Kiri^iimii,  or  iM'iti  M>ri<u  uttitr 
Brilit'i  I  ■i"*--sion. 

T«t.  pr  hi'  !■■■  I  !'i  lie  imiiirtnl  firep!  from  tlm  Uniteil  Kinrlom,  or 
frim  « 'M(t  n'luT  Hrili»h  j..»*i'sHntii  in  Aiiitfriia,  'iiikti  \>y  the  FViil 
In»lti  r  rri|Jiiiy,  or  *Mth  lluir  lirrnce  duiitig  ilie  cfpulimianre  nf 
thflr  r?(  Ii.-iiu'rUlit  <A  tn.'.  . 

Fish,  <Im-  I  iir  siltiH,  n>l,  tiliiM  -•<,  flii«,  nr  ikii.i,  thf  jmiiluct-  t>t  rrm- 
turtii  ivnit  ill  lilt  wi,  jirnhiliilfil  *<*  W  iiti|»"rfri,  exicpt  fmin  'hf 
I'difcf  Ki'  /  I.i]i,  nr  .'hHii  n-'iiip  ttlli.T  flri'i*Ii  |vfi*«-»'iini,  or  iii:lt*it 
lakni  hy  HMtc'i  s\\\\%  ti'ttf'i  nut  (mm  tlir  I'liiii^l  Kin^ilonmr  ffitm 
Miih<'  nii'j^li  ]>i>tKr  ^ilMl,  .(ml  liMiiflil  in  fn>i)i  llie  tiilicry,  in  I  fX- 


rc).l  Irrrriiffn  U^nx  tlit-  Mr  of  M;mi,  taki'n  am!  ciirfl  hy  iht  ii>|ifr 
I t*  ijiini-f. 

ColliM ,  Hti^ir,  n<elw«,  Rn>l  mm,  tn  ing  nf  forr  icn  j-r  vlur  ion,  -t  'ha 
|in>itui'ii^.ii  nf  any  y\A\r  \\\\\i\\i  Wa'  liiinU  t  f  ihe  Kiii  (ri<lii  c  >iii. 
jmiiV^I  ^h^rl^r,  proli-liit.' I  \n  If  inip^rtr I  into  .iny  ,.f  ihi-  l!r,i|,h 
jn'»«'Mi,i.  %  on  ltii»  cniimnil  nf  Simtli  Aiiiprin  or  in  the  Wi-it 
III  lit!  iihi  n.ih.iin.i  itn'l  Ili-niiuiU  Ishii's  nof  li)''>ii  Inl).  fict-iii  m 
\n  iMm-lmivi  f  <r»-xi^tr'.i'imi  rit'y  :  am!  may  «!»■■  hi-j.r  lull  <f,ffo 
\'C  iiti)'oitcl  iiiln  ttm  llitiaina  or  llic  lloruiula  ikli|,.|i  ly  iiii,  }\\. 
j»i-l\'inrl«'r  i.)  cniKicil. 

IJiinf  nr  toniitfrfrll  miii.  nnr]  Iviok*.  surd  r\t  ini  prnliitiHt-l  to  lie  im* 
\n\\\in\  iuio  llie  I'liiii-il  Kiii^'loui,  pr  hil'i't'i  tn  It  in,|KT'f.l. 


And  it'ativ  choiIh  nIimU  In*  importiMl  "f  hrmipht  into  any  ot^tln?  nritlHli  posso-^fioiiH  in  Am*'rirn  fuilnry 
to  anv  nf  iliR  pr»'hihitioii!J  or  ri'strntlonH  no'nilont'd  in  «nrh  i.ililr  in  n  Hpert  of  unch  t;otnIs,  the  n:iiue 
fi'  ill  hr'  t'nrfi'ittMl ;  ami  if  the  sliip  or  v»>i<si'I  in  whirh  kiicIi  good**  shall  bn  hnporled  be  of  b  hs  b.irili'n 
Ihan  70  tons,  such  ship  or  V(»sst'|  nliiiM  alno  b«  torfritt'd.— ^  7. 

C"f'r,  iV  -  fhnmrfi  Hrift,<h.  'ttrmeft  f- niifrt  iw  rertain  Oasis.— \\\  rnfTi-o,  pitL'ar,  nifilns-tn,  nni!  ruin 
(altdii'i'jh  the  sanio  may  lw»  of  tht»  Uriti'-h  plantatiniiP).  pxportt-d  from  any  of  ib»'  llriiinb  ponf;i'fJnJMf-s  in 
.Ani'rii-i.  into  w  hit  h  the  like  uoods  of  Inrt'ivMi  prod  lU'l  ion  can  be  legally  import  t'd,  yball.  iii'on  mi  m- 
qiiiMit  ihtpxriat.oii  ftoin  tlienre  into  any  of  the  l>ritiMh  possi'tisionH  in  AnnTica,  into  ubirh  r^mli  <!'m>(Is, 
h  'iriL'  if  f  u  iun  prod  net  ion,  rnnnot  he  Icfrnlly  imported,  or  into  the  I'nite-i  Kingdom,  be  di  enint  to  lut 
ot't'oreiiM)  pr'idm  tion,  and  nliall  ht^  lialde,  on  snrli  linporiatioii  respoolivi  ly.  to  the  natie  itntieH  nr  ilio 
8.i:ni'  t'nrr.'hiiri'H  as  »riiilc*4  of  the  like  description,  lit  inj;  of  forriaii  prodnrtion,  w  onbl  be  liiiliic  m, 
iiide^-s  ihi-  same  sli;ill  have  bot^n  warelmuKed  under  the  provisiotifi  o;  tliin  art,  ami  exported  tVoni  Iho 
\\arehoiiHe  direct  to  audi  other  UritiHh  possosHion,  or  Co  thu  ITniiud  Kingdom,  us  the  cah^u  may  bn. 

nntit-.t  of  [aiportation  in  Auierifa. — There  shall  he  raised,  levied,  collected,  and  piiid  iintn  lijj 
Majesty  t)ie  se*.  cril  dnlien  of  ciistomo,  an  the  Hanie  are  renpei  tively  Met  forth  In  li  iires  in  tlie  lahb*  nf 
diiLies  lii'rein-afU'r  contained,  upon  good^,  \vare.<t,  and  nierchaiidisie,  inipurted  or  brought  into  any  uf 
Ins  M:ijesly*8  pubscmiiojiB  in  America;  (that  is  to  say,) 


Table  of  Duties, 


DiiMw  I'lyatiV  upon  »pirit«.  Iwint  of  ilie  rrowlh,  priliictlonj  or  ina- 
nudi' 'in- of  tlif  t'liif't  Kim  lopTi,  or  of  any  of  the  British  p(»- 
SMni'-M  in  AniericA  or  ihe  Wt-st  lalieSf  imported  iulo  Newfuund- 
lnwl  •  r  Cm  I  la. 

Spirit*  i'liporfeil  into  Newfoiinflhn'l ;  vit  L,  t,  d. 

thi  iiriluciMif  any  of  the  RiifUh  )mi»t-uinnt  in  Soutti 
A'tH'-iri  'ir  'lu*  VV**t  Inl'm;  viz. 
imporiiHl  fr  (111  .iny  fintith  poaspsnlnn  tn  America, 

cr  frim  the  Cniif-I  Kimtloni.  the  (rillm  ■    0    0    C 

ImiKiftftl  from  my  other  plac,  to  l)e  deemed  fo- 
reii|ii,  an  I  m  W  rhW'^M  ivitJi  duty  is  such, 
thp  I>ro-hioi' of  ;»i,v  HritinS  prwM^inn  in  N'orlli  Ame- 
ri^.^  'irof  t!ie  Uni'eJ  Kiiij'*oni,nnil  imporfcl  fntin 
the  I'oiVl  Kiiudoni.  nr  fiDiii  any  Rrjllsh  p<4W:«btuQ 
hi  Aiiit  ri'-i.  ttio  C'ill')i)  •  •  ■  •016 

Iii:ii  rrtd  from   any  oihcr  pl-irp,  in  hn  dpemed 
I  •rei^ii.  M}  \  ♦'»  y>r  clia»(fe  I  h  iih  duly  as  such, 
Bpiriti  MiMnfc  I  intoCToada  ;  viz. 

llri- prr-'iir""  of  niiv  Rriii«i|  po<'*"^ion  in  South  Ame* 

r'ri   "f  Ilie  VVi-iit   Iti.tit'",  and    iif;pnrlcd  from  nrijr 

Tl-i'i^ti  i^Mw^sion  in  AniiTica,  or  from  Ihe  L'oited 

Kin:!ftn>, 'liP  o'l/^n  •  •  •  •    0    0    C 

litppor'ed  fi-oiii  atiy  oilipr  place,  tn  he  dt>«meJ 

r  iH'ilfll,  III  I  to  Itf*  ChlfTi*  I   rt'i'h  dll'V  II  sucli, 

ynte.—W  en  iinptr'el  from  the  t't;.iptl  Kmt'oni,  Ihit  duty  h 
n'>t  1.1  I.e  .iliAtiJ  upon  the  ^louiiJ  of  anv  duly  uiidi-r  any  colonial 
lav. 

I)ii'i»5  pavaldf  ii[)on  cnoflii,  wa^M,  and  niftrlnnilinf,  not  Iifin?  nf 
the  ?''t«i|i,  pnotuc'ion,  or  nimiifar'iir'5  fit  'hr  !'■  ile-l  Kiii?l'»ni, 
or  of  any  if  'he  nr-'ish  f>n<v*'tiion8  in  Ami-nra,  inip<trtt>l  or 
Iro'ir'i'  I'fi'o  my  of  ihf  P:i'i>li  fcjiseMiorj  in  America,  liy  sea  or 
\y  ii  lint  cirri^ie  or  naviealion. 

Imrnv'e'!  in'otbe  nr'li*-h  pfweMittT*  in  thf  iVt-^f  fiidif-*  nr 
on  t<ic  r  iiitinenr  of  Soii'h  Anieriia,  <ir  iiit'i  llm  Italmna 
or  Ili'iii'tU  )slii'J»;  \\t. 
Wh-*'  n-i;-.  't:.'l.irr.l  .  -  _         -  .050 

iiii'>or*el  fumi  ;tiiv  Rrl'tsh  po«?fssion  in  North 
Aiiiei.M.  or  finin  'lie  »  ar;-li'iii3H  in  'lit-  I'riileil 
Kin^iom  .....     rrec. 

rliin'!-*.  nri  mn-f  tVan  I2iiichi'«  in  IfnetV.  the  1,000    0    7    0 
iiiorf  tl.in  liiiirh'sin  len/ili.th*- I.OeO  ■    014    0 

in;iiiri''I  fr-iipi  nnv  RrHi^li  p^ss'fiion  in  Nr-rth 
Aiiirrici,  or  from  the  warelutuse  ia  the  Uiilleil 
Ktt^Jom  •  •  .  •  .    FrM. 


RitJ  nak  •ilavn  and  heading;  vix, 

until  llm  U{  of  Janu-iry.  IVU,  thr  l.nmi    . 

on  and  fn'ni  tho  tst.f  .hiti'inv,  IKU,  iitdil  (tie 

U\  of  .lanuarv,  18.16.  thf  MieO 
onanil  from  the' Ist  of  ,7.im;.try,  is^l,  thf  IX-OQ  - 
iinporlPtI   fnmi  any  Rriti^li  it**<iM  ^MO||  in  N-irOi 
Anicrira.  nr  frum  the  MartlKJu-^  iii  tliu  L'niit-d 

KiiiiTd'.in 

White  (..'.k  s'lv's  and  hi  ailinrs  ;  vix. 

iin  ilthf  M  of  January,  I^IU,  the  t.OOO   - 

ou  and  from  the  Ut  of  Juiuary,  |p3t,  un:il  tie 

1st  nf  .Tanuarv,  IKlfi.ihp  \XW 

on  .111  I  iDUi  t|i.*  Inf  of  Jantiaiy.  I«n6,  the  I.Oi'O  • 

hnpurirl   frmi  anv    IViliih   \t  j^ts-i'-n  in  Norlh 

Auierica,  (ir  fioiii  the  wartdtoiise  in  ihi:  t'uitel 

Kiitidiiin  ..... 

Pitch  pine  hill  I'ff.  I  ini  lithii  k,  ihi?  1,000 

inipir'rl   from  anv  Riit:«*h  posw-stin  in  Niif:h 
Anu-rira,  or  fmm  the  \varehou>e  in  Uie  ruiii^d 
K  n;'i  ni 
White  and  yiilow  pinf  lundicr,  I  incti  Ihiilt.tlie  1,0(0 
feel  J  viz. 
until  lie  i«t(.r  .Tinmry.  b'^-l 
nu  at)d  fniiii  ll.e  N'  of  January,  1634,  until  tne 
1st 'f  .lanuirv.  I^^O        .  .  .  . 

on  a:«l  fr'piii  thu  Kt  of  JmnMry,  mtC 
inip'irlp.l  frfini  any  Rntisli  Iio*'^■s^ln^  in   Vonh 
Anieriti,  or  from  Ihe  warchouM-  in  the  L'ni  eJ 

Kin-'! 

Pv^  "onl  inl  nhhifl'-nnkcr'i  ivrwvl    • 

Othi-r  ki.vN  of  wiKiil  ai,  1   tun.Lcr,  1  inch  thick,  the 

1,01)0  feet 

Wool  lirK>p!i,thc  1.000  .  ■  ■  -  • 

it;ip  rli'I    frfim  .utv   Rrl'isli    po^Tssioji  in  N'irih 

America,  or  frem  the  warL-house  in  the  ItJi't-d 

Iiill<'OiU  ..... 

Reff  Ml '  p'-rk,  •altcd.  nf  all  *"rt«,  ihr  r"t. 

iiiii'diipl  fr^'m  any  Itii 

Amei  (W 
Imii-irte'   into  New*    Bnirswitk, 
E-lvvnid's  Nl.md  ;  v. 7. 
Wh  It  (lour,  tlie  Iirnd 
Bei-f  ,i!i-l  poik.  dal'fl.  nf  all 


/..  I.  d. 
1    6   3 


I    2   3 

0  IJ   0 


Free. 
t    3  9 


(1  ir  9 

0  12   6 


Fref. 
1    1   0 


Fr«. 


1    8   0 


t    6  0 
1    I   0 


Fire. 
Frte. 


I   n  0 

0   5  3 


li  p<tr»e«ion  in  Norlh 
No\a  St'Otia,  oi  I'riixe 


fruh,  bruught  l>y  laiiJor  inland  nivi^ation 


Tnr. 
0  li  0 

Free. 

0    ^   t 
0  li 
Free. 


1  anil  curnl  by  ihc  i|,|,^ 


L.,.d. 

nmi  . 

1   6  3 

<H,  iiiilil  llie 

1    2  3 

l.fhi-lfflO  .' 

0  15  0 

ill    N'T'll 

111  Ilic  I'uiliil 

Fret. 

(XV)   . 

1    3   9 

^3I,  uii;il  tie 

(1  IP    9 

6,  llip  I.OCO  " 

on  6 

I'.n  III  Norrh 

ill  llll:  tiiilKl 

• 

rrcf. 

m 

1    1  0 

i'ln  in  N.ir!h 

in  tlie  TiJieJ 

• 

Fr«. 

i<.k,lht  1,0(0 

. 

1    8  0 

i34,  unlil  Urn 

. 

1    6   0 

!       - 

1    1    0 

nil  in    Vnrih 

11  tlie  I'lii  rj 

Fcr. 

Vrtf. 

Lh  lliick,  llie 

1    <   0 

. 

0    5  3 

in  ill  \'.rih 

in  llif  I  ni'i-.l 

Fnr. 

f.     . 

0  Ij   0 

(in  in  Xcrtll 

Ym, 

in,  (11  IViiKB 

0    i;   1 

f.      • 

0  12 

patina 

Free. 

COLONY  TRADE. 


iDipBH*)  io'o  "tf  of  l«e  BrilUh  (inwmlnia  In  AuitricA  j 

llrtti  ■)-,  KflDflvn,  nr  rnnlix'i,  ku<l  ntheripirlli,  ci* 

c«|i'  ninii  tl«i  lolloii        .... 

itiil  liir<l.«r,  Out  mu'iuut  of  iiny  idiiy  |>ayi\M* 

1<tr  till-  tiiiif  Uiiiif  on  ^iiiriit  itw  uMiiufiC' 

tiiro  nf  UiM  Uutta>l  Kiii^ilmu. 

Euni,  tliu  cill'ni      •  .  .  .  . 

ADilfiiiUior,  t(i«  itni'Hint  of  :^nytliiiy  piviM* 

fur  IU«  tiiiifi  biiii.f  uii  rum  of  liia  >lriti«ti 

i>()«M'Hit)ut  iti  Siiuth  America  nr  ilia  NVvat 

tr.'llW. 

N.  U.-Kiim,  nUhnufh  llriliiN  if  iiri[K>rtr<t 
fr'ii  Ally  Knli^'i  |i.)v«»^<>m  m  whidi  f'rii!(ii 
ntiii  i*  not  (irittiiliitwl,  I&  trtriiio  I  .u  [urui^u.  mi- 
li'H't  il  ht>l  btTuuw«reliuiisoiSanil  i-x|K>jtvi  fruut 
tllB  wwhnuM. 
Wine  III  ('••'  ivMhtniiii  .  .  .  * 

tiul  furiti'T,  lor  every  lODt.  nf  (lie  valii*  • 

lllil  IM  liiC  liOt'liI,  !lli'  ilnxrji  - 
buitltvl  ill  111  I  ini)K)rtu<l  fniiii  i|ie  Uiiiloil  Kiii|- 
J'ttn,  fiir  i-vcry  lOiU.  of  thB  vilua 
Ihtj  IjoClrt       ..... 
Wilt'*  n>i  til  boill»«,  fnr  rvsrjr  10(1/  iif  thrvaSis 

luiyirtu^i  iii'i'  •!'•  Hiiii'li  ji '".-tiMiitii*  in  Nortli 
AitnTica  fnmi  (iihrslMrur  M.illt,  suI'Jiti  Ij>  nn 
\uiUrr  .luty  ihiii  if  iutiMtrte.l  rrniii  Iho  Uiiit«i 
Kin<ilotM  ^  \\$*  MOihof  iheitu'y  niiiiiliud, 

Cnff-.w,  iliB  Crtl.  ,  .  .  .  , 

C.ii-ni,  tlmCAl,  ,  .  .  .  . 

.1ii;tr,  U.acwI.  .  .  .  .  . 

Md.w-r«.t|iiir*«t.  •  •  •  ■    .     .  • 

i;i.!  furthr.  ttip  amnuiit  nf  any  iliity  p:iya'im  rnr 
Ihe'iiut*  bviiD^'iii  cotTt'e.  Lf'<'i)A,  tii^ir,  ami  tni- 
II"'*  rt^pi'clivcly,  liiiux  llii-  |ir»-!iicr  nf  thd 
lliit  <th  |)t«ii?>ii«r'it  111  NouU)  Anierici  or  the 
Wt^i  Iiiiliea. 
Cl'trlt!!  iiil  \vjtfhn.  Ifi!tipr  ni.iniifirltjr(%  line  ,  iiiuiic-.il 

iiniii ■*,  wirf»  of  all  itofti,  (Mink'*  airl  ii.t|wr<i,  lilk 

wiii'if.ii-  ur.s  fir  PVtry  iOOl.  of  thr  viliin 
C!iM  iiiui>ir.\(-tiirt'i,  I'l.i)',  nfliir.l  "tuir,  nuar  runly,  to 
lMiT"ii>i"tifi'lurtiit,c(>t'.imiiianufutiiri-itforev(!ry  100/. 
of 'h»v.iliii'  ...... 

jU\bi-ti!r,  aiich^vifv  arnnl,  anNwl,  amber,  alniimti, 
linniiturir,  li(t'ar»i).  \tnx  \voot,  riirrtn'd,  r.i|KTS.  cnsra- 
cm,  niiiiniiii  M't^I,  cumI,  ctiik,  ciiimljar,  (i.ii.-n ;  rati'iico 
of  Uri^uiior,  of  leuion,  (if  roiti,  uf  cilrun,  rn  nraiiju, 


/.  t.d. 


0    1    0 


0    0    0 


7  7  0 
7  It)  0 
0    1    0 

7  10    0 
Frw. 
7  lU    0 


0  ft  0 

0  5  0 

0  5  0 

0  3  0 


30    0    0 
20    0    0 


437 


£.•.« 


7  10   0 


0    0 


rift 


nftiv.mlor.if  niwiwljr  |  enifrjr  ttiin.  j  ftuil,  pnnrnrnd 

li<  »unr  nr  li'aiilyi  (lol  h  hi'V  ;  .Vim  in  l'.ii»,  Ull- 
»*niii<lit, -I  ni  \'U  iT'iii ;  jmiijiwi  briritfi.  inf^n*-  nHwk* 
iiirt'ii.-,  laM  iiiil  >l-ilu  k<  lie  fur  I  iiililiiiit.tiriihUi  mar* 
lilc,  miuti  Jifl  Wiirjlitij  1  litiiMiC  wnrh,  inihUlt,  iiintjc, 
luii'i-nrniii,  null  ii(  4II  kiii'U  [  ml  nf  (iImu,  ml  of  a'> 
luiii.li;  iir'i»  r'l-il.  i*lrli  h  f.ilinir*,  'ilirf,  nriitc*'  Im '• 
imt  |>rvt,('llVi'l,filtrh,  linklm  III  j^mn:  t,  itiii^^  juitil' 
iint^,  |Hi/«.)t4li.i.  piiriii'*iMliini.  vmik*  I'anti'viii  dli<ie«, 
[)irkli«,)ii'lnls  [H"rl*,  prrcliiiM  ttitiiei  t«>cir|il  iliaa'CuiN)) 
(|iri:k*ilvni,  rtiHiiif,  uumi(M,  fl|i'<ii{ci,  liir,  liiit.vi>iltiij( 
Vfiliiiltun,  varniicclli,  wli  lllniieii  i>r  .very  HXV.  uflh. 

V^llIM  ....••• 

<.0'M'i,  iv»rf«,  mul  ^l.^h>nli■l',  not  (>lti*Trti«»  clurni^fl 
v^rti  iliii)'  ™'i'l  lint  tinpin  Juiliritl  li>  b«  lrt«  "i  »iii:)» 
fur  evi  ly  IIXJ(  nr  llm  viluu  •  •  •  -15 

Coin,  bulfiiin,  »i|.|  UiiliiiniiNi  hnnn,  IIihIm,  llMit,  liml 
railln,  ml  <ll  nllirr  livi'  ilixki  Ulliiiv  'ml  ri>«  tiiiirt: 
rirp  ;  riirii  nn  I  (T»jii,  nincrnnnil :  liiwiili  'irltlt;.nl ;  nirw 
nr  tldiir  (lXi-c  il  uliait  lliiur; ;  (n»lt  oitMl,  frttli  lUlii 
Mi-ri-iitu  (if  lr,ivi-lliiri       .  .  .  .  • 

Wnfll  (I  lur,  liff  nil  pork,  Inn.i  ind  iKlrnn,  W("vl  in  I 
jiiiiili'^r,  lln|inrt(tl  into  ('mitdill  uniHl  and  liiliiWr,  im 

EHlnd  iniii  ^'cw  Brti  'Hwlck,  Nova  S'cniiili  'it  I'nnctt 
dwirPt  I^Uihlj  tuy  ui'l  «haw,  fruil  .111(1  V » ,(*-t-iM<!4| 
fiTstl  ;  wit,  C'ltt'.i.  viKil  ;  'ocd'.  Mid  pr<.<lufe  (if  p'u'M 
wiltiin  Ihf  liuiiu  ..f  ihc  Kill  In  li->  C  ■iniiiiiy'i  ckirlct, 
iiiipnrlrl  fniiii  lli'iw  I  lAcru,  nr  IMiii  the  Diiili^t  Kiiin* 
diim,  (ir  fniin  hiniti  plii'c  in  Im  tdiiMtl  d.iuiini'inei  liur* 
rino  laAi-n  and  vui'tft  ly  llio  inti.ilj.l.tnli  nl'  (lie  Mu  nf 
Mm,  ail  I  impdrled  frciu  lliiiiil'i  liimlicr,  the  pr»i.liirl 
of  and  tniiHirtoil  fioni  any  liriliili  [i-iwKM^ion  'm  Out  w«'il 
oiat<  of  Afrir^il  auv  rut  of  rrali  j  fo.d  ani  »  clui;*,  iH' 
rrpt  •pirlt^i  an  I  any  i«iH  nf  cliiilnn<,  and  iiii|ilfinniH 
an  1  inift-riali.  lif  in  1  nw-v-try  fir  111'  lliii.»!i  II  linri'-l 
in  Aiiniiira,  Imp  ir'rl  Into  illK  pU.  e  a*  nr  fnm  w'h-nf« 
■UL'h  fldiiTV  in  c.irrii^il  on  ;  tlriir^,  ^uiiis  or  rrtiitiK,  dyt 
Hi>c|  an(|  liarl  woo.!,  (■il(iiie'.*ii..Ut:r'i  wikhI,  liirtoifct;' 
iiSrII,  lienip,  llix,  an  I  tow  .  .  .  •     Fiee. 

St-c.Ii,  uli  11  (I  (iir,  f(H(i»,  pliklft,  ivooIb  nf  all  lort-t, 
oakil-n,  pttrli.  t.tr,  tlirprn'iin',  nclirm.  Iiriiinlone,  ant* 
phur,  ffKBliliie  iiiIb.  hnrr  fttonn,  (l(H  ^tonw,  linp%  corki 
■a«n,  tapioci,  «pon;rf  «ii«re',  cllni*if,rijBr,  wii,l,spico«t 
lalt'iv*',  inijiortnd  diikct  fniiii  the  uartdiousu  iii  the 
I'nilrl  Hiind'iii. f"*- 

All  HO.KU  ini|i.trf-d  fr^iin  ttiel'nitcl  Kin/'l' m.afinrliavinc 
there  pai(|  tlir  tiilieaof  c(itiiiiii.ptiuii,aiid  being  ei^MirtcJ 
from  thence  » iilwul  dinwlmcli    ....    Fret. 


And  if  :iiiv  (if  till!  Rdotls  hrrclii-lipfnrc  monlicnitd  shall  h(>  linnnrteil  llirniisli  tltp  ITiiUcil  Klnidom  (hiiv- 
ini!  hi'i'ti  warBliiitiMiHl  ihitrt'iii,  iiiiil  nvpiirioil  1  r  mi  ih>>  wnrclifinni",  nr  llio  iliilii's  tin  ri"m,  If  ttioru  |i;ilil, 
iiiiviii.'  lif  'It  ilriiwii  tinek),  oiip  tttiilh  purt  of  Hit:  ilutlua  liurcin  itii|iii.'ii.'(l  ttliull  hu  reiiiitli'il  in  ri-Hin'ct  of 
lilrll  ;;iiii(h.— {  D. 

.Irit  ii.it  rc/wd/fK/.— Nnlhliiir  In  IliU  nrt  nr  in  nny  nthor  piiRsoil  In  ili«<  prciX'tit  upssinn  of  parlitiinpnt 
uliill  I'Mi'iiil  In  rclM'iil  or  nhrmmti'.  nr  in  iitiy  wiiy  to  sillor  nr  nlfi'rt  nil  mt  (H  'iitn.  S.  c  12.),  itititiilitrt 
"All  All  fcr  ritiiinvitig  :ill  Oniilils  iiiiil  Ap|)rfili'n«i(iii.»  cntit(>riiin8Tii\alio-i  liy  tit'  I'lirlliiiiii'iit  nf (Jront 
Ilflliiiti  ill  iiMV  nf  lint  Cnliinic!',  I'rnviiicps.antl  PI  inlnll<>n<  of  Nnrlh  Aiintrini  iiiiil  thn  Wrsl  Imlii's,  iind 
f.ir  ritpLViliiii,'  sin  iiniili  nf  nji  Act  iniiilit  in  tlin  'III  Voir  nf  the  Kcitfii  nf  liis  [iriMi'iit  M;iji'.-ily  ns  iiii|inKP8 
a  Hilly  nn  'IVii  iiiipnrlnil  from  <;rc  it  Uritiiin  iiitn  any  Tnlnny  nr  I'lanlalinii  In  Aiiii'rii:i,  ii«  rclnti^H 
lh  ri'l"  ;"  "nr  in  n.-ptial  nr  in  iiny  w.iy  nltnr  or  iiirurt  tiny  an  now  in  fnrci'  wliii'h  wih  paMHiMl  prinr  to 
tliR  la<i-itiiMili(iiiiMl  ad,  anil  liy  wliirli  any  (liilii'<  in  nny  nf  tint  Hriti^li  pnssi-JHiniix  in  Aiiii'rlra  wern 
(jntili'tl  anil  «!ill  fotilitiittt  payihio  tn  Hid  rrnwii  i  iinr  to  repi'al  nr  in  any  way  iilltsr  nr  utrcrt  an  net 
(;il  Ceo.  ;i.  1-.  .11.)  itiiilnlKil  '.Vn  A('l  In  rcpitil  (('rtaiii  Parii<  nf  nn  Ait  pt"«il  In  tint  1  lih  Vi'ar  nf  liitt 
Miji'.<ly'.-(  ili'iu'ti,  inliliilitil  'An  Ait  tor  niakiiig  ittnrn  RnTci  iiial  I'r.iviKinrs  fur  the  (invi'rniniMil  nf  |hi> 
PmvIim'i-  nf  (in  ilii'c  in  Nnrlli  Aniurica,  anil  to  inuke  furl  lie  r  I'rnvisions  fnr  tliii  (Jn\  I'minent  nf  tin;  naiil 
Hrdviiici!.'  "—  J  10. 

Wd'tc  i'liniLiFil  liri  pri'if  Jirt!)  Id  he  npiiJiril  to  Pnrii'isrs  nf  tlione  .Irt.^.—'VhP  iliilio3  inipnticil  by  iiliy  nf 
tlin  :tris  jidniiii-lii'lnrit  iiicnlinni'il  nr  ri'li-rriid  to,  passoil  prinr  to  the  s.iiil  Tt  (1^  flcn.  :i.  c  1'2)  slial'l  bi 
rcr.'lv(t(|.  ai'Cdiinli'  I  l"nr,  anil  appliivl  lor  tint  piir|)ns!>s  of  lliiisi;  in  ts:  prnviiloij  ahvavH.  Iliat  no  irri'iitHf 
liropdrlinii  nf  till'  ililticji  iiitpnscil  liy  this  act,  ivxri'pl  ■,\*  lii-r.'iii-lii'firi!  rvrciilcil,  iilrijl  lii- 1  h  iriji'd  itpnn 
any  arliiio  wlii'  li  is  «iiliji'rt  al.^n  tn  iliiiy  ntiiliT  any  nf  lliu  ^aiil  aits,  nr  siitijoi  i  aNo  tn  iliily  iiM(li'r  any 
Cdldiii  il  law,  tlnn  llin  amniint,  if  any,  hy  wliirli  ttitt  duty  iliari'"il  liy  ilii:"  ai  t  »li  ill  oxccimI  siiili  ntliiT 
(I'llynr  (laliiM :  pinviilcil.  lit  it  tlin  fiiil  anioiinl  of  tli(t  iliiiiiti  nK'titiniiitil  in  this  ai-i.»li"tliiT  nn  ai-iinint 
of  saili  I'd!  liter  aitii,  or  on  iicrnnnt  nf  sinli  cnlnnial  law,  nr  nn  acionnl  nf  lliiri  art,  shall  lio  lovieil  anil 
rj.'i  iv  ■il  iiiiiliT  ilie  r-'snl  iliniH  aiiii  pnwoi.i  nf  this  act. — }  11. 

Qnrriiirii.  IVei:'lils,  aiil  .1f,'i(.<«r(!y.— All  sitiiH  nf  tnnncy  !;raiitiM|  nr  iinpnqi<.|  liy  Ihi-i  art.  nlllidr  n» 
iliilii'ii,  poll  iltii'j.  or  fdrfciliiritti,  in  tlin  llrili.^ih  iinssos-'iniis  in  Anifrira,  ant  li'Trliy  de'  lar.'il  tn  lie  sier- 
liii?  tii.-.'.i'y  of  (ireit  llritain,  ati'l  shall  he  rnlloi'teil,  .i.iil  paid  In  the  iiiiioniit  nf  lite  vtiliic  which  sttrli 
iiuiiiiirti  natiis  hi'ir  in  (iieat  Hiitiin;  and  that  such  monies  may  he  received  and  fikeii  at  the  rate  nf 
5<.  Ii(/.  Ill .'  ounce  in  silver ;  and  all  duties  ah  ill  hi?  paid  and  receive  I  in  every  part  nf  Hie  llrilisli  pns- 
l"^■:^i(llH  in  Aineriia  accnrdiiijl  tn  llriiisli  weinhtif  anil  itteasiirea  in  ns  t  nn  the  lilli  day  of  July.  1— J'l ; 
an  I  ill  all  cases  wliere  such  diitios  tire  ittipnsed  accnrdini!  to  -iiiy  specific  ipi  inlity  nr  any  sp'cific 
Vila '.  the  sanie  shall  lie  deeined  tn  afiply  in  lite  sanie  pnipnrlii;-.  to  any '.'r '  ncr  or  I  ss  ipianiily  or 
v:ilii ' ;  and  all  sili:li  duties  shall  hu  tinder  the  ltiattai;eiiient  of  t lit;  coininissintiers  nf  lite  cnstoitis. 
-0  11 

l>tiiit.<  fi'iii  h;i  Collector  tn  Treasurer  of  Ct'l.,nij  in  wliirh  leriril. — The  produce  nf  the  ilnlies  so  re- 
leiv  'I  under  this  act,  e\cept  siti  h  ditties  ;is  are  [layahle  niiiler  any  act  pas-e.l  prior  tn  the  IS  f!en.  3. 
a,i  alercstid.  sliall  he  pal. I  hy  the  collector  of  the  ciistniiis  into  lite  hfels  nf  the  treistirer  nr  rflcjver- 
C'li'ial  of  the  colony,  or  nllier  proper  oHiter  aitllinri/ed  tn  receive  the  sain.-,  to  he  apnl.ed  to  siicli 
u-i!s  as  sliall  1),!  directed  liy  Hie  local  le^iislainresnf  such  cnlnnies  ;  iiinl  that  Hie  prnditce  of  snrli  diitiei 
5(1  rcceiv."!  in  colonies  wiiich  have  no  local  lei;is!altire  tii  ly  he  a|iplied  in  siicli  iiiantier  as  shall  bo 
direiti'd  hy  the  cnininissioners  of  Ills  Majesty's  treasury.— J  1!!. 

.'Ill  Hri'i.ih  l^r.ii-li  shall  he  Kiilijer.l  to  e<iiiiil  Dii'inn,  erri'fit  r.iiislhtr  f^r.^.^rl.~\ — Wliereas  in  some  nf  hit* 
Mijesiy's  pnssessintts  ahroail,  certain  diiiie.s  of  tntiiia'je  are.  hy  ads  of  Hie  local  le'jislatnres  of  siicli 
pis.1 'ssioiis.  l,!vi.'il  upon  Hrili^h  vessids.  to  wlii.'h  ditties  the  like  vessels  hnilt  wilhin  sitrli  pnsses- 
ni.iii-i.  or  mvneil  hy  persons  resident  there,  are  tint  siiiiject ;  he  it  further  enacied,  that  there  shall  he 
levied  .mil  pail  at  the  several  Krilisli  possessions  abroad,  tipoii  all  vessids  hnilt  in  any  snrh  pnsscf- 
iiMis.  nr  iiwn.^d  hy  any  persnn  nr  person.s  there  resident,  other  tliaii  cnisiinif  or  ilnitineinK  vi>sselg 
'  it|iloy(;il  in  C'lastin;;  ur  droj^iiein;;,  all  such  and  the  like  dtuies  nf  tniinagu  and  sliippin;;  ducB  uti  are  or 


I'    [ 


if 

J'' 

11- 

;l 

li  I' 

f-i;. 

'l'\t  ' 


:,  '  i;| ; 


y  •  I : 


4as 


COLONIES  AND 


^i 


■hall  lir  pnynl)li-  In  nny  iitrh  poiiici<«loiii  iipnn  the  llkn  BrllJKli  vnaaclii  liiiitt  In  other  parti  of  liU  Mil. 
Ji!iily'a  (liiliiliiliiriii,  or  nwiii'il  i>y  pcrNonn  mil  rPKldiMii  in  mii  li  pnnacKMliiiiii.'  i  l\. 

Iirawbath  nn  MNm,iij-c.— 'I'liiri!  khiill  lit*  iitloui'il  iip'ri  lilt'  I'.xpiirtiitiiiii  t'r<<in  Ncn'riiiiiiillaiiil  In  Cuiig,!) 
(il  nun  iir  iilhi'r  ■pirlln,  lliu  pnidiice  uf  tlin  llrllliili  pmiaiiiiiliinit  In  Hniali  Aiiivrlia  »r  tliti  Wim  Iniiir^ 
■  iliaulmrk  ol'lli)'  full  diithii  iit'ciiitoma  paid  upim  Inn  linporinllun  llii'riMil't'nini  liny  ol' Hit!  >uii|  pinnf 
liilii  Nt^wl'iiiinilliiiid,  provided  prixil'iin  nnlli  be  niiidt*  to  ll.i*  Hiitint'iirtlon  nf  \\\c  rdlli-iior  iinil  ii>iii|iiiu|. 
Il  r  III'  tliH  ciinloiiin  ui  iliu  port  «vh«nc«  miili  rum  or  nllii'r  •ptrltn  In  tixpnrlnl,  tliiil  llu-  lull  ilnu,^  „„ 
llie  iiiipiirlulloii  III'  iiirli  ruui  iir  uihor  •pIrUii  Kt  lliii  nuiil  port  liiiil  tii'i'ii  piild,  iinil  Ihul  u  ii'iiiiii  n\,,  \„^ 
|iriiiliii'i'd  iindur  the  hiwiiln  and  •kiiU  iiI'  liiti  rnllector  niiil  I'liinpiinlli'r  nl'  tliti  iukIiiihh  iit  ((in  li, , ,  ||,„| 
iiii'h  nun  or  ntlicr  niilrllH  liud  lii'Uii  duly  liindi-d  In  t'liniida:  provided  Hint  no  driiwlxiik  ajiiill  ii',i  „|. 
lowed  ii|i<iii  itiiy  mull  nun  or  ollii'r  iiplrlti  uiiltii  iIik  •iiiiiu  •hull  Ini  iililppud  within  I  yt'iir  I'mm  ilu  dny 
III'  llii'  linpnrliillon  of  the  lanie,  uur  unlet*  auvli  druwUuck  ahull  bu  tiuly  iluiininl  williiii  1  yiur  iruui 
till'  liny  iit'Hiii'h  ulilpiniint.-  (  IS. 

>SAi/i  uitd  t'arpt  tu  bt  riported  on  Arriral. — The  niiiilpr  of  rvi^ry  uhlp  arrivinf  In  any  nf  lliti  llriilnh 

fioHMi'imiiiiia  in  AiiKirlt^ii.  or  Ihu  lalunila  of  (iuvrniii'y,  Jcrii  y,  Aldrriify,  or  Hnrk,  wlitilhi^r  luliiu  nr  m 
iiilluMl,  shall  roinn  diri'ctly,  Hiid  bufore  hulk  bu  hriikun,  to  ihu  I'liHloni-hiiuiiH  t'l^r  lliu  purl  nr  diniriit 
when'  liti  iirrlvt'*,  nnd  lliRrc  inoko  u  report  In  wrIliiiK  to  Ihu  loili'i'lor  nr  coniplrolirr,  or  nllnr  |'ri<|H<r 
tiHIi'ir,  iirUiH  urrlvul  unil  voyagit  uf  aiirh  alili),  itiiliiiK  hi}r  nuino,  toiintry,  unil  loiiniiid',  uiiil  il  llmifii 
till!  purl  til  ri'Vialry,  Ihu  niunu  and  coiuitry  ol  the  inuiilur,  Ihu  iiinnliy  oriliu  ounum,  the  niiniliri  mi),,, 
rri'W,  iind  linw  iniiny  nre  ul'  Ihv  cniinlry  nf  tiich  nhlp,  ninl  n  hrthrr  vhi'  hi-  liidi'n  or  In  IikIIukI,  iuhI  n' 
hidcn  Ihu  inarku,  niiinhurrt,  and  conlunu  ol°  uvi^ry  packiiKu  and  piirrul  of  fooiU  nn  hoard,  and  u  Ini,, 
Ilii-  Haini'  wan  ludun,  and  u  liuro  nnd  to  whoi'i  conKlgiii'it,  and  whuru  any  and  what  koihIh,  it'  any,  hat] 
lu'i'ii  iiiilaili'ii  iliirinir  Iliu  vii)U|tu,aa  I'ar  ui  any  iiI'hiiiIi  parln  nluriiran  liu  known  to  hlin  j  unil  I  In-  m^u. 
tur  uliull  riirllnr  iinKWur  all  mii'li  qnuitliiina  fiinrt'rnini!  Ihu  iiliip,  and  Ihu  curKo,  hiiiI  iIiu  in  w,  iiinl  i:ii> 
vo}H|iu,  UM  hIiiiII  Iiu  di'iniiiidud  ol'  him  by  mnh  iitlhur  )  nnd  it  any  kooiIh  hu  luiladi'ii  Irom  any  Nlilp  i,,,. 
loru  ■null  ri'iinri  bu  niadu,  or  if  Ihu  niiiiilur  fail  In  inuku  hiiiIi  riiiinri,  nr  inaku  an  iinlriiu  ri'pnri,  ur  ilu 
iinl  iMily  aiiHWur  tliii  (iiiuHliniiH  di'innndud  of  him,  he  Hlnll  Inrfuit  thu  kiiiii  uf  \Wt, ;  und  if  any  (ji.wli 
hu  iinl  rupnrli'il,  Ihuy  kIiiiII  bu  forfulluil.--}  II). 

Knirii  ouivaalH  of  Ship  for  Cuij(o.—'l'\\u  niaater  of  every  fihip  honnil  from  nny  Ilritlsh  piidinHsliiii  in 
Aiiiurii'U,  nr  thu  inlaniU  of  (iiiuriiNuy,  Jumuy,  Aliluriiuy,  or  hark,  nhall,  liul'niu  any  koi  iIh  bu  l.nlia 
thrruin,  di'livur  In  Ihu  rolluiior  <ir  coiiiplmllur,  or  olliur  prijii  r  ollin'r,  an  uiilry  oiiiwiirilii  iiiiilir  lug 
liaiiil  of  Iliu  ilurtlinaliiMi  nf  audi  ahip,  alutin;(  hur  nnniu,  rnnalry,  and  tminagu,  and  if  llrllli'li  Ihu  puri 
of  n  |{i,<try,  the  iihiiiu  und  ciinntry  of  Hie  miiiilur,  the  roiinly  of  Ihi^  nwinrn,  thu  iinmbur  of  Iliu  iriw, 
und  how  inuny  are  nf  lliu  uoiinlry  of  anch  ahip;  and  if  any  khoiIk  be  ladun  on  bnaril  any  «lii|i  In  11,10 
aui  II  uiilry  liu  iiiadu,  ihu  inaslur  of  aui  li  ahip  iihall  fnrfi  it  tliu  niim  of  iOt. ;  and  bul'nru  ainh  nhip  il,  pun 
thu  inaNlur  kIiiiII  brinir  and  ih-livur  In  llic  colli'i'tor  or  unniplmllur,  nr  nihur  ollliur, a  iniilunl  in  »riiiii|; 
linilur  Ilia  Iniinl  of  Ihuk'nmli*  ladun,  nnd  thu  nuniui4of  Ihu  rusjiuulivu  ahippuri  aiidcoiisiKiiirBoflbc'  uniiija, 
mill  Ihu  iiiarka  and  niiinbura  of  liiu  puckaiit^K  ur  pariuli*  of  Ihu  Kamu,  and  vliali  inaku  ami  Kiiinonii,'  n 
drclarahnn  In  Ihu  Inillmf  <iirli  conleni  n»  far  na  any  of  hiiiIi  purtli  iilarsian  liu  known  lohin, ;  ninl  ihg 
ninHtir  of  uvury  uliip  hniind  from  any  llrili^th  ponfiuiitilon  in  Aniurlia,  or  finiii  Ihu  iKlamls  of  (■iiuriiniy, 
JurHey,  Alilern(!y,or  Sark,  wlielliur  In  ballant  or  liidun,  Khali  liulnru  dupaiiiire  cinnu  liul'nrrlliu  (nlliii^r 
ur  cninptrollur,  nr  nihur  proper  olhcur,  and  anawur  upon  oalli  all  hiiiIi  <|ni  silionit  cnnci.'rnint!  lliu  »bip, 
and  llie  uari;ii,  if  any,  and  Ihu  cruw  nnd  Ihu  viiyu|;e,  an  ahall  liu  dumandud  nf  hiiii  by  aiiih  nliiiur ;  unil 
thurunpnii  tin,  lollurmr  arvilcnmpirnllur,  or  nihur  |iriipuroltli:ui,  ifrtinh  fliipbu  lailuii,>iiiallinakuiiai  iiinl 
givu  III  lliu  nniHtur  u  turliricnin  of  ihe  iluuraiKe  of  siiuli  »liip  for  hur  inluniiud  voyH|iu,unntiiiniMViiii  iic- 
iniint  nf  lliu  lnlult|nanlilluauf  tiie  auveral  Hurts  of  (;ouda  lailun  Ihuruiii.or  a  lurlilii  atu  ol  liur  iluaiMiice 
in  ball.'iHl.  aa  the  laai;  may  be  ;  and  If  the  Khi|i  de|>Hrt  wilhniit  kikIi  uluariim  u,  nr  IT  lliu  niiiBlur  ilulivutu 
faint!  uiiniifiil,  ur  ahall  nut  truly  uiiawer  the  i|uesliuii8  demanded  uf  him,  he  hhall  tnrl'uil  Uiu  i>aia  uf 
lUO/.— }  17. 

(iiiods  nut  siuitd  in  Ctrtifieatt  to  bi  Produce  of  BrilifK  Posfeffionii  lo  be  Jmiied  nf  Furcijin  frodnclioii, 
— No  gnnilH  Hhall  he  slated  in  ailtli  certiticntu  of  clearam.u  to  bu  Ihu  prudnce  of  Ilrilihli  pnaiiusHliina  in 
Ainurica,  iinlusa  auili  guoda  have  been  expreasly  ataled  80  to  hi;  in  lliu  entry  inilwariU  of  thu  naiau; 
und  all  KDuda  nut  u.\pruaBly  ataled  In  auuli  rerlilicalu  of  uluaranuu  In  bu  thu  pioiliicu  of  ihu  liriiikli  [ms- 
anssliiiiH  in  Amurica  aiiall,  al  the  plucu  of  impnrtalluii  in  uiiy  uthur  bUih  pnuiiuHtiionH,  or  in  Ibu  linliiid 
Kiii^'dmn,  bu  duuniud  tnbu  of  fnrui|{ii  priiihiclliiii. — i  lU. 

JVcirf.iuiiilland  t'inliing  Certificates  in  lieu  uf  Clearance. — Whunevur  any  phip  nliall  bo  rluartd  nut 
frnin  , New  fniindlanil,  nr  any  oilier  part  of  liix  .Majuhly'a  dominhins,  for  lliu  ilKlnrii.'H  on  lliu  Umlvii  ur 
cnasta  <if  Newfniuiilland  or  Labrador,  or  their  ilupundunciuH,  w  itlmut  ha\  ini,'  nn  bnard  any  uttiilu  uf 
trulfu',  (uxuept  only  thu  provieinna,  nulK,  tai'klu,  und  nihur  IhiniiH  iiBiially  uinployud  in  and  abnat  llie 
aalil  fnihury,)  thu  inaaler  of  amli  !»hip  ahall  be  cntitlud  lo  duinand  I'roni  Ihu  uolluclor  or  olliur  |iniiii{jul 
ulHuur  of  the  tMstnina  at  Hiiih  port  u  ccrtiliualu  under  his  hand  that  hucli  ahip  hiilli  leun  r-pnially 
cleared  uiit  for  thu  Newfniindland  linhury ;  und  auuli  eurlitiuule  ithall  Ih:  in  fnrtu  fur  Ihu  ii^liiiii!  Kuaruii 
for  lliu  yuur  in  w  liich  the  aaine  may  be  (.'ranted,  and  no  longer ;  und  ii|inii  thu  lirat  arrival  in  any  imrl 
in  Newfoundland,  &c.  of  any  ahip  lnivin)(  on  board  aiuh  curtiti.atu,  a  rupiirt  th.'renf  bhall  bu  n  ;iili,  hy 
the  inanler  of  nuth  sliip  to  th.;  principal  ulhuur  of  thu  uinttoinii ;  und  all  Kliip;)  having'  kui  li  curulk.iii!  tu 
rupnrluil,  and  liuiii);  actually  uniiUjiud  in  Ibu  Hiiid  liHliery,  or  in  eariyiiiK  t:iiastwlKu  to  hu  landiil  uj  |Mit 
on  liii'ird  any  olliur  ahlps  uiifiaiiud  in  thu  Hiiid  tiahery  any  linh.iiil,  nail,  piovii-innH,  nr  other  iiui  u^Mirica 
fur  Ibu  iisK  and  purpiiHux  ihuruof,  ahall  bu  exumpt  finm  all  iibliKalinn  lo  make  an  untry  al  or  olitaia  any 
iluarani'u  from  any  Cuslnm-houiiu  ut  Newfoundland  upnn  arrival  at  nr  deparluru  Irnin  any  nt  tlie 
piu'tfi  nr  barbonra  nf  thu  aaid  culnny,  &.u.  iluriiii;  Ihu  lisbini:  auMHini  for  whiili  Hiuh  curtilUalu  nmy  bu 
(.'ranl'il;  und  previmii<ly  In  olilaiiiin|!  u  cluarainu  at  tliu  end  of  nuuIi  Keuson  for  any  nlbur  vnyiifu  ut 
uiiy  of  Buch  ports,  thu  inadtur  of  aiicli  aliip  aiiall  ilulivur  up  the  buforu-niunliniiud  uurtil'nalu  tu  lliu 
olfiui^r  ol  the  cuHtninH  :  {iruvidud  always,  that  in  ua^e  any  bucli  i<liip  bhall  havu  on  bnard,  lining'  il.u 
timu  tliu  same  may  be  uiiL'aKud  in  ihu  hiiiil  tirihury,  any  i^nnda  nr  muruliandisua  wlialMiuvui  niuii  iliua 
fiKh,  HualD,  oil  maiiu  of  hull  or  aeala,  aall,  prnvixiunH,  and  olliur  lliiniis,  liuin|2  Ihu  produiu  of  m  iisaully 
einplnyuil  In  thu  aaid  Osliury,  aiiuh  xhip  ahall  fnrfuit  Ihu  t-aiil  liHliiiii;  ruriiiicalu,  and  nliall  Ilu  inul'urlli 
he  aiiliji'cl  and  liablu  to  lliu  saineriilua,rugnlalinn».  Ate.  as  sliip..i  in  K.^nur.il  aru.-iulijuttorlialilu  In  -^  10. 

r.nlri/ nf  f/oodg  to  be  lalrn  or  vnladen. — No  gooila  Khali  bu  hiiluii,  or  walur-linrnu  to  bu  lailuii.ua 
board  any  Mliip,  or  unladun  from  any  ahip,  in  any  of  thu  llritlKh  pi  K^u»9ionH  in  Ainuriua,  or  Ibu  i.^bimid 
uf  lluurnsuy,  Juri-uy,  Aldernuy,  nr  i>urk,  until  due  untry  In-  inaili.'  nf  aiiili  tiooils,  and  »  arrant  ui  iiileil 
for  the  lailiiig  or  unludinc  nf  tin!  aaiiie  ;  und  no  fitonilH  ahall  be  hii  ladun  or  walur-bornu,  or  tin  unlaili'ii, 
exiupt  at  aoiiiu  place  at  wliiuh  an  otficer  of  the  ciiHlninK  la  a|ipninluil  to  uttund  the  lading'  and  iiiil:iiliMjj 
of  nnoila,  oral  unnie  place  for  which  a  auH'irunce  ahall  bu  grantud  by  thu  cnlluclor  and  cnnipuullur; 
and  no  ^Moda  shall  be  ko  luilun  or  unludun  except  in  thu  prusuiiin  or  with  thu  iiurniiafinii  in  wilting' ul' 
thu  proper  othcer  :  provided  alwaya,  that  It  ahull  be  lawful  for  the  comniiaKionerK  of  cuKloina  tn  make 
and  appoint  such  otiier  regulutiona  for  the  carrying  coaalwiau,  ur  for  Ihe  removing  of  any  gnnda  I'ur 
I  ipmunt,  ua  ahull  appear  expedient ;  and  tiiat  ull  gonda  ladun,  waler-bornu,  or  unladen  cunirury  to 
the  rugiilatlons  of  thia  act,  ur  contrary  to  uny  rugulatlniia  ao  mailu,  be  I'urfuilud.— {  W. 

I'articttlara  of  Entry  of  Guuds,  inwards  and  uutiruri/s.— The  perKon  entering  any  such  gondj  simll 
deliver  tu  the  culloctur  or  comptroller,  or  other  proper  utiiuer,  u  bill  uf  thu  entry  ilieruof,  fuirly  » riituu 


COLONY  TRADE. 


439 


r  pam  of  I.U  M«. 


iiiiij  anil  III,'  iii;i«. 


Inwnriianlltnith,  ennlnlnlni  tho  nnmc  nttUn  ctporlnr  or  liii|>ortfr,  nnil  nfthx  ahlp.iiniinf  ihn  mailnr, 
tiiil  iif  III!)  liliii'ii  In  or  rroiii  wlilili  lioiinil,  niiil  nl'  thii  |iliicn  Wllliln  lllx  |Hirl  wIiith  thn  vikiiIk  urn  In  h« 
1,1  (I'll  iir  iiiiUiiti'ii,  nnil  tha  piiitliiilurH  iil'  thu  qiinlily  niiil  iitiaiilUy  ol'  Hut  iiuoiln,  nnil  Ihn  |iiickui{i'«  nin- 
liHiiiif  till'  miinii,  anil  tlio  iiiiirkK  uml  iiiimiIhti  iiii  IIh'  pnchnKim,  ami  khIIIiiii  I'nrth  whi'lhcr  mirli  (noil* 
h'llii'  iiriiiliii"  i>f  lli«  lirUlali  pinmcaiijonit  In  AiniTlrn  nr  noil  nml  iiiii'li  pi-mon  uliiill  iit  llin  miinit  limit 
nj)  il'iivii  nil  iliitli!*  iliii!  ii|Kin  thii  Koiiiln  I  mill  thii  nillf-rt'ir  nnil  riiinplriiili-r,  nr  uthxr  prnpiir  ntni:vr, 
ili:illilii'r>'ii|i>Mi  Kfittit  lliuir  wiirruni  lor  llii>  liuliiiR  iiriiiiluillniiiil'  aiirli  koimIn.— ,;  ■,il. 

F.'i'ri/  liiirttriti  bj)  Hill  »/  Hight.—l(  llii>  liii|Mirti'r  of  nny  Riiiiitii  iiiaki-  iinil  mihHirlhn  n  dnrlnriitlnn 
Irlnr,:  ilii'  rnlU'ctnr  nr  roinplrii||i<r,  (ir  iitlinr  proper  nlBrer,  lliat  lip  cannot,  Tor  want  of  full  inrnriiiiillon, 
niiA  iK'rl'iM'l  iiiilry  tlii'riii>r,  It  aliiill  Iih  Inwiul  lor  thn  rnllpctor  nnil  rninptrollpr  to  riTplvn  un  entry  liy 
hill  •<<  aiKliI  ("'  til'  pii'kiiKDii  nr  piirri'U  iil'  itiirh  itiioiU  liy  tlin  liiiiit  ili'mripllnn  wlilill  run  Iih  vivimi,  iiiiil 
t<i|irii<it  'I  wiirriiiii  tliiiri<iipon,  In  iirilnr  Hint  tlin  hiiiiiii  iniiy  hn  liiiiili'il  uml  lOM-iiri'il  to  Iho  HiitiKt'irtinii 
oI'iIk' iiMii  IT  III' tliiii'iiiiloinii,  nnil  nt  tlm  nippnuiMif  ttiti  IniportiT,  nml  inny  hit  iipun  iiiiil  cxiiniliii'il  liy 
iiii'li  liiipiirliT  III  tliii  prumtni'H  i<(  tliu  propiir  ollknmi  nnil  wllliln  3iluyi)  nOrr  lliii  cooriii  ahnll  Imvi^  lit>>iii 
ii,il;iiiil(i<l,  Hill  liiiporiur  kIi:iII  iiiiikn  a  per  fort  entry  tliitri'iif,  anil  piy  ilowii  nil  iIiiIIm*  iIiih  tliurpon  i  iiiiil 
In  il>  rnilt  ofaiirh  iMitry  mirli  irnoilit  iiliull  bn  tukcii  to  tlio  KInii'ii  w  iri:lioiiHi>,  nml  If  tliu  linporltir  hIiiiiI 
Hill,  wiililii  I  inniilli  ullrr  >iii'li  liinilliiK,  iiirtkB  porft'Ct  iintry  iif  mirli  kooiN  nnit  pny  tlin  iliilixa  itiie 
llvriMiii,  tiiKi'tlii'r  Willi  rliurvpt  «(  riiiiiiivul  uml  wnri'lioiiait  rent,  iticli  gomU  iliiill  hii'anlil  Tur  thu  pay- 
iiK'iit  lliiTi'iil',  and  llii-  iivprpliiii.  If  nny,  (hnll  bo  (lulil  tn  the  proprtetor  of  the  uooiU.—j  'i'i. 

(i^uilii  tiihjtti  to  ad  yaUrrm  Duty —In  nil  rniiei  where  thn  iliitle*  linpiiiii'il  liy  thin  net  upon  thn  Im- 
piirl.itlnn  otiirlirlet  Into  Ilia  MuJes'ty'H  piiaaeaaliina  in  Anu'ricaurn  ilmrueil,  not  ui-rnnllnKtothi' woIkIiI, 
lull-,  Ki>il4>'i '"  ■ii>''>"l>l'i!>  I'lit  accorilinK  to  thn  vuliie  thereof,  mich  vnliiu  ahull  lie  narertiilneil  hy  ilio 
ilii.'liir  illiiii  of  the  importer  of  aiich  artlclea,  or  hi*  kiiuwii  agent,  In  innnner  uml  furui  fullnwing  s  (Hint 
lut'imiyi) 

'I  A.  B.  ito  h'rehy  ilnclure,  that  the  nrtlcle*  mnntloneil  in  the  entry,  and  contained  In  the  pncknKna 
■[/irrr  nfnifying  tht  teveral  packaget,  and  dmeribing  the  uterral  marki  avil  Hiiiiibera,  at  the  cute  muij 
■fl^]  an- of  lint  v.iliie  of  ,     Witneaa  my  huiid  thu  diy  oi'  Jl.  H. 

•Thii  nhove  decluruti'Mi,  alined  tho  dny  of  In  the  preaenco  of  C.  7)   collector 

'  l.if  iilher  principal  iiJiciT].' 
WliKlidi'iliirullon  ahull  lie  written  on  the  hllinf  entry  of  such  nrliclea,  and  almll  he  aiihscrihed  hy  tha 
imp'iriiT  llieritiif,  or  hia  known  nifi'nl,  in  the  preaenre  of  the  collei  ir  or  other  prlnripul  ollli  r  of  thti 
ciKiiiuiii  ut  lliit  port  of  iiii|iiirtutinn  :  provldeil,  tint  if  upon  view  r.  <  eKaininntlon  of  aiich  uiticlea  hy 
tli'j  propi'r  olhi'er  of  the  nifiioiiig  It  ahull  nppeur  to  him  Hint  the  anid  urtinlea  are  not  v.i'ued  ncrordiiig 
1 1  lint  true  price  or  vuliie  thireof,  and  nccordiiigto  the  true  intent  uml  iiieuniiii{of  lliia,ict,  in  aiicli  cuae 
till!  hii{iiirlor  or  hia  known  niiitnt  ahull  he  rei|iiiritil  to  ducluro  on  o.ith  before  the  rollei'lor  or  voiiiptroller 
wliiil  la  tliH  Itivohe  price  of  aiieh  nrliclea,  nml  thnl  ho  verily  belicvi'a  mihIi  in  olcu  pi  -i  ig  the  current 
viiliM  iif  the  nrliclea  ut  the  pluce  from  whence  the  aiild  urticlua  were  Imporied  ;  nn<l  anch  liivoli-e  price 
u till  Ihe  :iilililioii of  in/, /lercendiiu  thori'on,  ahnll  be  deemed  to  be  II.  viiliio  nf  tl'  .irtiilen  in  Iv  i  of 
III"  viiliii'  ao  dei'lured  hy  the  importer  or  ..ia  known  ngnnt,  uml  upon  wlik'li  the  dim.  a  impo<ed  >  ihia 
oil  chilli  he  churned  nud  paid:  provided  ulao.  Hint  if  it  ahull  uppeur  to  the  collector  andcoiii|i.  'ler, 
or  iillii'r  propi'r  olllcer,  that  am  li  urticlua  havo  been  invoiced  below  tlie  reul  nml  true  vnliie  "le..  i,  ,  ui 
till!  place  IVdiii  whence  the  aume  wure  imported,  or  If  the  invoice  price  la  not  known,  the  m  ,e  ahull 
ill  -iicli  c;iBi'  b  I  exuiiiiued  hy  two  rninpclent  peraona,  to  he  noininnted  and  nppointi'd  by  tin  uoverni/r 
nrritniinaiidi'r-in-cliiefof  thu  colony,  pluntnlion,  or  iaiaiid  into  which  the  aald  "ticlea  nre  imported, 
anil  such  pcranna  ahull  declare  un  ontli  before  the  collector  or  coniptrnller,  or  oil  ,1  <;iiirolHcer,  what 
iilliii  true  and  real  vuliin  of  auch  nrticlea  In  anch  colony,  plantntioii,  or  iaii  nl  ^  uml  the  vuliie  an 
d'M'hri-d  iin  the  oaths  nf  aiirh  peraona  ahall  be  deemed  to  he  the  true  and  real  ulue  -  f  such  urtlclcg, 
ami  iiiinii  which  the  diitiea  iin|Hi8cd  by  thla  act  ahall  he  churgod  and  paid— j  3.1. 

//  Importer  rrfiiae  to  pay  tuck  Duty,  the  Ooiids  may  be  tuld. — If  tlie  Importer  of  auch  artlclea  Hhall 
rrfiHi'  III  puy  thu  diitlea  herehv  iinpoaed  tlicr'>on,  it  ahull  be  lawful  for  the  cnlluctor  or  other  chief  of- 
liniriif  the  ciiatuina  where  auch  nrliclea  ahall  be  imported,  to  takennd  aecure  the  aume,  with  the  cnaka 
nr  oilier  |iackai{u  thurenf,  nnd  tocauao  the  anine  to  ho  publicly  sold  within  the  apact  of  UOduys  at  tlia 
inD.U  aner  audi  refiiaul  made,  nnd  ut  auch  time  and  place  na  auch  olDcer  aliall,  by  4  or  mnredaya'  pub- 
lic luilice,  nppdnt  for  that  piirpoae  ;  which  nrliclea  ahnll  be  aold  to  the  lieat  bidder  ;  and  the  money 
nrisiiiK  fnini  the  aale  thereof  ahnll  he  applied  in  the  flrat  place  in  payment  of  the  auid  dutica  tofselher 
Willi  the  cliariea  that  ahall  liuve  been  occaaioncd  by  the  aaid  aale,  and  thu  ov  rplim,  if  any,  ahall  be 
piiil  tn  such  importer  nr  proprietor,  oruny  other  person  authorised  to  receive  tiia  aamc.— }  21. 

//  f/iwrf.i  be  not  entered  in  20  Days,  the  Officer  may  land  and  secure  them. — Every  importer  of  uuy  goodi 
(li'ill,  within  '20  dnya  after  thn  nrrivnl  of  the  iinportiiig  ship,  make  due  entry  inwards  of  audi  gooda, 
mill  land  Ihn  aume  ;  nnd  in  defuult  of  auch  entry  and  landing  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  olHcera  of  the 
riii'tiiaiii  to  convey  such  gooda  to  thn  king'a  wurehouae  ;  and  if  the  duties  due  upon  such  gooda  be  not 
p:ii  I  williin  3  iiinniha  nftitr  auch  29  days  shall  have  expired,  together  with  all  charges  of  remnval  nml 
warchiiuse  rent,  the  sninc  ahull  be  sold,  nnd  the  produce  thereof  applied  llrst  tn  Hie  payment  of  Intiitht 
anil  cliar^es,  nc.\t  of  duties,  aud  the  overplus,  it  any,  ahall  be  paid  to  the  proprietor  of  the  goods.— 
}  25. 

(Iiinis  iinn:>rted  from  United  Kingdom  or  Britinh  Possessions  must  appear  in  Cockct,Sfc. — No  goods  sliuli 
oe  Inipnrted  into  any  British  poaaeaainn  us  being  iniporte''  ''rnni  the  IFiiiled  Kingdom,  or  from  nny 
nili'r  llritlah  posanasion  (if  nny  advantage  attach  tn  such  01  ;>  ..I'on),  unleassuch  gnoda  appear  upon 
till'  iiic'ii'ts  ornthnr  proper  docunienta  fnr  the  same  to  ha\-  .,■  July  cleared  outwards  nt  thu  port  nf 
cciifirtation  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  in  auch  othtr  Uritiaii  ,.  ^sseaaion,  nor  iinluas  the  ground  upon 
whidi  auch  advantage  be  dnlincd  hn  stated  In  such  cncket  or  document.—}  26. 

Gondg  imported  from,  to  be  deemed  of  th:  Orou^th  nf.  United  Kingdom. — No  goods  shall,  upon  importa- 
tion into  any  nf  the  Kritish  posaeaeions  in  America,  be  ileemed  to  bo  of  thu  growth,  prnduclinn,  or 
iirinufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  of  nny  Brit!  '1  possession  in  America,  unless  imported  iruiii 
llie  United  Kingdom,  or  from  some  British  pnssessio'i  m  America.—}  87. 

Kniry  nut  to  be  valid,  if  Goods  be  not  properly  desi  'ibedxn  i«.— Noentry,  nor  nny  warrantforthn  land- 
ins  of  any  goods,  or  for  the  taking  of  any  g'  01' •.  out  of  any  warchousr,  shall  hit  deemed  vulid,  uiileaa 
111"  pirllciilara  of  the  goods  nnd  packages  in  such  entry  correspond  with  the  particulars  of  the  good* 
nnd  packages  in  the  report  of  the  ship,  or  in  the  certificate  or  other  dnciiiiicnt,  where  any  is  reiiuirnd, 
liy  which  the  importation  or  entry  of  such  goods  is  nuthorised,  nor  unless  the  goods  shall  have  been 
propnrly  descrihed  in  such  entry  by  the  denominations  and  with  the  characters  and  circiiiiistances 
aiiiirilliig  to  which  such  goods  lire  charged  with  duty  or  may  be  imported  ;  uml  any  goods  taken  or 
delivered  out  of  nny  ship  or  out  of  any  warehouse  hy  virtue  of  any  entry  or  warrant  iiol  correspond- 
in?  (ir  agreeing  in  all  such  respects,  or  not  properly  describing  the  same,  shall  ho  deemed  to  be  goo.l» 
lindeil  nr  taken  without  due  entry  thereof,  and  shall  b,;  forfeited.—}  %-i. 

Cfrlijicate  nf  Production  for  Sugar,  Cuffec,  Cocoa,  or  Spirits. — Before  nny  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  or 
apirits  shall  he  shipped  for  e.xportatinn  In  any  British  possession  in  America  or  in  the  island  of  .^[aiiri- 
tlus,  naheingt;">proiluce  ofsuchpnssessioiiornf  such  l.^laIld,  the  proprietor  of  the  esl.ite  on  which  audi 
rnii.ls  were  produced,  or  hia  known  agent, aliall  make  and  sign  an  atndtvit  in  writing  before  Hie  col- 
Icctur  or  coinpiruller  at  the  port  of  exportation,  or  before  a  justice  of  tbu  pcacu,  or  ottier  oiliuur  duly 


11 


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aiithnrieed  to  ndminlHlergncli  oath,  dpcliiriiiir  that  mirh  goods  nrntlioprodiicoorsiirli  pstntc  ;  and  such 
QtKitiivit  sliitll  Hot  forlli  the  niiiiio  of  the  eslnlc,  uiid  tlit;  descrl|itiiiii  and  qiiiintity  of  tliti  cciiMhl  ni„|  •>," 
packntEfiii  coiitiiiiiiiig  lliu  «iiiii<',  with  tli<!  iimrkd  and  niiinlirrs  liii^riMiii,  mid  llio  name  ol'  ilie  ivrscin  in 
wlume  clmr»,'e  at  llie  pliuo  of  Hliiiiiiifnl  lliuy  are  to  lie  sent ;  and  it' any  Justice  or  otlirrolliiorsliiillnni, 
strilr,'  lii.'f  iiani"  to  any  wriliiijf  imriinriinp  to  bu  pudi  atHdavit,  tnilnKH  tin;  iiflrson  inuking  it  shall  nfin' 
hlly  ai>iiear  lirl'nre  liiiii  and  he  sworn  to  the  triilli  of  the  Biinie,  siirli  jiiKtice  of  the  peace  iiriiiliicr^li'iii 
f  irf.'it  and  pay  for  any  siicli  oireiico  tlie  sum  of  50Z.;  and  tlie  pu rson  entering  and  sliippiny  such  ijiioiU 
Bliall  (|.-liviT  such  adidavil  to  the  collector  or  comptroller,  or  other  proper  oificer,  and  shall  make  und 
siilHcrilie  a  dodarution  before  him  that  the  poods  which  are  to  he  shipped  by  viriun  of  such  entry  arc 
those  ineptiiniiMl  in  such  alKdavit;  and  the  master  of  the  ship  in  which  siichpiods  shall  he  laden  sliiiii 
beluro  clearance,  inako  and  subscribe  a  declaration  bi^t'ore  the  cidlector  or  cmnptridler  that  tlie  cijiuja 
shipped  by  virtue  of  such  entry  are  the  same  as  are  mentioned  and  intended  in  such  altidavit  in  the 
best  of  his  Knowh^dfie  and  belief;  and  lliereiipon  tin- collectoror  comptroller,  or  other  proper  (jllic'r 
Bhall  sicii  and  iiivu  to  the  master  a  certificate  of  production,  slntlnclhat  proof  has  been  made,  in  niun- 
Jior  recpiired  by  law,  that  such  poods  (describing  the  same)  are  the  proiluce  olsuch  llritish  possession 
or  of  such  Inland,  and  setting  furtli  in  such  cerlilicate  the  name  of  the  evpiuier  and  of  ilw!  eApnrilie 
ship,  and  of  the  master  thereof,  and  the  destination  of  the  poods  ;  and  if  any  sii(;ar,  colfep,  ciicoa,  i,f 
spirits  he  imported  into  any  llritisli  possession  in  America,  as  beinp  the  produce  id°  some  other  sial] 
|ii)ssessioii  or  of  such  island,  without  such  certili(ate  of  priuluction,  ihe  came  shall  be  fort'iited,— {a'l 

Cn-liJIi-ate  rf  Prhitiirliini  un  He-eipnrlalu<n  from  itviithtr  Vnhniii. — Before  any  siipar,  cotl'ee,  cecoii  "or 
spirits  shall  be  shipped  fur  exportation  in  any  llritish  piissessiiui  in  America,  as  heinp  the  priMline'iii' 
tome  otln^r  such  possessiioi,  the  person  exportinplhe  same  shall  in  Ihe  entry  outwards  state  Ibeplacii 
iif  the  production,  ami  refer  to  the  eiiiry  Inwards  aed  landinp  of  sncli  poods,  and  shall  make  and  s  ilil 
scribe  a  declaration  before  the  cidlector  or  complndler  In  the  ideniily  of  Ihe  same;  and  lliercnijdii 
If  such  poirrls  shall  have  been  Inly  iinporti'd  w  ilh  a  ceriilicnte  of  production  wilhin  18  months  'irinr  n! 
tiieshippiiip  lor  exportation,  lue  collector  and  complndler  shall  si^n  and  pive  to  the  master  a  certit:- 
cato  of  priidMclion,  referrinjr  to  the  certilicute  of  (iroduction  under  which  such  goods  had  been  so  iiii. 
porleil,  and  cimtainini;  the  like  particulars,  will)  the  date  of  sioh  importation.—^  'M). 

Gmiit.<  hroiifrlii  iirrr  f.niiil,  nr  liii  fnliiml  ,V(iciyii/ie».— It  shall  he  law  fill  to  brinpor  import  by  laiiil  or 
by  inland  navipalion  into  any  of  tin?  llritish  possessions  in  America  from  any  adj(diiiiip  foreil'n  conn. 
try  any  poods  whii  l\  ini^lit  be  lawt'iilly  imporKMl  by  sea  into  sin  h  possession  from  such  country,  ;iirl 
so  to  brinp  or  import  such  poods  in  Ihe  vesselfl,  boats,  or  carriages  of  such  country,  ns  well  as  in  llri. 
tish  vessels,  boats,  or  earriapes— ^  31. 

H'/iiit  l^iffils  e/inll  lir  tletiiieil  lirili.-li  un  the  f.rkra  in  ^nifrini. —  J<ii-)  vessel  or  boat  shall  be  ndmilieil  to 
lie  a  Hritish  vi'ssid  or  boat  on  any  of  Ihe  inland  waters  or  lakes  in  America,  evcepi  sinli  as  bav(!  Ij.i  n 
built  wilhin  llie  llritish  di'iiiiniens,  and  shall  be  wholly  owned  by  l!rill.-h  subji'cls,  and  shall  not  liavii 
been  ri'pajred  at  any  foreipn  place  to  a  ereater  extent'lhan  in  the  proportion  of  lik.  for  every  ton  ef 
such  vessel  or  boat  at  any  ime  time:  provided  always,  thai  noiliinp  lierein-before  conlalne  I  sliill 
BXlend  to  [irevent  the  employment  of  any  vessel  or  boat  as  a  British  ve>s<'l  or  boat  on  such  iidnul 
waters  or  lakes,  which  shall  liave  wholly  belonped  to  British  subjects  before  the  ;i|li  day  of  .Inly,  U'25, 
and  which  shall  not  have  been  since  that  day  repaired  as  aforesaid  in  any  foreipn  place.—  }  'M 

(fiiods  iiiii.1t  be  l)riiu<rlit  lo  a  I'liice  irlirrc  there  is  a  C'«.v(mH-/iuii.se.— It  shall  not  be  lawfnl  so  to  liriiij 
or  import  any  pooils  except  into  some  port  or  place  of  entry  at  which  a  CiisKim-house  now  is  or  h.n- 
afler  may  he  lawfully  eplaldisbed  :  provided  also,  that  it  shall  be  I'lwi'nl  tor  Ihe  povernor,  lieiitiiiaal. 
goveriior,  or  pers(ui  iidministerinp  Ihe  povernment  of  any  of  the  said  possesslnns  respei  lively,  by  aiij 
with  the  advice  of  the  executive  council  i hereof,  from  time  to  time  to  diminish  or  incn.'asi.',  by  pw 
claination,  the  number  of  ports  or  places  of  entry. — (  Xi. 

Diilifs  til  be  cnllerieil  in  anmf  J\tunnrr  as  on  Oooils  imimrleil  bjj  Sra. — The  diitins  Imposed  by  Ibis  nc 
shall  be  asceriained,  levied,  and  recovered  iip<ui  all  poods  so  broiiphl  or  iinporled  in  the  sanie  man 
n«r,  and  by  the  same  means,  rules,  repillalions.  penalties,  &e.  as  tbeilnties  on  tin  like  poods  inipnrlcit 
hy  sea  ;  and  if  any  goods  shall  he  hnnipht  or  iinporled  cmitrary  hereto,  or  il'  any  pmnls  so  h. unpin  u- 
imported  shrill  he  removed  from  the  station  or  place  appoinled  for  the  examination  of  sni  li  c,'oiiili) 
before  all  duties  payable  thereon  shall  have  been  piiil  or  saiisiied.  such  poods  slnill  be  forfiliMl, 
together  with  the  vessel,  boat,  or  rirriape,  and  the  horses  or  oilier  cattle,  in  or  by  which  such  peuil.'i 
shall  have  been  so  imported  or  broupht,  orso  removed.-  J  III. 

DiiltPs  in  Caiiatia  on  American  Uiiats,  us  in  .')iiirrini  on  Urilisli  Rnats.—TUi'.  same  tonnape  duties  shall 
be  paid  upon  all  vessils  or  boats  of  the  United  States  of  Anii'ricn  iinportinp  any  poods  into  Canailanj 
are  or  may  be  payable  in  the  United  Stales  of  America  on  British  vessels  or  boats  eiilering  ilie 
liarbours  whence  such  goods  liavu  been  Imported. — }  35. 

COiNDlTIONS  WITH   BESPECT  TO   WAni:ilOl'.SINO   IN  THE  COLONIEH, 

Ports  herein  mentioned  to  he  free  mirehovsinrr  Ports.— -The  several  port:?  licreln-aOer  mentioned, 
(that  is  to  say.)  Bridpetowii  in  liirlmiloes,  (<nebec  in  Canada,  Sydney  In  Cape  Ilretoii,  liiisenu  in  He. 
ininica,  Si.  (ieorpe  in  t.'rei.'id.i,  Kinpston  and  Miuilepo  Bay  in  .limaica.  Cnarlestown  in  ,\i'vis,  fSl. 
Jidin's  and  St.  Andrew's  in  New  llrun.«wii'li,  St  ,^  din's  in  Newfoundland,  Nassau  in  New  I'rove 
donee,  Kilif.ix  and  I'icloii  In  .Nova  Scotia,  hisseterre  in  SI.  Kilfs,  KiiiPstoti  in  St.  Viiiceiii,  lloii.l 
llarbnur  in  Tortola.  S:in  ,!osef  in  Trinidad,  shall  be/rcc  trare!ioii.--i'n''  l<orls  lor  all  ihe  piirpii.--es  of  tliiii 
net ;  and  Kin:!slon  and  Mmilreal  in  the  (icniilas.  and  Liverpool  ami  \  .iriiionth  in  N<jva  Scoiii.  ^ll,■lil 
be  leih-elioi'.'inrr  jmrls  for  ;iie  warehousiiip  of  poods  brouplil  by  land  c^r  by  inland  navipalion,  or 
ii'iporled  in  Ihilirh  ships  ;  an. I  it  shall  he  lawful  lor  the  sr'veral  colleihu'^  ami  coiiiplndl.  rs  i  f  li;e  i-nA 
ports  respeclividy,  hy  notice  in  writing  under  their  hands,  |o  appoint  from  time  to  time  such  warc- 
iioii--es  at  such  ports  as  shall  be  approved  of  hy  iliein  for  Ihe  free  warehousiiip  and  seciirinir  of  poods, 
and  also  in  such  notice  to  declare  what  eort  of  poods  in.iy  he  so  waKdionsed,  and  also  liy  III  e  iielico 
to  recike  or  alter  any  such  appointment  or  declarallioi  ;  provided  alwiivs,  tint  every  siiih  iiolii.! 
Khali  be  transtnittert  to  the  povernoi  id'  the  place,  and  shall  be  piiMislied  in  sin  h  tiianin  r  as  he  shall 
direct.— {.W. 

Oooi'.s  muij  he  varehousej  mthout  Pinjment  of  Duly.— U  shall  he  lawful  for  Ihe  importer  of  any  siirh 
poods  into  the  .»ald  port.i  to  warehoiisi'  them  in  llin  wareboiisen  so  appoinieil,  wilbont  paMuehl  of  any 
(Inly  on  the  first  entry  thereof,  suhjoct  neverlhcle«s  to  the  rules,  repillalions,  <:c.  hpreln-aller  coti- 
taiiieil— ^  .'17. 

He/riilntion  as  to  irnrehousing  e/  dooitt  on  Jlrririil  iv  riridrfrt.-l'poii  the  arrival  of  any  poods  at  any 
frontier  port  in  the  Ci'.uad.is,  such  goods  maybe  entenvl  with  liie  proper  ollici'r  of  ilie  (usioms  :il 
such  port,  to  be  wareinnmed  at  some  waridiiuisinit  port  in  the  Canadas,  and  may  be  didivcMd  by  sin  li 
officer  to  he  passed  lui  to  such  warehousiiip  port,  under  bond,  to  thi:  satisractioii  of  siiih  ollicer,  I'm 
the  line  arrival  and  warelioiisinp  of  smdi  poodtt  at  sin  li  port.-  {  .">>i. 

Sfinrai;e  nf  (Jooils  in  lt'urclioiise.—\\\  goods  so  warehoii;  d  shall  be  stowed  in  such  parts  or  divii  inns 
of  Ihe  warcdioiise  and  in  such  manner  as  Ihe  collector  and  comptroller  shall  ilirei  i  ;  and  ihe  ware- 
house shall  be  locked  and  secured  in  such  manner,  and  shall  be  opened  and  visited  only  at  siicb 
t^ncs,  anil  in  the  prc'suncc  of  such  ufllcer.s,  and  under  such  rules  and  regulations,  as  thu  c>  lluclur  and 


COLONY  TRADE. 


431 


cninptr.)ller  ihnll  dirfict ;  and  all  such  (tonds  slinll.  after  bnlns  landnd  upon  impnrtntlon,  bn  rnrrlcd  to 
the  wnrehoiise,  or  sh:ill,  after  being  taken  out  nt' the  warehniifie  t'nr  exportation,  be  cnn'ud  to  be 
jlilp|,,.il,  miller  audi  rules  and  reRUlatioim  aa  the  collector  anil  comptroller  shall  direct. — }  Jilt. 

Bi<nit  iipnn  Kntry  of  Ouoda  to  ho  warcliiiiiHcd.—llpim  the  entry  of  any  goods  to  he  warelmused,  tho 
impnrlerofsiich  goods,  instead  of  paying  down  the  duties  due  thereon,"  shill  give  liond  with  two  siif. 
liii'Mit  sureties,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  collector  or  comptroller,  in  treble  the  duties  payable  on  Biich 
iiiiiiils,  Willi  condition  for  tho  safe  depositing  of  such  goodii  in  the  warehouse  iui'iitloned  in  hiicIi  entry, 
iiiiil  fur  llie  payment  of  nil  iliitles  due  upon  such  goods,  or  for  the  exportation  thereof,  acioriling  to  tho 
lir^l  Hiioiint  taken  of  such  goods  upon  the  lauding  ol  the  snine;  and  with  further  condilimi,  that  no 
liarl  tlioreof  shall  lie  taken  out  of  such  warehouse  until  cleared  from  thence  upon  due  entry  and  pay- 
iiioritofiliily.  or  upon  due  entry  for  exportation;  and  with  further  condition,  that  the  whole  of  hiicIi 
^iiiiiU  xliall  lie  so  cleared  from  such  warehouse,  and  the  duties,  upon  any  deficiemy  of  the  i|iiiintitv 
aprnriling  to  such  first  account,  shall  bo  paid,  within  2  years  from  tho  date  of  the  first  entry  tln'reol'i 
nnil  if  utter  such  bond  shall  have  been  given,  the  poods  or  any  part  thereof  shall  be  sold  or  diKposeil 
of,  so  that  the  original  bonder  shall  lie  interested  in  or  have  any  contnd  over  the  same,  it  shall  bo 
laivt'iil  for  the  collector  and  comptroller  to  admit  fresh  securilyto  be  given  by  the  bund  of  tho 
iie«' iirnprieliir  or  other  person  liaving  control  over  such  goods,  with  his  siiflicient  sureties,  and  to 
I'liiicfl  the  blind  given  by  the  original  bonder  of  luch  goods,  or  to  exonerate  him  to  the  extent  of  tlio 
iVcsli  si'iurily  so  given.— J  40. 

Oiioih  Hi)'  Jtily  icarehiiitacd,  ^r..  to  be  forfeit td. — If  any  goods  which  have  been  entered  to  be  ware- 
limi.^i'il  shall  not  be  duly  carried  and  deposited  in  the  warehouse,  or  shall  af>erwards  he  taken  out  of 
il  nillioiit  line  entry  and  clearance,  or  having  been  entered  and  cleared  for  expnrtation  hIhiII  not  bo 
iliilv  curried  and  shiiiped,  or  shall  afterwards  be  relanded  except  with  permission  of  the  customs,  mucIi 
gnuils  shall  be  forfeited.—}  41. 

Jinoiinl  of  Oooa'n  to  he  liiken  nn  Idndinrr. — Upon  the  entry  and  landing  of  any  goods  to  lie  warn- 
lioiiscil,  tlieproper  olticer  shall  take  a  particular  account  of  the  same,  and  shall  mark  the  conienU  on 
t:\cli  p:ickau'C,  and  shall  enter  tho  same  in  a  book  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose  ;  and  no  gnoils  which 
liave  be.'ii  sn  warehoused  shall  be  taken  or  delivered  frnm  the  warehouse  except  upon  dun  eni  ry,  and 
iiiiil'T  c'lre  of  the  proper  otlicers  for  exprirtalion,  or  upon  due  entry  and  payment  of  il'ly  fur  lionie  use  | 
mill  wlicni'ver  the  whole  of  tlie  goods  warehoui'eil  utidor  any  entry  shall  be  cleared  i'rom  the  ware. 
Iiiiiis'i,  or  wlien.iver  further  time  shall  be  granted  for  any  such  goods  to  remain  wiirelioiivi,.||,  nn 
nconiiiil  shall  he  made  out  of  the  iiuanlity  upon  which  the  duties  have  been  paid,  and  of  the  i]u:inlily 
.■niiiTtcd,  and  of  the  quantity  (to  be  then  ascertained)  of  the  goods  still  remaining  in  the  wiirt'liouse, 
as  111  I  ciise  may  be,  deducting  from  the  whole  the  (piantity  contained  in  any  whole  pacliagi's  (if  any) 
which  iii.iy  hive  been  abandoned  for  the  duties  ;  and  if  upon  such  account  ihere  shall  in  elilier  ciisii 
n|i|ic:ir  to  he  any  deficiency  of  the  original  quantity,  the  duty  payable  upon  the  amount  of  such  dot)> 
cleiicy  shall  then  be  paid.—}  12. 

Siimplr.t  mail  he  taken.— \l  shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  and  comptroller,  under  such  regitlalions  n* 
llii'V.-'liiM  see  lit.  to  [lerniit  moderate  samples  to  be  taken  of  any  goods  so  warehniised,  without  enfry, 
iiii.l  wilhoiit  payment  of  duly,  except  as  the  same  shall  eventually  become  payable,  us  ou  a  dellriuncy 
iif  llic  original  quantity. — }  4S. 

Ol,  iil.i  moil  he  sorted  and  repacked. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  and  comptroller,  under  such 
reiriililions  as  they  shall  see  fit,  to  permit  the  proprietor  or  other  person  having  control  over  any 
wiri'h.iiw'il  iroods  to  sort,  separate,  and  pack  and  repack  any  such  goinls,  and  to  make  such  lawful 
nlleiiilions  therein,  or  arrangements  and  assortments  thereof,  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  preserva- 
Ijiin  iif  such  goods,  or  in  order  to  the  sale,  shipment,  or  legal  disposal  of  the  same;  and  also  to  permit 
any  purls  of  such  goods  so  separated  to  be  destroyed,  but  without  prejudice  to  the  claim  for  duty  upon 
llii>  whole  iiriirinal  ipiantity  of  such  goods  :  provided  always,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  to 
iili;iiid<in  any  whole  packages  to  the  otlicers  of  the  customs  for  the  duties,  witliuut  being  liable  to  any 
July  upon  the  same.—}  4t. 

Oi)0ilsir,irehi>iised  imnj  he  delivered  for  Removal  iciihout  Payment  of  Duty.— fini^Aa  warehoused  at  any 
w.irelioiising  port  in  any  of  the  British  possessions  in  America,  being  first  (i;i!y  entered,  may  be  dell- 
vi>n"l,  under  the  authority  of  the  proper  otiicer  of  the  customs,  wilbo-.it  paymint  of  duty,  except  for 
iiiiyileliiicncy  thereof,  for  the  purpose  of  removal  to  another  w:ir«hoiisina  port  in  the  siiiiie  posHession, 
iiiiilor  lionil,  to  the  satisfaction  of  such  otiicer,  for  the  due  arrival  ami  rewareliousing  of  such  goods  at 
fuih  III  her  port.—}  4.'), 

^/i  (fo'id.i  lo  he  cleared  within  2  Yearn,  or  sold. — All  goods  which  have  been  so  warehoused  or  reware- 
lioiisi'i!  shall  be  duly  cleared,  either  for  exportation  or  for  home  consumption,  within  two  years  from 
llii'  ilay  of  lirst  entry  for  warehousing  ;  and  if  any  such  goods  b"  not  so  cleared,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  I  ha 
riilli'ctnr  anil  comp.roller  to  cause  the  same  to  bi  sold,  and  the  produce  shall  be  applied,  first  to  tim 
|iaviiient  of  the  duti_',  next  of  warehouse  rent  and  other  charges,  and  the  overplus  (if  any)  slmll  liii 
fill  I  III  ihe  proprietor :  provided  always,  that  it  shall  be  lawt^ul  for  the  collector  and  enmplroller  tii 
(.'riinl  fiirlhiT  lime  for  any  such  goods  to  remain  warehoused,  if  they  shall  see  fit.— }  411. 

fi/iK.' i.ii  f.'iirri/  fi/r  KTpur^o.'fim.— II|iiin  the  entry  onf  wards  of  any  goiiils  lo  be  expnrled  fimn  tlia 
Witriihouse.  the  person  entering  the  same  shall  give  security  by  hniid  in  treble  the  duties  of  importa- 
lliiii  on  sni  li  goods,  with  two  sufiicient  sureties,  to  be  approved  by  tho  collTinr  or  complinller,  thai 
Mil!  siine  shall  be  landed  at  the  place  for  which  they  be  entered  outwards,  or  be  othurwiso  accoiintej 
for.—}  47. 

Piiircr  to  appoint  oilier  Port.i. — It  shall  be  lawful  fur  bis  Majesty,  by  order  in  cniinc  I,  from  tlind  to 
liiiii'  In  a|i;iiiiiil  any  port  in  iiis  Majesly's  pessessiiuis  in  America  to  be  a  free  wni-elniiising  purf  fur  all 
IT  liny  of  the  purposes  of  this  act ;  and  every  such  pert  so  a|ipoiiiteil  by  his  M;ijesty  shiill  he,  for  nil 
liii'  fiurpo-ies  expressed  in  such  order,  a  free  warehousing  port  under  this  act,  as  if  appointed  by  tlm 
name  — }  H. 

(Iiioili  from  Mauriliits  liahle  to  same  Duties  and  Re/rulations  a.i  West  India  Goods. — }  49. — (f3(^u  PiiiiT 
l.ons.) 

Ctipe  of  finoil  Hope  iriihin  Limit  of  the  Companii's  Charlcr.—h\  all  trade  with  theHrilish  possess  inns  In 
America,  the  (.'ape  of  Ciood  Hope,  and  the  territories  and  dependoncies  thereof,  shall  be  deemed  lo  Im 
wiiliie  the  limits  of  tlie  East  India  Company's  ciiartor. — }  .10. 

Dutch  PnnpnttTons.  &c. 

Viitrh  Proprietor  in  Demerura,  Ussefjniho,  and  Perhice,  vi'iy  supply  thi'ir  E^tote:^  from  1Ivlhnid."\i 
fli.ill  lie  lawful  fur  any  of  the  siihjerls  of  Ihe  King  of  llie  NelherlaiiiN",  lieing  l)iitih  proprii  liirs  ill  Ihu 


fii.ill  lie  lawlul  liir  any  of  iiie  siilijerls  ot  Ihe  l\ing  ol  llie  ^eltlerla{lll•^,  lieing  I)iitili  proprn  lors  111  lliu 
ri'l  lilies  of  llemerara,  Kssequilio,  and  Berbice,  to  import  in  Dutch  «hi|is  from  the  \eiheilaiiils  into  tlie 
s.iiil  cnloiiies  all  Ihe  usual  articles  of  supply  for  their  estates  Iherein,  and  also  wine  im|iorted  for  Ihe 
piirposi'S  of  medicine  only,  and  which  shall  he  lialile  to  a  duty  of  Ifl.v.  per  ton,  and  no  more  ;  and  in 
ciise  seizure  he  made  of  any  articles  so  imported,  upon  the  ground  that  they  are  not  such  supplies,  or 
lire  Inr  the  imrpose  of  trade,  the  proof  to  the  contrary  shall  li"  on  the  Dutib  proprietor  linporling  Ihn 
«anie,  and  not  on  the  seizing  odicer:  provided  always,  that  if  siiflicient  security  by  bond  he  given  In 
niiiirt  to  abide  the  decision  of  the  cominlssioncra  of  custoiiiH  upon  aticU  solzuiu,  the  goodB  no  ngliirl 


(liall  be  adinitled  to  entry  and  released.—  }  51. 


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COLONIES  AND 


pnlch  Proprietors  mnij  not  export  to  United  Kingdom. — Tt  ihnll  not  bo  Inwfiil  for  iiicli  Oiitcb  pro. 
prictors  to  export  the  prndiice  oflheir  eatatefl  to  the  United  Kingdom,  or  to  any  ofhis  Majesty's  sucar 
colonies  in  America,  except  under  the  conditions  herein-aflnr  provided.— J  SS. 

n'hat  Persons  shall  be  deemed  Dutch  Proprietort. — All  euhjcctsofhia  Majesly  the  King  of  the  Nether, 
lands  resident  in  his  said  Majesty's  European  dominions,  who  were  at  (hn  date  of  the  convention 
between  his  Majesty  Georse  III.  and  the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  dated  the  ISlh  dny  i>f  AugiiHt.  mij 

Eroprietors  of  estates  in  the  said  colonies,  and  all  suhjccts  of  his  siiid  Majfsly  who  may  hereafier 
ecouie  possessed  of  estates  then  belonging  to  Dutch  proprietors  therein,  and  all'  such  prnprietorB  •at 
being  then  resident  in  the  said  colonies,  and  being  natives  of  his  said  Majenly's  dominions  iiitlii! 
Netherlands,  may  have  declared,  within  3  months  after  the  publication  of  the  aforesaid  convcnlidn  iii 
the  said  colonics,  that  they  wish  to  continue  to  be  considered  as  such,  and  all  sulijecis  of  his  said 
Majesty  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  who  may  be  the  holders  of  mortgages  of  estates  in  the  saij 
coiiinii's  made  prior  to  the  date  of  the  convention,  and  who  may  under  their  nmrlsage  deeds  have  the 
right  of  exporting  from  the  said  cuhmies  to  the  Netherlands  the  produce  of  sueh  entstes,  shall  be 
deemed  Dutch  proprietors  under  the  provisions  of  this  act :  provided,  that  where  linth  Dutch  and 
Britif^h  subjects  have  mortgages  upon  the  same  property  in  the  said  colonics^,  the  produce  to  lie  cnn- 
signed  to  the  ditferent  mortgagees  shall  be  in  proportion  to  the  debts  respectively  due  to  ihciu.— }  5;i. 

f'fmona  not  wishing  to  be  considered  Dvtch  Proprietors  to  sign  u  Declaralian  to  that  Effect. — Whereas  it 
Is  eipi'dient  to  pern  it  any  of  such  persons,  at  their  option,  to  relinquish  siicii  character  of  Dutch  pro- 
prietor ;  he  it  therefore  enacted,  that  if  any  such  person  shall  make  and  sign  a  declaration  in  wrilin", 
attested  by  two  credible  witnesses,  setting  forth  that  he  is  desiroits  and  has  elected  not  to  he  deemed 
to  be  a  Dutch  proprietor  within  the  meaning  of  the  said  act  in  respect  of  any  such  estate  or  mortgage 
lolie  mentioned  and  named  in  such  declaration,  and  shall  cause  such  declaration  to  he  delivered  to 
the  commis!<i<)ners  of  his  Maje^sly's  customs,  such  person  shall  thenceforth  he  no  longer  deenied  a 
Dutch  proprietor  within  the  meaning  of  the  said  act  in  respect  of  the  estate  or  mortgage  so  nicnlinneri 
in  such  declaration  as  aforesaid,  and  such  declaration  shall  have  effect  in  respect  of  any  goods  the  < 
produce  of  any  such  e«tate  of  which  such  person  so  fer  as  relates  to  those  goods  w.is  a  Dutch  pro- 
prietor, although  such  goods  may  have  been  exported  fi-om  the  colony  before  the  delivering  uf  such 
declaration  ns  aforesaid. — }  54. 

A*«  Ship  to  anil  from  Jamaica  to  St.  Domingo,  or  from  St.  Domingo  to  Jamaica.— 'Nn  British  merchant 
■hip  or  vessel  shall  sail  from  Jamaica  tn  St.  Domingo,  nor  from  St.  Domingo  to  Jamaica,  under  ih« 
penalty  of  forfeiture  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  together  with  her  cargo;  and  no  foreign  shiporve?scl 
which  shall  have  come  from,  or  shall  in  the  course  of  her  voyage  have  touched  at  8t.  Domingo,  shall 
come  into  any  port  or  harbour  in  tlie  island  of  Jamaica  ;  and  if  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  having  coaie 
into  any  such  port  or  harbour,  shall  continue  there  for  4S  hours  after  notice  shall  have  been  given  liy 
the  othc.ers  of  the  customs  to  depart,  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  forfeited  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  bo 
landed  in  Jamaica  from  any  ship  or  vessel  which  shall  have  come  from  or  touched  at  St.  Doniingn, 
except  in  case  of  urgent  necessity,  or  unless  licence  shall  have  been  given  by  the  governor  of  Jamaica 
to  land  such  person,  such  ship  shall  he  forfeited,  together  with  her  cargo.— {  S.V 

Ciiloi>i<tl  Lavs  repugnant  tn  any  .^el  of  Parliament  to  be  nnll  and  void. — All  laws,  by-laws,  usages,  or 
eustoins  at  this  time  or  which  hereafter  shall  he  in  practice,  or  pretended  to  be  in  practice,  in  any  of 
the  llriti^li  possessions  in  America,  in  anywise  repugnant  to  this  act,  or  to  any  other  act  of  parlia- 
ment, so  far  as  such  act  relates  to  the  said  possessions,  shall  be  null  and  void  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses.- J  5fi. 

Kxempiionfrom  Duties  to  eilend  only  to  Duties  by  Act  of  Parliament. — Provided  alwoys,  that  no 
nxeni|itioii  from  duly  in  any  of  the  British  possessions  abroad,  contained  in  any  act  of  parliaaient, 
extends  to  any  duty  not  imposed  by  act  of  parliament,  unless  and  so  far  only  as  any  duty  not  bo 
imposed  is  exprcsi-lv  mentioned  in  such  exemption. — }  .W. 

Officers  mail  board'Shipshorering  on  the  Co«»(s.— It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  ofBccrs  of  customs  to  goon 
board  any  ship  in  any  British  possession  in  America,  and  to  rummage  and  search  all  parts  of  such 
ship  for  prohibited  and  uncustomed  goods,  and  also  to  go  on  board  any  ship  hovering  within  1  league 
of  the  coasts  thereof,  and  in  either  case  freely  to  stay  on  board  such  ship  so  long  as  she  shall  reniaia 
In  such  port  or  within  such  distance  ;  and  if  any  such  ship  be  hound  elsewhere,  and  shall  continue  so 
hovering  for  the  space  of  21  hours  aflcr  the  master  sliall  have  been  required  to  depart,  it  shall  lie  law- 
ful for  the  officers  of  the  customs  to  bring  such  ship  into  port,  nmt  to  examine  her  cargo,  and  to 
examine  the  master  upon  oath  touching  the  cargo  and  voyage  ;  and  if  tliere  he  any  goods  on  hoard 
prohiliited  to  he  imported,  such  ship  and  cargo  shall  he  forfeited  ;  and  if  the  master  shall  nut  truly 
answer  the  questions  demanded  of  him,  he  sliall  forfeit  lOOJ  —I)  58. 

Forf'iliirc  of  resseh.  Carriages,  <^c.  remot>ing  Goods  liable  to  Fi'rfeitvre. — All  vesselii,  boat?,  car- 
ringng,  and  cattle  made  use  of  in  the  removal  of  any  goods  iialde  to  t'orfeitnre  under  this  act  shall  be 
forfeited,  and  everv  person  who  shall  assist  or  he  otherwise  concerned  in  the  unsliipptmr,  landing,  or 
removal,  harhouriiig,  Ice.  of  such  goods,  or  into  whose  possession  the  same  shall  knowingly  come, 
shall  f  )rfelt  the  treble  value  thereof,  or  the  penalty  of  lOOJ.,  at  the  election  of  the  ollicers  of  the  cus- 
toms.—} 59. 

Oocd.i,  fessels,  ll(c.  liable  to  Forfeiture,  may  be  seized  by  Officers.— All  goods,  ships,  vessels,  hoats, 
r.nrriages,  and  cattle,  liable  to  forfeiture  under  this  act,  niay  he  seized  and  secured  by  any  ofli;er  of 
the  cui!|oms  or  navy,  or  by  any  person  cmidoyed  for  that  imrpose  witli  the  conciirnuce  of  the  cnni- 
missi'iner:»  of  his  Majesty's  customs;  and  every  person  who  shall  in  any  way  luiider  or  obstruct 
fuch  ofhcers  or  persons  employed  as  aforesaid,  or  any  person  aiding  him,  shall  for  every  such  otfence 
forfeit  the  sum  of  900<.—^(H).  ,         .     , 

H^ril  of  .Issislanee  to  search  for  and  seize  Goods  liable  to  Forfritnre.—Vn^rr  authority  of  (l  writ  of 
mwistann  granted  by  the  supreme  court  of  justice  or  court  of  vice  admiralty  having  jurisdiction  in 
tl)'  plice.  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  officer  of  the  customs,  taking  with  him  a  peace  olf  cer,  to  enter 
hnilding  or  other  place  in  the  daytime,  and  to  searcli  for.  seize,  and  secure  any  goods  liable  to 
t  in 'iinre  under  this  net,  and,  in  case  of  necessity,  to  hre.ik  open  any  doors  and  any  che.-ita  or  other 
packages  for  that  purpose  ;  and  such  writ  of  assistance,  when  issued,  shall  lie  deemed  to  be  iu  force 
dnrina  the  whole  of  the  reign  in  which  the  same  shall  have  been  granted,  and  for  12  months  from  the 
conclusion  of  such  reign —}  fil.  . 

Obstrmlion  of  Officers  by  Force.— U tiny  person  shall  by  force  or  violence  assault,  molest,  hinder, or 
ob«trii't  any  oihcer  of  the  customs  or  navy,  or  other  person  employed  as  aforesaid,  or  any  person 
acting  in  his  aid,  such  person  U|)on  conviction  shall  be  adjudged  a  felon,  and  piinitbed  ul  the  discre- 
lioH  of  ilie  court.— }  ("S.  .  .,,    ,.  .     , 

Gonth  sri:ed  to  be  secured  at  the  nejt  Cnstom-hovre,  and  sold  by  ,»Kc/iun.— All  things  seized  as 
liable  to  f.irfeiture  under  tliis  act,  or  under  any  act  made  for  tlie  prevention  of  smuggling,  or  relating 
to  the  customs,  or  tn  trade  or  navigation,  shall  he  delivered  to  the  collector  and  comptroller  oftlin 
cuxtoins  next  to  the  place  where  the  same  were  seized  ;  and  after  condemnation  they  shall  cause  tlio 
same  to  lie  sold  bv  public  auction  to  the  best  bidder  :  iirovided  always,  that  it  shall  he  lawful  for  tlio 
c.iiinnissioners  of  the  customs  to  direct  in  what  manner  the  produce  of  such  sale  shall  b ;  applied,  or, 
ill  lii'ii  uf  cuch  tale,  to  direct  what  things  tball  be  destroyed,  or  be  reiictved  fur  the  public  sotvlco. 
—J  03. 


_C1_ 


COLONY  TRADE. 


483 


The  next  17  clnuses  relate  to  the  mode  of  proceeding  in  actions  as  to  seizures  before  the  courts,  th* 
application  and  recovery  of  penalties,  &c.    It  seems  unnecessary  to  insert  these  in  this  piace. 

The  Ring  may  regulate  the  Trade  of  certain  Colonies. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any 
nriler  or  orders  in  council  to  be  issued  from  time  to  time,  to  give  such  directions  and  mal<e  such  regu- 
|alii>M8  tnuching  the  trade  and  commerce  to  and  from  any  British  possess  Ions  on  or  near  the  continent 
of  Europe,  or  within  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  or  in  Africa,  or  witliin  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pniiy's  charter  (excepting  the  possessions  of  the  said  Company),  as  to  his  Majesty  in  council  shall 
appear  expedient ;  and  if  any  goods  shall  be  imported  or  exported  in  any  manner  contrary  to  any 
8111'h  order,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited,  together  with  the  ship  importing  or  exporting  the  same. 
-J  81. 

Kant  India  Company  may  carry  Goods  from  India  to  Colonifa.—M  shall  be  lawful  for  the  East  India 
Ciinip'uiy,  during  the  continuance  of  their  exclusive  privileges  of  trade,  to  export  from  one  place 
within  tile  limits  of  their  charter  any  goods  for  the  purpose  of  being  carric^d  to  some  of  his  Majesty's 
pisaussions  in  America,  and  so  to  carry  and  to  import  tlie  same  into  un^  of  such  possessions,  and 
nisn  to  carry  return  cargoes  fn.-u  such  possessions  to  any  place  within  the  'imits  of  their  charter,  or 
to  the  Unitod  Kingdom  ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  of  his  Miijesty's  subjects,  with  the  licence  or 
iniii«r  the  authority  of  the  said  Company,  to  lade  in  and  export  ;rom  any  of  the  dominions  of  the  Em- 
P'Tor  of  China  any  goods,  and  to  lade  in  and  export  from  any  place  within  the  limits  of  the  said 
C'niiipany's  charter  any  tea,  for  the  purpose  of  being  carried  to  some  of  his  Majesty's  possessions  in 
Aiiiericn,  and  also  so  to  carry  and  to  import  the  same  into  any  of  such  possessions.— )  63. 

Cfrtifieate  of  Prodiietion  of  East  India  Siiffar. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  any  shipper  of  sugar  the  pro- 
duce of  some  Uritish  possession  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charier,  to  be  exported 
from  such  possession,  to  go  before  the  collector,  comptroller,  &c.  of  the  customs  at  such  place,  or,  if 
tlifre  he  none  such,  to  go  before  the  principal  officer  of  such  place,  or  the  Judge  or  commercial  resi- 
dent, and  make  nn  affidavit  that  such  sugar  was  really  and  bon/i  fide  the  produce  of  such  British  pos- 
session, to  tlie  best  of  hiii  knowledge  and  belief;  and  such  officer,  &c.  is  to  grant  a  certificate  thereof, 
Bi'itine  t'lirth  tlie  name  of  the  ship  in  which  the  sugar  is  to  be  exported,  and  her  destination.— $  H3. 

Shipn  huilt  prior  to  the  \st  of  January,  1818,  deemed  British  Ships  tcilhin  certain  Limits. — All  ships 
built  within  thH  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter  prior  to  the  1st  day  of  January,  1816,  and 
nlii'h  were  then,  and  hove  continued  since,  to  be  solely  the  property  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  slial' 
1 1!  (Ivcrnod  to  be  British  ships  for  all  the  purposes  of  trado  within  tile  said  limits,  including  the  C.ip« 
ofCiinrI  Hope.— }  81. 

Certificate  of  Proditrtion  of  Cape  JVine. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  shipper  of  wine  the  produce  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  of  its  dependencies,  which  is  to  be  exported  from  thence,  to  go  before  the 
fhii'f  officer  of  the  customs,  and  make  an  affidavit  that  such  wine  was  really  and  bona  fide  the  produce 
nl' llie  (Jape  or  its  depend'^ncies ;  and  such  officer  is  required  to  administer  such  atndavit,  and  to 
priiiit  a  certificate  thereof,  stating  the  name  of  the  ship  in  which  the  wine  is  exported,  and  her  desti- 
iialion.— }  85. 

Certificate  of  Production  of  Ooods  in  Ouernsr.y,  S'c. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  who  is  about 
lo  export  from  tJuernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,or  Sark,  to  the  United  Kingdom  or  any  British  possession 
in  America,  any  goods  the  growth  or  produce  of  any  of  those  islands,  or  any  gootls  manufactured 
from  ninterials  the  growth  or  produce  thereof,  or  of  the  United  Kingdom,  to  go  before  a  magistrate 
of  the  island  ''om  which  the  goods  are  to  be  exported,  and  sign  a  declaration  that  such  goods  are  of 
such  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture,  and  such  magistrate  shall  administer  and  sign  such  declara- 
tion i  and  thereupon  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  &c.  of  the  Island  shall,  upon  the  delivery  to 
him  of  such  declaration,  grant  a  certificate  under  his  hand  of  the  proof  contained  in  such  declaration, 
staling  the  ship  by,  and  the  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  in  such  possession,  to,  which  the  goods 
are  to  be  exported  ;  and  such  certificate  shall  be  produced  at  such  |)orts,  in  proof  that  the  goods  men- 
tioned therein  are  of  the  growth,  produce,  &c.  of  such  islands. — }  88. 

The  next  section  relates  to  tne  importation  of  tea  into  Guernsey,  ice.  during  the  exclusive  trading 
privileges  enjoyed  by  the  East  India  Company. 

Guernsey,  ^-e.  Tunnitge  of  Ships  and  Size  of  Pncka pes  for  Spirits. — No  brandy,  geneva,  or  other  spirits 
(except  runiot'tlie  British  plantations),  shall  be  imported  into,  or  exported  from, the  islands  of  Jersey, 
Guernsey,  Alderney,  or  Sark,  or  removed  from  any  one  to  any  other  of  the  said  islands,  or  coastwise 
from  any  one  part  to  any  other  part  of  either  of  the  said  islands,  or  be  shipped  to  be  so  removed  or 
rarrieil.  or  be  water-borne  for  the  purpose  of  being  so  shipped  in  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat  of  less  bur- 
den than  100  tons  (except  when  imported  from  the  United  Kinedom  in  sliips  uf  tlie  burden  of  70  tons 
at  least),  nor  in  any  cask  or  package  of  less  siise  or  content  than  40  gallons,  (e.xcopt  when  in  bottles, 
anil  curried  in  a  sijuare-rigged  snip,)  nor  any  tobacco  or  snuff  in  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat  of  less 
burden  than  100  tons  (except  when  imported  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  ships  of  the  burden  of  70 
tons  at  least),  nor  in  any  cask  or  package  containing  less  than  450  lbs.  weight,  (save  and  except  any 
such  spirits  or  loose  tobacco  as  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  seamen  belonging  to  and  on  board  any  such 
shiip,  vessel,  or  boat,  not  exceeding  2  gallons  of  thefi)rnicr, and  5  lbs.  weight  of  llie  latter, for  each  sea- 
in.\n,  anil  also  except  such  manufactured  tobacco  or  snuff  as  shall  have  been  duly  exported  as  niei- 
chandise  from  Great  Britain  or  Ireland.)  on  pain  of  forfeiture  of  all  such  foreign  bnindy,  geneva,  at 
oilier  spirits,  tobacco  or  snuff  respectively,  together  with  the  casks  or  packages  containing  the  same, 
and  also  ofevery  such  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  together  with  all  her  guns,  furniture,  &c.— J  88. 

-V.if  lu  extend  to  Vessels  of  10  Tons  siipphjing-  iKlnndof  Sa.-k,  having  licenre  sn  to  do. — Nothing  herein 
contained  shall  extend,  or  be  construed  to  extend,  to  any  boat  not  exceeding  the  burden  of  10  tons,  for 
having  on  board  at  any  one  time  any  foreign  spirits  of  the  quantity  of  10  galbuis  or  under,  in  casks  or 
packases  of  less  size  or  content  than  40  gallons,  or  any  tobacco,  snuff,  or  lea,  not  exceedinir  50  lbs, 
weight  of  each,  for  the  supply  of  the  said  island  of  Park,  such  boat  having  a  licence  from  the  officer  of 
cusl(uns  ut  either  of  the  islaiiils  of  Guernsey  or  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  being  employed  in  carryina 
Ciiniuiodities  for  the  supply  of  the  said  island  of  8ark  :  provided  that  every  such  boat  having  on  lioaril 
Bt  any  one  time  any  greater  quantity  of  spirits  than  10  gallons,  or  any  greater  quantity  of  tobacco  or 
snnfl'  than  .50  llis.  weight  of  each  ofthe  said  articles,  unless  such  greater  quantify  of  spirits,  t<>liacco, 
or  siiiitf  shall  he  in  casks  or  packages  ofthe  si/.e,  content,  or  weiglit  heriMii-before  required,  or  having 
on  hoard  at  any  one  time  any  greater  quantity  of  tea  than  .50  lbs.  weight,  sliall  be  forfeited. — i  80. 

Prtiiil'ij  on  Persons  fiiind  on  board  Vessels  liuble  to  Forfeiture  witliio  I  Lrapvc  uf  Gvernsrti,  JJT— 
Every  person  foiiml  or  discovered  to  have  been  on  board  any  vessel  or  boat  liable  to  forfeiture,  for 
being  found  within  I  league  of  ilie  islands  of  Guernsey, "Jersey,  .\lilerney,  or  Sark,  having  on 
boanl  or  in  any  luunner  attached  or  affixed  tlierelo,  or  conveying  or  having  conveyed,  in  any  manner, 
such  goods  or  other  things  na  suhji-ct  such  vessel  or  boat  to  fnrfeiture,  or  who  «liall  be  fonrd  or  .lls- 
covereil  to  have  been  on  lioard  any  vessel  or  boat  from  wliic  !i  any  part  of  the  lariio  shall  have  been 
thri'wn  overboaril  during  cliace,  or  staved  or  destroyed,  sliall  forfeit  llie  sum  of  100/. — (f'O. 

Brilifh  Coals  not  to  be  re-exported  from  British  Po.ssessions  wiilioiit  hoUj. — It  hliali  not  be  lawful  to 
re-expnrl  from  any  of  his  Majesty's  possessions  abroad  to  any  foreign  place  niiy  coats  the  produce  of 
the  1,'hiled  Kinedom,  except  upon  payment  of  the  duty  to  which  such  coals  would  he  liable  upon  ox- 
porlatliui  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  such  foreign  place  ;  and  no  such  coals  shall  be  shipped  at  any 
,of  stich  possessions,  to  bo  exported  to  any  British  place,  until  the  exporter  or  the  nianter  ofthe  sxpott- 

Voi.  I.— 8  0  63 


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COLONIES  AND 


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ItiR  vessel  shall  hnve  plven  bond,  with  nnn  giifflclpnt  surety,  In  double  the  value  of  the  conls,  that  such 
coals  slmll  nut  be  landed  at  any  furi'lRn  place. — }  i'l. 

Penidhj  for  using  Dociimcnia  coiinierfiiied  nr  fnl.-ijitil—\(nny  person  sball,  in  any  of  his  Mtijosly's 
ponsrssiDiis  abrind,  cnunliTfcil  or  fuUify,  or  wilfully  use  when  counlerl'fllcd  or  falailied,  any  fiu'rv 
wiirrant,  cockot,  &c.  for  tlie  unbidiii!?,  lallin;;,  entering,  reporting,  or  clearing  any  ship  nr  vesiJi'l,or;;';r 
the  landing,  shipping,  or  removing  ot'  any  goods,  stores,  baggage,  or  article  whatever,  or  shall  liy  imy 
iSlso  BlatenwMit  procure  any  writing  or  document  to  lie  made  fivr  any  such  p.irposes,  or  Kiiall  lalsily 
make  any  oatli  or  alhrination  required  by  any  act  for  regulating  the  trade  of  the  British  posscssidiis 
ahrnad,  or  shall  fnrse  or  cnuntertVit  a  certifiiate  of  the  said  oath  or  aflirniaticm,  or  shall  knowiiitly 
pulilish  such  ccrlllicatc,  he  shall  for  every  sucli  otfence  forfeit  the  sum  ofiOU/.— $  9*2. 

The  American  (jovernmcnt  having  declined  complying  with  those  conditions  of  r<;cipro- 
city  under  which  the  trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  Britiuh  colonies  was  to  Iw 
opened  by  the  net  (J  Geo.  4.  c.  114.,  it  was  directed  by  an  order  in  council,  dated  tiie  27ili 
of  .luly,  1R2I),  thill  a  duty  of  4s.  3r/.  per  ton  should  bo  charged  upon  all  American  vessel:! 
enlPriiii;  his  Majesty's  possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  as  well  as  an  addition  of  10  per  cent, 
upon  tlie  duties  imposed  by  the  above-mentioned  act  on  all  and  each  of  the  articles  named 
in  it,  when  imported  into  the  West  Indies  in  American  ships. 

In  the  course  cf  1830,  however,  the  negotialions  that  hail  been  entered  into  with  tlio 
United  Slates  nlalive  to  this  subject  were  hap;)ily  terminated  by  the  Americans  agreeing  to 
the  conditions  of  reciprocity  above  mentioned  ;  so  that  the  discriminating  duties  iinposiil 
upon  the  shi[)3  and  goods  under  authority  of  the  above-mentioned  order  in  cotin':il  nro 
wholly  repealed. 

Subjoined  is  the  circular  letter  of  the  American  government,  and  an  extract  from  the 
British  order  in  council,  dated  the  5th  of  November,  1830,  relative  to  this  new  arrange- 
ment. 

Circular  to  the  Collectors  of  Customa 

Tr(!asury  Dnpartinent,  Ort.  6,  1830. 
Sir, — You  will  perceive  by  the  proclamation  of  the  president  herewith  transmitted,  tliat  fioni  and 
after  Ihe  date  thereof,  the  act  entituleil  "An  Act  rmicerning  Navigation,"  passed  on  the  Lltli  01*  April, 
ISlf;  an  ait  supplementary  therein,  passed  the  \M\  of  B!ay,  1820;  and  an  act  entilnlrd  "An  Act  to 
ri'gnl'itu  llie  roniiniTrial  IiiliTconrse  between  the  United  Slates  and  certain  Dritish  Ports,"  pass(>il  on 
the  1st  of  March,  l!S23,  are  absolutely  rrpcnle'l ;  and  the  ports  of  the  Uiiitrd  Slates  ureopen  tu  BriuMi 
vessels  and  their  rarirocs,  r.omiiifr  from  the  Brilish  eohvinl  pussessimis  in  the  ll'est  Jiidies,  on  the  cm.n- 
iietit  ,if  ^"iitlt  America,  the  Bahnma  l,-laiiils,  the  C'uicos,and  the  licrmitila  or  Somer  L-ilands ;  alsii  fr.m 
the  islands,  provinces,  nr  eidunics  of  Great  Britain  on  or  vnr  Ihe  Korth  American  rontincvt,  nud 
n  irlh  or  e.ts'  of  the  United  Stales.  liy  virtue  of  the  authority  of  this  pniclainalion,  and  in  coiil'iiriiiiiv 
w  illi  tlii!  arran!:u/nent  made  between  the  United  States  and  fin.'at  Britain,  and  under  the  saiMiinii  „\ 
1h^  [ir'sident,  you  are  inslracted  to  ailniil  to  entry  such  v<!::sels  being  laden  with  the  produi  tiniis  <>!' 
(Jrnat  llrilain  (ir  her  said  colonies,  subject  to  t  he  same  duties  of  tonnng'!  and  impost,  and  other  charges, 
as  are  levieil  on  the  vessels  of  the  United  States,  or  their  cargoes  arriving  fr(HU  the  said  Brilish  culo- 
uies  :  you  will  also  gram  cliMrames  to  Ilrilitili  vessels  for  the  several  ports  of  the  aforesaid  Cdloiiial 
poss'>s'sions  (d'  Clrcat  Ihitain,  such  vessels  luring  laden  with  such  arlichrs  as  may  be  exportiMl  (nnn  tlio 
United  Stales  in  vessels  of  tlie  irnited  States ;  and  llritish  vessi'ls  coming  frcnii  the  said  colonial  pus- 
tessions  nniy  also  he  cl.'are.l  for  foreian  ports  and  placiis  other  than  those  in  the  said  Uriiish  colimi^l 
possessions,  being  laden  with  such  urticles  as  may  be  exported  from  the  United  Stales  in  vessel.-;  of 
the  United  Slates.    I  am,  &.C. 

(Signed)  S.  D.  INGHAM,  Secretary  to  the  Treasury. 

Kitract  from  the  British  Order  in  Council,  dated  the  Hth  of  A'anember,  ISSO,  relative  to  the  Trade  betireai 
the  United  Xtatea  and  the  British  ll'est  Indies. 

"Whereas  it  hath  been  made  to  appear  to  his  Majpsty  in  council,  that  Ihe  restrictions  herotnf;irii 
im;)ns"d  by  the  liws  of  the  United  States  upon  British  vessels  naviirated  between  the  said  Statfis  anil 
liis  Majesty's  possessi(ms  in  the  West  Indies  and  America,  have  been  repealed  ;  and  that  the  i\'n- 
criminating  duties  of  Kmnagc'  and  of  customs  heretofore  imposed  by  the  lawsof  the  said  United  Stalis 
upon  British  vessels  and  thi'ir  cargoes  entering  the  ports  of  the  said  Siati's  from  his  Majesty's  ^ill'l 
possessions,  have  also  been  repealed,  and  that  the  ports  of  the  Uuifeil  States  are  now  open  to  liriiii'i 
vessels  and  th"ir  cargoes  coming  from  his  Majesty's  possessions  aforesaid.  His  Majesty  dutli.  Ih'n-- 
f.ire,  with  tin?  advice  of  his  privy  couiniil,  and  in  pursuance  and  e\ercise  of  tlie  powers  so  vestiil  in 
him  by  the  ait  passed  in  the  sixth  year  of  ihe  reign  of  bis  said  late  Maji'>ly,  or  by  any  other  ad  nr 
acts  of  parliament,  declare  that  the  said  recited  orders  in  council  of  the  'Jlst  of  .Infv,  1^'23,  and  of  t!:e 
IsTth  of  July,  IS'Jrt,  and  the  said  order  in  council  of  the  Kith  of  July,  If-i'  (-io  f,ir  as  such  lasf-minilieii.,! 
order  relates  to  the  said  United  Slates),  shall  he,  and  the  same  are  hereliy  respectively  revoked. 

"And  liis  Majesty  doth  further,  by  the  adviei-  aforesaid,  and  iu  pursinece  of  the  powers  af>re':ii  I, 
ilerlare  Ihaf  the  ships  of  and  lieloniring  to  the  said  United  States  of  .\meri(a  may  import  frnni  lli'i 
United  States  aforesaid  into  the  Uritish  possessions  abroad,  goods  the  produce  of  tliosi!  State..;,  anJ 
may  export  goods  from  the  llritish  possessions  abroad,  to  be  carried  to  any  country  whatever." 

Ciinnectlnn  nf  the  Planter  and  llnme  Merchant  Mnile  of  tranfnctins;  liu^hirfu  in 
Eiii^ltmd. — The  mode  of  transacting  West  InJia  business  is  as  follows  ; — A  sugar  [liaiiter 
forms  a  connection  with  a  mercantile  house  in  Jiondon,  Bristol,  Liverpool,  or  (ilasrrow; 
stipulates  fur  an  advance  of  money  on  their  part;  grants  them  a  mortgaizc  on  his  estale;  nn  I 
hinds  himself  to  send  them  atmually  his  crop,  allowing  theni  the  full  rate  of  imrraniile 
commissions.  Tlieso  coinmis-;iuns  are  'i\  per  cent,  on  the  amoimt  of  sugar  .sr.l.l,  a:i<l  of 
plantation  storc.i  sent  out ;  along  with  ^  per  cent,  on  all  insurances  clVocted.  During  ilia 
war,  when  prices  were  high,  the  amount  of  those  commis.sions  was  large ;  but,  like  otlie r 
high  charges,  the  result  has,  in  nine  cases  in  ten,  been  to  the  injury  of  those  who  received 
them :  they  led  the  mcicliants  to  undertake  too  timch,  anil  to  make  too  large  iiJvaiices  to 
the  i)lanters,  for  the  sake  of  obtaining  their  business.  At  that  lime  it  was  usual  to  allow  a 
permanent  loun  at  tlie  rate  of  3,000/.  for  the  assured  cunsigniiient  of  100  hogsheads  %i 


COLONY  TRADE. 


435 


CTjfBT;  but  that  ratio  was  veiy  often  exceeded  by  the  planter,  the  3,000/.  becoming  4,000/., 
S,00fl/..  6,000/.,  iind,  in  very  many  cases,  still  more,  in  conECqueiico  of  unfureseen  wants 
and  tno  sanguine  calculations  on  his  part. 

Persons  resident  in  the  West  Indies  are  almost  always  bare  of  capital,  and  for  obvious 
roasons.  A  climate  of  such  extreme  heat,  and  a  state  of  society  posser^sing  so  few  attrac- 
tions to  persons  of  education,  offer  no  inducements  to  men  of  substance  in  Europe  to  go 
thitlior.  Those  who  do  go,  must  trust  to  their  personal  exertion  and  the  support  of  others; 
and  when,  after  a  continued  residence  in  the  West  Indies,  they  have  made  some  progress  in 
arquiring  a  competency,  and  have  become  accustomed  to  the  climate,  they  hardly  ever  con- 
sider llicmsclves  as  settled  there  for  life;  their  wish  and  hope  is  to  carry  their  acquisitions 
60  far  as  to  bo  enabled  to  pass  the  remainder  of  their  days  comfortably  at  home.  The 
readiest  means,  in  the  view  of  the  planter,  of  arconiplishing  this,  is  the  extension  of  his 
undertakings ;  which  he  can  do  only  by  borrowing  money.  Hence  a  continued  demand  on 
his  mercantile  correspondents  at  home  for  fresh  advances :  the  consuming  effect  of  Iieavy 
foinniissions,  and  of  the  interest  on  borrowed  money,  is,  or  rather  was,  oveilookej  in  his 
ardent  speculations.  But  when  prices  unfortunately  fall,  he  finds  himself  10,000/.  or  20,000/. 
in  debt,  with  a  reduced  income.  The  merchants  at  home  become  e()ually  einlmrras.-<ed,  be- 
cause the  case  of  one  is  the  case  of  three  fourths  of  their  correspondents ;  and  the  capital 
of  the  merchants,  large  as  it  may  be,  is  absorbed  and  placed  beyond  their  control.  The 
mortgages  they  hold  are  of  value  only  in  an  ultimate  sense :  to  foreclose  thein,  and  to  take 
possession  of  the  estates,  is,  in  general,  a  very  hazardous  course. 

Such  has  been  for  a  number  of  years  the  state  of  our  West  India  trade.  Perhaps  it  is 
impossible  to  point  out  any  means  of  effectual  relief:  our  ]ilanters  must  not  build  expecta- 
tions on  such  doubtful,  or  rather  improbable,  events  as  the  stoppage  of  distillation  from  malt, 
or  an  insurrection  of  the  negroes  in  rival  countries,  such  as  Cuba  or  Brazil.  Of  a  boinity 
on  exportation  it  is  iille  to  speak:  so  that  their  only  rational  and  subf-tantial  ground  of  hope 
seems  to  be  in  a  further  reduction  of  the  duties  on  sugar,  eod'co,  and  rum ;  and  an  abolition 
of  the  duties  on  imports,  and  of  the  restrictions  laid-on  their  trade  with  America  and  other 
countries. 

The  sale  of  West  India  articles  takes  place  through  the  medium  of  produce  brokers,  who 
in  London  reside  chielly  in  Mincing  Lane  and  Tower  Street.  Samples  of  sugar  and  rum 
art!  on  show  in  their  respective  sale  rooms  during  four  days  of  the  week,  viz.  'I'uesday, 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  from  11  to  1  o'clock;  during  which  time  tlie  sugar 
rdiners,  wholesale  grocers,  and  other  dealers  in  produce,  call  in,  observe  the  state  of  tho 
niurket,  and  buy  what  they  require.  Tho  term  of  credit  is  short;  only  1  month  for  coffee 
and  rum,  and  2  months  for  sutjar.  Coffee  is  generally  sold  by  public  auction,  sugar  and 
rum  by  private  contract.  The  broker's  counnission  is  usually  i  per  cent,  on  the  amount ; 
but  in  the  case  of  coffee,  as  they  guarantee  the  buyers,  their  charge  amounts  to  1  per 
cent.  Tho  brokers  have  no  correspondence  or  connection  with  tho  planters  ;  they  are  em- 
ployed by  the  merchants;  and  their  sales,  though  for  large  amounts,  being  very  simple,  a 
lirokcrage  house  of  consequence  generally  does  the  business  of  a  number  of  merchants. 
Neitiicr  merchants  nor  brokers  see,  or  are  in  the  least  under  the  necessity  of  seeing,  tho 
bulky  parkagca  containing  the  different  articles  of  produce  of  which  they  effect  the  sales  ; 
p\\  is  done  by  sample  ;  the  packages  remaining  in  the  bonded  warehoiiso  from  the  time  of 
landing  till  they  are  sold  ;  after  which  they  pass  to  the  j)remiscs  of  the  refiner,  wholesale 
grocer,  or  whoever  may  be  tho  purchaser. 

The  allowances  made  to  the  buyer  in  respect  of  weight,  consist,  first,  of  the  tare,  which  is 
tiie  exact  Weight  of  the  cask ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  of  a  fixed  allovvimce  of  5  lbs.  per 
cask  in  tho  case  of  coffee,  called  trett,  and  of  2  lbs.  per  cask  ou  sugar,  under  the  name  of 
dral't, — (Sec  Account  Salci  of  both,  in  p.  208.) 

The  shipping  of  stores  from  England  to  the  plantations  is  also  a  very  simple  transaction. 
Weft  India  merchants  in  London,  Liverpool,  or  Bristol,  receive  from  tho  planters,  in  tho 
nutuntn  of  each  year,  a  list  of  the  articles  required  for  tho  rcsjjootive  estates:  these  lists 
tliey  divide,  arrani^e,  and  distribute  among  dilTerent  wholesale  dealers  in  the  course  of  Sep- 
tember and  October,  with  instructions  to  get  them  ready  to  ship  in  a  few  weeks.  JVovcmber 
and  Ueeember  are  the  chief  months  for  tho  despatch  of  outward-bound  West  Iiidiaineii,  as 
tho  plantation  stores  ought,  by  rights,  to  arrive  about  the  ciid  of  December,  or  in  the  course 
(if  JaniKiry.  That  is  a  season  of  activity,  and  generally  of  heallii,  in  the  West  Indies  ;  tho 
conipiirfttively  cool  months  of  November  and  Dce.cml  or  having  cleared  the  air,  and  the  pro- 
duce of  the  Ik'lds  having  become  ripe  and  ready  to  carry.  Crop  time  lasts  from  Jaiuiaiy  to 
the  end  of  July,  after  which  the  heavy  rains  put  a  stop  to  Held  work  in  tho  islands 
l.V'inerura,  being  so  near  tho  Une,  experiences  less  difference  in  the  stasons,  and  it  is  cus- 
toniury  there  to  continue  making  sugar  all  the  year  round. 

The  arrivals  of  West  Iiidiamen  in  England  with  homeward  cargoes  Ix-gin  in  April  and 
continue  till  October;  after  which,  with  the  excejition  of  occasional  vessels  fi;)in  iJemcrara 
aiiil  Ucrbice,  thoy  cease  till  the  succeeding  April.  This  corresponds  with  the  lime  of  car- 
rying and  loading  the  crops  :  for  it  would  ho  quite  unadvisable,  ou  tho  score  of  health,  aa 


't\ 


ii>' 


II': 


'n\ 


.1 


■  I  *■; 


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M!, 


48ft 


COLONIES  AND 


if 


'I      I 


well  u  of  the  intemiptioni  to  work  from  the  heavy  raine,  to  attempt  loading  veasels  in  the 
augnr  iBlanda  during  the  autumnal  montha. 

The  unloading  of  West  Indiamen  in  London  usually  takea  place  at  the  West  India  docks, 
and  did  so  uniformly  from  the  autumn  of  1802,  when  the  docks  were  first  opened,  till  Au- 
gust, 1823,  when  the  dock  monopoly  expired.  The  delays  in  discharging,  occasionally 
complained  of  during  the  war,  arose  from  two  causes ;  from  the  vessels  arriving  in  fleets 
(in  consequence  of  sailing  with  convoy,)  and  from  the  imperfections  inseparable  from  a  new 
establishment  The  latter  have  been  long  remedied  ;  and  as  to  the  former,  though  at  paiti* 
cular  seasons,  and  afler  a  change  of  wind,  the  vesiicls  still  come  close  on  each  other,  the  crowd- 
ing  in  the  docks  is  by  no  means  to  be  compared  to  that  arising  from  the  arrival  of  a  convoy. 
Cargoes  are  discharged  very  speedily,  the  time  seldom  exceeding  3  days.  The  dock  dues 
have  also  been  materially  reduced  since  the  i)eace :  and  the  whole  exhibits  a  striking  ex- 
ample of  the  advantage  attendant  on  transacting  a  mass  of  business  on  one  spot ;  an  ad- 
vantage which  can  be  enjoyed  only  in  great  sea-ports,  such  as  London,  Liverpool,  or  Amster- 
dam.— (See  Docks.) 

The  rates  of  freight  during  the  war  were,  on  sugar  from  7s.  to  8«.  per  cwt,  and  on  coffee 
from  10«.  to  1 15. ;  whereas  they  now  amount,  the  former  to  4«.  and  4<f.  6d.,  and  the  latter  to 
6*.  The  ship  owners  complain  that  these  freights  leave  them  very  little  profit ;  but  in  con- 
sequence of  the  speed  with  which  vessels  may  now  be  unloaded  and  cleared  at  London,  it 
is  probable  that  the  practice  of  making  two  voyages  in  the  season  will  liecome  general. 

Disposal  of  Land  in  the  Colonies. — ^The  chief  cause  of  the  rapid  advancement  of  all 
colonies  placed  in  rude  and  thinly  peopled  countries,  hao  tieen  the  facility  with  which  they 
have  obtained  supplies  of  fertile  and  unoccupied  land.  Were  tiie  inhabitants  of  a  colony 
r-i  tiituated,  that  instead  of  resorting  to  new  land  to  obtain  increased  supplies  of  food,  they 
were  obliged  to  improve  the  land  already  in  cultivation,  their  progress  would  bo  compara- 
tively slow,  and  they  would  approach  to  the  condition  of  an  old  country  ;  and  the  greater 
the  concentration  of  the  inhabitants,  the  nearer,  of  course,  would  be  their  approach  to  that 
state.  On  the  other  hand,  several  inconveniences  result  from  allowing  the  colonists  to 
spread  themselves  at  pleasure  over  unoccupied  districts.  The  inhabitants  become  too  much 
dispersed  to  be  able  to  lend  sufficient  assistance  to  each  other ;  a  large  extent  of  roads  is 
necessary,  and  their  construction  is  a  task  too  great  for  so  thin  a  population.  But  the 
greatest  injury  that  can  be  done  to  a  colony  is  the  making  of  gratuitous  grants  of  large 
tracts  of  land  to  corporations  or  individuals,  without  laying  upon  them  any  obligations  as  to 
their  occupation,  or  obliging  them  to  contribute  their  share  of  the  expenses  necessary  on 
account  of  public  improvements.  Wherever  such  an  imwise  policy  has  been  pursued,  as 
in  Lower  Canada  for  example,  the  consequences  have  been  most  injurious.  The  occur- 
rence of  the  unoccupied  districts  obliges  the  settlers  to  establish  themselves  at  inconvenient 
distances  from  each  other ;  it  prevents,  by  the  want  of  roads,  their  easy  communication ; 
and  retards,  in  a  degree  not  easy  to  be  imagined,  the  advancement  of  the  district.  The  in- 
conveniences resulting  from  these  grants  are,  indeed,  obvious.  They  have  been  loudly 
complained  of  by  the  colonists,  and  are  now  almost  universally  admitted. 

It  is  not  diflicult  to  discover  the  principle  of  the  measures  that  ought  to  be  adopted  with 
respect  to  the  dispoetal  of  unoccupied  colonial  land.  They  should  be  so  contrived  as  to 
prevent  too  great  a  diffusion  of  the  colonists,  without,  however,  occasioning  their  too  great 
concentration.  And  it  is  plain,  that  these  advantages  may  be  realised  by  selling  ail  lands 
at  a  moderate  price,  or  by  imposing  upon  them  a  moderate  quit-rent.  If  the  price  or  quit- 
rent  were  very  high,  it  would,  of  course,  occasion  too  great  a  concentration,  and  be  an  insu- 
perable obstacle  to  the  rapid  progress  of  the  colony  ;  while,  if  it  were  too  low,  it  would  not 
obviate  the  inconvenience  of  too  great  disfiersion.  The  fixing  of  the  price  at  which  land 
should  be  sold  is,  therefore,  the  only  really  diflicult  point  to  be  decided  upon.  The  Ameri- 
cans sell  their  public  lands  at  2  dollars  an  acre ;  and  this  is,  perhaps,  all  things  considered, 
as  proper  a  sum  as  could  be  selected. 

Until  very  recently  we  did  not  follow  any  fixed  plan  in  the  disposal  of  colonial  lands, 
which  have  in  many  instances  been  bestowed  in  the  most  improvident  manner.  Dut  a  dif- 
ferent system  has  been  adopted,  and  lands  in  the  colonies  are  no  longer  obtainaMc  ex.^ept  by 
purchase.  We,  however,  are  not  without  apprehensions  that  considerable  inconvenience 
will  result  from  the  proposed  plan  of  selling  land  by  auction.  It  is  easy,  no  doul>t,  tu  (ix  a 
minimum  upset  price ;  but  the  market  price  must  entirely  depend  on  the  qnunlity  put  up 
for  sale,  compared  with  the  number  and  means  of  the  buyers.  And,  as  the  regulation  of 
this  quantity  must  necessarily  be  lefl:  to  the  local  authorities,  they  will,  in  fact,  have  the 
power  of  fixing  the  price.  A  system  of  this  sort  can  hardly  fuii  of  leading  to  very  great 
abupcs ;  and  will  give  rise  to  perpetual  complaints,  even  when  they  are  not  deserved,  of 
partiality  and  preference.  The  best  way,  as  it  appears  to  us,  would  l>e  to  order  competent 
persons  to  fix  certain  prices  upon  all  the  lands  to  be  locateil,  according  to  the  various  cir- 
cumstances for  and  against  them ;  and  to  grant  specified  portions  of  such  lands  to  all  who 
claim  them,  according  to  the  amount  of  capital  they  proposed  to  employ  in  their  cultivation. 
We  do  not,  however,  think  that  the  maximum  price  ought  in  any  case  to  exceed  12s.  or  lSi5, 


>g  vfiascls  in  the 


COLONY  TRADE. 


437 


in  sere :  a  price  of  this  magnitude  would  accure  a  rafficient  degree  of  concentration,  with* 
out  rarrying  the  principle  ao  far  as  to  make  it  injurious.* 

Di»pu»d  of  Land  in  Canada. — ^The  followini^  advertisement,  dated  at  the  ofltce  of  the 
Cotnmissiiiner  of  Crown  Lands,  York,  Upper  CsTiada,  27th  of  May,  1833,  explains  the 
terms  on  which  lands  are  in  future  to  t>e  granted  in  that  province ; — 

In  conformity  to  Instructioni  recently  received  from  his  Majesty's  secretary  nfslate  for  the  cnlnnles, 
the  fiillKwinR  arriiiiRemciits  for  dIepoEiing  of  the  waste  lands  of  the  crown  in  Upper  Canada,  are  made 
iinntvii  tor  lli«  infiirinutlnn  of  emiiirnntB  and  others. 

Except  in  the  rose  of  II.  E.  LoyaliHta,  and  other  persons  entitled  by  the  existing  regulations  of  the 
•nveriinient  to  free  grants,  no  person  can  obtain  any  of  the  waste  Innda  of  the  crown  otluirwise  than 
by  piirdiaiiing  at  the  public  sales,  made  from  time  to  time  under  the  direction  of  the  coinmissiunerof 
crown  l:inda. 

TliodR  sales  will  be  made  on  the  1st  and  3d  Tuesday  of  each  month,  and  will  either  be  continued 
Ihrniigh  tiie  following  day,  or  not,  as  circumstances  may  appear  to  the  iiguiit  to  require. 

Ilcsidi^s  tlii^se  gonernl  periodical  sales,  there  may  be  occasional  salits  liyaurtiim  in  other  dislricls,of 
iiicli  town  lotH,  or  otiier  lots  of  land,  as  may  remain  to  be  disposed  of;  and  of  these  sales  ampiu  notice 
will  lie  civen. 

Tlie  conditions  of  every  sale  by  public  auction  will  be  as  follows :— One  fourth  of  the  purchase  mo- 
ney tol)e  paid  down;  and  the  remainder  in  3 equal  annual instsilniunts,  with  interest  at 6 per  cent,  on 
eoch instalment,  puyiible  wilh  Ihe  instalment. 

The  lands  will  he  put  up  al  an  upset  price,  of  which  notice  will  be  given  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  In 
thii  prcviinis  adverliseuieiils  wlilcli  will  be  published  of  tlie  lands  intended  to  lie  put  up  at  eiuh  sale  : 
ami  in  cai>(!  no  offer  shall  be  made  at  the  upset  price,  the  land  will  be  reserved  for  future  sale,  in  a 
similar  manner,  by  auction. 

A  patent  for  the  lands  will  bo  Issued  free  of  charge,  upon  the  payment  in  full  of  the  purchase  money 
anil  interest. 

Tiie  commissioner  for  crown  lands,  acting  also  as  agent  for  tho  sale  of  clergy  reserves,  requests  it 
tn  be  noticed,  that  such  clergy  reserves  as  have  not  been  hitherto  occupied  by  authority,  or  leased  by 
the  government,  will  be  dixposed  of,  l)y  pulilic  auction  only,  either  at  the  periodical  sales  of  crown 
lands,  or  at  occasional  sales,  to  lie  duly  advertised,  and  that  the  terms  of  payment  for  clergy  resi^rves 
will  continue  to  be  as  follows  : — 10  per  cent,  to  be  paid  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  the  remainder  in  9  an- 
nual instalments  of  10  per  cent,  ouch,  with  interest  on  each  instalment,  to  be  paid  with  the  instaN 
Dient. 

Such  clergy  reserves  as  have  been  leased,  or  .^ccupied  by  Ihe  authority  of  the  government,  must  be 
applied  for  by  letter  to  the  commissioner  of  crown  lands,  and  when  disposed  of,  will  be  sold  by  private 
sale  on.  the  same  terms  of  payment  as  those  disposed  of  by  public  auction. 

Ttrma  vpon  which  the  Crown  Lands  Kill  be  disposed  of  in  AVir  South  IValea  and  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

It  has  been  determined  by  his  Majesty's  government  that  no  land  shall,  in  future,  be  disposed  of  In 
New  South  Wales  or  Van  Diemen's  Lund  otherwise  than  by  pulilic  sale,  and  it  has  llierefiire  been 
di-cined  expedient  to  prepare  for  the  inf<irinalion  of  settlers  the  following  summary  of  tlie  ruleswhich 
it  lias  been  tlinnplit  fit  to  lay  down  for  retrulating  tho  sales  of  land  in  tlioso  colonies  :— 

I.  .\  division  of  the  wliole  territory  into  counties,  hundreds,  and  parislies,  is  in  progress.  When 
tliat  division  shall  lie  completed,  each  parish  will  comprise  an  area  of  about  15  square  miles. 

!.  All  the  lands  in  the  colony,  not  hitherto  granted,  and  not  appropriated  for  public  purposes,  will 
be  put  up  to  sale.  The  price  will  of  course  depend  upon  the  quality  uf  the  land,  and  its  local  situation; 
but  no  land  will  be  sold  below  the  rate  of  5s.  per  acre. 

■'  All  persons  proposing  to  purchase  lands  not  advertised  for  sale,  must  transmit  a  written  applica- 
tion to  tlie  covernor,  in  a  certain  prescribed  form,  which  will  be  delivered  at  the  Surveyor  General's 
Olfice  to  all  persons  applying,  on  payment  of  the  requisite  fee  of  2jf.  (ul. 

4.  Tliose  pcirsons  who  are  desirous  of  purchasing,  will  be  allowed  to  select,  with  certain  defined 
limits,  such  portions  of  land  as  they  may  wish  to  acquire  in  that  manner.  Ttiese  iKirlionsof  land  will 
be  advertised  for  sale  for  3 calendar  months,  and  will  then  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  provided  timt 
sill  li  bidilinir  shall  at  least  nniount  to  the  price  fixed  by  Article  3. 

5.  A  ilepesit  of  10  per  cent,  upon  Ihe  whole  value  of  the  purchase  must  be  paid  down  at  the  time  of 
sale,  and  the  remainder  must  he  paid  within  1  calendar  month  from  the  day  ofsale.  previous  to  wliich 
thii  purchaser  will  not  be  put  in  possession  of  the  land  :  and  in  case  of  payment  not  being  made  within 
the  prescribed  period,  the  sale  will  be  considered  v<iid,  and  the  deposit  forl'tiled. 

6.  On  payment  of  tlie  nioiiev,  a  iirant  will  be  made  in  fc!e-siniple  to  tiie  purchaser  at  the  nominal 
(luit-rent  of  n  pepper-corn,  i'revioiis  to  the  delivery  of  such  grant,  n  fee  of  •!().<.  will  be  payable  to 
the  ciilonial  secretary,  for  preparing  the  grant,  and  another  fee  of  .Is.  to  the  registrar  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  for  enrolline  it. 

7.  The  land  will  generally  be  put  up  to  sain  In  lots  of  1  square  mile,  or  010  acres  ;  but  smaller  lots 
than  tilO  acres  may,  under  particular  circumstances,  be  purchased,  on  making  application  to  the 
gnM'rnor  iii  writing,  with  t\ill  e.xplauatious  of  the  reasons  for  which  the  parlies  wiL'h  to  purchase  a 
smaller  quantity. 

8.  The  crown  reserves  to  itself  the  right  of  making  and  rnnFtructingsiich  roads  and  bridges  as  may 
be  neri'fsiiry  for  public  purposes  in  nil  land  purchased  as  above  ;  and  also  to  such  indisenous  timber, 
Btiiiif.  and  other  materials,  tin)  produce  of  the  land,  as  may  lie  required  for  making  and  keeping  the 
said  roads  and  Iridires  in  repair,  and  for  any  other  public  W'orks.  The  f  ruwn  further  reserves  to  itself 
ull  mines  of  precious  metals, 

(Colonial  Olliie,  30th  of  January,  1631. 

SeleclionnfSifeffir  Cofonial  Extablishments. — Nothing  can  be  more  unwise  than  the 
plan,  if  so  we  may  call  it,  hitherto  followed  in  the  selection  of  places  at  which  to  found 
colonies.  The  captain  of  a  ship,  without  any  knowledge  whatever  of  the  nature  of  soils, 
or  Ihe  capacities  of  a  country  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view,  falls  in  after  a  long  cruise 
with  a  river  or  bay,  abounding  with  lish  and  fresh  water,  and  surrounded  with  land  that 

♦  The  injurious  consequences  resulting  from  the  late  system  of  granting  lands  in  the  colonies  have 
bi'eii  very  forcibly  pointed  out  by  Mr.d'ouuer.  Mr.  Tennunt,  and  others;  but  the  de^n-ce  of  concentration 
Ihuy  rucomnicnd  wuulu  be  ten  times  inuru  injurious. 
2o2 


'  'f 


III 


'i'-,. 

'i 

i  •■  1 

■i      f 

'    '    "■   ';■ 

! 

! 

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1 

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1 
■  i 

'■    i'    '  > 

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jR 

h^if 

■( 

r 

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; 

, 

'  1  ; 

,  ■  ■  r 

'III 

■       i; 

1  ; 

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ii 

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I 

•'  :  i  I  i 


I  ,  ■'  , 

ill' 

M 

'!|| 


i 


I  HI 
'I 

^11 


:     I 


!( ;■'' 


I  i 


li 


i^Plw^ 

wi 

pp 

^Kw 

^gS 

wm 

M« 

I  I 


f 


li     -I 


438 


COLONIES  AND 


lodkt  fertile,  and  is  covered  with  herbage.  He  f(  rthwith  report*  all  these  fircumstances, 
duly  einliclliKlicd,  to  the  Admiralty,  strongly  rccornmcndin?  the  situation  as  an  adiniruble 
one  at  which  to  found  a  colony  ;  and  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  this  is  all  the  information 
that  is  required  in  taking  a  step  of  such  infinite  iniporlancc !  No  wonder,  thcrefarc,  tliat, 
many  fine  schemes  of  colonisation  should  have  ended  only  in  loss  and  disappointment;  and 
that  situations  whieh  the  colonists  were  taught  to  look  ujmn  as  a  spci-ies  of  paradise,  liii\e 
p-oved  to  l)e  any  thing  hut  what  they  were  represented.  Botany  Bay,  though  described  by 
Oaptiiin  Cook  as  one  of  the  finest  places  in  the  world,  had  to  be  abandoned  by  the  colonists 
that  were  sent  out  to  it;  as  the  country  round  it,  instead  of  being  favourable  for  cultivutinn, 
is  a  mere  sandy  swamp.  Is  it  possible  to  suppose,  had  the  jjroper  inquiries  bi-rn  enlortd 
into,  that  any  attempt  would  have  been  made  to  estnblish  a  colony  in  so  pestilential  a  climuta 
as  that  of  Hicrra  Leone  1  The  colony  in  the  district  of  Albany,  in  the  Cape  of  Good  lIo[te, 
was  founded  upon  the  representations  of  an  individual,  who,  whatever  might  be  his  infornm- 
tion  in  other  respects,  had  not  the  slightest  kno-,- ledge  of  agriculture;  and  the  distresses  the 
s<-ttlers  have  had  to  enrounter  were  the  natural  consequences  of  their  relying  on  such  au- 
thority.  The  late  establishment  at  Swan  River  may  be  adduced  as  another  instance  of  mia. 
placed  or  premature  confidence  in  the  reports  of  those  who  were  really  without  the  means 
of  foriiiing  a  correct  estimate  of  the  variouti  circuinslances  necessary  to  bo  attended  to  ia 
forming  a  colony. 

We  do,  therefore,  hope  that  an  end  will  be  put  to  this  system, — a  system  which  is  in  no 
common  degree  injurious  to  the  public  interests,  and  is  highly  criminal  towards  those  who 
embark  as  colonists.  The  founding  of  u  colony  ought  to  bo  looked  upon  in  its  true  point 
of  view — as  a  great  national  enterprise.  It  is  not  an  adventure  to  be  intrusted  to  jjresuini)- 
tnous  ignorance  ;  but  should  be  maturely  weighed,  and  every  circumstance  connected  with 
it  carcfolly  investigated.  Above  all,  the  situation  in  which  it  is  proposed  to  found  tlie  colony 
should  be  minutely  surveyed :  and  its  climate,  soil,  and  capacities  of  production,  deliberately 
inquired  into  by  competent  persons  employed  for  the  purpose.  Were  this  done,  govern- 
ment and  the  public,  would  have  the  best  attainable  grounds  upon  which  to  proceed;  and 
neither  party  would  have  much  reason  to  fear  those  di8ap()oiiitinents,  which  have  hitherto  bo 
often  followed  the  exaggerated  representations  of  those  to  whom  tlie  important  and  dilGcuIt 
task  of  selecting  situations  for  colonics  has  been  delegated. 

v.  Fonr.io?r  CotoMES. 

1.  f^pnnhh  Cnliinici. — Spain,  whose  colonial  possessions  extended  a  few  years  ago  from 
the  frontiers  of  the  United  States  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  is  not,  at  present,  possessed 
of  a  foot  of  ground  in  the  whole  American  continent.  Still,  however,  her  colonial  posses- 
Fions  are  of  great  value  and  importance.  In  the  West  Indies,  she  is  mistress  of  Cuba  and 
Porto  Kico; — the  former  by  far  the  largest  and  finest  of  the  West  India  islands ;  and  the 
latter  also  a  very  valuiible  possession.  In  the  East,  Spain  is  mistress  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  which,  were  they  in  the  hands  of  an  enterprising  people,  would  speedily  become  of 
very  great  commercial  importance. — (See  the  articles  Havanna,  Maxilla,  Pohto  Rico.) 

2.  Dutch  CitJonie.". — Java  forms  the  most  important  and  vaUinhle  of  the  Dutch  colonial 
possessions. — (See  Batavia.)  In  the  East  they  also  possess  the  Moluccas,  Bencoolen  on 
the  coast  of  Sumatra,  Macassar,  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Celebes,  Banda,  &c.  1'liey  have 
several  fort-?  on  the  Gold  Coast  in  Africa;  and  in  the  V/'U  Indies  they  possess  the  islamls 
of  Cura^oa  and  St.  Eustatius,  Saba,  and  part  of  St.  Mait.n ;  and  on  the  continent  of  South 
America,  they  are  masters  of  Dutch  Surinam.  Curafoa  and  St.  Eustatius  are  naturally 
barren,  but  they  have  been  both  highly  improved.  From  its  being  veiy  conveniently 
situated  for  maintaining  a  contraband  traffic  with  the  Caraccas  and  other  districts  in  South 
America,  Curaooa  was  formerly  a  place  of  great  trade,  particularly  during  war.  But  since 
the  independence  of  South  America,  Curaeoa  has  ceased  in  a  great  measure  to  be  an  evire- 
pot  ;  the  goods  destined  for  the  Continent  being  now,  for  the  most  part,  forwarded  direct 
to  the  [ibices  of  their  destination. 

That  district  of  .Surinam  ceded  to  the  British  in  1814,  comprising  the  settlements  of 
Demerura,  Berbice,  and  Es-'cipiibo  (see  anli',  p.  421.),  finned  the  most  valuable  portion  of 
Surinam,  or  Dutch  (Jniana.  'J'he  viislrict  which  still  belongs  t  >  the  Dutch  lies  to  the  south 
of  Berbice.  It  contains  about  'iri.OflO  sipiare  miles,  and  a  po|)ulation  of  about  00,000.  It 
is  ihn\y  becoming  of  more  value  and  importance. 

.3.  French  Cu/imies. — Previously  to  the  negro  insurrection  that  broke  out  in  1792,  St. 
Domingo  was  by  far  the  most  valuable  colony  in  the  West  Indies.  But  this  disastrous 
event,  having  first  devastated  the  island,  terminated  in  the  establishment  of  the  independent 
black  re|iublic  of  Ilayti. — (See  Pokt  au  PiiiycK.)  Having  also  sold  Louisiana  to  the 
Americmi-'.  and  ceded  the  Mauritius  to  the  English,  without  making  any  n?w  acquisitions, 
the  colonial  dominions  of  France  arc,  at  this  moment,  of  very  limited  extent.  They  consist 
of  Guadeloupe  and  Martinique,  and  the  small  islands  of  Marie-Galante  and  Deseada,  in  the 
•  West  Indies;  Cayenne,  in  South  America;  Senegal  and  Gorce,  in -Africa;  the  Isle  de 


COLONY  TRADE. 


480 


Bourbon,  in  the  Eastern  Ocean  ;  St.  Marie,  in  Madagascar;  and  Pondichcrry  and  Chander* 
nai^or,  witli  a  very  gmall  surrounding  territory,  in  the  Eant  IntlicR.  'i'ho  tuLiuiar  statemcnti 
anncxuJ  show  the  population,  trade,  t,^c.  of  thu  French  ooluiiica. 

Table  of  tlie  Population  ortlie  French  Cnlonlpg,  nnd  of  their  Conimorrc  with  France. — (Monlvtran, 
t^$ui  lit  atutiitique  lur  Ui  CuloHie$,  Piiceg  Jutlificatit'ea,  No,  5.) 


CoIodIm, 


Sarl'i  America. 
Si'iil    I'it-rrp  nii'l  } 

M.iiurl IS3I  i 

•/•n.'fMilM. 

Mininiiiue  (Jan.  } 
I.  I-Ji>  J 

CiuTicl'i'ipe  (Jan.  / 
I.  I-Ol)  J 

N(fi7i  Aiivrifn. 

CMiiiiit',  (Jaii.  1.  { 
I  SI.' I  i 

Ajrica. 

noiirli'iii  fJau.  1.  / 
lOO)  i 

!ie.ir,;illlW5)    • 
J.iVi. 

J'rfncli  liicltiriw  } 
iij  liiliii  (1823}  S 


•r.ilAl 


Populallori  In  IK!9,  oracconllng 
(o  tliti  lut  Ccnaui. 


I>6I 

9,410 
10,i96 

1,291 


Peoi'lpoffolour 


Fr.e. 


IS, '32 
10,7 

2,220 


2401      3,J73 
1,021'  107,986 


43,419   I  •■6.0-3 


.S'aiM. 


Total. 


No. 

90,743 

19,173 

66,000 
12,20: 

1,191 


271 1, 1  a' 


No. 
S6 

109,99:) 

112,111 


!n,roo 

16,110 


Cumnierce  wlib 


ill  al  Value,  It3l. 


Iitiporli       Kx|>i>r(t 

intfi       ,      fiiirii 
France,    '    rniiri:. 


Fiat. CI.    ,    Francr. 
6,700,016'       476,117 

i 

2fl,l2J,-,M    I2,633,.M0 

1 
26,642,222    12,l4e,8i;3 

2,4-12,  ISM     1,738,792 

l!i,nf,7,2T6!    5,732,9C8 
3,44J,0b7 


3,723,27C 


7:l,l.r!.Hi3 


Navigation. 


I'utereJ. 


Shi)  a 


154 

I9!i 


3,19.'.,818 
763,235 
31,Svo.2IO:     4'4 


3.W 

40,906 
47,623 


r..l22 

3,0.•.^ 


1,14' 


iio.7'r 


CItMred  out. 


Cod  if  the  Frfucl 

Fiilieriua. 


Sliipi. 


136 
194 

23 

02 
2i 


Tnn- 
iM^e. 


35,037 
47,772 

4,0)6 

IS,3I5 
2,7C« 


Ini|orliM 
In  IK)I. 


Kihgr. 

1,744,618 
2,b2C,0:: 

131,157 

210,34' 


1,241 

I(i9,!27*    ■l.'jIlC.lfl.l 


0(?i.l.,. 
Vaiue. 


FtaJict, 

436, 1  Ui 
705,01'J 

32,7^9 

68,584 


Alilel'olii"!  I'hK'kl 
UI  I  nieti,  cnihiitn. 


n[  liotli  srxua 
and  kick 


191,141  individuals.  I  ColoniM  for  Cd'nriial  produce :— linporlaliiM.t    61.2,'!'), 2')0  franca. 
7.'>,9'<9        —  I  Uilto  K»|«>rlali<iui    3O,:i.0,0KI        — 


Slatcment  of  the  Product!!  of  the  French  Colonies  Iniportcrt  into  Frnnce,  nnrt  entered  for  Consump- 
tion, and  of  the  Uuties  charged  on  their  Iiitruiliiction,  in  1831. — {JJuiilviran,  No.  U.) 


Colnniej  and 
F-iUbliilimonlt. 

Suifars  of 

all 
Qualilies. 

Coflee. 

Cacao. 

Cotton. 

rliivea 

and 
Spicct. 

Kilogr. 
61 
24.319 

72!l 
18,112 

iro,7i7 

236.967 

Annollo. 

Indigo. 

Gum. 

Wax. 

Wood  of 

all  K<:,.:>. 

Cuttom 
Uutiei. 

Clindetonpo 
Mirlinique             • 
R  iiirbnn     • 
raj-fnriis     - 
Sfilreil       .        ^    - 
K.ictoriM  in  Inlia 
St.  I'ii-rrc  .ii.il  Finli. ) 
erieinf.Miqueliin  j 

Total 

Kilner. 

.i6.')7ii.><.'}(; 

2".n.|<).fl<'n 

l6.22!i.O(VJ 

1,4;12,07J 

43,023 

9«-'.4«' 
3-9,04 1 
761,SI4 
42,426 

4'7;2S2 

Kilntr. 

9.01'.' 

1J7,I1I 

■  til 

22 

Kihfr. 
2S,S92 
B.1I7 
3,174 

169,520 

81^ 

KllogT. 

__ 
82,122 

Kilogr. 

~2e,i 

I2,7J4 

A'.lrsr. 
677,040 

Khgr. 

12,898 

A'i7(.|rr. 
211,012 
9W.'.l0 
31,90) 
C«.729 
S3,2SJ 

Frar.ea, 

If,(i|3,3'i7 

13,S>4'.,T(.-. 

^C»2,.'10.-S 

S'.I.IOS 

1  I4,75i 

424,608 

6,:p9 

Sl,332,9.17 

2,199,(46 

lesai'. 

268.935 

(••2,122 

13.030  677,C40 

12,S9.-' 

l,3-4,»89  1  41,14C,984  | 

Pmliice       of      tlip 
tVnrh       colonics 
iniporfc-I,  but    not 
t.iiPD'd     for    con* 
sumption,  in  1S3I. 

Tot.il 

6,)R2.K1.1 

93!=,3I7 

^  7,91 '.,770 

2,199.046'    16?,a4^> 

Sfij-.W. 

2.16,967  1    S.',122 

l3.(-36  677,010     12.S9S 

l,3-4,l!S9  1  42.0S7,30I 

V.ihie  in  fri-nc)    -     1  .'.2  .-.19.4I.2 

l.ft(9.2'.6'    116.442 

I7M4« 

i.Sfin.tiTO  1  114.211 

130.361'  n.l7,s-.6     2'i.7!i« 

31(1.222  ir)f..C74.4S6» 

JV.  i?.— The  kilogramme  =  2-2  lbs,  avolrdiipoig. 

4.  Danish  Cohmics. — In  the  West  Imlies,  these  consist  of  the  islands  of  St.  Croix,  St. 
Thomas,  and  St.  John :  of  the.se,  St.  Croi.x  only  is  vnluahle.  It  is  about  81  8i]imrc  miles 
in  extent,  and  contains  about  37,000  inhabitant",  of  whom  3,000  are  whites,  1,200  free 
lilnrks  and  niulattoei',  and  the  remainder  slaves.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  it  is  well  cultivated. 
Tlio  prinripiil  jiroductions  are  sugar,  rum,  nnd  coll'ce.  In  Iiuliii,  the  Danes  possess  Tran- 
quilmr,  near  Madras;  and  Serampoor,  near  ('alcuttn.  The  former  contained,  in  1809, 
aliout  19,000  inhabitants ;  but  it  has  greatly  improved  since  the  peace,  both  in  commerce 
and  population.  Sor.impoor  is  a  neat  but  not  very  considerable  place.  It  serves  as  an 
a.sylum  for  the  debtors  of  Calcutta,  and  is  the  cajiital  station  of  the  missionaries.  The  Danes 
have  a  few  forts  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 

f).  fswedlik  Cohmlen. — The  Swedes  only  possess  one  colony — the  small  island  of  St. 
Bnilholomew,  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  only  about  25  6<juarc  miles  in  extent,  hut  is  very 
fertile.  It  has  no  springs,  nor  fresh  water  of  any  sort,  except  such  as  is  supplied  by  tha 
rain.    Population  between  8,000  and  9,000. 

*  Allowing  for  bounty  on  exports. 


) 


if 


iii!  UiiU' 


'jfiiiw  1 1 


ii  r 

i 


I 


440 


COLONIES  AND  COLONY  TRADE. 


(f  talrmcnt  ftf  lh«  Nett  Expenditure  Inriirrpil  hy  Orriit  Ilrllain,  nn  ncrnnni  tit  hor  rpvf rnl  Mllitnry  •nil 
Mitrilliiia  Htalioni,  Coliinlea,  and  IMaiitatiotia,  during  lHa3-34.— (/'ur<.  Paper,  Hu.  4W.  Hvo.  lt<3S.) 


\U 


Hr\  aynirnta 

Military 
Caiwwiiiura. 

Cl«ll 
EiptMliluni. 

Naval  ri- 
(«iKlilur<. 

Total  Kafifndihira 

for  klihtiiy,  (ivil, 

and  Navjl 

EalabluliiiMiila. 

fniii.   1  nioi.ial 

Hfvrniiri,  and 

Kurrlui  (  l» 

tona,  ari'l  lr>ftl 

Tolal  Ei|  n„ll|„„ 

liiMjriiit  lijr 

(■real  llriUia. 

L.      t.d. 

llniw 

/..       <,    il 

AMi/flry  am/  Marttimt 
.Slaliuiu. 

I.       i.d. 

£.      <.   4. 

L.       $.   d. 

L.    1.     i. 

(iilinltir 

'lU,HM    3    9 

— 

{50    S    9 

164,617    9    8 

127  a  9 

)64,3ro   2   9 

Malla 

IOO,HO\  17  1(1 

— 

t.<m   9  7 

IC«1>2)I    7    6 

311   13    634 

ir«,7ii  n  II  u 

('l|lf  nf  (Vxid  Hop*    • 

M.MT  IH    t 

1,204    4    0 

3,3bU  14    3 

111.223  18    8 

67,W2  10    « 

^Uiiritiuf 

ll«J^^  11   3 

«!■>  a  1) 

117.(174  IH    3 

^ 

117,171  H    i 

Hrrlnud* 

t»;m   1  10 

29,4«4  15  II  M 

I3,2!l«  IB    6 

llJ.nW)  17    a  1.4 

_ 

1I2,W!1  17    ,1 

KcniAihlo  Po 

«)^^  IB     0 

Ifiii    i    » 



H,'p2U    4    9 

__ 

tl,'i.'6    4    9 

Airrnnifin       •           • 

l,4>7  II   10 

— 

.9,764    2    C 

11,171   14    7 

_ 

II, Ol   II    7 

HtllxililKl      . 

MW    0    (J 

Ml  19    5 

Wl  19    S 

__ 

Ki"!    19     -I 

Iniiiau  l«Ulv(t 

S7^IW  17    4 

— 

— 

B7,bW  17    4 

— 

(7,W0  17    4 

P/anfad'oriiarid  5t(* 

lUtntuh. 

J«mair«  Cou.iniiuli 

Juuiair.i 

Itnluiiiiil      •            •   > 

H(iiiffllr.-tl    - 

210,753  14    S 

>,6U  18   9 

2,879    0  II 

3IB,«7  13    1 

- 

819,087  -2   1 

A  )ii<lw:inlutd  l.fcwird 

Miinita  CniiiiuAml  I 

Hjrlul>l(K*    . 

Ciraiia.la 

SI.  Viureilt 

Tut'lKO 

AiiilKiia 

Mm  ImjiTftt  • 

SI  Clirialoilier^     • 

NcTia          •           •  ' 

409,612    0    6 

6,990  IB   3 

468    0    0 

416,000  19   T 

M 

423,725    0  10  li 

Anfiuilla     ■ 

Vin(iii  Ulaiidl 

a 

IK'niiiiica    . 

SI.  Lucia     • 

a 

Triiiidatl     • 

llriiiih  Guiana       'J 

a 

234,778  14    0 

6,!I03  ID    1  I'4 

2,377  10    0 

263,249  14    1  M 

— 

263,249  14    1  1-J 

N'lva  Srolii  Command : 

.Nnva  Si-nlia             -■) 

Nftt  Hruiiswirk 
Triiici'  E'luanlf  h.  f 

128,^20    3    5 

20,439  10   6  1-4 

7,f02  IS    0 

156,584  10  10  m 

— 

162,312    8    4M 

Newfrnndl.md        .j 

Sntm  (.eoua  •           •  { 

(iillilji^             -             >5 

W,199  18    7 

11.061  16    I 

1,600    0    0 

40.761  13    8 

— 

40.761  12    S 

Vsff  Ciiait     • 

_ 

3„^00    0    0 

_ 

3,500    0    0 

^ 

3,5«)    0    0 

liylcm 

I2>I,I67  17    3 

1,005    0    0 

1,064  13    f< 

131,137  10  II 

17,797  10    4  1-2 

113.340    0    612 

Weilern  Auitralla     . 

6,371  IS     1 

l9,Ctl2    3    4 

— 

34,454    1    6 

— 

24,454    1    6 

Ptnal  MlUinenll. 

New  Soiilh  Waira      •  } 
Vin  DiMii.in's  Liud    •{ 

92,321    3    2 

311,418    7    6  3-4 

— 

403,739  10    7  3-4 

5  26.670  IS    7  1-4 
j    6,062    6    3  1-4 

1     371.010         01.4 

Oeiicnl  clt:tri(ua 

Toialj       . 

!!),II4    8     1 
l,».'0.iS7  16    - 

tl.OOO    0    0 

— 

37,114    H    1        1 

1 
Vl,^^  r.    5  3-41 

37,114    8    1 
2,364,:tC9    6    9 

431.211   14    A  1  i| 

:'i0,n3  14    5' 

2.401.703    6    5  1-2 

.Vof«.— In  the  nUive  totals  1"^  romnn'hf  ii-te  I,  In  ^ddi'lon  In  ttie  iperifif-l  expend ilurra,  the  f'>llowii:ie  ndwtnrtt  iti  nid  nf  Colonial  rtve< 
rtiia,  lo  wit,  C.HH  6r.  Hd.  fur  Barbatlw-a,  L-titla  I4>.  7|d.  fur  Itritiili  Guiaua,  and  I. .5,747  15«.  6d,  fur  Nova  £)ci,li.i,  4,c.— >ViijJ.) 

[The  only  colonics  which  have  been  hitherto  plnnted  by  the  people  of  the  TJnitcJ  Sinlps 
ore  tho.-se  ( lii.-scd  together  under  the  general  name  of  Liberia,  on  the  western  cnuat  nf  Africa. 
They  present  a  remariiable,  and  indeed  singular  instance,  of  establishments  of  the  kind  iiav- 
iiiif  been  formed,  and  conducted  from  their  origin,  with  views  of  a  purely  disinterested  and 
philanthropic  character,  viz.  the  facilitating  of  the  gradual  emancipation  of  the  slaves  in  the 
t  'nited  States,  and  the  spreading  of  Christianity  and  civilization  aiiiuiig  the  surrounding  tiilirii 
of  savage  men. 

We  extract  the  following  account  of  "  Liberia  as  it  is"'  from  the  report  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Colonization  Society  for  18138,  17  years  after  the  tirst  settlement  was  made  under  the 
auspices  of  the  American  Colonization  Society.  This  account  is  given  by  Mr.  Hiicliannn, 
who  resided  about  a  year  in  Africa,  and  who  made  himself  familiar  with  the  condition  uf  all 
the  settlements. 

"  Liberia  extends  from  the  St.  Paul's  river  on  the  north-we.ist  to  the  Cavally  river  oii  the 
Houth-east,  a  distance  of  300  miles  along  the  coast.  Its  extent  inland  is  from  10  to  40  miles. 
Four  separate  colonies  are  now  included  within  its  limits,  viz. 

"  Monrovia,  established  by  the  .American  Colonization  Society,  including  the  towns  of  Mon- 
rovia, New  Georgia,  Caldwell,  Millsburgh,  and  Marshall. 

"  IJassa  Cove,  established  by  the  United  Colonization  Societies  of  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. This  colony  includes  Bassa  Cove  and  Edina.  The  latter  villaf;c  was  founded  by 
the  American  Colonization  Society,  and  lately  cedeil  to  the  United  Societies. 

"  Greenville,  established  by  the  Mis-sissippi  Colonization  Society  at  Sinou. 

"  Maryland,  established  by  the  Maryland  Colonization  Society  at  Cape  Palmas. 

"  In  the  nine  villages  enumerated  above,  there  is  a  population  of  about  5,000 — all  of  course 
coloured  persons,  of  which  3,500  arc  emigrants  from  this  country,  and  the  remainder  natives 
of  Africa 

"  The  commerce  of  the  colonics,  though  in  its  infancy,  is  already  extensive.  From  $80,000 


COLUMBO. 


441 


vfrnlMlllt(ify,„j 


■(•riiritil  liv 
t"'MI  llriliin. 


/••       ...  A 

}ti4yV0    J  ( 

t'7,WJ  III  K      1 

117.1-1  H  .1      I 

•i2,(if>)  17  :i 

,?.''.'ll    4  » 

'".'II   II  7 

,   mi  w  ",     I 

".WO  II  4      I 


819,087   i    I 


«>,725  0  10  i-i 


263,249  14    I  U 


I62,3H    6    41-4 


<0.76l  12  8 

.''.'■•on  0  0 

113.3)0  0  612 

M,464  I  5 


I     371.010         91.4 
37,114    8    I 

2.3«4,;'09    6    9~ 


c.-.s«;j.) 

TJnilrJ  Stnles 
!onst  of  Africa. 

thn  kind  hav- 
iiiitfrcstt'cl  and 
n  slaves  in  the 
uuiuliiig  tiilifs 

le  Pcnnsylva- 
iJc  iiiitK'r  the 
rr.  Hiiclian;iii, 
Jiiilition  of  all 

y  rivor  o:i  the 
3  to  40  niiifs. 

iwns  of  Mon- 

and  Prnn.^yl- 
8  founded  by 


an, 

-all  of  course 

inder  natives 


to  $135,000  M  exported  annually,  in  camwood,  ivory,  palm  oil,  and  hidoa;  and  an  equal  or 
nralrr  amnunt  of  Iho  inanufurturt'4  and  pniductiotia  of  Etiro;i(t  and  America  are  brought 
into  the  colonii-a  in  return.  Monrovin,  which  U  the  larReRt  town  and  principal  aeaport,  car- 
ries on  a  coniiidernhle  cooMting  trnili'  liy  moiiUK  of  amall  veaiicU  built  and  owned  liy  her  own 
riiizcni.  Not  I<>m  than  12  or  15  of  th«>m),  averaging  from  10  to  30  touH  Imrdon,  mainiod 
and  iiavigfltrd  by  the  coloiiinta,  are  constantly  engaged  in  a  profitable  trade  along  700  niiica 
of  ihi-  coiiJtt. 

"  Tilt)  liiirboiir  of  Monrovia  ia  »eldom  cloar  of  foreign  vewelg ;  more  than  70  of  which, 
from  the  United  States,  England,  France,  Sweden,  Portugal,  and  Duninark,  touch  thcro 

annually. 

'<  HuHB.!  Cove  and  Cape  Pulmai  have  both  good  harboura,  and  pomicjia  great  advnntngea  for 
cflinmerce.  Already  their  watera  are  gladdened  by  the  frequent  presence  of  tradcrti  from 
other  ountricit,  and  in  a  few  yearn,  when  the  hand  of  enterpriM  Khull  have  develojicd  tho 
rich  minex  of  wenltli  which  nature  has  so  abundantly  provided  there,  these  growing  towna 
will  hecnine  the  cetilr<>4  of  nn  extensive  and  important  business. 

"Siiioii,  too,  posHCHi'cs  an  excellent  harbour,  and  is  the  natural  outlet  of  a  vast  tract  of  rich 
and  pr>)diictive  country.  Under  the  fostering  hand  of  its  entcrprining  founders  it  must  soon 
lifcome  an  important  link  in  the  great  maritime  chn'  of  Americo-African  eHtnblishrnents. 
The  productions  of  the  country,  which  may  be  raiwa  in  any  quantity  for  exportation,  are 
coffi'c,  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  indigo,  palm  oil,  together  with  the  gums,  dye-woods,  ivory,  d:c., 
which  arc  collected  from  the  forests." 

The  fact  may  bo  mentioned  that  a  regular  packet  has  commenced  plying  between  Liberia 
ami  the  port  of  Philadel[ihia. — Am.  Ed.] 

COI.ilMBO,  the  modem  capital  of  Ceylon,  situated  on  the  southwest  coast  of  the  island, 
lat.  0°  55'  N.,  Ion.  79°  45'  E.*  It  is  defended  by  a  very  strong  fort,  nearly  surrounded  by 
the  sea,  in  which  is  a  light-house  97  feet  high.  In  181G,  the  population  of  the  town  and 
fort  was  84,664;  and  in  1831,  26,357.— (Co/«m Jo  Journal,  17th  of  Octolwr,  1832.)  The 
houses  are  generally  only  one  story  high ;  they  are  of  stone,  clay,  and  lime ;  and  the  town 
has  more  of  a  European  appearance  than  any  other  in  India.  The  inhabitants  are  principally 
Cingalese.  In  1821,  there  were  only  32  Europeans  in  the  placequalificd  to  serve  on  juries. 
The  temperature  of  the  air  is  remarkable  for  its  equality ;  and  though  very  humid,  the  dimnto 
may,  on  the  whole,  be  esteemed  salubrious  and  temperate.  There  is  no  harbour  at  ('olumlio 
for  htffe  vessels,  but  oidy  an  open  roadstead.  A  projecting  rock,  on  which  two  batteries  are 
erected,  atTords  shelter  to  a  small  semicircular  bay  on  the  north  sido  of  the  fort,  having  a 
wooden  quay  to  facilitate  the  loading  ond  unloading  of  boats.  The  depth  of  wator  is  not 
suiricient  to  allow  sloops  or  large  dhoiiies  to  come  alongside  the  quay  ;  those  exceeding  100 
tons  burden  lying  at  about  a  cal)!o's  length  from  it  A  bar  of  sand,  on  some  parts  of  which 
the  water  is  not  more  than  7  feet  deep,  extends  from  the  projecting  rock  across  this  bay. 
The  channel  where  it  may  be  crossed  by  the  larger  class  of  ships  is  liable  to  shift ;  and  it  is 
only  in  the  fine  weather  of  the  safe  season  that  they  venture  to  go  within  the  bar.  The 
outer  road  alli>rds  secure  anchorage  for  half  the  year,  from  the  beginning  of  October  to  the 
end  of  March,  during  the  prevalence  of  the  N.  E.  monsoon,  when  the  wind  blow»  off  the 
land :  during  the  other,  or  S,  W.  monsoon,  when  the  wind  blows  from  the  sea  on  shore,  the 
road  is  very  far  from  safe;  and  the  ships  that  frequent  it  are  sometiineA  obliged  to  slip  their 
caMesand  stand  out  to  sea. — {Milbum's  Orient.  Comm.;  Hnmil/oii's  Gazct.,  /fC.)  Aa 
n'spects  its  harbour,  Columbo  is,  therefore,  very  inferior  to  Trineoinaico,  the  harbour  of 
which  is  accessible  at  all  times,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  India :  but  the  country  in  the  vicinity 
of  Columbo  is  more  fertile ;  and  it  has  the  command  of  an  internal  navigation,  stretching  in 
a  lateral  direction  along  the  coast,  from  Putlam,  to  the  north  of  the  city,  to  Caltura  on  the 
south,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles,  partly  obtained  by  rivers,  and  partly  by  canals.  Many 
flat-hottomed  boats  ore  employed  in  this  navigation,  the  families  dejiendent  on  which  reside 
mostly  on  board.  Nearly  all  the  foreign  trade  of  Ceylon  is  carriii'.!  on  from  Columbo;  and 
it  has  also  a  large  proportion  of  the  coasting  tradic. 

J/oiiei/j.— The  rixdollar  -  Is.  6d.i  but  accounts  are  kept  in  pounils,  sliilllngs,  and  pence,  as  In  En  j- 
laml. 

Wtiithts,  J\Teasiires,  S;r.. — The  weights  nre  divided  into  niinccs,  poiincis,  lie.  and  am  the  same  as  In 
Ore:it  llritiin.  The  caiuly  or  hahnr  =  500  Ihs.  nvnirdiipois,  or  401  Iha.  Dutch  Troy  weisht.  TIih  prin- 
cipil  (try  iiiiNisiires  are  seers  or  parrahs.  Thu  former  is  n  perfect  cylinder,  of  tli'e  deplli  and  diameter 
underiiiuntioned : — 


Seer    - 


n^pib. 
4'35  inches. 


ninmetPr. 
i'S5  iiiclieg. 


Ttie  parrah  is  a  perfect  ciihp,  its  Internal  dimensions  huine  every  way  1157  inches. 
The  liijiiid  niensuro  consists  of  gallons,  and  their  multiples  and  sub-multiples.    150  gallons  ■>  1 
leaaucr  or  Icjriier. 
The  bale  of  cinnamon  consists  of  99i  lbs.  very  nearly. 


li 


■|M' 


\ 


■Vi  • 


li; 


i    ' 


:iiB! 


•om  S80,000 


♦This  is  the  position  as  given  bv  Flamilton. 
pon,  it  is  in  lat.  0"  57'  N.,  Ion.  79°  58'  E. 


According  to  Mr.  Steuart,  master  attendant  of  tin 
56 


;il  .1 


'■.I  !■:  • 


::«:' 


l» 


I 


44S 


COLUMBO. 


Rflto  of  fiihtitf  I'njralle  h<r  nil  9iiiiarr-rlx<r<l  VmwU,  ^Ninpt,  oi- 
Ichooctn.  *l  Ihu  Tori*  of  Culuuttjo,  '1  rtfiioiiiAlcr,  tuil  (i*ll«* 


Culunibo 


Tfitn^nillr* -- 
VmmU  uf  UiO  (nil*  mil  iipwartJt 

4(X)  aii.i  unjcr  mm     . 

'Ml        —         41111       . 

iiio     —      iio    • 

ua>lar  lUO 

Otllr- 

Vcu  iKifinOdina         .  • 

All  >iul  ijii  ler  TiHn  • 

*«)       —        4i»l  - 

liO       —        900  . 
ui»lar  100      • 


/,.    ». 
.    0  It 


r<ir  llicll  1 

ILiy, 

/.  f. 

d. 

■i    0 

II 

1  10 

0 

1  1 

II 

0  ID 

0 

0   « 

u 

ItiUiiir. 


L 

4  U 
.1  0 
A  I 
I  I 
0  IS 


3  0 
J  ft 
1  10 
I  2 
0  1ft 


Tlip  at«ove  ntftinf  fUntsw  » ill  lit  rhurrnl  Jo  til  tkutN  r»*ln»  In- 
til  ilta  iiiiiur  liirbtmr  kA  I  riiiri)iii.ilif)  iiiti  thi*  liarUiur  nfii.iMf,  whv 
fher  Mt<  y  mike  •  *>%\\\\  r<<r  jxlot  or  ii'><.  In  ('dIi.iiiImi  ku'I  Mick 
lliy,  al  1  nut.niii.tli-1',  1hi'  chtrKi-  \ull  r>iilv  1«  tii«d«,  if  lite  tttwl 
niakit  »if  lul,  Aiitl  1 1'ltol  icttull/  rr)<«ir  nn  U>inl. 


net  m  P»t  C 


'»  rtflnri'fl  pval'lt  ^l^  Sfrrclmnt  Shlng  HbJ  VmhiIl 


(»f  <• 


»i« 


l*,ali>(t|iii,  (jrKli(H>i.(irBj  vii. 

.    .1,...   Inlf 

JtrHOC 


/..  I.  d. 


I  0 

1  I') 

4  0 

I  lu 


4  <<  V 

IW* 

uii  tor 
Dhonlri,'  \i». 

Uf  ;t(l|(<urr  till  upwanti  •  •  •  -40 

2^  jtrct)  and  under  90  •  •  •    ;i   o 

ilO  -  lii  •  -  .  •    1  \i 

n         —         Ko       .        .        .        .  i  ^ 
10         -         n       ....   I  ,7 

ft  —  10  .  .  .  .17 

umlir  ■V  .  •  •  -  •  •    0  1? 

/^.rfi"^/ II  I, »,—  Munr  iin>l  .liffns  illioni»-s,  wNfii  iti»«iii)(fr.ii,i  |i',rt 
t'l  imrl  wnluii  III**  t1i»trirn  III. y  U'l'ii>i( !'»,  nr  fmni  M^iiir  lo  Jnim 
htiti  or  r'Hiii  l'i*<tn>,  nrvict  I'trm,  to  |>iy  im'l  of  ihi^ilH.^s  rv,\ 

Hi'i'i,  vfu.t!l!i,^  ilhi>i)if^,  tcr'.ft'-l  trt  tiilni,  r  t(.ii.\  jinrt  i.f  Cu'.n, 
I'riri/ miller  Uie  ^  K«rcf  or  1,UUU  |itrnlui  burden,  »tt  lo  pivufr 


TriliT  nO  I'lrnli*,  • 

£>0  .1.(1  uii'lur  'i<Ki  jiitrrnlii,  or  I 
I  K-i''cu  Bixl  untlir  i  (tree 
a  -  3  - 

J  —  4  - 

4  —  ft  • 


ftrc« 


/    I.  <i. 
0    0   0 

0  a  0 
'1 

0 

c 

0 


u  7 
0  in 

0  11 


Saiting  Vtrtetiont  and  Hemarkt  on  the  Port  of  Columbot  bij  James  Steiiartj  Enq,  Mitnter  Jlttcndant 

1'lip  I  mJ  Rlmul  Coliiiiibn  lu  low  near  'lir  in,  with  mm*  hill*  In 
Ih*-  i-nmrt.u>l  al  X  'Imlimn  in  llm  ripim'ry.  '1  lie  li  th  incimriiri 
Imvlii/  on  It  a  «hnrp  i-niiri,  milt  J  A't-int'i  I't  tk,  Wt\%  tnw  (.'nlimilm 
E.  7*'  8  .  <li«:ai>l  12  \-Z  leaciit-i  t  ■'•  l«-i<lit  alHiM>  iIm  IovcI  nl  lliu  wn 
Uraiinitttnl  it  a^Hxil  7,(H)ri  fm>t,  icronlnig  'n  >  riiurli  trli(niinii< -trictl 
ine^turi-nieiil  by  Cnlmii'l  Wiltcniitii.  VVIieii  ttie  aiinnt|)li(Tf  it 
rlrir.  it  may  lie  Kncn  30  li-.ifut^     Durlnc  <hr  |irKv:ileiici-o|  thr  N.R< 


iiinntnnn,  A'taiuS  I'rak  la  rt-ntnliy  viiililr  in  the  niornliiM,  itivl  fn*' 
(piriiiU  ilif  \\\h\e  of  Itiu  (iiy;  but  it  ii  rirrly  ■^-m  in  tlm  S.  \V. 
nn'imtoti,  ili-iiMS  v.i|iuur%  Kunrrally  }:rrvai:iii<  ovrr  itit:  islju  I  at  Ihit 
•i.'aM)ii. 

Jiliil'*  Bpprnncliinii  f'nhmilft  in  lli«  nifhl  hive  i  brilliint  li^hl  In 
dirrci  ilit-in,  w  irii  iiDXliilniml  every  nUliI  fnmi  »  li;lit-l)nu^  iiitlie 
firi;  till- he!  Ill  i.r  'lifi  li^lii  .il'ove  INo  li-vi-I  ..f  tl.asn  iitabe-,  \ni 
mny  bfl  itt?n  tit  clear  Htullier  as  fir  na  tliu  li<ht  apiwan  atiute  tlio 
ttoriron. 

A  «'tv|i  bmk  if  pnr"l,  slirm!  hilf  a  mile  broid,  with  M  ri'Iimni 
W4icr  on  i<.  Ilta  7  itilln  VV.  (t'^m  C  ilirnUt,  extcn>Jiii<  nof  |i\\anl  lo- 
vaMi  Nfp)nilK)  (whtre  lis  inrf.ir«  i«  rnn  I),  ani]  \  few  niilm  to  the 
a-iuthwirJ  n(  Colutnbo  ;  oultitlv  the  b-mk  Ihe  watrr  ilrppctii  at  nnca 
tn2>Ht'hom!^,»n  I  ill  i  Diilt-i  to-i-^  faMi'int.  t^rerni^li  baii-l,  whirh  is 
not  ftr  fmni  ihf  nlt^nf  •nuiiilinn<  Within  llio  bank  there  are  25 
fiiilioiiii  •;raJiially  fthoilii^c  tnw.ivili  ihr  iliora. 

A  tw  I  of  I'ltiken  n>ck«.  riMfl  the  Drunkcu  S.\il'T.  IIm  S  W.  hy 
W.  1  'i  VV.  fnmt  Coluinbo  Liichthniifh.*,  diit.-iiii  I.OjO  yrtnli.  The 
ln\;'Mi  fpf  tlir  IfUf  iiiiv  be  cH'iiiiili^I  »t  100  yirli,  .iti  I  tlio  l)n''»'l*h 
20  yarJ*;  nn  111  N.  tntt  \  uu\\l  s|H)',  tbniit  the  iitttnf  the  hull  of  a 
20  loll  b-ia%  ii  ^:ii  1  to  h.ivft  only  3  feet  H.ittT  >i)  It  »t  low  w.-itir;  but 
duriiiK  wviT.il  meul  viiili,  when  tome  of  ihe  rural  frnni  iin  tiir* 
fate  vvai  bruiixlil  u|>t  Ihcrn  dil  mil  apprir  bt  \>r.  Ict^  than  7  (eel 
6  linli^'«  witrr  on  the  sli:»tl<)\vf«t  pirl:  en  Hip  o'lic-r  parti  of  the 
luil<e  thrre  ii  4,  h,  and  6  fat|ioni«.  The  HKt  breaks  on  the  ihillow 
ptrl  of  ihe^e  rocki  aliu'nt  coirttir.tly  ilnrinpt  (he  S.  W.  inousooQ,  but 
ihit  ii  very  ael  Inm  *he  caau  during  ihe  N.  k^.  nioniionii, 

Thcrt>  ajipean  tn  bt*  no  doubt,  thil  the  Drunk*  n  Siitor  it  ^ranilP, 
or  atone  of  thonme  deieriptlon  ai  th"  mrki  on  the  ihorr,  with  itt 
wrfxcr  Inrruiilaied  with  coral ;  if  ibtre  ever  waa  lo  little  water  ai 
3  feet  on  it.  it  m^y  be  :4Upftoatf  1  In  be  flinkin)(. 

Tie  Drunken  Sailor  fth.)uld  not  be  appniachel  under  9  fithomi 
durin<  Ihe  mtch',  ai  there  are  8  fathoii>9  very  near  lo  tt,  and  iu  hi 
tirrjrn  tn  Mie  vtuihward. 

In  the  Nw  E.  nioo*oon  n  IR26,  the  E.  I.  Company'*  bri^  of  war 
The'i*  ttnuTinl  iifi  the  Driinkt-n  Siilor,  havin<  atnol  Irvo  clt*-'  to  (be 
land  in  beatinc  up  to  Ibu  anrhnra<e  fnmi  Ihe  viuthward  ;  but  wilh 
cnni  on  atienMon  lu  thedt-plhuf  water  approaching  the  n>ck,  it  luty 
be  easily  avoi  Ind. 

Thr  |iaH*a<e  wi'hin  Ihe  Drunkeu  Siilnr  li  clear,  and  anntn  shiui 
have  %\\\r-\  thmmh  ;  bul  no  ailtaiiiaje  can  be  gained  by  spproacn- 
iD4  ttit'  nh'iftr  so  vrv  near  at  ihih  point. 

Tie  Drunken  ^aflor  lies  4u  n'.-ar  Ihe  land,  and  an  far  lo  the  inuth- 


ward  of  tlie  anch^iraite  in  ('ulniiilio  r  .id,  a«  vamlyb.  f-rumiy 
inii  •■'tiiiieni  tiialii|'«  I  uumI  in  or  (i  'in  (^  Inn  l<o. 

'i  lie  ciirri'iiiBoii  Coluntlm  are  sLtiicrl  (o  conildenble  viri;i*i'i|i } 
but  ilify  ireuevi  r  *o  strnnK  a^  tiuium-  ini'tHivtiiii'me  to»lii|  i,  »»tinti 
liny  have  to  coinniniiicate  witb  Iha  khnie  in  either  nioniMxin  witiii 
out  t Hilling  In  iikbor. 

l'>.|iinil"i  nial  atr'TliKoo!  anrlin;-ai:e,  ftee  from  f.ml  (j'''>un! ;  ani 
it  frequented  al  all  ai^uoui  of  Ihe  year. 

Tt  **  bent  iiu!n»rt<e  (tioiii^  ibe  pre\  ilnnCe  of  S  W.  i*  iti !»  from 
April  tn  Orinbrr,  Is  in  I'nim  7  In  H  fiiltonis,  wiih  ihe  Ii^IiMkium 
beiriii^  S.  by  K  1-2  K.,  Dulcli  (hutch  K.  by  S.  In  llie  N.  k'.  iii«ii> 
n^Hui  fniin  Nnyiiidi-r  lo  April,  it  I*  ni'im  C'>:ivpn<eul  in  a.nli  r  m 
0  \'i  t'allviins,  wi'li  ihe  lij[lil-huUKO  bearing  .*>.  or  a.  ti  K.,  nuA  \U« 
l)nt(  h  cltu'-cii  K.  S.  K. 

Mnpi  retpiiniiit  plbit*  to  ondiict  llieiu  to  (he  anction^n  ihould 
nuke  Mm  uiiiil  sii<tiil :  iht  clitr^e  r<>r  ^  itotai;e  is  I  j/. 

TliR  bar  [i  a  bank  of  i-ind  wi  h  7  feet  wa'er  on  its  slinllntvmt  pirt, 
Ihe  ii'irttinnieKiieinily  bc\i\%  alxnit  4(0  yarU  N.  W.  o|  the  Cusioin* 
house  poln' ;  tmaH  ve«»e'»  'hal  draw  liu  than  m  fi-el  watur,  riJa 
wiihin  Ihe  bar  pnileeted  from  ihcS.  W    winlandwi. 

Wlieii  the  »ra  is  hi.;h.  it  breiki  ^ith  ?rp.ii  foiiT  ..n  the  bir,  and 
renders  the  pawaxe  frmn  the  shippinK  in  the  outer  roid  dan«nni| 
for  small  ImmIb:  the  ualive  boats  iceiiTally  piu  out  and  in  tn  the 
s'tMtluvanl  of  the  \rxr,  close  to  the  breakem'on  the  Dckv  p'lint  nf  tlj 
Custonidiouse;  bul  as  (h><  paaace  is  tnrrnw,  il  should  n->i  heat* 
tettiptpd  by  srriti^rn  :  wh.n  tlif  sea  breaks  rn  tlir  t.ir.  it  i*  l>r';er  ro 
i-n'Ci'pd  niund  to  (he  nnrUiwarJ  of  the  bar,  which  may  be  eaiily  itii< 
iittifu>ih''l  by  Hip  breakci-s. 

Whit  isiiricMy  undentooil  by  a  yije  of  wind,  is  :%  rare  o<Tiirrcnfa 
at  Coluiiilxj:  thisinavbe  owiiicto  the  tiiiiiiiy  of  Hit  lO  Mi.^r.  I'lie 
str-i;*  pies  whifli  blow  on  iTie  Malabur  nml  are  fdt  in  irinll 
fiuilln,  and  a  hiifll  sei,  bul  'here  is  scAicrly  wni  1  tceo  t'in<Hrves-ell 
properly  fonn  I  in  .^roun  I  'atklni^  ;  ii  m  trnn,  ships  hf  e  V'liif'.iincs 
required  the  aid  of  a  aecoml  anclinr,  but  in  nnut  cutis  >he  c:iu<e  h^i 
bei^i)  atlribulable  lo  some  rfrri  m  Hu:  lint  am'lior  or  imUc,  a  li^lit 
ani'h'ir,  an  anchor  brt.akin<,  n  str>rt  cbtiii,  or  the  ehiin  cimiim  un* 
shackled;  an  instance  ojcurreil  in  ('ohuiibn  nnt,  of  two  iihi|i 
r'i'rivi;i<  cirif'i  di.riti^  Ihe  S.  W.  ninr.ioon,  who«e  cliaiutablii  tuna 
uii«)Licklo<l  i^vice;  twice  did  it  occur  lo  each  ship. 

On  the  21  of  Jnne,  IMI,  the  Hector  drfive  in  a  sqinll;  liivln^ 
about  SO  fathoinsof  (hiiu  .iheil.  Ihi-ylet  ^i  the  tecnnJ  anchitr:  tint 
findiof  the  ship  did  not  iniinedi\ti;ty  briiif  up,  they  male  nil  ani 
shii'ped  (heirc.ibW:  this  sli,p  stool  out  of  the  mads  iin-ltr  ilnyhlN 
rttfltiil  fore  and  niizeii  tnp-tuh,  and  fn>ni  i's  sib',  a  sinifle recltil 
main  top-t,iil,  fon-^iii.  fore  an  I  ni\iii  try*  ills  anil  driver,  and  retiirnul 
tnanchonce  oiithcM'h.  Init  nices  of  ships  pul'Inp  to  sen  are  rare,.-ind 
when  it  M  contidfrit  that  alihuoj^li  ihrsia  is  li.ijh,  the  wnil  n  tiM 
lenl ;  and  as  al  these  lim*«  thf  run  liavim  fallen  in  Ihe  interior, 


s1roin(  fresbtTt  i-scai  v  to  Ihe  8.  W  ,  fpiiii  the  KaUnv  Ctau'^i;  it  iiby 
n>)  nn?ani  siiqiriinn;  that  I'oluinb  ■  roal  prtjves  asiFe  ani'hunk'a 

Trade  and  .ViirifTnthn  of  Cfylnv. — The  quantity  ami  ostiinntod  vriltio  of  Ihe  prinripal  nrticlos 
exjiorted  from  Coyton  in  IKIO,  h^ciTiiiintr  witli  cinnaninn,  tlie  (nnnt  iinitortunt  of  nil,  wt-re  iis  ;'nllov\': 
vi/.  Citinaiiinti  >0,00()  llw.,  vuliie  I  l'V>Ol)/. }  nrrack7.V.».  17*2  saljons,  valiifi  2i,00il/. ;  coir,  and  cuir  mpi'S 
and  cahlos,  I,i'.M>,45:i  lbs.,  value  5,43:1/. ;  cotoji  nuts  '2.Hia,in:>.  vuIih!  'i,',*!)?/. ;  rorici  nuloil  US..'j11  lmI- 
Ittns,  value  H,f)'.W/. ;  rhanka  and  rhaiik  rimrs  H*2'2,Hm  p](trp-»,  valiin  3.(H'.7. ;  |iliiioh  ti;i>  riO.tiU!)  Ih^.,  v;iliie 
18(1/.;  la-.'ucry 'ilW.iSaUw.,  value  3,001)/. ;  roir«!0  l,iiii'J,MHMI)S.,  value  I'2.'23  7. ;  artMU  niitM  3,3 18,074 Hm., 
valiit!  1*2,01)1/. ;  tohacco  and  shorruois  1,0115,073  ilim.,  value  l,HDt>/  Thtt  d<;s1iiiatioii  anil  total  valiii>  uf 
thf  cxjiorlrt  from  C-'vlon  in  1H."0.  wi'ri',  tn  (Jreai  Britain.  MW^)'^  Ihs. ;  to  Ilrilisii  nd'inii's.  inrlmlin:,' 
India.  Mn.(i7r»/. ;  to  furHJirn  ntatf-i,  \,'>M\l. ;  hf.inj,  in  all,  2.*0,7.i7/. ;  hiU  t(»  this  \m^  to  be  added,  for  tliti 
valiti*  of  the  pearl  fishery  in  li^'JO,  '*\S>'Z:*l. ;  niakins  an  •i;rL'reffnte  si;. a  of  •27l,J^IO/. 

Of  Ihf  inipnrlH.  the  principal  are  rire  and  other  erain,  the  eKiiiiiated  value  of  the  quantity  importi'd 
ill  IS;:Oh  imr  1 11.701/.  ;  the  next  arliile  of  i  in  port  a  me  is  toitnn  i  I'Hli,  iriDsUy  bnniirhr.  IVotn  Iiidiii.  e.'*!!- 
inateil  at  1'23,75*J/.  The  imports  from  Great  Uriiain  are  very  tritliim;  their  entire  value  in  l^.iO  htinJ! 
only  estimated  at -10,777/.  The  t«  tal  iinportH  duriiiL'that  year  amounted  to  3  lU.iibi/.;  of  which  *271,j7ti/. 
were  t'rom  Rriiish  colonies,  includinj;  India  and  Cliina.'" 

Tiie  nunihcr  and  tnnnaije  of  the  yhips  eiilerint;  Ceylon  inwards  in  1^,10  were  as  follow  : — 


From  Creit  DrilAJn. 

From  Brillih  C'lInniM  and 
lii'lla. 

Frniii  Foreign  Stalti, 

T.tal. 

11 

Tm,. 

3,911 

Shipt. 
878 

Tout. 
f 0,157 

Kh  lit. 
109 

Tr.m. 
1-J,«UJ 

v..;. 

T-n. 
77,0301 

•  Dr.  roli|iilii)'»n  (2(1  ed.  |i.  111.)  esliin:itcil  tlio  i-xports  of  Ci'vlnn  nl  l,50.'l,0l)0;.  a  yar,  and  llic  iiiiports 
tt  l,IIIIO,UIKI/. !     I'crlmps  II  tlilril  uf  tlie  Dnitiir's  ealiin.itos  urn  iihuiil  c(|ii:ill,v  re^ir  llii!  murk. 
t  No  accurate  returns  of  Ihe  trade  uf  Ceyluu  fur  1!J31  liuve  aa  yet  (lutii  of  Uctuber,  1S33)  been 


r^-i.,„,^h;p,.,.jrc.„„ 


0   0 


0   I) 


«iif 


I 

4 

i 

I  lu  0 

4    0  0 

;i  0  0 

i  li  « 

j  ^  0 

I  17  II 

I    7  0 

0  i:  0 


irlr.ini   M4ii.,r  i.,J,'||m 
h«'l  III  ihi'il.,i,„,,» 

I"  ii>  l"ir-l'.(C,i',.n 
liunlin,  ar>  to  |.n«,(„J 
/  >.  .1. 
0  0  0 
(I  3  n 
II  s  II 
U  7  0 
II  M  C 
(I 


■    U  I 

iiHler  Jitltnianl. 

"  wnmlyli,  f. ,„,,„, 

II  1"».  ' 
riiniMenl.ln  v\ri;.ilr,„, 

;"""■,'"•• '"•li'l  I,  >iii„h 

III  fillltr  niiiiw,,,  ,v,i,|. 

rfmrn  f.ml  jrounlj  »nj 

■""fSW.  ,.i,„|,frnm 
in.  Willi  ilir  li<|i|.|i,iu„ 
y  H.  Ill  llir  N.  K  ,„„„. 
iiivpn'riit  I,,  «.„.||  ,  II, 
•■•'irS.  liK.,  auJii, 

lo  llin  jncliuram  ihiiiilil 
«  Iji. 

li.N.W.  i,f  iiicrui'„ml 
lli;in  in  f,.,.|  »a,„  „j, 
II I  an  I  MM. 

I  '"ii-c  <  II  llif  l,ir,  ,„J 
If  fiuler  niiil  il.innniiii 
(iiM  mil  mil  ill  i„  III, 
111  Ihe  rirliv  piinl  nf  ttn 
"■  il  nhduM  ir.i  hr  au 
111  III' Inr.  ii  il  !»■;,.,  ri) 
wliuti  Bay  Ue  tmly  ,ljv 

inil,  li  a  nrr  oiTiimnw 
ity  of  Ihc  ,11  i.ii.ir,  II,, 
nnil  .iri-  frii  ,„  ,i,„|| 
iviiil  l.fiiln,ii(ern.,.e|, 
',  sliiim  hrt!  y-iiifiimii 

IIlil»IC.mM.|l8f.i„j,  !,„ 

micli.ir  iir  c.iUe,  :i  lij^lil 
■  Ihe  cliiiii  riiniiiiK  un- 
bo   nnl,  of  luii  ,1,1,, 

ihiwcliaiuMliiiiiiiin 
1  iiliip. 

ve  in  a  mnilli  |„vlrn 
Ihr  jTOiii.J  ancliiir:  but 
lip,  Ihi-y  male  MifanJ 
Ihe  ma.lj  ini-ler  Jhuhl?. 
'<  »!»■,  a  liiif  Ir  rpcH 
in.lilriviT,  aii.Iri'liirnut 
l'lnniinoaaienre,Mil 
!ih.!!li,  thiMvinlii  nit 
I  fallf  n  in  the  interior, 
KaiaiivCi.in?!;  Hit  by 
■s  a  site  3111  luiritn. 

irincipiil  .Triiclos 
Wure  as  '.iillim-: 
ir,  and  cnir  nipi'S 
111  I'll  I  IS,:)!  I  tal- 
riO.Ci-iOll.)..,  v.ihia 
IN  .■».:! |N,(J7-i  II,,., 
1(1  tiitiil  valucof 
I'liiii'-i,  iiifliiilin:; 
le  ailduil,  fur  the 

lanlily  iiii|iiirlrd 
rroiii  liiilia.  esli- 
iitt  in  iKiO  hriiii; 
r\vliitli2?l,J7i)/. 


w:— 


TiiLal. 


r->i. 

rT,n.i!if 


aii(ltlieiiii|ii>rt9 

lark. 

ber,  1»33)  biieo 


COLUMDO  ROOT,  COMBS. 


443 


Extent,  Vopnlntion,  Riveuue,  «Vc.  of  Cei/lon.—The  orra  of  Ceylon  lm»  been  rmtiputcd  at 
njfiiil  rti|imrii  iiiiluH.  ItM  |i<i|iulatiiiii  hu'i  lioi'ii  iniii'h  cxiigifrralcl ;  huvin((  frri|ueiiily  lioi-n 
filiiiiatt'd  UH  hit;!)  m  'i.OOO.OOO,  niid  rvtii  Mr.  Ui-rtolucci  rfckoiicd  it  ut  l.flOH.OOO. — {I'itiu 
if  Cii/loii,  |i.  (i.*),)  Uiit  it  war*  fiiutul  liy  nii  iictiiiti  cniiinorutiuii  tiikni  in  IHIM,  tlint  tlit*  tutul 
iHuiiiliiliiin  dill  nut  rxcml  U.'iO.OOl),  of  which  uiioiit  (l,(iUO  wrro  whiloH.  u  ii|i|i<Mirri  rrmn 
tl:i' iillit'ial  accnu  111.-4  laiil  licforu  the  Fiimnco  Cominitteo  in  If^'iH,  thut  duriiii;  lint  It  yrurit 
cinliiii?  with  IH'i'i,  the  rxi'i'Hs  of  cx|iciidituro  over  revenue  in  the  iHlund  iiniDiiiitril  to 
|,:)i).'),l,')'..7.,  lit  the  sumo  tiiiiu  that  viiriuu*  heavy  item*  of  oxpeiiHC  nro  not  iiicludi'd  in  this 
oiiiiiiiit.  Hut  lUTordiiig  to  a  Htutcnient  in  the  Cei/ltm  Almanac  fir  1HU:J,  which  Hi'cinn  to 
Kiiiicii  fiom  uuthority,  there  wus,  during  the  3  yeiirH  ending  with  1831,  un  in{i,'i-c;;ato 
i.ur|ilii4  of  revenue  over  expenditure  of  I74,8'.i8/.  Wo  may,  however,  oiiwerve  tli.it  iho 
oci'iiiiiitH  luid  iMiforo  the  Finnnce  (Joinmitteo  dillur  very  widely  for  the  period  to  which  liiey 
ii|i|>Iy,  friiii)  thnitn  in  the  ('ei/ltin  Almanac;  hu  much  so,  that  wliilo,  nrcording  to  the  former, 
llicri'  w;i :,  in  1H23,  on  exeexs  of  ox(>endituro  over  revenue  of  .'i5,S'J(i/.,  lliere  wiis,  uccorJin)^ 
to  lliP  l.uicr,  an  exeew  of  revenue  over  expenditure  of  16,323/. !  Of  courMe,  wo  do  not  jire- 
miiiic  to  Hiiy  which  of  theHO  acrount«  ia  moat  to  bo  relied  u|iun.  I'rubably  our  rcidcra  will 
bii  iiu'lincd  lo  think  that  neither  iii  entitled  to  implicit  credit. 

.\  I  art,  nl  leii^t,  of  the  former  cxreHi4  of  oxpemliture  tniiy  ftiily  be  ascribed  to  the  nature 
of  tlii'i'.sliililiiihmcnt  kept  u|)  in  the  inlnnd;  which,  in  p)int  of  inagnitudeand  expeiiKtveneMH, 
M-oiiH  to  have  been  a  i^uod  deal  beyond  what  wan  really  reiiuired.  Wo  are,  however,  diit- 
posi'il  to  believe  that  the  greater  part  of  the  excenn  is  to  be  ancrihcd  to  the  poverty  and  hiick- 
wiiril  stale  of  tho  colony,  ariHinii;  from  the  perpetual  interference  of  governnicnt  with  every 
liniiih  of  industry.  All  tho  rentrictivo  rectuiationii  enacted  by  the  Dutch  more  than  a  century 
Hzo  were  kept  up  till  183'<2.  The  cultivation  of  cinnamon,  tho  tlrihcry  of  pearU  and  cluinkK, 
tlu>  ilia:'Ain'j[  for  chaya  root,  the  felling  of  timber,  &c.^(8eo  thcne  nrliclcn) — have  Ixuni  all 
moiio|ioliHed  by  government,  and  were  carried  on  exclusively  either  by  its  servants  or  Ij^ 
thiwe  whom  it  had  licensed.  A  country  where  most  of  the  principal  branches  of  induKlry 
\iere  subjected  to  Huch  re.strictions,  could  not  bo  otherwise  than  laiii^uiidiing.  Wo  believe, 
tod,  that  mo8t  of  thcKU  nionopoliea  have  not  been  worth  the  expense  attending  them.  In 
fai't,  the  whole  revenue  of  the  iaiand,  including  land  rent,  customs,  cinnamon  monopoly,  Aic, 
very  seldom  exceeds  300,000/.  a  year;  but  looking  at  its  extent,  its  fertility,  its  tlivourablo 
eiluatlDn  for  eoininercc,  and  tho  advantage  it  enjoys  in  tho  posscssiuii  of  cinnamon,  can  any 
one  doubt  that,  were  it  rii^htly  governed,  its  trado  and  revenue  would  bo  far  greater  tliaii 
they  arc?  Nothing  is  wanted  but  the  adoption  of  measures  calculated  to  give  freedom  and 
nerurity  to  industry,  and  the  imposition  of  moderate  duties  on  im[)orts  and  cxporti<,  to  increase 
ihi'iii  both  in  a  veiy  high  degree. 

We  are  glad  to  have  to  state  that  government  seems,  in  part  at  least,  to  have  at  length 
cnme  round  to  this  way  of  thinking;  and  that,  under  the  aus|)iceH  of  the  present  governor 
(Sir  K.  W,  Horton),  tho  system  of  compulsory  labour  has  lieen  relinquished,  and  most 
niiiiio|ioIics,  including  that  of  cinnamon,  been  thrown  up.  This  wise  and  liberal  conduct 
will,  no  doubt,  be  productive  of  tho  most  beneficial  effects.  These,  however,  will  be  niate- 
rially  ics.scntui  by  the  exorbitant  duty  of  3.«.  per  lb.  laid  on  the  exportation  of  cinnamon.  It 
is  dilHciilt,  indeed,  lo  imagine  for  what  other  purpose  so  oppressive  a  duty  could  bo  imposed, 
except  it  were  to  countervail  the  advantages  that  would  otherwise  have  resulted  from  tho 
abulition  of  the  monopoly.  It  is  not,  however,  possible  that  so  mischievous  an  inipo.st  should 
Iw  mainlnined. — (See  Cixn,\mos.)  Among  other  improvements  recently  introduced  into 
tliH  island,  may  be  mentioned  the  establishment  of  a  mail  coach  from  Columbo  to 
Caiidv. 

Cdf.IiMDO  ROOT  (Du.  Cuhtmho  worttli  Fr.  Racine  de.  Cnhmho,-  Ger.  Columbo. 
ivtir^cl,-  It.  Railice  di  Columbo, •Port.  Raizde  Coluinba,-  Sp.  Raizdf  Columbo;  Mosainb. 
Kulnmli),  tho  root  of  the  |ilant  of  that  name.  It  is  a  stajile  export  of  the  Portuguese  from 
Mosamliiipie.  It  is  not  cultivated,  but  grows  naturally  in  great  abundance.  It  is  itnimitcj 
in  circular  pieces,  from  A  an  inch  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  generally  from  i  to  |  of  an  inch 
tliifk;  the  hark  is  wrinkled  and  thick,  of  a  brownish  colour  without,  and  a  lirightish  yellow 
wiiliin;  the  pith  is  spongy,  yellowish,  and  slightly  striped :  when  frcs  its  smell  is  rather 
aminatic ;  it  is  disagreeably  bitter,  and  slightly  pungent  to  the  taste,  somewhat  re.seinbliii^j 
mustard  that  has  been  too  long  kept.  Chois,'  the  large.st  pieces,  fresh,  and  of  a  good  colour, 
as  free  from  worms  as  possible,  rejecting  that  which  is  small  and  broken.  'I'he  freight  is 
raliMiiatcd  at  16  cwt.  to  a  ton. — (Milburn's  Orient,  Com.) 

("O.MBS  (Ger.  Kamme ;  Ba.  Kammen  ;  Fr.  Pei^nen ;  h,  Pel/ini ;  Sp.  Peine.i ;  Rus. 
(h-ijioil  ■  Lat.  Pecttiii'.s),  instruments  for  combing  tho  hair,  soineliines  made  of  horns  of 
l|iill)cks,  or  of  elephants'  and  sea-horses'  teeth;  sometimes  also  of  tortoisoshell,  and  some- 
times of  box  or  holly  wood. 


rQceiviii]  Iq  England. 
fur  1^30. 


Those  given  in  the  papers  printed  by  tlie  Board  of  Trade  for  1831,  are  roallj 


il 


I  ,  ) 


!', 


lii 


11 


!i 


k  '1 


i;  - 


.  I 


1    ■'! 


,«:-' 


i  ir 


444 


COMMERCE. 


*' ; 

:ji 

t 

COMMERCE,  from  ecmrAutaiio  mereiwn,  is  aimply,  as  its  name  imports,  the  exchangg 
of  commodities  for  commodities. 

I.  Orisiit  or  CoMMEBCB. — Mbrcaktilk  Classes. 
II.  HoMB  Trade. 

III.  FoBEicir  Trade. 

IV.  Rebtbictions  on  Commebcb. 


I.  Oribiit  of  Comxerce.—Mkrc antics  Ci asses. 

(1.)  Thi  Origin  of  Commerce  is  coeval  with  the  first  dawn  of  civilization.  The  mo. 
mcnt  that  individuals  ceased  to  supply  themselves  directly  with  the  various  articles  and 
accommodations  they  made  use  of,  that  moment  must  a  commercial  intercourse  have  begun 
to  grow  up  amongst  them.  For  it  is  only  by  exchanging  that  portion  of  the  product;  raised 
by  ourselves  that  exceeds  our  own  consumption,  for  portions  of  the  surplus  prndiico  raised  liy 
otiicrs,  that  the  division  of  employments  can  be  introduced,  or  that  diifercnt  individuals  can 
apply  themselves  in  preference  to  ditferent  pursuits. 

Not  only,  however,  docs  commerce  enable  the  inhabitants  of  the  same  village  or  purish  to 
combine  their  separate  efforts  to  accomplish  some  common  object,  but  it  also  cniibles  those 
of  (lifTerent  provinces  and  kingdoms  to  apply  themselves  in  an  especial  manner  to  tiiose 
callings,  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  which  the  district  or  country  which  they  occupy 
gives  them  some  peculiar  advantage.  This  territorial  division  of  hbour  has  contributed 
more,  perhaps,  than  any  thing  else  to  increase  the  wealth  and  accelerate  the  civilisation  of 
mankind.  Were  it  not  for  it,  we  should  be  destitute  of  a  vast  numlier  of  the  necessaries, 
comforts,  and  enjoyments,  which  we  now  possess ;  while  the  price  of  the  few  that  would 
remain  would,  in  most  instances,  be  very  greatly  increased.  But  whatever  advantages  may 
lie  derived, — and  it  is  hardly  possible  to  exaggerate  either  (heir  magnitude  or  iniportiuice,— 
from  availing  ourselves  of  the  peculiar  capacities  of  production  enjoyed  by  others,  are  wholly 
to  be  ascribed  to  commerce  as  their  real  source  and  origin. 

We  do  not  mean  to  say  any  thing  in  this  article  with  respect  to  the  practical  details  con- 
nected with  the  diflferent  departments  of  commerce.  T  .esc  will  be  found  under  the  various 
tithes  to  which  they  refer.  Our  object,  at  present,  is  merely  to  show  the  nature  and  influence 
of  commerce  in  general,  and  of  the  restrictions  that  have  sometimes  been  imposed  upon  it. 
We  shall  begin  by  endeavouring,  first  of  all,  to  give  some  account  of  the  nature  of  the  servioos 
performed  by  those  individuals  by  whom  commercial  undertakings  are  usually  carried  on. 
In  the  second  place,  we  shall  consider  the  induenco  of  the  hmne  trade,  or  of  the  intercourse 
subsisting  amongst  individuals  of  the  same  country.  In  the  third  place,  we  shall  cnnsiiler 
the  influence  ai  foreigpx  trade,  or  of  that  intercourse  v('hich  subsists  amongst  individuals  be. 
lunging  to  dilTerent  countries.  After  these  topics  have  been  discussed,  we  shall  offer  a  few 
remarks  on  what  has  been  termed  the  restrictive  system  ;  or  on  the  principles  involved  in  the 
rei^ul.itions  enacted  at  dilfcrent  times,  in  this  and  other  countries,  fur  the  govertunent  and 
direction  of  commerce. 

(3.)  Mercantile  Chisscs. — While  the  exchange  of  different  products  is  carried  on  by  the 
prtxiucers  themselves,  they  must  unavoidably  lose  a  great  deal  of  time,  and  experience  many 
inconveniences.  Were  there  no  rrcrchants,  a  farmer  wi.^ihing  to  sell  bin  crop  would  bo 
obliged,  in  tlic  first  place,  to  seek  for  customers,  and  to  dispose  of  his  corn  as  nearly  as  |ios.^il)le 
in  such  quantities  us  might  suit  the  demands  of  the  various  individuals  inclined  to  buy  it; 
and  after  getting  its  price,  he  would  next  be  obliged  to  send  to  10  or  20  dillerent  and,  per- 
haps, remote  places,  for  the  commodities  ho  wanted  to  get  in  its  stead.  So  that  Ixsidi's 
being  exposed  to  a  world  of  trouble  and  inconvenience,  his  attention  would  be  contiiuwily 
divi  rted  from  the  labours  of  his  farm.  Under  such  a  state  of  things,  thu  work  of  production, 
in  every  different  employment,  would  bo  meeting  with  perpetual  interruptions,  and  many 
branches  of  industry  that  are  successfully  carried  on  in  a  commercial  country  would  not  be 
undertaken. 

Tlin  establishment  of  a  distinct  mercantile  class  effectually  obviates  these  inronve.iienccs. 
When  a  set  of  dealers  erect  warehouses  and  shops  for  the  purchase  and  sale  of  itll  descrip- 
tions of  commodities,  every  producer,  relieved  from  the  necessity  of  oueking  custoiners  and 
knowing  befo'ohand  where  he  may  at  all  times  l)e  supplied  with  such  products  as  he  reciuiics, 
devotes  his  whole  time  and  imergies  to  his  proper  business,  'i'he  intervention  of  mcrchftuls 
gives  a  continuous  and  uninterrupted  motion  to  the  plough  and  the  loom.  Were  the  class 
of  traders  annihilated,  all  the  springs  of  industry  would  lie  paralysed.  The  nunil)erless  didi- 
cultici<  that  would  then  occur  in  effecting  exchanges  would  lead  each  particular  family  to 
endeav  lur  to  jiroduco  oil  the  articles  they  had  occasion  for :  society  would  thus  be  tlirown 
back  int(  [iriinioval  barbarism  and  ignorance ;  the  divisions  of  labour  would  be  relin(|nislud ; 
and  the  desire  to  rise  in  the  world  and  improve  our  condition  would  decline,  according  as  i* 
iK'came  more  difTicnlt  to  gratify  it.  What  sort  of  agricultural  management  couKI  beexpectcd 
bom  farmers  who  had  to  manufacture  their  own  wool,  and  make  their  own  bhocti !     And 


COMMERCE. 


445 


vhat  sort  of  manufacturers  would  those  be,  who  were  every  now  and  then  obliged  to  loava 
the  shuttle  for  the  plough,  or  the  needle  for  the  anvil  1  A  society,  without  that  diittinction  of 
employ  mcnta  and  profesnons  resulting  from  the  division  of  labour,  that  is,  without  comvurce, 
yioM  be  totally  destitute  of  arts  or  sciences  of  any  sort  It  is  by  the  assistance  each  ituli< 
vidual  renders  to  and  receives  from  his  neighlwurs,  by  every  one  applying  himself  in  profor- 
ence  to  some  particular  task,  and  combining,  though  probably  without  intending  it,  his  cf< 
fjrts  with  thotic  of  others,  that  civilised  man  becomes  equal  to  the  most  gigantic  olforts,  and 
appears  endowed  with  almost  omnipotent  power. 

The  mercantile  class  has  generally  been  divided  into  two  subordinate  classes — the  whole- 
6ale  dealers,  and  the  retail  dimlors.  The  former  purchase  the  various  products  of  art  and  iu> 
du9try  in  the  places  where  they  are  produced,  or  are  least  valuable,  and  carry  them  t»  thoHU 
where  they  are  more  valuable,  or  where  they  are  more  in  demand ;  and  the  latter,  having 
purchased  the  commodities  of  the  wholesale  dealers,  or  the  producers,  collect  tliem  in  shops, 
and  sell  them  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times  as  may  best  suit  the  public  demand. 
These  classes  of  dealers  are  alike  useful ;  and  the  separation  that  has  been  effected  Itotweon 
their  employments  is  one  of  the  most  advantageous  divisions  of  labour.  The  ojMiralions  of 
the  wholesale  merchant  are  analogous  to  those  of  the  miner.  Neither  the  one  nor  the  other 
makes  any  change  on  the  bodies  which  he  carries  from  place  to  place.  All  the  ditlbrenco 
between  them  consists  in  this, — that  the  miner  carries  them  from  below  ground  to  the  sur- 
fa  0  of  the  earth,  while  the  merchant  carries  them  from  one  point  to  another  on  its  surfu(!u. 
Hence  it  follows  that  tlie  value  given  to  commodities  by  the  operations  of  the  wholesale  mer- 
chant  may  frequently  exceed  that  given  to  them  by  the  producers.  The  labour  or  oxpenso 
required  to  dig  a  quantity  of  coal  from  the  mine,  does  not  exceed  what  is  requinnl  for  its  coiw 
veyance  from  Newcastle  to  London ;  and  it  is  a  far  more  diiTicult  and  costly  alTair  to  fetch  a 
piece  of  timber  from  Canada  to  England,  than  to  cut  down  the  tree.  In  this  respect  there  in 
no  ditrurence  between  commerce  and  agriculture  and  manufactures.  The  latter  give  utility 
to  matter,  by  bestowing  on  it  such  a  shape  as  may  best  fit  it  for  ministering  to  our  wants  an<l 
comforts;  and  the  former  gives  additional  utility  to  the  products  of  the  agriculturist  and 
manufacturer,  by  bringing  them  from  where  they  are  of  comparatively  little  use,  or  are  in  ex- 
cess,  to  where  they  are  of  comparatively  great  use,  or  are  deficient. 

If  the  wholesale  merchant  were  himself  to  retail  the  goods  he  has  brought  from  dilftirent 
places,  he  would  require  a  proportional  increase  of  capital ;  and  it  would  be  impossible  for 
him  to  g  ve  that  exclusive  attention  to  any  department  of  his  business,  which  is  indispensa. 
ble  to  its  being  carried  on  in  the  best  manner.  It  is  for  the  interest  of  each  dealer,  as  of  each 
workman,  to  confine  himself  to  some  one  business.  By  this  means  each  trade  is  better  un> 
derstood,  better  cultivated,  and  carried  on  in  the  cheapest  possililo  manner.  But  whether 
carried  on  by  a  separate  class  of  individuals  or  not,  it  is  obvious  that  the  retailing  of  com- 
modities is  indispensable.  It  is  not  enough  that  a  cargo  of  tea  should  bo  imported  from 
China,  or  a  cargo  of  sugar  from  Jamaica.  Most  individuals  have  some  demand  for  tlioso 
articles ;  but  there  is  not,  perhaps,  a  single  private  person,  even  in  London,  requiring  so  largo 
a  supply  of  them  for  his  own  consumption.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  they  must  bo  refaileil; 
that  is,  they  must  be  sold  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times  as  may  be  most  suitable  for 
all  classes  of  consumers.  And  since  it  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  tliis  necessary  business 
will  be  best  conducted  by  a  class  of  traders  distinct  from  the  wholesale  drilers,  it  is  iinpoi'si- 
ble  to  doubt  that  their  employment  u  equally  conducive  as  that  of  the  others  to  the  public 
interest,  or  that  it  tends  equally  to  augment  national  wealth  and  comfort. 


t\ 


;  !■■  I 


II.  Home  Tb4db. 

The  observations  already  made  serve  to  sl.jw  the  influence  of  the  home  trade  in  allowing 
individuals  to  confine  their  attention  to  some  one  employment,  and  to  prosecute  it  without 
interruption.  But  it  is  not  in  this  respect  only  that  the  establishment  of  the  home  trailo  is 
advantageous.  It  is  so  in  a  still  greater  degree,  by  its  allowing  the  inhabitants  of  the  dilfcr- 
ent  districts  of  the  empire  to  turn  their  labour  into  those  channels  in  which  it  will  be  most 
productive.  The  difiercnt  soils,  different  minerals,  and  different  climates  of  ditl'orent  dislriot.'t, 
fit  them  for  being  appropriated,  in  preference,  to  certain  species  of  industry.  A  district,  liko 
Lancashire,  where  coal  is  abundant,  which  hac  ::n  easy  access  to  the  ocean,  and  a  coiiiiidrra- 
blc  command  of  internal  navigation,  is  the  natural  seat  of  manufactures.  Wheat  and  oth.T 
»l)ccies  of  grain  are  the  natural  products  of  rich  arable  soils  ;  and  cattle,  after  beins  rciirun  m 
mountainous  districts,  are  most  advantageously  fatteneil  in  meadows  and  low  groumN. 
Hence  it  follows,  that  the  inhabitants  of  different  districts,  by  confining  themselvis  lo  ihoso 
brandies  of  industry  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  which  they  have  some  |M!culiiir  cup  i. 
hiiity,  and  exchanging  their  surnjus  produce  fur  that  of  others,  will  ohtain  an  ini;oiii|)Uiiil)ly 
larger  supply  of  all  sorts  of  useful  and  desirable  products,  than  they  could  do,  worn  ilicy  lo 
apply  themselves  indiscriminately  to  ever/  different  business.  The  territorial  division  ol  lit- 
biiur  is,  if  posHiblc,  even  more  advuntaseous  than  its  division  among  individual:*.  A  iii-rmni 
may  lie  what  is  commonly  termed  Jack  of  all  trades,-  and  Uiougli  it  is  iioxl  to  corioin  liiut 

Vol.  I.— 2  F 


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»  A.l 


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446 


COMMERCE. 


lie  will  not  be  well  acquainted  with  any  one  of  them,  he  may  nevertheless  make  some  sort 
of  riide  etTorts  in  them  all.  But  it  is  not  possible  to  apply  the  same  soil  or  the  same  luinorals 
to  every  diflercnt  pm-pose.  Hence  it  is,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  riciirst  and  most  exten- 
sive country,  provided  it  were  divided  into  small  districts  without  any  intercourse  with  rach 
other,  or  with  rorein:ncrs,  could  not,  how  well  soever  labour  mip;ht  Im?  divided  anuiii;;  tli|.,i,. 
solves,  be  otherwise  than  poor  and  miserable.  Some  of  them  mijjiit  have  a  6nj)erahuiul,nnre 
of  corn,  at  the  same  time  that  they  were  wholly  destitute  of  wine,  coal,  and  iron;  while 
others  might  have  the  largest  supplies  of  the  latter  articles,  with  but  very  little  (,'riiiti.  but 
in  commercial  countries  no  such  anomalies  can  exist.  Opulence  and  comfort  are  there  imi- 
\crsally  difiused.  The  labours  of  the  mercantile  classes  enable  the  inh.diitants  of  each  dis- 
trict to  apply  themselves  principally  to  those  employments  that  are  naturally  best  suited  to 
them.  This  superadiling  of  the  division  of  labour  among  diflercnt  provinces  to  its  (iivision 
among  dilfcrent  individuals,  renders  the  productive  powers  of  industry  inrnjcasuuihly  gmiler; 
and  augments  the  mass  of  necessaries,  conveniences,  and  enjoyments,  in  a  degree  that  couM 
not  previously  have  been  conceived  possible,  and  which  cannot  be  exceeded  except  by  tlu;  ii;- 
troduction  of  foreign  commerce. 

"  With  the  benefit  of  commerce,"  says  an  eloquent  and  philosojihical  writer,  "or  a  roadv 
exchange  of  commodities,  every  individual  is  enabled  to  avail  hinisi'lf,  to  the  utmost,  ol'  the 
peculiar  advantages  of  hia  place ;  to  work  on  the  peculiar  materials  with  which  nature  has 
furnished  him  ;  to  humour  his  genius  or  disposition,  and  betake  himself  to  the  taKk  in  which 
he  is  peculiarly  qualified  to  succeed.  The  inhabitant  of  the  mountain  may  betake  himself 
to  the  culture  of  his  woods  and  the  manufacture  of  his  timber;  the  owner  of  pasture  lamU 
may  betake  himself  to  the  care  of  his  herds  ;  the  owner  of  the  clay-pit  to  the  mannfailure  ot' 
his  pottery;  and  the  husbandman  to  the  culture  of  his  fields,  or  the  rearing  of  his  fatil;\ 
And  any  one  commodity,  however  it  may  form  but  a  small  jiart  in  the  accommodations  of 
human  life,  may,  under  the  facility  of  commerce,  find  a  market  in  wbi'h  it  may  be  exchauiied 
for  what  will  procure  any  other  part,  or  the  whole :  io  that  the  owner  of  tiie  clay-pit.  or  tlie 
industrious  potter,  wi»!-.>iut  producing  any  one  arti'ti-  'minediatily  lit  to  sujiply  hi.s  own  ne- 
cessities, may  obtain  possession  of  all  that  he  wants.  And  connncico,  in  which  it  appiMis 
that  coinnioditic.<  are  merely  exchanged,  and  nothing  produced,  is,  nevertboloss,  in  its  ctli  ets, 
very  productive,  because  it  ministers  a  facility  and  an  encouragement  to  every  artist  in  niidli- 
plyiiig  the  productions  of  his  own  art;  thus  adding  gre.itly  to  the  mass  of  wealth  in  the 
world,  in  being  the  occasion  that  much  is  produced." — {Fcrguaoti's  Princtjjks  cf  Mml 
Sckiice,  vol.  ii.  p.  424.) 

The  roads  and  canals  that  intersect  a  country,  and  open  an  easy  communication  botweeii 
its  remotest  extremities,  render  the  greatest  service  to  internal  commerce,  and  also  to  aaricui- 
ture  and  inannl'actures.  A  diminution  of  the  ex(ienRC  of  carriage  has,  in  fact,  the  same  elTect 
as  a  diminution  of  the  direct  cost  of  production.  If  the  coals  brought  into  ■»  cily  sell  atiiO'. 
a  ton,  of  which  the  caniiire  amounts  to  a  half,  ( r  lO,*.,  it  is  plain  that  in  tho  event  of  an  im- 
proved communication,  such  as  a  more  level  or  direct  road,  a  railway,  or  a  canal,  beiniioiJi'iifii 
for  the  ccmveyance  of  the  coals,  and  that  they  can,  by  its  means,  be  imported  for  half  the  pre- 
vious exiiense,  their  price  will  innnediately  fall  to  15,f.  a  ton;  just  as  it  would  have  done,  had 
the  expense  of  extracting  them  from  the  mine  been  reduced  a  half. 

Every  one  acquainted  with  the  mcnst  elements  of  political  science  is  aware  (hat  rni])lov- 
ments  are  more  and  more  sniidivided,  that  more  powerful  m.icbincry  is  inlioihiced,  and  iho 
productive  powers  of  labour  increased,  according  as  larger  masses  of  the  po))ulation  congre- 
gate together.  In  a  great  town  like  Lon<!on,  Glasgow,  or  Minclicsler,  the  same  luiiiiKer  of 
hatidswill  perfirm  much  more  work  than  in  a  small  village,  where  eaib  individual  has  to  per- 
form .several  operations,  and  where  the  scale  of  employment  is  not  siiHieiently  largo  io  admit 
of  the  introduction  of  extensive  and  conqilicnted  macbiiiery.  But  the  great  towns  wiili 
which  England  is  studded,  could  not  exist  without  nur  improved  means  of  commimiealioii. 
These,  however,  enable  their  inhabitants  to  supply  themselves  with  the  bulky  products  (.f  the 
soil  and  of  the  mines  almost  as  cheap  as  if  they  lived  in  country  %illagcs ;  securing  to  thcin 
all  the  advantages  of  concentration,  wiUl  but  few  of  its  inconveiiieiicis.  Huads  and  canals 
are  thus  productive  of  a  double  benefit;  for  while,  by  alloriling  comparatively  diuip  raw 
materials  to  the  manufacturers,  they  give  them  tho  means  of  perfecting  the  divisions  of  li- 
bour,  and  of  supplying  proportionally  cheap  manidacturcd  goods;  the  latter  are  conveyed  hy 
their  means,  atid  at  an  extremely  small  expense,  to  the  remotest  parts  of  the  country,  'flu' 
direct  advantages  which  they  confer  on  aijrieulture  are  not  less  important.  Without  iliein 
it  would  not  be  possible  to  carry  to  a  distance  sulhcient  supplies  of  lime,  marl,  shells,  and 
other  bulky  and  heavy  articles  necessary  to  give  luxuriance  to  the  crops  of  rich  soils,  and  to 
render  those  that  are  poor  productive.  lii)od  roads  and  canals,  therefore,  by  furnisliing  the 
agriculturists  with  cheap  and  abundant  supplies  of  manure,  reiliice,  at  one  and  the  sah;e 
time,  the  etist  of  produchig  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  the  cost  of  bringing  tbern  to  inarkef. 

In  other  respec's,  the  advantages  resulting  *'rom  improved  coininnnica'.ions  are  prohahly 
even  more  striking.  They  give  the  same  common  interest  to  every  diliirent  part  of  the  ino.-t 
widely  extended  empire ;  and  put  down,  or  rather  prevent,  any  attempt  at  monopoly  on  ttie 


COMMERCE. 


447 


part  of  the  dealers  of  ptirticular  districts,  by  bringing  them  into  competition  with  those  of  afl 
the  others.  Nothing  in  a  state  enjoying  groat  facilities  of  communication  is  separate  and 
unconnected.  Ail  is  mutual,  reciprocal,  and  dependent.  Every  man  naturally  gets  into  the 
prfcise  situation  that  ho  is  best  fitted  to  fill ;  and  each,  co-operating  with  every  one  else,  con- 
tributes to  the  utmo.-.tof  hia  power  to  extend  the  limits  of  production  and  civilisation, — (Sec 
Roads.) 

Such  l)(?ing  thfi  nature  and  vast  extent  of  the  advantages  derived  from  the  home  trade,  it  is 
obviously  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  give  it  every  proper  encouragement  and  protection. 
It  will  lie  found,  however,  on  a  little  consideration,  that  this  duty  is  rather  negative  than  posi- 
live— that  it  consists  less  in  the  framing  of  regulations,  than  in  the  removal  of  obstacles. 
The  error  of  governments  in  matters  of  trade  has  not  been  that  they  have  doii'^  l.to  little,  but 
that  they  have  attempted  too  much.  It  will  be  afterwards  shown  that  the  encuragcnient 
which  has  been  alforded  to  the  producers  of  certain  species  of  articles  in  preference  to  others, 
has  uniformly  been  productive  of  di!:advanta!;e.  In  the  mean  time  it  is  sutricienl  to  observe 
that  the  encouragement  which  a  prudent  and  enlightened  govcriuncnt  bestows  on  irulustr)', 
will  equally  extend  to  all  its  branches ;  and  will  be  c-pecially  directed  to  the  removal  of  every 
thing  that  may  in  any  respect  fetter  the  freedom  of  commerce,  and  the  power  of  iii^^ividuals 
to  engage  in  different  employments.  All  regulations,  whatever  be  their  object,  that  operate 
cither  to  prevent  the  circulation  of  commnditics  from  one  part  of  the  empire  to  another,  or  the 
free  circulation  of  labour,  necessarily  tend  to  check  the  divisioi\  of  employments  and  the  si)irit 
pf  competition  and  emulation,  and  must,  in  conseiiueuce,  lessen  the  amount  of  produce.  The 
same  principle  that  prompts  to  open  roads,  to  cunstruct  bridges  and  canals,  ought  to  lead 
every  people  to  erase  from  the  statute  hook  every  regulation  which  cither  prevents  or  fetters 
the  operations  of  the  merchant,  and  the  free  disposal  of  capital  and  labnur.  Whether  tho 
frfcdom  of  internal  commerce  and  industry  lie  interrupted  by  impassable  mountains  and 
swanips,  or  by  opiiressivc  tolls  or  restrictivo  regulations,  the  efi'ect  is  equally  [)ernicious. 

The  common  law  and  tho  ancient  statute  law  of  England  arc  Iccidcdly  hostile  to  monopo- 
lies, or  to  the  granting  of  powers  to  any  particular  cl,ls^  .if  individuals  to  furnish  the  market 
with  commodities.  Lord  Coke  distinctly  states,  "that  all  monopolies  concening  trade  and 
trallicare  against  the  libirty  and  freedom  granted  by  (he  great  charter,  and  divers  other  acta 
of  liarliament  which  are  go,nl  commentaries  upon  that  charter." — (2  Inst.  63.)  .And  he  af- 
firms, in  another  place,  th^  "dniiinirrcitirn  jure  !^"nlli4iii  coiitmuue  rsse  debet,  et  aonin 
monnpnliitm  et  privatum  paulalorunt  rjuestum  a/nverttndum.  Iniquuiii  Cd  aliis  penult' 
ten,  a/l'n  {iiliibere  mercaturam." 

But,  notwithstanding  this  coiK'urrence  of  the  common  and  statute  law  of  the  eountrj  in 
favour  of  the  frecdoni  of  industiy,  during  the  arbitrary  reigns  of  the  princes  of  the  house  of 
Tudor,  the  notion  that  the  crown  wa-i  by  its  prerogative  entitled  to  dis[)ensc  with  any  law 
to  the  contrary,  and  to  establish  monopolies,  became  fashionable  among  the  court  lawyers, 
nnil  WIS  acted  upon  to  a  very  great  extent.  Few  things,  indeed,  occasioned  so  much  dis- 
satisfaction in  the  re'gn  of  Elizabeth  as  the  nudtiplicalim  of  monopolies;  and  notwithstand- 
ing tho  o[iposition  made  by  the  crown,  and  the  court  party  in  parliament,  the  grievance  be- 
came at  length  so  intolerable  as  to  give  rise  to  the  fiuvius  statute  of  1G24  (21  James  I.  c. 
.3.),  by  which  all  monopolies,  grants,  letters  patent,  and  lici'uces,  tor  the  s  de  bu,  ing,  selling, 
and  making  of  goods  and  maiuifactures,  not  given  i' .  uo  act  of  the  legislature,  ,ire  doci  ireJ 
lo  he  "allogcl/icr  contrnri/  totliv  larx  nftl-'t  realm,  v  ',  and  .if  rune  effect,"  Thisstituto 
has  been  productive  of  the  greatest  alvantagi' ;  and  hi  -  pcrhf.p;:,  contributed  more  than  any 
other  to  the  develoi)ment  of  industry,  an  I  the  ac(  nin  i'  ill  >ii  of  wealth.  With  the  exception 
of  die  monopoly  of  printing  Bibles,  and  flio  restraints  imposed  by  the  charters  of  bodies  le- 
gally incorporated,  the  frecilom  nf  internal  iridustiy  has  ever  sine  been  viL;ilantly  prolected  ; 
full  scope  has  been  given  to  the  prinfi[)le  of  ■  ■leli.ion;  the  whole  kingdom  has  been  sub- 
iecti'd  to  the  same  equal  law  ;  no  obstacle ^  I  i\e  been  thrown  bi  tho  wav  of  the  freest  tnins- 
fer  of  coiumodilies  from  one  county  or  pla'  i  lo  another  ;  the  home  trailo  has  lieen  jierfuctly 
unfettered;  amA  Ihou'di  the  public  haven  .t  boensu;>;)lii'd  with  commodities  at  so  low  a  [irico 
as  lli'y  might  have  obtained  them  for.  had  tliero  been  no  restrictions  i>n  foieign  cumincrcc, 
th.  ¥  have  obtained  them  at  tho  lowest  pri<-c  tl'.at  wonbl  sullice  to  pay  the  home  priKfiirrr.s  tho 
ro.st  ('producing  and  bringing  Ihejo  lo  market.  It  is  lo  this  iVi'cdom  that  the  conqi.nutively 
fliurishing  staw  of  industry  in  Oieat  Britain  is  maitdy  to  be  ascribed. 

lil.  Fonr.irjf  Trade. 

What  the  home  trade  is  to  the  dilTorent  province)  of  the  same  country,  foreign  trade  la  to 
all  die  countries  of  the  worbl.  Particular  countries  produce  only  particular  conunodilics,  and. 
were  it  not  for  foreign  commerce,  woidd  be  entirely  di'stitnte  of  all  but  •■ueh  as  are  indigenous 
to  tlieir  own  .soil.  It  is  diliieult  for  those  who  have  not  reflected  on  tl;e  subject,  to  imagine 
what  a  vast  deduction  would  be  made,  n.it  only  from  the  comforts  but  even  fi.im  the  neccs- 
Mries,  of  every  comnn-reial  |ieople,  were  its  intercourse  with  strangers  put  an  end  lo.  It  ii 
not,  perhaps,  too  much  to  say  tliut  in  Great  Britain  wc  owe  to  our  intorcoursu  with  others  a 


'iii 


•ijintr  


i^i  'III 


•|;- 


'M 


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I] 


446 


COMMERCE. 


full  half  or  more  of  all  that  we  enjoy.  We  are  not  only  indebted  to  it  for  the  cotton  and  n\ 
manufactures,  and  for  supplies  of  wine,  tea,  coiTee,  sugar,  the  precious  metals,  &c. ;  but  we 
are  also  ndebted  to  it  for  most  of  the  fruits  and  vegetables  that  we  now  cultivate.  At  the 
aame  time,  too,  that  foreign  commerce  supplies  us  with  an  immense  variety  of  most  important 
articles,  of  which  we  must  otherwise  have  been  wholly  ignorant,  it  enablen  us  to  employ  our 
industry  in  the  mode  in  which  it  is  sure  to  be  most  productive,  and  reduces  the  price  of  almost 
every  article.  We  do  not  misemploy  our  labour  in  raising  sugar  from  the  beet-root,  in  culti- 
vating tobacco,  or  in  forcing  vines ;  but  wo  employ  ourselves  in  tliose  departments  of  manu- 
facturing industry  in  which  our  command  of  coal,  of  capital,  and  of  improved  machinery, 
give  us  an  advantage ;  and  obtain  the  articles  produced  more  cheaply  by  foreigners,  in  ex- 
change for  the  surplus  produce  of  those  branches  in  which  we  have  a  superiority  over  thoni. 
A  commeicial  nation  like  England  avails  herself  of  all  the  peculiar  faculties  of  production 
given  by  Providence  to  different  countriet  Vo  produce  claret  here  is  perhaps  impossible; 
and  at  all  events  it  could  not  be  accomplishv  unless  at  more  than  100  times  the  expense  re- 
quired for  its  production  in  France.  Wo  do  not,  however,  deny  ourselves  the  gratification 
derivable  from  its  use ;  and  to  obtain  it,  we  have  only  to  send  to  France,  or  to  some  country 
indebted  to  Franco,  some  article  in  the  production  of  which  we  have  the  advantage,  and  we 
get  claret  in  exchange  at  the  price  which  it  takes  to  raise  it  under  the  most  favourable  circum- 
stances.  One  country  has  peculiar  capacities  for  raising  com,  but  is  at  the  same  time  dosti- 
tiite  of  wine,  silk,  and  tea ;  another,  again,  has  peculiar  facilities  for  raising  the  latter,  liut  is 
destitute  of  the  former ;  and  it  is  impossible  to  point  out  a  single  country  which  is  abundantly 
supplied  with  any  considerable  variety  of  commodities  of  domestic  growth.  Non  omnisfirt 
omnia  Icllus.  Providence,  by  giving  to  each  particular  nation  something  which  the  otliors 
want,  has  evidently  intended  that  they  should  be  mutually  dejiendnnt  upon  one  anothor. 
And  it  is  not  difficult  to  see  that,  cxterh  paribus,  those  must  be  the  richest  and  most  abund- 
antly supplied  with  every  sort  of  useful  and  desirable  accommodation,  who  cultivate  the  arts 
of  peace  with  the  greatest  success,  and  deal  witn  all  the  world  on  fair  and  liberal  principles. 

"  The  commerce  of  one  country  with  another  is,  in  fact,"  to  use  the  words  of  an  able  and 
profound  writer,  "  merely  an  extension  of  that  division  of  labour  by  which  so  many  benefits 
are  conferred  upon  the  human  race.  As  the  same  country  is  rendered  t!ie  riclier  by  the 
trade  of  one  province  with  anothei' ;  as  its  labour  becomes  tlius  infinitely  more  divided  and 
more  productive  than  it  could  otherwise  have  been  ;  and  as  the  mutual  supply  to  each  other 
of  all  the  accommodations  which  one  province  has,  and  another  wants,  multiplies  the  ac- 
commodations of  the  whole,  and  the  country  becomes  thus  in  a  won<lerful  degree  more  opu- 
lent  and  happy  ;  the  same  beautiful  train  of  consequences  is  observalile  in  the  world  at  large, 
— tliat  great  empire  of  which  the  different  kingdoms  and  trilies  of  men  may  be  regarded  as 
the  provinces.  In  this  magnificent  empire,  too,  one  province  is  favourable  to  the  production 
of  one  species  of  accommodation,  and  another  province  to  another :  by  their  mutual  inter- 
course they  are  enabled  ti.  -ort  and  distribute  their  l?/0ur  as  most  peculiarly  suits  the  genius 
of  each  particular  spot.  The  labour  of  the  human  r  .ce  thus  becomes  much  more  productive, 
and  every  species  of  accommo<lation  is  affordei'  m  much  greater  abundance.  The  same 
number  of  labourers,  whose  efforts  might  have  been  expeudi'd  in  producing  a  very  insigni- 
ficant quantity  of  home-made  luxuries,  may  thus  in  Great  Britain,  produce  a  quantity  of 
articles  for  exportation,  accommodated  to  the  wants  of  other  places,  and  peculiarly  suited  to 
the  genius  of  Britain  to  furnish,  which  will  purchase  for  her  an  accumulation  of  the  luxu- 
ries of  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  There  is  not  a  greater  proportion  of  her  population  em- 
ployed in  administerinsj  to  her  luxuries,  in  consequence  of  her  commerce  ;  there  is  probably 
a  good  deal  less  ;  but  their  labour  is  infinitely  more  productive:  the  portion  of  commodities 
which  the  people  of  Great  Britain  acquire  by  means  of  the  same  labour,  is  vastly  greater." 
— {MiWs  CommfTce  ikfciidcd,  p.  38.) 

What  has  be^i  already  stated  is  sufficient  to  expose  the  utter  fallacy  of  the  opinion  that 
has  sometimes  l>ien  maintained,  that  w^halever  one  nation  mi'v  gain  by  her  foreign  cure- 
merce.  must  be  lo:it  by  some  one  else.  It  is  singular,  indeed,  how  such  a  notion  should  cvw 
have  originated.  Commerce  is  not  dr.^e//i/  productive^  nor  is  the  good  derived  from  it  lo 
be  estimated  by  it*  immedi»*e  effet-ts.  What  <oinmercial  nations  give  is  uniformly  the  fait 
equivalent  of  what  they  get.  In  their  dealings  they  do  no  [Mcy  upon  each  other,  but  are 
benefited  alike.  The  advantage  of  commerce  consist*  in  its  enabiing  labour  to  hn  divided, 
and  giving  each  people  the  power  of  supplying  theniselve?"  <vith  the  various  a'ticlpn  for  which 
they  iiave  a  demand,  at  live  lowest  price  required  for  their  proitiiction  in  tli<.-e  courrtries  and 
places  where  they  are  raij.^'d  with  the  greatest  facility.  VV."  impitrr  wine  from  Portueal,  and 
cotton  from  America,  sending  in  exchange  cloth  ate  >ther  specie^  of  niaiiufactux»'ii  goodn. 
By  this  means  we  obtain  two  •  ory  important  arliclf-s  «'lii<!i  it  would  W  all  but  iinpoasiWe 
to  produce  at  home,  and  which  we  could  not,  certainly,  pniduce,  cxci^it  at  an  iiiliiiitcly 
greater  cost.  But  our  i^ain  »  no  loss  to  'he  foreigners.  They  derive  pre'-i-^t'ly  the  same 
sort  of  advantage  from  the  transaction  that  we  do.  VIV  hitve  very  superior  tHcilities  for 
ma'iulacturiiig,  and  they  get  from  w*  cloth,  hardware,  and  ot'ier  importiiiit  >irtj-les,  at  the 
price  at  which  they  can  be  produced  in  this  country,  and  cotiseciucntly  fur  far  lex*  than  tlieii 


COMMERCE. 


440 


direct  production  would  have  coat  them.  The  benefits  resulting  from  an  intercourse  of  this 
tort  arc  plainly  mutual  and  reciprocal.  Commerce  gives  no  advantA;;e  to  any  one  people 
over  any  other  people ;  but  it  increases  the  wealth  and  enjoyments  of  a^  in  a  degree  that 
could  not  previously  have  been  conceived  poiisible. 

But  the  influence  of  foreign  commerce  in  multiplying  and  cheapening  conveniences  and 
enjoyments,  vast  as  it  most  certainly  is,  is  perhaps  inferior  to  its  indirect  influence— that  i», 
to  iti<  influence  on  industry,  by  adding  immeasurably  to  the  mass  of  desirable  articles,  by 
inspiring  new  tastes,  and  stimulating  enterprise  and  invention  by  bringing  each  people  into 
competition  with  foreigners,  and  making  them  acquainted  with  their  arts  and  institutions. 

'i'he  apathy  and  languor  that  exist  in  a  rude  state  of  society  have  been  universally  re- 
marked. But  these  uniformly  give  place  to  activity  and  enterprise,  according  as  man  is 
rendered  familiar  with  new  objects,  and  is  inspired  with  a  Hcam  to  obtain  them.  An  indi- 
vidual might,  with  comparatively  little  exertion,  furnish  himself  with  an  abundant  supply  of 
the  commodities  essential  to  his  subsistunce  ;  and  if  he  had  no  desire  to  obtain  others,  or  if 
that  desire,  however  strong,  could  not  be  gratified,  it  would  be  folly  to  suppose  that  he  should 
be  laborious,  inventive,  or  enterprising.  But,  when  once  excited,  the  wants  and  desires  of 
man  become  altogether  illimitable ;  and  to  excite  them,  no  mor<3  i^  necessary  than  to  bring 
new  products  and  new  modes  of  enjoyment  within  his  reach.  Now,  the  sure  way  to  do 
this  in  to  give  every  facility  to  the  most  extensive  intercourse  W'*H  foreigners.  The  markets 
of  a  commercial  nation  being  filled  with  the  various  commodi  i.-  of  ev  ry  country  and  every 
climate,  the  motives  and  gratifications  which  stimulate  and  reward  'ae  efibrts  of  the  indus- 
trious are  proportionally  augmented.  The  husbandman  and  manuCxcturer  exert  themselves 
to  increase  their  supplies  of  raw  and  manufactured  produce,  that  they  may  exchange  the 
sHr[)lus  for  the  products  imported  from  abroad.  And  the  mercht  nt,  finding  a  ready  demand 
for  such  products,  is  prompted  to  import  a  greater  variety,  to  find  out  cheaper  markeu^,  and 
thus  constantly  to  aflbrd  new  incentives  to  the  vanity  and  ambition,  and  consequently  to 
the  enterprise  and  industr)',  of  his  customers.  The  whole  powers  of  the  mind  and  the  body 
are  tlius  called  into  action  ;  and  the  passion  for  foreign  commodities — a  passion  which  has 
sometimes  been  ignorantly  censured — becomes  one  of  the  most  cfTicicnt  causes  of  wealth 
and  civilisation. 

Not  otdy,  however,  does  foreign  commerce  excite  industry,  distribute  the  gifts  of  nature, 
anil  enable  them  to  be  turned  to  the  best  account,  but  it  also  distributes  the  gifts  of  science 
and  of  art,  and  gives  to  each  particular  country  the  means  of  profiting  by  the  inventions  and 
discoveries  of  others  as  much  as  by  those  of  her  own  citizens.  The  ingenious  machine  in- 
vented liy  Mr.  Whitney  of  the  United  States,  for  separating  cotton  wool  from  the  pod,  by 
reducing  the  cost  of  the  raw  material  of  one  of  our  principal  manufactures,  has  been  quite 
as  advantageous  to  us  as  to  his  own  countrymen.  And  the  discoveries  and  inventions  of 
Watt,  Arkwright,  and  Wedgwood,  by  reducing  the  cost  of  articles  we  send  abroad,  have 
ken  as  advantageous  tn  our  foreign  cuatoniors  as  to  ourselves.  Commerce  has  caused  the 
bless'  3=  if  civilisation  to  be  universally  difl'u^ed,  and  the  treasures  of  knowledge  and  science 
to  lie  conveyed  to  the  remotest  corners.  Its  humanising  influence  is,  in  this  respect,  most 
important ;  while,  by  making  each  country  depend  for  the  means  of  supplying  a  considera- 
ble [lortion  of  its  wants  on  the  assistance  of  others,  it  has  done  more  than  aoy  thing  else  to 
remove  a  host  of  the  most  baleful  prejudices,  and  to  make  mankind  regard  each  other  ai 
friends  and  brothers,  and  not  as  enemies.  The  dread,  once  so  prevalent,  of  the  progress  of 
other  natiims  in  wealth  and  civilisation,  is  now  universally  admitted  to  be  as  absurd  as  it  is 
illibrral.  While  every  people  ought  always  to  bo  prepared  to  resist  and  avenge  any  attack 
upon  their  independence  or  their  honour,  it  is  not  to  be  doubted  that  their  real  prosperity 
will  l)e  lit'i^t  secured  by  their  endeavouring  to  hve  at  peace.  "A  commercial  war,  whether 
crowned  with  victory  or  branded  with  defeat,  can  never  prevent  another  nation  from  becom- 
ing more  industrious  than  you  are;  and  if  they  are  more  industrious  they  will  sell  cheaper; 
and  consei[ueiitly  your  customers  will  forsake  your  shop  and  go  to  theirs.  This  will  happen, 
though  you  covurcd  the  ocean  with  fle«ts,  and  the  laml  with  armies.  The  soldier  may  lay 
waste ;  the  privateer,  whether  successful  or  unsuccessful,  will  make  poor ;  but  it  is  the 
eternal  l.iw  of  Providence  that  '  the  hand  of  the  diligent  can  ahne  make  rich.' " — (  Tueker't 
FmirTraelx,  p.  41.3d  ed.) 

Mr.  Hume  has  beautifully  illustrated  the  powerful  and  salutary  influence  of  that  spirit  of 
industry  ami  enterprise  resulting  from  the  eager  prosecution  of  commerce  and  the  arts. 
"  Men,"  says  he,  "  are  then  kept  in  perpetual  occupation,  and  «-njoy,  as  their  reward,  the 
occupatiiMi  itself,  as  well  as  those  pleasures  which  are  the  fruits  of  their  labour.  The  miiid 
acquires  new  vigour  ;  enlarges  ito  powers  and  faculties  ;  and,  by  an  assiduity  in  honest  in^ 
dustry,  Imth  satisfies  its  natural  apijetites,  and  prevents  the  growth  of  unnatural  ones,  which 
commonly  spring  up  when  nourished  with  ease  and  idleness.  Banish  those  arts  from  socio 
ty,  yon  deprive  men  both  of  action  and  of  pleasure;  and,  leaving  nothing  but  indolence  in 
till  it  pliicu,  you  even  destroy  the  relish  of  indolence,  which  never  is  agreeable  but  whcii  it 
succeeds  to  labour,  and  recruits  the  spirits,  exhausted  by  too  much  application  and  fatigue. 

"Another  udvaiitage  of  industry  and  of  refinements  in  the  lucchauical  arts  is,  that  ih^y 
iv'i  57  '  ' 


.'•1 


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COMMERCE. 


a 


commonly  pri  duco  some  rcfincmcntw  in  the  litwral ;  nor  cnn  tho  one  bo  carried  to  perfection 
wiiliout  being  occompanied  in  gome  degree  with  the  otiier.  Tho  same  ago  wiiicli  pro'lutvi 
preat  philooopherfl  and  poHlicianR,  renowned  irenerala  and  poets,  usually  aboinulH  with  skil- 
fid  weavers  and  ship-carpenters.  Wo  cannot  reasonably  expect  that  a  pioco  of  woollen  doili 
will  be  wrought  to  perfection  in  a  nation  which  is  ignorant  of  astruiioniy,  or  wiirre  ctliii'8 
are  nejiliTted.  The  spirit  of  tho  nge  aflccts  all  the  arts  ;  and  the  iDinils  of  men,  being  once 
TouM'd  from  their  lethargy,  and  put  into  a  fermentation,  turn  themselves  on  all  sides,  and 
carry  improvements  into  every  art  and  science.  Profound  ignorance  is  totally  haniuhed ;  and 
men  enjoy  the  jmvilege  of  rational  creatures,  to  think  as  well  as  to  act,  to  cultivate  tho 
pleasures  of  the  mind  as  well  ns  those  of  the  body. 

"M'ho  more  these  refined  arts  advance,  the  more  sociable  do  men  licconic;  nor  is  it  possi. 
ble  that,  when  enriched  with  science,  and  possessed  of  a  fund  of  conversation,  they  should 
be  contented  to  remain  in  solitude,  or  live  with  their  fellow  citizens  in  that  distant  manner 
which  is  peculiar  to  ignorant  and  barbarous  nations,  .They  flock  into  cities ;  love  to  receive 
and  communicate  knowledge ;  to  show  their  wit  or  their  breeding ;  their  Uisle  in  convcrsa- 
tion  or  living,  in  clothes  or  furniture.  Curiosity  allures  tlie  wise,  vanity  the  foolish,  and 
pleasure  both.  Particular  clubs  and  societies  are  every  where  formed  ;  both  sexes  meet  in 
an  easy  and  sociable  manner  •,  and  the  teni|M;rs  of  men,  as  well  as  their  behaviour,  rclino 
apace.  So  that  beside  the  improvements  they  receive  from  knowledge  and  the  IIIhtuI  arts, 
it  is  impossible  but  they  must  feel  an  increase  of  humanity  from  the  very  habit  of  conversing; 
together,  and  contributing  to  each  other's  )ileasuro  aiivl  entertainment  Thus  ivdimln/, 
knuwlafgp,  and  httmanili/  are  linked  together  by  an  indissoluble  chain  ;  and  are  found,  from 
experience  as  well  as  reason,  to  l)e  peculiar  to  tho  more  polished,  and,  what  arc  commonly 
denominated,  tho  more  luxurious  ages." — (7,'>.w?/  of  Rffinmenl  in  the  Arts.) 

Most  commercial  treatises,  and  most  bo.ks  on  political  economy,  contain  lengthened  stato 
ments  as  to  the  comparaiive  advantages  tierivcil  from  the  home  and  foreign  trade.  But  these 
statements  are  almost  always  bottomed  on  the  most  erroneoiis  princifdcs.  The  quantity  and 
value  of  the  commo<1iliRs  which  the  inhebitunts  of  an  esleni'ive  coutury  exchange  with  c;ich 
other,  is  far  greater  than  the  quantity  and  value  of  those  they  exchange  with  foreigners: 
but  this  is  not,  as  is  commonly  supposed,  enough  to  show  that  the  home  trade  is  propor- 
tionally more  advantageous.  Commerce,  it  must  lie  borne  in  mind,  is  not  a  direct  but  an  indi- 
rect source  of  wealth.  The  mere  exchange'  of  commodities  adds  nothing  to  the  riches  of 
society.  The  influence  of  commerce  ois  wealth  consists  in  its  allowing  cmplo)  monts  to  bo 
separated  and  prosecuted  without  interruption.  It  gives  the  means  of  pushing  the  divisions 
of  lai)our  to  the  furthest  extent;  and  supplies  mankind  with  an  infiiutely  greater  quantity  of 
necessaries  and  accommodations  of  all  sorts,  than  could  have  been  produced,  had  individuals 
and  nations  been  forced  to  dci)end  upon  their  own  comparatively  feeble  elVorts  for  the  sup- 
ply of  their  wants.  And  hence,  in  estimating  the  comparative  advautageousness  of  the 
home  and  foreign  trades,  the  real  questions  to  lie  decided  are,  which  of  them  coistrihules 
most  to  the  division  of  labour?  and  which  of  them  gives  the  greatest  stimulus  to  invciitiun 
and  industry  1  These  questions  do  not  perhaps,  admit  of  any  very  satisfactory  answer, 
'J'he  truth  is,  that  both  home  trailc  and  foreign  trade  are  most  prolific  sources  of  wealth. 
Without  the  former,  no  division  of  labour  could  be  established,  and  man  would  for  ever 
remain  in  a  barbarous  state.  Hence,  perhaps,  we  may  say  that  it  is  the  most  indispensuMe; 
but  the  length  to  which  it  /•oufcl  carry  any  particular  country  in  the  onrcer  of  civilisation, 
would  be  limited  indeed.  Had  (freat  Britain  lieen  cut  olffrom  all  intercourse  with  strangers, 
there  is  no  rrason  for  thinking  that  we  should  have  been  at  this  clay  advanced  i)cyoiid  lh« 
point  to  which  our  ancestors  had  attamed  during  the  Heptarchy  !  It  is  to  the  products  .ind 
the  arts  derived  from  otlu-rs,  and  to  the  emuiiition  inspired  by  their  compwtition  and  exaiiipio, 
that  we  are  mainly  milehteii  lor  the  extraordinary  progress  we  have  aheaily  made,  as  well  as 
for  that  we  are  yet  deRiincil  i     make. 

Dr.  Smith,  though  he  has  satisfactorily  demonstrated  the  impolicy  of  all  restrictions  on  tho 
freedori  pfcotnmcrce,  lia«.  nolwilhslanding,  endeavoured  to  show  that  it  is  more  for  the  pui'iic 
advc  ;  I  '0  th  '  jpit.'d  should  be  employed  in  the  home  trade  than  in  foreign  trade,  on  the 
gromi'^  ;  iiat  tho  capitals  einpl<'_ed  in  the  former  are  more  frequently  returned,  and  that  they  set 
agre-^'  ■>•  (juantity  of  lidunu  .'  ^otion  than  tiiose  employed  in  the  latter.  But  we  Lave  ehe- 
whe'  fideavour«id  to  show  iiiat  the  rate  of  profit  whi<^h  dilVercnt  busiiu'ssea  yield  is  the 
only  u>r  of  their  respective  advantageousness. — {['rinelpkn  of  I'lililicul  Ecimiiiit/,  "d  ed. 
pp.  16l) — 180.)  Ni'w,  it  is  quite  evident  that  capital  will  not  be  enqiloyed  in  foreign  trade, 
unless  it  yield  as  much.  j)rofit  as  could  be  made?  by  employing  it  at  home.  No  nicnliaiit 
sends  a  ship  to  China,  if  it  he  in  his  power  to  realise  a  hirger  profit  by  sending  her  to  Dili)- 
lin  or  Newcastle ;  nor  would  anyone  build  a  ship,  unless  he  expected  that  the  ciqiiial  so 
laid  out  would  be  as  productive  as  if  it  were  employed  in  agriculture  or  nianulactuns 
The  more  or  Was  rapid  return  of  cajntal  is  a  matter  of  very  little  importance.  If  flic  avencjc 
rate  of  profit  'le  1(1  per  cent.,  an  individual  who  turns  over  his  capilid  10  times  a  year,  will 
make  orw  ]»er  cent  of  profit  each  time ;  whercas  if  ne  turns  it  only  once  a  year,  he  will  get 
the  whole  10  per  cent  at  once.    Comjielilion  reduces  the  rate  uf  nell  pruiit  to  about  the 


COMMERCE. 


461 


ume  level  in  all  bnwnowiPt ;  anJ  we  may  lio  quite  certain  that  those  who  employ  tliomselvoi 
in  the  departments  in  which  capital  in  most  rapidly  returned,  do  not,  at  an  uverago,  gain  more 
than  those  wiio  employ  thomHulvus  in  the  departments  in  which  the  returiia  are  most  distant. 
No  one  is  a  foreign  merchant  because  he  would  rather  deal  with  foreigners  than  with  his 
own  countrymen,  but  because  he  believes  he  will  be  able  to  employ  his  capital  more  advan- 
tflgcDUBly  in  foreign  trade  than  in  any  other  business :  and  while  he  does  thin,  ho  ia  follow- 
ing tliat  employment  which  ia  most  beneficial  for  the  public  as  well  as  for  himself. 

IV.  RESTnicTroNs  ox  Commehce. 

The  statements  already  made,  by  explaining  the  nature  and  principles  of  commercial  trans- 
actions, are  sufficient  to  evince  the  inexpediency  of  subjecting  thcin  to  any  species  of  restraint. 
It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  restrictiiuis  arc  founded  on  false  principles.  When  individuals  are 
left  to  pursue  their  own  interest  in  their  own  way,  they  naturally  resort  to  tli(>.-io  bniiu^hes 
of  industry  which  they  reckon  most  advantageous  for  themselves  ;  and,  as  we  have  ju^t  seen, 
these  are  the  very  branches  in  which  it  is  most  for  the  public  interest  that  they  shuuld  be 
employed.  Unless,  therefore,  it  could  be  shown  that  a  government  can  judge  bettor  ns  to 
what  sort  of  Iri^nsactlons  are  profitable  or  otherwise  than  private  individuals,  its  regulations 
cannot  be  of  the  smallest  use,  and  may  be  exceedingly  injurious.  Uut  any  such  pretension 
on  the  jiart  of  governuiont  would  be  universally  scouted.  It  is  undeniably  certain  tliat  a 
rcgird  to  our  own  interest  is,  if  not  an  unerring  guide  to  direct  us  in  such  matters,  at  least 
incomparably  better  than  any  other.  If  the  trade  with  a  particular  country  or  in  a  par- 
ticular commodity  bo  a  losing  one,  or  merely  a  less  i)rofitable  one  than  others,  it  is  (juite  as 
unnecessary  to  pass  an  act  to  prevent  it  from  being  carried  on,  as  it  would  be  to  interfere  to 
prevent  individuals  from  selling  their  labour  or  their  commodities  below  the  market  [irice. 
It  appears,  therefore,  t!'at  all  regulations  alfecting  the  freedom  of  commerce,  or  of  any  branch 
of  industry,  are  cither  useless  or  pernicious.  They  are  useless,  when  they  are  intended  to 
protect  the  interest  of  individuals  by  [ireventing  them  from  engaging  in  disadvantageous 
businesses  ;  and  pernicious,  when  they  prevent  them  from  engaging  in  those  that  are  advan- 
taseoiis.  Tlie  self  interest  of  the  parties  concerned  is  the  only  safe  principle  to  go  by  in 
such  matters.  When  tho  acts  of  the  legiiilaturc  are  in  unison  with  it,  there  is  nothing  to 
object  to  in  them,  save  only  that  they  might  as  well  not  exist;  but  whenever  they  are  incun- 
sistent  with  it— that  is,  whenever  they  tend  to  divert  capitiil  and  industry  into  channels,  into 
whic'i  individuals,  if  left  to  their  own  discretion,  would  not  have  carried  them — they  are 
decidedly  injurious. 

No  one  denies  thiit  it  is  possible  to  confer,  by  means  of  a  restrictive  regulation,  an  advan- 
tage on  a  greater  or  les*  number  of  individuals.  This,  however,  is  no  proof  that  it  is  ailvan- 
tageous  in  a  public  point  of  view  ;  and  it  is  by  its  inducnce  in  this  respect  that  we  arc  to 
decide  (.oricerning  it.  If  the  exclusion  of  an  article  imported  from  abroad,  in  order  to  encou- 
rage its  manutacture  at  homo,  raise  its  price  in  the  home  market,  that  circumstance  will,  for 
a  while  at  least,  be  advantageous  to  those  engaged  in  its  production.  But  is  it  not  clear  that 
all  that  is  tlius  gained  by  them,  is  tosl  lij/  those  who  purchase  the  article  ?  To  supiKise,  in- 
deed, that  the  exclusion  of  commodities  that  are  comparatively  cheap,  to  make  room  for 
those  that  are  cimparatively  dear,  can  be  a  means  of  enriching  a  country,  is  e.iuiva'ent  to 
supposing  that  a  people's  wealth  might  be  increased  by  destroying  their  most  powerful 
machines,  and  thriwirjg  their  best  soils  out  of  cultivation. 

Bat  it  is  contended,  that  though  this  might  be  the  case  in  the  instance  of  commodities  pro- 
duced at  homo,  it  is  materially  dilfcent  wiien  the  commodity  excluded  came  to  us  from 
abroad.  It  is  said,  that  in  this  case  the  exclusion  of  foreign  produce  increases  the  ilcmand 
for  that  produced  at  home,  and  consci(Ucntly  contributes  to  increase  the  di'inand  ''m  labour; 
so  that  tiie  rise  of  jmce  it  occasi(ms  is,  in  this  way;  more  than  lialanced  by  tlie  other  advan- 
tages '..hich  it  brings  along  with  it.  But  the  fact  is,  that  thcugh  the  demand  for  one  s|)0- 
cies  of  produce  may  be  increitsed  by  a  prohibition  of  impoitation,  the  demand  for  some 
other  s;iecies  is  .sure  to  be  at  llio  same  time  e(|ua!ly  diminished.  There  is  no  jug'4ii'ry  in 
commerce.  Whetlicr  it  he  carried  on  between  individuals  of  the  same  country  or  of  dilii-rent 
countries,  it  is  all  in  cases  twitomed  <m  a  fair  principle  of  reciprocity.  'J'ho.se  who  will  not 
buy  need  not  expect  to  sell,  and  conversely.  It  is  impossible  to  export  vvilliout  in. iking  a 
corresponding  importation.  We  ge«  nithiug  from  the  foreigner  ^rratuitousiy  :  and  hence^ 
whon  we  prevent  the  iini)ortatio;i  ot  produr,  I'lom  abroad,  we  jjrcvent,  bv  the  very  same  act, 
the  exportuliou  o*'  an  equal  aniotiut  of  Bnlisli  prodnee.  All  thai  the  exelusion  of  i'.ireigii 
cnai'iioditiea  ever  eU'eets,  is  the  su;:»;iUition  of  one  sort  of  denuuid  for  another.  It  has  been 
said,  that  "  when  vn'  drink  beer  and  porter  we  consume  ib>'  produee  of  En.;lisb  iirJnstrj', 
whereas  when  vve  drink  port  or  claret  we  cjusuine  the  piodi*':e  of  th^  industry  wf  th.;  I'lrr- 
tugue.se  find  French,  to  the  obvious  adva.Trta.-e  ot  the  hUer,  asd  the  prcju'isie  <.''  lyyr  i-ooa- 
tryinen  !"  But,  how  paradoxic-'  soever  tSj*  »wert4u»n  may  at  fir»t  Mgiit  »|«|<ear,  iher*  is  no| 
at  bottom  any  real  distinction  bel.veen  the  twu  'asc*,  WUtr  is  it  thirt  tMuees  foreigm  i«  to 
supply  u^  with  port  and  claret '  The  answer  iK  ob^ivis  : — Wo  either  send  diroct^v  to  I'or* 
tugal  and  Franco  an  equiualent  in  British  prvi*V-,  or  we  send  such  cijuiviilcut,  ia  the  fir* 


P' 


I    1 


'\i\\' 


'■  i 

■     ■     :     ?-■ 

1 

1     • 

■ 

I 


III 


lA 


,  li.isa 


4611 


COMMERCE. 


place  to  South  America  for  bullion,  and  then  send  thnt  hullion  to  the  Continent  to  pay  for 
the  wine.  And  hence  it  is  as  clcnr  at  the  sun  at  noon-day,  that  the  Englishman  who  drinki 
only  French  wine,  who  eats  only  bread  made  of  Polish  wheat,  and  who  wears  only  Saxon 
cloth,  gives,  by  occasioning  the  exportation  of  a  corresponding  amount  of  BritiHh  cotton, 
hardware,  leather,  or  other  produce,  the  same  encouragement  to  the  industry  of  his  country. 
men,  that  he  would  give  were  ho  to  consume  nothing  not  immediately  produce<l  at  home. 
A  (juantity  of  port  wine  and  a  quantity  of  Birmingham  goods  aro  rtspectively  of  the  same 
value ;  so  that  whether  we  directly  consume  the  hardware,  or,  having  exchanged  it  for  the 
wine,  consume  the  latter,  must  plainly,  in  so  far  as  the  employment  of  British  lalwur  i«*  con. 
ccrned,  be  altogether  inditferrnt. 

It  is  absolutely  nugatory,  therefore,  to  attempt  to  encourage  industry  at  homo  by  restrain* 
ing  importation  from  abroad.  We  might  as  well  try  to  promote  it  by  interdicting  the  ex- 
change of  shoes  for  hats.  We  only  resort  to  foreign  markets,  that  wo  may  supply  ourscivea 
with  articles  that  cannot  be  produrrd  at  home,  or  that  require  more  labour  to  produce  them 
here,  than  is  required  to  produce  the  equivalent  exported  to  pay  for  them.  It  is,  if  any  thing 
can  be,  an  obvious  contradiction  and  absurdity  to  attempt  to  promote  wealth  or  industry  liy 
prohibiting  an  intercourse  of  this  sort.  Such  prohibition,  even  when  least  injurious,  is  iinre 
to  force  capital  and  labour  into  less  productive  channels ;  and  cannot  fail  to  diminish  the 
foreign  demand  for  one  sjwcies  of  produce,  quite  as  much  as  it  extends  the  home  demand 
for  another. 

It  is  but  seldom,  however,  that  a  restriction  on  importation  froni  abroad  does  no  more  than 
substitute  one  sort  of  employment  for  another.  Its  usual  eflect  is  both  to  alter  the  distribu- 
tion of  capital,  and  to  increase  the  price  of  commodities.  A  country  rarely  imports  any  com- 
modity from  abroad  that  may  be  as  cheaply  produced  at  home.  In  the  vast  majority  of  in 
stances,  the  articles  bought  of  the  foreigner  could  not  be  directly  protluced  at  home,  without 
a  much  greater  outlay  of  capital.  Suppose  that  we  import  1,000,000/.  worth  of  any  com- 
*••'  modity.  that  its  importation  is  prohibited,  and  that  the  same  quantity  of  produce  cannot  bo 

raised  in  this  country  for  less  than  1,200,000/.  or  1,500,000/.;  in  a  cane  of  this  sort,— and 
this  is  actually  the  case  in  99  out  of  every  100  instances  in  which  prohibitions  are  cnacteil,— 
the  prohibition  has  the  same  effect  on  the  consumers  of  the  commodity,  as  if,  supposing  it 
not  to  have  existed,  they  had  been  burdened  with  a  peculiar  tax  of  200,000/.  or  ."iOO.OOO/.  a 
year.  But,  had  such  been  the  case,  what  the  consumers  lost  would  have  gone  into  the  coffers 
of  the  treasury,  and  would  have  afforded  the  means  of  repealing  an  equal  amount  of  other 
taxes ;  whereas,  under  the  prohibitory  system,  the  high  price,  being  occasioned  by  an  in- 
creased difficulty  of  production,  is  of  no  advantage  to  any  one.  So  that,  instead  of  gaining 
any  thing  by  such  a  measure,  the  public  incur  i  a  dead  loss  of  200,000/.  or  600,000/.  a  year. 

We  have  said  that  a  prohibition  of  importat:  on  may  be  productive  of  immediate  ailvanta^^e 
to  the  home  protlucers  of  the  prohibited  article.  It  is  essential,  however,  to  remark  thnt  this 
advantage  cannot  continue  for  any  considerabh  time,  and  that  it  must  be  followed  by  a  period 
of  distress.  Were  the  importation  of  foreign  silks  put  an  end  to,  tha'.  circumstance,  by  nar- 
rowing the  supply  of  silk  goods,  and  raising  thiir  prices,  would,  no  -Joubt,  lie  in  the  first  in- 
stance, advantageous  to  the  manufacturers,  by  elevating  their  profits  above  the  common  level. 
But  the  consequence  would  be,  that  those  already  engaged  in  the  trade  would  immediately  set 
about  extending  their  coticrrns ;  at  the  same  time  that  not  a  few  of  those  engaged  in  other 
employments  would  enter  a  business  which  presented  such  a  fiivourabic  prospect;  nor  would 
this  transference  of  ca[>ital  to  the  silk  manufacture  bi>  stopped,  till  such  an  increased  supply 
of  silks  had  been  brought  to  market  as  lO  occasion  a  glut.  This  reasoning  is  not  fonniioil 
upon  hypothesis,  but  upon  the  widest  experience.  When  a  business  is  carried  on  under  llio 
protection  of  a  restriction  on  importation,  it  is  limited  by  the  extent  of  the  home  maiket,  and 
is  incapable  of  further  extension.  It  is,  in  e.onse(juence,  particularly  sulijcct  to  that  Huctuii- 
tion  which  is  the  bane  of  industry.  If,  owing  to  a  change  of  tiishion,  or  any  other  cause, 
the  demand  be  increased,  then,  as  no  supplies  can  be  brought  from  abroad,  prices  suddenly 
rise,  and  the  manufacture  is  rapidly  extended,  until  a  reaction  takes  place,  and  prict-s  niiik 
below  their  usual  level :  and  if  the  demand  decline,  then,  as  there  is  no  outlet  abroad  for  the 
superfluous  goods,  their  price  is  ruinously  depressed,  and  the  producers  are  involved  in  inex- 
tricable difficulties.  The  businesses  deepest  entrenched  behind  ramparts  of  prohibitions  and 
restrictions,  such  as  the  silk  trade  previously  to  1825,  the  West  India  trade,  and  agriculture 
since  1815,  have  undergone  the  most  extraordinary  vicissitudes;  and  have  been  at  once 
more  hazardous  and  less  profitable  than  the  businesses  carried  on  under  a  system  of  fair  and 
tree  competition. 

A  prohibition  against  buying  in  the  cheapest  markets  is  really,  also,  a  prohibition  against 
idling  in  the  dearest  markets.  There  h  no  test  of  high  or  low  price,  except  the  quantity  of 
other  produce  for  which  an  article  exchanges.  Suppose  that,  l>y  sending  a  certain  quantity 
of  cottons  or  hardware  to  Brazil,  we  might  get  in  exchange  150  hhus.  of  sugar,  and  that  the 
■ame  quantity,  if  sent  to  Jamaica,  would  only  fetch  100  hhds. ;  is  it  not  obvious,  that  liy  pre- 
veiitinfT  the  importation  of  the  former,  we  forc>!  our  goods  to  be  sold  for  /«•«  thirds  of  the 
price  ih>'y  would  otherwise  have  brought?     To  suppose  that  a  system  productive  of  such 


tinent  to  pay  for 
man  who  drinki 
;ar8  only  Saxon 
■  BritiHh  cottnn, 
of  his  country, 
ntlucctl  at  home. 
'cly  of  the  same 
langcd  it  for  tho 
ih  lalwur  is  con- 

)mn  by  rosfrain. 
rdictiiig  the  ex. 
lupply  ourselves 
o  j)roduco  them 
is,  if  any  thing 

or  industry  liy 
ijurious,  in  sure 
to  diminish  the 

home  demand 

'8  no  more  than 
fer  the  distribii- 
iporfa  any  com- 
majority  of  in 
liome,  without 
th  of  any  com- 
duco  cannot  bo 
this  sort,— and 
arc  rnactpil,— 
if,  supposing  it 
or  .500,000/.  a 
into  the  colfers 
mount  of  other 
)ncd  by  an  in. 
toad  of  gaining 
)0,000/.  a  year. 
Hate  advantage 
emark  tliat  this 
ved  by  a  periml 
stance,  by  nar- 
in  the  first  in- 
!  common  level, 
nimcdiately  set 
gaged  in  other 
?ct:  nor  would 
creased  supply 
is  not  founded 
1  on  under  tlio 
le  market,  and 
o  that  fluciua. 
y  other  cause, 
'ices  suddenly 
id  prici-s  sink 
abroad  for  the 
■olved  in  inex- 
ohibitions  and 
nd  agrienlture 
been  at  once 
i!m  of  fair  and 

bition  against 
.e  quantity  of 
rtain  quantity 
,  and  that  the 
I,  that  liy  pre- 
thirds  of  the 
ctive  of  such 


COMMERCE. 

re<iults  can  bo  a  means  of  incrrasing  wealth,  is  to  BuppoM  what  is  evidently  absurd.  It  ia 
certainly  true  that  a  restrictive  regulation,  which  has  ticon  long  acted  upon,  and  under  wliich 
g  considerable  quantity  of  capital  ia  employed,  ought  not  to  be  ratably  or  capriciously  repealed. 
Every  change  in  the  public  croriomy  of  a  great  nation  ought  to  be  gone  about  cautiuusly  and 
gradually.  Adequate  time  should  be  given  to  those  who  carry  on  busineasea  tiiat  have  Inien 
protected,  either  to  withdraw  from  them  altogether,  or  to  prcpaf!  to  withstand  the  fair  com- 
petition of  Ibrvigners.  But  this  i«  a//  that  auch  |)crsoii8  can  jusUy  claim.  To  ]iersuvure  in 
an  erroneous  and  oppressive  system,  merely  because  its  abandonment  might  be  productive  of 
inconvenience  to  individuals,  would  be  a  proceeding  inconsistent  with  every  object  for  which 
society  is  formed,  and  subversive  of  all  improvement. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  in  the  event  of  commodities  being  imported  from  abroad, 
after  the  abolition  of  a  protecting  regulation,  that  were  previously  produced  at  home,  the 
workmen  and  those  engaged  in  their  production  would  be  thrown  upon  the  parish.  Such, 
however,  is  nut  the  case.  We  may,  by  giving  freedom  to  commeree,  change  the  .specirs  of 
labour  in  demand,  but  it  is  not  possible  that  we  should  thereby  change  its  qtutnlily.  If,  in 
consequence  of  the  abolition  of  restrictions,  our  imports  were  increased  to  the  amount  of 
4,000,000/.  or  5,000,000/.,  our  exports,  it  is  certain,  must  be  augmented  to  the  same  extent: 
80  that  whatever  diminution  of  the  demand  for  labour  might  be  experienced  in  certain  de- 
partments would  be  balanced  by  a  corresponding  increase  in  others. 

The  prcBsure  of  taxation  has  oiww  been  alleged  as  an  excuse  for  restrictions  on  commerce, 
but  it  is  not  more  valid  than  the  rest.  Taxation  may  be  heavy,  and  even  oppressive;  but  so 
long  as  it  is  impartially  and  fairly  assessed,  it  equally  aflects  u//  branches  of  iiidu!<try  carried 
on  at  home,  and  consequently  aflbrds  no  ground  whatever  for  the  enactment  of  regulations 
intended  to  protect  any  particuhr  business.  And  to  propose  to  protect  all  branches  of  in- 
du><try  from  foreign  competition,  is,  in  cfTcct,  to  propose  to  put  a  total  stop  to  conunerce  ;  for 
if  nothing  is  to  be  imported,  nothing  can  be  exported.  The  impusilion  of  moderate  duties 
on  foreign  commodities,  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  is  (|uite  another  thing.  Many  of  these  form 
among  the  very  best  sul)jccts  of  taxation  ;  and  when  the  duties  on  them  are  confined  within 
proper  bounds, — that  is,  when  they  are  not  so  high  as  to  exert  any  injurious  influence  upon 
trade,  or  to  occasion  smuggling  and  fraud, — they  catniot  fairly  be  objected  to. 

It  is  sometimes  contended,  by  those  who  assert,  on  general  grounds,  that  restrictions  are 
inexpedient,  that  it  would  be  unwise,  on  the  part  of  any  country,  to  abolish  tlH'm  until  t\vi 
had  obtained  a  security  that  those  imposed  by  her  neighbours  would  also  be  abolished.  But 
the  reasons  that  have  been  alleged  in  favour  of  this  statement  are  not  entitled  to  the  leas^t 
weight.  It  is  our  business  to  buy  in  the  cheapest  and  sell  in  the  dearest  markets,  without 
being,  in  any  degree,  influenced  by  the  conduct  of  others.  If  they  consent  to  repeal  the  re- 
stiietions  they  have  laid  on  commerce,  so  much  the  better.  But  vvliatcver  others  may  do,  the 
lini!  of  policy  wc  ouglit  to  follow  is  clear  and  well  defnicd.  To  refuse,  for  exatn[)le,  to  buy 
claret,  brandy,  &.c,  from  the  French,  because  they  lay  absurd  restrictions  on  the  importiUion 
of  British  hardware,  cottons,  &c.,  would  not  be  to  retaliate  ujwn  them,  but  upon  ourselves. 
The  fact  that  wo  d>  import  French  wine  and  brandy  shows  that  we  do  export  to  Franco,  or 
to  some  other  country  to  which  France  is  indebted,  an  equivalent,  in  some  sort,  of  British 
produce.  Tlu;  fear  of  being  glutted  with  foreign  products,  unless  we  secure  beforehand  u 
certain  outlet  for  our  own,  is  the  most  unfi>unded  that  can  be  imagined,  'i'he  foreigner  who 
will  take  nothing  of  ours,  can  send  us  nothing  of  his.  Though  our  ports  were  open  to  the 
merchants  of  all  the  countries  of  the  world,  the  exports  of  British  produce  must  always  be 
equal  to  the  imports  of  foreign  produce  ;  and  none  but  those  who  receive  our  commodities, 
eitherat  first  or  second  hand,  could  contirme  to  send  any  thing  to  us. 

"Li's  ctrangers  no  pcuvcnt  dcmander  ni  licsirer  riun  niieux,  que  la  liberte  de  vous  acUeter 
ct  do  vous  vendrc  chcz  vous  et  duns  vos  colonics.  II  faut  la  leur  accordcr,  non  par  fuiblesso 
et  p.ir  iaipuissaneo,  niais  parce(|u'elle  est  juste  en  e!le-mpme,  et  qu'elle  vous  est  utile.  lis 
ont  tort  sans  doute  de  la  ret'user  ehez  eux:  inais  cette  fiutc  d'i.ijnoratice  doiit,  sans  le  savoir, 
iis  sont  punis  les  premiers,  n'est  pas  un  ritison  qui  doive  vous  porter  a  vous  nuire  u.  vous- 
meme  en  suivant  cct  excmplo,  et  a.  vous  exposer  aux  suites  et  aux  depenses  d'une  guerre 
pour  avoir  la  vai.no  satisfaction  d'user  des  reprusailles,  dont  relict  ne  pent  mani|Uer  de  relom- 
lier  Bur  vous,  ct  de  rend  re  voire  commerce  plus  desavantagcux." — (^Le  Trusiic  dc  I' Oidre 
Social,  p.  416.) 

There  are  some,  however,  who  contend,  tha",  though  restrictions  on  importation  from 
abroad  be  unfavounilije  to  opulence,  and  the  advi,ncenient  of  individuals  and  nations  in  arts 
and  civilisation,  they  may,  notwithstanding,  be  vii.dicated  on  other  grounds,  as  contributing 
essentially  to  iiidepcndeiicc  and  security.  The  short  and  decisive  answer  to  this  is  to  be  found 
in  the  reciprocity  of  commerce.  It  does  not  enrich  one  individual  or  nation  at  the  expense 
of  others,  but  confers  its  favours  equally  on  all.  We  are  under  no  obligations  to  the  I'ortu- 
guesu,  the  Kus.-.ians,  or  any  other  people  with  whom  wc  carry  on  trade.  It  is  not  uiir  ad- 
vantage, but  /heir  awit,  that  they  have  in  view  in  dealing  witli  w.  We  give  them  the  full 
value  of  all  that  we  import;  and  they  would  suller  quite  as  much  inconvenience  as  we  should 
do  were  this  uitorcourse  put  an  end  to.     The  indepe:idcnce  al  which  those  aspire  who  would 


■;.' 


'M 


ji 


fti^ 


.,^1 


■'t 


!  i     I  '  .■ 


i  i  ■:  ;  I 


;-i4: 


m 


454 


COMMFRC.; 


promote  U  by  layini;  rcrtHrtions  on  commorcc,  ia  the  irulcpf  ntlrnco  of  the  solitary  and  un- 
Btirial  «nvnp:e  ;  it  i'4  not  nri  iiKlcpi'ndonoo  jirodiictivo  of  HiriMigth,  Imt  of  wpo'inc».(.  "The 
niotit  flourii*hiiiqf  Btatco,  at  the  inoinont  of  tlioir  higlicfit  olcvatiDO,  when  tht-y  v  i>re  cIoNely  con- 
ncrfeil  with  every  part  of  tlio  riviliapi]  world  by  the  guldun  rhuina  of  Biiccur-Cid  coriiiiicrciul 
I'l.tcrprisc,  wore,  acvordlnp;  to  this  dortrine,  in  the  moHt  pc-fc-ot  state  of  ahsoU  to  deiH-ndonco, 
It  wiiH  not  till  all  tht'Recnnnrctions  were  di«Bolvcd,  and  thi  had  tunk  in  the  scale  of  naliuim, 
tliat  their  trnc  iiulepcndcnco  commenced!  Such  Rtateriu'nt!*  curry  with  them  their  owji  rcfu. 
taiion.  There  in  a  natural  dependence  of  nations  upon  each  other,  as  there  in  a  natuitil  ile. 
prndenco  of  imlividuals  upon  each  other.  Heavfn  lasi  ■  •>  ordered  it.  Some  soilH,  noinn  rlj. 
itiiites,  some  situations,  arc  productive  exclusively  of  s-.mo  peculiar  fruits,  which  caimut 
elsewhere  be  profitably  i)rocuic(l.  Let  nations  tMlow  (his  as  their  guide.  In  a  rich  mij 
risinij  community,  the  opulent  capitalists  may  lie  as  (impendent  upon  the  poor  labourers,  ns 
the  |>oor  laliourers  upon  the  opulent  capitnlists,  Bo  it  is  \v  ith  nations.  The  mutual  de|)end- 
cure  of  individuals  upon  each  other  knits  and  !>inds  s(K'iety  together,  and  leads  to  the  mini 
rapid  advancement  in  wealth,  in  intelligence,  and  in  >>vt'ry  kind  of  improvement.  It  is  the 
same,  but  on  a  t':M- iiirger  scale,  with  tlin  mutual  dependence  of  nations.  To  this  alone  do 
we  owe  all  the  ■  ii^hty  efforts  of  cottuncrce;  aii.l  what  li(,'hts,  what  generous  feelings,  and 
multiplied  means  of  human  happineiss,  has  it  not  every  where  spread!" — {North  American 
Jiei'iew,  No.  ftl.) 

The  principles  of  commercial  freedom,  and  the  injurious  influence  of  restrictive  regtila- 
tions,  were  set  in  a  vci y  striking  point  of  view  by  Ur.  Smith,  in  his  great  work  ;  and  they 
have  been  aim-e  repeatt  .liy  explained  and  elucidated.  Perhaps,  however,  the  true  doctrines 
upon  this  subject  have  no  w'lere  been  better  stated  than  in  the  |>etition  presented  by  the  iner- 
clianls  of  London  to  the  House  of  C'vunmons  on  the  8th  of  May,  lA'iO,  This  document  is 
one  of  the  most  gratifying  proofs  of  the  progress  of  liberal  and  enlarged  views.  It  was  sub- 
scribed  by  all  the  principal  mcrclianls  of  the  metropolis,  who  have  not  scrupled  to  express 
their  conviction,  that  the  rejK'al  of  every  prolecfive.  regnlatMn  would  be  for  the  pul>lie  ad- 
vantage. Such  an  address,  confirming,  as  it  did,  the  conclusions  of  science,  by  the  approval 
of  the  best  informed  and  most  extensive  merchants  of  the  world,  had  u  powerful  innueiice 
on  the  legislature.  During  the  last  10  years  several  most  important  reforms  have  been  made 
in  our  commercial  system  ;  so  that  besides  being  the  first  to  promulgate  the  true  theory  of 
commerce,  we  arc  now  entitled  to  the  praise  of  being  the  first  to  carry  it  into  eflect.  No 
dimhi  our  trade  is  still  fettered  by  many  vexatious  restraints;  but  these  will  gradually  disap- 
pear,  according  as  ex pcrience  serves  \o  disclose  the  benefits  resulting  from  the  changes  already 
made,  and  the  pernicious  operation  of  the  rct.trictions  that  are  still  allowed  to  continue. 

The  jietition  now  referred  to,  is  too  important  to  be  omitted  in  a  work  of  this  sort.  It  is 
%.■'  follows : — 

"To  tlic  Ilonoiiraljle  tlic  Commons,  &.C.,  the  Petition  oftlio  Merchants  of  tlie  City  of  London. 

"t<ll("W,'tll, 

"Tli:il  r'iii'ij»n  romniprce  Is  eminontly  cnndiirive  to  the  wealth  nnd  profporlly  of  a  country,  hy  eiia- 
blli";  it  ti'  iiiiport  the  coiiiiiioilliies  Tor  the  prndiir.tion  nf  wliicli  Ihc  soil,  cliiimtu,  capital,  niid  iiiiliiHlry 
of  iitlii't  (oiintrii's  are  bi'st  calculated,  anil  to  export,  in  puyineiit,  those  articles  Ojr  which  its  own 
sitiiatinn  is  liHticr  adapted. 

"I'liat  freedom  from  restraint  is  calculated  to  give  the  utmost  extension  to  foreign  trad<s  and  tli3 
best  (lir('(  tion  to  the  capital  and  industry  of  the  country. 

•  'I'liBl  till-  mnxini  of  linying  in  the  cheapest  market,  and  selling  in  the  dearest,  which  rngulntes 
every  merchant  in  his  individual  dealings,  is  strictly  applicalilt-,  us  the  best  rule  fur  the  trade  uf  tlie 

Wlllilo  niliid!!. 

"  That  a  policy  founded  on  Ihi'se  principles  would  render  the  commerce  of  the  world  an  interclmnie 
of  mutual  advantages,  and  dilfuse  an  increase  uf  wealth  and  enjoyments  uinung  tlie  inhabitants  uf 
each  siite. 

"Tliat,  unfurtunately,  a  pidicy  the  very  reverse  of  this  has  been  nnd  is  more  or  less  adopted  and 
acted  upon  by  thn  Ki>vernm«nt  of  this  nnd  every  (Uher  country  ;  each  trying  to  exclude  the  produc- 
tions of  iiiher  countries,  vilh  the  specinus  and  well-meant  desiuu  of  encourau'ing  its  own  prodiatinns: 
thus  inHiciJiii;  on  the  bulk  of  its  sul>je(  ts,  who  are  consuii'ers.tlio  necessity  "f-iulimltting  to  privuiiiins 
in  the  quarii  v  or  tpi  i'ily  of  eomnindities  ;  nnd  thus  rendering  wliat  iiughi  m  be  the  source  of  nuitiiul 
benelit  and  ii  barmoiiy  .■tniimg  states,  a  constantly  recurring  occasiiui  of  jealousy  ami  hostility. 

"  That  the  prevuiling  prijudici.'s  in  favonr  of  tin-  prutective  or  resttirtive  system  may  be  traced  to 
the  ernuieons  snppiisitiiiu  that  every  impurtation  of  fnrei!.'n  cnnniindilies  occasidiis  a  dunin.itinn  or 
discouraffement  of  (inr  own  productions  to  the  same  extent ;  whereas  it  maybe  clearly  sliiiwn,  tli.it 
although  the  particular  ili  scriplion  of  production  which  could  mu  stand  UL'ainst  unrestrained  foreign 
ciimpetilion  ivoulil  be  dii^i  oiirasred.  yet,  ns  no  iniporlati<m  cniild  he  continued  fur  any  length  of  time 
uiiliont  a  cnrresp<Miditig  e.x|iiirlation.  direct  or  indirect,  there  would  be  nn  encouragement,  fur  the 
pnrpiise  (if  that  evjKirtation,  of  stone  oilier  production  to  which  our  situatlim  micht  be  better  suileil; 
thus  atrording  at  least  an  equal,  and  probably  n  greater,  and  cerluiuly  a  more  beuetiuiul,  emplnymenl 
to  our  own  capital  and  lalmur. 

"That  oftln;  numerous  |proteitive  and  prohibitory  duties  of  our  commercial  code,  it  may  he  provcil 
that,  while  all  operate  ns  a  very  heavy  tax  on  the  ciunnoiiiity  at  large,  viTy  few  are  of  any  ultini.ue 
beneHt  to  the  classes  in  wlmse  f  ivoiir  they  were  origiuully  iubliluted,  ami  none  to  the  extent  of  the 
loss  occasioned  by  Ibeui  Id  other  clisses. 

"That  anions  The  other  evils  of  the  restrictive  or  protective  system,  not  the  least  is.  that  the  arti- 
ficial protection  of  one  branch  of  indu.^try  or  source  of  productioii  nirainst  foreign  conipetitbui,  is  set 
ii|i  as  a  g"'und  of  claim  liy  other  liranclies  for  similar  |irotection  ;  so  that  if  Hie  reasoning  upon  wbicll 
the<e  restrictive  or  proliiliitory  reL'ulalions  are  founded  were  lV.llow(!(|  out  consistently,  it  woiilil  not 
stop  short  of  excludiiu:  us  from  all  fnreiL'n  commerce  wli  itsoever.  And  the  same  train  of  ar^'oinenl, 
wliich.wilh  corresponUint'  pruiiibilioiis  and  prulectivo  duties,  sliuuld exclude  us  from  loreiijn  trudcnii^'bl 


r  "f  ♦''«  """'nry  and  un- 
'mt  or  weaknoa^.  "'j'l,, 
icn  they  v  ere  cIo,.,..Iy  ron- 
ot  Bucco».(„l,.o,„„;„,i. 
Ic  o|  ahsoli  n,  ,leiH-n,lrnoo 
nk  in  the  srulo  of  nation, 
with  them  their  owji  rcfu.' 

-  nstliureJHanaiuinlde. 
It.  Somo  soils,  Hoinn  rli. 
Iinr  fruits,  which  ranii„t 
•T  RukIo.  In  a  rich  aiij 
"n  til.-  poor  /alwircrs,  a, 
"s.  The  mutual  ilcpcnd- 
r,  uiul  leads  to  tho  nnwt 
iMiprovpment.  It  is  the 
tions.  To  this  alone  do 
"'.  if."""/'!!"'  '""'''"f"'  "nJ 

nee  of  restrictive  rrgida- 
19  great  work  ;  and  they 
wever,  the  true  doctrines 
iin  presented  hy  the  mrr- 
t^-O.     'I'his  document  is 
rured  views.     It  was  su!). 
not  scrupled  to  express 
J  lie  for  tho  pul.lie  ml- 
science,  l)y  the  approval 
lad  u  powerful  influciico 
n^lorms  have  been  made 
Jigate  the  true  theory  of 
carry  it  into  eflnct.    No 
ose  will  gradually  disap. 
ironi  tho  changes  already 
Mowed  to  continue, 
work  of  tliia  sort.    It  is 

ofthe  City  of  London. 

?rlry  of  a  country,  hyena- 
into,  capital,  niid  imliisirv 
arlicles  Ibr  vvliicli  its  ovvii 

to  foreign  trade,  and  tiio 

dnaroHt,  wlilcli  rngiilntes 
rule  for  tlie  trade  of  iim 

the  world  nn  itit('rtlmn''(! 
iinoiig  tiie  inliabiiiiiits  Jf 

more  or  less  adopted  and 
'iR  to  exclude;  llie  prodiic- 
smgiisdwiipriMliiiliciMs: 
'siihiuiMiiiKiopriviiiiiiiia 
'  lie  tile  source  of  niutiiul 
>Msy  ami  hostiliiy. 

system  ninv  lie  traced  to 
ccasiniisa  diiiiiti.itinn  or 
i'  lie  cIiMrly  siK.wn,  V.iM 
ist  iinrestraliied  Ibreigii 
id  fiirany  leiigih  (iltiiiiB 

I'licoiirappiueiit,  fiirihe 

iiiielit  I).,  belter  Huiieil; 

boneliciui,  eiiiplDyiiicjii 

code,  it  may  he  prnvi'd 
nnvareof  niiviiltiiiKiiB 
une  to  tlie  extent  of  the 

B  least  Is.  (lint  tlifliirtl- 
ign  competition,  is  s.t 
J  reasoiiiiijr  upou  Hliiili 
sisleiitly,  it  uoulil  nut 
'I'll';  train  of  aru'iioient, 
rouiloreianiruUe.miglil 


COMPANIES. 


435 


tnWnMSlit  fcirwnrd  to  lii«llfy  the  re-en'ictnient  of  rentrlclinni  upon  the  Intrrrhnnffo  of  productinnf 

ililic  revuiiu 
ul'  ihi-  '•iiiiii'  kiiiuiliiiu. 


(unrni  r 


I'di'il  with  liiilil 


line)  uiuoiig  tliu  Ithiii'loiiia  cmiiposliiK  tliu  union,  or  uiiiong  the  couiillv* 


llMi  an  invr-.-llBntlon  of  tin- efTect^  nf  the  rc»itrlctlvn  nyBtpiii  at  tills  time  Is  pecitllirly  calli'd  fur,  a» 
illii'ij,  ill  <h>;  opinion  of  your  pent  loners,  lead  to  a  xtroiii;  pri'aiiinplliMi.  Hint  Hie  ilislroi'H,  wlilcli  now 
lip  C'le  rally  prevails,  i»  coiisidir  ildy  »|ji;ri»v:iti'il  by  thai  ny<leiii ;  and  that,  miinr.  relief  njiiy  bn 
ollaiiieil  liy  tliu  carliisl  practinhle  removal  of  Hiuh  nf  the  re.slralntH  an  niMy  be  nhowii  tj  be  mo^t 
injurious  to  tlin  cnpiiiil  and  industry  of  the  conuiiunity,  and  to  bn  attended  with  no  conipcnsalliin 
ticMclil  to  the  public  revL'iiiie, 

"That  a  dedaralinn  nuainst  tho  ami-coinnierciiil  prim  iples  of  niir  rentrletlve  iiystoin  Is  of  the  morn 
Impi  rianco  at  Hie  present  Jiinetiire  ;  inasniuib  us,  In  sevcril  Instann  s  of  rneeiit  orciirreni  e.  Hie  in  r- 
fhuiiu  "nd  nmnufaclurprii  nf  fureimi  iDiinlrles  have  nssailed  their  respncllve  (rovernuients  with  appli- 
cniiiiiis  fur  farlher  protective  or  prohibliory  dnliis  and  leeulailoiiH,  iiiKiii't  llm  exaiiipb!  and  aiiHiority 
oflliis  country,  lijiainst  wlilcli  tlwy  are  i.lniofl  cm  iMsively  ilireited,  as  a  iancljon  for  the  iii'liey  nf 
mirli  nieii"iiri's.  And  cernilidy.  If  tlie  rcnsoniiiu  upon  which  our  restrictions  liave  been  (bTeiuIrd  i^ 
worth  any  Hiins,  ll  will  apply  In  behalf  nf  tho  re^'iiliilions  nf  forei)(n  stales  against  us.  They  insist 
u;'"n  mir  iuiperiority  In  capital  and  niacliinery,  as  we  do  upon  their  cnnipurutivo  ulouiption  Iriiiii  tux* 
ttiiin,  ami  wiHi  ei|nal  foundation, 

"That  nothing  would  tend  more  to  countoract  the  comtnerrial  hostility  of  foreign  slates,  than  tho 
ndoiitinn  of  n  more  onllghlened  and  more  cmiciliatory  policy  on  the  part  ofthis  country. 

"  fliat  »ltlioui:h,  as  a  matter  of  mere  ill|iloinacy,  it  may  sometimes  answer  to  hold  tho  removal  of 
particular  pr^diiliitioiis,  or  Iii2h  duties,  as  chipending  upon  corrcspoiiding  concessiiuis  by  other  si  ih  .-  m 
(iiir  fivoiir,  it  does  not  fnlli.w  tlial  we  should  mainlain  our  restrictions  in  cases  where  llie  ile  in, I 
cniicci<sions  on  their  part  cannot  be  nlilaiiied.  <i  '''strictlnnH  would  not  be  the  less  prejudicial  to 
iiiir  own  cspilul  uiid  imlustry,  becaiisu  other  y">  leiits  persisted  in  preserving  impolitic  re^ii- 

hllioiH. 


That,  upon  the  whole,  tho  most  liber 
oconsions. 

"'lb  It  independent  nf  the  direct  benefit  ti^ 
CiMircssion  or  relixatioii,  a  meat  iiicidiiit;r 
prihiiple  or  stiiinliinl,  tn  wliirli  all  siibse'im 
liitiiience  which  a  promiiieation  of  siiili  jii 
cnalil  not  f,iil  to  hive  on  Hie  policy  of  other  ^ 

'Tlint  in  thus  deiiarliiK,  as  yoiir  pelilinii 


Id  pr  .v."  to  be  tilt)  most  p<ilitlii  course  on  such 

this  country,  on  every  occasion  of  such 

lie  gaini'd,  liy  tho  recoanilion  of  a  sound 

IS  mliiiit  be  referred  ;  and  by  the  siliitary 

;        '  legialuturu  and  by  the  nalioii  at  large, 


lo,  their  convu  Hon  of  lh»  iivpalirii  and  injiiilke  nf  tha 
mtriflire  .synti^m.ii  I  in  (leHirihg  every  pracliialile  relaxation  nf  it,  tliey  have  in  view  only  such  part.i 
of  it  as  are  not  connected,  or  are  only  Niiliordiiiately  so,  wiih  the  public  revenue.  As  long  as  tho 
nei'i'ssity  Ibr  the  pretieiit  amount  nfr(;venue  siibsii-t!',  your  petilloiiers  cannot  e.\p,;ct  so  impnrtaiit  ii 
br:in('h  of  it  as  tlio  custnins  to  he  given  up,  nor  to  be  maleri  illy  illiiiiiiished,  iiiil'ss  tiinie  eubsHliile 
li;iis  nlijectlciiiable  be  suggested.  Hut  it  is  iigiiiHnt  err.ri/  rfntrirlirc  rrffiilnli'in  nf  Iriiilc,  not  e.^'eenliiil  Id 
the  revenue,  against  all  duties  merelifjarnteetive  from  foniyn  roiiipeti'iuii,  mid  ii/;ainiit  the  ejresfi  of  siir.h 
ddlie.i  an  are  /inrtliifur  Hie  purpose  of  rri'tuiie,  ami  pnrlhj  fur  Unit  of  protection,  that  the  prayer  of  tlia 
nrc'ii'iit  petition  is  rospei  tfully  submitted  to  the  wisdom'  of  parliament. 
"Miiy  it  therefore,"  «tc. 

For  examples  of  the  practical  working  and  injurious  operation  of  restrictions,  see  tho  arti- 
cles DoiiPK.vux,  Cadiz,  Cvot.iAni,  Coi,o.Nr  Tiiaiik,  (Joiiv  Laws  a\ii  (Jonv  'i'uAiiK., 
Naples,  Timhkh,  Ac,  in  this  Uicltoiiary ;  the  articles  on  the  American  Tarilf  and  tho 
French  (commercial  System  in  Nos.  96.  and  99.  of  iho  Ediiilmru;k  Ri'viviv ;  the  Report  of 
tlio  Committee  of  Commerce  and  Navigation  to  tho  House  of  Ueprcsentativcs  of  the  Ifniled 
States,  8tli  of  February,  18.10  ;  and  the  Petition  and  Ahmnire  a  I'Appui,  addressed,  in  1828, 
by  the  landowners  and  merchants  of  tho  Girondo  to  the  Chamber  of  I)e[iutie9. 

For  an  account  of  tho  doctrines  with  respect  to  the  bultinre  nf  track,  and  tho  importation 
and  exportation  of  tho  precious  metals,  sue  the  articles  Balanck  uf  Tiiaiik,  and  Ex* 

r.HANOK. 

For  an  account  of  the  articles  exported  from  and  imported  into  Groat  Britain,  see  Im- 
ponTs  Avn  ExponTs. 

COMPANIRS.  In  commerce  or  tho  arts,  a  company  is  a  number  of  persons  associated 
together  for  the  purposeof  carrying  on  some  commercial  or  industrious  undertaking  When 
there  arc  only  a  few  individuals  associ;itcd,  it  is  ino.st  commonly  called  a  atpiirtncri/  ,•  (ho 
term  company  being  usually  applied  to  large  associations,  like  tho  East  India  Company,  the 
Bank  of  England,  &c,,  who  conduct  their  operations  by  means  of  agents  acting  under  tho 
orders  of  a  Board  of  directors. 

Comiianies  have  generally  been  divided  into  two  great  classes — exclusive  or  joint  stock 
companies,  and  open  or  regulated  companies. 

1.  Exclusive  or  Joint  Slock  ContpanieH. — By  an  institution  of  this  sort  is  meant  a  com- 
pany having  a  certain  amount  of  capital,  divided  into  a  greater  or  SMialler  number  of  Iraiis- 
feralile  shares,  managed  for  the  common  ndv.intage  ofthe  shurehiilders  by  a  body  of  directors 
chosen  by  and  resiwiisible  to  them.  After  the  stock  of  a  comp'itiy  of  this  sort  has  been  siib- 
sciibtd,  no  one  can  enter  it  without  previously  pun^hasing  one  or  more  shares  beliini^iiig  to 
some  of  tho  existing  members.  The  partners  do  nothing  individually  ;  all  their  rc-,olulii)iis 
are  taken  in  common,  and  are  carried  into  effect  by  the  directors  and  those  whoin  they  em- 
ploy. 

According  to  the  common  law  of  England,  all  the  partners  in  a  joint  stock  company  aro 
jointly  and  individually  liable,  to  the  whole  extent  of  their  fortunes,  for  the  debts  of  tho 
company.  They  may  make  arrangements  amongst  theniselvos,  limiting  their  obliff,afiiina 
with  respect  to  each  other;  but  unless  established  bv  nn  authority  competent  to  sot  aside  the 
general  rule,  they  are  all  indefinitely  responsible  to  the  public.  Purli  imcnt  sometimes  limits 
tile  responsibility  of  the  shareholders  in  "lint  stock  companies  established  by  statute,  to  th« 


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tmount  of  the  aharra  they  respectively  hold.  Charters  of  incorporation  granted  by  the 
Crown  were  also,  until  lately,  supposed  necessarily  to  have  this  eflect ;  but  l>y  the  act  6  (ieo.  4. 
c.  96.  the  Crown  is  empowered  to  grant  charters  of  incorporation  by  which  the  members  of 
corporate  bodies  may  be  made  individually  liabk,  to  aueh  extent,  and  subject  to  mch  virt^. 
lotions  and  resirietionf,  as  may  be  deemed  expedient.  Hence  charters  are  now  frequently 
granted  for  the  purpose  merely  of  enabling  companies  to  sue  and  be  sued  in  courts  of  law, 
under  the  names  of  some  of  their  office-bearers,  without  in  any  respect  limiting  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  shareholders  to  the  public.  This  limitation  cannot  be  implied  in  a  chartei  any 
more  than  in  an  act  of  parliament,  and  will  be  held  not  to  exist  unless  it  be  diotinctly  ii«* 
forth. 

"  In  a  private  copartnery,  no  partner,  without  the  consent  of  the  company,  can  transfer  hir 
share  to  another  person,  or  introduce  a  new  member  into  the  company.  Each  member, 
however,  may,  upon  proper  warning,  withdraw  from  the  copartnery,  and  demand  pnymenl 
from  them  of  his  share  of  the  common  stock.  In  a  joint  stock  company,  on  the  contrary, 
no  member  can  demand  payment  of  his  share  from  the  company ;  but  each  member  may, 
without  their  consent,  transfer  his  share  to  another  person,  and  thereby  introduce  a  new 
member.  The  value  of  a  share  in  a  joint  stock  is  always  the  price  which  it  will  bring  in  the 
market ;  and  this  may  be  either  greater  or  less,  in  any  proportion,  than  the  sum  which  iu 
owner  stands  credited  for  in  the  s'ock  of  the  company." — (  Weafih  of  Nations,  vol.  iii.  p, 
238.) 

2.  Utility  of  Joint  Stock  Companies. — Whenever  the  capital  required  to  carry  on  any 
undertaking  exceeds  what  may  be  furnished  by  an  individual,  it  is  indispensable,  in  order  to 
the  prosecution  of  the  undertaking,  that  an  association  should  be  formed.  In  all  those  cases, 
too,  in  which  the  chances  of  success  are  doubtful,  or  where  a  lengthened  period  must  neces- 
sarily  elapse  before  an  undertaking  can  be  completed,  an  individual,  though  ready  enough  to 
contribute  a  small  sum  in  connection  with  others,  would,  generally  speaking,  be  very  little 
inclined,  even  if  he  had  the  means,  to  encounter  the  whole  responsibility  of  Huch  enterprises. 
Hence  the  necessity  and  advantage  of  companies  or  associations.  It  is  to  them  that  wc  are 
indebted  for  those  canals  by  which  every  part  of  the  country  is  intersected,  for  the  formation 
of  so  many  noble  docks  and  warehouses,  for  the  institution  of  our  principal  hanks  and  insur- 
ance offices,  and  for  many  other  establishment:!  of  great  public  utility  carried  on  by  the  com- 
bined capital  and  energies  of  large  bodies  of  individuals. 

3.  Branches  of  Indttstry,  fur  the  Prosecution  of  which  Joint  Stock  Companies  may  be 
advantageously  eslablishtd. — In  order  to  ensure  a  rational  prospect  of  success  to  a  company, 
the  undertaking  should  admit  of  being  carried  on  according  to  a  regular  systematic  plan. 
The  reason  of  this  is  sufficiently  obvious.  The  business  of  u  great  association  must  be  con- 
ducted by  factors  or  agents;  and  unless  it  be  of  such  a  nature  as  to  admit  of  their  duties 
being  clearly  pointed  out  and  defined,  the  association  would  cease  to  have  any  etlcctual  con- 
trol over  them,  and  would  be,  in  a  great  measure,  at  their  mercy.  An  individual  who  ma- 
nages his  own  afliiira  reaps  all  the  advantage  derivable  from  superior  skill,  in<Iu8try,  and 
economy ;  but  the  agents,  and  even  directors,  of  joint  stock  companies  labour,  in  most  caties, 
entirely  or  principally  for  the  advantage  of  others;  and  cannot  therefore,  however  conscien- 
tious, have  the  same  powerful  motives  to  act  with  energy,  prudence,  and  economy.  "  Like," 
says  Dr.  Smith, "  the  stewards  of  a  rich  man,  they  are  apt  to  consider  attention  to  small 
matters  as  not  for  their  master's  honour,  and  very  easily  give  themselves  a  dispensation  from 
having  it.  Negligence  and  profusion,  therefore,  must  always  prevail  more  or  less  in  the 
management  of  the  atTairs  of  such  a  company."  It  also  not  unfrequently  happens  that  tlicy 
suffer  from  the  bad  faith,  as  well  as  the  carelessness  and  extravagance  of  their  servants;  the 
latter  having,  in  many  instances,  endeavoured  to  advance  their  own  interests  at  the  expense 
of  their  emjjloyers.  Hence  the  different  success  of  companies  whose  business  may  be  con- 
ducted according  to  a  n#arly  uniform  system, — such  as  dock,  canal,  and  insurnnce  compa- 
nies, rail-road  companies,  &c. — and  those  whose  business  docs  not  admit  of  being  rechiced 
to  any  regular  pjan,  and  where  much  must  always  be  left  to  the  sagacity  and  enterprise  of 
those  employed.  All  purely  commercial  companies,  trading  upon  a  joint  stuck,  belong  'o  the 
latter  class.  Not  onr  of  tliem  has  ever  been  able  to  withstand  the  competition  of  private  ad- 
venturers ;  they  cannot  subject  the  agents  ihey  emi)loy  to  buy  and  sell  commodities  in  .lis- 
tant  countries  to  any  effectual  responsibility ;  an  '  from  this  circumstance,  and  the  abuses 
that  usually  insinuate  themselves  into  every  department  of  their  management,  no  such  com- 
pany has  ever  succeeded,  unless  when  it  has  obtained  somo  exclusive  privilege,  or  been  pro- 
tected from  competition. 

The  circumstances  now  mentioned  would  seem  to  oppose  the  most  formidai;io  obstacles  (o 
the  success  of  the  companies  established  in  this  country  for  the  prosecution  of  mining  in 
America.  This  business  does  not  admit  of  being  reduced  to  a  regular  roulino  system. 
Much  must  always  depend  on  the  skill  and  probity  of  the  agents  employed  at  the  mines  ; 
and  it  must  plainly  be  very  difficult,  if  not  quite  impossible,  for  directors  resident  in  Loiidun 
to  exercise  any  effectual  surveillance  over  the  proceedings  of  those  who  are  at  so  great  a 


COMPANIES. 


m 


jiatancp.    Hence  it  \»  not  at  all  tikely  that  these  entabliahmenta  will  ever  be  so  proiIucUve  to 
the  andcrtakers,  as  if  they  had  been  managed  by  the  parties  themselves. 

The  Abbe  Morellct  has  given,  in  a  tract  published  in  1769  (Examen  de  la  Riptmse  de 
M.  ff.,  pp.  36^38.),  a  iiat  of  66  joint  stock  companies,  fur  the  prosecution  of  various 
brtncbe^  of  forei^  trade,  established  in  different  parts  of  Europe  since  1600,  every  one  of 
which  had  failed,  though  most  of  them  had  exclusive  privileges.  Most  of  those  that  have 
been  established  since  the  publication  of  the  Abb^  Morellet's  tract  have  had  a  similar  fate. 

But  notwithstanding  both  principle  and  experience  concur  in  showing  how  very  ill  fitted 
I  large  association  is  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  commercial  undertakings,  there  are  cases 
in  which  they  cannot  be  prosecuted  except  by  associations  of  this  sort,  and  when  it  may  be 
expedient  to  grant  them  certain  peculiar  privileges.  When,  owing  either  to  the  disinclina- 
tion or  inability  of  government  to  ulTord  protection  to  those  engaged  in  any  particular  depart* 
ment  of  trade,  they  are  obliged  to  provide  for  their  own  defence  and  security,  it  is  obviously 
necensaty  that  they  should  have  the  power  to  exclude  such  individuals  as  may  refuse  to  sub> 
mit  to  the  measures,  or  to  bear  their  due  share  of  the  expense,  required  fur  the  common  pro- 
tection of  all.  The  Kuse'  in  Company,  the  Ef^t  India  Company,  the  Levant  or  Turkey 
Company,  and  most  of  the  other  great  trading  companies  which  have  existed  in  this  country, 
teem  principally  to  have  grown  out  of  a  real  or  supposed  necessity  of  this  sort  It  was  not 
believed  that  any  safe  or  advantageous  intercourse  could  be  carried  on  with  barbarous  coun- 
tries without  the  aid  of  ships  of  war,  factories,  interpreters,  &c.  And  as  government  was 
not  always  able  or  willing  to  afford  this  assistance,  the  traders  were  formed  into  companies 
or  associations,  and  vested  with  such  peculiar  privileges  as  appeared  to  be  necessary  for  en- 
abling them  to  prosecute  the  trade  without  any  extrinsic  support.  "  When,"  says  Dr.  Smith 
"a  company  of  merchants  undertake,  at  their  own  risk  and  expense,  to  establish  a  new  trade 
with  some  remote  and  barbarous  nation,  it  may  not  be  unreasonable  to  incorporate  them  into 
a  joint  stock  company,  and  to  grant  them,  in  case  of  success,  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  for  a 
certain  number  of  years.  It  is  the  easiest  and  most  natural  way  in  which  the  state  can  re- 
compense them  for  hazarding  a  dangerous  and  expensive  experiment,  of  which  the  public  is 
afterwards  to  reap  the  benefit.  A  temporary  monopoly  of  this  kind  may  be  vindicated  upon 
the  same  principles  upon  which  a  like  monopoly  of  a  new  machine  is  granted  to  its  inventor, 
and  that  of  a  new  book  to  its  author.  But  upon  the  expiration  of  the  term,  the  monopoly 
ought  certainly  to  determine ;  the  forts  and  garrisons,  if  it  was  found  necessary  to  establish 
any,  to  bo  taken  into  the  bands  of  government,  their  value  to  be  paid  to  the  coni])any,  and 
the  trade  to  be  laid  open  to  all  the  subjects  of  the  state." — (  WeuUh  of  Nations,  vul.  iii.  p. 
268.) 

It  may  be  doubted,  however,  whether  it  be  really  necessary,  even  in  such  a  case  as  that 
now  mentioned,  to  establish  a  joint  stock  company  with  peculiar  privileges,  and  whether  the 
same  thing  might  not  be  more  advantageously  eflfected  by  the  establishment  of  an  open  or 
regulated  company. 

4.  Open  or  Regulated  Companies. — The  affairs  of  such  companies  or  associations  are 
managed  by  directors  appointed  by  the  members.  They  do  not,  however,  possess  a  cnmmon 
or  joint  stock.  Each  individual  pays  a  fine  upon  entering  into  the  company,  and  most  com- 
monly an  annual  contribution :  a  duty  applicable  to  the  business  of  the  company  is  also 
sometimes  charged  upon  the  goods  imported  and  exported  from  and  to  the  countries  with 
which  they  trade.  The  sums  so  collected  are  applied  by  the  directors  to  fit  out  ambassa- 
dors, consuls,  and  such  public  functionaries  as  may  be  required  to  facilitate  commercial  deal- 
ings, or  to  build  factories,  maintain  cruisers,  &x.  The  members  of  such  companies  trade 
upon  their  own  stock,  and  at  their  own  risk.  So  that  when  the  fine,  or  tho  ^um  payable  on 
admission  into  a  regulated  company,  is  moderate,  it  is  impossible  for  its  members  to  form 
any  combination  that  would  have  tho  effect  of  raising  their  profits  above  the  common  level; 
and  there  is  the  same  keen  and  close  competition  amongst  them  that  there  is  amongst  otlicr 
classes  of  traders.  A  regulated  company  is,  in  fact,  a  device  for  making  those  engaged  in  a 
particular  branch  of  trade  bear  the  public  or  political  expenses  incident  to  it,  at  the  same 
time  that  it  leaves  them  to  conduct  their  own  business  witii  their  own  capital,  and  in  their 
own  way. 

Should,  therefore,  government  at  any  time  refuse,  or  be  unable  to  afford,  that  pi  jtectiua 
to  those  engaged  in  any  branch  of  trade  which  is  necessary  to  enable  them  to  carry  it  on, 
their  formation  into  a  regulated  company  would  seem  to  be  the  most  judicious  measure  that 
could  be  adopted ;  inasmuch  as  it  would  obtain  for  them  that  protection  which  is  indispensa-  . 
ble,  without  encroaching  on  the  freedom  of  individual  enterprise. 

The  African,  the  Levant,  and  some  other  branches  of  trade,  were  for  a  long  time  conducted 
by  open  or  regulate  1  companies.  These,  however,  have  been  recently  abolished  :  the  African 
Company,  by  the  act  1  &  2  Geo.  4.  c.  28. ;  and  tho  Levant  Company,  by  tiie  act  6  Geo.  4. 
c.  33.    'J'he  Russia  Company  still  exii-ts. — (See  Uussia  Compant.) 

In  so  far  as  relates  to  protection,  it  may  perhaps  lie  thought,  for  the  reasons  given  by  Dr. 
Smith,  that  a  joint  stock  company  is  better  calculated  to  afford  it  than  a  regulated  company. 
The  directors  of  the  latter  having,  Dr.  Smith  alleges,  no  particular  interest  in  the  prosperity 
Vol.  I.— a  q  58 


'h 


1 


468 


companies; 


nf  the  general  traJe  of  'the  company,  for  behoof  of  which,  ahips  of  war,  factoricf,  or  fixd, 
have  to  be  maintained,  are  apt  to  neglect  them,  and  to  apply  their  whole  energies  to  the  care 
of  their  own  private  concerns.  But  the  interest  of  the  directors  of  a  joint  stocli  company 
are,  he  contends,  in  a  great  measure  identified  with  those  of  the  association.    They  have  no 

J>rivate  capital  employed  in  the  trade ;  their  profits  must  depend  upon  the  prudent  and  pro. 
itiblo  management  of  the  common  stock ;  and  it  may,  therefore,  it  is  argued,  be  fairly  pre- 

,  sumed  that  they  will  be  more  disposed  to  attend  carefully  Ut  all  the  meims  by  which  the 
prosperity  of  the  association  may  be  best  secured.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  it  is  seldoia 
that  the  directors  of  joint  stock  companies  stop  at  the  proper  point ;  having  almost  invnriahly 

V  attempted  to  extend  their  commercial  dealings  by  force,  and  to  become  not  only  merchants 
but  sovereigns.  Nor  is  this  any  thing  but  what  might  have  been  expected,  seeing  that  tiie 
consideration  and  extensive  patronage  accruing  from  such  measures  to  the  directors  is  gene- 
rally of  far  more  importance  to  them  than  a  moderate  increase  of  the  dividends  on  tlieir 
stock.  Whenever  they  have  been  able,  they  have  seldom  scrupled  to  employ  arms  to  ail. 
vance  their  projects ;  and  instead  of  contenting  themselves  with  shops  and  factories,  hav« 
constructed  fortitications,  embodied  armies,  ond  engaged  in  war.  But  such  has  not  been  ths 
case  with  regulated  companies.  The  businesses  under  their  control  have  uniformly  been  con- 
ducted in  a  comparatively  frugal  and  parsimonious  manner;  their  establishments  have  been, 
for  the  most  part,  confined  to  factories ;  and  they  have  rarely,  if  ever,  allowed  themselveg 
to  be  seduced  by  schemes  of  conquest  and  dominion. 

And  hence,  considering  them  as  commercial  machines,  it  does  not  really  seem  that  there 
can  be  any  doubt  as  to  the  superiority  of  a  regulated  over  a  joint  stock  company.  The  latter 
has  the  defect,  for  which  nothing  almost  can  compensate,  of  entirely  exrludinff  individual 
enterprise  and  competition.  When  such  a  company  enjoys  any  peculiar  privilege,  it  natu- 
rally, in  pursuing  its  own  interest,  endeavours  to  profit  by  it,  how  injurious  soever  it  may  be 
to  the  public  If  it  have  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  with  any  particular  country,  or  of  any 
particular  commodity,  it  rarely  fails,  by  understocking  the  home  and  foreign  markets,  to  sell 
the  goods  which  it  imports  and  exports  at  an  artificially  enhanced  price.  It  is  not  its  object 
to  employ  a  comparatively  large  capital,  but  to  make  a  large  profit  on  a  comparatively  small 
capital.  The  conduct  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  in  burning  spices,  that  their  price 
might  not  be  lowered  by  larger  importations,  is  an  example  of  the  mode  in  which  such  asso- 
ciati.  ns  uniformly  and,  indeed,  almost  necessarily  act  All  individuals  are  desirous  of  obtain- 
ing the  highest  possible  price  for  what  they  have  to  sell ;  and  if  they  are  protected  by  mcani 
of  a  monopoly,  or  an  exclusive  privilege,  from  the  risk  of  being  undersold  by  others,  they  never 
hesitate  about  raising  the  price  of  their  products  to  the  highest  elevation  that  the  competition 
of  the  buyers  will  allow  them ;  and  thus  frequently  realise  the  most  exorbitant  profits. 

And  yet,  notwithstanding  these'advantagea,  such  is  the  negligence,  profusion,  and  pecula- 
tion, inseparable  from  the  management  of  great  commercial  companies,  that  even  those  that 
have  had  the  monopoly  of  the  most  advantageous  branches  of  commerce  have  rarely  been 
able  to  keep  out  of  debt  It  will  be  shown  in  the  article  East  Innik  Compant,  that  that 
association  has  lost  by  its  trade ;  and  that,  had  it  not  been  for  the  aid  derived  from  the  reve- 
nues  of  India,  it  must  long  since  have  ceased  to  exist  To  buy  in  one  market ;  to  sell  with 
profit  in  another ;  to  watch  over  tlie  perpetually  occurring  variations  in  the  prices,  and  in 
the  supply  and  demand  of  commodities ;  to  suit  with  dexterity  and  judgment  the  quantity 
and  quality  of  goods  to  the  wants  of  each  market ;  and  to  conduct  each  operation  in  the  best 
and  cheapest  manner ;  requires  a  degree  of  unremitting  vigilance  and  attention,  which  would 
be  visionary  to  expect  from  the  directors  or  servants  of  a  great  joint  stock  association.  Hence 
it  hail  happened,  over  and  over  again,  that  branches  of  commerce  which  proved  ruinous  to 
companies,  have  l>ecome  exceedingly  profitable  when  carried  on  by  individuals. 

6.  Constitution  of  Companies. — WK  --  ->onlication  is  made  to  parliament  for  an  act  to 
inoorporato  a  number  of  individuals  in.  .it  stock  company  for  the  prosecution  of  any 

useful  undertaking,  care  ought  to  be  *<•  .t  to  concede  to  them  any  privileges  tliat  may 

be  rendered  injurious  to  the  public.  If  n  cui.ipany  be  formed  for  the  construction  of  a  dock, 
a  road,  or  a  canal,  it  may  be  necessary,  in  order  to  stimulate  individuals  to  engage  in  the  un- 
dertaking, to  give  them  some  peculiar  privileges  for  a  certain  number  of  years.  Bui  if  othei 
persons  were  to  be  permanently  hindered  from  constructing  new  docks,  or  opening  new  lines 
of  communication,  a  lasting  injury  might  be  done  to  the  public.  It  may  be  highly  expe- 
dient to  incorporate  a  company  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  water  into  a  city  ;  but  supposing 
there  were  no  springs  in  the  vicinity,  other  than  those  to  which  this  company  has  acquired  a 
right,  tlicy  might  unless  restrained  by  the  act  incorporoting  them,  raise  the  price  of  water  to 
an  exorbitant  height ;  and  make  large  profits  for  themselves  at  the  expense  and  to  the  injury 
of  the  public.  In  all  cases  of  this  sort;  and  in  the  case,  indeed,  of  all  joint  stock  companies 
established  for  tho  formation  of  canals,  railroads,  &c. ;  it  would  be  sound  jiolicy  to  limit  the 
rates  charged  for  their  services,  or  on  account  of  the  water,  ships,  goods,  &c.  conveyed  hy 
their  means,  and  also  to  limit  the  dividends,  or  to  lix  a  mdximum  licy  ond  which  they  should 
not  be  augnicntcd ;  enacting,  that  if  the  rates  charged  by  the  company  produce  more  than 
•uflicient  to  pay  the  maximum  rate  of  dividend,  and  to  defray  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  aijiie- 


COMPANIES. 


460 


duct,  canal,  &c.,  thej  ohall  be  allowed  to  reduce  them  till  they  only  yield  this  much ;  uid, 
in  the  event  of  their  declining  to  do  so,  that  the  whole  surplus  above  paying  the  dividend 
ihall  be  applied  to  purchase  up  the  stock  of  the  association,  so  that  ultimately  the  charges  on 
tccount  of  dividends  may  be  entirely  abolished.  Had  this  principle  been  acted  upon  when 
canals  first  began  to  be  formed  in  England,  the  carriage  of  goods  conveyed  by  some  of  the 
niOBt  important  lines  of  communication  would  now  have  cost  almost  nothing ;  and  this  de- 
sirable result  might  have  been  accomplished  in  the  way  now  suggested,  without,  we  believe, 
diminishing  in  any  degree  the  number  of  those  undertakings.  There  are  few  who,  at  the 
time  they  engage  in  such  enterprises,  suppose  that  they  will  yield  more  than  10  or  12  per 
cent.;  and  vast  numbers  will  always  be  disposed  to  engage  in  them,  if  there  bo  any  reasona- 
ble prospect  of  their  yielding  this  much.  Now,  when  such  is  the  case,  is  it  nut  the  duty  of 
government  to  provide,  in  the  event  of  the  undertaking  becumiiig  in  an  unexpected  and  un- 
usual degree  profitable,  that  the  public  should  derive  some  advantage  from  it  (  This  is  not 
a  case  in  which  coni|>etition  can  reduce  profits  to  the  common  level.  The  best,  perhaps  the 
onlv  practicable,  line  for  a  canal  or  railroad  between  any  two  places  will  be  appropriated  by 
those  who  are  first  in  the  field ;  who  thus,  in  fact,  obtain  a  natural  monopoly  of  which  they 
cannot  l>e  deprived :  and  hence  the  advantage  of  limiting  the  charges  and  dividemls :  with- 
out discouraging  enterprise,  it  affords  a  security  that  private  individuals  shall  not  reap  an 
unusual  and  unlooked  for  profit  at  the  expense  of  the  public 

In  all  those  cases  in  which  companies  are  formed  for  the  prosecution  of  undertakings  that 
may  be  carried  on,  with  equal  advantage  to  the  public,  by  individuals ;  or  where  there  are 
no  very  considerable  difliculties  to  overcome,  or  risks  to  encounter;  they  ought  to  enjoy  no 
privilege  whatever,  but  should  be  regarded,  in  every  point  of  view,  as  if  they  were  mere  in- 
dividuals. 

For  accounts  of  the  principal  joint  stock  and  regulated  companies  established  in  this 
countrv,  see  the  articles  Bank  of  Exoland,  Docks,  East  India  Compant,  Ixsurakce, 
Russia  Company,  &c.  &c. 

6.  Companies  en  Commandite. — In  France  there  is  a  sort  of  companies  denomin.?.ted 
tocieles  en  commandite,  A  society  of  this  description  consists  of  one  or  more  partners, 
liable,  without  limitation,  for  the  debts  of  the  company ;  and  one  or  more  partners,  or  com- 
mundilaires,  liable  only  to  the  extent  of  the  funds  they  have  subscribed.  A  commanditaire 
must  not,  however,  take  any  part  in  the  business  of  the  company  ;  if  ho  do  this,  he  loses  his 
inviolability,  and  makes  himself  responsible  for  the  debts  of  the  association.  The  names  of 
the  partners  in  such  societies  must  be  published,  and  the  amount  of  the  sums  contributed  by 
the  commanditaires. 

It  has  been  proposed  to  introduce  partnerships  of  this  sort  into  this  country ;  but  it  seenu 
very  doubtful  whether  any  thing  would  bo  gained  by  such  a  measure.  Partnorships  en 
commandite  may  be  very  easily  abused  or  rendered  a  means  of  defrauding  the  public.  It  is 
quite  visionary  to  imagine  thai  the  commanditaires  can  be  prevented  from  indirectly  influ- 
encing the  other  partners :  and  supposing  <i  collusion  to  exist  amongst  them,  it  might  lie 
passible  for  them  to  divide  large  sums  as  profit,  when,  perhaps,  they  had  really  sustained  a 
loss ;  and  to  have  the  books  of  the  association  so  contrived,  that  it  might  be  very  difficult  to 
detect  the  fraud.    This,  it  is  alleged,  is  by  no  means  a  rare  occurrence  in  France. 

7.  Civic  Companies,  or  Corporations. — Exclusive  of  the  companies  previously  mentioned,, 
a  number  of  ancient  companies  or  corporations  exist  in  this  and  most  other  European  coun- 
tries, the  members  of  which  enjoy  certain  political  as  well  as  commercial  privileges.  When 
the  feuJal  system  began  to  be  subverted  by  the  establishment  of  good  order  and  regular  go- 
vernment in  the  towns,  the  inhabitants  were  divided  into  certain  trades  or  cor|X)rations,  by 
which  tl)e  magistrates  and  other  functionaries  were  chosen.  The  mcmliers  of  thi'se  trades, 
or  corporations,  partly  to  enhance  the  value  of  their  privileges,  and  partly  to  provide  a  re- 
source, in  case  of  adversity,  for  themselves,  acquired  or  usurped  the  power  of  enacting  by- 
laws regulating  the  admission  of  new  moinbers,  and  at  the  same  lime  set  al>ont  providing  a 
fund  for  the  support  of  such  as  accident  or  misfortune  might  reduce  to  a  state  of  indigence. 
Hence  the  origin  of  apprenticeships,  the  refusal  to  allow  any  one  not  a  member  of  a  corpora- 
tion to  carry  on  any  business  within  the  precincts  of  any  town  corporate,  and  the  various 
re;;ul!itions  that  had  to  be  submitted  to,  and  the  fees  that  had  to  be  paid  by  the  claimants  for 
inrolment  in  corporations.  For  a  lengthened  period  these  privileges  and  rei^julations  were 
very  oppressive.  Within  the  last  century,  however,  their  iniluencu  has  been  progressively 
diminishing.  In  France,  where  the  abuses  insei>arat>le  from  the  system  had  attained  to  a 
very  great  height,  it  was  entirely  swept  off  by  liie  Revolution :  and  though  corporations  slill 
exist  in  this  country,  they  hove  been  stripped  of  their  peculiar  franchises;  and  should  now, 
for  the  most  part,  lie  regarded  more,  perhaps,  in  the  light  of  charitable  than  of  political  insti- 
tutions. It  would  be  well,  however,  were  they  reduced  entirely  to  the  former  character; 
and  were  the  few  political  and  commercial  privileges,  which  they  still  enjoy,  communicated 
to  the  rest  of  the  citizens.  At  their  first  institution,  and  for  some  time  after,  corporations, 
considered  as  poUtical  bodies,  were  probably  useful:  but  such  is  no  longer  the  case;  and  iti 


.,i,r 


P 


li- 


460 


COMPASS. 


n  far  u  they  now  possess  aiij  special  immunities,  they  tend  to  obstruct  that  free  competition 
that  is  so  advantageous. 

Th*-  ibllowing  extract  from  a  Report  on  the  Commerce  and  Manufutturea  of  (he  UnHeJ 
States,  drawn  up  by  Albert  Gallatin,  Esq.,  then  secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  Inid  li.l'iire 
Congress  in  1816,  sets  the  superior  advantages  resulting  from  tlte  unrestricted  freedom  of  -n* 
dustry  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view.  "  No  cause,"  says  he,  "  has,  perhaps,  more  pro 
moted  in  every  respect  the  general  improvement  of  the  United  States,  than  the  absonre  of 
those  systems  of  internal  restriction  and  monopoly  which  continue  to  disfigure  tlio  state  of 
society  in  other  countries.  No  laws  exist  here,  directly  or  indirectly,  confining  men  to  a 
particular  occupation  or  place,  or  excluding  any  citizen  from  any  branch  he  may,  at  any  lime 
tliink  proper  to  pursue.  Industry  is,  in  every  respect,  free  and  unfettered  ;  every  s\M.'c\ea  of 
trade,  commerce,  and  profession,  and  manufacture,  being  equally  open  to  all,  vuitlwui  remtir- 
ing  any  regular  apprenticeship,  admission,  or  licence.  Hence  the  improvement  of  America 
has  not  been  confined  to  the  improvement  of  her  agricallure,  and  to  the  rapid  formation  and 
settlement  of  new  states  in  the  wilderness;  but  her  citizens  have  extended  their  commerce  to 
every  part  of  the  globe,  and  carry  on  with  complete  success  even  those  branches  for  whicli  a 
monopoly  had  heretofore  been  considered  essentially  necessary." 

There  is  in  Rees's  Cyclopaedia,  article  Company,  a  list  of  the  diflerent  Civic  Companies 
belonging  to  the  City  of  London,  in  which  the  periods  o'f  their  incorporation,  and  various 
other  important  particulars  with  respect  to  several  of  them,  are  specified. 

COMPASS  (Ger.  Ein  Kompass  ,•  Du.  Zeekompas  /  Da.  Soekompass  ,•  Sp.  Siocnmpass . 
Fr.  Boussole,  Compas  de  mer  /  It.  Bitssola  ,•  Sp.  Aguja  de  marear  ,•  Port.  Compaino  de 
marear  ,•  Rus.  Kompass  korabtlnili),  or  mariner's  compass,  an  instrument  composed  of  a 
needle  and  card,  by  which  the  ship's  course  is  directed.  The  needle,  with  little  variation, 
always  points  towards  the  north,  and  hence  the  mode  of  steering  by  the  compass. 

The  common  opinion  is  that  the  compass  was  invented  by  Flavio  Gioia,  a  citizen  of  the 
once  famous  republic  of  Amalphi,  very  near  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  Ur. 
Robertson  has  adopted  this  opinion,  and  regrets  that  contemporary  historians  furnish  no  de- 
tails as  to  the  life  of  a  man  to  whose  genius  society  is  so  deeply  indebted, — (Hist,  of  America, 
vol.  i.  p.  47.  8vo  ed.)  But  though  Gioia  may  have  made  improvements  on  the  compass,  i 
has  been  shown  that  he  has  no  claim  to  be  considered  as  its  discoverer.  Passages  have  been 
produced  from  writers  who  flourished  more  than  a  century  before  Gioia,  in  which  the  fo- 
larity  of  the  needle,  when  touched  by  the  magnet,  is  distinctly  pointed  out.  Not  only,  how- 
ever, had  this  singular  property  been  discovered,  but  also  its  application  to  the  purposes  of 
navigation,  long  previously  to  the  fourteenth  century.  Old  French  writers  have  been  quoted 
{Mucpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce,  anno  1200;  Rees^s  Cyclopaedia),  that  seem  fully  to 
establish  this  fact.  But  whatever  doubts  may  exist  with  respect  to  them,  cannot  aftect  the 
passages  which  the  learned  Spanish  antiquary,  Don  Antonio  de  Capmany  (  Questionen  Crili- 
COS,  pp.  73 — 132),  has  given  from  a  work  of  the  famous  Raymond  Lully  {De  Conlempla- 
fume)  published  m  1272.  In  one  place  Lully  says,  "  as  the  needle,  when  touched  by  the 
magnet,  naturally  turns  to  the  north"  (sicut  acus  per  naturam  virtitur  ad  septeiitrioiiem 
dum  sit  facta  a  magnele).  This  is  conclusive  as  to  the  author's  acquaintance  with  the  po- 
larity of  the  needle ;  and  the  following  passage  from  the  same  work — "  as  the  nautical  needle 
directs  mariners  in  their  navigation,"  {sicut  acus  nautica  dirigit  marinurios  in  sua  naviga- 
tione,  4-c.)  is  no  less  conclusive  as  to  its  being  used  by  sailors  in  regulating  their  course. 
There  are  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  mode  in  which  the  needle  Raymond  Lully  iiad  in 
view  was  made  use  of.  It  has  been  suificiently  established — (see  the  authorities  already 
referred  to,  and  Azuni,  Dissertation  sur  VOrigine  de  la  Boussole,) — that  it  was  usual  to 
float  the  needle,  by  means  of  a  straw,  on  the  surface  of  a  kisin  of  water ;  and  Capmany 
contends  that  we  are  indebted  to  Gioia  for  the  card,  and  the  method  now  followed  of  sus- 
pending the  needle ;  improvements  which  have  given  to  the  compass  all  its  convenience, 
and  a  very  larg^  portion  of  its  utility.  But  this  part  of  his  Dissertation,  though  oquaily 
learned  and  ingenious,  is  by  no  means  so  satisfactory  as  the  other.  It  is  diificult  to  conceive 
how  mariners  at  sea  could  have  availed  themselves  of  a  floating  needle ;  but,  however  this 
may  be,  it  seems  most  probable  that  Gioia  had  considerably  improved  the  coitstruciion  of 
the  compass ;  and  that,  the  Amalphitans  having  been  the  first  to  introduce  it  to  general  use, 
he  was,  with  excusable  partiality,  represented  by  them,  and  subsequently  regarded  by  others, 
as  its  inventor. 

The  reader  will  not  consider  these  details  out  of  place  in  a  work  on  commerce,  wliich  the 
compass  has  done  so  much  to  extend.  "  Its  discovery,"  to  borrow  the  language  of  Mr.  Mac- 
pherson,  "  has  given  birth  to  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  commerce  and  navigation.  The 
former  it  has  extended  to  every  shore  of  the  globe,  and  increased  and  multiplied  its  opera- 
tions and  beneficial  etfects  in  a  degree  which  was  not  conceivable  by  those  who  lived  in  the 
«!arlier  ages.  The  latter  it  has  rendered  expeditious,  and  comparatively  safe,  by  enabling 
the  navigator  to  launch  out  upon  the  ocean  free  from  the  danger  of  rocks  and  shuals.  By 
the  use  of  this  noblo  instrument,  the  whole  world  has  become  one  vast  commercial  common 


COMPOSITION— CONSTANTINOPLE. 


401 


hat  free  competition 


wealth,  the  most  distant  inhabitants  of  the  earth  are  brought  together  for  their  mutual  advan* 
tage,  ancient  prejudices  are  obliterated,  aiid  minkind  are  civilued  and  enlightened." — (Vol. 

i.  p.  366.) 

COMPOSITION,  in  commerce,  commonly  implies  the  dividend  or  ram  paid  by  an  inaoU 
Tcnt  debtor  to  his  creditors,  and  accepted  by  xhem  in  payment  for  their  debti. 

CONEY  WOOL  (Ger.  KaninchmwoUe  ,•  Du.  Konynhair.-  Fr.  Poilde  lapin ,-  It  Ptb 
di  Caniglio  s  Sp.  Conejuna),  the  fur  of  rabMts.  This  article  is  extensively  used  in  the  hat 
itianufHCture ;  and  besiJea  the  large  supplies  raised  at  home,  a  great  deal  is  imported.  The 
iiiiporls  usually  range  from  about  300,000  to  about  600,000  skins  a  year;  but,  in  1831, 
they  exceeded  900,000,  while,  in  1827,  they  virere  only  197,000. 

CONSTANTINOPLE,  formerly  the  metropolis  of  the  Eastern,  as  it  still  is  of  the  Turk- 
ish Empire,  is  situated  on  a  triangular  point  of  land,  on  the  European  side  of  the  Sea  of 
Marmara  (Propontis),  at  the  point  where  it  unites  with  the  Bosphorus,  or  channel  leading 
to  the  Black  Sea,  in  lat  41°  O'  12"  N.,  Ion.  28°  69'  2"  E.  Population  variously  estimated 
at  from  300,000  to  600,000,  but  believed,  by  the  best  authorities,  to  be  about  400,000.  The 
tituation  of  tliis  renowned  city  is,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  one  of  the  finest  imaginable. 
Standing  on  tlie  narrow  straits  uniting  the  Mediterranean  and  Euxine  Seas,  «he  at  once 
commands,  and  is  the  entrep&t  for,  the  commerce  between  them.  The  harbour,  whence  the 
Turkish  court  has  taken  the  appellation  of  the  Sublime  Porte,  I*  most  excellent  It  consists 
ofan  extensive  inlet,  or  arm  of  the  sea,  stretching  along  the  north-east  side  of  the  city, 
which  it  divides  from  the  suburbs  of  Galata  and  Pera.  It  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  to 
float  the  largest  ships,  and  can  accommodate  more  than  1,000  sail.  The  strong  current  that 
eets  through  the  Bosphorus  into  the  Sea  of  Marmara  strikes  against  Seraglio  Point — (see 
Plan) ;  a  part  of  the  water,  being  in  consequence  forced  into  the  harbour,  runs  along  its 
Muth-western  side  in  the  direction  marked  by  the  arrows — (see  Plan), — till,  aniving  at  its 
extremity,  it  escapes  by  the  opposite  side.  In  the  middle  the  water  is  still.  On  leaving  the 
port,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  well  over  to  the  northern  side ;  for  otherwise  the  ship  might  be 
taken  by  the  current,  and  driven  on  Seraglio  Point  It  may  be  worth  while,  however,  to 
remark,  that  notwithstanding  this  inconvenience,  the  current  has  been  of  signal  service  to 
the  city,  by  scouring  the  harbour,  and  carrying  away  the  filth  and  ballast  by  which  it  must 
otherwise  have  been  long  since  choked  up.  The  distance  across  from  Seraglio  Point  to  the 
opposite  suburb  of  Scutari,  on  the  Asiatic  coast  is  rather  more  than  an  English  mile.  Within 
less  than  ^  of  a  mile  of  the  latter  is  a  rocky  islet,  upon  which  is  a  tower  and  light-house, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Tower  of  Leander.  Foreigners  reside  in  Galata,  Pera,  and  the 
luburbs  on  the  eastern  side  of  .he  harbour ;  and  it  is  there,  consequently,  that  the  principal 
trade  of  the  place  is  carried  on.     The  quays  are  g^od,  and  ships  lie  close  alongside. 

The  Bosphorus,  or  channel  of  Constantinople,  runs  in  a  N.  E.  by  N.  direction  about  15 
miles,  varying  in  breadth  from  1^  to  ^  mile.  It  is  swept  by  a  rapid  current  which  it  requires 
a  brisk  gale  to  stem,  and  has  throughout  a  great  depth  of  water.  The  Hellespont,  or  strait 
of  the  Dardanelles,  leading  from  the  Archipelago  to  the  Sea  of  Marmara,  is  about  13  leagues 
in  length.  Its  direction  is  nearly  N.  E.  Where  narrowest  it  is  little  more  than  a  mile 
across.    It  also  is  swept  by  a  strong  current,  and  has  deep  water  throughout 

The  subjoined  plan  of  part  of  Constantinople  and  its  port  is  copied,  without  reduction, 
from  the  beautiful  plem  of  the  city  and  Bosphorus,  drawn  and  engraved  by  M.  Merzoff 
Robert  of  Munich,  and  published  by  Mr.  Wilde,  of  this  city. 

Nothing  can  be  more  imposing  than  the  appearance  of  the  city  when  seen  from  the  sea, 
but  CD  landing  the  illusion  vanishes.  The  streets  are  narrow,  dark,  ill-pavcd  and  irregular. 
Owing  to  the  want  of  any  effective  system  of  police,  and  of  the  most  ordinary  attention  to 
cleanliness,  they  are  extremely  filthy ;  and  are  inte!>ted  with  herds  of  dogs,  and  also  with  rats, 
which  perform  the  functions  of  scavengers.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  wood,  and  fires 
are  very  frequent  Most  of  these  happen  designedly  ;  the  burning  of  a  few  hundred  houses 
being  deemed  the  readiest  and  most  effectual  means  of  making  the  government  aware  of  the 
public  dissatisfaction,  and  of  procuring  a  redress  of  grievances ! 

JfoMy.— Accounts  are  kept  in  piastres  of  40  paras,  or  ISO  aspers.  The  Turkkh  coin  has  been  so 
much  degraded,  that  the  piastre,  which  a  ffaw  years  ago  was  worth  3«.  sterling,  is  now  wortli  little 
more  than  id.    A  bng  of  silver  {krfcr)  "  SOO  piastres,  and  a  bag  of  gold  (kitie)  —  30,000  piastres. 

Wiight$  and  Meaauret. — 1'be  couimercial  weiglits  are — 176  drams  =  1  roitolo ;  2'372  rottoli  ~  1  oke  ; 
8  okes  »  1  balDian ;  7^  batmnns  =  1  quintal  or  cantaro  =  1S4-497  (1341  very  nearly)  lbs.  avoirdupois 
1=  56'437  kilogrammes  °>  116'S27  lbs.  of  Hamburgh.  The  quintal  of  cotton  is  4S  okes  =  1U7-2  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

The  pik,  or  pike,  is  of  two  sorts,  the  greater  and  the  less.  The  greater,  CRiled  halebi  or  artehim  used 
in  the  measurement  of  silks  and  woollens,  is  very  near  28  inches  (!n''9).  The  lesser  called  emir«e,  need 
in  the  measuring  of  cottons,  carpets,  &.c.  °  27  inches.  Hence  100  Ion?  piks  -  77'4!)S  English  yards, 
iind  100  short  piks=  75'154do.  But  in  ordinary  commercial  aflbirs,  the  pik  is  eatimutcd  ut  |cf  nn 
English  yard. 

Corn  is  measured  by  the  kislot  or  killow  =  0'941  of  a  Winchester  bushel ;  81  ki>iloz  -  1  quarter.  The 
fortin  =  4  kisloz. 

Oil  and  other  liquids  are  sold  by  the  alma  or  meter  =  1  gallon  3  pints  English  wine  measure.  The 
oini.i  of  oil  should  weigh  8  oket.—iM'elkevbrecher  and  Dr. Kelly.) 

The  Port  Charges  on  account  of  English  vcsaeis  ill  the  harbours  of  the  Ottoman  empire  are  tixed  bf 
treaty  at  300  aspers,  neither  more  nor  less. 

2«2 


462 


n     *^ 


CONSTANTINOPLE. 


00 


Refereneei  la  Plan.— A,  Sernglio  Point ;  B,  Galata ;  C,  Scutari ;  D,  Tower  and  IlghtbQuse  of  lean- 
di:r.    The  arrow  shows  the  direction  of  tlie  currents.    The  soundings  are  in  fiitlionis.  ^ 

Trade,  ^e. — Owing  to  the  vicious  institutions  of  the  Turks  and  the  disorganised  state  of 
the  empire,  the  trade  of  Constantinople  is  very  far  from  being  so  extensive  as  might  be  sup- 
posed from  its  situation  and  population.  The  imports  consist  of  com,  iron,  timber,  tallow, 
and  furs,  principally  from  the  Black  Sea ;  and  of  cotton  stuffs  and  yarn,  tin,  tin  plates,  wool- 
lens, silks,  cutlery,  watches  and  jewellery,  paper,  glass,  furniture,  indigo,  cochineal,  &c.from 
England  and  other  European  countries.  Corn  and  coffee  are  imported  from  Alexandria ; 
but  a  good  deal  of  Brazil  and  West  India  coffee  is  also  imported,  particularly  in  American 
liottoms.  Sugar  is  partly  imported  from  the  East,  but  principally  from  the  West  Indiex. 
The  exports  are  very  trifling,  consisting  of  silk,  carpets,  hides,  wool,  goats'  hair,  potashefi, 
wax,  galls,  bullion  and  diamonds,  and  a  few  other  articles.    Ships  carrying  goods  to  Con- 


CONSTANTINOPLE. 


46a 


fWitinopI')  either  return  in  ballast,  or  get  roturn  cargoca  at  Smyrna,  Odeawi,  Sulonira,  See., 
en  whico  places  they  frequontly  procure  bills  at  Constantinople.  Trade  is  chielly  in  tho 
buMl-i  of  Biigliiih,  French,  ami  other  Europran  merchants  (denominated  Pranks)  and  of 
Armenians  and  Ureoks.  Bargains  are  negotiated  on  tlieir  account  by  Jew  Lrokers,  some  of 
whom  are  rich. 

Cnmmerclal  Poliei/  of  the  Turks. — It  is  singular  that  as  respects  commerce,  the  policy 
cf  the  Turkish  government,  whether  originating  in  design  or  carelossness,  is  entitled  to  the 
highest  praise.  "  No  restrictions,"  says  Mr.  Thornton,  "  are  laid  on  commerce,  except  in 
•iieTristance  of  a  general  prohilnlion  of  exporting  the  aiticles  necessary  for  the  support  of 
kuman  life  to  forei^i  countries,  especially  from  the  capital,  where  alone  it  is  rigorously 
tnforced;  and  this  impolitic  restraint  will  no  douht  be  removed  when  the  Turkish  go* 
wmment  shall  I)ecome  sensible,  that  what  is  intended  as  the  means  of  securing  abundance, 
«,  in  fact,  the  solo  cause  of  that  scarcity  which  is  sometimes  ex|ieriencod,  Willi  thi»  one 
nception,  commerce  is  perfectly  free  and  unfettered.  Every  article  of  foreign  or  domestic 
^wth  or  manufacture  is  conveyed  into  every  port,  and  over  every  province,  without  any 
interference  on  the  part  of  tho  magistrates,  at\er  payment  of  the  duties.  On  this  subject  I 
ipeak  from  actual  experience,  and  may  appeal  to  every  foreign  or  native  merchant  in  Tur- 
key fur  its  general  truth." — (Present  Slate  of  Turkty,  vol.  i.  p.  82.) 

The  duties,  too,  are  extremely  moderato,  being  only  three  per  cent,  on  imports,  and  as 
much  on  exports ;  so  that  in  almost  all  that  relates  to  her  commercial  regulations,  Turkey 
is  entitled  to  read  a  lesson  to  the  most  civilized  European  powers;  and  this  she  has  done  in 
a  very  able  manner,  in  an  official  paper  published  in  the  Moniteur  Ottoman,  in  September, 
1833.    We  extract  a  few  paragraphs  from  this  very  intt^resting  document 

"It  is  rerngnised  ttiroti^hniit  Eiirnpo  lliat  It  wnirid  lie  iisefiil  to  the  frent  innjoritjr  to  siibstttiite,  for 
the  syslniii  of  itroliihitinna,  that  of  liberty,  wliirii  thKoretli'ul  im>ii  advorale;  the  difficulty  is,  to  And 
Dieana  toneparate  the  future  from  the  pubt  without  a  viulcnt  rupturu.  lIuiicvlheililHrultieri  of^ovHrn- 
Blent  In  sniiitfyliig  all  the  exigencies  of  npriciiUuru,  industry,  and  coiiiiiierce,  Urivcu  in  a  circle  whore 
every  men«ure  in  ftivour  of  one,  nets  Immediately  In  on  invHrne  sense  on  the  other.  The  eiuleiivour 
If  vain  toestatilUh,  between  somany  crosaingintttredts,  a  fiictitinus  equilibrium  which  absolute  liberty 
of  exchange  alone  cun  give. 

"Thii9,onc  of  the  most  importiint  (luestions  which  occupies  the  medltnlion  of  stntenmen  in  Europe, 
Is,  to  diicover  how  tho  pnlings  which  pen  commerce  up  in  narrow  spnccs  may  be  thrown  down  with- 
OHt  ahocki  that  mlKht  cndan)!er  public  order. 

"Uood  eense,  tolerance,  and  hospitality,  have  lone  ago  done  for  the  Ottoman  empire,  what  the 
other  states  of  Europe  are  endenvourinsj  to  elTect  by  more  or  leps  happy  political  combinations. 
Since  tho  throne  of  the  sultans  has  been  elevatinl  at  (Constantinople,  conimerciAl  prohibitions  have  been 
unknown ;  they  opened  all  the  (lorts  of  their  empire  to  the  commerce,  to  the  mnnutiictures,  to  the  ter- 
ritorial produce  of  tho  Occident,  or,  to  say  better,  of  the  whole  world.  Iiibcrty  of  commerce  has 
reigned  iiere  without  limits,  as  large,  as  extended  as  it  was  possible  to  he. 

"Never  has  the  divan  dreamed,  under  any  pretext  of  national  interest,  or  even  of  reciprocity,  of 
reatricting  that  faculty  which  has  been  exercised,  and  is  to  this  day,  in  the  most  unlimileii  sense,  bf 
all  the  nations  who  wish  to  furnish  a  portion  of  the  consumption  of  this  vast  empire,  and  to  share  in 
the  produce  of  its  territory. 

"Here  every  object  of  exchnnRe  Is  admitted,  and  circulates  without  meeting  any  obstacle  other 
than  the  payment  of  an  inhnitely  small  imrtion  of  the  value  to  the  Custom-house.  The  chimera  of  a 
balance  of  trade  never  entered  into  ho.ids  sensible  enough  not  to  dream  <if  calculating  whether  there 
was  most  profit  In  buying  or  selling.  Thus  the  markets  of  Turkey,  supplied  from  all  countries,  refuse 
ing  no  objects  which  mercantile  spirit  puts  in  circulation,  and  inipusing  no  charge  on  the  vessels  that 
transport  tliam,  are  seldom  or  never  the  scenes  of  those  disordered  movements  »ccasioni;d  by  tho  sud- 
den dellcicncy  of  such  nr  such  merchandise,  which,  exorbitantly  raising  prices,  are  the  scourges  of  tha 
Inwer  order.'!,  by  unsettling  their  habits,  and  by  inflicting  privations.  From  the  sysluni  of  restrictions 
and  prohibitions  arise  those  devouring  tides  and  ebbs  which  sweep  away  in  a  day  the  labour  of  years, 
and  convert  commerce  into  a  career  of  alarms  and  perpetual  dangers.  In  Turkey,  where  this  system 
doea  not  exist,  these  disastrous  elfects  are  unknown. 

"Tiie  extreme  moderation  of  the  duties  la  the  complement  of  this  regime  uf  co>  "..  i^lal  liberty  r 
and  in  no  portion  of  the  globe  aru  the  ofScers  charged  with  the  collection,  of  more  t '  •:<  i:!:ig  facility 
for  the  valuations,  and  ol^  so  decidedly  conciliatory  a  spirit  in  every  transaction  regnrdin    cnunnerce. 

"Away  witli  the  supposition  thattliese  facilities  granted  to  strangers  are  concessions  e-itorted  from 
weakness!  Tho  dates  of  the  contracts  termed  capitulations,  which  establish  the  rights  actiiiilly  en- 
Joyed  by  foreign  merchants,  recall  periods  nt  whiih  the  Mussulman  power  was  altogether  predciini- 
nant  in  Europe.  The  first  capitulation  which  France  obtained  was  in  1535,  from  Soiimun  the  L'unonist 
(the  Magnilicent).  Tlie  dispositions  of  these  contracts  have  become  antiquated,  the  fundamental 
principles  remain.  Thus  300  years  ago,  the  sultans,  by  nn  act  of  munitkeiirn  and  of  reason,  nntici- 
patsd  the  must  ardent  desires  of  civilised  Europe,  and  proclaimed  unlimited  freedom  of  commerce." 

Did  the  policy  of  Turkey  in  other  respects  harmonise  with  this,  she  would  be  one  of  the 
most  civilised  and  powerful  of  nations,  instead  of  being  one  of  the  most  abject  and  degraded. 
Unfortunately,  however,  this  is  very  fur  from  being  the  case.  Tyranny,  corruption,  and 
insecurity  universally  prevail.  "  The  cultivator  of  the  soil  is  ever  a  helpless  prey  to  injus- 
tice and  oppression.  The  government  agents  have  to  suii'or  in  their  turn  from  the  cruelty 
and  rapacity  of  which  they  themselves  have  been  guilty  ;  and  the  manufacturer  has  to  bear 
his  full  share  of  the  common  insecurity :  he  is  lixed  to  the  spot  and  cai.'uot  escape  the  grasp 
of  the  local  governor.  The  raw  material  monopolised  by  a  bey  or  ayan,  may  be  forced  upon 
him  at  a  higher  price  than  ho  could  purchase  it  himself,  and  perhaps  of  inferior  quality , 
fines  may  be  imposed  upon  him,  he  may  bo  taken  for  forced  labour,  or  troops  may  be  quar- 
tered on  his  workshop." — {Urquhart  on  Turkey  and  its  Resources,  p.  1390 

This  miserable  system  has  overspread  some  of  tho  fairest  provinces  of  Europe  and  Asia 
with  baibarism — turned  their  cities  into  villages,  and  their  palaces  into  cottages :  but  the 


!■ 


il 


t 


il 


th 


r-  M  t^i«i-  -  r-nr^n  'y 


404 


CONSTANTINOPLE. 


degradation  in  whicli  they  are  involved,  would  have  Iteen  atill  more  romplt'te,  but  for  iht 
freedom  of  commerce  they  have  alwayi  enjoyed.  Thi«  ham  tendrd  to  krnp  alive  the  tttdt 
of  industry,  and  to  countera. '  the  deitructive  influence  of  oppreaiion  and  iniecurity.  Hid 
their  intcrcourae  with  forcignera  been  either  prohibited,  or  placed  under  opprecttive  rmtrie- 
tiona,  the  barbarism  uf  Turkey  would  have  been  completed,  and  itii  ditlicult  to  luppotn  thit 
there  could  have  been  either  wealth  or  industry  in  the  empire. 

7VWe  nf  Turkey  xoith  England.  —  The  trade  Iwtween  this  country  and  Turkry  in  of 
much  greater  value  and  importance  than  is  generally  supposed ;  and  appcira  to  lie  suaceptibla 
of  an  almost  indefinite  increase.  Cotton  stulia  and  twist  are  the  grcnt  articles  of  rxport 
from  Great  Britain  to  Turkey  ;  and  notwithstanding  the  convulsed  and  dislrortcd  sthteoftha 
latter  during  the  last  5  yean,  she  has  continued  to  take  oflf  a  rapidly  increa«ing  amount 
of  them  staple  articles.  In  1625,  for  example,  we  exported  direct  for  Turkey,  (Including 
what  is  now  the  kingdom  of  Greece),  13,674,000  yards  of  cotton  cloth,  and  44G,40!t  IIm. 
of  cotton  twist;  whcrcaa,  in  1831,  we  exported  to  Turkey  (exclusive  of  the  Mores), 
24,666,000  yards  of  cloth,  and  1,735,760  lbs.  of  twist,  being  an  inrreane  of  nearly  100  per 
cent,  in  the  exporta  of  atufls,  and  of  400  per  cent  in  those  of  yarn  !  The  Turkish  nian» 
facturea  of  muslins,  ginghams,  handkerchiefs,  &c.  have  sutl'ered  severely  from  this  extraor- 
dinary importation  of  British  goods ;  so  much  so,  that  of  600  looms  for  muslins  huiily 
employed  in  Scutari  in  1812,  only  40  remained  in  1831;  and  of  it.OOO  weaving  establish- 
tnents  in  Tournovo,  at  the  former  epoch,  there  were  only  800  at  the  latter !  —  (  Urqultart 
on  Turkei/,  ^.  p.  150.)  But  the  great  consumption  of  Turkey  consists  of  coarse  hoim- 
made  fabrics ;  and  we  are  assured  by  the  very  intelligent  author  now  referred  to,  that  thii 
great  branch  haa  not  been  sensibly  affected  by  our  imports.  Hitherto,  indeed,  thry  hava 
been  principally  intended  fur  the  wealthier. part  of  the  community;  but  as  cottons  are 
universally  worn  by  the  mass  of  the  people,  the  trade  will  not  attain  to  any  thing  like  tha 
extent  to  which  it  may  be  carried,  till  we  supply  the  peasantry  with  the  stuiT)  suitable  for 
their  use.  It  is  creditable  to  the  discernment  of  the  Americans,  that  they  were  the  first  to 
perceive  the  superior  importance  of  this  class  of  customers,  and  to  set  about  supplying  them 
with  coarse  unbleached  atufis.  The  Manchester  manufacturers  immediately  followed  in  tha 
aamc  track,  and  with  signal  success.  Plain  gixxla  now  form  the  half  of  our  investments  for 
Turkey ;  and  it  is  impossible,  seeing  the  extent  to  which  articles  of  this  sort  are  made  uh 
of  in  all  parts  of  the  empire,  and,  indeed,  of  the  East,  to  form  any  clear  idea  of  what  may  b« 
the  future  magnitude  of  this  trade. 

Of  the  European  states,  Austria  and  Switzerland  have  been  our  most  formidable  rivals  io 
tho  supply  of  Turkey  with  cottons.  The  stulfs  were,  in  several  respects,  well  fitted  for  the 
Eastern  markets ;  but  owing  to  the  difficulty  they  lay  under  of  getting  returns,  and  the  con- 
tinued and  rapid  reduction  in  the  price  of  English  cottons,  we  seem  to  have  gained  a  decided 
advantage  over  them,  and  are  now  nearly  in  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  market. 
Cheapness  is  every  where  the  grand  desideratum.  Though  our  muslins  and  chintzes  be  ilill 
very  inferior  in  fineness  to  those  of  the  East,  and  our  red  dye  (a  colour  in  great  esteem  in 
Turkey,  Persia,  &c.)  be  inferior  in  brillitincy,  these  defects  are  more  than  balanced  by  tha 
greater  cheapness  of  our  goods;  and  from  Smyrna  to  Canton,  from  Madras  to  Samarcand, 
we  are  every  where  supplanting  the  native  fabrics ;  and  laying  the  foundations  of  a  com- 
merce that  will  be  eminently  beneficial  to  all  parties. 

Exclusive  of  cottons,  we  exported  to  CnnstantinoplK,  Smyrna,  nnd  ntlier  Turkish  porta,  In  1831, 
arms  ami  ammnnitinn  of  tlie  value  of  3I,76.'</.;  earthenware,  6,434/.;  harilwarc  nrd  rnllery,  ll,067(.; 
Iron  nnd  steel,  SO,09Si. ;  refined  sugnr,  4I,030(. ;  wnollens,  tn  ahove  t8,00(U. ;  and  some  l«M«r  artlclei; 
making,  with  cnttnn  stuffs  and  yarn,  the  declared  or  real  value  of  the  direct  exports  of  Itritliih  pro- 
duce and  manufactures  to  the  whole  empire  tl88,f!M{.,  beHides  thone  exported  to  it  nt  second  hand  from 
Mnltn,  the  Ionian  Inlands,  &.c.  We  also  supplied  Iier  with  n  considerahic  qnantily  of  colonial  produce. 
Our  imports  from  Turkey  during  the  same  year,  were,  wheat  7,3H3  quarters,  currants  8,702  cwt.,fi|[i 
96,S^t3  cwt.,  hides  4,683,  indigo  4,IHI  lbs.,  madder  root  33,M3  cwt.,  olive  oil  l()N,193  galloiii,  opium 
e,l»i  lbs.,  raisins  100,458  cwt.,  silk  4.53,266  lbs.,  valonia  103,355  cwt.,  cotton  wool  SC6,5£U  lbs.,  with  car- 
pets, bullion,  galls,  sponges,  fcc— (Pari.  Paper,  No.  55.  Hess.  1833.) 

Our  commerce  with  Turkey  would  be  considerably  facilitated  by  a  reduction  of  the  duties 

on  figs,  currants,  oil,  and  carpets.     Nothing,  however,  would  contribute  so  much  to  it* 

extension,  as  the  establishment  of  order  and  tranquillity  throughout  the  country.    But  this, 

wu  fear,  is  beyond  the  ability  of  the  Ottoman  government.    The  abuses  which  have  reduced 

the  empire  to  its  present  state  of  degradation  seem  to  be  inherent  in  th ;  structure  of  Turkish 

wKiety,  and  to  be  in  harmony  with  the  habits  and  pifjudicea  nf  the  people.     If  such  be  the 

case,  reform  must  come  from  without,  and  not  from  within.     But  of  whatever  other  advan< 

lages  a  revolution  might  be  productive,  it  u  difficult  to  believe  that  it  would  bring  along 

with  it  a  more  liberal  system  of  commercial  policy  than  that  which  at  present  exists.* 

*  The  treatise  of  Mr.  Urquhart,  entitled  Turkey  and  its  Kteourtrs,  to  which  we  are  principally  in- 
debted for  these  details,  is  a  work  of  distinguished  talent,  discovering  thrniiRhout  un  inllninte  ac- 
quaintance with  the  subjects  treated  of.  At  the  same  time  we  cunnot  help  diflc-ring  wholly  from  Mr 
t/rquliarl  in  hiH  views  as  to  diri'ci  and  indirect  taxation.  We  believe  that  no  incoiibidcrable  port  of 
thi!  poverty  and  degradation  o>'  Turkey  Ih  to  be  ascribed  to  the  prevalence  of  tlie  iuriiicr,  whlcii  hna 
•very  whore,  nnd  at  all  periods,  been  n  fruitful  source  of  oppression  nnd  misery.  The  most  super- 
ficial redder  of  ttiis  wotii  will  see  that  we  are  no  ixieuds  to  exceMlve  ciutonis  duties;  but  it  is  tothair 


CONSUL. 


46S 


CONSUL,  in  commerce,  an  officer  apiiointpcl  by  competent  authorlt/  to  rctiido  in  foreign 
eoutltrir^  in  t)ie  view  of  facilitating  and  oxtending  tiie  commerce  carried  on  lirtween  tha 
lutijecti  of  the  country  which  appoint*  him,  and  thoto  of  the  country  or  place  in  whicll 
lie  U  to  reside. 

On'giii  and  Appomlment  of  Conmft. — The  oflice  of  consul  appeani  to  hnvo  originated 
in  Italy,  about  ttio  middle  of  the  twelfth  century.  Soon  nficr  this,  tlio  French  and  other 
Christian  nations  trading  to  the  Levant  began  to  itipuhtc  for  litiorty  to  appoint  conMula 
to  nwide  in  the  porta  frequented  Iw  their  ihki|)S,  that  they  might  watch  over  the  intereiita 
of  their  (ulijecta,  and  judge  and  detcrniine  luch  diflorencrt  with  renpect  to  commercial 
at)!iirii  as  arose  amongHt  them.  The  practice  was  gradually  extended  to  other  countries ; 
ami  in  the  sixteenth  century  was  generally  established  all  over  Europe.  —  (Mttrtenii, 
Prki)  du  Droit  dea  Gent,  ^  147.) 

British  consuls  were  formerly  appointed  by  the  Crown,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
grrat  trading  companies,  or  of  the  mercliants  engaged  in  the  trade  with  a  particular  cnuntrr 
or  place ;  but  they  are  now  directly  appointed  by  government,  without  requiring  any  suca 
recnmtncndalion,  though  it,  of  course,  is  always  attended  to  when  m:ide. 

The  right  of  sending-  consuls  to  reside  in  foreign  countries  depends  either  upon  • 
tacit  or  express  convention.  Hence  their  powers  diiTer  very  widely  in  dilTurmt  Htates. 
In  some  they  exercise  a  very  extensive  jurisdiction  over  the  subjects  of  the  state  which 
ippnints  them ;  but  the  extent  of  this  jurisdiction  is  not  discretionary,  and  must,  in  all 
OLVB,  be  regulated  either  by  an  express  convention  between  the  state  appointing  and  tho 
itnte  receiving  the  consul,  or  by  custom.  Consuls  established  in  England  hnvc  no  judicial 
power;  and  the  British  government  has  rarely  stipulated  with  other  powers  for  much 
judicial  authority  for  its  consuls.  Turkey,  however,  is  an  exception  to  this  remark. 
En;;li9h  consuls  enjoy  in  that  country  several  peculiar  privileges  conferred  by  ancient 
trcntics,  and  confirmod  by  that  signed  at  tho  Dardanelles  in  1809.  It  is  there  stipulated 
and  agreed  U[)on— 

"That  if  there  happen  any  suit,  or  other  dilTcrence  or  dispute,  amnng  tho  Enclish  thRmsetves,  tht 
iicuioit  thereiif  shall  bo  left  to  their  ban  iimhaeMidiir  or  conaul,  according  to  tliclr  custuni,  witliout  the 
JikIer  or  nthRr  frnvernnra,  nnr  sinvus,  inti'rmedillliiK  Ihpreiii. 

"That  if  nn  RnirlHhiimn,  or  other  suhject  of  thut  nrittnn.  shall  bo  Involved  In  nqy  lawsuit,  or  other 
iffUIr  connected  with  In w,  (with  a  Turk,)  the  JudituHlinll  not  hear  nor  deiidetlntruiin,  until  the  ainlms- 
lailnr,  consul,  or  interpreter  slinll  be  proount ;  niiij  nil  suits  exceeding  tiiu  value  of  4,000  aspers,  iliall 
bo  liu.'ird  nt  the  Hnhliino  t'orie,  nnd  nn  whriro  else. 

"That  the  consuls  appointed  hy  the  English  anihussndnrs  in  nnr  sacred  domlninns,  for  the  protection 
ofthoir  niBrclmnts,  shall  never,  under  any  pretence,  lie  liiipriiinned,  nor  their  Ijonses  eealed  up,  nnr 
tlienwives  sent  uwny  ;  hut  all  suits  or  dinurencea  in  whicli  they  niuy  be  involved,  slmll  be  rcpKesented 
to  our  Sublime  Porte,  where  their  ninbasnador  will  answer  for  them.  ^ 

"That  in  case  any  Englishman,  or  other  peMon  subject  to  that  nation,  or  navigating  under  its  flag. 
aliduld  happen  to  die  in  oursucred  dominions,  our  fiscal  and  other  olHcers  sliall  nut,  upon  pretence  of  its 
uol  being  known  to  whom  the  projierty  belongs.  Interpose  any  opposition  or  violence,  hy  taking  or 
Kizing  the  effects  that  may  be  found  at  his  death,  hut  tliey  shall  he  delivered  up  to  such  Engllslininn, 
nhoever  he  may  bo,  to  whom  tho  deceased  may  have  left  them  by  his  will ;  and  should  he  have  died 
inteatate,  tlien  the  property  to  be  delivered  up  to  the  English  consul,  or  his  reprL'sentntive  who  may 
h)  then  present;  and  in  case  there  be  no  consul,  or  consular  representative,  th"y  Hhall  be  reeistered 
by  the  Judge,  In  order  to  his  delivering  up  the  whole  thereof,  whenever  any  ship  shall  be  sent  by  the 
luibaaaadur  to  receive  the  same." 

Conformably  to  these  capitulations,  and  tho  by-laws  of  tho  Levant  Company,  Nos.  39, 40, 
snd  41.,  the  consuls  were  authorised  to  administer  justice  in  all  cases  of  contention  amongst 
British  subjects  within  tho  Turkish  dominions ;  and  they  were  further  authorised  to  send  to 
England,  in  safe  custody,  any  British  subject  residttnt  in  Turkey,  who  should  decline  their 
jurisdiction,  or  appeal  from  them  to  the  courts  of  the  Grand  Sigiiior,  or  of  any  other 
potentate.  And  tho  acts  6  Geo.  4.  c.  33.  §  4. ,  for  tho  abolition  of  tho  Levant  Company, 
expressly  provides  for  the  continuance  to  the  consuls  appointed  by  his  Majesty,  of  the  same 
rights  and  duties  of  jurisdiction  over  British  subjects  in  Turkey,  that  were  enjoyed  by  tha 
consuls  appointed  hy  the  Company. 

At  present,  therefore,  consuls  in  Turkey  enjoy  extensive  judicial  powers,  but  owing  to  tho 
freedom  of  Turkish  commerce,  and  the  simplicity  of  the  regulations  under  which  it  is 
carried  on,  their  other  functions,  with  the  exce[ition  of  furnishing  statistical  detail.Ti,  none 
of  which  they  have  hitherto  communicated,  are  extremely  unimportant.*  Mr.  Urquhart, 
whose  opinion  as  to  all  that  respects  Turkey  is  deservedly  of  very  great  weight,  seems 
to  think  that  tho  judicial  powers  enjoyed  by  tho  European  consuls  in  that  country,  havo 

abuse,  and  not  to  the  duties  themselves,  that  -vr  object.  Tho  duties  we  impose  on  brandy,  for  exam- 
ple, have  been  carried  to  such  a  huiL'ht  as  to  di'feat  tliiMr  object,  and  to  be  productive  of  an  inimeiisu 
amount  of  sniupiling  and  demornlisatioii.  And  yet  there  can  he  no  uiori!  propi;r  sniijeit  of  ta.xation; 
nnr,  provided  the  duties  were  rediiciMl  to  8«.  or  lO.i.  a  galliiu,  is  it  po.?sil)le  to  imagine  any  less  unex- 
ceptionable tax.  Tile  dFifects  inherent  in  our  system  of  customs  duties  might  easily  be  reniovei^  not 
oaly  without  any  diminution,  but  with  a  large  aiceasion,  of  revenue ;  but  though  it  wore  otherwise, 
wn  are  satisfied  that  the  imposition  of  direct  taxes  on  property  or  income  would  occasion  more  injury 
la  the  course  of  4  or  5  years,  than  the  present  customs  duties,  with  all  their  delects,  would  occasion  in 
hair  a  century. 

*  Nn  answer  has  hitherto  (tSth  of  October,  1833}  been  received  to  the  Circular  QKcriw  flum  anr 
one  of  the  Turkish  consuls. 

09 


If 


4M 


CONSUL.       ^ 


\mtn  proiIuctiTfl  of  murh  miichirf.  Rtill,  however,  wa  doubt  whether  thej  couul  }^ 
entirely  <li-i|N'tiwil  with  in  a  country  «u  pprulinrly  filtuntcJ.  Uut  thrrn  con  lie  no  (jnnjit 
that  it  i*  hii(lily  nrccHciiry  tlint  tliu  [{rrntCMt  raro  ihould  bo  taken  in  tho  it^lfction  of  ihe 
indiviiltmU  to  wliom  tuch  powort  are  intruHtcd. 

Otiier  •tiile«  have  occanionaliy  iiiven  to  rnniuU  timilar  powora  tn  tho«o  ronorilrl  to 
them  in  'I'urloy.  7'hu4,  in  thn  treaty  l)ctw(*rn  Hweden  and  tlio  United  h'liitpn  of 
Amerira,  rutilu'd  on  the  Slth  of  July,  1818,  it  ix  alipulated  that  the  ronNuU  n|i|Miintc«l 
by  either  government  to  rewide  witliin  the  dominion*  of  the  other,  or  lli«ir  «ulwtituti-ii 
"vhall,  ari  Huch,  have  the  riitht  of  actiuf^  at  jiid^a  or  arbiters  in  all  cBHes  of  diU'cri'iirri 
which  may  arinn  lietwecn  tho  cuptuins  and  crews  of  the  vcmoIm  of  the  nation  whose 
alTuirs  are  intruftted  to  their  caro.  Tho  rrHpoctive  governments  shall  have  no  rit;lit  to 
interfere  in  the<o  sort  of  aflTairs,  except  in  the  case  of  tlie  conduct  of  tho  crewn  distiirbing 
public  order  and  trunquillity  in  the  country  in  which  the  vessel  may  hnp|)cn  to  lie,  or 
in  which  the  consul  of  the  place  may  be  obliged  to  rail  fur  tho  intervention  and  aujiiinrt 
of  the  executive  power,  in  order  to  cause  his  decision  to  lie  respected;  it  being,  howovcr 
well  underiitnnd,  that  this  sort  of  judgment  or  arbitration  cnnnot  deprive  the  contending 
parties  of  their  rights  of  appealing  on  their  return  to  the  judicial  authorities  of  thiir 
country." 

Duties  nf  Conmh,  —  The  duties  of  a  consul,  even  ir\  tho  confined  sense  in  which  they 
are  commonly  understood,  arc  important  and  multifurious.  It  is  his  business  to  !« 
always  on  tho  spot,  to  watch  over  the  commercial  interests  of  the  subjects  of  tho  etute 
whoKe  servant  ho  is;  to  be  ready  to  m»\M,  them  with  advice  on  all  doubtful  occaHions;  to 
see  that  the  conditions  in  commercial  treaties  are  properly  obHcrvcd;  that  those  ho  is 
appointed  to  protect  are  subjected  to  no  unnecessury  or  unjustifiable  demands  in  con- 
ducting their  business ;  to  reproi^cnt  their  grievances  to  the  authorities  at  tho  place  where 
they  reside,  or  to  thn  ambassador  of  tho  sovereign  appointing  him  at  t'  <  court  on  which 
the  consulship  depends,  or  to  the  government  nt  home ;  in  a  word,  lu  exert  hiniiiclf  to 
.cndcr  Ihe  condition  of  the  sulijects  of  the  country  employing  him,  whhin  tho  limits  of  his 
conHulship,  as  comfortable,  and  their  transactions  as  advantaijeouH  ond  secure,  as  posaililo, 

The  following  more  detailed  exposhion  of  the  gineral  dutiea  of  a  British  consul,  it 
taken  from  Mr.  (^itty's  work  on  Commercial  Imw  .•  — 

"  A  British  consul,  in  order  to  be  properly  qualined  for  his  employment,  sliould  tnko  care 
to  make  himself  master  of  tho  language  used  by  the  court  and  the  magistracy  of  the 
country  where  he  resides,  so  as  to  converse  with  ease  upon  subjects  relating  to  his 
duties.  If  the  common  people  of  the  port  use  another,  he  must  acquire  that  also,  that 
ho  may  be  able  to  settle  little  difTurcnces  without  troubling  tho  miigistraey  of  thn  place 
for  the  interposition  of  their  authority ;  such  as4iccidont4  happening  in  tho  harbour,  by 
the  ihips  of  one  nation  running  foul  of  and  doing  damage  to  each  other. 

"  He  ia  to  make  himself  acquainted,  if  he  be  not  already,  with  the  law  of  nations  and 
treaties,  with  the  tarif!'  or  specification  of  duties  on  articles  imported  or  exported,  and  with 
all  the  municipal  ordinances  and  laws. 

"  He  must  take  especial  notice  of  all  prohibitions  to  prevent  the  export  or  import  of  any 
articles,  an  well  on  the  part  of  the  stuto  wherein  ho  resides,  as  of  the  government  employing 
)>im  ;  so  that  he  may  admonish  all  British  sulijects  agaiuHt  carrying  on  an  illicit  comnicrce, 
to  the  detriment  of  tho  revenues,  and  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  cither.  And  it  is  his  duty 
to  attend  diligently  to  this  part  of  his  oincc,  in  order  to  prevent  smuggling,  and  consequent 
hazard  of  confiscation  or  detention  of  ships,  and  inii>risonment  of  the  masters  and 
mariners. — (Beaiuea,  Lex  Merc.  vol.  ii.  p.  i'i.) 

It  is  also  his  duty  to  protect  from  insult  or  imposition  British  subjects  of  every  description 
within  his  jurisdiction.  If  redress  for  injury  eulVered  is  nut  olitaincd,  he  is  to  carry  his 
complaint  by  memorial  to  the  British  minister  residing  at  (ho  court  on  which  the  consulship 
depends.  If  there  be  none,  he  U  to  address  birnsclf  directly  to  the  court ;  and  if,  in  an 
important  case,  his  complaint  be  not  answered,  ho  is  to  transmit  tho  memorial  to  his 
Majesty's  secretary  of  slate. — (Beawes,  Wurden,  <^c.) 

"  When  insult  or  outrage  is  ollcrcd  by  a  British  subject  to  a  native  of  the  plaoo,  and  the 
magistrate  thereof  complains  to  the  consul,  he  should  summon,  and  in  ease  of  dii^obedionce 
may  by  armed  force  bring  before  him  the  ofl'oiider,  and  order  him  to  give  iiinnediato  sutis- 
ikction ;  and  if  ho  refuse,  he  resitjUH  hira  to  the  civil  jurii>diction  of  the  magistrate,  or  to  the 
military  law  of  tho  garrison ;  nevertheless  always  acting  aa  coitruclwr  or  advocate  at  hh 
trial,  when  there  is  question  of  life  or  property. 

"  But  if  a  British  subject  be  accuucd  of  an  offence  alleged  to  have  been  committed  at  sea, 
within  tho  dominion  or  jurisdiction  of  his  sovereign,  it  is  then  the  duty  of  the  consul  to 
claim  cognizance  of  the  cause  for  his  sovereign,  and  to  require  the  release  of  the  parties, 
if  detained  in  prison  by  the  magistracy  of  the  place  on  any  such  accu.«ation  brought  before 
them,  and  that  all  judicial  proceedings  against  ttiem  do  instantly  cease ;  and  he  may  deinnnd 
the  aid  of  the  power  of  the  country,  civil  and  military,  to  enable  him  to  secure  and  put  the 
accused  parties  on  board  such  British  ship  as  he  shall  think  fit,  that  tliey  may  be  conveyed 


CONSUL. 


467 


to  Oriat  Britain,  to  bo  tHo<]  by  their  proiwr  Juilgti.  If,  contrary  (o  thif  rof|uiMlion,  the 
mtitiitritt"*  "i*  ('■<>  country  pertiat  in  proct*c«iinK  to  try  the  oflenre,  the  conaul  NhouM  then 
draw  up  Biiil  transmit  ■  ini-murial  to  the  Urittiih  miniMter  at  titc  court  of  that  country  ;  and 
if  tliiit  court  Rive  an  evaiivo  aiiawer,  tlin  contul  ahoulJ,  if  it  be  a  nca  ollitnce,  apply  to  the 
Board  of  Adiiiiralty  at  Iiomion,  atuttng  the  coae ;  and  upon  their  rt<pm<milation,  the  nucrctary 
for  the  proper  department  will  lay  the  matter  lieforo  the  king,  who  will  cauite  the  amlioiiiatior 
of  the  ibreinn  itati^,  reiiident  in  England,  to  write  to  hii  court  abroad,  desiring  that  ordera 
may  immediately  be  given  by  that  government,  that  all  judicial  proceedinga  again  it  the 
priaoner  be  sluyod,  and  that  he  be  leleaaoJ,  ^  (See  Cane  of  Uwacnutn  and  his  Crew, 
Beuwen,  vol.  ii.  p.  423.) 

•'  It  in  the  duty  alio  of  a  British  conaul  to  relieve  all  diatrenrd  British  marinera,  to  allow 
them  (></■  daily  for  their  support,  to  send  them  home  in  the  first  British  vohmjIs  that  sail  for 
England,  and  to  keep  a  regular  account  of  his  disbursements,  which  ho  is  to  trunsmit  yearly, 
or  oftcner  if  required,  to  the  Navy  OtTice,  attested  by  two  British  merchanta  of  the  place : 
this  is  provided  for  by  positive  enactment. — ( 1  Geo,  3.  a.  S.  c.  14.  §  18.)  He  is  also  to  give 
free  puvses  to  all  \ioor  British  subjects  wishing  to  return  homo,  directed  to  the  captains  of 
the  king's  packet  boats,  or  shipa  of  war,  requiring  tlioni  to  take  them  on  board.  — (tSeo 

HiAMISN.) 

"The  consul  is  not  to  permit  a  British  merchant  ship  to  leave  the  port  where  ho  ri*aidea 
without  his  passport,  which  ho  is  not  to  gnint  until  the  niast«r  and  crew  thereof  have 
ntiifieil  all  just  demanda  upon  them ;  and  for  thia  purpose  he  ought  to  see  the  governor's 
pass  of  a  garrisoned  town,  or  the  burgomaster's;  unless  the  merchant  or  factor  to  whom 
the  ship  w>«s  consigned  will  make  himself  renponHiblc. — (Beaivet,  Lex  Merc.  \o\.'u,  p.  42.').) 

••  It  is  also  his  duty  to  claim  and  recover  all  wracks,  cables,  and  anchors,  bclonginp;  to 
British  ships,  found  at  sea  by  flshermen  or  other  persons,  to  pay  the  uiual  salvage,  and  to 
cointnunicato  a  report  thereof  to  the  Navy  Board. 

"  The  consuls  and  vice-consuls  of  his  Majesty  are,  by  express  enactment  (46  Geo.  3 
c.  08.  §  0.),  empowered  to  administer  oaths  in  all  cases  re8|)rcting  quarantine,  in  Uke  manner 
ai  if  they  were  magistrates  of  thu  several  tonrns  or  places  where  they  respectively  reside. 
It  is  also  laid  down,  that  a  consul  is  to  attend,  if  requested,  all  arbitrations  where  property 
i*  concerned  between  masters  of  British  ships  and  the  freighteni,  being  inhabitants  of  tuu 
place  where  he  resides." — {C/tilti/  on  Commercial  Law,  vol.  L  pp.  68 — 61.,  and  the 
numerous  authorities  there  quoted.) 

Any  individual,  whether  he  be  a  subjedt  of  the  state  by  which  he  is  appointed,  or  of 
another,  may  be  selected  to  fill  the  office  of  consul,  provided  he  Iw  approved  and  admitted 
by  tho  government  in  whose  territory  he  is  to  reside.  In  most  instances,  howevo*,  but 
not  always,  consuls  are  the  subjects  of  the  state  appointing  them. 

Much,  however,  of  the  peculiar  duties  of  a  consul  must  always  .depend  on  the  nature 
of  the  intercourse  with  the  country  to  which  ho  is  sent,  and  of  the  instructions  given 
him.  British  consuls  are  regularly  supplied  with  copies  of  all  acts  relating  to  trade  and 
navigation,  ())iarantine,  slave  trade  suppression,  emigration,  &.C.,  and  with  tho  trentiea 
between  this  and  other  countries,  and  must,  of  course,  shape  their  conduct  accordinijly. 
They  ore  strictly  forbidden  from  corresponding  with  private  parties  on  public  matters. 
We  subjoin  an  extract  from  the  General  Inslruetionsfor  Urilish  Consuls. 

"lie  will  bear  in  mind  thai  It  is  his  principal  duty  to  prntpct  and  promote  the  Inn'fiil  trade  and 
Iradinu  Inli^reHta  of  Qre:it  llrltiiii  by  every  fair  und  proper  iniiaiiB,  liiUin;;  care  tn  cniiforiii  tn  ilie  luws 
and  r«xiiliilloiis  In  qiientinii;  niid  whIUt  be  i»  fiiip|iortiiij(  Ih'j  l.iwful  nude  oT  UriM\[  lirii.tin,  be  will 
take  »|ii!ci:il  notice  of  all  prohililtioiis  with  respnct  to  the  eTpurt  (ir  iinpiirl  of  Bi)»i-iiicil  urti  '  ■<,  n»  well 
on  llio  p:\rt  of  the  state  in  which  he  rcsldea,  a»  of  tho  governinetit  uf  (ircnt  lirituiii,  so  iii  li  ho  iiiiiy 
caulidri  nil  lli'itl<h  subjects  nKalnst  carrying  on  an  illicit  cniiiniurcu  t>i  tl:o  deliiiin'.nt  iirnu-  n^viniue, 
nnil  in  vidliillon  of  thn  luws  und  regulations  of  citlicr  country  ;  nml  he  witl  not  fail  to  give  to  this 
de|i.irlinont  Immediate  notice  of uny  ntteini't  to  cnntravi^no  those  liws  und  ra^jiilalions. 

"The  consul  will  itive  liis  best  advice  and  nssistance,  wli^'ii  cnllc.l  npon,  !■)  his  MnjestyV  tr.tdlnd 
iiihjecis,  qniutinK  thoir  dllfirenceu,  priiniotinx  puucK,  harmony,  auil  jrood-will  aoiongAt  ihiMn,  nnd 
concilialinK  a»  ninrh  us  possible  the  snlijcets  of  the  two  ciiunlri.'s,  npii.  all  polms  of  dir.'n'iK'e  whicli 
may  fill  tinder  his  roirni/.anin.  In  the  event  of  nnv  utu-ui  it  iKiini!  made  l><  injnrv  Ilritish  i^iilijc^rts 
cither  in  their  pitrsons  or  property,  he  will  npholil  their  r;i;lilful  iiiii!ri!«ts,  and  tliu  privilu'.'cs  vuciired 
to  Ilium  liy  treaty,  by  due  rupresentatlon  in  thn  proptir  oihoiil  i|'nirt'rr.  He  will,  al  th.:  sumkj  tiiu  ',  be 
fari'fiil  to  cniidiict  himself  with  inildni.sd  and  niiid'nlio:i  ia  all  Irs  trans  ^-t:;s  with  ili.-  puhjio 
aiitliorilif^s,  und  h;  will  not  upon  any  nccount  iiri(f>  cliiini.-!,  on  lii'li.lf  of  hiit  il.ijisty'rtsnhjrds.  to 
\vliii:b  they  are  not  justly  ttiiil  filrly  Miililltid.  If  ri!ilr<>sH  cinnot  h.'  ulituliiol  \\  i  I'lo  loial  ailniinis- 
tralion,  or  if  the  matter  of  complaint  b>'.  not  witliln  tliuir  jurindiilion,  111!  '  a  siil  will  imply  l(>  bis 
M.ijesly's  consul-!.'eneral,  or  to  his  Mij. 'sty's  ininistiT,  if  lliir.- lie  no  cons  i|..i;r"r;'l  iu  tin- co  ir.lry 
wlieroln  he  resides,  in  order  that  he  may  make  u  repr,>'<entation  to  th«  hiL'liiir  auilmrillo.',  <>r  lake 
luch  other  steps  in  the  case  as  he  may  think  prop^.r ;  and  ilii;  consul  wilt  pay  strict  utluntiun  to  the 
inBlructluiig  which  he  may  receive  from  tho  minister  or  consul-giMural." 

Emoluments  of  Conmls.  Proh'bit'on  of  Trading,  <Sfc. — The  emolument'  of  our  consuls 
were,  until  these  few  years,  principally  derived  ftoni  certain  lira,  dopjiiiiiiio;  on  tho  tonnage, 
length  of  the  voyages,  &c.  of  the  British  shifis  entering  and  clearing  o.it  of  the  limits  of  tiieir 
consulships.  But  this  mode  of  remunerating  them  was  materially  changed  by  the  act  6 
Geo.  4.  c.  87.  The  fees  payable  under  this  act — (see  pof>t) — are  but  itiuonsiJ^'rablo  ;  but 
the  deficiency  has  been,  partly  at  least,  compensated  by  salaries  allowed  by  government. 


■f.^  ita 


ill 


ii 


m 


CONSUL. 


At  preaent,  British  coniuh  arc,  in  lonie  inBtanren,  pennitted  to  carry  on  tnule,  while  in 
others  they  are  interdicted  from  having  any  thing  to  do  with  it.  The  principle  on  wiiich  the 
distinction  is  made  does  not  seem  very  obvious.  We  nbserve,  for  example,  that  the  consul 
at  Petersburgh,  who  must  have  a  great  deal  to  do,  is  allowed  to  trade ;  while  the  consul  at 
Odessa,  whose  duties  must  be  much  lighter,  is  denied  this  privilege.  1'here  is  the  same  dis- 
tinction between  the  consuls  at  Venice  and  Trieste ;  the  latter,  whose  duties  must  ho  the 
heavier  of  the  two,  being  allowed  to  act  as  a  merchant,  while  the  other  is  not.  If  this  dig. 
tinction  must  be  kept  up,  the  preferable  plan  would  seem  to  he  to  interdict  all  iont'iis  rc«i< 
dent  at  the  g^reat  ports,  and  those  resident  at  other  ports  principally  in  the  character  of  pnji. 
tical  agents,  from  trading ;  and  to  permit  it  to  others.  The  public  duties  of  the  former  nre 
either  quite  sufficient  wholly  to  engross  their  attention,  or  they  are  of  such  a  kind  ns  wouiil 
make  it  very  inexpedient  for  those  employed  in  them  to  be  occupic<l  in  mercantile  pursuits ; 
in  the  case  of  the  smaller  class  of  |iorts,  but  little  frequented  by  British  ships,  and  where  the 
consuls  have  no  peculiar  political  functions  to  discharge,  there  is  a  less  urgent  necessity  for 
prohibiting  them  from  carrying  on  business  on  their  own  account  At  the  same  time,  how- 
ever, we  are  clearly  of  opinion  that  it  would  in  all  cases  be  better  not  to  allow  consuls  to 
engage,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  in  any  sort  of  industrious  undertaking.  The  main  end 
and  pur|)ose  of  their  institution  is  the  facilitating  of  commerce  with  the  nation  in  which  they 
reside ;  and  in  furtherance  of  such  object  they  ought,  on  all  occasions,  to  communicate  the 
fullest  and  earliest  information  in  their  power  touching  commercial  matters,  not  only  to  the 
government  that  appoints  them,  but  to  such  of  its  subjects  as  may  apply  for  their  advice  and 
assistance.  But,  however  advantageous  publicity  may  be  to  others,  it  may  in  various  ways 
be  extremely  hostile  to  the  interests  of  the  consul  considered  in  his  capacity  of  merchant ; 
and,  when  his  own  advantage  and  his  public  duty  are  set  in  opposition,  it  requires  little  gaga- 
city  to  discover  which  will  have  the  ascendancy.  Hence  the  fair  presumption  is,  that  a 
trading  consul  will  rather  endeavour  to  profit  by  the  peculiar  information  his  situation  may 
enable  him  to  obtain,  than  to  communicate  it  to  others.  His  interests  as  a  merchant  must 
frequently,  also,  even  when  such  is  not  really  the  case,  appear  to  be  in  opposition  to  those  of 
the  parties  for  whose  behoof  he  is  said  to  be  oppointcd ;  and  under  such  circumrtances,  his 
procceilings,  however  fair,  will  always  be  liable  to  the  suspicion  of  partiality.  It  is  material, 
also,  to  observe  that  mercantile  consuls  labour  under  peculiar  disadvantages  in  the  obtaining 
of  information.  If  a  consul,  not  engaged  in  business,  make  a  proper  application  to  a  public 
functionary,  or  merchant,  for  information  as  to  any  subject  with  which  they  may  Iw 
acquainted,  he  will,  in  most  instances,  learn  all  that  they  know.  But  it  is  obvious,  on  gene- 
ral principles,  and  we  have  been  assured  of  the  fact  by  some  of  the  most  intelligent  oflicers 
of  the  class,  that  if  a  trading  consul  make  the  same  application,  the  chances  are  10  to  I  ho 
will  cither  learn  nothing,  or  nothing  that  is  not  false  or  misleading.  'J'he  inquiries  of  the 
former  excite  no  jealousy,  those  of  the  latter  invariablv  do.  The  former  is  known  to  he  ac- 
tuated only  by  a  feeling  of  liberal  curiosity,  or  by  a  wish  properly  to  discharge  his  public 
duties ;  but,  the  latter,  being  engaged  in  business,  gets  credit  only  for  selfish  and  interested 
motives,  and  is  believed  to  lie  seeking  the  information  merely  that  he  may  turn  it  to  his  own 
account,  A  mercantile  consul  is,  therefore,  uniformly  the  object  of  the  suspicions  of  all  pa> 
ties,  both  of  his  countrymen,  and  of  the  foreigners  amongst  whom  he  resides.  In.<!tcad  of 
being,  as  he  ought  to  be,  an  independent  public  functionary,  he  neccsforily  gets  cntaneled 
in  the  cabals  and  intrigues  of  those  whose  ditfercnces  it  is  his  province  to  conciliate.  He  is 
tempted,  also,  to  engage  in  smuggling  adventures,  contrary  to  his  duty,  and  highly  injurious 
to  the  character  of  his  nation.  And  though  he  should  be  proof  against  tcinptntions  of  this 
sort,  he  is,  like  all  other  individuals,  subject  to  misfortune  and  bankruptcy  ;  and  may,  in  this 
way,  bring  discredit  and  embarrassment  on  the  government  that  appoints  him.  'JMirse  rea- 
sons seem  to  be  far  more  than  sufficient  to  vindicate  the  policy  of  interdicting  consuls  fmm 
trading.  But  were  it  otherwise,  it  is  enough  to  decide  the  question  to  stale,  that  if  Ihcy  ho 
made  properly  to  perform  the  functions  of  their  of]^;,  it  will  occupy  every  moment  of  their 
time.  To  the  argument  in  favour  of  the  existing  system  dctivcd  from  economicnl  con- 
siderations we  do  not  attach  the  smallest  weight.  To  attempt  to  save  a  few  thousand  pounds 
by  allowing  an  important  class  of  public  functionaries  to  engage  in  avocations  inconsiptf nt 
with  their  duty,  and  destructive  of  their  utility,  would  bo  something  the  very  reverse  of 
economy. 

Cost  of  the  Establishment.  Improvements  made  in  U. — We  had  occasion,  in  the  former 
edition  of  this  work,  to  complain  of  the  cost  and  inadequacy  of  our  consular  establishment. 
But  its  expense  has  since  been  very  much,  and,  in  some  instances  pcrha^is,  too  much  re- 
duced ;  at  the  same  time  that  measures  have  been  taken  for  increasing  the  duties  of  the 
consuls,  by  making  them  furnish  details  as  to  the  trade,  manufactures,  duties,  prices,  &c.  of 
the  districts  in  which  their  consulships  are  situated.  Hitherto  this  important  department 
of  what  ought  to  he  the  peculiar  duty  of  a  consul  has  been  most  strangely  neglected  ;  but  if 
it  be  properly  attended  to,  it  will  occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  consul's  time,  and  will  lie  a 
field  for  the  display  of  superior  talents.  Some  of  the  answers  made  by  tho  consuls  to  tho 
Circular  Queries  prepared  by  the  author  of  this  work,  have  been  drawn  up  with  groat  car* 


CONSUL. 


r4«0 


«ni]  intr'l!':"':''(«,  and  reflect  much  credit  on  their  authors.  There  are  a  good  many  certainly 
ofa  vpry  iiil'i'ri'jr  description;  but  tins  ia  not  to  bo  wondered  at — it  being  liardly  possible  for 
tliose  who  huvo  not  given  a  good  denl  of  their  time  to  such  suhjecto,  to  make  a  proper  reply 
to  queries  relating  to  thorn.  And  if  th)>  system  is  to  be  perfected  to  the  <lcgree  of  which  it 
is  8U9ccp' ible,  the  salaries  allowed  to  the  consuls  ought  to  be  such  as  to  aflbrd  a  suflicient 
icinunuration  fur  the  servicos  of  gentlemen  of  character,  familiar  with  the  principles  of  public 
law,  commerce,  and  statistics ;  and  such  only  ought  to  be  nominated  to  consular  situations. 
Wo  subjoin  that  part  of  the  General  Instructions  fur  tlie  Consuls  that  has  reference  to  eta- 
listical  inquiries. 

"Tlie  cnnaiil  will  forward  tn  the  secretary  of  gtnte,  in  duplicate,  so  snon  ns  the  infnnnalion  ho  can 
cntl'Tl  will  niiahle  hinisntndn,  hut  at  ary  riite  within  n  pi>rindor6  months  from  the  date  of  his  arrival 
m  hin  residiMice,  a  genftral  Report  on  the  trade  of  the  place  and  district,  specifying  the  coinmoditiea, 
M  well  nf  the  cxpurt  as  import  trade,  and  the  Cduntrius  which  supply  the  latter,  together  with  tha 
liicrc'tHe  or  decline  in  Inte  yeara,  nnd  the  prub:ihlc  increase  and  decline  lo  he  expected,  and  the  causes 
in  hntli  cases.  Hi;  wilt  Mate  the  general  regulations  with  respect  tn  trade  at  the  place  where  he  is 
rci.iiient,  and  their  elTer.tg.  He  will  give  the  average  ninrket  prices  within  the  vi>ar  nf  the  several 
Briiiii's  of  export  and  import ;  ho  will  particularise  what  urticles,  if  any,  are  altsolutcly  prohibited  to 
bp  ini|iorlcd  into  the  country  wherein  he  resides;  \vh:it  articles  are  prohibited  to  be  imported  from 
Biiv  other  places  than  from  the  place  of  their  growth  or  production  ;  whether  there  be  any  pris  ileges 
nriiiip'irtation,  uiul  what  those  privileges  are,  in  favour  of  ships  that  are  nf  the  build  nf,  or  belonginn 
ti), liic  country  wherein  lie  resides;  whether  there  be  nny  difference  in  the  duty  lui  goods  when 
liiipoili'd  into  that  country  in  a  foreign  ship,  and  if  so,  whether  it  be  general,  nr  applicable  nnly  to 
pirtirular  articles;  what  are  the  rates  of  duty  payable  on  goods  imported  into  the  said  c(Miniry  i 
V'holluir  there  he  any  tonnage  duty  or  other  port  du'ex,  and  what,  payable  on  shipping  entering  at,  or 
cluuring  frnm,  the  ports  of  that  country;  whether  there  he  any  (and,  If  sn,  what)  ports  in  that  country 
wherein  goods  may  be  warehoused  on  Importation,  and  atterwards  e.Tiiorted  with  or  without  payment 
of  any  duties,  and  under  what  regulations." 

He  is  also  to  transmit  an  annual  statement  of  the  trade  with  the  principal  ports  of  iiis 
consulsbips ;  and  quarterly  returns  of  the  prices  of  com,  Sec.  Thiis  is  a  good  beginning,  and, 
if  it  be  properly  followed  up,  may  lead  to  very  advantageous  results. 

The  following  are  the  provisions  of  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  87.  with  respect  to  the  salaries 
and  charges  of  consuls : — 

Siilaries  to  Cnnnuls. — "  Whereas  the  provision  which  hath  hitherto  been  made  for  the  maintenance 
and  support  of  the  consuls  general  and  consuls  appointed  by  his  Majesty  tn  reside  within  the  domi- 
tiicins  of  sovereigns  and  foreign  states  in  amity  with  his  Majesty,  is  inadequate  tn  the  nuiintenance 
anil  support  nf  such  consuls  general  and  consuls,  and  it  is  expedient  to  make  further  and  due  provi- 
slnns  for  that  purpose  ;"  it  is  tlicreforu  enacted,  that  it  chall  be  lawful  for  his  M:iji:ety,  by  any  orders 
to  be  issued  by  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  to  grant  to  all  or  any  of  the  consuls  general  or  i^onsuls 
.ippoinled  by  his  Majesty  to  reside  within  any  of  the  dominions  of  any  sovereign  nr  foreign  state  or 
power  in  amity  witii  his  Majesty,  such  re'is(uiable  salaries  as  to  his  Maje.sty  shall  seem  meet,  and  by 
furh  advice  from  tiuio  to  time  tn  alter,  increase,  or  diminish  any  such  salaries  or  salary  as  occasion 
iniiy  require.— (0  fieri.  4.  c.  87.  J  1.) 

yVn»»  vn  vhir.h  Salaries  shall  be  granltd.  Leare  nf  Absence. — Such  salaries  shall  ba  issued  and  paid 
In  sucli  consuls  general  and  consuls  wi;iiout  fee  or  deduction;  provided  that  all  such  salaries  be 
granted  during  his  Majesty's  pleasure,  nnd  not  otherwise,  and  he  held  and  enjoyed  by  such  consuls 
Lvneral  ami  consuls,  so  long  only  us  they  shall  be  actually  resident  at  the  places  at  which  they  may 
be  sn  appointed  to  reside,  nnd  discharifing  the  duties  of  such  their  ofliccs  :  provided  nevertheless,  thiit 
in  case  his  Majesty  shall,  by  any  nrder  to  be  for  that  purpose  issued  through  one  of  his  priiu-.ipal 
fi'cretnrii'S  of  slate,  grant  to  any  such  consul  general  or  consul  leave  ol  absence  fnuu  the  place  to 
tvhiili  ho  may  be  so  appointed,  such  consul  general  or  consul  shall  be  entilh'd  to  receive  the  whole, 
or  such  part  as  to  his  Majesty  shall  seem  meet,  of  the  salary  accruing  durius  such  period  of  absence. 
-J  8. 

yalarics  in  liett  of  Fees  formerly  paid.  Consuls  not  to  take  other  than  the  Fees  hereinafter  nientioved. — 
The  salaries  so  lo  he  granted  shall  be  taken  hy  the  consuls  general  and  consuls  ns  a  cnnipeiisatiou  for 
■III  salaries  heretofore  granted,  and  all  fees  of  oltire  and  gratuities  heretofore  taken  hy  lliein  fruin  the 
masters  or  ciunmanders  of  British  vessels,  or  from  any  other  person,  for  any  duties  or  services  hy 
such  c(Ui9Ul->  geni'ral  or  consuls  done  or  performed  for  nny  such  persons  ;  niul  no  sui  h  consuls  general 
nrciuisuls  shall,  from  the  1st  of  January,  lb2(t,  bo  entitled,  on  account  of  any  thing  hy  him  done  in  tho 
exiMUlion  of  such  his  office,  nr  for  a?iy  service  by  him  rendered  to  any  masters  nr  commanders  of 
llrilisii  vessels,  or  to  any  other  person  in  the  execution  of  sucli  his  omce,  to  ask  or  lalse  any  fees, 
riToinpence,  gratuity,  coinpeiisatiou,or  reward,  or  any  sum  of  money,  save  us  herein-after  is  excepted. 
-M. 

Cfrtiii'i  Fees  still  nUairrd  tn  he  taken  — ^It  shall  be  law  ful  for  all  consuls  general  and  consuls  appointed 
liy  hi.s  .Majr-iity,  and  resident  within  the  dorniniiuis  of  any  sovereign.  <jr  any  foreijin  state  or  power  in 
Hhiily  wlih  his  Majesiy.  lo  accept  the  several  fc! 's  parlicolarly  mcMitionerl  in  the  tables  to  this  [iresent 
art  annexed,  marked  with  the  letters  A.  and  H.  for  tin!  several  tilings  and  otlicial  acts  and  deeds  par- 
llculiirly  meniiiuied  in  tlie  said  schedules;  and  it  sliuli  be  lawful  for  his  Majesiy,  by  any  orders  tn  be 
by  liiiii  niadft,  by  tlie  advice  of  his  privy  council,  from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  may  reiinire,  to 
(Inninitili,  or  wholly  to  abolish,  all  or  any  of  the  (<  es  aforesaid,  and  to  eslaliliv;ii  and  authorise  the  pay- 
ment ol'uny  greater  or  smaller  or  new  or  ndilitional  tees  tor  tiie  several  tiling's  mentioned  in  llie  said 
sclm  Inles,  or  for  any  other  thing  to  be  liy  any  sudi  consul  general  or  consul  done  in  the  execution  of 
«nrli  Ills  olhce.— }  1. 

I'rnnllniin  Cnnsiil.i  demanilinp  more  Fees  than  tperified  in  the  Sthediilt.—ln  case  any  consul  general  or 
roasiil  ajipoinlcd  by  his  Majesiy  as  aforesaid  shall,  by  himself  or  deputy,  or  liy  any  person  uiiihorlsed 
llioreto  in  his  behalf,  ask  or  accept  for  any  thing  by  him  done  in  the  execution  of  such  his  onice,or  for 
nny  service,  or  duty  by  him  remlereil  or  perloriiied  in  siicii  Ills  ol)'ic:e,  for  any  persiui  whomsoever,  any 
nlln'r  or  greater  fee  nr  remuneration  than  is  spiciiied  in  the  schedule,  or  th  in  shall  be  sanciioned  and 
B;»'iitied  in  or  liy  any  such  order  in  council,  the  person  so  ollending  shall  forfeit  and  become  liable  to 
ply  to  his  Majesty  any  sum  of  sterliim  lirilisil  nioio'y,  not  exceeding  tiie  amount  of  the  salary  of  such 
iM'fs.ui  fiir  I  year,  nor  less  than  the  litli  part  of  siii  h  annual  salary,  at  the  discretiou  of  the  coiiil  in 
wliiili  snili  penally  may  hi)  rei'ov.^riMl ;  and  shall  moreover  upon  a  second  conviction  for  any  such 
olTi'nce  forfeit  sucli'bis  o'lllcc,  and  for  over  after  become  incapable  of  serving  his  Majesty  in  tho  suma 
or  llie  like  capacity. — {  5. 

'J'tihle  uf  Fees  to  be  czhibited  at  Custom-houses.— A  printed  copy  of  the  tables  of  fees  allowed  by  tbia 
Vol.  I.— 3  U 


*'■) 


r4V0 


CONSUL. 


tet,  or  which  may  bn  innctlonitil  nr  nllnwed  by  any  order  to  be  made  in  puriinance  of  thli  act  by  hit 
Majesty  in  council,  simll  he  exiiiltilei!  in  a  cnnepiciinua  manner,  fnr  the  inipectinn  orali  persuni.tn 
tlie  Ciiiilnm-liniiiic  in  llie  port  of  l.onU(>ii,aiMl  in  nil  oilier  Cnxtnin-licnacs  in  tliK  suveiui  portR  nnil  h'ur- 
bmira  of  ilie  Uiiiteil  Kingdom  ol"  Grfliit  Britain  Biid  Ir«i.inri  ;  nnti  printed  copies  tlinriiof  ehiill,  by  (||« 
enlliiclor  nr  otlier  cttivf  olDcer  ofcuatnnii  in  all  sucli  ports  and  harbours,  Iw  delivered  gratuitonsly,  and 
witliout  fee  nr  reward,  to  every  master  of  any  vessel  cliiurlng  out  of  any  sucli  port  or  harbour,  and 
deniandine  a  ropy  tlioreof — }  6. 

Tiible  of  Feet  to  be  erhibiled  ut  Conmls'  Offieeg.—K  cony  of  the  schedule  or  loble  of  fees  to  this  present 
act  anni'xed,  nr  which  may  be  estahlirihRd  and  antlinrlsed  by  any  such  order  in  council,  shall  be  huni 
up  and  cxhihited  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  public  olHces  of  all  consuls  general  or  consuls  appninted 
by  liin  Miijesty,  in  the  foreign  places  to  wiilrli  they  may  he  so  appninted,  for  the  Inspection  of  nil  per- 
sons iiileresled  therein  ;  and  any  consul  general  or  consul  omitting  or  neglecting  to  exhibit  iiny  unch 
copy  of  the  schediili>s  in  such  his  puliliu  oDice,  or  refusing  to  permit  the  siiine  to  he  inspected  hy  n,:y 
Iierson  interested  therein,  shall  for  every  such  otTencu  forfeit  and  pay  n  sum  of  Dritish  sterling  nuiiicy 
not  exceeding  one  halfthe  amount  of  the  salary  ofiuch  person  fnr  1  year,  nor  less  than  the  I'itb  part 
ofsuch  annual  salary,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court  in  which  such  penalty  may  be  recovered.— ^7. 

SuperiinHuation.—"  And  whereas  It  Is  expedient  that  his  Majesty  sliould  bo  enabled  to  urant  to  the 
•aid  consuls  general  and  consuls,  appointed  as  aforesaid,  allowances  in  the  nature  of  inuperunnuatinn 
or  reward  fur  meritorious  puhlic  services ;"  it  is  further  enacted,  thut  all  the  regulations  contained  in 
00  Geo.  3.  c.  117.,  3  Ceo.  4.  c.  113.,  5  Geo.  4.  c.  lOt.,  re.specting  suporannuulion  allowances,  are  hereljy 
extended  to  the  said  consuls  general  and  consuls,  so  far  as  such  regulations  can  be  applied  to  the 
cases  of  .such  several  persons  respectively,  as  fully  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  if  the  same  were 
repeated  and  re-enacted  in  this  present  act.—}  8. 

Jllluicaiicea  during  lVar.—\(  It  shall  at  any  time  happen  that  by  reason  of  any  war  whirh  may 
hereafter  arise  hetweeti  his  Mnjesly  and  any  sovereign,  or  foreign  state  or  power,  within  tiie  domi- 
nions of  whom  any  such  consul  general  or  consul  shall  ho  appointed  to  reside,  he  shall  be  prevented 
from  residing,  and  shall  in  fact  cen^e  to  reside,  ut  tlie  place  to  which  he  may  be  so  appointed,  it  shiill 
be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  order  to  he  issued  by  the  advice  of  his  privy  coitncil,  to  grant  to  iiny 
such  consul  general  or  consul,  who  may  have  served  his  Majesty  in  that  capacity  for  any  period  not 
less  t'mn  3  years,  nor  more  than  10  years  next  preceding  the  cuniinenccment  of  any  such  war,  a  spe- 
cial allowance  !n)t  exceeding  the  proportion  of  their  respective  salaries  to  which  such  consuls  general 
and  consuls  would  be  entitled  under  the  provisions  of  tlie  said  act  of  3  Geo.  4.,  in  case  the  |ieriod  of 
their  respective  service  had  exceeded  10  years  and  had  not  e.xceeded  1.1  years  :  provided  tliat  in  case 
any  such  consul  general  or  consul  shall  have  served  In  such  his  office  for  the  space  of  10  years  and 
more.  It  shall  he  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  such  order  in  coun(  il  as  aforesaid,  to  grant  to  liini 
■Mch  a  proportion  of  his  salary,  which,  hy  the  said  act  is  authorised  to  be  granted,  as  a  superannua- 
tion allowance,  according  to  the  several  periods  of  service  exceeding  10  years,  in  the  said  net. 
— }9. 

Commencement.— IMi  act  shall  take  effect  from  the  1st  of  January,  1836,  except  where  any  other 
eommcnceiiient  is  particularly  directed.—}  23. 


TaUta  of  Feet  alloaed  to  be  taken  I 


Consuls  General  and  Consuls,  by  the  prcceiinff  Act  of 
6  Geo.  4.  c.  87. 


-    3  dollars. 


3 

do. 

3 

do. 

3 

do. 

n 

du. 

1 

do. 

i 

do. 

1 

do. 

3 

do. 

1 

do. 

3 

do. 

1 

do. 

1 

do. 

i 

do. 

1  per  ceuti 


7\ible  .<?.— Certificate  of  due  landing  of  goods  exported  from  the  ITnited  Kingdom  - 
Signature  of  ship's  manifest  ....--.- 

,  C«rli(icate  of  origin,  when  required  ...... 

,    Bill  of  health,  when  renuired  ...---- 

Signature  of  muster  roll,  when  required         ...... 

■   Attestation  of  a  signature,  wlien  required     ------ 

Administering  an  oath,  when  required  ------ 

Heal  of  office,  and  signature  of  any  other  document  not  specified  herein,  when  required 

Table  B.— Bottomry  or  arbitration  bond  ------ 

Noting  a  protest  --------- 

Order  of  survey  --------- 

.    Extending  a  protest  or  survey  ------- 

Registrations      ---------- 

Visa  of  passport  --------- 

Valuation  of  goods        --------- 

Attending  sales,  i  per  cent,  where  there  has  been  a  charge  for  valuing;  otherwise,  1  per  cent. 

•  Attendance  out  of  consular  offloe  at  a  shipwreck,  5  dollars  per  diem  for  his  personal  expenses,  over 

and  above  his  travelling  expenses. 
Ditto  on  opening  a  will  .---  -----5  dollars. 

•  Mauageiijeiit  of  property  of  British  subjects  dying  Intestote  -  -  -  3i  per  cent. 
The  dollars  mentioned  in  the  preceding  tables  are  in  all  cases  to  be  paid  hy  the  delivery  of  dollars, 

each  of  which  is  to  be  of  the  value  of  1»:  (i,l.  sterlinjf,  and  no  more,  according  to  the  rale  of  exch.inse 
prevailing  at  the  place  where  such  payment  is  made. 

[The  following  enactinente  of  Congress  are  at  present  in  force  concerning  consuls. 

JletnfJlprill4tli,l'!92. 

i  2.  That  they  shall  have  right  in  the  ports  or  places  to  which  they  are,  or  may  be,  severally 
appointed,  of  receiving  the  protests  nr  declarations,  wliich  such  captains,  masters,  crews,  passeneerii, 
and  merchants,  as  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  may  respectively  choose  to  make  thera;  and  also 
inch  as  any  foreigner  may  choose  to  nmko  before  them,  relative  to  the  personal  interest  of  any  citizen 
ofthe  United  (States  ;  anil  the  copies  of  the  said  ni  ts,  duly  anthenticatert  by  the  said  consul.^  or  vice 
consuls,  under  the  seal  of  t lieir  consulates,  respectively,  shall  receive  faith  in  law,  equally  as  tlieir 
originals  would  in  all  courts  In  the  United  States.  It  shall  he  their  duty,  where  the  laws  of  th« 
countrv  pi:rniit,  to  take  possession  of  the  personal  estate  left  hy  any  citizen  ofthe  United  Stales,  oilier 
than  seamen  l)eloMging  to  any  ship  or  vessel,  who  shall  die  within  their  consulates,  leaving  there  eo 
legal  representr.tlvn,  partner  in  trade,  or  trustee  by  iiiin  np|Milnleil.  to  take  care  of  his  etl'eots  ;  they 
shall  inventorv  the  same,  with  the  assistance  of  two  merchants  of  the  United  States,  or,  for  want  of 
llietn,  of  any  others,  at  their  choice  ;  shall  ctdleet  llie  dcrbts  due  to  the  deceased  in  the  country  wliere 
hedied,an(.  pay  the  debts  due  from  his  estate  whidi  lie  shall  liave  there  contracted;  shall  sell  at 
auction,  after  reasonable  puhlic  notice,  such  part  ofthe  estate  as  shall  he  of  a  perishalde  nature,  and 
■uch  further  part,  if  any,  as  shall  he  necessary  for  the  payment  of  his  debts,  and,  at  the  expiratiim  of 
one  year  from  bis  decease,  the  residue;  and  the  balance  of  the  estate  they  sh.ill  transmit  to  tlie 
treasury  ofthe  United  Slates,  to  be  liolden  in  trust  for  the  legal  claimants.  But  If,  at  any  time  before 
•iich  transmission,  the  legal  representative  ofthe  decenseil  shall  appear  and  demand  his  effects  in 
Iheir  hands,  they  shall  deliver  theni  up,  being  paid  their  lees,  anil  shall  cease  their  proceedings. 

For  the  information  ofthe  repreaenlalivo  of  tliu  deceased,  il  sbult  be  tlie  duty  of  the  couaul  or  vlM 


CONSUL. 


pie  of  thl«  net  by  hu 
onofallpsrsonVln 
ireii,\  portu  nn«|  hur. 
linrcofBhiill,  by  di- 
ed SratuitoiiHly,  and 
lort  or  harbour,  and 

fees  to  thig  prpscni 
incil,  Rboll  be  huni 
r  rotisuls  appointed 
spocDiiii  of  all  per. 
toexhihit  iiny  such 
le  inspecicd  l.y  any 
tlsli  slerlinir  money 
I  tlian  the  latb  pan 
ri'coverfld.— }  7. 
eil  to  iirant  in  the 
ofsiiperannualinn 
»tiuiiH  contained  in 
vances,  aro  hereby 
n  he  applied  to  tho 
1  if  the  same  were 

ywar  which  may 
,  within  the  donil- 
sliall  be  prevented 
appdinted,  it  Hhull 
cil,  to  praiit  to  any 
for  any  period  not 
y  such  war,  a  spe- 
ch  consuls  general 
•^ase  the  period  of 
vided  that  in  case 
ice  of  10  years  and 
«,  to  grant  to  hiin 
as  a  superanniia- 
in  the  said  act. 

t  where  any  other 
ediitff  Act  of 


•    3 

dollars 

•    3 

do, 

-    3 

do. 

-    3 

do. 

-    8 

du. 

-    1 

do. 

-    1 

do. 

•    1 

do. 

•    3 

do. 

-    1 

do. 

ired 


3     do. 

-  1     do. 

-  1     do. 

-  i     do. 

1  per  ceati 
,  1  per  cent. 
al  expenses,  over 

-  5  dollars. 
24  per  cent. 

:livery  of  dollars, 
rale  of  e.xch.mge 

consuls. 


ay  bn,  severally 
e«'s,  passeneer.H, 
:  thera;  aiidnlno 
'St  of  any  citizen 
d  consuls  or  vice 

equally  as  tliiiir 
the  laws  of  ihn 
fed  Stales,  other 
iiaviiiK  there  no 
lis  eft'eols  ;  Ihcy 
,  or,  fur  waul  nf 
?  country  where 
ed  ;  shall  sell  at 
ihle  nature,  and 
le  expiration  of 

transmit  In  ilm 
any  lime  before 
id  his  ettects  in 
leecdinvs. 
3  COIlBUl  or  vlct 


enni'iilt  aiithorijinrt  to  proceed  n»  BforesaM  In  the  lettlement  of  his  estate,  Immediately  to  not!fy  ht« 
deHth  in  one^'f  the  Razettps  published  In  the  consul  ite,  and  also  to  the  secretary  of  slate,  that  thesauiR 
may  hR  notified  in  t>iu  slate  to  which  the  deceased  shall  belong :  and  he  shall  also,  as  soon  as  iiny  tie, 
iriii'iBinii  to  the  secretiir"     f  state  an  inventory  of  the  etfetts  of  ilie  ileceiised  taken  as  before  directed. 

\  :i.  Tliat  the  sai'i  r  •  ji  and  viee  consuls,  in  cases  where  ships  or  vessels  of  tho  United  Slates 
ilmllhestrandciloKi!  stsof  their  consulites,  respectively,  shall,  as  far  as  the  laws  of  the  country 

will  permit,  take  pro;  .  ijasures,  us  well  for  the  purpose  of  saving  the  aaiil  ships  or  vessels,  their 
cnrijoes  and  nppurte-;  : es,  as  for  storing  and  securing  the  etfecls  and  iiioichandlse  saved,  and  for 
lakiiiz  an  Inventory  or  Inventories  thereof;  and  the  uiercliandlse  and  elfects  saved,  with  tho  inventory 
or  Inventories  thereof,  taken  as  aforesaid,  shall,  after  dcductiiiK  tlierefmin  the  expense,  he  delivered 
to  Ihe  owner  or  owners.  Prnriiled,  That  no  consul  or  vice  consul  shall  have  autliority  to  lake  pos- 
lession  of  any  such  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  other  properly,  when  the  master,  owner,  or  con- 
lijrnce  thereof  Is  present,  or  capahle  nf  taking  possession  of  the  same.  * 

}4.  That  it  shall  and  inav  he  lawful  fur  every  consul  and  vice  coiihuI  nf  the  United  Slates  lo  tnko 
and  receive  Hie  lOllowinK  toes  of  olHce,  for  the  services  which  he  shall  have  performed  :— I'nr  aiitlien- 
tlialing,  under  the  consular  seal,  every  protest,  declaration,  deposition,  or  other  act,  which  su'  h  cap- 
tains, masters,  mariners,  seamen,  passengers,  merchants,  or  others,  as  are  clti/ens  of  the  llnilcd 
glHtes,  may  respectively  choose  to  make,  the  aiiin  of  two  dollars.  I'or  the  t.lkin'.'  into  poti.-icsKioii, 
Inventorying,  selling',  and  tinally  settling  and  imyiiig,  or  transniittiiig,  as  aforesaid,  tlie  hal  nice  due  on 
the  personal  estate  left  hy  any  cili/.en  nfthc  United  Slatiis  who  shall  <lie  within  the  limit  of  his  con- 
snlnlc,  five  per  centum  on  the  itross  amount  of  such  estate.  I'or  taking  into  popscsnion,  ami  otherwise 
prnceeiling  on,  any  such  estate  which  shall  be  delivered  over  to  the  legal  represimlalive  before  a  linal 
selllnment  of  tho  same,  as  is  hereinbefore  directed,  two  and  a  half  per  eeiiliuii  on  siicli  part  dolivered 
over  as  shall  not  be  in  money,  and  live  per  ccntnni  on  the  ltoss  amount  of  the  residue.  And  it  ■^liail 
be  the  duly  of  the  consuls  and  vice  consuls  of  the  United  States  to  give  reeeipis  fur  all  fees  which 
they  sliall  receive  by  virtue  of  ihis  act,  expressing  the  pariiciiliir  services  for  whicli  they  are  paid. 

}  5.  That  in  case  it  bo  found  necessary  for  the  interest  of  the.United  St  .les,  that  a  consul  or  cruisuls 
be  appointed  to  reside  on  the  coast  of  Uarliary,  the  president  he  authorized  to  allow  an  annual  salary, 
not  exceeding  two  tiiousand  dollars,  to  each  person  so  to  he  appointed  :  Provided,  That  such  salary  bo 
not  allowed  lo  more  than  one  consul  for  any  one  of  the  states  of  the  salil  coast. 

}  fl.  That  every  consul  and  vice  consul  shall,  before  Ihey  entc!r  on  the  cxeciiilon  of  their  trusts,  or 
if  aire;idy  in  the  execution  of  the  same,  within  one  year  from  the  pissing  of  this  act,  or,  if  resid.'iit  in 
Asia,  within  two  years,  give  bond,  with  such  riiretlea  as  shall  be  approved  hy  the  secretary  of  slate, 
in  a  sum  of  not  less  than  two  thousand,  nor  ni'^c  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  conditioned  for  the  true 
and  faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office,  according  to  law,  and  also  for  truly  accounting  for  all 
moneys,  goods,  and  etiects  which  may  come  Into  his  possession  by  virtuu  of  this  act :  and  the  said 
bond  shall  be  lodged  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury. 

ActofFebr\uiry^tk,\%m.        ■'»■-'       ■  •  ,.,   .7„  (   -•  !■';    ti 

}  I.  Bn  it  enacted,  ^-c.  That  before  a  clearance  he  granted  to  any  vessel  bonnd  on  a  foreign  voyage, 
the  master  thereof  shall  deliver  to  the  collector  of  the  customs  a  list,  containing  the  names,  places  of 
birth,  and  residence,  and  a  description  of  the  persons  who  compose  his  ship's  company,  to  which  list 
Ihe  oath  or  nllirmation  of  the  captain  shall  bo  annexed,  that  the  said  list  contains  the  names  of  liia 
crew,  together  with  the  places  of  their  birth  and  residence,  so  far  as  he  can  ascertain  thein,  and  the 
■aid  collector  shall  deliver  hlin  a  ccrtilted  copy  thereof,  for  which  the  collector  shall  he  entitled  to 
receive  the  sum  of  twenly-tive  cents  ;  and  the  said  master  shall,  moreover,  enter  Into  bond  with  suf- 
ficient security,  in  the  sum  of  four  hundred  dollars,  that  he  shall  exhibit  the  aforesaid  certified  copy 
nithe  list  to  the  first  hoarding  officer,  at  the  first  port  in  the  United  States  at  which  he  shall  arrive, 
on  his  return  thereto,  and  then  and  there  also  produce  the  persons  named  therein,  to  the  said  boarding 
olilcer,  wiiose  duty  it  shall  he  to  examine  the  men  with  such  list,  and  to  report  the  same  to  the  col- 
lector;  and  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  collector  at  the  said  port  of  arrival,  (wliere  the  same  is  different 
from  the  port  from  which  the  vessel  originally  sailed,)  to  transmit  a  copy  of  the  list  so  reported  to  him, 
to  the  collector  of  the  port  from  which  said  vessel  originally  sailed  :  Pr'oridcd,1'U!M  the  said  bond  shall 
not  lie  forfeited  on  account  of  the  said  master  not  producing  to  tlie  first  boarding  officer,  as  aforesaid, 
any  of  the  persons  contained  in  the  said  list,  who  may  be  discharged  in  a  foreign  country,  with  Ilm 
consent  of  the  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  there  residing,  signified 
In  writing,  under  his  hand  and  official  seal,  to  bo  produced  to  the  collector  with  the  other  persons  com- 
posing the  crew,  as  aforesaid;  nor  on  account  of  any  such  person  dying  or  absconding,  or  being  forcibly 
inipressod  Into  other  service,  of  which  satisfactory  proof  shall  he  then  also  exhiliiled  to  tiic  collector. 

}  3.  That  it  shall  be  the  diilyof  every  master  or  command'  rof  a  ehip  or  vessel,  belonging  to  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  who  shall  sail  from  n,ny  port  of  the  Unhed  Slates,  after  the  first  day  of  May 
next,  on  his  arrival  at  a  foreign  port,  to  deposite  his  register,  sealeltor,  and  Mediterranean  passport, 
with  the  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  (if  any  tliere  be  at  such 
port ;)  that  in  case  of  refusal  or  neglect  of  the  said  master  or  coiiimaniler,  to  deposite  the  said  paperi 
as  aforesaid,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  five  hundred  dollars,  to  be  recovered  by  the  said  consul,  vice 
consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  uL'ent,  in  his  own  naiiii'  for  the  lienciit  of  the  United 
Slates,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  ;  and  it  shall  he  ihc  duty  of  such  consul,  vice  consul, 
commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  on  such  master  or  commander  producing  lo  him  u  clear- 
ance from  Ihe  proper  officer  of  tho  port  where  his  ship  or  vessel  may  be,  lo  deliver  lo  the  said  master 
or  commander  all  of  his  said  papers  ;  Provided,  such  master  or  coiiimander  shall  have  compiled  with 
the  provisions  contained  in  this  act.  and  those  of  Ihe  nci  to  which  this  is  a  sniiplement. 

{  3.  That  whenever  n  ship  or  vessel,  belonginir  to  a  citizen  of  the  Unileii  Slates,  shall  be  sold  In  a 
foreign  country,  and  her  company  discharged,  or  when  a  seaman  or  mariner,  a  citizen  of  tlie  United 
Stales,  shall,  with  his  own  consent,  be  discharged  in  a  foreign  country,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  tho 
naster  or  commander  to  produce  to  tho  consul,  vice  consul,  coniniercial  asieiit,  or  vice  coaimcrcial 
a'.enl,  the  list  of  his  ship's  company,  certilied  as  alurisaid,  and  to  pay  to  such  consul,  vice  consul, 
coiniiiercial  aaont,  or  vici;  commercial  agent,  for  every  seaman  or  iiiiiriner  so  discharged,  being  desig- 
liiite!l  on  snch  list  as  a  citizen  of  th(!  United  Slate.;,  Itiree  nionlhs*  pay,  over  and  above  the  wages 
wliicli  may  tlien  be  due  to  such  mariner  or  seaman,  two  thirds  thereof  to  bo  paid  hy  snch  consul  or 
ceiiiiiiercial  agent,  lo  each  seaman  or  mariner  so  discharKed,  upon  his  ongagi'iiient  on  board  of  any 
vessel  t,)  return  to  the  United  Stales,  and  Ihe  other  remaining  third  to  be  retained  for  the  purpose  of 
mating  a  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  passages  of  set.men  or  mariners,  cilj/.eiis  of  the  United  States, 
who  may  be  desirous  of  reluming  to  the  United  .Stiilf  s.and  for  the  niainlenaiice  of  American  seamen 
who  may  lie  destiiiite,  and  may  be  in  such  foreign  port ;  and  the  several  sums  retaiio'd  for  snch  fund 
sh.'ill  be  accounted  for  with  Ihe  treasury  every  six  monllis,  by  Ihe  persons  receiving  the  same. 

(1  4.  That  it  shall  he  tho  duly  of  the  consuls,  vice  consuis,  commercial  agents,  vice  commercial 
•rents  of  the  United  ."States,  from  time  to  lime,  to  provide  for  Ihe  mariners  and  seamen  of  Ihe  United 
Plates,  who  maybe  found  destitute  wiihiii  their  districts,  respi'ciively,  snllicieni  subsistence  and 
pai  sages  to  some  port  in  the  Unitf^l  States,  in  the  most  reasonalde  iiiai'iier,  at  the  expense  of  lliu 
lli.ited  States,  Biihject  to  such  Instructions  us  the  secretary  of  state  shall  give;  and  that  all  musterk 


f- 


^\ 


473 


CONSUL. 


and  eommanderi  of  vrofiels  brlnnitinR  to  citlzeni  nf  the  United  Statot.and  bound  to  inme  port  of  the 
samfl,  are  lier«hy  reqiiirod  and  Rnjoinnd  to  tuk«  aiich  mnrincri  or  si-ninen  on  >  onril  iil'ihijir  i<lit|m  or 
vcMcIi,  at  the  roqueet  of  tlie  Hiiiil  cnneiilK,  vicK  consuls,  cnninicrcial  agentH,  or  vice  ctininiercial  iisenti 
regpectively,  and  to  transport  tlicin  to  (lie  port  In  the  Uiiilod  Stiitoa  to  wliicti  audi  sliipa  nr  vef>ii«la 
mny  be  bound,  on  audi  tcrnia,  not  f  xrcvdlng  ten  dollara  for  each  person,  as  niiiy  bo  agreed  between 
the  aaid  niaatcr  and  consul,  or  comnierciiil  agent.  And  the  suid  uiuriners  or  seamen  shnll,  if  able,  h« 
bound  to  do  duly  on  board  auch  ships  or  vessels,  according  to  their  several  ubililies:  i'rorii/cW,  That 
no  master  or  captain  of  any  ship  or  vessel  simll  be  obli|;cd  to  take  a  greater  nuiitber  tluin  two  men  to 
every  one  hundred  tons  burden  of  tlie  aaid  ship  or  veasel,  on  any  one  voyage  ;  and  if  any  such  cap- 
tain or  master  shall  refuse  the  same,  on  the  requcat  or  order  of  I  he  consul,  vice  consul,  conmiprcial 
agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  auch  (aptaiu  or  master  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  one  liuiidrcd 
dollars  for  each  mariner  or  seaman  so  refused,  to  be  recovered,  for  the  beueiit  oi'the  Unilcd  tSlaics,  in 
any  court  of  competent  jurlsdiciion.    And  the  ter-'licate  of  any  such  consul  or  comnierciiil  ajienl 

Riven  niider  his  liand  and  otticiul  seal,  shall  be  priii:i.     cie  evidence  of  auch  refusal,  in  any  court  uf  iuw 
aving  Jurisdiction  for  the  recovery  of  the  penalty  i.  .  lesiiid. 

By  the  fifth  section  of  this  act,  the  eecrulury  of  state  is  "autliorized  to  reimburse  the  conf^iils,  vice 
consuls,  commercial  agents,  or  vice  commercial  a);enls,  such  reasonable  sums  as  iliey  may  hereiiifrre 
have  advanced  for  the  relief  of  seamen,  though  the  same  sliuuldexceed  the  rate  uf  twelve  cents  a  uiaa 
per  diem." 

i  6.  That  it  shall  and  may  he  lawful  for  every  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  and  vice  cr,m- 
merclal  agent,  of  the  United  States,  to  take  and  receive,  for  every  cerlifuuie  of  dlbchiirue  of  Riiy  fea- 
nian  or  mariner  in  a  foreign  port,  nfly  cents ;  and  for  commission  on  paying  and  receiving  llie  aiiiouiit 
of  wages  payalile  on  tlie  discharge  of  seamen  in  forci).'n  porta,  two  and  a  bnlfper  centum. 

i  7.  That  if  any  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  shall,  falsely  and 
knowingly,  certify  that  property  belonging  to  fiircigners  is  properly  belonging  to  citizens  of  the  li'niled 
States,  he  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  in  any  court  of  compeliint  jurisdiclinn,  forfeit  and  pay  a  line 
not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  at  the  discretion  uf  the  court,  and  be  imprisoned  fur  any  term  nut 
exceeding  three  years. 

i  8.  That  if  any  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  coniinerclal  agent,  shall  grant  a  pagg. 
port,  or  other  paper,  certifying  that  any  alien,  knowing  hlui  or  her  to  be  such,  is  a  citizen  of  tlieiniied 
States,  he  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  in  any  court  of  competent  Jurisdiction,  forfeit  ami  pay  a  line 
not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars. 

i  ».  That  all  powers  of  attorney,  executed  after  the  thirtieth  day  of  June  next,  in  a  forciirn  country, 
for  the  transfer  of  any  slock  of  the  United  States,  or  for  the  receipt  uf  interest  thereon,  shall  be  veri- 
fied by  the  certiticaleand  seal  of  u  consul,  vice  consul,  commercinl  agent,  or  vice  commercial  nj'ent, 
if  any  there  be,  at  the  place  where  the  same  shall  be  executed,  for  which  the  person  giving  the  certifi- 
cate shall  receive  tifty  cents. 

^et  of  May  Isf,  1810. 

)  4.  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  consuls  of  the  United  States,  residing  on  the  Bnrliary  cnnft, 
or  either  of  them,  to  expend,  or  to  disburse,  or  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid,  for  any  piirpise,  or  on  any 
pretence  whatever,  not  authorized  by  hnv,  to  any  one  of  the  liarbary  powers,  or  to  the  oftici'rs  or  snli- 
jects  thereof,  a  greater  sum  than  three  thousand  dollars  in  any  <ine  year,  with  intent  to  charge  the 
United  Htates  with  the  same,  without  f\m  obtaining  a  special  approbation,  in  writing,  from  the  preiii- 
dent  of  the  United  States,  for  that  piirpi.se.  And  every  such  consul  who  shall,  after  notice  nftliisacl, 
expend  or  disburse,  or  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid,  fur  any  purpose,  or  on  any  pretence  whatever,  nut 
oiithorized  by  law,  to  any  one  of  the  Barbary  powers,  or  to  the  otlicers  or  sulijecls  thereof,  a  greater 
Ellin  than  three  thousand  dollars  in  any  one  year,  or  shall  lie  aiding  or  assisting  tliert^in,  witliuut  tirst 
obtaining  the  approbation  of  the  president  as  aforesaid,  shall  furfeit  and  pay  to  the  treasury  of  the 
United  States  a  sum  equal  to  one  half  his  yearly  conipensallon  :  and  shall,  moreover,  stand  chartjcd 
with,  and  be  nciountahle  fur,  all  moneys  so  disbursed  or  paid,  contrary  to  tlie  provisions  of  this  act. 

i  a.  Tliat,  from  and  af>cr  the  first  day  uf  November  next,  no  consul  of  the  United  States  residing 
on  the  Barbary  coast  shall  own,  in  whole  or  in  part,  any  ship  or  vessel,  to  be  concerned,  directly  oi 
indirectly,  in  the  exportation  from,  or  importation  to,  any  of  the  states  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  of 
any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  on  penalty  that  every  consul  so  offending,  and  being  thereof  con- 
victed, shall,  for  every  offence,  forfeit  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars. 

H  6.  That  it  sliall  he  the  duty  of  the  consuls  residing  on  the  Barliary  coast  to  transmit  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury,  annually,  an  account  of  all  moneys  received,  and  of  all  disbursements  or  expendi- 
tures made,  by  them,  respectively,  for  or  on  account  of  the  United  Stales,  uiid  the  particular  purpose 
to  which  the  moneys  have  been  applied,  and  the  voucliers  to  eiippurt  tln^  sanic  :  and  the  secretary  nf 
the  treasury  shall  transmit  to  congress,  within  two  months  after  t  he  rrmmencement  <if  the  tirst  sessinii 
thereof  in  eve.ry  year,  a  statement  of  all  the  moneys  disbursed  from  the  treasury  of  the  United  Stales, 
for  expenses  of  intercourse  with  the  Unibary  povvi"r.s  during  the  preceding  year,  therein  iiotiug,  as  far 
as  can  tie  ascertained  ut  tlie  treasury,  ilie  siinis  received  by  the  respective  agents  or  consuls,  and  the 
purposes  to  which  the  same  have  been  applied. 

.ict  cf  March  13(»,  1813. 
}  6.  That,  from  and  after  the  time  when  this  act  shall  take  effect,  the  consuls  or  commercial  Rgents 
of  any  nation  at  pe.ice  with  the  United  Stales  sliall  be  acliiiitted  (under  such  regiilatiors  as  may  he 
preec'riljccl  by  the  president  of  the  United  Stall's,)  to  Hate  Ihi-ir  olijcctiuiis  to  the  proper  cumiiiaiuier 
or  collector  us  aforesaiil,  agairst  the  I'lniiliiyment  of  any  senn^aii  or  seafaring  man  on  hoard  of  any 
public  or  private  vessel  of  the  United  Slates,  on  uccuiint  of  his  heinj!  a  native  siiliject  or  citizen  cf  sikIi 
nation,  and  not  embraced  within  the  desrripiion  of  persons  who  may  he  lawfully  employed,  accnriling 
to  the  provisli'iis  of  tliis  act;  and  llie  said  cunaiils  or  coiiimeiciul  agents  shall  also  be  admitted,  uiiikr 
the  said  regulations,  to  be  present  at  the  lime  when  the  proofs  of  citizenship,  of  the  persons  ajiaiiist 
whom  auch  objections  may  have  been  made,  shall  be  investigalud  by  sucii  commander  or  collector. 

^ctcfMiirch  3(/,  1817. 
}  I.  Be  il  evneted^  ^-c.  That  the  register  or  other  dorumenia  in  lieu  thereof,  together  w  ilh  thcrlcnr- 
ance and  other  papers  granted  by  llie  uthcers  of  the  customs  to  any  foreign  ship  or  vessel,  at  her  de- 
parture from  the  port  or  place  I'lom  whiili  she  may  have  arrived,  sliail,  prevnms  to  entry  in  any  piTt 
of  the  United  States,  be  produced  to  the  collector  with  whom  sui:h  entry  is  to  be  made.  And  il  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  master  or  commancler,  within  furty-eighl  hours  iific^r  such  entry,  to  dipusile  the 
said  papers  with  Hie  consul  or  vice  consul  of  the  nation  to  which  the  vessel  heb>ngs,  ani|  to  deliver  to 
the  colleclor  the  certificate  of  such  consul  or  vice  consul  iliat  the  said  papers  have  been  so  deiiusitcd; 
and  any  master  or  coniinander, as  aforesaid,  who  shall  fail  to  ci<niply  with  this  regulation,  sliall,  upon 
conviction  thereof  in  any  court  of  competent  Jiirisdictiun,  lie  fined  in  a  sum  not  less  than  five  hun- 
dred dollars  nor  exceeding  two  thou.-^ttiicl  dollars :  /'rc/ric/crf.  That  this  act  shall  not  extend  to  the 
vcs'iels  of  foreign  nations  in  whuse  purls  American  coiisiiIn  are  not  permitted  to  have  the  cnstoily  aid 
;io«session  of  tlii!  rcuisler  and  other  papers  of  vessels  eiiiering  the  ports  of  such  nation,  accoidieK  to 
tlte  provisions  uf  the  second  section  uf  the  act,  supplementary  to  the  act  "cuncuiaing  cuusuU  and 


CONTRABAND. 


478 


vlca  eonaula,  and  for  the  further  protection  of  Americnn  teamen,"  paiied  the  twenty-eighth  of  Feb- 
runryi  n'><^  thnueand  ei;;ht  liuiidrRd  mid  threo. 

»1  Th'il  it  shall  not  he  luwriil  fur  any  foreign  coniul  to  dniiver  to  the  master  or  commander  of  any 
foreign  vesBid  the  rugistiir  und  other  papers  deposited  with  him  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
until  such  master  or  coiiiinundcr  shall  produce  ti>  him  n  cleiirancc,  in  due  form,  from  the  cidli^ctur  of 
the  port  wh^^re  such  vesaid  Ims  benn  entered  ;  and  any  consul  offendiiifr  apiiinst  the  provialiins  i<f  tliia 
act  shall  upon  conviction  thereof  before  (hn  supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  be  lined,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  court,  in  a  sum  not  less  than  five  hundred  dollai'b  acr  exceeding  liva  thousand  dollari, 

Act  of  March  Ut,  1833. 

»7,  That  no  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  subject  to  ad  valorem  duty,  imported  as  aforesaid,  and 
belonEln^  to  a  person  or  persons  not  residing  at  the  time  in  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  hava 
actually  purchased  the  same,  shall  be  admittt^d  to  entry,  unless  the  invoice  be  verified  by  the  oath  of 
Ihe  owner,  or  one  of  the  owners,  certifyinjr  that  tlie  said  gonds,  wares,  or  merrlinndise,  were  actually 
piirchHsed  for  his  account,  or  for  account  of  himself  and  partners  in  the  said  purchase  ;  that  the  in- 
voice annexed  there  o  contains  a  true  and  faithful  account  of  the  actual  cost  tlieri'of,  and  of  all  charges 
thereon;  and  that  no  discounts,  bounties,  or  driiwbarlis,  are  c<mtninud  in  the  said  invoice,  but  such  as 
iiiive  heen  actually  allowed  on  the  same  ;  which  said  oath  shall  be  administered  by  a  cuni^ul  or  com- 
mercial a;ent  of  the  United  States :  or  by  some  public  ofliccr  duly  autliurixed  to  ndmiuistitr  oaths  in 
the  coiintry  whern  the  saiil  goods,  wares,  or  merchuiulise,  shall  havu  been  purchased,  and  the  Knnie 
duly  certified  by  the  suhl  consul,  conwnorcial  axent,  or  public  otflcer ;  in  which  latter  case,  such  otiiciul 
certiflcate  shall  be  nr*  'icuted  by  a  consul  or  commercial  agent  of  the  United  States:  Prorichd, 
That  if  there  be  no  c  '  '  or  commercial  agent  of  the  United  States  in  the  country  from  which  the 
■aid  goods,  wares,  or  uic'rchandisp,  shall  have  been  im|)orted,  the  authentication  hereby  roi|uired, 
ehall  be  executed  by  a  consul  of  a  nation  at  the  time  in  amity  with  the  United  States,  if  there  be  any 
■uch  residing  there  :  and  if  there  be  no  such  consul  in  the  country,  the  said  authenticatiim  shall  he 
made  by  two  respectable  merchants.  If  any  such  there  he,  residing  in  tlie  port  from  which  the  said 
goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  shall  have  been  imported. 

}8.  That  no  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  subject  to  ad  valorem  duty,  imported  as  aforesaid,  and 
belonging  to  a  person  or  p^trsons  not  residing  at  the  time  in  the  United  States,  who  may  not  have  ac- 
quired the  same  in  the  ordinary  mode  of  bargain  and  sale,  or  belonging  to  a  person  or  persons  who 
laay  be  the  manufacturer  or  manufacturers,  in  whole  or  In  part,  of  the  same,  shall  be  admitted  to 
entry,  unless  the  invoice  thereof  he  verified  by  the  oath  of  the  owner,  or  of  one  of  the  owners,  certi- 
fying that  the  Invoice  contains  a  true  and  faithful  account  of  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise, 
at  their  fair  market  value  nt  the  time  and  place  when  und  where  the  same  were  procured  or  manu- 
factured, as  the  case  may  he,  and  of  all  charges  thereon  ;  and  that  the  said  invoice  contains  no  dis- 
counts, bounties,  or  drawbacks,  but  such  as  have  bceri  actually  allowed;  which  said  oath  shall  have 
been  duly  administered  ond  authenticated  in  the  mode  prescribed  in  the  seventh  section  of  this 
act. 

{  22.  That,  for  every  verification  and  certificate,  made  under  this  act,  before  a  consul  or  commercial 
agent  of  the  United  States,  such  consul  or  commercial  agent  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive, 
from  the  person  making  the  same,  a  fee  of  two  dollars :  Pruvided,  Each  shipper  ahull  have  the  right 
to  include  all  articles  shipped  by  him  iu  the  same  invoice. 

Jlct  of  March  3d,  1835. 

}1.  Beit  enacted,  ^c.  That  if  any  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  ngenf,or  vice  commercial  agent, 
shall  knowinsly  and  falsely  certify  to  any  invoice,  or  other  paper  to  which  his  certificate  is  by  law 
authorised  or  required,  he  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  ti)rf,;it 
and  pay  a  fine  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  be  imprisoned  fur 
a  term  not  exceeding  three  years,  at  the  like  discretion. 

See  Kent's  Commentaries  on  American  Law,  Lectur^  2d. — Am.  Ed.] 

CONTa.\BAND,  in  commerce,  a  commodity  prohibited  to  be  exported  or  imported^ 
bought  or  sold. 

Co.vTRABiiirD  is  also  a  term  applied  to  designate  that  class  of  commodities  which  neu* 
trals  are  not  allowed  to  carry  during  war  to  a  IwUigerent  power. 

It  is  a  recognised  general  principle  of  the  law  of  nations,  that  ships  may  sail  to  and  trade 
with  all  kingdoms,  countries,  and  states  in  peace  with  the  princes  or  authoritie.4  whose  flags 
they  bear;  and  that  they  are  not  to  be  molested  by  the  ships  of  any  other  power  at  war  with 
the  country  with  which  they  are  tr6'..ig,  unless  they  engage  in  the  conveyance  of  contra- 
band  goods.  But  great  ditficulty  has  arisen  in  deciding  as  to  the  goods  comprised  under 
this  term.  The  reason  of  the  limitation  suggests,  however,  the  species  of  articles  to  which 
it  principally  applies.  It  is  indispensable  that  tiiose  who  ))rofess  to  act  upon  a  principle  of 
ncutraUty  should  carefully  abstain  from  doing  any  thing  that  may  discover  a  bias  in  favour 
of  either  party.  But  a  nation  who  should  furnish  one  of  the  belligerents  with  supplies  of 
warlike  stores,  or  with  supplies  of  any  article,  without  which  that  belligerent  mi,.;ht  not  bo 
able  to  carry  on  the  contest,  would  obviously  forfeit  her  neutral  character ;  and  the  other 
belligerent  would  be  warranted  in  preventing  such  succours  from  being  sent,  and  in  confis- 
cating them  as  lawful  prize.  All  tlte  best  writers  on  international  law  admit  thi.s  principle  ; 
which,  besides  being  enforced  during  every  contest,  has  been  sanctioned  by  re(jeated  treaties. 
In  onler  to  obviate  all  disputes  as  to  what  commodities  should  be  deemed  contraband,  they 
have  soineliines  been  specifioJ  in  treaties  or  conventions — (See  the  references  in  Lampreili 
del  Commercio  dt'  Pupuli  Neutrali,  §  9.)  But  this  classification  i.s  not  always  respected 
during  hostilities ;  and  it  is  suliicicntly  evident  that  an  article  which  might  not  be  contra- 
band at  one  time,  or  under  certain  circunntances,  may  become  contraband  at  another  lime, 
or  under  dilTerent  circumstances.  It  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  even  by  M.  Hubner,  the  great 
advocate  for  the  freedom  of  neutral  commerce — (De  la  Saisie  des  Batimeiiis  Neulrcs,  torn.  i. 
p.  193.) — tliat  every  thing  that  may  bo  directly  available  for  hostile  purposes  is  contraband, 
as  arms,  ammunition,  horses,  timber  for  ship-building,  and  all  sorts  of  naval  stores,  'i'he 
greatest  ditiiculty  has  occurred  in  deciding  as  to  provisions,  which  are  BOiuutimea  held  to  be 

60 


if. 


li 

lii 


474 


CONTRABAND. 


contraband,  Rtid  sometimes  not.  Lord  Stowcll  has  shown  that  the  character  of  the  port  to 
which  the  proviflions  are  desthird,  is  the  principal  rircunislanco  to  be  attended  to  in  dpcid. 
ing  whether  they  are  to  be  looked  upon  as  contraband.  A  cargo  of  provisionH  inteiidrd  far 
an  enemy's  port,  in  which  it  was  known  that  a  warlike  armament  was  in  preparation,  would 
he  lialde  to  arrest  and  confiscation ;  while,  if  the  same  cargo  were  intended  for  a  port  whoro 
none  but  merchantmen  were  fitted  out,  the  most  that  could  be  done  would  be  to  detain  it 
paying  the  neutral  the  same  price  for  it  he  would  have  got  from  the  enemy. 

Uy  the  ancient  law  of  Eurofje,  a  ship  conveying  any  contraband  article  was  liable  to  con- 
fiscation as  well  as  the  article.  But  in  the  modern  practice  of  the  courts  of  admiralty  of 
this  and  other  countries,  a  milder  rule  has  been  adopted,  and  the  carriagi;  of  oontruband 
articles  is  attended  only  with  the  loss  of  freight  and  expenHcs,  imlesii  when  the  >>hip  bilonga 
to  the  owner  of  the  contraband  cargo,  or  when  the  simple  misconduct  of  conveying  snch  a 
cargo  has  been  connected  with  other  malignant  and  aggravating  circumstunccs.  Uf  these 
a  false  destination  and  false  papers  are  justly  held  to  bo  the  worst. — (3  liob.  Adm.  Ren 
875.) 

The  right  of  visitation  and  search  is  a  right  inherent  in  all  belligerents ;  for  it  would  be 
absurd  to  allege  that  they  had  a  right  to  prevent  the  conveyance  of  contraband  good:)  to  an 
enemy,  and  to  deny  them  the  use  of  the  ordy  means  by  which  they  can  give  ellect  to  such 
.  right. — ( Vattel,  book  iii.  c.  7.  §  1 14.)  The  object  of  the  search  is  twofold  :  first,  to  ascer- 
tain whether  the  ship  is  neutral  or  an  enemy,  for  the  circumstance  of  its  hoisting  a  nrutral 
flag  alTords  no  security  that  it  is  really  such ;  and,  secondti/,  to  ascertain  whether  it  has  con- 
traband articles,  or  enemieK*  property,  on  board.  AH  neutral  ships  that  would  navigate 
securely  during  war  must,  consequently,  be  provided  with  passports  from  Ihoir  government, 
and  with  all  the  papers  or  documents  necessary  to  prove  the  property  of  the  ship  ami  cargo 
—(see  Ship's  Papers)  ;  and  they  must  carefully  avoid  taking  any  contraband  articles  or 
belligerent  property  on  board.  And  hence,  as  Lampredi  has  observed,  a  merchant  ship 
which  socks  to  avoid  a  search  by  crowding,saiI,  or  by  open  force,  may  justly  bo  captured  and 
•ubjected  to  confiscation. — (§  13.) 

It  has,  indeed,  been  often  contended  that  free  ships  make  free  ^onds  (que  le  pavilion 
Coiivre  fa  tnarchandise)  and  that  a  belligerent  is  not  warranted  in  seizing  the  property  of  ai 
enemy  in  a  neutral  ship,  unless  it  be  contraband.  The  discussion  of  this  important  ques- 
tion would  lead  us  into  details  which  do  not  properly  come  within  the  scope  of  this  work. 
We  may,  however,  shortly  observe,  that  no  such  privilege  could  be  concfdcd  to  ncutralh, 
without  taking  from  belligerents  the  right,  inseparable  from  a  state  of  war,  of  seizing  an 
enemy's  property  if  found  in  places  where  hosliUties  may  be  lawfully  carried  on,  as  on  the 
high  seas.  In  fact,  were  the  principle  in  question  admitted,  the  commerce  of  a  belligerent 
power  with  its  colonies,  or  other  countries  beyond  sea,  might  be  prosecuted  in  neutrul  ships, 
with  as  much  security  during  war  as  in  peace ;  so  that  neutrals  would,  in  this  way,  be  au- 
thorised to  render  a  belligerent  more  important  assistance  than,  perhaps,  they  could  have 
done  had  they  supplied  him  with  troops  and  ammunition !  But  it  is  surely  uimcccssary  to 
say,  that  to  act  in  this  way  is  a  proceeding  altogether  at  variance  with  the  idea  of  neutrality, 
Neutrals  are  bound  to  conduct  themselves  in  the  spirit  (f  impartiality  ;  and  must  nat 
afford  such  aid  or  assistance  to  one  party,  as  may  the  better  enable  him  to  make  head  against 
the  other.  It  is  their  duty  "  non  iiitcrponere  se  btlln,  non  hoi^te  imminente  lioyfcm  eripere.'' 
And  yet  it  is  manifest  that  the  lending  of  neutral  bottoms  to  carry  on  a  belligerent's  trade  is 
in  direct  contradiction  to  this  rule.  The  ships  or  cruisers  of  a  particular  power  may  have 
swept  those  of  its  enemy  from  the  sea,  and  reduced  him  to  a  state  of  great  dilficulty,  by  put- 
ting a  stop  to  his  commerce  with  foreigners,  or  with  his  own  colonics  ;  but  of  what  conse- 
quence would  this  be,  if  neutrals  might  step  in  to  rescue  him  from  such  difliculties,  by  carr}'- 
ing  on  that  intercourse  for  him  which  he  can  no  longtr  carry  on  for  himself]  It  is  natural 
enough  that  such  a  privilege  should  be  coveted  by  neutrals:  but,  however  advantageous 
to  them,  it  is  wholly  subversive  of  the  universally  admitted  rights  of  belligerent  powers,  as 
well  as  of  the  principles  of  neutrality  ;  and  cannot,  therefore,  be  truly  said  to  be  bottomed 
on  any  sound  principle. 

In  the  war  of  1756,  the  rule  vas  laid  down  by  Great  Britain,  that  neutrals  are  not  to  be 
allowod  to  canyon  a  trade  duri-.ig  war,  that  they  were  excluded  from  during  peace;  so  that, 
supposing  a  nation  at  war  with  (ircat  Britain  had,  while  at  peace,  prohibited  foreigners  from 
engaging  in  her  colonial  or  coasting  trade,  we  shoidd  not  have  permiltrd  neutrals  to  engage 
in  it  during  war.  This  rule  has  been  much  complained  of;  but  tlic  principle  on  which  it  is 
founded  seems  a  sound  one,  and  it  may  in  most  cases  be  safely  adopted.  The  claims  of 
neutrals  cannot  surely  bo  carried  furthor  than  that  they  sluodd  be  allowed  to  carry  on  their 
trade  during  war,  as  they  had  been  accuslomed  to  carry  it  on  during  peace,  except  with 
places  under  blockade ;  but  it  is  quite  a  diflerent  thing  when  they  claim  to  be  allowed  to 
employ  themselves,  during  war,  in  a  trade  in  which  they  had  not  previously  any  right  to  en- 
gage. To  grant  them  tiiis,  would  not  be  to  preserve  to  them  their  f.)rmir  rights,  but  to  give 
them  new  ones,  which  may  be  fairly  withheld.  Supposing,  however,  that  either  of  the  belli- 
gerent powers  has  force  sufficient  to  prevent  any  intercourse  between  the  other  and  its  culo- 


!/  i: 


CONVOY. 


'iiv 


47B 


nits,  or  any  infercnitrte  between  different  porta  of  the  other,  she  might,  in  the  cxereine  of  the 
Itfitimate  rights  of  a  ho!ligorent,  excliulo  ncntraU  from  such  trii'le,  even  thousli  it  hail  for* 
nrrlv  Ih^cii  open  to  them ;  because  otherwise  she  woulii  bo  (Ipprived  of  the  ndvaiitage  of  her 
Bupc'rior  force;  and  the  neutrals  would,  in  fact,  when  employed  in  this  way,  he  acting  as  the 
most  cflicient  allies  of  her  enemy. 

For  a  full  iliacusHion  of  this  important  ond  difficult  question,  and  of  the  various  distinctions 
to  wliicli  it  gives  rise,  sec  the  work  of  Hubner  (De  la  Snigie  den  Bdtimem  Netifren,  'Z  tomes, 
12nn.  n^^)<  in  which  the  diffl-rent  arguments  in  favour  of  the  principle  that "  the  flag 
covers  the  cargo"  are  stated  with  perspicuity  and  talent.  The  opposite  principle  has  been 
advncntcil  by  Iiampredi,  in  his  very  ai)le  treatise  Del  Commercio  m  J'upoli  K-utrali,  ^  10.: 
by  Lord  Liverpool,  in  his  Discourse  on  the  Conduct  of  Great  Britain  in  respect  to  Neutrals, 
yirhm  in  1757;  and,  above  all,  by  Lord  Stowell,  in  his  justly  celebrated  decisions  in  the 
Admiialtv  Court.  Martens  inclines  to  Hubner's  opinion. — (See  Precis  du  Droit  dts  Gent, 
liv.  8.  c.  7.) 

[See  Kent's  Commenfnries  on  American  Law,  Lecture  7th. — Am,  Ed.] 

CONVOY,  in  navigation,  the  term  applied  to  designate  a  ship  or  ships  of  war,  appointed 
bv  j);o\ernment,  or  by  the  commander  in  chief  on  a  particular  station,  to  escort  or  protect  the 
niercliiuit  ships  proceeding  to  certain  ports.  Convoys  are  mostly  appointed  during  war;  but 
thoy  arc  sometimes,  also,  appointed  during  ptMce,  for  the  security  of  ships  navigating  seas 
infe'iidl  with  pirates. 

Individuals  have  not  always  lieen  left  to  themselves  to  judge  as  to  the  expediency  of  sail- 
ing with  or  without  convoy.  The  governments  of  most  maritime  states  have  thought  pro- 
fiir,  when  they  were  engaged  in  hostilities,  to  oblige  their  subjects  to  place  tiiemselves  under 
an  escort  of  this  sort,  that  tiie  enemy  might  not  be  enriched  by  their  capture.  .Acts  to  this 
effect  were  passed  in  this  country  during  the  American  war  and  the  late  French  war.  The 
laat  of  these  acts  (43  Geo.  3.  e.  67.)  enacted,  that  it  should  not  be  lawful  f  >r  any  ship  be- 
longing  to  ony  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  (except  as  tlierein  provided)  to  depart  from  any 
port  or  place  whatever,  uidess  under  such  convoy  as  should  be  appointed  for  that  pur* 
pose.  The  master  was  required  to  use  his  utmost  endeavours  to  continue  with  the  convoy 
during  the  whole  voyage,  or  such  part  thereof  as  it  should  lie  directed  to  accompany  his  ship ; 
and  not  to  separate  therefrom  without  leave  of  the  commander,  under  very  heavy  pecuniary 
penalties.  And  in  case  of  any  ship  departing  without  convoy  contraiy  to  the  act,  or  wil* 
fully  separating  therefrom,  all  insurances  on  the  ship,  cargo,  or  freight,  belonging  to  the  mas* 
ter,  or  to  any  other  person  directing  or  privy  to  such  departure  or  separation,  were  rendered 
null  and  void.  The  customs  officers  were  directed  not  to  allow  any  ship  that  ought  to  sail 
with  convoy  to  clear  out  from  any  place  in  the  United  Kingilom  for  foreign  parts,  without 
requiring  from  the  master,  bond  with  one  surety,  with  condition  that  the  ship  should  not  de- 
part without  convoy,  nor  afterwards  desert  or  wilfully  separate  from  it.  The  regulations  of 
this  act  did  not  extend  to  ships  not  requiring  to  be  registered,  nor  to  those  licensed  to  sail 
without  convoy,  nor  to  those  engaged  in  tiie  coasting  trade,  nor  to  those  belonging  to  the 
East  India  Company,  Sec. 

It  is  very  common,  during  periods  of  war,  to  make  sailing  or  departing  with  convoy  a 
condition  in  policies  of  insurance.    This,  like  other  warranties  in  a  policy,  must  be  strictly 
performed.     And  if  a  ship  warranted  to  sail  with  convoy,  sail  without  it,  the  policy  becomes - 
void,  whether  this  be  imputable  to  any  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  insured,  or  the  refusal 
of  govern  mcnt  to  appoint  a  convoy. 

There  are  five  things  essential  to  sailing  with  convoy :  viz.  first,  it  must  be  with  a  regular 
convoy  under  an  officer  appointed  by  government;  secondly,  it  must  be  from  the  place  of 
rendezvous  appointed  by  government ;  t/iirdly,  it  must  be  a  convoy  for  the  voyage ;  fuurt/ify, 
the  master  of  the  ship  must  have  sailing  instructions  from  the  commanding  officer  of  the 
convty ;  and  fifthly,  the  ship  must  depart  and  continue  with  the  convoy  till  the  end  of  the 
VoyRo;p,  unless  separated  by  necessity. 

With  respect  to  the  third  of  these  conditions  we  may  observe,  that  a  warranty  to  sail  with 
convoy  generally  means  a  convoy  for  the  voynae  ,•  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  add  the  words 
"for  the  voyage"  to  make  it  so.  Neither  will  the  adding  of  these  words  in  some  instances, 
make  the  omission  of  them,  in  any  cas«,  the  ground  of  a  dilH^rcnt  construction.  A  warranty 
to  soil  with  convoy  does  not,  however,  uniformly  mean  a  convoy  that  is  to  accompany  tho 
ship  insured  the  entire  way  from  the  port  of  departure  t<>  her  port  of  destination ;  but  such 
convoy  as  government  may  think  fit  to  appoint  as  a  suiricient  protection  for  ships  going  tho 
voyage  insured,  whether  it  be  for  the  whole  or  only  a  part  of  tho  voyage. 

Sailing  instructions,  referred  to  in  the  fourth  condition,  are  written  or  printed  directions 
delivered  by  the  commanding  officer  of  the  convoy  to  tho  several  masters  of  the  ships  under 
his  care,  that  they  may  understand  and  answer  signals,  and  know  the  place  of  rendezvous 
appointed  for  the  fleet  in  case  of  disi)ersion  by  storm,  or  by  an  enemy,  &c.  These  sailing 
'astruetions  are  so  very  indispensable,  that  no  vessel  can  have  the  full  protection  and  bencfii 
pf  convoy  without  them :  hence,  when,  through  the  negligence  of  the  master,  they  are  not 

.>tainr(l,  llie  ship  is  not  said  to  have  sailed  with  convoy  ;  and  a  warranty  in  a  policy  of  in* 


•\-\ 


476 


COPAIVA— COPENHAGEN. 


mnuice  to  that  effect  is  held  not  to  he  compUeJ  with.  If,  however,  the  muter  ilo  «ll  in  hn 
power  to  obtain  aailing  instructionit,  but  ix  prevented  from  ohtniniiiK  tliem  by  any  inMupcrahlo 
obstacle,  as  the  badness  of  tlie  weather ;  or  if  tiiey  he  rofuHed  by  the  commander  of  tiie  coii 
voy ;  the  warranty  in  tlie  policy  is  held  to  be  complied  witli. 

Fur  further  information  as  to  convoy,  see  Ablmtt  on  the  Law  of  Sfiipping,  part  ill,  c.  3, ; 
Marshall  on  Insurance,  book  i.  c.  9.  ^  6.,  and  the  Act  43  Geo,  3.  c.  67,  <tc. 

COPAIVA.    BeeBAtsAM. 

COPAL,  improperly  called  gum  copal,  is  a  valuable  and  sinnular  kind  of  resin,  that  na- 
turally exudes  from  different  large  trees,  and  is  imported  partly  from  America,  ami  partly 
from  the  East  Indies.  The  best  copal  is  hard  and  brittle,  in  rounded  \\xm\m  of  a  mwlerale 
■ize,  easily  reducible  to  a  fine  powder,  nf  a  light  lemon  yellow  colour,  Iwautifully  tniiiKpt. 
rent,  but  often,  like  amber,  containing  parts  of  insects  and  other  small  extraneous  liudiii  in 
its  substance.  Its  specific  gravity  varies  from  1'045  to  1'139.  It  has  ntither  the  Kuliiliility 
in  water  common  to  gums,  nor  the  solubility  in  alcohol  common  to  rcHiiiH,  at  leavt  in  any 
considcruble  degree.  It  may  be  dissolved  by  digestion  in  drying  linseed  oil,  nnd  other  vulntile 
menstrua,  'i'his  solution  forms  a  Iwautiful  transparent  varnJKh,  whiili,  when,  prn))rrly  a|> 
plied,  and  slowly  dried,  is  very  hard  and  very  durable.  Copal  varnish  was  firit  diHcovircd 
in  France,  and  was  long  known  by  tlie  name  of  fcr?ii«  martin.  It  is  applied  to  snufT-liuxcs, 
tea-boards,  and  other  utcnsiU.  It  preserves  and  gives  lustre  to  paintings ;  and  rontriliutea 
to  restore  the  decayed  colours  of  old  pictures,  by  filling  up  crarks,  and  rendering  the  Hurfaco 
capable  of  reflecting  light  more  uniformly.  Copal  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with  ^m 
unimi,  when  the  latter  is  very  clear  and  good.  But  it  is  of  importance  to  distinguish 
between  titcm,  as  the  anime,  though  valuable  as  a  varnish,  is  much  less  so  than  the  fnieat 
copal ;  tlie  varnish  with  the  former  I)eing  darker  coloured,  and  not  ho  hanl.  BcHidM  the 
external  appearance  of  each,  which  is  pretty  distinct  to  a  practised  eye,  the  soltiliility  in 
alcohol  furnishes  a  useful  test, — the  animu  being  readily  soluble  in  this  fluid,  while  thi-  co- 
pal is  hardly  affected  by  it ;  copal  is  also  brittle  between  the  teeth,  whereas  animu  Boftcni 
in  the  mouth. — (Iteea'a  Cyclopadia  ,•  Urt'e  Dictionary,  ^c.) 

The  imports  ofgiiin  animu  and  copnl  are  not  dlgtinguithcd  In  the  custnm-hnuin  nrcmint8.  The  «iitrlcii 
of  l>nlh  for  home  cnnaiiniptinn  amounted,  ut  an  avcnige  uf  lliu  3  yearn  cniling  with  IMI.tn  IS.^,7i'l  Ibi 
a  yenr.  The  duty  has  bucn  Judiciously  rmluced  froiu  S6«.  to  6».  u  cwt.  Copul  iutches  lu  tliu  Lundon 
market  from  6d.  to  l«,  7rf.  per  Ih.,  duty  paid. 

COPENHAGEN,  the  capital  of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  east  coast  of  the  island  of  Zea- 
land, in  the  channel  of  the  Bailie  called  the  Sound ;  in  lat.  55°  41'  N.,  Ion.  12°  05'  40"  E. 
Population  about  105,U00.  It  is  a  well-built,  handsome  city.  In  going  into  Cniwnhaqcn, 
the  course  is  between  the  buoy  on  the  Slubl)cn  Bank  to  the  left,  and  the  buoy  on  the  Mitldic. 
grounds,  and  those  in  advance  of  the  three  Crown  batteries  on  the  right,  W.  S.  VV.  by  cum- 
poss.  From  the  three  crowns  to  the  roads  the  course  is  8.  S.  W.  Tlie  water  in  the  ciiiinnrl 
IS  from  G  to  4  fathoms  deep ;  but  it  is  narrow,  and  the  navigation  rather  ditncult.  There  ig 
no  obligation  to  take  a  pilot  on  board ;  but  if  a  vessel  wish  fur  one,  she  may  heave  to  nhrcast 
of  the  battery,  when  he  will  come  to  her.  Vessels  no^  intending  to  come  uitu  harbour  bring 
up  in  the  roads,  at  from  ^  to  ^  a  mile  from  shore,  in  about  4  fathoms,  the  town  bearing 
S.  S.  W.  In  the  harbour,  within  the  boom,  the  water  is  from  17  to  18  feet  deep.  VtsseU 
in  harbour  load  and  unload  alongside  the  quay.    The  anchorage  in  the  roads  is  guud  and  eafe, 

Monty. — Accounts  nro  kept  In  rixdollnrs  of  0  marcs,  nr  06skillingss  the  rixilollar  lipinK  roriiicrly 
worth  about  48.  \d.  stfrling.  Rut  in  1813,  a  new  uinnetnry  8ysti<ni  wiis  adnpiiul,  accnriliiix  t»  wliicli 
llieni-w  or  At^.«ftaii{:  dollar  U  worth  3ji.  Sjil..,  b(>ini;  linlftliu  vuluo  of  the  old  gpecie  itolliir,  ;iii(l  {  nf  the 
old  current  dollar.  But  the  money  E«nerally  used  in  conimercini  trnnBactions  i«  Imnk  money,  wliich 
U  commonly  ai  n  heavy  discount.  The  far  of  exchange,  esiiumtud  by  the  Rigsbunk  dullur,  wuiilU  be 
6  dollnrsT'oskillingfl  per  pound  sterling. 

It'eightt  and  Measures. — The  romniercinl  weights  nre,  16  pounds •^  1  lispound  ;  90  llspoiini<  =  1  slilp- 
pound;  100  lb.  =  110^  lbs.  avoirdupois  "  134  lbs.  Troy  ■==  101  lbs.  of  Amsterdam  =  103lbs.of  tluinlnircli. 

The  liquid  measures  are,  4  ankers  =  1  ahni  or  ohm ;  U  ahin  =  1  liugshead  ;  3  ho||8lieuUs  --  I  |ii|ie; 
t  pipes  "  I  quarter.  The  nnkcr  =  10  (very  nearly)  English  wine  gallons.  Kfude.r  ol'wine«  OliOpotsj 
and  100  pots  =  35t  wine  giillons. 

The  dry  niensures  are,  4  viertcis  -  1  schetTuI ;  8  schefTids  ■=  1  toende  or  ton  ;  19  tons  =  1  la.«t  =  i'\ 
^Vini'hester  bushels.  The  last  of  oil,  butter,  herrings,  and  other  oily  substances,  bIiouIU  weigh  Vit 
Ilw.  nett. 

The  measure  oflen^th  Is  the  Rhineland  foot  ~  13^  inches  very  nearly.  The  Danish  ell  =='  3  feet ;  100 
•Us  =<  l>S}  English  yards. 

Trade  of  Copenhagen. — This  is  not  very  considerable,  and  has  latterly  declined.  A  nchors, 
pitch,  and  tar,  are  chiefly  imported  from  Sweden  and  Norway  ,*  flax,  hemp,  masts,  snii-clulh, 
and  cordage,  from  Russia ;  West  India  produce  frum  the  Danish  West  India  ibiatids;  to- 
bacco from  America;  wines  and  brandy  from  France:  coal,  earlhcn-ware,  and  salt  arc  the 
principal  articles  of  direct  import  from  England.  Of  coal,  we  sent  tu  Denmark  (principolly 
to  Copenhagen),  in  1830,  100,127  tons,  and  of  salt  1,272,187  bushels.  Owing  to  the  erru 
neous  policy  of  the  Danish  government,  which  is  attempting,  at  a  great  public  lo.ss,  to  raise 
and  bolster  up  manufactures,  the  direct  imports  of  woollens  and  cottons  are  quite  inconsi- 
derable. These  articles  are  not,  however,  absolutely  prohibited  ;  but  are  admitted  on  condi- 
tion of  their  being  stamped,  and  put  up  to  auction  by  the  CuMtom-house,  which,  allcr  retain- 
ing 30  per  cent  of  the  gross  produce  of  the  sale,  pays  over  the  residue  to  the  iraportcr,  who 


COPENHAGEN. 


mwrter  do  ill  in  hu 
by  any  inHu|)cr8hlo 
mandor  of  ihe  con 

M"»f,  part  iii.c.3.; 
c, 

<1  of  rciin,  ihat  nv 
Lmericn,  and  partly 
«n|«  of  a  inoilcrate 
>eautirully  trnii«|n. 
Ktriincoui  liudiia  in 
•itiior  the  KolubiJiiy 
HH,  at  least  in  any 
I,  nnd  oilier  viijaiile 
vhof),  properly  uj). 
U8  first  iliH(ovirc(l 
liiNl  to  wiuff-lioxcs, 
s ;  and  roiuriliulej 
idcrinn  the.  surface 
bundud  with  ^nii 
nee  to  distinnuieh 
80  than  the  linesi 
lanl.  Besides  tlie 
0,  the  aoliiliility  in 
lluid,  wIuIb  the  co- 
eaa  aniine  soficn* 

'cnnnlB.  TlicBiifriM 
lllSIIl.lo  183,711  Ibi 
Iclict  iu  tliu  London 

the  island  of  Zca- 
in.  12°  35'  4C"  E. 
into  CniMJnIiiigcn, 
loy  on  the  Middle- 
W.S.VV.hycom. 
tor  in  the  channel 
li/Hcult.  'i'hcrc  ia 
y  heave  to  abreast 
into  harbour  bring 
the  town  bearing 
et  deep.  Vessels 
s  is  good  and  safe, 

liar  lieinft  furnicrly 
ai:cor(liii(!  Ici  wliUii 
itollar,  iiiiil  I  (if  the 
liuiik  niiiiiey,  wliicli 
nk  dollar,  wuiild  Ihi 


isli  ell  =  2  feel ;  100 

iciincd.  Anchors, 
,  masts,  snil-eluth, 
[ndia  islands;  to 
and  suit  are  the 
nark  (principally 
wing  to  the  erro 
iblie  loss,  to  raise 
are  quite  inconsi- 
Iniitted  on  condi- 
lich,  aller  retain- 
le  iniportur,  who 


if,  ■  »  lly  the  purchoHcr.  Thia  opprcMivo  rpfrtilation  reduces  the  I«((U!fnate  importation 
of  liicip  articleH  to  next  to  nothing ;  but  the  illicit  importation  ia  very  conMiderahle,  princi* 
pally  by  the  Elbe  and  the  HoUtuin  frontier.  The  export*  consist,  for  the  most  part,  of  the 
produce  of  the  aoil,  as  (yrain,  rapnsec«i,  butter  and  checae,  beef  and  pork,  hides,  lir)rsea  nnd 
cattle,  corn,  brandy,  bones,  &c.  In  1830,  the  imports  of  f(rain  into  this  country  from  Uun- 
mark  worn  aa  fullowa,  viz.  wheat  88,0:i3  quarter*,  barley  75,A33  do.,  oata  118,203  do.,  rye 
l,lfil  do.,  peas  and  beans  5,162  do.,  the  importation  of  rapeiood  during  the  aamo  year  waa 
286,369  buahela.— (See  Cohjc  L\wa.)     We  subjoin 

An  Account,  nxtrnrled  from  thn  Returns  published  hy  the  Danish  Ciistnm-honsn  of  the  principal  ArtU 
clei  of  Agrluulturnl  i'roduce  exported  fVom  Denmark  In  1831. 


QiuuIIiIm  Mportrd. 

Article*  eiporltil. 

1 

I'll  or  rlarlarrd 
Vilua  In  niKi. 

n«nlth  Wtil«htt 

BrlMkh  WfiKti'f 

VdiwIalMcrlliK. 

Slid  Meuures. 

«ml  MnHurin 

tiiiik  l>iill.irt. 

Wheiit  nnd  wheat  flnur 

IIMOA  ton. 

54,9^3  (irs. 

£      f.  d. 

livuniid  rye  tlonr 

78,4flO    — 

37,981  — 

Uarlcy,  tlonr  nnd  groats 

S84,3H»    — 

388,408  — 

innit       ... 
Oats,  meal  and  groats  - 

1 9,09a    — 
351, .140    — 

9,338  — 
169,815  — 

.  3,964,773 

446,036  17    0 

Biirkwheal  do    -           .           - 

6,9K8    — 

S,.T77  — 

Peas       .... 

15,095    — 

7,730  — 

Renns  nnd  tares 

91,133    — 

15,017  — 

Rnppseod           ... 

143,I.M    — 

71,608  — 

1,390,497 

156,439  15    0 

Diitter     .           •           -           - 

47,«58  bar. 

.        . 

3,383,900 

808,076    5    0 

Choe«B   .... 

878,000  lbs. 

8,590  cwt. 

51,500 

6,131    5    0 

Brnndv  (com)    ... 

3.3191  hhd. 

115,775  galls. 

Pork.sallfd       ... 

1,449,787  Ibi. 

1 1.331  cwt. 

smoked     ... 

305,789    — 

3,603  — 

Beef,  salted       ... 

691.101    — 

6,S0S  — 

•     ♦■  ' 

smoked   ... 

15,773    — 

156- 

Hides  and  skins— 

cnir,  ilioep,  and  Innib 
ox,  cow,  and  horse 

1,119,583  lbs. 
1,744,007    — 

10,960  cwt. 
Irt.lflO  — 

.  3,885,316 

331,508    1    0 

Wont,  sheep      ... 

779,488    -- 

857,438  — 

Cattle- 

Horses         .          .           - 

13,350  head 

.          . 

■i  <  -  . 

OxHn           ... 

93,013    — 

. 

Cows          ... 

8,4«I    - 

• 

Calves         ... 

6,050    — 

Rbd. 

10,677,975 

£1,301,373    3    « 

We  have  no  me.ini  of  ascertaining  the  proportion  shipped  IVoin  Copenhagen,  but  it  was  very  eon« 

ildcrable. 

TVirM.— Statement  of  the  Tares  allowed  by  the  Custom-houaa  at  Copenhagen,  on  the  principal  ArtN 

cles  of  Importation. 


Arliclra. 

Dscrlplion  or  Ftckifn. 

Tarea. 

Artldei. 

Deacriplkm  of  Pickatet. 

Tares. 

AlmoiKli 

Linfn  ban 

4  per  ct. 

Pepper 

Bita  or  ISO  Iba.  ami  ui.der 

2  lbs. 

CMti.1  licnca   - 

All  lorU  tit  pMlunt     • 

18   - 

eiKcJing  150  Ibe. 

4  — 

■Cinaimon 

(In.      .          .         . 

do. 

Linen  ba)ji 

do. 

Cwa  . 

In  linen  Imki 

4nerct 

Pimento 

do.     . 

dn. 

CoOm 

Cuki  of  400  lbt.>nd  under       • 

l«    - 

Ralaina 

1-2  barrel 

IRIbf. 

riceedinii  400  lln. 

12   - 

1-4    do.              ... 

12- 

Malted  bap  nr  ISO  lb>.  an<l  under 

3lba. 

Caika  eiceedInK  1  2  barrel 

10  iier  ct. 

exceeding  130  Ibi, 

4- 

do.    under  1-2  barrel    < 

12    — 

Eaat  India  bap,  double 

ilo. 

RlM     • 

Ca»ki      .... 

10    - 

do.            tingle 

2lbe. 

Barrela    .          -          -           • 

24lb«. 

Cotmn,  ptlnlm' 

lOperct 

Udo.     .... 

IS- 

do.     and  enumerated,  an.1  not 

l-4do.     .          .          •          . 

12- 

beinf  ochre,  white  lead,  or  brown 

i'Sdo.     .... 

8  — 

rod        ...          . 

12    - 

Bap  or  lOOIba.  and  not  exceed. 

P'epared            .          -         . 

do. 

inglSOIha.     • 

4  — 

Crtlfon          - 

Ran  or  bales 

All  aorta  of  packages     ■         • 

4lbii. 

ISO  Iha.  and  under 

2- 

Cumnli 

16  per  ct. 

Saltpetre 

All  kindi  or  packagea    • 

10  per  ct. 

ll^m  wars      ■ 

do 

12    - 

Soap,  whlla     • 

do. 

n    — 

Fip     . 

l-4»ik». 

I2lba. 

Sugar,  law 

Ineaaka 

17    — 

II  do 

18- 

Braail  boxes       ... 

do. 

Caika      .... 

lOperct 

Harannahdo.      .          -           • 

12   — 

nnketa,  or  frails 

8   - 

rcliwd 

Cvkl(tnnalt)     • 

do. 

Glaa  wan     • 

Boiea      .... 

M    - 

Tobacco 

do.         . 

do. 

Bolilea  In  crates  and  In  atraw    . 

20    - 

Bankets  packed  in  mats  - 
Caska  (thick)      - 

9    - 

-lo.     in  boaee  and  in  aaurduat  - 

40    — 

Turpentine     • 

IT    - 

Itiriwiirt 

In  caika  and  boaes 

12    — 

oU 

do.        - 

20    — 

Packed  In  mala,  per  piece 

4  lbs. 

do.  caseil 

34    - 

llopi   . 

Bui  and  pocketa 
Airanrti of  packa(t«s      • 

4perct. 

Vitriol 

Olaas  botlla  or  flasks  in  baskets 

20    - 

IndiCo  • 

20    - 

do.                       in  boxM  . 

MiiMtnl 

Glane^  In  boiee  and  eaik* 

12    — 

do.       packed  In  sawdust  . 

40    - 

Othr.  - 

All  inrtk  nf  nackaees 

In  iiii^le  and  double  caska         . 

10    - 

Stone  bottles 

:x)   — 

Uliveoil 

18    - 

White  leal     • 

All  kinds  of  packages    - 

10    - 

BollleJ,  In  baikela  ami  alranr     . 

20    - 

do.     in  boxes  and  anwiluit    > 

40    - 

Cre(/i^— Goods  imported  Into  Copenhacen  are  commonly  sold  on  credit :  3  months  is  the  term  pene< 
nlly  allowed  on  most  sorts  nf  goods,  and  In  a  few  instances  6  months.  The  discount  for  ready  money 
Is  4  per  cent.     Banlcruptcy  is  of  rare  occurrence. 

ShiT\pir<g.—\n  1931,  there  entered  the  port  of  Copenhagen  1,505  ships ;  of  which  309  were  from  8we 
den,  303  from  Prussin,  308  from  Norway,  160  from  Great  Britain,  137  from  Russia,  90  frniii  Finland,  39 
from  France,  &c.    The  tonnage  of  these  ships  is  not  stated;  but  many  were  of  very  siuuil  burden. 
Subjoined  is  bd 


I 


478 


COPENHAGEN. 


Account  of  the  Danlah  8hlppln|  emplnycd  in  thn  Fnrplirn  anil  in  tho  Cnrrylng  Tradit  of  Denmark  '■ 

tlie  Yuur  ls3U. 


CowilrlaiiiKl 

riieu. 


Ruiiia    - 
Pruiiia    - 

Mudilenburgh 

Liibeck    - 

Sweden   and  \ 
Norway     j 

IlDm^nrRh  } 
and  Uroiiivn  )  ' 

Netherlandi    - 
Great  Britain  - 

France     - 

Spain 
Portugal  - 

Mediterranean 

Brazil 


Nn. 

or 


Kb 
5T9 

111 

383 

710 

S53 
360 
637 

m 

76 
07 

60 

II 


4011 


Tnnn«je, 


Nitura  nr  C>nmi  MporlMl 
twm  l>tuniark. 


3t,IS3 
20,830 

8,517 

7,178 

85,606 

31,154 
15,150 
43,480 

15,858 

8,451 
9,500 

9,037 

2,416 


225,354 


C  Ballnnt,  fruit,  lirlrkii,  ] 
(.  niid  piece  good*  -  5 
(    Balliiit,    herring!,  i 

<  traiiHill.nnilenlu-  [- 
(  nial  produce  -  ) 
r Herrings,  trnin   nil,') 

<  voloniHl  produce,  > 
(  and  pruviHloni)  -  i 
rCorn,und  provivion*, 

\     piece  goods,  hor- 
(.    rinK»,  tc.    - 
(  Ciirn  and  provialnii!i, 
•<  wool,  piece    Rodds, 
(.  andcniiininipriidure 
sefMlx,  but-  ) 
|iroviiil<>iia,aMd  / 
gondii  ' 

C  Corn.llournnd  seeds,  | 
;     piKCe  goodd,  <Slc.     J 
C<irn,HH 

liones 

ttc 
C  Ci)rn  and  provisinna, 
i  piece  goods,  flsli, 
(_  iind  lildes  - 
(  BnlliiBt.  piece  goods, 
(  tlsli,  butter.  Sec. 
fD'illugt,  corn,  piece 
(  goods,  fl8h,flnx,&c. 
f  Fish,  pitcli,  and  tar,  / 

<  tinib'^r,  train  oil,  C 
(.  piece  goods  -  -J 
(  BallnMi,  wlient,  and  1 
\     piece  goods         -   J 


rOoru  anil 

<  ler,  pro> 
(.  piece  gc 
C  Corn.llou 

I     piece  gi —     ^ 

f  Corn,  sends, nlUakes,  7 

<  l)ones,wool,  lildos,  f 
I    tc.  -      -  3 


Whrnca 
arrived. 


191 
414 

lO'J 

30'2 

50. 

160 

DC 

587 

31 


958e 


01 
135 

18 

21 

118 

303 
173 
2jo' 

01 


Nitura  of  CtTfcm  impoiftd 
lulo  Dtionuk. 


C  Hemp,    (lax,    aslies, 'l 
I  tailow,  sueds,tinilier  y 

(  Linen,   flnx,    wood,  > 
l     staves,  mid  timber  ) 


{ 


Dailast, 


corn,    and') 


piece  poods 
Ploce    goods.    Iron,  J I 
di.'iils,  and  tlmbLT,  >{ 
salt,  ttc.      -        -   y. 
Iron,  tar,  deals,  tirn-')  | 
J      her.  Hill,  herrings,  Vi 
(^     train  oil       -        -  J 
rB;ill:nt,  piece  irood.H,^ 
.'      lotmroo,    colonial  ;-| 
(      produce      -        -  j 
i  llrillaiil,  piece  goods,  > 
)   mill  cidoiilal  produce  ^ 


rBallnxl, 
J       piece 


init,-) 
and  V 
CO    3 


3 

73 

8 

65 

13 

03 

— 

11 

l\;< 


coals,  snit 

, _   Koods, 

(_     colonial  produce 

r  Wine,  salt,  piece  ■) 
\     goods  and  ballast   f 

(  Oil  and  fruit,  wine  > 
l  and  salt  -  -  5 
CWine,  piece  goods,! 
I     salt,  fruit,  Ste.    •  j 

(Ballast,  fruit,  wine,? 
(.     uiid  piece  goods  -  3 

Colonial  produce 


linn.      1 

1 

1' 

P 

— — 

— 

ini 

01 

411 

m 

lUI 

13 

3« 

41 

55U 

ISl 

SOS 

J17 

98 

177 

639 

SOS 

37 

69 

30 

48 

1,1 

92 

« 

98 

2      9 


2711  IM3 


This  return  docs  not,  however,  include  vessels  engaged  in  tho  fisheries,  or  In  the  coasting  trade, 
the  latter  of  which  Is  very  considerable. 

About  200  Danish  shins  are  ciigaircd  In  the  carrying  trade  of  the  Bledltcrrarenn.  Latterly,  how- 
ever, tlie  Hwedes  and  Norwegians  have  ol)tained  an  ascendancy  In  this  department. 

Excluding  vessels  under  20  tons,  there  belonged,  in  1830  to 

Denmark  ... 

8leswiclc  ... 

'  ;:.::    •'      "  ■     lloistein         ... 


Sliirh 

Tniirnfe, 

1,503  - 

-  05,373 

1,022  . 

.  33.920 

1,108  - 

.  87,083 

Total 


3,690 


lil.OSt 


Colonial  T'cnda.— In  the  West  Indies,  the  Danes  pnsseps  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  which,  thoii-h  ntnall. 
Is  fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  All  the  pnrts  of  Di<niiiark  may  send  venscls  thither,  luit  tin;  rcliirn 
yCnrgnea  must  be  rilscharired  at  places  liaviii!.'  siisar  ri'linerics.  The  principal  part  of  tlie  irii'li'  is  in  tlie 
hands  of  Copenhagen  merchants.  St.  Croix  prndnce<i  about  2.1,(100,(1111) Hip.  nf  Pn-r.Tr.  iind  l.tOfl  (iiin  cnl- 
Ions  of  rum.  In  1831,  23  ships,  of  the  agire'iate  burden  of  5,772  tons,  arrived  nt  Copenhagen  from 
St.  Croix.    A  good  dent  of  the  colonial  produce  lirouglif  into  Deiininrk  is  again  exported. 

The  trade  to  the  settlement  of  Tranquebar  and  Seraiiiporc,  In  India,  is  in  the  hands  of  an  exclusive 
company.  Whether  it  be  owing  to  the  deadening  Intiiionce  of  monopoly,  or  to  the  re:il  Riiperlnrity 
of  the  Americans,  who  supply  the  Cnntiiicntal  markets  with  tea,  &c.  nt  n  cheaper  rate,  only  mie  Mf 
a  year  has  latterly  sailed  from  Cupenliafen  for  India!  The  trade  to  the  I)nni:<h  Fetlli'ini'iitH  on  the 
African  const  is,  if  possible,  of  still  le.fs  importance.— (A".  B.  Foi  an  account  of  the  trade  on  llic  Kiel 
Canal,  see  Canals.) 

Port  Cliarircs  vary  according  as  the  vessel  has  come  from  this  or  the  further  side  of  Cape  Finii'terre, 
or  from  th-!  Indian  seas  ;  ns  she  is  wholly,  or  only  part  loaded  ;  mid  an  ?!ie  clear.-"  out  wiili  irnoils  tlinl 
have  been  in  transit  a\  and  are  for  the  most  part  free  of  duly,  or  has  on  board  a  car?o  of  ns'lvepniilMre 
sulijecl  to  duly.  On  a  ship  of  SOO  tons  b.'lon^'ing  to  a  privilejied  nalii..i  fniin  this  side  Cape  FiiU'tiTr", 
unlnadinir  and  loading  niixml  cariroes  in  Copenliagen,  thn  diirrmnt  piiMIr  charges,  Incliidiii::  Smiiiil 
dues,  hrokcrnge,  &c.,  would  he  about  07/.  lO.s.;  and  from  the  farther  side  of  Cape  FiiiiftTrc,  the 
chari:?.s  would  be  about  99/.  Wn,  When  a  ship  is  not  fully  loaded,  lastaire  money  and  liL'lit  ilncs  are 
only  charged  in  proportion  to  the  cargo  nn  board.  Lastanc  iiiDiiey  is  not  charged  on  ships  niitwnrd 
bound,  laden  with  transit  good!>.  as  tar,  pitch,  iron,  &c.  But  notwithstanding  these  dediictii<iis,  it  is 
obvious  that  port  charges  at  Copenha-ren  are  very  heavy,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  tlicy  are  a 
material  obstacle  to  the  extension  of  trade. 

Commitiiion  on  purchases  is  generally  2  per  cent.,  and  on  sales,  3  per  cent.,  including  I  per  cent,  del 
eretttre, 

Cititenahip. — To  enable  n  fnreiirner  to  trade  ns  a  merchant  In  Denmark,  he  most  become  a  Inirphcr, 
which  costs  about  100/.,  and  it  will  require  ulioiit  CO/,  more  to  free  him  from  the  obligation  of  serving 
in  the  militia.  The  ohstacles  in  the  way  of  a  foreigner  establishing  himself  in  Denmark  as  a  iiiaiiii- 
Acturer  are  mitch  greater,  on  account  of  the  exclusive  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  guilds  or  corporation! 
ioto  which  the  principal  crafts  or  trades  are  divided.  f 

..    ■       .   :►  -v. .',■-'  '.:  ■      :'«  -  ■  -   ! 


COPPER. 


470 


rad*  of  Denmark  '« 


the  coasting  trade, 


ing  I  per  cent,  dtl 


/M«r<iie«'— Mirin*  Ininrance  li  fRVcled  on  llharnl  tRrmi,  hya  rntnpnny  oitadlUlied  In  1740.    A 
fiHxl  ninny  rlakn  nra,  howevnr,  InHiired  nt  Aninli'nliiin  rind  llnniburiih. 

Cart'ninf,  Shipii'  Sloru,  ^-f.— J'opiuilmBi'n  hni  (ronil  ImlldiiiR-vririlii,  and  In  In  nil  r(>»pi"rli  nn  ullglbla 
plice  (i<t  Ilia  ro|Hilr  of  ililpt,  and  for  itiipplytng  tliaiii  witti  provUlunn.    Hiil>J<iliit>d  li  nn 

Account  of  the  Avtragt  I'ricta  of  Hhipa'  Provliinn  at  CopHnhaaon  In  1831,  In  linperml  Weigiii*  and 

Meaiurea,  and  Hterllny  Money. 


£ 

«. 

4. 

£  t. 

i. 

Dlieuitt,  ihlpi' 

,  lit  quality 

- 

0  19 

0  par  ewt. 

Ditto 

3d  ditto 

• 

0  l« 

0  ditto. 

nutter,  lilt  qua 

llty 

. 

a 

8 

0  to  3  10 

0  ditto. 

niiKi,  'id  ditto 

• 

8    4 

0  illlKi. 

Cheeio 

. 

- 

0  13 

5  to  0  17 

0  ditto. 

Peim 

. 

• 

1 

H 

0 

-1  U 

0  per  Imp.  qr. 

Revf,  inlted 

. 

. 

1 

IS 

() 

-1   19 

n  per  'iOO  Iba, 

Purk,  ditto 

. 

. 

3 

16 

0 

-a  19 

0  ditto. 

Bncon 

. 

. 

0 

0 

3} 

-0    0 

34  per  lb. 

Spirits. 

—Rum 

,ar. 

to  %.  Cd. 

French  Drandy, 

S< 

Id 

to 

3».  per 

giilliin. 

General  Remarks. — On  the  whole,  the  coiiuncrce  of  Ucnmark  may  be  proiiouiici'il  to  be 
in  a  Btationnry  iitutc.  But  from  her  advanta^couii  Bitiintioii  Lotwoen  the  Baltic  and  North 
Sea,  and  the  industiioita,  pcrsevoring  chnrartcr  of  the  iiihubitantH,  tlicre  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  may  be  niatunally  extended.  It  m  neodlfM,  however,  to  expect  any  cunsidurable  im- 
provemcnt  till  the  present  ayatcm  of  domeatic  policy  be,  in  many  renpectt),  altop;cther  cliiiiia;od. 
The  Danixh  government  has  long  been  exerting  itself  to  bolster  up  a  manufiicturing  iiiteroat, 
by  laying  opprcosive  duties  on  must  species  of  manufactured  articles.  Even  under  the  most 
favourable  circumstances,  such  conduct,  though  it  may  btmetit  a  few  individuals,  h  xure  to 
be  productive  of  great  national  los4.  But  in  the  case  of  Ucnmark,  the  circumstance.-)  are 
auch  as  to  render  the  restrictive  syHtoni  peculiarly  injurious.  All,  or  nearly  all,  the  br.nnches 
of  industry  carried  on  in  the  kingdom  are  subjected  to  the  government  of  guilds  or  corpora- 
tions ;  no  person  can  engage  in  any  line  of  biisincs!)  until  ho  has  been  authoriseil  by  its 
peculiar  guild  ;  and  aa  the  sanction  of  this  body  is  rarely  obtained  without  a  consid(;rabl8 
sacrifice,  the  real  effect  of  the  system  is  to  fetter  compi-tition  and  improvement,  and  (■>  per- 
petuate monopoly  and  routine.  Even  the  Danish  writers  acknowledge  that  such  is  the  in- 
fluence of  the  present  regulations.  "Aos  ouivlera,"  say  they,  "  aont  chers,  travuilkni  lente- 
merit,  et  louvent  mat  et  mnagofit  {  le'tr  edueriii'on  ext  nes^liqce.  On  ne  les  forme  po'nt  d 
penner,  et I'apprenllf  suit  machinakment  ce  qiCil voUfaire uu  inaltre." — {Catleau,  Tultkau 
des  Etals  Dunoia,  tome  ii.  p.  260.)  It  would  bo  idle  to  imagine  that  a  country  which  has 
to  import  coal,  should,  however  favourably  situated  in  other  re»i)ects,  bo  able  to  manufictura 
cottons,  woollens,  &c.  at  so  cheap  a  rate  as  they  may  be  imported  from  others  enjoying 
greater  natural  facilities  for  their  production.  But  when  to  the  physical  obstacles  in  the  way 
of  manufactures,  we  add  others,  not  lena  formidable,  of  a  political  nature,  the  attempt  to 
force  them  into  existence  by  dint  of  customs  duties  and  regulations  becomes  absolutely 
ludicrous. 

The  port  charges  and  transit  duties  are  also  exceedingly  heavy ;  and  the  Sound  duties, 
being  charged  on  native  aa  well  as  foreign  ships,  operate  aa  an  inland  duty  on  the  trade  be- 
tween different  parts  of  the  country.  We  are  glad,  however,  to  bo  able  to  state,  that  the 
more  intelligent  portion  of  the  Danish  people  are  quite  aware  of  the  mistaken  policy  oa 
which  they  are  now  proceeding;  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  will,  at  no  distant  pe- 
riod, bo  rendered  more  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  more  conducive  to  the 
improvement  of  the  people.  In  18-3?,  a  petition,  signed  by  almost  all  the  merchants  of 
Cupcnhiigen,  was  addressed  to  the  king,  containing  an  able  and  distinct  exposition  of  the 
circumstances  which  depress  Danish  commerce.  The  petitioners  pray  for  the  emancipation 
of  commercial  pursuits  from  all  the  restrictions  laid  upon  them  by  guilds  and  corporation.s, 
or,  in  other  words,  for  the  freedom  of  industry  ;  for  a  revision  and  reduction  of  the  transit 
duties,  and  a  change  in  the  mode  of  charging  the  Sound  duties ;  for  a  reduction  of  tlie  ton- 
nage duties,  and  a  rcmis.sion  of  the  charge  on  account  of  light  money  on  ships  arriving  at 
Copenhagen  that  have  already  paid  for  the  lights  at  Elsineur ;  they  further  pray  for  the 
abolition  of  the  East  India  Company's  monopoly,  and  the  freedom  of  trade  to  the  East 
Indies  and  China ;  and  for  a  reduction  of  the  duties  on  several  articles  of  domestic  produce 
when  exported,  and  of  foreign  produce  when  imported.  What  is  here  asked  is  so  reasonable, 
and,  if  granted,  would  add  so  much  to  the  real  prosjierity  of  the  country,  that  we  trust  the 
government  wilt  earn  for  itself  a  new  title  to  the  public  c:jteeni  by  honestly  endeavouring  to 
meet  the  wishes  of  the  petitioners. 

IncnmpUing  this  article,  we  have  corsultcd  Odh/a  Kuropean  Commerce,  pp.  330— 369;  Vicliormairt 
du  Commerce  [Enctj.  JHetliodique,Um\c  II.  pp.  3—16.),  Calteaii,  Tableau  des  Ktals  Danois,  tome  ii.  pp. 
S92— 371.;  tho  Coiuul's  Answers  to  Circular  QucriM,  Which  do  that  functionary  great  credit;  and 
communicnilons  from  merchants  at  Copenhagen. 

COPPER  (Get.  Ktipfer I  Ba.Koper.-  Da.Kobber.-  Svf.  Kopper .-  Fr.  Cuivre ,-  It. 
Rome ;  Sp.  Cobre  ,■  Port.  Cobre  ;  Rus.  Mjed,  Kravioi  mjed  ,•  Pol.  M'edz  ,■  Lat.  Cuprum  .• 
Arab.  Nefiasa  ,•  Sans.  Tamra),  a  well-known  metal,  so  culled  from  its  having  been  first  dis- 
covered, or  at  least  wrought  to  any  extent,  in  the  island  of  Cyprus.    It  is  of  a  fine  red 


ii 


11!  !  ■ 


480 


COPPER. 


colour,  and  hni  !i  ipvot  ilrni  of  brill'mncy,  h»  tutfl  is  itypllc  ami  nnnMoua  ;  and  the  hin<K 
when  rubbed  for  sonie  limo  on  it,  acquire  a  peculiar  and  diKai;rci'ublo  oduur.  It  it  hinler 
(hnn  iiilvfr ;  ita  cpeciflc  Rmvily  varira  according  to  ita  itate,  Wwg,  whitn  quito  purn,  ncir 
O'OOU.  Ita  ninilcabilit.y  ii  great ;  it  may  Im  liainmrrcd  out  into  leaves  m  thin  at  to  Ins  blown 
■)N)ut  by  the  ilightcit  brcrzi'.  Ita  ductility  i«  aUo  conMidcrublo.  lu  tcimcily  ix  lo  griitt  ilmt 
t  ri>p|)«>r  wire  0073  of  an  inch  in  dinmctcr  i*  capable  of  aupporting  :)02'2fl  llm.  avoir(lii|ii>ii 
without  breaking.  Ita  liability  to  oxidation  from  ex|>oiuro  to  air  or  damp  ia  ita  gri>at<'it  ilc 
feet.  The  runt  with  which  it  ia  then  covered  ia  known  by  the  name  of  vcrdigri*,  and  ia  un« 
of  the  moHt  active  |K)i>oni. — (Thummn'n  Cheminfry.) 

If  wo  except  gold  and  ailver,  copficr  aeemt  to  hnvo  lieen  more  early  known  than  any  other 
metal.    In  the  flrat  agoa  of  the  world,  before  the  method  of  working  iron  wan  dixcovered,  cop* 

Iicr  WB«  the  principal  ingredient  in  all  domeatic  utenaila  and  inatrumcnta  of  war.    Even  now 
I  ia  applied  to  to  mony  purpoaea,  at  to  rank  next,  in  point  of  utility,  to  iron, 

Jlliyt  of  Ciipptr  nrn  niiiiiprniiii  nnit  nrprent  vnliie.  Thiiin  of  fin  nrn  nf  iroit  Impnrinnrn.  Tin  mid. 
eil  tn  (jn|i|ii'r  iiiiiKph  Ii  iiiorK  riiilhlf ,  ivii  IIuIiIh  tn  runt,  or  In  ho  inrrniluil  hy  lh»  nir  nnd  other  r«niiii(>n 
anbiitaiirKii,  hnrilri,  iteniittr,  iinil  iimro  ■niinroim.  In  llieia  roupcrlii  the  nilov  hiii  a  rii:il  actvnntnig 
ovrr  iiiinilXLMi  c«|i|ier  :  hiil  ihli  U  In  nmny  raat-ii  iniirn  than  coiiiilerbalaiicvil  hy  llie  ureal  brlnleni'M 
whicli  even  a  imi(luri>l«  piirtliiii  iifiin  Inipnrti  {  and  wlilcli  li  a  lingiilur  cirriiniiluncu,  tonniUerlngthat 
both  niBtiiU  iiro  neimrntely  very  nmllnnlile. 

Copper  nlloyeil  with  from  I  to  S  pt>r  rent,  nf  tin  !•  renrterril  hnrd<*r  than  hr-Tire  )  Iti  colour  la  yellnw. 
With  II  I'liKt  nl  riid,  anil  lt«  I'riii'liire  Kmiinlnr  :  it  hua  cnnilderaklH  niHlleiihlllty,  'I'hia  iippenra  Im  Imva 
K-en  the  iiainl  i^oiiipoKitlon  of  many  of  i|«fl  nncleiil  vdved  toola  und  weiipoiia,  hefori!  Ilin  ninthnclnf 
working  Iron  wrnt  hrouxlil  to  perfii-tliin.  The  xiiAxof  of  thn  (ireeka.  unit,  pirlmpa,  the  irs  of  thH  Ro. 
leaiia,  wna  nothlnn  elae,  Evrii  Ihrir  ropjier  rolna  contnin  n  nilxtiir«  of  tin.  'I'he  Hnrli>nta  did  iioi,  lu 
fuel,  imaaeaa  (na  hna  buun  nitvn  contended)  any  periillar  prnceaa  for  hurdenlna  copper,  except  hy  milling 
to  It  It  finiill  tjiiaiillly  of  tin.  An  iiilny  In  which  IIih  tin  la  from  01  to  {  of  lh>'  whole  ia  linrd,  hriiilc, 
but  alill  a  little  mntleiible,  cinae  Rriilned,  nnd  yellowiali  while.  When  Ihc  tin  la  iia  much  na  l-A  i,(  \\,, 
iniiaa  It  ia  entirely  hrlttin  )  nnil  conllniiea  an  In  every  hiKlicr  proportion.  Tiio  ycliowncaa  of  lliu  iillny 
b  not  entirely  lorl  llll  the  tin  uinoiinta  to  03  of  the  wiinle. 

(,'opn«r  (or  aniiiellinoa  cop|i<>r  witli  a  llitln  /Inc),  nlloyed  with  na  nnirh  tin  ni  will  ninke  friim  nliniit 
01  to  l-O  of  the  wtnile,  forma  nn  alloy,  wlilch  ia  principally  employed  for  hella,  hriiaa  connon,  lirmiza 
atnliiea,  and  varioiia  other  purpoaea.  Ilencn  il  ia  culled  brnnte,  or  hell  melal ;  nnd  la  excelteiilly  lineij 
fur  till]  iiaca  tn  wlilcli  II  la  npplled,  hy  ita  liardneaa,  denaity,  aonoronaneaa,  niul  fuaihility.  l''nr  ciiniiun, 
a  lower  proportion  of  tin  ia  cnminoniy  naed.  Acrordinv  lo  Dr.  Wiitaon,  the  mitul  uinployed  nt  Wool. 
Wlih  conalala  of  100  parla  of  copper  und  from  8  lo  It  of  tin  ;  hence  il  retnlna  aome  little  inallealiilitv, 
ami,  therefore,  ia  loiinher  Ihnn  II  would  he  Willi  n  Inrner  portion  nf  tin.  Thia  niloy  hclng  more  anni  ■ 
roiia  than  iron,  hiuaa  iiiiiia  give  n  louder  report  than  iron  ((una.  A  common  ullny  for  bill  ninlai  iiM 
pnrl^  uf  copper  and  20  of  tin  :  annie  nrti«ta  add  lo  llieae  Ingredlnnta  zinc,  antimony,  and  ailver,  in  •nmll 
proporliona  i  nil  of  which  add  lo  the  aonoroiiancsa  of  the  comiHiund.— (See  Bkli.  Mktai,.) 

When,  in  nn  aUny  of  copper  ond  tin,  the  inner  melnl  ainnimta  In  nhoiil  i  of  the  inaaa,  the  rfanltlaa 
benntlfnl  compound,  very  hard,  nf  the  cnlonr  nf  alcel,  and  aniceplililH  of  a  very  tine  poliah.  It  ia  well 
adapted  for  the  reflection  of  IIkIiI  for  nplirni  purpoaea  ;  nnd  ia  therefore  called  tpeeuluin  metal.  Rcsiilca 
the  above  ingredlenta,  It  usually  containa  a  little  nraenic,  zinc, or  ailver.  The  appllcntinn  of  nn  alloy 
aliniiar  tn  the  above,  in  the  conalructin.i  nf  inlrrora,  ia  of  Rreat  unth|uily,  hulna  inniitinned  hy  Pliny; 
Who  auyg,  tliat  formerly  llie  heat  mirrnra  were  reckoned  thuae  uf  Briindualuin,  of  tin  and  cnpiier 
mixed  (»lanno  tt  ttrt  tHiiiti.').—  (Hi»t.  A'lif.  lib.  xxxlil.  i  U.) 

Fnrlhn  allnya  of  copper  with  zinc,  aee  the  Rrticlra  HaAR*,  riKClinccK,  aee,  alan,  TAomaon'a  Ckf 
mi»try ;  Rtfa't  Cyclopirdia  ;  Dr.  JfnMon'a  Clieviiral  Kssaijf,  vol.  iv.,  Jrc 

Brtluh  Copper'Tru<le.—(ltv!\l  liritnin  baa  varlona  cupper  iiiinea,  in  Cornwall,  Devnnahiro,  Wnlea, 
Ac,  hut  particularly  in  the  flrat.  Thoush  known  long  before,  ilie  (Vrnlah  copper  mlnea  were  not 
wroiiKht  with  much  ipirll  till  laat  century.  From  I7S0  to  1739,  they  produced  at  nn  nverBgn  ahniit  TOO 
tnna  a  year  of  pore  copper.  Uiirlnir  the  ten  yenra  from  17GI)  tn  I77.\  lliey  produced,  nl  nn  averaire, 
i,K>0  tons.  In  1798  the  produce  exceeded  3,000  lona  ;  and  it  now  nnioiinta  to  about  12,000  tuna,  worth, 
at  I00{.  n  ton.nn  leaa  than  1,200,000/.  aterllnir!  In  I7f'8,  the  fiinioua  iiiitiea  in  the  I'arye  mountain,  near 
Amlwch,  in  Amjie^ea,  were  diacovered.  The  anppliea  of  ore  furniahed  by  them  were  for  a  lung  time 
abundant  be^und  nil  precedent ;  but  for  nmny  yeura  paal  the  productivunesa  of  the  mine  hna  been  de. 
cliiiinii.  and  It  now  yielda  comparatively  little  copper.  At  preaent  the  mlnea  in  AnirlcHen,  and  other 
parts  nf  Walea,  yield  from  l,7i()ln  2,(IO<ltonH  nf  copper;  IhoaoofUevinishire  yield  iiboiil  .lOOtonnj  the 
quantity  prniluced  in  tlie  niher  partanf  Envland  hein;!  quite  incnnaidernhlc.  The  Iriah  minca  prodiira 
about  SOO  tnna.  Tlioae  nf  Bcotland  never  were  productive,  nnd  have  been  nimoat  entirely  abanrinned. 
The  entire  produce  of  llie  copper  mines  of  the  empire  may,  therefore,  lie  eatimated  at  prciunt  ut  t'roia 
H,J0O  In  15,000  tnna. 

In  cnnaeqiience  of  the  greatly  Increnacd  anpplies  of  copper  thnt  were  thua  nbtnined,  England,  In- 
atcud  nf  hninff,  aa  formerly,  dependent  nn  fnreifrncra  for  the  greater  part  ofher  anppliea  of  tbia  vulna- 
btc  metal,  became,  prevlonaly  lo  1703,  one  of  the  principal  innrketa  for  the  aiipjily  of  nthcra.  And 
notwithatanding  the  vaally  increnaed  demand  fur  copper  during  the  war  fur  the  aheuthing  nfahipaand 
other  pnrpnaea,  Ibeexporta  continued  tn  increnacand  the  importatodlininiah  :  the  greater  prnductivo- 
nesa  of  the  Corniah  mines  having  anfticed  nM  only  to  lialanco  the  incrcaaed  demand,  hut  alao  lu  lunka 
up  for  the  fulling  olf  in  the  aiippliea  from  Anglcaea. 

Owing  In  the  want  nf  cnni  in  Cornwall,  the  orea  are  not  amrlted  on  the  apnt,  hut  nre,  fnr  the  moil 
part,  aent  In  ^wanaea;  it  being  found  cheaper  to  carry  the  orea  lo  the  cnnI  than  the  contrary. 

I'or  the  follnwing  detalla  with  reaped  tn  the  atale  of  tlic  Urllish  copper  trado  in  1H30,  we  are  indebted 
tn  Mr.  I'ascoe  Greiifell,  who  ia  largely  engaged  in  it,  and  on  whose  accuracy  every  reliance  may  b« 
placed : — 

"The  qiianttty  of  copper  prnditced  during  laat  year  (I?30)  In  Cornwall,  from  orea  raiaedinthat 
eonnly,  e.xceeded  ten  Ihoufand  lona  of  pure  metal :  and  if  to  thia  be  added  what  baa  been  produced  in 
Walea,  in  other  pnrta  nf  Knglaiid,  nnd  in  Ireland,  the  whole  quantity  of  yinaorpure  metal  jirudnccd  in 
tbe  I'nilcd  Kingdoin,  in  I8'20,  may  be  fairly  atated  nt  (ire/i>e  thvuenvdtom. 

"The  qitnnlily  of  Uritish  copper  exported  In  1820  ainounlH,  according  to  nn  account  recently  laid  be- 
fore llie  llouae  of  Commona.tn  7,070  tnna  of  fine  nii'Inl ;  In  which  uilillng  the  exports  of  furei^in  copper, 
tbe  total  export  wna  6,817  lona.  The  copper  imported  ia  ultopellier  intended  fur  rc-exporinlhin.  I 
cannot  stale  its  precise  quantity  in  fine  metal,  becniiae  the  greater  part  of  il  nrrivea  in  n  stale  nf  ort, 
und  I  have  no  means  of  knowing  the  produce  in  pure  metal  uf  thut  ore,  beyond  such  part  uf  it  us  may 
come  into  my  own  pocseaalnn. 

"1'he  value  nf  llie  12,000  tons  of  copper  produced  in  the  United  Kingdom,  aa  above  stated,  at  VU-  pel 
•00,  is  1,080,000<." 


COPPER. 


^VH 


tw ;  "tid  tT)«  hmh 
Hloiir.  Ituhiriler 
m  quite  pure,  new 
thin  aa  to  tie  hUwn 
city  i>«  ■(.  Rri'iit  ilmi 
•8«  Ilw.  nvoir(lii|iii|| 
ip  in  it!  Hroatnt  ,lr, 
crdigrid,  riiiJ  i,  ont 

)wn  ihnn  any  other 
van  diMcuvrrcd,  cop. 
of  war.  Even  now 
roil, 

npnrinnro.  Tin  inM. 
Ir  iind  oihiT  roninmii 
ii»  a  riMl  mlvnnl.'iga 
lli«  irn'nt  hiliiliini'M 
iiicu,i'un(IUuriii|ih«i 

1  lit  colour  !■  ypllnw, 
I  hill  H|i|H-iira  lu.  hnvs 
irforo  llio  lurllinilor 
>»,  tliH  irt  nf  IheHo. 
H  iiitrlonlii  (till  not,  (i, 
(Iff,  Hxrc|i|  by  nildi,,. 
Iiiilr  is  linrd,  liriiilB, 
H  niiicli  nn  l-nof  ihg 
llowiieaa  of  iliu  alloy 

vlll  nmkc  from  Klioitt 
iriim  i:aniiiin,  hrimiM 
rt  Id  excellKiiily  titled 
iliiliiy.  I'orciintiun, 
I  fiiJ|ili>yi<il  nl  Wool. 
iH  Utile  in:illKnliilllv, 
oy  hi'iiiK  lUDTf  uniii. 
y  for  bell  lunliil  laMJ 
',nii(l  ailVRr,  iiiaiiiall 
.  Mktai.) 
inavf,  the  r* milt  ii  t 
ii«  pollili.  It  la  Well 
ulum  metal.  Bcsldet 
lillcnilon  of  nil  ullny 
iioiitloneil  by  IMInyi 
,  uf  till  and  copijer 

l«o,  Thomion'i  Chf 

Dovonahlro,  Witl«>, 

per  mini's  w«re  not 

n  Rvorngn  about  700 

.'eri,  at  nil  averafie, 

12,000  tnna,  worth, 

ryanioiiiitnin,ni:ar 

K'ero  Tor  n  |iiii|t  tims 

!  mine  lina  liccn  de- 

iii|jr!e»<'u,  and  other 

uboiit  flno  lonii  J  the 

Jriah  ininra  prodiira 

Hiilirely  abandoned. 

at  prciunt  ut  Irnm 

nined,  Knglnnd,  In. 
>plii>H  oflliia  vuiiiB- 
ily  of  others.  And 
iittiinK  ofahipaand 
arfati-r  prodiiciivo' 
d,  but  alao  to  luaka 

lit  nre.  Tor  the  moat 
e  contrary. 
■30,  we  nre  Indebted 
ry  reliance  may  b« 

ores  raised  in  that 
IR  been  iirodiiced  in 
t  niotai  jirudiiccd  in 

nt  recently  laid  be* 
!  Ill" foreiiin  copper, 
rc-c.\portntion.  I 
a  in  n  state  of  «rf, 

:li  purtuf  it  uaniay 

e  stated,  at  VU-  j/tt 


Atronnt  of  th«  Cop 
Or^  of  Meial  or  ' 
■lid  lilt  average 
\enr. 


met  prnrlncatt  ft'om  the  Minei  In  Tornwall  alnce  1800|  ihnwlnf  the  Qiianlllv  of 
I'tnn  t'ofipcr,  thn  Viiliie  of  thn  Ore*  In  Money,  the  average  Percentage  or  Proiliie«, 
I  Mlandard  or  Minur'a  I'rtcu  of  Kliie  Copiier,  made  up  lu  the  end  uf  June  In  each 




1 

ITmIum 

"I 

I'Mit. 

quuli'yirfOrM. 

M«4l»r 

riMCow*. 

VtlMotlheOnfc          I 

orona 

Anttf  Miultrd       | 

|ar  eanl. 

rrica 

par  Tnn 

Tiaaf. 

Tant.  1 

■wr,  tr$.  Ik». 

je 

t.   d. 

£ 

i,    4. 

1-^00 

ft»,OHl 

»,197 

0    3      7 

BSO.OM 

1    n 

01 

ISS 

8    0 

jHOI 

M.flll 

B.*rr 

18    S    10 

470,113 

1    II 

0 

117 

9    0 

1,11  l-i 

ft.1,l«7 

5.3-M 

IS     3      S 

4ir.,o'i» 

4    0 

0 

110 

18    0 

IHHJ 

ao,3M 

a.AlB 

10     0     'M 

633,(1  ., 

10    0 

I) 

193 

0    0 

IKtl 

0I,«37 

8..174 

18     I     V 

607,hlO 

11    0 

8 

ISH 

0    0 

l-OS 

7«,1W 

«,*M 

9    0      ti 

809,410 

10    0 

7 

100 

10    0 

p^lM 

7»,«W 

O.MtS 

10    3     IS 

7JO.H45 

0    0 

P 

138 

9    0 

1KI)7 

Ti.eut 

0,710 

13    1    30 

(.0!),0U9 

13    0 

0 

190 

0    U 

IWH 

«7,»M17 

0.793 

IS    3    39 

40.1,303 

1    0 

10 

m 

7    0 

ISO',) 

7Mlft 

«,N9I 

13    1     10 

770,098 

19    0 

8 

143 

19    0 

hlO 

eo.ow 

o,fi8a 

10    1    37 

670,019 

8    0 

8 

133 

S    0 

HII 

M,78« 

0,111 

IS    8      7 

690,793 

10    0 

0 

190 

13    0 

Ml 

71,917 

»,no 

7    3      4 

MO.flOS 

0    0 

0 

111 

0    0 

1813 

74.017 

0,018 

8    0     6 

801,349 

10    0 

» 

119 

7    0 

1H14 

71,393 

0,300 

IS    S     7 

097,501 

10    0 

8 

1.10 

13    0 

181} 

78,4HS 

«,S93 

0    S    39 

6.'i9,hlS 

8    0 

8 

117 

10    0 

INIA 

77,334 

0,097 

4    0    17 

417,030 

17    0 

8 

98 

13    0 

1HI7 

7fl,70l 

0.40H 

3    0    10 

4Ut,010 

13    0 

H 

108 

10    0 

ISI8 

80,174 

0,840 

7    1      1 

080,009 

4    0 

7 

131 

19    0 

INI!) 

8«,7!M 

0.80 1 

3    3      7 

89:1,999 

4    0 

7 

197 

10    0 

ISW 

01.473 

7.508 

0    S    3' 

009,441 

13    0^ 

8 

113 

19    0 

\Hn 

98.490 

8.311 

10    3    19 

003,908 

lU    0 

8 

103 

0    0 

im 

im,.193 

0,140 

8    3    30 

fl«3,0S9 

13    0 

8 

104 

0    0 

im 

99.7SO 

7,0S7 

17    3      7 

00^,033 

1    0 

8 

100 

18    0 

\m 

99.700 

7,833 

19    1     10 

887,178 

S    0 

7 

no 

0    0 

ina 

107.4M 

8,390 

3    0    31 

790,333 

19    0 

7 

194 

4    0 

iS-ifl 

117,308 

9,098 

13    3    19 

788,071 

19    0 

7 

193 

3    0 

iia? 

1*1,710 

10,311 

14    3    19 

745,178 

1    0 

8 

100 

1    0 

im 

130,.16« 

0,031 

1    3    11 

7.10,174 

10    0 

7 

113 

7    0 

IS89 

131,303 

0,030 

10    3      4 

717,334 

0    0 

7 

100 

14    0 

1830 

l33.tKM 

10,748 

773840 

8 

100 

9    0 

IH.1I 

144,403 

19,044 

600,090 

H 

100 

0    0 

Exports  of  British  Copper  since  1830, 

Taan. 

DnwmKhl. 

Cola. 

Sliaala,Naili,*c. 

Wira. 

VVrnuflit&>pMror 
olberSnrla. 

ToUl  or  Brlllth 
Copper  eiportad. 

Cii»e. 

Cii><. 

Cwt. 

Cvt. 

Ciflt. 

Cwt. 

1890 

41.1.19 

10 

98.131 

8 

92,«fl3 

191, a58 

1891 

34.543 

199 

00.670 

31 

34,0.'«3 

19.5,431 

1893 

33.890 

— 

09.070 

40 

99,731 

113,671 

1893 

3t.083 

803 

30,110 

98 

25,387 

100,516 

1834 

19,900 

99 

09,990 

393 

23,360 

io6,m« 

1811 

10 

9.134 

91.4.37 

40 

35,003 

78,694 

1890 

3,004 

1,807 

69.304 

11 

86,S07 

93,99.1 

1827 

30,583 

1,490 

74,943 

8 

40,139 

143.494 

189S 

31,591 

1,130 

99,413 

71 

48.807 

194.191  . 

1899 

99.1>78 

19 

69.871 

13 

40,013 

159,591 

1830 

60,793 

040 

06.331 

10 

90.443 

183,154 

18,11 

67,500 

90 

70,477 

140 

39,090 

170,ril3 

1839 

77.497 

3                79.914 

13 

37,139 

194,013 

N.  B.— The  foreign  copper  Imported  Is  altogether  intended  for  re-ex|iortution.  In  1839, 13,804  ewt. 
of  coppnr  were  ainolted  from  foreign  ore.  The  East  Indies  nnd  China,  France  and  tiie  United  Stales, 
arc  the  sroat  marlcets  for  British  copper.  The  exports  to  these  countries,  in  1833,  were  respwtively 
89,880,  35,984,  and  31,339  cwt. 

Toreign  Copper.— Copper  ores  are  nbnndnnt  In  Sweden,  Raxnny,  Russia,  Persia,  Japan,  China,  Chill, 
&c.  Near  Kahlun,  in  the  province  of  Dalecarlia,  in  Sweden,  is  the  celebrated  copper  mine  of  the  same 
name,  euppoaed  to  have  been  wrought  nearly  1,000  years.  For  a  long  time  it  was  one  of  the  most  pro- 
ductive mines  in  the  world.  Towards  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenih  century  it  yielded  an  annual 
produce  of  about  8,000,000  lbs.  of  pure  metal :  but  it  has  since  greatly  declined  ;  nnd  it  is  moat  probable 
that  at  no  distant  period  it  will  be  wholly  abandoned. — (Thomson'!  Travels  inSireden,  p.  921.)  Thero 
ire  still,  however,  several  productive  copper  mines  in  other  parts  of  Sweden.  The  e.xports  of  copper 
from  Stockiiolin  in  1833  amounted  to  4,330  skippounds,  or  723  tons  English,  besides  the  exports  i,-.im 
Ohltenbnrgh  and  other  ports.  The  product  ot'tlie  copper  mines  in  the  government  of  Olonel/.  in  Kus- 
ala,  laoslimnted  nt  210.000  poods, or  3,375 tons  (Eng.)  a  year, — {Selinitiler,  Kstai  d'lineSlatisliijut  Gfni- 
nle,Stc.  p.  41.)  Tlie  copper  mines  of  Chiii  are  also  very  rich,  and  their  produce  is  atpreaent  imported 
into  Canton  and  Calcutta  direct  from  Valporaiso.  The  copper  mines  of  Japan  nre  said  lo  he  among 
the  richest  in  the  world.  The  Dutch  annually  import  about  700  tons  of  iheir  produce  into  BnlHvia  s 
nnd  the  Chinese  from  800  to  1,000  tons  into  Canton  and  otiier  ports.  In  fact,  Japan  copper  is  spread 
over  all  tile  East,  nnd  is  regularly  quoted  in  the  price  currents  of  Canton,  Calcutta,  and  Singapore. — 
(See  p.  308.)  It  is  purer,  and  brings  a  higher  price,  than  ony  other  species  of  bar  or  slab  copper.  It 
la  unil'oriniy  met  with  in  the  ahapcof  bars'or  ingots,  very  much  resembling  targe  sticks  of  red  sealing 
wax.  When  the  copper  of  South  America  is  worth  In  the  Cantim  market  from  15  lo  16  dollars  per 
picul,  that  of  Japan  fetches  from  18  to  20.  Pretty  considerable  quantities  of  copper  nre  imported  into 
Calcutta  from  Busliire  and  lUissornh.  This  is  mostly  the  produce  of  the  Persian  niinei;  but  a  little  ia 
understood  to  come  from  tbe  Russian  niinea  Id  Georakk. 

Vot.  I.— 2  8  fil 


K\ 


'  i> 


n 


.1 


482 


COPPERAS— CORAL. 


Cuitoma  Ktgulatinns. — Old  copper  sheathln«r,old  copper  utensils,  nnd  old  copper  and  pewtcriit(>ni||| 
of  Brltiah  niannr:icturR,  imported  from  British  plantutintis,  nnd  aliiu  oM  copper  stripped  ntr  vpsiii'lj 
in  ports  in  the  United  Kingdom,  nmy  bo  admitted  tu  entry,  duty  free,  under  tiio  folliiwini,'  reyuin. 
liong:  viz. — 

Ist.  Old  coppor  slioathing  stripped  off  Dritish  vessels  in  ports  in  the  British  possessions,  upon  pninl' 
to  the  satisfuctinn  ofthe  (Jonimissioners  of  Customs,  th:it  such  shnathing  vvus  sirippoiloll'in  such  pons, 
and  iilso  tliat  the  said  sheathing  is  the  property  of  the  owner  of  the  ship  from  wiiich  it  was  hu  stripped' 
to  he  delivered  to  such  owner.  ' 

ai.  Oil!  copper  shi.-alhing  stripped  off  any  ship  in  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  upon  the  fad  li«. 
Ins  certifieil  by  thi-  landing-waiter  superintending  the  process  ;  the  old  copper  lo  ho  drlivi'ri'd  only  in 
the  copper-smith  who  niuy  re-copper  tlio  vessel  l'ron>  wliiuh  tlie  copper  was  stripped,  he  making  proof 
to  tliat  fact. 

3d.  Old  worn-out  British  copper  and  pewter  utensils  to  be  in  all  cases  delivered  when  hroiight  from 
British  possessions  abroad  in  British  ships,  upon  tliu  consignee  siihinitting  proof  that  tliey  had  lioi<n 
used  on  a  particular  estate,  and  are  consigned  on  account  of  tlie  owner  of  tiial  estate,  mid  ilml  Iid 
(the  consignee)  verily  believes  them  to  have  been  of  British  manufacture.— (,A7in.  Com.  Ci/s.,  15ili  of 
Fel).  183,'t.) 

Copiier  ore  may  be  taken  out  of  warehouses  to  be  smelted,  on  proper  notice  being  given  to  the  cm. 
tonis  otiicers.and  giving  aulficient  security,  by  bond,f>ir  returning  the  computi'd  quantity  of  Hue  copper 
in  it— (7  &  8  Oeo.  4.  c.  58.  }  23.) 

Copper  is  in  extensive  demand  nil  over  India;  being  largely  used  fn  the  dock-yards,  in  tlio  munii- 
factiire  of  cooking  utensils,  in  alloying  spelter  and  tin,  &c.  The  funeral  of  ever^  ilinduo  brings  iin 
accession  to  the  demand,  accoriling  to  his  station  ;  the  relatives  of  the  deceased  giving  a  brans  cup  lo 
every  llraliniin  present  at  the  ceremony  :  so  that  5, 1U,5(),  100, 1,U00,  and  sometimes  more  tli.iii  lOtimos 
this  last  number,  are  dispensed  upon  such  occasions, — {BeW a, Commerce  of  Bengal.) 

[The  value  of  tlio  copper  imported  into  the  United  States  is  very  considcrnlilo.  It  is 
chiefly  imported  in  pigs  and  bars  from  Chili,  Peru,  and  England;  and  in  [)lfltes,  suited  to  tlie 
sheathinfj  of  ships,  from  the  last  mentioned  country.  The  value  annually  imported  from 
Chili,  of  the  former  description  of  copper,  amounted,  on  an  average  of  the  5  years  ending  on 
ths  30th  of  September,  1838,  to  $258,876;  from  Peru,  to  §180,119;  from  England,  to 
$143,012.  Of  the  latter  de.scription  of  copper,  the  average  value  imported  from  England  was 
$715,340.     See  article  Impouts  Axn  Exponxs. — Am.  Ed.] 

COPPERAS,  r.  term  employed  by  the  older  chemists,  and  popularly,  as  synonymous 
with  vitriol.  There  are  three  sortH  of  copperas :  the  green,  or  sulphate  of  iron ;  the  blue,  or 
sulphate  of  copper ;  and  the  white,  or  sulphate  of  zinc.  Of  these,  the  first  is  the  most  iin|)ortant, 

Sulphate  of  iron  is  distinguished  in  common  by  a  variety  of  names,  as  Martial  vitrii.l, 
English  vitriol,  &c.  When  pure,  it  is  considerably  transparent,  of  a  fine  bright,  tliouj;ii 
not  very  deep,  grass  green  colour;  and  of  a  nauseous  astringent  taste,  necompaiiied  with  a 
kind  of  sweetness.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1*831.  It  uniformly  reddens  the  vegetabjo 
blues.  This  salt  was  well  known  to  the  ancients;  and  is  mentioned  by  Pliiiy,  (///.v/.  Nut. 
lib.  xxxiv.  §  12.),  under  the  names  of  misi/,  sory,  and  calchanium.  It  is  not  made  in  tho 
direct  way,  because  it  can  be  obtained  at  less  charge  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrites  on 
a  large  scale  in  the  neighbourhood  of  collieries.  It  c.xi.sts  in  two  states;  one  cuntainiiij 
oxide  of  iron,  with  0'23  of  oxygen,  which  is  of  a  pale  green,  not  altered  by  gallic  ncid,  and 
giving  a  white  precipitate  with  prussiate  of  potass.  Tho  other,  in  which  the  iron  is  coinliiiiej 
with  0'30  of  oxygen,  is  red,  not  crystallisable,  and  gives  a  black  precipitate  with  gallic 
Hcid,  and  a  blue  with  prussiate  of  potass.  In  the  common  sul[ihate,  these  two  are  uUen 
tnixed  in  various  proportions. 

Sulphate  of  iron  is  of  great  importance  in  the  arts.  It  is  a  principal  ingredient  in 
dyeing;  in  the  manufacture  of  ink,  and  of  Prussian  blue:  it  is  also  used  in  tannin;,', 
painting,  medicine,  &c.  Sulphuric  acid,  or  oil  of  vitriol,  was  formerly  manufacturoJ 
from  sulphate  of  iron. — (See  Acins.) 

Sulphate  of  copper,  or  blue  vitriol,  commonly  called  Roman  or  Cyprian  vitriol,  h  of  nn 
elegant  sapphire  blue  colour,  hard,  compact,  and  semi-transparent;  when  perfectly  cry.st,il- 
Used,  of  a  ilattish,  rhomboidal,  deaihedral  figure;  its  taste  is  extremely  nauseous,  styptic, 
and  acrid;  its  specific  gravity  is  2-1943.  It  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the  arts, anJ 
also  in  medicine. 

Sulphate  of  zinc,  or  white  vitriol,  is  found  native  in  the  mines  of  Goslar  and  other 
places.  Sometimes  it  is  met  with  in  transparent  pieces,  but  more  commonly  in  wliilo 
efflorescences.  These  are  dissolved  in  water,  and  crystallised  into  large  irregular  masses, 
somewhat  resembling  fine  sugar,  having  a  sweetish,  nauseous,  styptic  fciste.  Its  specific 
gravity,  when  crystallised,  is  l'912;  when  in  tho  state  in  which  it  commonly  occuis  in 
commerce,  it  is  1'3275.  Sulphate  of  zinc  is  prepared  in  the  large  way  from  some  varietii'i 
of  the  native  sulphuret.  The  ore  is  roasted,  wetted  with  water,  and  exposed  to  the  air. 
The  sulphur  attracts  oxygen,  and  is  converted  into  sulphuric  acid  ;  and  the  metal,  lioiiiit  ut 
the  same  time  oxidized,  combines  with  tho  acid.  After  some  time  the  sulphate  is  extracted 
by  solution  in  water,  and  the  solution  being  evaporated  to  dryness,  the  mass  is  run  into 
moulds.  Thus,  the  white  vitriol  of  the  shops  generally  contains  a  small  jiortion  of  iroji, 
■nd  often  of  copper  and  lead. —  (Lewis's  Mat.Medica;  Urts  Dictionary  ,•  Jiccs's  Cyclu- 
panlia  /  Thommn's  Chemistry,  ^c.) 

COPVRIHHT.     See  Books. 

CORAL  (Gcr.  KoraiLn  .•  Du.  Koraalen ,-  Fr.  Corail;  It.  Corale,-  Sp.  nnd  Port.  Coral i 
Kus.  Koraliu  ,•  Lat.  Corallium  ;  Arab.  Besed;  Pers.  Mcrjun  ,•  Hind.  Moongii),  a  mariiiB 


CORDAGE,  CORK. 


n 


production,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.  It  was  well  known  to  the  ancients,  bnt  it 
was  reserved  for  the  moderns  to  discover  its  real  nature.  It  it),  in  fact,  the  nidus  or  nest 
of  a  ccrtnin  species  of  vermes,  which  has  the  same  relation  tu  coral,  that  a  snail  hoM 
to  iti  xhcll.  As  an  ornament,  black  cora!  is  most  esteemed ;  but*the  red  is  aUo  very  highly 
prized.  Coral  is  found  in  very  great  abundance  in  the  Red  Sea,  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  various 
places  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  &c.  It  grows  on  rocks,  and  on 
any  solid  submarine  body ;  and  it  is  necessary  to  its  production,  that  it  should  vemuin 
lixoil  to  its  place.  It  has  generally  a  shrub-like  appearance.  In  the  Straits  of  Messina, 
whore  a  great  deal  is  fished  up,  it  usually  grows  to  nearly  a  foot  in  length,  and  its 
thickness  is  about  that  of  the  little  fniger.  It  requires  8  or  10  years  to  arrive  ut  its 
greiitest  size.  The  depth  at  which  it  is  obtained  is  various — from  10  to  100  fathoms  or 
more;  but  it  seems  to  be  necessary  to  its  production  that  the  rays  of  the  sun  should  readily 
piMietrato  to  the  place  of  its  habitation.  Its  value  depends  upon  its  size,  sulidit}',  and  the 
depth  and  brilliancy  of  its  colour ;  and  ia  so  very  various,  that  while  some  of  the  Sicilian 
coral  sells  for  8  or  10  guineas  an  ounce,  other  descriptions  of  it  will  not  fetch  Is.  a  ])ound. 
It  is  highly  prized  by  opclent  natives  in  India,  as  well  as  by  the  fair  sex  throughout 
Europe.  The  inferior  or  worm-eaten  coral  is  used  in  some  parts  of  the  Madras  coast,  in 
the  cdi'bration  of  funeral  rites.  It  is  also  used  medicinally.  Besides  the  fishery  in  the 
Straits  of  Messina  already  alluded  to,  there  arc  valuable  fislieries  on  the  shores  of  Majorca 
and  Minorca,  and  on  the  coast  of  Provence.  A  good  deal  of  Mediterranean  coral  is 
exported  to  India,  which,  however,  draws  the  largest  portion  of  its  supples  from  the 
Persia!!  Gulf.  The  produce  of  the  fishery  at  Messina  is  stated  by  Spallanzani,  (Trcre/s 
in  the  Two  Sicilies,  vol.  iv.  p.  308,  &c.)  to  amount  to  12  quintals  of  250  lbs.  each. 

The  niQiiner  of  fishing  coral  is  neJirly  the  same  fivery  wliore.  That  which  is  most  conminnly  prnc- 
tiscil  in  the  Mediterraiiciiii  is  as  fullows:— Seven  or  eiglit  men  jro  in  a  Itout,  enminiimli'd'hy  tlio 
proprietor;  the  ci\ster  tlirovvs  his  net,  if  we  m;iy  so  call  the  nmchine  whicli  lie  uses  to  te;ir  up  tho 
fowl  from  tile  bottom  of  the  sen  ;  anil  the  rest  work  tho  hoiit,  and  liolp  to  draw  in  the  net.  This  \S 
cninposed  of  two  hennis  of  wood  liedcrosowise,  with  loads  fixed  to  tlieni  tosiiilt  tliein  :  to  lliese  beams 
i8  fastened  a  quantity  of  liemp,  twisted  loosely  rouiij,  nild  iiiteriniiiHled  with  some  loose  mllina.  In 
this  condition  the  machine  is  let  down  into  the  sea  ;  and  when  the  c<jral  is  pretty  stromrly  eiitwiiii'rt 
in  llie  hemp  and  nets,  lliey  draw  it  up  with  a  rope,  which  they  unwind  according  to  the  depth,  and 
which  it  .loinelimes  requires  half  a  dozen  boats  to  draw.  If  this  rope  happen  I'l  break,  llie  fishermen 
riia  the  hazard  of  lieiiij;  lost.  Beforti  tlie  fishers  go  to  sea,  they  agic^o  for  the  price  of  the  coral ;  and 
the  produce  of  the  fishery  is  divided,  at  the  end  of  the  season,  into  13  parts  ;  of  which  tlie  proprietor 
lias  1,  the  caster  2,  and  tlie  other  0  men  1  each  :  the  tliirleentli  belongs  to  the  cuni[>any,  for  payment 
«i  b.iat-hire,  &c. — (See  .'linsUd's  Mat.  Imlica ;  liecs's  Cyclopedia  ;  Kiicy.  Metrop. ,"  Bell's  Cum.  uf 
Bengal,  H'C.) 

CORDAGE  (Gor.  TainverJc ,•  Du.  Touwiccrk ,•  Fr.  Mnntruvrfs,  Cordage;  It.  Canlamc ,• 
Sp.  Jarda,  CorcUtje),  a  term  u.sed  in  general  for  all  sorts  of  cord,  whether  small,  middling, 
or  great,  !nade  use  of  in  the  rigging  of  ships.  The  manufacture  of  cordage  is  regulated 
by  tli^  act  2.5  Geo.  4.  c.  56.,  which  specifics  tho  sort  of  materials  that  are  to  be  em|>loyeil 
ii!  the  manufacture  of  cables,  hawsers,  and  other  ro[ies,  tho  marks  that  are  to  be  affixed  to 
thcin,  ami  the  penalties  for  non-compliance  with  the  respective  enactments.  —  (See  Cahik.) 
Masters  of  British  ships  are  obliged,  on  coming  into  any  port  in  Great  Britain  or  tho 
colonies,  to  report,  under  a  penalty  of  100/,,  the  foreign  cordage,  not  being  standing  or 
rui!iiing  rigging,  in  use  on  board  such  ship.     (3  &,  4  Will.  4.  cap.  52.  ^  8.) 

The  following  table  shows  how  many  fathoms,  feet,  and  inches,  of  a  rope  of  any  size, 
not  exceeding  14  inches,  make  1  cwt. 

At  the  top  of  the  table,  marked  inches,  fathoms,  feet,  inches,  the  first  column  is  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  rope  in  inches  and  quarters;  the  second,  the  fathoms,  feet,  and  inches,  that 
make  up  1  cwt.  of  such  a  rope.     One  examjile  will  make  it  plain. 

Suppose  it  is  required  how  much  of  a  7-inch  rope  will  make  1  cwt. :  find  7,  in  the  3d 
column,  under  inches,  or  circumference  of  the  rope,  and  immediately  opposite  to  it  you  will 
fiiid  9,5,  6;  which  shows  that  in  a  rope  of  7  inches,  there  will  bo  9  fathoms  5  I'eet 
6  inchia  rctjuired  to  make  1  cwt. 


1 

a 

a 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

t 

1 

1 

B 
S. 

5 

a 

1 
0 

1 

J    .1 

i 

1 

1 

a 

11? 

1   -J    = 

I 

■ISO 

0 

0 

3} 

34 

3 

9 

fii 

11 

3 

(1^ 

5     4 

0 

3    :/   3 

n 

31 S 

3 

0 

4 

30 

1 

fi 

fij 

10 

4 

0 

9i 

5    2 

0 

12 

3     2    3 

li 

210 

3 

0 

4i 

2(i 

5 

3 

7 

9 

6 

0 

9? 

5    0 

u 

lii- 

3     2     1 

ij 

i:.» 

3 

0 

4{- 

24 

0 

0 

11 

9 

1 

6 

10 

4    5 

0 

12; 

12J 

3    2    0 

2 

131 

3 

1) 

43 

21 

3 

0 

7i 

8 

4 

0 

m 

4    4 

1 

2    7     8 

k 

till 

2 

0 

.') 

I'J 

3 

0 

7» 

8 

3 

fl 

104 

4    2 

2 

13 

2    5    3 

'4 

77 

3 

0 

•■■-i 

17 

4 

0 

8 

7 

3 

0 

lOJ 

4     1 

8 

\n 

2    4    9 

2* 

05 

4 

0 

hh 

If) 

1 

0 

P} 

7 

0 

8 

11 

4    (I 

3 

13i 

2    4    0 

3 

54 

0 

0 

51 

It 

4 

n 

Si 

d 

4 

3 

Hi 

3    5 

7 

m 

2    3    e 

S} 

45 

5 

2 

6 

13 

3 

0 

^i 

6 

2 

1 

11^ 

3    4 

1 

14 

a  3  1 

J}__ 

39 

3 

0 

Oi 

13 

2 

9 

9 

(i 

0 

0 

[Cordage  is  imported  into  the  United  States  almost  entirely  from  Russia;  and  is  fur  the 
most  [lart  again  exported  to  South  America,  and  tho  East  and  West  ludlejs.  Sec  urticlo 
IxponTS  AND  Exi'OHTS. — Am,  Ed,] 


I'k 


* ;  1 


!■     I, 


i  f 


!  ', 


484 


CORN— CORN  LAWS. 


CORK  (Ger.  Korki  Du.  Kork,  Kurk,  Vhthout ,•  Pr.  Liege,'  It.  Sughero,  Suvcroi 
Sp.  Corcfio  i  Port.  Cortiea  (de  Sovreiro)  ;  Rua.  Korkowoe  derewo  ;  Lat.  Stiber),  the  thick 
and  Rpongy  hark  of  a  species  of  oak  ( Qitercus  Suber  Lin.),  abundant  in  dry  raountainms 
districts  in  the  south  of  France,  and  in  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  and  Bitrbary.  Tiie  tree 
grows  to  the  height  of  :}0  feot  or  more,  has  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Quercus  Ilex, 

■  or  evergreen  oak,  and  attains  to  a  great  ago.  After  arriving  at  a  certain  state  of  maturity, 
it  periodically  sheds  its  bark;  but  this  valuable  product  in  found  to  be  of  a  much  bettor 
quality  when  it  is  artificially  removed  from  the  tree,  which  may  be  etfected  without  any 
injury  to  the  latter.  After  a  tree  has  attained  to  the  age  of  from  ?6  to  30  yearj,  it  may 
be  barked ;  and  the  operation  may  be  subsequently  repeated  once  every  8  or  10  years*,  the 
quality  of  the  cork  iihproving  with  the  increasing  age  of  the  tree.  The  bark  is  taken  off  ia 
July  and  August;  and  trees  that  are  regularly  stripped  are  said  to  live  fur  150  years,  or 
more. — (Poiret,  Hist.  Philosophique  des  Plantes,  tom.  vii.  419.) 

Cork  is  light,  porous,  readily  compressible,  and  wonderfully  elastic.  It  may  be  cut  into 
any  sort  of  ligurc,  and,  notwithstanding  its  porosity,  is  nearly  impervious  to  any  common 
liquor.  These  qualities  make  it  superior  to  all  other  substances  for  stoppers  fur  buttle.i,  in 
the  manufacture  of  which  it  is  principally  made  use  of.  It  is  also  employed  as  buoys  to 
float  nets,  in  the  construction  of  life-boats,  the  making  of  waterproof  shoes,  and  in  various 
other  ways.  Before  being  manufactured  into  stopperui  the  cork  is  charred  on  each  side; 
this  makes  it  contract  lessens  its  porosity,  and  consequently  fits  it  the  l)ettcr  for  cutting 
otf  all  communication  between  the  external  air  and  the  liquid  iii  the  bottle.  Spanish  black 
is  made  of  calcined  cork. 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  were  both  well  acquainted  with  cork.  They  seem  also  to  have 
occasionally  used  it  as  stoppers  for  vessels  (Cadontm  obturameiifis,  Pliu.  Hist,  Nat, 
lib,  xvi.  cap.  8.) ;  but  it  was  not  extensively  employed  for  this  purpose  till  the  17th  century, 

•*when  glass  bottles,  of  which  no  mention  is  made  before  the  15th  century,  began  to  be 

generally  introduced, — (Beckmaiin's  Hist.  Invent,  vol.  ii.  pp.  114 — 127.  Eng.  ed.) 

The  duty  on  m.iimfactiire(I  cork  is  prohibitory ;  «nd  on  the  rude  nrtlcle  it  is  very  heavy,  being  no 
less  tlmn  bs.  a  cwt.  or  S/,  .-i  ton.  The  (iiiantily  entered  for  hinne  consiiinplidn  amounts,  at  an  avirage, 
to  from  40,000  to  45,0(10  cwt.  Its  price,  including  duty,  varies  with  the  variations  in  its  iiualhy,  fro  ii 
uboiit  Wl.  to  about  702,  a  ton,    Tlie  Spanish  is  the  best,  and  fetches  the  highest  price, 

CORN  (Ger.  Com,  Gefreide  ,•  Du.  Graanen,  Koren  .•  Da.  Kom  ,•  Sw.  Siid,  Spanmal; 
Ft.  Bleds,  Grains,-  It.  Biade,  Grant, •  Sp.  Granos ;  Rus.  Chljeb;  Pol.  Zhoze,-  Lut, 
Ffumcntttm),  the  grain  or  seed  of  plants  separated  from  the  spica  or  ear,  and  used  for 
making  bread,  &c.    Such  are  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  maize,  peas,  &c. ;  which  see. 

CORNELIAN.    See  Cahnkliaw. 

CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE.  — Fiom  the  circumstance  of  forming,  in  this 
and  most  other  countries,  the  principal  part  of  the  food  of  the  people,  the  trade  in  it,  and 
the  laws  by  which  that  trade  is  regulated,  are  justly  looked  upon  as  of  the  highes^t 
importance.  But  this  is  not  tho  only  circumstance  that  renders  it  necessary  to  enter  at 
8ome  length  into  the  discussion  of  this  subject.  Its  difficulty  is  at  least  equal  to  its  interest. 
The  enactments  made  at  dilTercnt  periods  with  respect  to  the  corn  trade,  and  the  o^iinions 
advanced  as  to  their  policy,  have  been  so  very  various  and  contradictory,  that  it  is  indispen- 
sable to  submit  them  to  some  examination,  and,  if  possible,  to  ascertain  the  principles  which 
ought  to  pervade  this  department  of  commercial  legislation. 

I.  HiSTOBicAL  Sketch  of  thk  Corn  Laws. 

II.    PniNCIPtF.S    OF   THE    CoHN    LaWH. 

III,  British  Corn  Trade. 

IV.  FoHziON  Cork  Trade. 


I.  Historical  Sicetch  op  the  Cors  Laws. 
For  a  long  time  the  regulations  with  respect  to  the  corn  trade  were  principally  intended 
to  promote  abundance  and  low  prices.  But,  though  tho  purpose  was  laudable,  the  means 
adopted  for  accomplishing  it  had,  for  tho  most  part,  a  directly  opposite  elVcct.  When 
a  country  exports  corn,  it  seems,  at  first  sight,  as  if  nothiiij  couhl  do  so  muc.li  to  increase 
her  supplies  as  the  prevention  of  exportation :  and  even  in  countries  tiiat  do  not  export, 
its  prohibition  seems  to  be  a  prudent  measure,  and  calculated  to  prevent  tho  supply  IVoni 
being  diminished,  upon  any  emergency,  below  its  natural  level.  These  are  thi'  concliHioiii 
that  immediately  RUgqiest  themselves  upon  this  subject;  and  it  reiiuircs  a  pretty  extensive 
experience,  an  attention  to  facts,  and  a  habit  of  reasoning  upon  such  topics,  to  pcri;rivc  llicir 
fallacy.  These,  however,  were  altogether  wanting  when  tho  regulations  airectiiig  the  com 
trade  began  to  be  introduced  into  Great  Britain  and  other  countries.  They  were  framed 
in  accordance  with  what  were  supposed  to  be  the  dictates  of  common  sense ;  und  their 

♦  Ueckniann  (vol.  ii.  p.  115  Eng.  ed.)  says,  that  "when  the  tree  is  15  years  oM,  it  iniiy  Ijo  liurk'd, 
and  this  can  ho  done  B\icci)si'ively  for  eight  years."  'I  Ilia  erroiieons  sliileinent  Imviig  been  ctijiril 
(ntn  the  ailiclo  CoKK  (0  KeoA^i  Cyclopindia,  lias  thence  b(;eu  tians^lantud  tu  a  nmllitude  uf  oilier 

u?lt». 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


mk> 


Sitgltero,  Suveroi 
;.  Stiber),  the  thick 
1  dry  mountain.ius 
larbary.  The  tree 
I  the  Quercus  Jkx, 
state  of  inalurity, 
of  a  much  bettiir 
ecteJ  without  any 
to  30  years,  it  may 
8  or  10  years*,  (ho 
ark  is  taken  off  in 
e  for  150  years,  or 

t  may  be  cut  into 
js  to  any  common 
pers  for  bottles,  in 

loyed  as  buoys  to 
C8,  and  in  various 
rred  on  each  side; 

l)etter  for  cutting 
Ic.    Spanish  black 

seem  also  to  have 

Pliii.  Hist.  Nat. 

1  the  1 7th  century, 

ntury,  began  to  bo 

ing.  ed.) 

cry  heavy,  beinf  no 
mntB,  at  aniivcrage, 
ill  Us  qualiiy,  fro  n 
ice. 

V.  Slid,  Spanmal; 
Pol.  Zbme,-  Lilt, 
ear,  and  used  for 
whicli  see. 

f  fanning,  in  this 
0  trade  in  it,  and 
19  of  the  highest 
lessary  to  enter  at 
juai  to  its  interest. 
',  and  the  ojiinions 
tliat  it  is  indispun- 
)  principles  which 


incipally  inten.Ied 

idai)lc,  the  nn-ans 

«  ell'ict.     When 

mucli  to  increase 

It  do  niH  export, 

t  thy  supply  iVoiii 

e  thi'  conclLisii)!n 

pretty  cxtiMisive 

,  to  peri;rive  llicir 

ilTi'ctitig  thi!  com 

'hoy  wore  framed 

sense ;  and  their 

,  it  fiiiiy  lit;  liiirlfil, 
ivirij  l)eiMi  cojii'd 

uuititude  uf  otliur 


object  beings  to  procure  a«  large  a  supply  of  the  prime  necessary  of  life  as  possible,  its 
exportation  was  either  totally  forbidden,  or  forbidden  when  the  home  price  was  above 
certain  limits. 

'i'hc  principle  of  absolute  pr3hibition  cecma  to  have  been  steadily  acted  upon,  as  far  as 
the  turbulence  of  the  period  would  admit,  from  the  Conquest  to  the  year  I43G,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI.  But  at  the  last  mentioned  period  an  act  was  paM!!ed,  authorising  the 
exportation  of  v/heat  whenever  the  home  price  did  not  exceed  Cs.  Si/,  (equal  in  amount 
of  pure  silver  to  12,?.  lOfd.  present  money)  per  quarter,  and  barley  when  the  home  price 
did  not  exceed  3s.  id.  In  1463,  an  additional  benefit  was  intended  to  be  conferred  on 
agriculture  by  prohibiting  importation  until  the  home  price  exceeded  that  at  wliich  expor- 
tation ceased.  But  the  fluctuating  policy  of  the  times  prevented  these  regulations  from 
being  carried  into  full  effect;  and,  indeed,  rendered  them  in  a  great  measure  inoperative. 

In  addition  to  the  restraints  laid  on  exportation,  it  has  been  common  in  most  countries 
to  attempt  to  increase  the  supply  of  corn,  not  only  by  admitting  its  unrestr.iiiied  import- 
ation from  abroad,  but  by  holding  out  extraordinary  encouragement  to  the  importers. 
This  policy  has  not,  however,  been  much  followed  in  England.  During  the  500  yeais 
immediately  posterior  to  the  Con<iuest,  importation  was  substantially  free;  but  it  was 
seldom  or  never  {iromoted  by  artificial  means :  and  during  the  last  century  and  a  half  it 
has,  for  the  most  part,  been  subjected  to  severe  restrictions. 

Besides  attempting  to  lower  prices  by  prohibiting  exp;)rtation,  our  ancestors  attempted  to 
lower  them  by  proscribing  the  trade  carried  on  by  corn  dealers.  This  ino<t  useful  class  of 
persons  were  looked  upon  with  suspicion  by  every  one.  The  agriculturists  concluded  that 
they  would  be  able  to  sell  their  produce  at  higher  prices  to  the  consumers,  were  the  corn 
dealers  out  of  the  way :  while  the  consumers  concluded  that  the  pr.jfils  of  the  dealers  were 
made  at  their  expense ;  and  ascribed  the  dearths  that  were  then  very  prevalent  entirely  to 
the  practices  of  the  dealers,  or  to  their  buying  up  corn  and  withliolding  it  from  market. 
These  notions,  which  have  still  a  considerable  degree  of  influence,  led  to  various  eiiartments, 
particularly  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  by  which  the  freedom  of  the  internal  corn  trade  was 
entirely  suppressed.  The  eyigrossin^  of  corn,  or  the  buying  of  it  in  one  market  with 
intent  to  sell  it  again  in  another,  was  made  an  offence  punishable  by  imprisonment  and  the 
pillory ;  and  no  one  was  allowed  to  carry  corn  from  one  part  to  another  without  a  licence, 
the  privilege  of  granting  which  was  confined,  by  a  statute  of  Elizabeth,  to  the  quarter 
sessions.  But  as  the  principles  of  commerce  cumc  to  be  better  understood,  the  impolicy  of 
these  restraints  gradually  grew  more  and  more  obvious.  They  were  coiiniiierubly  modided 
in  1G24;  and,  in  1663,  the  engrossing  of  corn  was  declared  to  be  lognl  so  long  .is  tlie  price 
did  not  exceed  48s.  a  quarter — (15  Chas.  3.  c.  7.)  ;  an  act  which,  as  Dr.  Smith  has  justly 
observed,  has,  with  all  its  imperfections,  done  more  to  promote  [)lenty  than  any  other  law  in 
the  statute  book.  In  1773,  the  last  remnant  of  the  legitilative  enactments  restr.iiiiiiig  the 
freedom  of  the  internal  corn  dealers  was  entirely  repealed.  But  the  engrossing  of  ci)rn  has, 
notwithstanding,  been  since  held  to  be  an  olfence  at  common  law ;  and,  so  late  as  1  SCO,  a  com 
dealer  was  convicted  of  this  imaginary  crime.  He  was  not,  linwevcr,  brought  up  for 
judgment;  and  it  is  not  very  likely  that  any  similar  case  will  ever  again  occupy  the 
atteiition  of  the  courts. 

The  acts  of  1436  and  1463,  regul  iling  the  prices  when  exportation  was  allowed 
when  importation  was  to  cease,  continued,  nominally  at  least,  in  ioree  till  1563,  vvhni^ 
prices  at  whicli  exportation  might  take  place  were  extended  to  10*.  for  wheat,  and 
fur  barley.  But  a  new  jirinciple — that  of  imposing  duties  on  exportation — was  soon  aTl 
introduced;  and,  in  1571,  it  was  enacted  that  wheat  might  be  exported,  [inying  a  duty 
of  2.«.  a  quarter,  and  barley  and  other  gniin  a  duty  of  l.v.  4(/.,  whenever  tlie  home  price 
of  wheat  (lid  not  exceed  30,«.  a  quarter,  and  bailey  and  malt  Ms,  At  the  Kestoralinn,  the 
limit  at  which  cxport;ilion  might  tiilkO  jilaee  was  very  much  extetided  ;  but  a?  the  duty  on 
exportation  was,  at  the  same  time,  so  very  high  as  to  be  almost  proliiliitorv,  the  extension 
was  of  little  or  no  service  to  the  agiicultarists.  This  view  of  ihf  mutter  seems  to  hnvc 
licon  speedily  taken  by  the  legislature;  f >r,  in  1663,  the  high  duties  on  exportation  were 
taken  oil',  and  an  ud  oulortin  duty  impos'.'d  in  their  stead,  at  tlie  same  time  that  the  limit  of 
exportiilidu  was  extended.  In  1670,  a  still  more  decided  sto|)  was  taken  in  fivour  of 
an'riculliire;  an  act  bein^  then  jiasseil  which  extended  the  exportation  pri.c  to  53,s.  4?/.  a 
quarter  for  wheat,  and  other  grain  in  projiorlicm,  imposing,  at  the  same  time,  prohibitory 
duties  on  the  iuipurUition  of  wheat  till  the  price  rose  to  53s.  -Ul.,  and  a  dnly  cif  8,?.  between 
lliat  price  and  SO.v.  But  the  real  elleits  of  this  act  were  not  so  grc  I  as  niii:ht  have  b(>ea 
anticipated.  Tlie  extension  of  the  limit  of  exportation  was  reiideied  cimparativcly  nugatory, 
ill  consequence  of  the  coiitinuaiiee  of  the  duties  on  exportation  caused  by  the  necessities 
of  the  Crown ;  while  the  want  of  any  [iroper  method  for  the  deleriiiinalion  of  prices  went 
lar  to  nullify  the  prohibition  of  importation. 

At  the  accession  of  William  III.  a  new  system  was  adopted.     The  interests  of  agriculture 
Were  then  looked  upon  as  of  paramount  importance:  and  to  ])romoto  them,  not  only  were 
Uie  duties  on  exportation  totally  abolished,  but  it  was  encouiaged  by  ihe  grant  of  a  hounttf 
Ssa 


&< 


Sit 


'\n 


i!5, 


4iti 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


of  5s.  on  every  quarter  of  wheat  exported  while  the  price  continued  at  or  below  48j.- 
of  2s.  Gd.  on  every  quarter  of  barley  or  malt,  while  their  respective  prices  did  not  exceed  24s.- 
andof  3«.  GJ  on  every  quarter  of  rye,  when  its  price  did  not  exceed  32.?. — (I  Will, ik,  Mary, 
c.  12.)  A  bounty  of  2«.  6rf.  a  quarter  was  sub8e(iuentiy  given  upon  tho  exportation  of  oau 
and  oatmeal,  when  the  price  of  the  former  did  not  exceed  15s.  a  quarter.  Importation 
continued  to  be  regulated  by  the  act  of  1670. 

Much  diversity  of  opinion  has  been  entertained  with  respect  to  the  policy  of  the  bounty. 
That  it  was  intended  to  raise  the  price  of  com  is  clear,  from  the  words  of  the  statute,  which 
Htatcs,  "that  the  exportation  of  corn  and  grain  into  foreign  parts,  when  the  price  thereof  is 
at  a  low  rate  in  this  kingdom,  hath  been  a  great  advantage  not  only  to  the  owners  of  lund, 
but  to  the  trade  of  the  kingdom  in  general :  therefore,"  &c.  But  admitting  this  to  have 
been  its  object,  it  has  been  contended  that  the  low  prices  which  prevailed  during  the  first  half 
of  last  century  show  that  its  real  ellect  had  been  precisely  the  reverse ;  and  that  it  hud,  by 
f  xtending  tillage,  contributed  to  reduce  prices.  It  will  be  afterwards  shown  that  this  could 
not  really  be  the  case ;  and  the  fall  of  prices  may  be  suinciently  accounted  for  by  the  improved 
slate  of  agriculture,  the  gradual  consolidation  of  farms,  the  diminution  of  sheep  hua- 
bandry,  &c.,  combined  with  the  slow  increase  of  the  population.  In  point  of  fact,  too, 
prices  had  begun  to  give  way  30  years  before  the  bounty  was  granted ;  and  the  fall  was 
equally  great  in  France,  where,  instead  of  exportation  beihg  encouraged  by  a  bounty,  it  \va» 
almost  entirely  prohibited;  and  in  moat  other  Continental  states. — (For  proofs  of  what  is 
now  stated,  see  tho  article  Com  Lmvs,  in  the  new  edition  of  the  Enci/.  Brit.) 

The  Tables  armexed  to  this  article  show  that,  with  some  few  exceptions,  there  was,  during 
the  first  60  years  of  last  century,  a  large  export  of  corn  from  England.  In  1750,  the  wheat 
exported  amounted  to  947,000  quarters ;  and  the  total  bounties  paid  during  the  10  years 
from  1740  to  1751  reached  the  sum  of  1,515,000/.  But  the  rapid  increase  of  population 
subsequently  to  1700,  and  particularly  after  tho  peace  of  Paris,  in  1763,  when  the  com- 
merce and  manufactures  of  the  country  were  extended  in  an  unprecedented  degree, 
gradually  reduced  tills  excei^s  of  exportation,  and  occasionally,  indeed,  inclined  the  balance 
the  other  way.  This  led  to  several  sus[)cnsions  of  the  restrictions  on  importation ;  and. 
at  length,  in  1 773,  a  new  act  was  framed,  by  which  foreign  wheat  was  allowed  to  be 
imported  on  paying  a  noniinal  duty  of  6rf.  whenever  the  home  price  was  at  or  above  48j. 
a  quarter,  and  the  bounty*  and  exportation  were  together  to  cease  when  the  price  was 
at  or  above  44s.  This  statute  also  permitted  the  importation  of  corn  at  any  price,  duty 
free,  in  order  to  be  again  exported,  provided  it  wore  in  the  mean  time  lodged  under  the 
joint  locks  of  the  king  and  the  importer. 

The  prices  when  exportation  was  to  cease  by  this  act  seem  to  have  been  fixed  too  low ; 
and,  as  Dr.  Smith  has  observed,  there  appears  a  good  deal  of  impropriety  in  prohibiting 
exportation  altogether  the  moment  it  attained  the  limit,  when  the  bounty  given  to  force 
it  was  withdrawn;  yet,  with  all  these  defects,  the  act  of  1773  was  a  material  improvement 
on  the  fi)rmer  system,  and  ought  not  to  have  been  altered  unless  to  give  greater  freedom 
to  the  trade. 

The  idea  that  this  law  must,  when  enacted,  have  b.  en  injurious  to  the  agriculturists, 
seems  altogether  illusory:  the  permission  to  import  fo.eign  grain,  when  the  home  price 
rose  to  a  moderate  height,  certainly  prevented  their  realising  exorbitant  profits,  in  dear 
years,  at  the  expense  of  the  other  classes ;  and  prevented  an  uimatural  proportion  of  tho 
capital  of  the  country  from  being  turned  towards  agriculture.  But  as  the  limit  at  which 
importation  at  a  nominal  duty  was  allowed,  was  fixed  a  good  deal  above  the  average  jiriee 
of  the  reign  of  George  II.,  it  cannot  be  maintained  thai  it  hud  any  tendency  to  reduce 
previous  prices,  which  is  tho  only  thing  that  could  have  discouraged  agriculture :  and,  in 
fact,  no  such  reduction  took  place. 

It  is,  indeed,  true,  that,  but  for  this  act,  wc  sliould  not  have  imported  so  much  foreign  grain 
in  the  interval  between  1773  and  1791.  This  importation,  however,  was  not  a  consequence 
oi"  the  decline  of  agriculture ;  for  it  is  admitted  that  every  branch  of  rural  economy  wa.s  more 
improved  in  that  period  than  in  the  whole  of  the  preceding  century  ;  but  arose  entirely  from 
a  still  more  rapid  increase  of  the  manufacturing  population,  and  hence,  of  the  cflective  ile- 
mimd  for  corn. 

By  referring  to  the  Tables  annexed  to  this  article,  it  will  be  seen  that,  in  1772,  the  ba- 
lance on  the  side  of  wheat  imported  amounted  to  18,515  quarters;  and  in  1773,  1774  and 
1775,  all  years  of  great  pros[ierity,  tlie  balance  was  very  much  increased.  But  the  loss  of  a 
great  part  of  our  colonial  i)os.seusions,  the  stagnaiii)n  of  connnerco,  and  diiriculty  of  obtuinin; 
employment,  occasioned  l)y  the  Amerirun  war,  diminished  the  consumption  ;  and  this,  eoni- 
biiicd  with  unusually  jiroductive  harvests,  rendered  the  balance  high  on  the  side  of  exporta- 
tion, in  1778,  177'J,  and  1789.  In  1783  and  1784,  the  crop  was  unusually  deficient,  and 
'.•onsider.'jblo  importations  took  place;  but  in  178,5,  1786,  and  1787  the  exports  again  ex- 
J«ieded  the  imports;  and  it  was  not  till  1788,  when  the  country  had  fully  recovered  from 

•Thfi  Imiinty  aninnnted  lo  5/f.  on  every  quarter  of  wheat ;  2s. fid.  on  every  (luurtcr  of  barley;  3^.  6d, 
tn  dvtry  <iuarter  ul'rye ;  and  2o'.  lid,  on  every  quarter  ol'uuts. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


'm 


die  effects  of  the  American  war,  and  when  nianufacturin;|r  improvements  wero  carried  on 
with  extraordinary  spirit,  that  the  imports  permanently  overbalanced  the  exports. 

The  growing  wealth  and  commercial  prosperity  of  the  country  had  thus,  Ity  increasing  tlio 
population  and  enabling  individuals  to  consume  additional  quantities  of  food,  caused  the 
home  supply  of  corn  to  fall  somewhat  short  of  the  demand ;  but  it  must  not,  therefore,  be, 
concluded  tliat  agriculture  had  not  at  the  same  time  been  very  greatly  meliorated.  "  The 
average  annual  produce  of  wheat,"  says  Mr.  Comber,  "  at  the  begiiming  of  the  reign  of 
George  III.  (17C0),  was  about  3,800,000  quarters,  of  which  ahout  300,000  had  teen  sent 
out  of  the  kingdom,  leaving  about  3,.^00,000  for  home  consumption.  In  1773,  the  produce 
of  wheat  was  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons  to  be4,000,000  quarters,  of  which  the  whole, 
and  above  100,000  imported,  were  consumed  in  the  kingdom.  In  1796,  the  consumption 
was  stated  by  Lord  Hawkesbury  to  be  500,000  quarters  per  monih,  or  6,000,000  quarters 
annually,  of  which  about  180,000  were  imported ;  showing  an  increased  produce  in  about 
20  years  of  1,830,000  quarters.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  not  only  that  no  defalcation  of  [)ro- 
duce  had  taken  place  in  consequence  of  the  cessation  of  exportation,  as  has  been  too  lightly 
assumed  from  the  occasional  necessity  of  importation,  but  that  it  had  increased  wilh  the 
augmentation  of  our  commerce  and  manufactures." — {Comber  on  Nutiunal  Subsiiittnce, 
p.  180.) 

These  estimates  are,  no  doubt,  very  loose  and  unsatisfactory ;  but  the  fact  of  a  great  in- 
crease of  produce  having  taken  place  is  unquestionable.  In  a  report  by  a  connnittee  of  tlie 
House  of  Commons  on  the  state  of  the  wante  lands,  drawn  up  in  1797,  the  number  of  nets 
passed  for  enclosing,  and  the  number  of  acres  enclosed,  iti  the  fullowing  reigns,  are  thus 
ttated : — 


Number  of  Acts. 

Number  of  Acres 

In  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne 

2 

l,4.'«l 

,,  -                 George  I. 

16 

17,!fiO 

Oeorpe  II. 

226 

318,778 

George  III.  to  17<J7 

-      1,532 

2,b01,lU7 

of  barley  J  3s.  Cd, 


It  deserves  particular  notice,  that  from  1771  to  1791,  both  inclusive,  the  period  during 
which  the  greater  number  of  these  improvements  were  effected,  there  was  no  rise  of  prices. 

The  landholdeiB,  however,  could  not  but  consider  the  liberty  of  importation  granted  by 
tlie  act  of  1773  as  injurious  to  their  interests,  inasmuch  as  it  prevented  prices  from  ricking 
wilh  the  increased  demand.  A  clamour,  therefore,  was  raised  against  that  law  ;  and  in  addi- 
tion to  this  interested  feeling,  a  dread  of  becoming  habituully  dependent  on  foreign  supplies 
of  corn,  operated  on  many,  and  produced  a  pretty  general  acquiescence  in  the  act  of  1791. 
By  this  act,  the  price  when  importation  could  take  place  from  abroad  at  the  low  duty  of  6d., 
was  raised  to  54s. ;  under  54«.  and  above  50s.  a  middle  duty  of  2s.  dd. ;  and  under  30s.  a 
prohibiting  duty  of  24s.  3d.  was  exigible.  The  bounty  continued  as  before,  and  eNfinrta- 
tion  without  bounty  Wfls  allowed  to  46.*.  It  was  also  enacted,  that  foreign  wheat  might  be 
imported,  stored  under  the  king's  lock,  and  again  exported  free  of  duty ;  but,  if  sold  for  home 
consumption,  it  became  liable  to  a  warehouse  duty  of  2s.  6d.  in  addition  to  the  ordinary 
duties  payable  at  the  time  of  sale. 

In  1797,  the  Bank  of  England  obtained  an  exemption  from  paying  in  specie ;  and  the 
consequent  facility  of  obtaining  discounts  and  getting  a  command  of  capital,  which  this 
measure  occasioned,  gave  a  fresh  stimulus  to  agriculture ;  the  cfticacy  of  wbich  was  most 
powerfully  assisted  by  the  scarcity  and  high  prices  of  1800  and  1801.  An  agricultural 
mania  now  seized  the  nation  ;  and  as  the  prices  of  1804  would  not  allow  the  cultivation  of 
the  poor  soils,  which  had  been  broken  up  in  tho  dear  years,  to  be  continued,  a  new  corn  law, 
being  loudly  called  for  by  the  farmers,  was  passed  in  1804.  The  law  imposed  a  prohibitory 
duty  of  24s.  3d.  per  quarter  on  all  wheat  imported  when  the  home  price  was  at  or  below 
63s.;  between  63s.  and  66s.  a  middle  duty  of  2s.  (id.  was  paid,  and  above  66,«.  a  nominal 
duty  of  6(/.  The  price  at  which  the  bounty  was  allowed  on  exportation  was  extended  to 
50s.,  and  exportation  without  bounty  to  54s.  By  the  act  of  1791,  tho  maritime  counties  of 
England  were  dividetl  into  12  districts,  importation  and  exportation  being  regulated  by  the 
particular  prices  of  each  ;  but  by  the  act  of  1804  they  were  regulated,  in  Enj^luiid,  by  tho 
uggregute  average  of  the  maritime  districts ;  and  in  Scotland  by  the  iipgregnte  average  of 
the  4  maritime  districts  into  which  it  was  divided.  The  averages  were  tiiken  4  times  a  year, 
so  that  the  ports  could  not  be  open  or  shut  fc;r  less  than  3  months.  This  manner  of  ascer- 
taining prices  was,  however,  modified  in  the  following  session  ;  it  being  then  fixed,  lliat  im- 
portation, both  in  England  and  Scotland,  should  be  regulated  by  the  average  price  of  the  13 
maritime  districts  of  England.  4> 

In  1805,  the  crop  was  very  considerably  deficient,  and  the  average  price  of  that  year  was 
about  22s.  a  quarter  above  the  price  at  which  im(iortdtion  was  allowed  by  the  act  of  1804. 
As' the  depreciation  of  paper,  compared  with  bullion,  was  at  that  time  only /our  per  cent., 
the  high  price  of  that  year  must  have  been  principally  owing  to  the  new  law  preventing 
importation  from  abroad  till  the  home  jiricc  was  high,  and  then  lettering  mercantile  opera- 
lioug ;  and  to  the  formidable  obstacles  which  the  war  threw  in  the  way  of  iuiportation.    In 


;'? 


'^^^r 


CORN  LA.WS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


1806*,  1807,  ond  1808,  the  depreriation  of  pHjier  was  nearly  3  per  cent.;  and  tho  price  of 
wheat  in  tliose  years  being  generally  from  66«.  to  75^.,  the  importitioiiH  were  Init  Rmall, 
From  autumn  1808,  to  uprini^  1814  the  depreciation  of  the  curroncy  was  unusually  i^rcnt;  und 
several  crops  in  that  interval  being  likewiiie  deficient,  the  price  of  com,  inlluenco<|  hy  liotli 
causes,  rose  to  a  surprising  height  At  that  time  no  vessel  could  be  laden  iu  any  Continen- 
tal port  for  England  without  purchasing  a  lie  >i,8e,  and  tho  freight  and  insurance  were  at 
least  5  times  as  high  as  during  peace.  But  the  destruction  of  Napoleon's  anti-nommcrcial 
system,  in  tho  autumn  of  1813,  having  increasinl  the  facilities  of  irn[>ortati(>n,  a  lar>;o  qii.m. 
tityofcorn  was  poured  into  the  kingdom;  and,  in  1814,  its  bullion  price  fisll  Mow  tliu 
price  at  which  importation  was  allowed. 

Before  this  fall  of  price,  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  had  been  nppnintpd  to 
inquire  into  the  state  of  tho  laws  alft'cting  the  corn  trade ;  and  recommended  in  tlicir  Report 
(datMl  11th  of  May,  1813)  a  very  great  increase  of  the  prices  at  which  exportatii>ii  wa^i 
allowable,  and  when  importation  free  of  duty  might  take  place.  This  recommundatii)n  was 
not,  however,  adopted  by  the  House ;  but  the  fact  of  its  having  been  made  when  the  home 
price  was  at  least  1  iis,  a  quarter,  displayed  a  surprising  solicitude  to  exclude  foreigners 
from  all  competition  with  the  home  growers. 

The  wish  to  le^tsen  the  dependence  of  the  country  on  foreign  supplies  firmed  tho  solo 
ostensible  motive  by  which  tho  committee  of  1813  had  been  actuated,  in  proposing  an  alto- 
ration  in  the  act  of  1804.  But  aflvr  the  fall  of  price  in  autumn  1818,  and  in  tho  early  part 
of  1814,  it  became  obvious,  on  comparing  our  previous  prices  with  tiiose  of  the  Continent, 
that  without  an  alteration  of  the  law  in  question  this  dependence  would  be  a  good  deul  in- 
creased ;  that  a  considerable  extent  of  such  poor  lands  as  hud  been  brought  into  cultivnlion 
during  the  high  prices  would  be  again  thrown  into  pasturage ;  and  that  rents  would  be 
considerably  reduced.  These  consequences  alarmed  the  landlords  and  occupiers ;  siiul  in 
the  early  part  of  the  session  of  1814,  a  scries  of  resolutions  were  voted  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, declaring  that  it  was  expedient  to  repeul  the  bounty,  to  )x>nnit  the  free  exportutiou  of 
«orn  whatever  might  be  tho  home  price,  and  to  impose  a  graduated  scale  of  dutic.-i  on  the 
importation  of  foreign  corn.  Thus,  foreign  wheat  imported  when  the  home  price  was  at  or 
inider  64».  was  to  pay  a  duty  of  24.». .  when  at  or  under  65s,  a  duty  of  23.«. ;  and  so  on,  till 
the  home  price  should  reach  SOt.,  when  the  duty  was  reduced  to  Is.,  at  which  sum  it  liooanie 
stationary.  .Corn  imported  from  Canada,  or  from  tho  other  British  colonies  in  North  Ame- 
rica, was  to  pay  half  the  duties  on  other  corn.  As  soon  as  these  resolutions  had  been  agieeil 
to,  two  bills  founded  on  them^-one  for  regulating  the  importation  of  foreign  corn,  and 
another  for  the  repeal  of  the  bounty,  and  for  permitting  unrestricted  exportation — were  in- 
troduced. Very  little  attention  was  paid  to  the  last  of  these  bills ;  but  the  one  imposing 
fresh  duties  on  importation  encountered  a  very  keen  opjiosition.  The  manufacturers,  and 
every  class  not  directly  supported  by  agriculture,  stigmatised  it  as  an  unjustifiable  attempt 
artificially  to  keep  up  the  price  of  food,  and  to  secure  excessive  rents  and  large  profits  to  the 
landholders  and  farmers  at  the  expense  of  tho  consumers.  Meetings  were  very  generally 
held,  and  resolutions  entered  into  strongly  expressive  of  this  sentiment,  and  dwelling  on  the 
fatal  consequences  which,  it  was  affirmed,  a  continuance  of  the  high  prices  would  have  on 
our  manufactures  and  comhiercc.  This  determined  opjiosition,  coupled  with  the  indeci-ion 
of  ministers,  and  perhaps,  too,  with  an  oxjiectation  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  landholders 
that  prices  would  rise  without  any  legislative  interference,  caused  the  miscarriage  of  this  liill. 
The  other  bill,  repealing  the  bounty  and  allowing  an  unlimited  freedom  of  exportation,  was 
passed  into  a  law. 

Committees  had  been  appointed  in  1814,  by  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  to  examine  evi- 
dence and  report  on  the  stiite  of  the  corn  tr.ide;  and,  in  consequence,  a  numl>er  of  the  most 
eminent  agriculturists  were  examined.  The  witnesses  were  unanimous  in  this  only, — that 
the  protecting  prices  in  the  act  of  1801  were  insutHcicnt  to  enable  the  f aimers  to  make  good 
the  engagements  into  which  they  had  subsequently  entered,  and  to  continue  the  cultivation 
of  the  inferior  lands  lately  brought  under  tillage.  Some  of  them  thought  that  120.v.  ought  to 
be  fixed  as  the  lowest  limit  at  vvliicli  tho  importation  of  wheat  free  of  duly  should  be  allowed  : 
others  varied  from  90s.  to  100.?. — from  80s.  to  OOs. — and  a  few  from  70s.  to  8()s.  The  gene- 
ral opinion,  however,  seemed  to  lie  that  80s.  would  sullice;  and  as  prices  continued  to  decline, 
a  set  of  resolutions  founded  on  this  assiini])t'on  were  subinittcj  to  tlie  House  of  Commons 
by  Mr.  Robinson,  of  the  Board  of  Trade  (now  Lord  Godericli) ;  and  having  been  agreed  to, 
a  bill  founded  on  them  was,  after  a  very  violent  Oj)|)osition,  carried  '■;  Hoth  Houses  hy  im- 
mense majorities,  and  finally  passed  into  a  law  (.OS  Geo.  3.  e.  3()  ■•  A  .cording  to  this  net, 
all  s^rts  of  foreign  corn,  meal,  or  flour,  mii^ht  be  imported  at  all  times  free  of  duty  into  any 
port  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in  order  to  lie  warehoused  ;  but  foreign  corn  was  not  perniittid 
to  be  imported  for  home  consumjition,  except  when  the  average  prices  of  the  several  sort;) 

*  Several  impi-litic  restraints  liad  liofin  for  n  long  time  imposed  on  llie  free  impurtntinn  and  oxporin- 
fion  of  corn  lionvi'fn  (Jreat  Uritain  ami  Ireland,  Iml  tlicy  were  wholly  aholishnd  in  IsOO;  and  tlie  act 
of  that  year  (10  Geo.  3.  c.  1)7.),  estahlishinit  u  free  tradi'in  corn  between  t!ie  2  grniit  divisions  of  the 
empire,  was  not  only  a  wise  and  proper  measure  in  itself,  but  has  powerfully  contributed  to  promolo 
tlie  general  advanta|;e. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


489 


of  British  corn  were  aa  followa :  viz,  wheat,  80x.  per  quarter ;  rye,  peas,  and  beans,  53a.  { 
barley,  bear,  or  bigg,  40s. ;  and  oata,  26«. :  and  ull  importfltinn  of  corn  from  any  of  the 
Uritish  plantations  in  North  America  was  forbidden,  except  when  the  average  home  prices 
were  at  or  under,  wheat,  67s.  per  quarter ;  rye,  peas,  and  beans,  44«. ;  barley,  bear  or  bigg, 
33j.  ;  and  oats,  22». 

The  agriculturists  confidently  expected  that  this  act  would  immediately  effect  a  rise  of 
mcei,  and  render  them  steady  at  about  80*.  But,  for  reasons  which  will  be  nflerwarda 
etateJ,  those  expectations  were  entirely  disappointed  ;  and  there  has  been  a  more  ruinous  fluc- 
tuation of  prices  duriii;^  the  18  years  that  have  elapsed  since  it  was  passed,  than  in  any  pre« 
v'ious  period  of  our  recent  history.  In  1821,  when  prices  liad  sunk  very  low,  a  comniitteo 
of  the  House  of  Commons  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  the  depressed  state  of 
agriculture,  and  to  report  their  observations  thereupon.  This  committee,  afler  examining  a 
mimber  of  witnesses,  drew  up  a  report,*  which,  though  not  free  from  error,  is  o  very  valuable 
document.  It  contains  a  forcible  exfwsition  of  the  pernicious  effects  arising  from  the  law  of 
1815,  of  which  it  suggested  several  important  mndificatioiis.  These,  however,  were  not 
adopted  ;  and  as  the  low  prices,  and  consequent  distress  of  the  agriculturists,  continued,  the 
juliject  was  brought  under  the  consideration  of  parliament  in  the  following  year.  After  a 
good  deal  of  discussion  a  new  act  was  then  passed  (3  Geo.  4.  c.  60.),  which  enacted,  that 
after  prices  had  risen  to  the  limit  of  free  importation  fixed  by  the  act  of  1815,  that  act  waa 
to  cease  and  the  new  statute  to  come  into  operation.  This  statute  lowered  the  prices  fixed 
by  the  act  of  1815,  at  which  importation  could  take  place  for  homo  consumption,  to  the  fol« 
lowing  sums,  viz. — 


Wheat 

RyK,  peas,  and  beans 

Hurley,  bear,  or  bigg 

Oats 


Tor  Corn  nnl  nf  (lie  Britith 
PcMiPhtiiini  in  Nbrtli  Americi. 

-  70j).  per  quarter. 

-  40».         — 

-  35*.         — 

-  23«.         — 


For  Com  of  the  BritiRh 
roueniDiis  rn  North  America. 
S9«.  per  quarter. 
3<i».         — 
30«.  — 

20«.  — 


But,  in  order  to  prevent  any  violent  oscillation  of  prices  from  a  large  supply  of  grain  being 
suddenly  thrown  into  the  market,  it  was  enacted,  that  a  duty  of  i7s.  a  quarter  should  be 
laid  on  all  wheat  imported  from  foreign  countries,  during  the  first  3  months  after  the  open- 
ing of  the  ports,  if  the  price  was  between  70s.  and  80s.  a  quarter,  and  of  12s.  afterwards; 
that  if  the  price  was  between  80s.  and  85s.,  the  duty  should  be  10s.  for  the  first  3  months, 
and  5s.  afterwards ;  and  that  if  the  price  should  exceed  85s.,  the  duty  should  be  constant  at 
Is, ;  and  proportionally  for  other  sorts  of  grain. 

This  act,  by  preventing  importation  until  the  home  price  rose  to  70.*.,  and  then  loading 
the  quantities  imported  between  that  limit  and  the  limit  of  8.5s.  with  heavy  duties,  was  cer- 
tainly more  favourable  to  the  views  of  the  agriculturists  than  the  act  of  1815.  But,  un- 
luckily for  them,  the  prices  of  no  species  of  corn,  except  barley,  were  sufTiciently  high,  while 
thiii  net  existed,  to  bring  it  into  operation. 

In  1825,  the  first  approach  was  made  to  a  better  system,  by  permitting  the  importation 
of  wheat  from  British  North  America,  without  reference  to  the  price  at  home,  on  payment 
of  a  duty  of  5s.  a  quarter.  But  this  act  was  passed  with  difliculty,  and  was  limited  to  one 
year's  duration. 

Owing  to  the  drought  thut  prevailed  during  the  summer  of  1826,  there  was  every  prospect 
that  there  would  be  a  great  deficiency  in  the  crops  of  thot  year ;  and,  in  order  to  prevent 
the  disastrous  consequences  that  might  have  taken  place,  had  importation  been  prevented 
until  the  season  was  too  far  advanced  for  bringing  supplies  from  the  great  corn  markets  in 
the  north  of  Europe,  his  Majesty  was  authorised  to  admit  500,000  quarters  of  foreign  wheat, 
on  payment  of  such  duties  as  the  order  in  council  for  itt«  importation  should  declare.  And 
when  it  was  ascertained  that  the  crops  of  oats,  peas,  &c.  were  greatly  below  an  average, 
ministers  issued  an  order  in  counoil,  on  their  own  responsibility,  on  the  1st  of  September, 
authorising  the  immediate  importation  of  oats  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  2.v.  2d.  a  boll ;  and 
of  I  ye,  peas,  and  beans,  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  3s,  Gd.  a  quarter.  A  considerable  ([uantify 
of  oats  was  imported  under  this  order,  the  timely  appearance  of  which  had  undoubtedly  a 
very  considerable  effect  in  mitigating  the  pernicious  conse(iuences  arising  from  the  defi- 
ciency of  that  species  of  grain.  Ministers  obtained  an  indemnity  for  this  order  on  the  sub- 
sequent meeting  of  parliament. 

Nothing  could  more  strikingly  evince  the  impolicy  of  the  acts  of  1815  and  1822,  than 
the  necessity,  under  which  the  legislature  and  government  had  bi'cn  placed,  of  passing  the 
temporary  acts  and  issuing  the  orders  alluded  to.  The  more  intelligent  portion  of  the  agri- 
culturists be3;an,  at  length,  to  i)erceive  that  the  corn  laws  were  not  really  calculated  to  pro- 
duce the  advantages  that  they  had  anticipated  ;  and  a  conviction  that  increased  facilities 
sliuuld  be  given  to  importation  became  general  throughout  the  country.  The  same  convic- 
tion made  consideraMe  progress  in  the  House  of  Commons  ;  so  much  so,  that  several  mem- 
bers who  supported  the  measures  adopted  in  1815  and  1822,  expressed  themselves  satisfied 
that  the  principle  of  exclusion  had  been  carried  too  far,  and  that  a  more  liberal  system  should 
be  adopted.    Ministers  having  participated  in  these  sentiments,  Mr.  Canning  moved  a  seriea 

63 


.^\h 


lit- 


■  i'^  i. 


■il. 


I-  Vf 


i^■^ 


i;irlft 


i, 


I 


490 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


of  resolutions,  RB  the  foundation  of  a  new  corn  law,  on  the  IstofMurch,  1837.  Thew 
resolutions  woro  to  the  ollect  that  fornign  corn  rnii^ht  always  be  imported,  free  of  duty,  in 
order  to  I)e  wareliouacd  ;  and  timt  it  should  always  be  admiMible  for  humo  conKuniptioii  on 
payment  of  ccrlniu  duties.  Thus  in  the  instance  of  wheat,  it  vmn  resolved  that,  when  tlie 
home  price  wiih  at  or  a))Ove  70v,  n  (juiirtcr,  the  duty  shoul<l  be  a  fixed  one  of  \a. ;  aod  iliiit 
for  every  shilliii);  that  the  price  fell  lielow  70».  a  duty  of  3.<i.  should  bo  imposed;  ho  that 
when  tlie  price  was  at  69a.  the  duty  on  importation  was  to  be  2.t.,  when  at  6S».  the  duty  was 
to  bo  4«.  and  so  on.  The  limit  at  which  the  constant  duty  of  Is.  a  quarter  was  to  tiike 
jildce  in  the  case  of  barley,  was  origfitially  fixed  at  37«.,  but  it  was  subsequently  rallied  tu 
40». ;  the  duty  increasing  by  Is.  6rf.  for  every  Is.  which  the  price  fell  i)clow  that  limit.  The 
limit  at  which  tlic  constant  duty  of  Is.  a  quarter  was  to  take  place  in  the  case  of  oats  wan 
ori^jinally  fixed  at  28.y, ;  but  it  was  sultsequently  raised  to  3:)a.  the  duty  increasini;  at  tlie 
rate  of  Is.  a  quarter  for  every  shilling  that  the  price  fell  below  that  limit.  The  duty  on  co 
limiul  wheat  was  fixed  at  Cid.  tho  quarter  when  the  home  price  was  above  G.'m.  ;  and  when 
the  price  was  under  that  sum,  the  duty  was  constant  at  5,i. ;  the  duties  on  other  descriptions 
of  colonial  grain  were  similar.  These  resolutions  were  agreed  to  by  a  large  majority  ;  and 
a  bill  founded  on  them  was  subsequently  carried  through  tlie  House  of  Commons.  Owing, 
however,  to  tho  change  of  miniisters,  which  took  place  in  the  interim,  several  peers,  ori. 
ginally  favourablo  to  the  bill,  and  some,  even,  who  assisted  in  its  preparation,  saw  reason  to 
become  amongst  its  most  violent  opponents;  and  a  clause  moved  by  the  Uuke  of  Wollinj- 
ton,  interdicting  all  importation  of  foreign  corn  until  tho  home  price  exceeded  66s.,  having 
been  carried  in  the  Lords,  ministers  gave  up  the  bill,  justly  considering  that  such  a  clause 
was  entirely  subversive  of  its  principle. 

A  new  set  of  resolutions  with  resf)ect  to  the  com  trade  were  brought  forward  in  1838,  by 
Mr.  Charles  Grant,  'i'hey  were  founded  on  the  same  principles  as  those  which  had  boon 
rejected  during  the  previous  session.  But  the  duty  was  not  made  to  vary  equally,  as  in  Mr. 
Canning's  resolutions,  with  every  equal  variation  of  price;  it  being  23s.  8d.  when  tho  homo 
price  was  64s.  the  Imperial  quarter ;  16s.  9d.  when  it  was  69s. ;  and  Is.  only  when  it  was 
at  or  above  73s,  After  a  good  deal  of  debate,  Mr.  Grant's  resolutions  were  carried  in  both 
Houses ;  and  the  act  embodying  them  (9  Geo.  4.  c.  60.)  is  that  by  which  the  corn  trade 
u  now  regulated.    An  abstract  of  this  act  will  be  found  in  a  subsequent  part  of  tlib  artick 

n.    Principles  of  the  Corn  Laws. 

I.  Internal  Com  Tradf., — It  is  needless  to  take  up  the  reader's  time  by  endeavouring  to 
prove  by  argument  the  advantage  of  allowing  the  free  conveyance  of  corn  from  one  province 
to  another.  Every  one  sees  that  this  is  indispensable,  not  only  to  the  equal  distribution  of 
the  sufiplics  of  food  over  the  country,  but  to  enable  tho  inhabitants  of  those  districts  that  are 
best  fitted  for  the  raising  and  fattening  of  cattle,  sheep,  &c.  to  addict  themselves  to  these  or 
other  necessary  occupations  not  directly  connected  with  the  production  of  corn.  We  shall, 
therefore,  confine  the  few  remarks  we  have  to  make,  on  this  subject,  to  the  consideration  of 
the  influence  of  the  speculations  of  the  com  merchants  in  buying  up  corn  in  anticipation 
of  an  advance.  Their  proceedings  in  this  respect,  though  of  the  greatest  public  utility,  have 
been  the  principal  cause  of  that  odium  to  which  they  have  been  so  long  exposed. 

Were  the  harvests  always  equally  productive,  nothing  would  be  gained  by  storing  up 
supplies  of  corn ;  and  all  that  would  be  necessary  would  bo  to  distribute  the  crop  equally 
throughout  the  country,  and  throughout  the  year.  But  such  is  not  the  order  of  nature. 
The  variations  in  the  aggregate  produce  of  a  country  in  dilTurent  seasons,  though  not 
perhaps  so  great  as  are  commonly  supposed,  are  still  very  considerable ;  and  experience  has 
shown  that  two  or  three  unusually  luxuriant  harvests  seldom  take  place  in  succession ;  or 
that  when  they  do,  they  are  invariably  followed  by  those  that  are  deficient.  The  sjwculators 
in  corn  anticipate  this  result.  Whenever  prices  begin  to  give  way  in  consequence  of  an 
unusually  luxuriant  harvest,  speculation  is  at  work.  The  more  opulent  farmers  w-ithhold 
cither  the  whole  or  a  part  of  their  produce  from  market;  and  the  more  opulent  denlors 
purchase  largely  of  the  corn  brought  to  market,  and  store  it  up  in  expectation  of  a  future 
advance.  And  thus,  without  intending  to  promote  any  one's  interest  but  their  own,  the 
speculators  in  corn  beconio  the  great  benefactors  of  the  public.  They  provide  a  relief  stock 
against  those  years  of  scarcity  which  are  sure  at  no  distant  period  to  recur :  while,  by 
withdrawing  a  portion  of  the  redundant  supply  from  immediate  consumption,  prices  are 
prevented  from  falling  so  low  as  to  be  injurious  to  the  farmers,  or  at  least  are  maintained  at  a 
higher  level  than  they  would  otherwise  have  reached;  provident  habits  aio  maintained 
oniongst  the  people;  and  that  waste  and  extravagance  are  checked,  which  always  take  place 
in  plentifid  years,  but  which  would  lie  carried  to  a  much  greater  extent  if  the  whole  produce 
of  u.T  abundant  cro])  were  to  be  consumed  within  the  season. 

It  is,  however,  in  scarce  years  that  the  speculations  of  the  corn  merchants  are  principally 
advantageous.  Even  in  t'.io  richest  countries,  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  individuals 
engaged  in  the  business  o''  agriculture  are  comparatively  poor,  and  are  totally  without  iLa 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


401  ' 


nirans  of  withholding^  their  produce  from  marlcot,  in  order  to  speculate  upon  any  future 
aJv.mro.  In  conti'iiunnroitho  mnriccui  are  nlwnyR  mofit  ahundaiitly  supplied  with  produce 
immodiatoly  after  hnrvpst;  and  in  countries  where  the  morcIiatitH  cll^fll^,'L•d  in  lliu  corn  trade 
are  not  posgenRcd  of  iBrRO  capitalfl,  or  wiieie  their  proceedinffH  are  fi-tteri-d  and  rcHtri(;ie<l, 
there  is  then,  almoRt  Invariably,  a  heavy  fall  of  prices.  Uut  us  the  vast  majority  of  the 
people  l)uy  their  food  in  small  qiinntitie.i,  or  from  day  to  day  as  they  want  it,  their  c  np» 

tion  is  necessarily  extended  or  contracted  arxordinf^  to  its  price  at  the  time,  'i'iieir  vi>  ,  do 
not  extend  to  the  future  •  they  have  no  means  of  judii^inDr  whether  the  crop  is  or  is  not 
(lellciciit.  They  live,  as  the  phraso  is,  from  hand  to  niuuth ;  and  are  aatiHfied  if,  in  the  mean 
timr,  they  obtam  abundant  supplies  iit  a  cheap  rate,  But  it  Ih  obvioa-i,  that  were  there 
notliin!»  to  control  or  counteract  this  improvidence,  the  consequence  would  very  of' en  be 
filial  in  the  extreme.  The  crops  of  one  harvest  must  support  the  population  till  the  I'rop  of 
the  other  harvest  has  been  (gathered  in ;  and  if  that  crop  should  be  delK-ient — it',  for 
instance,  it  should  only  be  adequate  to  afford,  at  the  usual  rate  of  consumption,  a  supply 
of  9  or  10  months'  provisions  iuHtfad  of  12 — it  is  pinin  that,  unless  the  price  were  so  niised 
iminodiiitely  after  harvest,  as  to  enforce  econoiny,  and  put,  as  it  were,  the  whole  nation  on 
short  allowance,  the  most  dreadful  famine  would  Iw  experienced  previously  to  the  ensuing 
han'cst.  Those  who  examine  the  accounts  of  the  prices  of  wheat  and  other  KvAn  in 
Knglund,  collected  by  Bishop  Fleetwood  and  tfir  F.  M.  Kden,  will  meet  with  aliundant 
proofs  of  the  accuracy  of  what  has  now  been  stated.  In  those  remote  periods  vvlii-n  the 
fanners  were  Rcnerally  without  the  means  of  witliholdini;  their  crops  from  market,  and  when 
the  trade  of  a  corn  dealer  was  proscribed,  the  utmost  improvidence  was  exhibited  in  the 
consumption  of  grain.  There  were  then,  indeed,  very  few  years  in  whi(di  a  considerable 
scarcity  was  not  experienced  immediately  before  harvest,  and  many  in  which  there  was  an 
absolute  famine.  The  Huctuations  of  price  exceeded  every  thing  of  which  we  can  now 
form  an  idea  ;  the  price  of  wheat  and  o'her  grain  being  4  or  6  times  as  high  in  June  anS 
July,  as  in  Sepleml)er  and  October.  Thanks,  however,  to  the  increase  of  capital  in  the 
hands  of  the  large  farmers  and  dealers,  and  to  the  freedom  given  to  the  operations  of  the 
corn  merchants,  we  are  no  longer  exposed  to  such  ruinous  vicissitudes.  Whenever  the 
dealers,  who,  in  consequence  of  their  superior  means  of  information,  are  better  acipiainted 
with  the  real  state  of  the  crops  than  any  other  class  of  persons,  lind  the  harvest  lilvcly  to  be 
deficient,  they  raise  the  price  of  the  corn  they  have  warehoused,  and  bid  against  each  other 
for  the  corn  which  the  fanners  are  bringing  to  market.  In  consequence  of  this  rise  of  prices, 
all  ranks  and  orders,  but  especially  the  lower,  who  are  the  great  consumers  of  corn,  find 
it  indispensable  to  use  greater  economy,  and  to  check  all  im|)rovidcnt  and  wasteful  con- 
sumjition.  Every  class  being  thus  immediately  put  upon  short  allowance,  the  pressure  of 
the  scarcity  is  distributed  equally  throughout  the  year;  and  instead  of  indulgini;,  as  was 
formerly  the  case,  in  the  same  scale  of  consumption  as  in  seasons  of  plenty,  until  the 
supply  became  altogether  delicient,  and  then  being  exposed  without  resource  to  the  attacks 
of  famine  and  pestilence,  the  speculations  of  the  corn  merchants  warn  us  of  our  danger, 
and  compel  us  to  provide  against  it. 

It  is  not  easy  to  suppose  that  these  proceedings  of  the  corn  merchants  should  ever  be 
injurious  to  the  public.  It  has  been  said  that  in  scarce  years  they  are  not  disposed  to  bring 
the  corn  they  have  purchased  to  market  until  it  has  attained  an  exorbitant  ]>rice,  and  that 
the  pressure  of  the  scarcity  is  thus  often  very  much  aggravated  ;  but  there  is  no  real  ground 
for  any  such  statement,  'llie  immense  amount  of  capital  required  to  store  up  any  consider- 
able quantity  of  corn,  and  the  waste  to  which  it  is  liable,  render  most  holders  disposed  to 
sell  as  soon  as  they  can  realise  a  fair  profit.  In  every  extensive  country  in  which  tiie  corn 
trade  is  free,  there  are  infinitely  too  many  persons  engaged  in  it  to  enable  any  sort  of  com- 
bination or  concert  to  be  formed  amongst  them;  and  though  it  were  lornicd.  it  coulil  not  be 
maintained  for  an  instant.  A  large  proportion  of  the  fanners  and  other  small  holders  of  corn 
are  always  in  straitened  circumstances,  more  particularly  if  a  scarce  year  has  not  occurred 
so  suon  as  they  ex|)ectcd  ;  and  they  arc  consequently  anxious  to  relieve  themselves,  as  soon 
a3  prices  rise,  of  a  portion  of  the  stock  on  their  hands.  Occasionally,  indeed,  individuals  are 
found,  who  retain  their  stoc^ks  for  too  long  a  period,  or  until  a  reaction  takes  place,  and 
prices  begin  to  dcchne.  But  instead  of  joining  in  the  popular  cry  against  such  piTsoiis, 
every  one  who  takes  a  dispassionate  view  of  the  matter  will  perceive  that,  hiasmuch  as  their 
miscalculation  must,  under  the  circumstances  supposed,  be  exceedinii;ly  injurious  to  thi'in- 
pclvos,  we  have  the  best  security  against  its  being  carried  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be 
productive  of  any  material  injury  or  even  inconvenience  to  the  ijublio.  It  ought  also  to  bo 
borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  rarely,  if  ever,  possible  to  dcterinine  beforehand,  when  a  scarcity  ia 
to  abate  in  consequence  of  new  supjilies  being  brought  to  market;  and  hud  it  continued  a 
little  longer,  there  would  have  been  no  miscalculation  on  the  part  of  the  holders.  At  all 
events,  it  is  plain  that,  by  declining  to  bring  their  corn  to  market,  they  preserved  a  resource 
on  which,  in  the  event  (jj'  the  harvest  being  longer  delayed  than  usual,  or  of  any  unfavour- 
able contingency  taking  place,  the  public  could  have  fallen  back  ;  so  that,  ii .stead  of  deserving 
abuse,  tliese  speculators  are  most  justly  entitled  to  every  fair  encouragcinont  and  protection 


ill 


t      ', 


■  \r.f 


I'  I 


li 


■t  •} 


i     ii 


i'f 


1    ^  ! 


HM 


! 


402 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


A  ronntry  m  whirh  thnrc  i*  no  potmiJernhlo  itock  ofKrain  in  the  harnyarJn  of  the  fnrmon, 
or  in  tlio  wnrnliouiwii  of  the  m<*r('hnnt«,  ii  in  tho  inoHt  poriluuM  niiuntiou  that  can  eaKJiy  he 
iniiii{inc(t,  and  may  hopxpoRPil  to  tho  Roveroat  privationx,  or  even  famine.  13ut  md  lonj;  m 
tht!  fiii((iicitv,  the  mincnlriilatinn,  or  the  avarice  of  merchants  and  dealers  retiiin  a  xim\ 
of  c;rain  in  the  warehouica,  tliiii  laxt  extremity  cannot  talio  place.  Uy  refuoini;  to  m.'lj  it  tii| 
it  has  reached  a  very  high  price,  they  put  an  oflectual  stop  to  oil  sorts  of  wantc,  and  huitbunj 
for  the  pul)lic  tlioso  supplies  which  they  could  not  have  so  fruffully  husbanded  for  thuniHi'lvc!), 

We  have  already  remarked  that  the  last  remnant  of  tho  shackles  im|M)8cd  by  statutv  on 
the  freedom  of  the  internal  corn  dealer  was  abolished  in  1773.  It  is  true  that  eii^jnisiiinir, 
forestulling,  and  regrating — (see  Ei<nitosHiKo,  &c.) — are  still  hold  to  bo  otC-nces  at  coin- 
muii  law  i  but  there  is  very  little  probability  of  any  one  being  in  future  made  to  answer  fur 
luch  ideal  offences. 

2.  Exportatiim  to  Foreign  Countries. — The  fallacy  of  the  noticm  so  long  entertniiipj, 
that  the  jirevcntion  of  exportation  was  the  surest  method  of  increasini;  plenty  at  homo, 
is  olivious  to  every  one  who  has  reflected  upon  such  subjects.  The  markets  of  no  country 
can  ever  bo  steadily  and  plentifully  supplied  with  corn,  unless  her  merchants  have  pdwcr  to 
ex{)ort  tho  surplus  supplies  with  which  they  may  bo  occasionally  furnished.  Wlirn  a 
country  without  the  means  of  exporting  grows  nearly  her  own  average  supplies  of  corn,  nn 
abuiidunt  cro[i,  by  causing  a  great  overloading  of  the  market,  and  a  heavy  full  of  price,  Ih  asi 
injurious  to  the  farmer  as  a  scarcity.  It  may  bo  thought,  [>crhaps,  that  the  greater  quantity 
of  produce  in  abundant  seasons  will  compensate  for  its  lower  price;  but  this  is  not  tlic  ca.sc. 
It  is  uniformly  found  that  variations  in  the  quantity  of  corn  exert  a  much  greater  inlluciico 
over  prices,  than  ei]ual  variations  in  the  quantity  of  almost  any  thing  else  olfcred  for  khIp, 
Deing  the  principal  necessary  of  life,  when  tho  supply  of  corn  hapiiens  to  be  less  than  ordi- 
nary, the  mass  of  the  people  make  very  great,  though  unavailing,  exertions,  by  dimini.sliin^ 
their  consumption  of  other  and  loss  indispensable  articles,  to  obtai'i  their  accustomcil 
supplies  of  this  prime  ncce.-isary ;  so  that  its  price  rises  much  more  thati  in  proportion  to  the 
deficiency.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the  supply  is  unusually  large,  i)\r  '^.otisumption  is  not 
proportionally  extended.  In  ordinary  years,  the  bulk  of  the  populaaon  is  about  adecjuat^ly 
fed ;  and  though  the  consumption  of  all  classes  bo  somewhat  greater  'n\  unusually  plentifu' 
years,  the  extension  is  considerable  only  among  the  lowest  classes,  anti  in  the  feeding  of 
horses.  Hence  it  is,  that  the  increased  supply  at  market,  in  such  years,  goes  principally 
to  cause  a  glut,  and,  consequently,  a  ruinous  decline  of  prices.  These  statements  nre 
corroborated  by  the  widest  experience.  Whenever  there  is  an  inability  to  export,  from 
whatever  cause  it  may  arise,  an  unusually  luxuriant  crop  is  uniformly  accompanied  by  a 
verj'  heavy  fall  of  price,  and  severe  agricultural  distresii ;  and  when  two  or  three  such  crops 
liappen  to  follow  in  succession,  tho  ruin  of  a  large  proportion  of  tho  fanners  is  completed. 

If  the  mischiefs  resulting  from  the  want  of  pow; '  to  export  stopped  hero,  they  miijiit, 
though  very  great,  be  borne ;  but  they  do  not  stop  hfe.::.  It  is  idle  to  suppose  that  a  system 
ruinous  to  the  producers  can  be  otherwise  to  the  consumers.  A  glut  of  the  market,  occa- 
sioned by  luxuriant  harvests,  and  the  want  of  power  to  export,  cannot  be  of  long  continuance: 
for,  while  it  continues,  it  can  hardly  fail,  by  distressing  all  classes  of  farmers,  and  causin:; 
tho  ruin  of  many,  to  give  a  check  to  every  species  of  agricultural  improvement,  and  to 
lessen  the  extent  of  land  in  tillage.  When,  therefore,  an  unfavourable  season  recurs,  tho 
reaction  is,  for  the  most  part,  appalling.  Tha  supply,  being  lessened  not  only  by  the  badness 
of  the  season,  but  also  by  a  diminution  of  the  quantity  of  land  in  crop,  fulls  very  far  below 
an  average ;  and  a  severe  scarcity,  if  not  an  absolute  famine,  is  most  commonly  experienced. 
It  is,  therefore,  clear,  that  if  a  country  would  render  herself  S(;cure  against  famine,  and 
injurious  fluctuations  of  price,  sho  must  give  every  possible  facility  to  exportation  in  yoar.H 
of  unusual  plenty.  If  she  act  upon  a  different  system, —  if  her  policy  make  exportation  in 
such  year  impracticable,  or  very  dillicult, — she  will  infallibly  render  the  bounty  of  Providence 
an  injury  to  her  agriculturists;  and  two  or  three  abundant  harvests  in  succession  will  he  tho 
forerunners  of  scarcity  and  famine, 

3.  Bound/  on  the  Exportation  of  Corn, — In  Great  Britain,  as  already  observed,  wo 
have  not  only  been  allowed  to  export  for  a  long  series  of  years,  but  from  the  Uevokitinn 
down  to  1815  a  bounty  was  given  on  exportation,  whenever  the  home  prices  were  dcprcsssj 
below  certain  limits.  This  policy,  however,  erred  as  much  on  the  one  hand  as  a  restriction 
on  exportation  errs  on  the  other.  It  causes,  it  is  true,  on  extension  of  the  demand  for  wirn: 
but  this  greater  demand  is  not  caused  by  natural,  but  by  artilicial  means;  it  is  not  fi  con- 
sequence of  any  really  increased  demand  on  the  part  of  the  foreigner,  but  of  our  fiiniisliin; 
the  exporters  of  corn  with  a  bonus,  in  order  that  they  may  sell  it  abroad  below  its  natnrnl 
price !  To  suppose  that  a  proceeding  of  this  sort  can  be  a  public  advantage,  is  equivalent  to 
suppoHing  that  a  shopkeeper  may  get  rich  by  selling  his  goods  below  what  they  cost. — 
(See  BousTr.) 

4.  Importation  from  Foreign  Couiitries.  —  If  a  country  were,  like  Poland  or  Russia, 
uniformly  in  the  habit  of  exporting  corn  to  other  countries,  a  restriction  on  importation 
Would  be  of  no  material  consequence ;  because  though  such  restriction  did  not  exist,  no 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


4"»8 


foreign  com  would  bo  imported,  imlcfiH  iti  port*  were  bo  nituatrd  m  to  nerve  foi  fnlrepbf, 
A  reiitriction  on  importtttion  ix  HcnHibly  felt  only  when  it  it  enforced  in  a  mii  rv  which, 
owing  to  tho  grnator  deniity  of  ita  population,  the  limited  extent  of  itii  fertile  laiul,  .ir  uny 
other  cause,  would,  either  ocraMionally  or  uniformly,  import.  It  ia  familiar  to  tho  olmrrviw 
tion  of  every  one,  that  a  total  failure  of  the  crops  m  a  calamity  that  but  rarely  occurit  in  an 
extensive  liingdom ;  that  ti)e  weather  which  w  unfavourable  to  one  doHcriptiun  of  xoil,  is 
gi^neruily  favourable  to  anmc  other  deocription ;  and  thni,  except  in  andinalouH  caHen,  the 
total  produce  ia  not  very  dilfercnt.  But  what  w  thus  generally  true  of  Mingle  counlrics,  ia 
aiwaya  true  of  the  world  at  largo.  Hiatory  furniabea  no  ainglo  inntiinco  of  a  univcraal 
icarcity ;  but  it  ia  uniforndy  found,  that  when  the  eropa  in  a  particular  country  are  uiiiiHtmlly 
dclicient,  they  are  proportionally  abundant  in  aome  other  quarter.  It  ia  clear,  however,  that 
a  restriction  on  importation  excludea  tho  country  which  enacts  it  from  protiling  jiy  thia 
lieneficent  arrangement,  bho  is  thrown  entirely  on  her  own  rcHourcea.  UnJer  the  oircum- 
ttaiicea  auppoiied,  alio  haa  nothing  to  trust  to  fur  relief  but  re>iervcx  in  her  warehouiteri ;  and 
should  theac  tw  inade(|uate  to  meet  the  exigency  of  the  crisis,  there  are  apparently  no  menns 
liy  which  ahe  can  eKcape  experiencing  all  the  ovila  of  scarcity,  or,  it  niny  be,  of  fiiininc. 
A  country  deprived  of  tho  power  to  import  ia  unable  to  aupply  the  deticiencina  ol'  her 
harvests  by  the  suqdua  produce  of  other  countries ;  so  that  her  inhuiiitanta  may  Hturvu 
amidst  surrounding  plenty,  and  aufler  the  extreme  of  scarcity,  when,  luit  for  tho  restriction!) 
on  importation,  they  might  enjoy  the  greatest  abundance.  If  the  restriction  be  not  nbso- 
lute,  but  conditional ;  if,  instead  of  absolutely  excluding  foreign  corn  from  the  home  murkcta, 
it  merely  loads  it  uitli  a  duty;  the  degree  in  which  it  will  operate  to  increaao  the  s(!iireity 
and  dearth  will  depend  on  tho  magnitude  of  thnt  duly.  If  ttie  duty  Im3  ccmstant  and  niode- 
mte,  it  may  not  have  any  very  considerable  clluct  in  discouraging  importation;  but  if  it  bo 
fluctuating  and  heavy,  it  will,  by  falsifying  the  apeculationa  of  tho  merchaiita,  and  mailing 
a  corresponding  addition  to  the  price  of  the  corn  imported,  be  proportionally  injuriouH.  In 
whatever  degree  foreign  corn  may  be  excluded  in  years  of  dclicicnt  crops,  to  the  same  ex- 
tent must  prices  bo  artificially  raised,  and  the  pressure  of  scarcity  rendered  ao  much  the 
more  severe. 

Such  would  be  the  disastrous  influence  of  a  restriction  on  importation  in  a  country 
which,  were  there  no  auch  obstruction  in  the  way,  would  sometimes  import  and  aomutimcs 
txport  But  its  operation  would  be  infinitely  more  injurious  in  a  country  which,  under  a 
free  system,  would  uniformly  import  a  portion  of  her  suppiiea.  The  restriction,  in  thin  case, 
lias  a  twofold  operation.  By  preventing  importation  from  abroad,  and  forcing  the  population 
to dep'^nd  for  subsistence  on  corn  raised  at  home,  it  compels  recourse  to  be  had  to  comjara- 
tively  inferior  soiU ;  and  thus,  by  increasing  the  cost  of  producing  corn  aI>ove  its  cost  in  other 
countries,  adds  proportionally  to  ita  average  price.  The  causes  of  fluctuation  are,  in  this 
way,  increased  in  a  geometrical  proportion ;  for  while  the  prevention  of  imimrtation  exposes 
the  population  to  the  pressure  of  want  whenever  the  harvest  happens  to  be  less  productive 
than  usual,  it  is  sure,  at  the  same  time,  by  raising  average  prices,  to  hinder  exportation  in  a 
year  of  unusual  plenty,  until  tho  honne  prices  fall  ruinously  low.  It  is  obvious,  therefore, 
that  a  restriction  of  this  sort  must  be  alternately  destructive  6f  the  interests  of  the  consumers 
and  producers.  It  injures  the  former  by  making  them  pay,  at  an  average,  an  artificially 
increased  price  for  their  food,  and  by  exposing  them  to  scarcity  and  famine  whenever  the 
home  crop  proves  deficient;  and  it  injures  the  latter,  by  depriving  them  of  the  power  to 
export  in  years  of  unusual  plenty,  and  by  overloading  the  market  with  produce,  wiiich, 
under  a  free  system,  would  have  met  with  an  advantageous  sale  abroad. 

The  principle  thus  briefly  explained,  shows  the  impossibility  of  permanently  kcepini^  rp 
the  home  prices  by  means  of  restrictions  on  importation,  at  the  same  time  that  it  atior'ls  a 
clue  by  which  we  may  trace  the  causes  of  most  of  that  agricultural  distress  which  huH  Ijcen 
experienced  in  this  country  since  the  peace.  The  real  object  of  the  Corn  Law  of  1815  was 
to  keep  up  the  price  of  corn  to  SOs.  a  quarter ;  but  to  succeed  in  this,  it  was  indispcnstibic  not 
only  that  foreign  corn  should  be  excluded  when  prices  were  under  this  limit,  but  that  tho 
markets  should  never  be  overloaded  with  corn  produced  at  home  :  for  it  is  clear,  according 
to  the  principle  already  explained,  that  if  the  supply  should  in  ordinary  years  be  sutlicient 
to  feed  the  population,  it  must,  in  an  unusually  abundant  year,  be  more  than  fcufficicnt  for 
that  purpose ;  and  when,  in  such  a  case,  the  surplus  is  thrown  upon  the  market,  it  cannot 
fail,  in  the  event  of  our  average  prices  being  considerably  alwve  the  level  of  those  of  tho 
surrounding  countries,  to  cause  a  ruinous  depression.  Now,  this  was  the  precise  situation 
of  this  country  at  the  end  of  the  war.  Owing  partly  to  the  act  of  1804,  but  far  more  t(j  the 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  importation,  and  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  prices  attnined 
to  on  extraordinary  elevation  from  1809  to  1814,  and  gave  such  a  stimulus  to  agiiculiure, 
that  we  grew,  in  1812  and  1818,  sufficient  corn  for  our  own  supply.  And,  such  being  the 
cage,  it  is  clear,  though  our  ports  had  been  hermetically  sealed  against  importatinn  from 
abroad,  that  the  first  luxuriant  crop  munt  have  occasioned  a  ruinous  decline  of  prices.  It 
is  the  exclusion,  not  the  introduction,  of  foreign  corn  that  has  caused  the  distress  of  the  ii^ii- 
..ulturists;  for  it  is  this  exclusion  that  had  forced  up  the  price  of  cont  in  this  country-,  in 

Vol.  I.— 8  T 


■■;!  i 


ll'M 


494 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Knrre  and  avoraj^fl  yoarn,  to  an  unnntnriil  IhvpI,  ami  that,  cnn»«'(iupnlly,  renihru  expurtat'inti 
in  tuviiuriihin  wnxoiirt  iin|i()«Kilili>,  without  Hiirli  ii  I'tll  of  pricci*  ni  ix  iiiimt  (liMn-trroiM  Id  tlm 
CirtniT.  It  imy  Ix'  moiilinu'il  in  proof  of  what  in  now  Mintod,  thnt  tho  avonii^n  iiriivnf 
whu.it  in  UnKhinJ  and  Waloit  in  181 1,  wn*  741.  a  i|uart<'r,  iind  in  1815  it  h.id  MU>n  Id  III.. 
Dnt  iiM  Ihimc  iiriccH  wonUI  not  indemnify  tho  orcu|ii(>ri4  of  the  poor  landn  bMi^la  nndrr 
tillat;)^  dui'in.(  llm  prcvioun  hii^h  pricoH,  tiioy  woro  |)(riidniilly  roliniiuiiliiii!];  their  niliiviiti.)n, 
A  c  nmidornble  purtinn  of  tht)ni  v/a»  convcftcd  into  puxtnri' ;  rents  wore  generally  ri'diici-il  • 
and  wui{e«  hid  lieRun  to  doclinn:  hnt  the  jnu^iHlaUire  hnvinjj  prohiliited  tli<'  itnimriniion  of 
foreign  corn,  the  o|H)nition  of  thiw  natnral  prinRi|)ln  of  ndjuattnent  wai  nnfortuniiti'ly  cDiinUr. 
acted,  iind  tlui  price  of  1810  romi  to  7Sf.  I0(/.  'I'hin  ri»m  wum,  hnwever,  in'inirinicnt.  lo  occii. 
•ion  any  nesv  iniproveincnt;  and  an  foreii^n  corn  wan  now  cxclndod,  and  lnri;n  traciH  of  Imd 
iund  hud  lititsn  tlirosvn  out  of  cultivation,  the  NU|iply  waH  m  much  iliinitiiHlicd,  thut,  nolwitli. 
■tandini;  the  incrc;wo  in  the  viduo  of  money,  prices  ro*(  in  1817,  partly,  no  doiilit,  in 
consei|uence  of  the  bad  hnrve«t  of  the  previonn  year,  to  04.*,  9(1,  \  iind  in  1818,  lo  Slv,  1,/, 
ThcHc  hinh  price*  hod  ihcir  natural  etVect.  They  revived  the  droo|>ln!?"piritn  of  the  fiirmer», 
who  irniii;incd  thnt  the  (Jorn  Law  wiw,  at  leni^lh,  beoiiinnn':;  lo  produce  the  elli-i-tif  luiliciiiati'd 
from  it,  and  that  tho  Rolden  duys  of  18I'J,  when  wheiit  sold  for  I'JSj*.  a  qinirti'r,  were  ulmut 
to  return!  Uut  tluH  proHpcrity  cnrrie<l  in  itM  hon.iin  tho  Heedn  of  futnr<!  initcliief.  The  in- 
created  pricen  nccesMsirily  occaKJonod  a  fresh  extenKion  of  tillat;e;  capital  wan  iii,'nin  np|ilii'il 
to  tho  improvement  of  thi!  Hoil ;  and  thin  increaso  of  tilla;;e,  conH|iirini;  with  fiivonr.ilili' 
■CBHonH,  and  the  importHiliility  of  exportation,  sunk  prices  to  such  a  deijree,  that  Ihey  ti'll,  in 
October,  iH'Z'i,  BO  low  ns  38,"i.  \d.,  the  average  price  of  that  year  being  only  43'i,  '.hf. 

It  in  thuH  demonstrnhly  certain,  thnt  the  recurrence  of  perioiln  of  diHtresn,  siinil;ir  to  Ihtnc 
that  have  been  experienced  by  the  Ha;riculturiHtM  of  thin  country  nince  tho  pence,  cmiriot  he 
warded  olf  by  rcHtrictinp;  or  prohiliilino;  importntion.  A  free  corn  trud«  is  tho  oidy  systi-ni 
thnt  can  givo  them  that  security  ausainst  fluctuations  lliat  is  mo  indispoiisuble.  The  increnscj 
importation  that  would  take  place,  were  the  ports  always  open,  n»  soon  p«  any  confideraljjo 
deficiency  in  the  crops  was  apprehended,  would  prevent  prices  from  risina;  to  an  opprc>i«ivo 
height;  while  on  the  other  hand,  wiien  tho  crojis  were  unusually  luxuriunt,  a  reiidy  outli't 
would  be  found  for  the  surplus  in  foreijrn  countries,  without  its  occnsionint;  any  very  hen\v 
fall.  To  expect  to  combine  steadiness  of  prices  with  Tcstrictions  on  importation,  is  to 
exjwct  to  reconcilo  what  is  contradictory  and  absurd.  The  hi^'her  the  limit  at  which  the 
importation  of  forcii;n  corn  into  a  country  like  England  is  fixed,  the  greater  will  be  tin; 
oscillation  of  prices.  If  wo  would  seeura  for  ourselves  abundance,  and  avoid  fluctuation, 
we  must  renounce  all  attempts  at  exclusion,  and  he  ready  to  deal  in  corn,  as  wo  ought  to 
be  in  every  thing  else,  on  fair  and  libenil  principles. 

That  tho  restrictions  imjioscMl  on  tho  foreign  corn  trade  during  the  last  10  years  should 
not  have  been  productive  of  more  disastrous  conse(|uence9  than  those  that  have  nctunlly 
resulted  from  them,  is,  we  l)eIievo,  principally  to  be  nscribed  to  the  very  great  increase  thrit 
has  taken  place  in  tho  imports  from  Ireland.  Previously  to  1800,  when  a  perfectly  free 
corn  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  for  the  drat  time  established,  the  yearly 
imports  did  not  amount  to  40(f,000  quarters,  whereas  they  now  amount  to  2,600,000  ;  and 
any  one  who  has  ever  been  in  Ireland,  or  is  aware  of  the  wretched  stato  of  agriculture  in  it, 
and  of  the  amazing  fertility  of  tho  soil,  must  be  satisfied  that  a  very  slight  improvement 
would  occasion  an  extraordinary  increase  in  the  imports  from  that  country  ;  and  it  is  be- 
lieved by  those  beat  qualified  to  form  an  opinion  on  such  a  subject,  that  the  scttlemimt  of  the 
Catholic  question,  and  the  disfranchisement  of  the  40v.  freeholders,  by  promoting  the  public 
tran(]uilliiy,  and  taking  away  one  of  the  principal  inducements  to  the  pernicious  practice  of 
splitiing  farms,  has,  in  this  respect,  already  had  great  influence,  and  that  it  will  eventually 
lead  to  tho  most  material  imi>rovements.  Hence  it  is  by  no  means  improbable,  thnt  the 
growing  imports  from  Ireland  may,  at  no  distant  period,  reduce  our  prices  to  the  level  of 
those  of  the  Continent,  and  oven  render  us  an  occasionally  exporting  country.  These, 
however,  are  contingent  and  uncertain  results ;  and  supposing  them  to  be  ultimately  realised, 
the  Corn  Laws  must  in  the  mean  time  be  productive  of  great  hardship,  and  must,  in  all  time 
to  come,  aggravate  to  a  frightful  extent  the  misery  inseparable  from  bad  harvests. 

Nothing  but  the  great  imfiortnnce  of  tho  subject  could  excuse  us  for  dwelling  so  long  on 
what  is  so  very  plain.  To  facilitate  production,  and  to  make  connnoditii-s  cheaper  iinil 
more  easily  obtained,  are  tho  grand  motives  which  stimulate  the  inventive  powers,  and  winch 
lead  to  the  discovery  and  improvement  of  machines  and  processes  for  saving  labour  and 
diminishing  cost ;  and  it  is  plain  that  no  system  of  commercial  legislation  deserves  to  lie 
supported,  which  does  not  conspire  to  promote  the  same  objects :  but  a  restriction  on  the 
importation  of  corn  into  a  country  like  England,  which  has  made  a  great  comparative  ad- 
vance in  population  and  manufacturing  industry,  is  diametrically  opposed  to  these  principles. 
The  density  of  our  population  is  such,  that  the  exclusion  of  foreign  corn  forces  us  to  resort 
to  soils  of  a  decidedly  less  degree  of  fertility  than  those  that  arc  under  cultivation  in  tho 
■urrounding  countries ;   and,  in  consequence,  our  average  prices  are  comparatively  high. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


406 


We  hnve  rniolvrd  that  our  pflopln  nhouUI  nnt  employ  ihrir  cnpitnl  nnil  liilmuT  in  IhoM 
timiirl'<''<  "(  iiuiiiii('iii'tiiriiii{  iiiitl  riiinini'rciiil  iiitluMtry  in  wliii'h  tlicy  liiivii  u  ducidnl  iidvnn- 
{ift  over  every  ollirr  country  ;  but  lliiU  tlli-y  »hi)uld  Ixi  made  to  forcr  coinpuriitivcly  barren 
miiln  to  yirlil  thiini  ii  winily  return  for  thrir  outlay.  If  vvii  rould,  by  Inyiiii^  out  H)(l()/.  on 
the  iimiuifucluro  of  iMttoiiH  or  hardware,  prothure  u  (|Uiintily  of  thriut  urtu  U-a  titut  would  ex« 
change  for  400  (|uiirt*'rs  of  American  or  I'oliMh  wheat;  and  if  the  nnrno  Mum,  wpro  it  nx- 
pciiili'd  in  cullivution  in  this  country,  would  not  proiluce  nmro  tliiin  300  (piartera ;  the  pr» 
vciition  of  imporliilion  occaaiotiH  an  obvioua  Huciifu-n  of  1 00  out  of  every  400  ({uartera  con> 
iuiiied  in  the  empire;  or,  wiiich  ix  the  wunn  thinif,  it  orraiiionit  an  nrtitieiiil  advance  of '^5 
percent,  in  tile  price  (if  corn.  In  a  pulilic  point  of  vi(!W,  the  iio|)olicy  ot'HUch  iii«y'<tern  ii< 
obviiuiH ;  but  it  Keerii-<,  at  lirat  Ninht,  us  if  it  were  udviintnuieoiiri  to  the  InndlordK,  The  ud> 
vantiini'  ii*!  howevci  merely  apparent :  iit  iKittom  there  in  no  real  diU'erence  between  thu 
iiiterc^tit  of  the  landlonla  and  ihoae  of  the  rert  of  the  commui>i:>  tt  would  ho  ridiculous, 
indci'il,  to  imii|i;ine  for  a  moment  that  the  Inndlordx  enn  lie  beiu  lited  by  ii  syKtem  in  whirh 
tlioi^e  IromendiiUH  fluctuationa  of  pricex,  «o  aubverHive  of  nil  ac;ricult\iral  proHporily,  ore  in- 
herent ;  but  thou|j;h  thene  could  he  Rot  rid  of,  the  reiiult  would  bo  the  Miiine.  The  prosperity 
ol  agriculture  muHt  always  depend  upon,  and  Iw  determined  by,  the  prosperity  of  other 
brariclicH  of  induHtry  ;  and  any  system  whidi,  like  the  corn  laws,  it  most  in jurioun  to  the 
litler,  cannot  but  bo  injurious  to  the  former.  Instead  of  being  publicly  advant:i);eous,  hiffh 
jiriccH  are  in  evfn/  cane  distinctly  and  com[)letely  the  reverse.  The!  sinitller  the  sacrifice  for 
whirh  any  commodity  con  bo  obtained,  ho  much  the  better.  When  the  labour  re(piired  to 
produce,  or  the  money  required  to  purchase,  a  sulUcicnt  supply  of  corn  is  diminished,  it  is 
as  clear  as  the  sun  iit  noon-day  that  more  labour  or  money  niu^t  remain  to  produce  or  pur« 
chftse  the  other  necessaries,  conveniences,  and  amusenients  of  human  life,  and  that  the  sum 
of  national  wealth  and  comforts  must  be  proportionally  aiieimented.  Those  who  suppose 
that  a  rise  of  prices  can  over  bo  a  means  of  im|)rovin;^  the  eomlitioti  of  a  country  mixht,  with 
equal  reason,  suppose  that  it  would  be  improveil  by  throwini;  its  hett  soils  out  of  cultivation, 
ami  destroying  its  most  powerful  macliines.  The  o|>inions  of  such  persons  are  not  oidy  op- 
posed to  the  plainest  and  most  obvious  scientific  princij)les,  but  they  ore  opposed  to  the  ob- 
vious conclusions  of  common  sense,  and  the  universal  experience  of  mankind. 

Experience  of  the  injurious  effects  resulting  from  the  Corn  Lows  has  induced  many  that 
were  I'orinerly  their  zealous  advocotes  to  come  round  to  a  more  liberal  way  of  thinking.  It 
would,  however,  bo  unjust  not  to  mrtition  that  thero  has  always  bi!cti  a  largo  and  respectable 
party  amongst  the  landlords,  opposed  to  all  restrictions  on  the  trade  in  corn ;  and  who  havo 
uniformly  thought  that  their  interests,  Iwing  identified  with  those  of  the  public,  would  Ixi 
best  promoted  by  the  abolition  of  restrictions  on  importation.  A  protest  expressive  of  this 
opinion,  subscribed  by  10  peers,  was  entered  on  the  Journals  of  the  House  of  Lords,  against 
the  corn  law  of  1815.  This  document  is  said  to  havo  been  drawn  up  by  Lord  (iron ville, 
who  has  always  been  the  enlightened  advocate  of  sound  commercial  principles.  Its  reason- 
itig  is  so  clear  and  satisfactory,  that  we  are  sure  we  shall  gratify  our  readers,  as  noli  as 
Mrcngthen  the  statements  previously  made,  by  laying  it  l)efore  them. 

"  r>iniicntient.~X.  nurnuse  we  are  adverse  in  prinri|iln  In  nil  new  restrnlnts  on  cnnntiprre.  W« 
think  it  cerlnln  tliut  public  |ir(iBp«rlty  Is  best  prnnintud  by  lenvlng  nnronlnilled  tho  free  cnrront  of 
nalionni  IndnHtry ;  niitl  we  wish  ratliur,  by  well  cnnsidereil  steps,  to  brini;  hack  our  cnniinerciiil  legls- 
ialion  to  the  Btrnl)!lit  and  slniplc  line  of  wisdom,  tliun  to  increase  the  deviatiiin  l>y  sntijiTlinK  addi- 
tinnal  and  extiMisive  branches  nf  the  public  interest  to  fresh  systeina  «(  artillciul  and  injuriuus 
reslrlctinna, 

"II.  Ilertuisp  we  think  that  the  great  prncticnl  rnle,  of  leavinR  all  commerce  unfettered,  applies 
more  peeiilmrly,  and  nn  still  striinijer  (troundu  <)f«jnatire  as  well  as  puliiy,  to  ilie  ciirn  iradu  than 
to  any  other.  Irresistible,  indeed,  nnmt  be  i!i;it  neeesnity  which  ronid,  in  our  jiidBoient,  uUhDrise  the 
lci;islat»ro  In  tiunper  with  the  sustenance  nf  tlio  penplo,  and  to  impede  lie'  free  jinrithiise  of  that 
Brlirli!  on  which  depends  the  existence  of  so  large  a  port  inn  (pf  the  comnianily. 

"III.  Hecanse  wo  think  that  the  expectations  of  nlliniati^  lieiiefu  from  iIiIh  nniasiiro  are  founded  on 
a  (Inlusivc  theory.  We  cannot  persinade  nnrselves  that  this  law  will  ever  contrilnue  to  produta 
plpnty,  cheapness,  or  steadiness  of  price.  So  Ion*  as  it  operates  at  all,  its  effects  mM«t  be  the  opposite 
of  these.  Monupoly  is  the  parent  of  scarcity,  of  ilcarnesii,  anil  if  uncerlaiiitij.  To  col  olfanyoftha 
('iiirces  of  KOpply,  can  oidy  tend  to  lessen  its  abundim-e;  to  clo.se  acnin'st  onr.^"l\•el<  the  cheape.>'t 
iimrki't  for  any  commodity,  most  enhance  the  price  at  which  we  ptircha^e  it ;  and  to  cnnrine  the  con- 
sumer of  corn  to  the  produce  of  his  own  cnuiUry,  la  to  refuse  toonrselves  the  benetit  of  that  provision 
Which  Providence  itself  has  made  for  equalising  to  man  tho  variations  of  climate  and  of  se.isonrf. 

"IV.  Bat  whatever  maybe  the  future  conseiiuences  of  this  law  at  Ninne  distint  anil  uncertain 
period,  we  see  with  pain  that  these  hopes  must  he  purchased  at  tlie  expense  of  a  (rriiat  and  present 
evil.  To  compel  tln!  consumer  to  |mrcliasu  corn  dearer  at  home  than  it  might  bo  imjtorted  I'rom 
ahrnnd,  is  the  immediate  pradical  effect  nf  this  law.  In  this  way  alono  can  it  operate.  Us  present 
protecliiin,  its  prnir.iaed  extension  of  aj-'riciilture,  must  result  (if  at  all)  from  the  profits  which  It 
creates  by  keepini?  up  the  price  of  corn  to  an  artificial  level.  T!n;so  future  beucHts  are  Iheconae- 
quencos  expected,  but,  na  we  confiilently  believe,  erroneously  expected,  from  Rivin;?  a  bounty  to  ths 
grower  of  corn,  by  a  tax  levied  nn  its  consumer. 

"V.  Because  we  think  the  adoption  of  any  permanent  law  for  such  a  purpose,  recinlred  the  fullest 
atidinost  laborious  investigation.  Nor  would  it  have  been  sntnciont  for  our  satisfaction,  could  we 
have  been  convinced  of  the  general  policy  of  a  hazardous  experiment.  A  still  further  inquiry  would 
have  been  necessary  to  persuade  us  that  the  iiresent  moment  is  fit  f<ir  its  adoption.  In  such  an 
inquiry,  we  must  havo  had  the  ineana  of  sntisl^yine  ouraelvca  what  its  immediate  operation  will  be, 
u  connected  with  the  various  and  pressing  circuinstancea  uf  public  ditliculty  and  distress  with  which 


'#  «■    . 


H    oV'^ 


f: 


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:  (■' 


i  i:U 


4M 


CORN  LA.WS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


the  country  ii  aurrounded ;  with  the  ituto  of  our  circulation  and  currency,  of  our  agriculture  And 
miinuracturea,  of  our  internal  and  externa/  commerce,  and,  above  all,  with  the  condition  ami  riiwaiiJ 
of  the  industrioUR  and  labouring  claasea  of  our  coiniiiunity. 

"On  all  theae  particulara,  aa  they  reapect  thia  queatlon,  we  thinic  thnt  parliament  la  alnwat 
wholly  uniufurmed  s  on  all  we  aee  reaaon  for  the  utnioat  anxiety  and  alarm  from  the  opvratiun  o;  thin 
law. 

"I.aatly,  Becauae,  if  we  could  approve  of  the  principle  and  purpoae  of  thia  law,  we  thinic  that  no 
•uliicient  foundation  haa  been  laid  for  ita  detaita.  The  evidence  before  ua,  unaatlsfactory  and  imper. 
fi!ct  aa  it  is,  seems  tu  us  rather  to  disprove  than  to  support  the  propriety  of  the  hijjii  prlto  udnpi^.,!  us 
the  standard  of  importation,  and  tlie  fiillncious  mode  by  which  that  price  la  to  ho  nsrertalned.  Am! 
on  all  theae  grounds  we  are  anxious  to  record  our  diaaent  from  a  meaaure  lo  precipitate  in  ita  cuurte 
and,  aa  we  fear,  ao  injurioua  In  ita  conaequencea."  ,  ' 

Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made  to  estimate  the  pecuniary  burden  which  the  restric- 
tions on  importation  entail  in  ordinary  years  upon  the  country.  This,  however,  is  a  auliject 
with  respect  to  which  it  is  not  possible  to  obtain  any  very  accurate  data.  But  suppnsin? 
the  total  quantity  of  com  annually  produced  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to  amount  to 
52,000,000  quarters,  every  shilling  that  is  added  to  its  price  by  the  Corn  Laws  is  equivnii-iit 
to  a  tax  on  corn  of  2,600,000/. ;  and  estimating  the  average  rise  on  all  sorts  of  grain  mti.  a 
quarter,  the  total  sum  will  be  18,200,000/.  So  great  a  quantity  of  corn  is,  however,  con- 
sumed by  the  agriculturists  themselves  as  food,  in  seed,  the  keep  of  hordes,  &c.  that  not  inoro 
than  a  half,  perhaps,  of  the  whole  quantity  produced  is  brought  to  market.  If  we  are  neatly 
right  in  this  hypothesis,  and  in  the  previous  estimates,  it  will  follow  that  the  restrictions  cost 
tlio  classes  not  engaged  in  agriculture  no  less  than  9,100,000/.  exclusive  of  their  own  per- 
nicious consequences.  Of  this  sum  9.  fifth,  probably,  or  1,800,000/.  may  go  to  the  land- 
lords as  rent ;  and  this  is  all  that  the  agriculturists  can  be  said  to  gain  by  the  system,  for 
the  additional  price  received  by  the  farmer  on  that  portion  of  the  produce  exulu»ive  of  rent 
is  no  more  than  the  ordinary  return  for  his  capital  and  labour.  His  profits,  indeed,  instead 
of  being  increased  by  this  system,  are  really  diminished  by  it ;  (for  proofs  of  thi^i,  see  the 
note  on  Corn  Laws,  in  my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  iv.  pp.  S38 — 301. ;)  and 
though  the  rents  of  the  landlords  be,  nominally  at  least,  somewhat  increased  by  it,  it  is,  not- 
withstanding, abundantly  certain  that  it  is  any  thing  but  advanttgeous  to  them.  It  would 
require  a  far  larger  sum  to  balance  the  injury  which  fluctuations  of  price  occasion  to  tlioir 
tenants,  and  the  damage  done  to  their  estates  by  over-cropping  when  prices  are  high,  tlitii 
ail  that  is  derived  from  the  restrictions. 

5.  Duties  on  Importation. — A  duty  may  be  equitably  imposed  on  imported  corn,  for  two 
objects ;  that  is,  either  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  or  to  balance  any  excess  of  taxes  laid  on  tlio 
agriculturists  over  those  laid  on  the  other  classes. — (See  my  edition  of  Wealth  of  Nations, 
vol.  iv.  pp.  363 — 369.)  With  respect,  however,  to  a  duty  imposed  for  the  sake  of  revenue, 
it  may  be  doubted  whether  corn  be  a  proper  subject  for  taxation.  But  at  all  events  such  a 
duty  should  oe  exceedingly  moderate.  It  would  be  most  inexpedient  to  attempt  to  add 
largely  to  the  revenue  by  laying  heavy  duties  oit  the  prime  necessary  of  life. 

If  it  be  really  true' that  agriculture  is  more  heavily  taxed  than  any  other  branch  of  indus- 
try, the  agriculturists  are  entitled  to  demand  that  a  duty  be  laid  on  foreign  corn  when  im- 
ported, corresponding  to  the  excess  of  burdens  affecting  them.  It  has  been  doubted,  how- 
ever, whether  they  are  in  this  predicament  But  though  the  question  be  by  no  means  free 
from  difficulty,  we  should  be  disposed  to  decide  it  in  the  affirmative,  being  pretty  well  satis- 
fied that,  owing  to  the  local  and  other  burdens  laid  on  the  land,  those  occupying  it  are  really 
subjected  to  heavier  taxes  than  any  other  class.  It  is  difficult,  or  rather,  [lerhaps,  impoa.^iblc, 
to  estimate  with  any  degree  of  precision  what  the  excess  of  taxes  laid  on  the  agriculturists 
beyond  those  laid  on  manufacturers  and  merchants  may  amount  to ;  but  we  have  elsewhere 
shown,  that  if  we  estimate  it  as  making  an  addition  of  5s.  or  6s.  to  the  quarter  uf  wheat,  wo 
shall  certainly  be  beyond  the  mark. — (See  my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  iv,  p, 
369.)  However,  we  should,  in  a' case  of  this  sort,  reckon  it  safer  to  err  on  the  side  uf  too 
much  protection  than  of  too  little  ;  and  would  not,  therefore,  object  to  a  fixed  duty  of  G«,  or 
75.  a  quarter  being  laid  on  wheat,  and  a  proportional  duty  being  laid  on  other  spcoii<s  of 
grain.  Under  such  a  system  the  ports  would  be  always  open.  The  duty  would  not  lio  so 
great  as  to  interpose  any  very  formidable  obstacle  to  importation.  Every  one  would  know 
beforehand  the  extent  to  which  it  would  operate ;  at  the  same  time  that  the  just  riqhts  and 
interests  of  the  agriculturists,  and  of  every  other  class,  would  be  maintained  unimpaired. 

When  a  duty  is  laid  on  the  importation  of  foreign  corn,  for  the  equitable  purpose  of  coun- 
tervailing the  peculiar  duties  laid  on  the  corn  raised  at  home,  an  equivalent  drawback  ought 
lo  be  allowed  on  its  exportation.  "  Tn  allowing  this  drawback,  wo  are  merely  returning  I) 
the  fanner  a  tax  which  he  has  already  paid,  and  which  he  must  have  to  place  him  in  a  fair 
slate  uf  competition  in  the  foreign  market,  not  only  with  the  foreign  producer,  hut  with  hi^ 
own  countrymen  who  are  producing  other  commodities.  It  is  essentially  dilfercnt  Iroin  a 
liounty  on  exportation,  in  the  sense  iii  which  the  word  bounty  is  usually  understood ;  for, 
by  a  bounty,  is  generally  meant  a  tax  levied  on  the  people  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  corn 
luuiaturaliy  cheap  to  the  foreign  cousuiuer ;  whereas  what  I  propose  is  to  sell  our  corn  ut 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


497 


ihe  price  at  which  we  can  really  afford  to  produce  it,  and  not  to  add  to  its  price  a  tax  which 
sh»ll  induce  the  foreigner  rather  to  purchase  it  from  some  other  country,  and  deprive  us  of  a 
trade  which,  under  a  system  of  free  competition,  we  might  have  selected." — (Ricardo  on 
PmtecHon  to  Agriculture,  p.  53.) 

A  duty  accompanied  with  a  drawback,  as  now  stated,  would  not  only  be  an  equitable 
arrangement,  but  it  would  be  highly  fur  the  advantage  of  farmers,  without  being  injurious 
to  any  one  else.  The  radical  defect,  as  already  shown,  of  the  system  followed  from  1815 
down  to  the  present  moment,  in  so  far,  at  least,  as  respects  agriculture,  is,  that  it  forces  up 
prices  in  years  wheiv.  the  harvest  is  deficient,  while  it  leaves  the  market  to  be  glutted  when 
It  i«  abundant.  But  while  a  constant  duty  of  6s,  would  secure  to  the  home  growers  all  the 
increase  of  price  which  the  regard  due  to  the  interests  of  others  should  allow  them  to  realise 
in  a  bad  year,  the  drawback  of  6s.,  by  enabling  them  to  export  in  an  unusually  plentiful 
voar,  would  prevent  the  markets  from  being  overloaded,  and  prices  from  falling  to  the  ruin- 
ous extent  that  they  now  occasionally  do.  Such  a  plan  would  render  the  business  of  a 
corn  dealer,  and  of  agriculture,  comparatively  secure ;  and  would,  therefore,  provide  for  tho 
continued  prosperity  of  them  both.  We  are  astonished  that  the  agriculturists  have  not 
taken  this  view  of  tho  matter.  If  they  be  really  entitled  to  a  duty  on  foreign  corn,  on  ac- 
rount  <. "  their  being  heavier  taxed  than  the  other  classes  of  their  fellow  citizens,  they  must 
nUo  be  entitled  to  a  corresponding  drawback.  And  i,  admits  of  demonstration,  that  their 
interests,  as  well  as  those  of  the  community,  would  be  fur  better  promoted  by  such  a  duty 
and  drawback  as  we  have  suggested,  than  they  can  ever  be  by  any  system  of  mere  duties, 
how  high  soever  they  may  be  carried. 

The  principal  objection  to  this  plan  is.  that  it  would  not  be  possible  to  levy  the  duty  when 
the  home  price  became  very  high,  and  that,  conse(|uently,  it  would  be  every  now  and  then 
necessary  to  suspend  it  But  this  objection  does  not  seem  to  be  by  any  means  so  formidable 
as  it  has  sometimes  been  represented.  It  may,  we  think,  be  concluded  on  unassailable 
grounds,  that  were  the  ports  constantly  open  under  a  moderate  fixed  duty  and  an  equivalent 
drawback,  extreme  fluctuations  of  price  would  be  very  rare.  Supposing  it  were  enacted, 
that  when  the  home  price  rises  above  a  certain  high  level,  as  80s.,  the  duty  should  cease,  we 
believe  the  clause  would  very  seldom  come  into  operation ;  and  those  who  object  that  it  is 
not  fair  to  the  farmers  to  deprive  them  of  the  full  advantage  to  be  derived  from  the  highest 
prices,  should  recollect  that  in  matters  of  this  sort  it  is  not  always  either  possible,  or,  if  pos- 
sible, prudent,  to  carry  the  soundest  principles  to  an  extreme ;  and  that,  generally  speaking, 
the  public  interests  will  be  better  consulted  by  guarding  against  scarcity  and  dearth,  than  by 
securing,  at  all  hazards,  a  trilling  though  just  advantage  to  a  particular  class. 

III.    British  Corit  Trade. 

1.  Quantity  of  Com  consumed  in  Great  Britain. — Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made 
to  compute  the  quantity  of  corn  raised  in  a  country,  from  calculations  founded  on  the  num- 
lier  of  acres  in  tillage,  and  on  the  average  produce  per  acre ;  but  it  is  plain  that  no  accurate 
estimate  can  ever  be  framed  of  the  extent  of  land  under  cultivation.  It  is  perpetually  chang- 
ing from  year  to  year ;  and  the  amount  of  produce  varies  not  only  with  the  difTerences  of 
eeasoMB,  but  also  with  every  improvement  of  'Agriculture.  This  method,  therefore,  is  now 
rarely  resorted  to ;  and  the  growth  of  corn  is  generally  estimated  from  the  consumption, 
Tho  conclusion  deduced  from  this  criterion  must  indeed  be  subject  to  error,  as  well  from 
variations  in  the  consumption,  occasioned  by  variations  in  the  price  of  corn,  as  from  the 
varying  extent  to  which  other  food  is  used.  But  supposing  the  prices  of  corn  to  be  reduced 
to  nn  average,  if  the  consumption  of  a  considerable  number  of  persons,  of  all  ranks  and  orders, 
and  of  all  ages  and  sexes,  were  accurately  determined,  we  should  be  able,  supposing  the  cen- 
Rus  of  the  population  to  bo  nearly  correct,  to  make  a  very  close  approximation  to  the  total 
consumption  of  the  country.  Mr.  Charles  Smith,  the  well-informed  and  intelligent  author 
of  the  Tracts  on  the  Corn  Trade,  made  many  curious  investigations,  with  a  view  to  discover 
the  mean  aimual  consumption  of  corn ;  and  reducing  it  to  the  standard  of  wheat,  he  found 
it  to  be  ot  the  rate  of  about  a  quarter  fyr  each  individual,  young  and  old.  This  estimate 
has  been  confirmed  by  a  variety  of  subse(|uent  researches ;  and,  among  others,  by  inquiries 
made  during  the  scarcity  of  1795  and  1796,  by  the  magistrates  of  Suffolk,  in  43  different 
parishes,  in  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  average  consumption  of  each  family,  which  they 
found  to  correspond  very  closely  with  Mr.  Smith's  estimate.  It  is  also  worthy  of  remark, 
that  M.  Paucton,  the  intelligent  author  of  the  Metrolngie,  calimaies  the  mean  annual  average 
consumption  in  France,  when  reduced  to  the  standard  of  wheat,  at  about  10  bushels  for 
each  individual ;  and  as  the  French  cimsume  considerably  more  bread,  and  less  animal  foo<l, 
than  the  English,  this  estimate  affords  a  strong  proof  of  the  correctness  of  that  of  Mr. 
Smith. 

Having  taken  the  population  of  England  and  Wales  in  1765,  at  6,000,000,  Mr.  Smith 
reckoned  the  consumers  of  each  kind  of  grain,  the  quantity  consumed  by  each  individual, 
ftiiJ  hence,  the  whole  consumed  by  man,  to  be  as  follows : — 

64  •    .     . 


:i:«i 


%  I:  I 


l!i 


H) 


'X 


498 


CORN  LA.WS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Gitlntiitrd  Pnpu< 

Ulinn  or  England 

•tiJ  Wiles.  . 


Avem-n  Con* 
lump' ion  nt 
each  i'eruoiu 


3,750,000  cnnsr.mers  nf  wheat,  at  1  quarter  each  •  •  >  . 

73!t,0tlO  do.  of  barley,  at  11  do.  ..... 

888,000  do.  of  rye,  at  U  do.   ...... 

023,000  do.  of  cats,  at  2}  do.   - 

Consumed  by  man  ...... 

In  addition  to  this,  Mr.  irlniith  estimated  the  wheat  distilled,  made  into  itarcb,  &c. 
Barlny  used  in  malting,  &c.  ....... 

Rye  fitr  hoss,  &c.  ........ 

Oats  fur  horses,  ke.  ........ 

Total  of  home  consumption       ..... 
Add  excess  of  exports  over  imports      -  •  •  . 

Add  seed  (one  tenth)  ..... 

Total  growth  of  all  kinds  of  grain  in  England  and  Wales  In  1765 


i.v  .Mm. 

»     «"• 

-  3,75I),(I00 

-  I,01i,,|a5 

-  fliw.noQ 

-  I,791,'2a5 

-  7,5(i6,;t5n 

iio.finn 

-  3,417,0(10 

31, wo 

-  2,461, JOO 

-  13,.ViJ,SoO 

-  3yS,C21 

13,954,474 

-  1,395,447 

-_15,3 19,921 


This  estimate,  it  will  be  oliaervod,  does  not  include  either  Scotland  or  Ireland :  and  later 
inquiries  have  rendered  it  probable  that  Mr.  Smith  underrated  the  population  of  England  and 
Wales  by  nearly  1,000,000.  The  most  eminent  agriculturists  seem  also  to  be  of  opinion 
that  the  allowance  for  seed  ought  to  be  stated  as  high  as  a  seventh, 

Mr.  Chalmers,  availing  himself  of  the  information  respecting  the  numbers  of  the  peopin 
furnished  under  the  population  act  of  1800,  estimated  the  total  consumption  of  all  the  dif. 
fercnt  kinds  of  grain  in  Great  Britain  at  that  epoch  at  37,185,300  quarters,  whereof  wheat 
constituted  7,676,100  quarters.  Tlie  crops  of  1800  and  1801  being  unusually  deficient,  the 
importation  in  these  years  was  proportionally  great;  but  excluding  these  scarcities,  the 
total  average  excess  of  all  sorts  of  grain  imported  from  Ireland  and  f()reign  countries  into 
Great  Britain  over  the  exports  had  previously  amounted  to  about  1,000,000  quarters,  which 
deducted  from  27,185,300,  leaves  26,185,300,  to  which  if  we  add  one  seventh  as  seed,  we 
shall  have  29,925,057  quarters  as  the  average  growth  of  Great  Britain  in  1800. 

The  population  of  Ireland,  as  ascertained  by  the  census  of  1821,  amounted  to  very  near 
7,000,000,  and  probably  at  present  exceeds  8,000,000.  The  greatest  portion  of  its  inhabit- 
ants are,  it  is  true,  supported  by  the  potato,  and  seldom  or  never  taste  bread  ;  but  we  shall 
perhaps  be  within  the  mark,  if  we  estimate  the  number  of  those  fed  on  the  various  kinds  of 
corn  at  3,000,000,  and  the  average  quantity  of  the  ditferent  sorts  of  grain  consumed  liy 
each  individual  at  2  quarters.  This  would  give  6,000,000  quarters  as  the  total  consumption 
of  Ireland. 

But  the  population  of  Great  Britain  increased,  from  10,943,000  in  1300,  to  16,537,000 
in  1831  ;  and  both  Mr.  Western  and  Dr.  Colquhoun  concurred  in  estimating  the  average 
consumption  of  the  whole  empire,  in  1812  and  1814,  at  about  35,000,000  quarters. 

The  following  is  Dr.  Colqiihoun's  estimate  : — 


SpeciM  of  Onin. 

Eitlmited 

Avert^  of  the 

PopuLilioD  of 

Gr^at  Britaia 

and  IrelADil. 

E>ch 

Perwn 

KoraKcd. 

Convinml  by 
Man. 

Conmmcd  by 
ADinialn. 

lT«d  In  Beer 

and  Spiritt. 

U«ed  in  va- 

rhiu»  Manu- 

facturei. 

To(j1  of 

Quarltin. 

Wheat    -      - 
Barley     -     - 
Oats        -     - 
Rye  .      -      - 

Beans  and  peas 

9,000,000 

1,500,000 

4,500,000 

600,000 

600,000 

it 
1' 

^larters. 
9,000,000 
1,875,000 
6,750,000 
025,000 
600,000 

Quartert. 

210,000 

10,200,000 

59,000 

1,300,000 

(iuarten. 
4,250,000 

170,000 
"  1,000 

9,i70,nnn  ' 

0,335,(100 
10,(150,000 

es.i.ooo 

1,800,000 

Totals    - 

16,000,000 

18,750,000 

11,829,000 

4,850,000 

171,000 

35,000,000   1 

Dr.  Colquhoun  has  made  no  allowance  for  seed  in  this  estimate ;  and  there  can  be  nc 
doubt  that  he  has  underrated  the  consumption  of  oats  by  at  least  one  half  quarter  in  the 
consumption  of  each  of  the  4,500,000  individuals  he  supposes  fed  on  them,  or  by  2,250,000 
quarters.  Adding,  therefore,  to  Dr.  Colquhoun's  estimate  5,500,000  quarters  for  si-ed,  and 
2,250,000  quarters  for  the  deliciency  of  oats,  it  will  bring  it  to  42,750,000  quarters;  and 
taking  the  increase  of  population  since  1813  into  account,  it  does  nol  nppear  to  us  lliat  tho 
annual  average  consum|ition  of  (he  diflerrnt  kinds  of  grain  in  ilie  United  Kingdom  can  now 
be  estimated  at  less  than  Foin-r-rocn  millions  of  quarters,  ix  ;iusive  of  seed,  and  at  fiftv- 
Two  millions  when  it  is  ''"'luded.  Assuming  this  estimate  to  be  c'-rrect,  and  the  jiroportion 
of  wheat  to  amount  to  twtlve  milliuns  of  quarters,  the  progressive  con  uimption  will  be  as 
follows :— 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


409 


Cons::mpt{on  of  Wheat  and  other  Grain,  in  tie  United  Kingdom,  in  a  Year,  Six  Months,  a  Month, 

a  tVeek,  S^c. 


nl  in  va- 
IH  Manu- 
cturen. 

TolM  of 
Quirlon. 

mrtt-rt. 

ro.ouo 

1,000 

p.iTn.nnn 

fi.3;t5,llftO 
10,!),')0,000 

ess.niio 

l.SliD.OOO 

ri.ooo 

35,000,000 

WhMl. 

Ullier  Grain. 

'Jotal. 

*••• 

Q". 

Qn. 

A  year      .... 

18,000,000 

40,000  000 

52,000,000 

Six  nuinths       ... 

6,000,000 

20,000,000 

26,000,000 

Three  months  -       .       . 

3,000,000 

10,000,000 

13,000,000 

Six  weeks        .       .       - 

1,500,000 

6,000,000 

6,!J0O,0OO 

One  month       ... 

1,000.000 

3,3.13,3,-)3 

4,333,333 

Two  weeks       ... 

500,000 

l,6fi«,fifi0 

2,I«fi,flfifi 

One  week         ... 

250,000 

8.13,333 

1,063,333 

One  duy    .       -       -       - 

.15,714 

119,018 

151,702 

The  total  imports  of  foreign  corn  in  1831  amounted  to  3,541,809  quarters^  lieing  tlie 
largest  quantity  ever  brought  into  Great  Britain  in  any  1  year.  Now,  as  this  quantity  does 
not  amount  to  one  fourteenth  part  of  the  entire  produce,  it  would  seem  as  if  the  greatest 
importation  could  have  but  a  very  slight  influence  on  prices ;  but  it  has  been  already  shown 
that  a  very  large  proportion,  perhaps  a  half,  of  the  entire  corn  produced  in  the  empire  is 
never  brought  to  market,  but  is  partly  consumed  by  the  agriculturist,  and  partly  used  as  seed 
and  in  the  feeding  of  farm  horses,  &c.  Hence,  if  we  are  nearly  right  in  this  estimate,  it 
follows  that  an  importation  of  3,500,000  quarters  is  really  equivalent  to  about  one  sevenlk 
part  of  the  entire  produce  brought  to  market  in  an  average  year,  and  must  consequently 
have  a  very  material  influence  in  alleviating  the  pressure  of  scarcity  in  a  bad  year,  and  in 
checking  the  rise  of  prices.  • 

2.  Regulations  under  which  the  Com  Trade  of  Great  Britain  is  at  present  conducted* — 
These  regulations  are  embodied  in  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  60.,  an  abstract  of  which  is  sub- 
joined :  — 

Sections  1.  and  2.  repeal  the  acts  55  Geo.  3.  c.  20.,  3  Geo.  4.  c.  60  ,  and  7  and  8  Geo.  4.  c.  58.,  and  so 
much  of  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  111.  as  imposes  duties  on  the  importation  of  huck-wheat  and  Indian  corn. 

Foreign  Corn  may  be  imported  on  Payvient  of  the  Vuties  specified. — And  whereas  it  is  exiiedienl  llmt 
corn,  grain,  meal,  and  flour,  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of  any  foreign  country,  or  of  any 
lirilish  possession  out  of  Europe,  sliuuld  lie  aUowed  to  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  for  con- 
Humption,  upon  the  payment  of  duties  to  be  regulated  from  lime  to  time  according  to  the  average  price 
of  fJritish  corn  made  up  and  puldished  in  manner  herein-after  required  ;  be  it  tlierefore  enacted,  tliat 
there  shall  be  levied  and  paid  to  his  Majesty,  upon  all  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  flour  entered  for  hunio 
rdiisuinption  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  |>art8  beyond  the  seaB,  the  several  duties  specified  and  set 
fnrtli  in  the  table  annexed  to  this  act ;  und  that  the  said  duties  sliall  he  raised,  levied,  collected,  and 
paid  in  such  and  the  same  manner  in  all  respects  as  the  several  duties  of  customs  meiuioned  and 
miitmerated  in  the  table  of  duties  of  customs  inwards  annexed  to  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  111.—$  3. 

The  following  is  the  table  referred  to  :— 


If  imported  from  any  foreign  C<«n(ry. 
IVhtat  :—AiXori}'w%  to  the  average  price  of  wheat, 

in:iile  up  auJ  published  m  niauuer  **  (luiiedby  law; 

Videlicet, 
Wlieiiever  such  price  ihaH  I*  62f.  und  under  63#.  tlie 

qiiiir'tr,  the  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 
Wlieuevcr  such  price  shall  be  U^f.  and  under  64r.  the 

quarlcr,  the  duty  shill  t)e  for  every  quarter 
Wli'^Rver  such  price  shall  be  64*.  An'\  under  65*.  the 

(juirter,  the  du'y  sliall  be  for  every  quarter 
Whenever  iuch  pricti  thill  he  6ii.  and  under  66f.  the 

(juirttr,  the  duty  bhall  be  for  eviry  quarter 
Whenever  iuch  price  shall  he  66*.  and  under  67*.  the 

qiiarler,  the  duty  shall  be  for  every  nuarter 
Wnencver  such  prica  shall  be  67*.  ana  under  68*.  the 

quarter,  the  duly  shall  be  for  every  quarter 
Wtieriever  iuch  price  shall  be  68*.  and  under  69*.  the 

quarter,  the  duty  shall  he  for  ever)-  quarter 
Whenever  such  price  shall  be  69*.  and  under  70i.  the 

quarter,  the  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 
Whcntver  such  prifv  sli?ll  be  70t.  ajid  under  71*.  the 

quirter,  the  duty  ilull  be  for  everj-  quarter 
Whenever  such  price  shall  1«  71*.  and  undtr72*.  the 

quail*;r,  the  duty  shall  lie  for  every  quarter 
Whenever  sucli  price  sliall  be  72*.  and  under  73*.  the 

quarler,  the  duty  sha'  I  be  for  every  quar  er 
Wheiiev(ir  such  price  shall  be  at  or  above  73*.  the  du- 
ly shall  be  for  every  quarter 
Whenever  such  price  slull  be  nnder  62*.  and  not  under 

61*.  the  duty  sdall  he  for  every  <|uarter 


And  in  respect  of  ea^h  integral  shilling,  or  any  mrt 
of  e»ch  integral  shillini?  by  which  such  price  shall 
be  under  61*.,  huch  du'y  '■hall  lie  incicasen  by  I*. 


Barlnj ;— Whenever  the  average  price  of  barley,  niftde 
up  ami  published  in  manner  required  by  law,  shall 
be  iUf.  and  under  3h.  the  quarter,  the  duty  stiall  be 
fnr  every  quartiT         .  -  -  -  ■ 

And  in  rt  ipect  of  every  integral  shillinjc  by  which 
fuch  price  shall  he  above  33*  ,  such  d'lty  shall  be  de- 
creased by  I*,  ft/.,  until  such  p-ice  shall  be  41*. 

Wlieuever  such  price  shall  be  at  or  above  41*.  (be  du- 
ty shall  be  for  every  (piartw 

Whenever  such  price  shall  I*  under  33*.  and  not  under 
32#.,  Iheduty  sh.ill  Iw  for  cvnry  f,u  irter 

And  in  respect  of  each  iniegnl  shillinz,  or  any  part  of 
earh  inlejtral  shilling,  by  whicli  sucli  price  shall  be 
under  32*.,  such  duty  shall  be  increased  by  If.  6d. 

Oaii:— Whenever  the  avenge  price  of  oats,  made  up 
and  published  in  manner  requiretl  by  law,  shall  be 
2'>f.  and  under  26*.  the  quarter,  the  duty  shall  be  for 
every  quartor  .  -  .  •  • 


L.  1.  d. 

1    4    8 

1    3    8 

1    2    8 

t    1    8 

1    0    8 

0  18    8 

0  16    8 

0  13    8 

0  10    8 

0    6    8 

0    2    8 

0    1    0 

1    6    8 

0  12    4 

0    1    0 

0  13  10 

0   9   3 

And  in  respect  of  every  integral  shilling  by  which 
such  priceshall  bcalj*)ve  2>».,  such  dtiivsliall  bede- 
crea5e.d  by  li.  6f/.,  until  such  price  shall  be  31*. 

Whenever  such  price  sliall.lw  at  orabove  31*.,  the  du- 
ty shall  be  for  every  quarter  ... 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  underS'ii.  and  not  under 
21*.  the  dutyslia'l  he  for  every  quarter 

And  in  res|)ect  of  each  integral  shilling,  or  any  part  of 
each  integral  shilHnff,  by  which  such  price  'sliall  be 
under 2-1*.,  such  duty  sh'a't  he  increased  by  I*,  bd. 

Rye,  I'etUy  and  Jieatis :— Whenever  the  av'ciage  price 
of  rye,  or  of  peas,  or  of  terns,  made  up  and  pub- 
lished in  manner  n  quired  by  lav.-,  s'lall  b>' 36».  and 
under  37*.  the  quarter,  the  duty  shall  be  for  every 
quarter  -  •  •  •  •  • 

And  in  ri^spect  of  every  integral  shilling  by  which 
such  price  shall  be  above  30.?,,  such  duty  shall  be  de- 
creased by  1*.  6d/.,  until  sitch  price  shall  l>e  46i. 

Whenever  such  price  Ehill  be  at  or  aliove  46*.,  the 
duty  shall  bv  for  every  quarter 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  under 3Cj.  and  not  under 
S")*,,  the  duty  shall  be  fur  every  q'larter 

And  in  respect  of  each  inteeral  fihilling.  or  any  part  of 
each  integnl  shilling,  by  which  iuch  price  shall  be 
under  3>«.,  such  duty  siiall  be  inrreastd  by  1(.  M, 

Whmt  Mint  njid  f/Mir  .•— For  evtry  barrel,  being 
196  tbs..  a  duty  equal  in  amount  tu  the  duty  payable 
on  38  t-2  gnll'ins  of  wheat. 

Oarrwff/:— For  every  quantity  of  181  1-2  lbs.,  a  duly 
equal  in  aninuut  to  the  duly  payable  on  a  quarter  Gf 
oats. 

Afrt-rc  or  fnd'an  Com,  Purli-H'f'fnt,  Urnr  nr  /?tg»  ;— 
For  tvery  quarter,  a  duty  equ.il  in  amount  to  the 
duty  payable  on  a  quarter  of  hurley. 

//  the  Priidure  of  and  impnrttd  from  anv  liritiah 

Poigrssion  inXortii^incrica,  or  elsewhere  out  of 

Europe. 
fKhtoi  .■— For  every  quarter      .  .  -  • 

I'niil  the  pricp  fif  British  wheat,  made  up  and  pub- 

Hshed  in  the  manner  required  by  law,  shall  be  67*. 

per  quarler. 
Whenever  such  price  shall  be  at  or  above  67*.,  the 

duty  shall  he  fur  every  quarter 
£ar/ry.'— For  every  quarter      .  -  .  - 

Until  the  price  of  British  barley,  made  np  and  pul- 

lished  in  manner  required  by  law,  shall  b«a4*,  pir 

quarter. 
Wfienever  such  price  shall  be  at  or  above  «Ht.,  the 

duly  shall  be  fur  every  quarter 


C    t.d. 


0    1    0 
0  10   9 


0  15   6 


0    I    0 
0  16    9 


0    6    0 


0   0   6 

0    2    0 


0  0   6 


'      i 


il.  4. 


1 


if 


f    ^ 


^li 


BOO 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Table  or  Duties — eovtinutd. 


Odt ;— For  every  quirter         .... 

I'niil  the  price  of  Brit ith  rats,  maJe  up  ind  pab- 

li>he<l  ID  mmner  required  by  law,  ihall  be  35i.  pnr 

quarter. 
Wlif-never  fuch  price  abatl  be  at  or  above  S5«.,  the 

duly  shall  l»e  for  every  quarter 
Rye,  Pros,  and  Beam ;— For  every  quarter    - 

uniil  Ihepriceof  Rritiah  rye^  or  of  peaa,or  of  beam, 

nude  up  and  publiibej  in  ataDiwr  required  by  Ia>«, 

ihall  be  41 ». 

L,  i.  d. 
0   2    6 

0    0    6 

0    3    0 

Wheneirer  luch  price  shill  be  at  or  above  4li.,  the 

duty  th.Ml  be  for  every  quirler 
IVftral  Meal  arid  Flour  .-—For  every  barrel,  beinc  '96 

Ibi.,  a  iluty  equal  io  »mouot  to  \ut  duty  iiayabTe  on 

38^  K»lloiitor  wheat. 
Oatmeaii—rnr  every  quantity  of  IS1|  Iba.,  a  duly 

equal  io  aniouDt  to  tiie  duvy  payable  ou  a  quarter 

oioati. 
Maize  or  fndiatt  Com,  JJ»ek-  W^htat^  Btary  or  Bfgg  ;— 

For  f  very  quarter,  a  duty  equal  id  auiouut  to  tie 

duly  payable  un  a  quarter  < >|  b^irley. 

^  i.d. 

0  0  6 

Sejrulationa  to  he  ohstrved  upon  ahipfintr  Com  from  any  British  posUBsinn  »«(  nf  Kurope,  ^c— No 
corn',  srain,  meal,  nr  flour  shall  be  shipped  frnm  any  port  in  any  British  poimession  out  of  Enrnpi>,  as 
being  the  produce  of  any  such  possession,  until  the  owner  or  proprietor  or  shipper  thereof  slinll  hiive 
made  and  subscrilied,  before  the  collector  or  other  chief  officer  of  customs  at  the  port  of  shipnieni,  a 
declaration  in  wriMnfr,  specifying  the  quantity  of  each  sort  of  such  corn,  grain,  or  flour,  and  tliat  tlie 
same  was  the  produce  of  some  Britinh  pnjisession  out  of  Europe  to  Ite  named  in  such  declaratinn.  nor 
until  such  owner  or  proprietor  or  shipper  shall  have  obtained  from  the  collector  or  other  chief  otDcer 
of  the  customs  at  the  said  port  a  certiflcate,  under  his  signature,  of  the  quantity  of  corn,  grain,  meal, 
nr  flour  so  declared  to  he  shipped  ;  and  befure  any  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  Hour  shall  be  entered  at  iiny 
port  or  place  in  the  United  Kingdom,  as  being  the  produce  of  any  Hrilish  possession  out  of  Europe,  the 
master  of  the  ship  importing  the  same  shall  produce  and  deliver  to  the  collector  or  other  chief  ntfitot 
of  customs  of  the  port  or  place  of  importation  a  copy  of  suth  declaration,  certified  to  be  a  true  and 
accurate  copy  thereof,  under  the  hand  of  the  collector  or  other  chief  officer  of  customs  at  the  pnri  of 
shipment  before  whom  the  same  was  made,  together  with  the  certiflcate,  signed  by  the  said  collector 
or  other  chief  officer  of  customs,  nf  the  quantity  of  corn  so  declared  to  be  shipped;  and  such  ninster 
shall  also  inalie  and  subscribe,  before  the  collector  or  other  chief  officer  of  customs  at  the  port  or  place 
nf  importation,  a  declaration  in  writing,  that  the  several  quantities  of  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  flour  nn 
board  such  sliip,  and  proposed  to  he  entered  under  the  authority  of  such  declaration,  are  the  same  that 
were  mentioned  and  referred  to  in  the  declaration  and  certiflcate  produced  by  him,  without  any  ailnij.x. 
ture  nr  addition;  and  if  any  person  shall,  in  any  such  declaration,  wilfully  and  corruptly  make  any 
f.iise  statement  respecting  the  place  of  which  any  such  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  flour  was  the  produce,  nf 
respecting  the  identity  of  any  such  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  flour,  such  person  shall  forfeit  and  becnnie 
liable  to  pay  to  his  Majesty  the  sum  of  KM)/.,  and  the  corn,  grain,  tneal.or  flour  to  such  person  heloiiging, 
onboard  any  such  ship,  shall  also  be  forfeited  ;  and  such  forfeitures  shall  aj)d  may  he  sued  for,  prose- 
cuted, recovered,  and  applied  in  such  and  the  same  manner  in  all  respects  as  any  forfeiture  inciirreil 
under  and  by  virtue  of  the  said  act  6  (leo.  4.  c.  III. :  Provided  alwavs,  that  the  declarations  aforeaolil 
shall  not  he  required  in  respect  of  any  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  flour  which  shall  have  been  sh'.ppcd  with  a 
3  months  next  after  the  passing  of  this  act. — ^  4. 

Penalty  for  importiitir  Malt  or  froiind  Com.— It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  import,  from  parts  beyond  the 
seas  into  the  United  Kingdom,  for  consumption  there,  any  malt,  or  to  import,  for  consumption  into 
Great  Britain,  any  corn  ground,  except  wheat  meal,  wheat  flour,  and  oatmeal ;  or  to  import,  for  e<in- 
•umption,  any  corn  ground  into  Ireland;  and  that  if  any  such  article  as  aforesaid  shall  be  impurted 
contrary  to  the  provisions  aforesaid,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited. — i  5. 

Account  of  Corn  and  Flour  imported,  ^c.  to  it  published  in  the  Gazette  monthly. — The  commissioner!>  nf 
his  Majesty's  customs  shall,  once  in  each  calendar  month,  cause  to  be  publiKhed  in  the  London  Gii. 
zette  an  account  of  the  total  quantity  of  each  sort  of  corn,  grain,  meal,  and  flour  respectively,  whlcli 
shall  have  been  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  also  an  account  of  the  total  quantity  of  each 
sort  of  the  corn,  grain,  meal,  and  flour  respectively,  upon  which  the  duties  of  importation  sliall  have 
been  paid  in  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  calendar  month  next  preceding;  together  with  an  account 
of  the  total  quantity  of  each  sort  of  the  said  corn,  grain,  meal,  and  flour  respectively  remaining  ia 
warehouse  at  the  end  of  such  ne.xt  preceding  calendar  mouth. — i  b. 

Section  7.  enacts,  that  if  any  foreign  state  shall  suliject  British  vessels,  goods,  jcc,  to  any  higher 
duties  or  charges  than  are  levied  on  the  vessels,  tic.  nf  other  countries,  his  Majesty  may  prohibit  the 
importation  or  corn  from  such  state. 

IVeeklij  Ret Hms  of  Purchases  and  Sales  of  Corn  to  be  made  in  the  Places  herein  mentioned. — And  where;ia 
it  is  necessary,  for  regulating  the  amount  of  such  duties,  that  effectual  provision  should  be  made  for 
ascertaining  from  time  to  time  the  average  prices  of  British  corn  ;  be  it  therefore  enacted,  that  weekly 
returns  nf  the  purchases  and  sales  of  British  corn  shall  he  made  in  the  manner  herein-af\er  direrteii, 
in  the  following  cities  and  towns  ;  (that  is  to  say,)  London,  Uxbridge,  Hertford,  Royston,  Chelmsford, 
Colchester,  Rumford,  Maidstone,  Canterbury,  Dartford,  Chichester,  (lUildford,  I.ewes,  Rye,  Bedfiprd, 
Windsor,  Aylesbury,  Ipswich,  Woodbridgtf,  Sudbury,  Huntingdon,  Iladleigh,  Stowinarkcl,  BuryHuint 
Edmunds,  Beccles,  Bungay,  Lowestoft,  Cambridge,  Ely,  Wisbeach,  Norwich,  Yarmouth,  Lynn.  Thet- 
ford,  Walton,  Diss,  East  liereham,  Ilarleston,  Holt,  Ayh'sham,  Fakcnham,  North  Walshain,  Lincoln, 
Gainsborough,  Ulanford  Bridge,  Lowlh,  Boston,  Sleaford,  Stamford,  i^palding,  Derby,  Norihnmptnn, 
Leicester,  Nottingham,  Worcester,  Coventry,  Reading,  Oxford,  Wakefield,  Warminster,  Birnnnghain, 
Leeds,  Newark,  York,  Bridlington,  Beverley,  Howden,  Sheflield,  Hull,  Whitby,  New  Maltnn,  Durhiun, 
fttockton,  Darlington,  Sunderland,  Barnard  Castle,  Walsinghain,  Belfnrd,  Hexham,  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  Morpeth,  Alnwick,  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  Carlisle,  Whitehaven,  Cockermoutb,  Penritli,  Bgre- 
inont,  Appleby,  Kirkhy-in-Kendal,  Liverpool,  Ulverston,  Lancaster,  Preston,  Wigan,  Warringlnn, 
Manchester,  Bolton,  Chester,  Nantwich,  Middlewirh,  Four  Lane  Ends,  Denbigh,  Wrexham,  Carnar- 
von, Haverford  West,  Carmarthen,  Cardiff,  Gloucester.  Cirencester,  Tedbury,  Slow-on-tlie-Widd, 
Tewkesbury,  Bristol,  Taunton,  Wells,  Bridgewater,  Kronie,  Chard,  Monmouth,  Abergavenfiy,  (-'hei'- 
stow,  Pont-y-pool,  Exeter,  Barnstaple,  Plymouth,  Totness,  Tavistock,  Kingsbridge,  Truro,  liodniiii, 
I.aunceston,  Redruth,  Helstone,  Saint  Austel,  Blandford,  Rridport,  Dorchester,  Sherlmurne,  Sbaston, 
Warehani,  Winchester,  Andover,  Basingstoke,  Farchain,  Havant,  Newport,  Riiigwood,  Southampton, 
and  Portimnuth;  and  for  the  purpose  of  duly  collecting  and  transmitting  such  weekly  returns  us 
nfnresaid,  there  shall  he  appointed  in  each  of  the  said  cities  and  towns,  in  manner  herein-after 
directed,  a  fit  and  proper  person  to  be  inspector  of  corn  returns. — I)  8. 

Appointing  Comptroller  of  Corn  Returns.— It  shall  lie  lawful  for  his  Majesty  to  appoint  a  fit  and 
proper  person  to  he  couiptndler  of  corn  returns,  for  the  purposes  lierein-af\er  mentioned,  and  to  grant 
to  such  comptroller  of  corn  returns  such  salary  and  allowances  as  to  his  Majesty  shall  seem  nieel: 
Provided  always,  that  such  persons  shall  be  appointed  to  and  shall  hold  such  his  office  during  hla 
Majesty's  pleasure,  and  not  otherwise;  and  shall  at  all  times  conform  to  and  obey  such  lawful  instruc- 
tions, touching  the  execution  of  the  duties  of  such  his  ntflce.as  shall  from  time  to  time  be  given  to  him 
by  the  Lords  of  the  commiliee  of  privy  council  appointed  for  the  consideration  of  all  matters  relating 
lu  trade  and  foreign  plantations.—^  9. 

Section!  10, 11, 1%  embody  tbe  comptroller'*  oatb,  enact  that  he  shall  execute  liis  offlue  in  periuD 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


601 


is  olflue  in  perioo 


tnd  not  by  deputy,  provide  for  siipplyinit  liia  pince  diirinft  illnnM  or  nhnence,  and  nuthorlie  him  to 
lend  nml  receive  lettt-rR  reliilliig  excliislvelv  to  the  diilied  orhls  otfice  free  of  pnaiajie. 

Sections  13.  and  14.  authorise  the  Lord  Mayor  and  uldermen  to  appuint  an  inspector  for  the  city  of 
London,  wlio  i»  to  do  the  dnty  in  person,  &.c. 

Sections  15,  10.  and  17.  declare  thnt  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  corn  inspector  in  the 
city  of  London,  who  shall  he  engaged  in  trade  as  a  miller,  maltster,  or  corn  factor,  or  he  anywise  con- 
cerned in  the  buyinir  of  corn  for  sale,  or  in  the  sale  of  bread  niude  thereof ;  they  aUo  embody  the 
oath  the  Inspector  is  to  talie,  and  provide  for  the  enrolment  of  his  appointment. 

btaUrs  in  Cnrn  in  London  lo  deliver  in  a  DeelaratioH  to  the  Lord  Mayor,  4"«.—  Every  person  who  shall 
carry  on  trade  or  hnsiness  in  the  city  of  London,  or  within  5  miles  from  the  Royal  Fxchange  in  the 
«nid  oily,  as  a  corn  factor,  or  as  an  agent  employed  in  the  sale  of  British  corn,  and  every  person  whn 
eliKil  sull  any  British  corn  within  the  present  Corn  Exchange  in  Marl<  Lane  in  the  said  city,  or  witliin 
any  other  building  or  place  which  now  is  or  may  heri'afler  be  used  within  liie  city  of  London,  or 
within  i  mill's  from  the  Royal  Exchange  in  the  said  city,  for  such  and  the  like  purposes  for  which  the 
said  Corn  Exchange  in  Mark  Lane  hath  been  and  is  used,  sliall,  before  he  or  they  shall  curry  on 
trade  or  business,  or  sell  any  corn  In  manner  aforesaid,  make  and  deliver  to  the  Lord  Mayor,  or  one 
of  tlie  aldermen  of  the  city  of  London,  a  declaration  in  the  following  words  ;   (that  is  to  say,) 

"1  ^.  B.  do  declare,  that  the  returns  to  he  by  me  made,  conformably  to  an  act  paxsed  in  the  ninth 
year  of  the  reign  of  King  George  the  Fourth,  intituled  [here  set  forth  the  title  of  this  art},  of  the  qunn- 
lilies  and  prices  of  British  corn  which  henceforth  shall  be  by  or  for  me  sold  or  delivered,  shall,  to  liie 
liest  of  my  knowledge  and  belief,  contain  the  whole  quantity,  and  no  more,  of  the  corn  bona  fide  sold 
and  delivered  by  or  for  me  within  the  periods  lo  which  such  returns  respectively  shall  refer,  with  the 
prices  of  such  corn,  and  the  names  of  the  buyers  respectively,  and  of  the  persons  for  whom  such  corn 
shall  liave  been  sold  by  me  respectively;  and  to  the  best  of  my  Judgment  the  said  returns  shall  iu  all 
respects  be  conformable  to  the  provisions  of  the  said  act." 

Which  declaration  shall  be  in  writing,  and  shall  be  subscribed  with  the  hand  of  the  person  so  making 
the  same ;  and  tlie  Lord  Mayor  or  Ruch  aldermen  as  aforesaid  of  the  city  of  London  for  the  time  being 
shall  and  he  is  hereby  reqnired  to  deliver  a  certificate  thereof,  under  his' hand,  to  the  inspector  of  corn 
returns  for  the  city  of  London,  to  be  by  him  registered  in  a  booli  to  be  by  him  provided  and  kept  for 
that  purpose.— J  18. 

Dealers  in  Corn  to  make  Returva  tn  Corn  fnspector.—Tivery  such  corn  factor  and  other  person  ns 
afiiresaid,  who  Is  herein-before  required  to  make  and  who  shall  have  made  such  decln ration  as  afore- 
said, shall  and  he  or  she  is  hereby  required  to  return  or  cause  to  be  returned,  on  Wednesday,  in  each 
and  every  week,  to  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  of  London,  an  account  in  writing,  signed 
with  his  or  her  own  name,  or  the  name  of  his  or  her  agent  duly  authorised  in  that  behalf,  of  the  quan- 
tities of  each  respective  sort  of  British  corn  by  him  or  her  sold  during  the  week  ending  on  and  including 
tlie  next  preceding  Tuesday,  with  the  prices  thereof,  and  the  uinount  of  every  parcel,  with  the  total 
quantity  and  value  of  each  sort  of  corn,  and  by  what  measure  or  weight  tlie  same  was  sold,  and  the 
names  of  the  buyers  thereof,  and  of  the  persons  for  and  on  behalf  of  whom  such  corn  was  sold  ;  and 
it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  to  deliver  to  any  person  making  or 
tendering  any  such  returns  a  notice  in  writing,  requiring  him  or  her  to  declare  and  set  forth  therein 
wliere  and  by  whom  and  in  what  manner  any  such  British  corn  was  delivered  lo  tho  piirchnser  or 
purchasers  thereof;  and  every  person  to  whom  any  such  notice  shall  be  so  delivered  shall  and  he  or 
she  is  hereby  required  to  comply  therewith,  and  to'declare  and  set  forth  in  such  his  or  her  return  the 
several  patticulnrs  aforesaid.—;  19. 

Sections  20,  21,22,  23,  and  24.  authorise  the  appointment  of  corn  inspectors  in  the  places  before- 
mentioned,  forbid  those  being  employed  as  sucli  whn  have  within  the  preceding  13  months  been 
engaged  in  any  department  of  the  corn  trade,  or  as  a  miller,  or  maltster,  forbid  tlio.oe  who  are  appointed 
from  engaging  in  such  occupations,  prescribe  the  oath  they  are  to  take,  and  provide  for  the  enrolment 
of  their  appointments,  &c. 

Dealers  in  Com  in  Cities  and  Toievs  to  irake  Deelaration.— Every  person  who  shall  deal  in  British 
corn  at  or  within  any  such  city  or  town  as  aforesaid,  or  who  shall  at  or  within  any  such  city  or  town 
engage  in  or  carry  on  the  trade  or  business  of  a  corn  factor,  miller,  maltster,  brewer,  or  distiller,  or 
who  shall  be  the  owner  or  proprietor,  or  part  owner  or  proprietor,  of  any  stage  conches,  wagons, 
carts,  or  other  carriages  carrying  goods  or  passengers  for  hire  to  and  from  any  such  city  or  town,  and 
each  and  every  person  who,  as  a  merchant,  clerk,  agent,  or  otherwise,  shall  purchase  at  any  such 
city  or  town  any  British  corn  for  sale,  or  for  the  sale  of  meal,  flour,  malt,  or  bread  made  or  to  be  made 
thereof,  shall,  before  he  or  she  shall  so  deal  in  British  corn  at  any  such  city  or  town,  or  shall  engage 
In  or  carry  on  any  such  trade  or  business  as  aforesaid,  or  shall  purchase  any  British  corn  for  any  such 
purpose  as  aforesaid,  at  or  within  any  such  city  or  town,  make  and  deliver,  in  manner  herein-after 
mentioned,  a  declaration  in  the  following  words;  (that  is  to  say,) 

"I,^.  B.  do  declare,  that  the  returns  to  he  bj^  me  made  conformably  tn  the  act  passed  in  the  nintli 
year  of  the  reign  of  KingGeorgi;  tlie  Fourth,  intituled  [here  set  forth  the  title  of  this  act],  of  the  quanti- 
ties and  prices  of  British  corn  which  lienccforw'ird  shall  by  or  for  me  be  bought,  shall,  to  the  best  of 
my  knowledge  and  belief,  contain  tiie  whole  quantity,  and  iioinorc,of  tiie  British  corn  bon<lJidebi<»«t\t 
furor  by  mo  within  the  periods  to  which  such  returns  respectively  shall  refer,  witli  the  prices  of  such 
rnrn.  and  the  names  of  the  sellers  respectively ;  and  to  the  best  of  my  Judgment  the  said  returns  shall 
in  all  respects  be  conforiiinble  to  the  provisions  of  the  said  act." 

Which  declaration  shall  he  in  writing,  and  sliall  be  subscribed  with  the  band  of  the  person  so  making 
the  same,  and  sliall  by  him  or  her,  or  by  his  or  her  agent,  lie  delivered  to  the  mayor  or  chief  inagis- 
trale,  <ir  to  some  justice  of  the  peace  for  such  city  or  town,  or  for  the  county,  riding,  or  division  in 
whicii  the  same  is  situate,  who  are  hereby  required  to  deliver  a  certificate  thereof  to  tl'n  inspector  of 
cnrn  returns  for  any  sucli  city  or  town  us  aforesaid,  to  be  by  him  registered  in  a  book  to  be  by  him 
provided  and  kep.tfor  that  purpose.—)  23. 

Inspectors  empowered  to  require  such  Declaration  from  Corn  Dealers. — It  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for 
anyiiippector  of  corn  returns  for  tlie  city  of  I.ondim,  or  for  any  such  other  ciiy  or  town  as  aforesaid,  tn 
serve  upon  and  deliver  to  any  person  buying  or  selling  corn  iu  any  such  city  or  town,  and  who  is  not 
Within  tlie  terms  and  meaning  of  this  present  act  specially  required  to  make  any  s\iii\i  declaration  as 
afiirosaid,  a  notice  in  writing  under  tlie  hand  of  such  inspector,  requiring  him  to  make  such  declaration 
as  aforesaid;  and  any  person  upon  whom  such  notice  shall  he  served  us  aforesaid  shall  and  he  is 
hereby  required  to  comply  with  such  notice,  and  to  make  such  declaralioii  in  such  and  tile  same  man- 
ner in' all  respects  us  if  he  or  she  hud  been  specially  required  to  make  the  same  by  the  e.vpress  provi- 
sions of  this  present  uct. — {  2(5. 

Corn  Dealers  lo  make  Returns  in  Writing  Iu  Com  Inspectors.— AW  persons  who  are  herein-before 
required  to  make  and  who  shall  have  made  such  declaration  as  aforesaid,  shall  and  they  are  hereby 
required,  on  the  first  market  day  which  shall  lie  holdeii  in  each  and  every  week  witliin  eacli  and  every 
■uch  city  or  town  as  aforesaid  at  or  within  which  they  shall  respectively  deal  in  corn,  or  engage  in  or 
carry  on  any  such  trade  or  business  as  aforesaid,  or  purchase  any  corn  for  any  such  purpose  as  aforo- 
auidj  lo  return  or  cuu«e  to  be  returned,  lu  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  such  city  or  lowu,  ait 


i!'.; 


is  -'f 


M 


502 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


nrcotint  In  writlnir,  »\gr\p.i\  with  their  names  rpspectlvply,  of  the  iimniint  of  each  and  every  parcel  of 
each  rcspncllvt!  sort  of  British  corn  so  by  them  ruspectlvely  bounht  during  the  week  endiii)?  nn  nnit 
inrliidlns  the  diiy  next  preceiline  such  first  market  ilny  as  aforosiiid,  with  the  price  thereof,  niiil  l)y 
whnt  weipht  or  iiieiisnro  tln^  sniiie  was  so  boimht  by  llieiii,  whli  the  mimes  of  the  sellers  of  ciich  of  ihg 
Slid  parcels  respectively,  with  the  names  of  the  person  or  persons,  if  any  other  than  tlio  person 
makinjt  such  return,  for  or  on  account  of  whom  the  same  was  so  boiiuht  and  sold  ;  and  it  shall  and 
maybe  lawful  for  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  to  deliver  to  any  person  making  or  leniliirint! 
any  such  return  a  notice  in  writinK,  requirluR  him  or  her  to  declare  and  set  forth  therein  where  iind 
)iv  whom  and  In  what  manner  any  stich  llritish  corn  was  deliverrd  to  him  or  her;  and  every  persna 
t.'i  whom  any  such  notice  shall  bo  delivered  shall  and  he  or  she  is  luMfliy  reipiired  to  comply  tberowiih, 
iind  to  declare  and  set  forth  iti  such  his  or  her  return,  or  in  a  separate  statement  in  writing,  th'!  severul 
j)arlicular8  aforesaid. — i  27. 

Lispeclor  not  to  incliidn  Returvs  vntil  he  ha$  ascertained  that  the  Persons  waking  them  have  lultcn  the 
Decinrnlion  required. — No  inspector  of  corn  returns  shall  Include,  in  the  return  so  to  be  made  hy  tlieni 
r.s  aforesaid  to  the  comptroller  of  corn  returns,  any  account  of  sales  or  purchases  of  corn,  unless  sucli 
iiispoclor  shall  havejTceived  satisfactory  proof  that  the  person  or  persons  tendering  such  aciouiits 
hath  made  the  declaration  herein-before  required,  and  hath  delivered  th<!  same  to  the  mayor  or  chief 
magistrate  or  to  some  Justice  of  tiie  peace  of  the  city  or  town  for  which  such  inspector  shall  lie  sn 
appointed  to  act,  or  to  some  Justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county,  riding,  or  division  in  which  such  city 
or  town  is  situate. — i  28. 

Inspector  to  enter  lieturns  made  to  him  in  a  Bonk,  Jf-c. — Every  Inspector  of  corn  returns  shall  duly  and 
resularly  enter.  In  a  book  to  be  by  him  provided  and  kept  for  that  purpose,  the  several  accounts  of  the 
quantities  and  prices  of  corn  returned  to  him  by  such  pi^rsniu  respectively  as  aforesaid  j  and  every 
such  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  of  Lomfon,  anil  for  the  several  other  cities  and  towns  afore- 
said,  shall  in  each  and  every  week  return  to  the  comptroller  of  porn  returns  an  account  of  the  weekly 
quantities  and  prices  of  the  several  sorts  of  Uriiisli  corn  sold  in  the  city  or  town  for  which  ho  iij 
appointed  inspector,  accordins;  to  the  returns  so  made  to  him  as  aP'resaid,  and  in  such  form  as  shall 
bo  from  time  to  time  prescribed  and  directed  by  the  said  ciunplrollcr  of  corn  returns  ;  and  llie  s;iiil 
returns  shall  be  so  made  to  the  said  comptroller  '..y  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  of  London 
on  Friday  in  each  week,  and  by  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  several  other  cities  and  towns  as 
aforesaid  within  .1  days  next  after  the  first  market  day  holilen  in  each  and  every  week  in  any  such 
city  or  town. — }  21). 

Jlnenige  Prices  to  be  made  up  and  pnWished  ererii  IVeek. — The  averaRO  prices  of  all  Uritish  corn,  by 
which  the  rate  and  amount  of  the  said  duties  shall  bo  resulated,  shall  he  made  up  and  compiiteil  nn 
Tliursday  In  each  and  every  week  in  manner  following;  (that  is  to  say,)  the  said  comptroller  of  corn 
returns  shall  on  such  Thursday  In  each  week,  from  the  returns  received  by  him  during  the  week 
next  preceding,  ending  on  and  including  the  Saturday  in  such  preceding  week,  add  together  the  tnial 
quantities  of  each  sort  of  British  corn  respectively  appearing  hy  such  returns  to  have  been  sold,  and 
the  total  prices  for  which  the  same  shall  thereby  appear  to  have  been  sold,  and  shall  divide  the  anioinit 
<'f  such  total  prices  respectively  by  the  amount  of  such  total  quantities  of  each  sort  of  British  onra 
respectively,  and  the  sum  produced  thereby  shall  be  added  to  the  sums  in  like  manner  produced  in  the 
5  weeks  immediately  precedine  the  same,  and  the  amount  of  such  sums  so  added  shall  be  divided  liy 
ti,  and  the  sum  therel)y  given  shall  he  deemed  and  taken  to  be  tlie  aggregate  average  price  of  each 
such  sort  of  British  corn  respectively,  for  the  purpose  of  regulating  and  ascertaining  the  rate  and 
amount  of  the  said  duties:  and  the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  shall  cause  such  aggregate  weekly 
averages  to  be  published  in  the  ne.xt  succeeding  Hazettn,  and  shall  on  Thursday  in  each  week  trans- 
iiiit  a  certificate  of  such  aggregate  average  prices  of  each  sort  of  British  corn  to  the  collector  or  otlier 
chief  oliicer  of  the  customs  at  each  of  the  several  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom ;  and  the  rate  and 
auioiint  of  the  duties  to  be  paid  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  sliall  from  time  to  time  be  regulated 
and  governed  at  each  of  the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  respectively  by  the  asgregate  average  prices 
of  British  corn  at  the  time  of  the  entry  for  home  consumption  of  any  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  flour  charge- 
able with  any  such  duly,  as  such  aggregate  average  prices  shall  appear  and  he  slated  in  the  last  of 
such  certificates  as  aforesaid  which  shall  have  been  received  us  aforesaid  by  the  collector  or  other 
cliief  ofi'icer  of  customs  at  such  port. — }  30. 

IloiB  Qiuintiiies  of  Cornareto  becomputed. — In  the  returns  so  to  bo  made  as  nforepaid  to  the  comp- 
troller of  corn  returns,  and  in  the  publications  so  to  be  made  from  time  to  time  in  the  London  (Ja/.ette, 
and  in  the  certificate  so  to  be  transmitted  hy  the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  to  such  collectors  or 
other  chief  officers  of  the  customs  as  aforesaid,  thequanlities  of  each  sort  of  British  corn  respectively 
•ihall  be  computed  and  set  forth  by,  according,  and  with  reference  to  the  imperial  standard  gal- 
lon.-} 31. 

Comptroller  mail  use  the  present  Jlreranes. — Until  a  sufficient  number  of  weekly  returns  shall  have 
been  received  by  the  said  compTroUer  of  corn  returns  under  this  art,  to  affoni  sui'h  agL're!;ate  average 
prices  of  British  corn  as  aforesaid,  the  weekly  average  prices  of  British  corn  published  by  him  iimn  ■- 
diately  before  the  passing  of  this  act  shall  by  him  he  used  and  referred  to  in  making  sucli  calculations 
a!<  afore.said,  in  such  and  the  same  manner  ds  if  the  same  had  been  made  up  and  taken  under  and  in 
pursuance  of  this  act.— J  .12. 

IVhal  shall  be  deenud  British  Corn. — .Ml  corn  or  grain,  the  produce  of  the  United  Kingdom,  shall  bo 
de>'med  and  taken  to  he  British  corn  for  tlie  purposes  of  this  act.—}  33. 

Provisions  of  this  .^rt  mnii  be  applied  loany  Town  in  the  Uni'ed  Kingdom. — For  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  average  price  of  corn  and  grain  sold  within  the  Uniled  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Irc- 
1  md,  if  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  order  or  orders  to  be  by  him  mane,  by  and 
with  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  to  diri'ct  that  tlio  provisions  of  this  act,  so  far  ns  regards  the 
apjiointment  of  hnpettors  and  the  making  of  weekly  returns,  shall  henpplicalde  to  anyciliu.'^  or  towns 
within  the  United  Kingdom  of  (Jreat  Britain  and  Ireland  whicli  shall  be  named  in  any  sucli  order  er 
orders  in  council :  I'rovided  always,  tliat  the  returns  so  received  from  such  towns  sin  .11  not  be  admitted 
into  the  averages  made  up  for  tlie  purpose  of  regulating  the  duties  payable  upon  foreign  corn,  grain, 
me  il,  or  Hour. — J  31. 

Section  35,  provides  for  the  continnaneo  in  office  of  the  present  comptrollers  and  inspectors. 

//  returns  are  untrue,  Cootntrollcr  to  laija  Statement  there  ,f  lii-fore  the  Comonltce  of  Prinij  Council.— 
If  the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  shall  at  any  timo  see  cause  to  believe  that  any  return  so  to  be 
made  as  aforesaid  to  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  of  London,  or  for  any  other  siii:h 
city  or  town  as  aforesaid,  is  fraudulent  or  untrue,  the  said  coiii|>troller  shall  and  he  is  hereby  required, 
with  all  convenient  e.xpedition,  to  lay  before  the  l.ords  of  the  said  committee  of  privy  council  a  siale- 
iiient  of  the  grounds  of  such  his  belief;  and  if,  upon  consideration  of  any  such  statement,  the  :'aid 
Lords  of  the  said  coinniittee  shall  direct  the  said  comptroller  to  omU  any  such  return  in  the  coinpiila- 
tion  of  such  aggregate  weekly  average  price  as  aforesaid,  then  and  in'that  case,  but  not  otherwise, 
the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  shall  and  he  is  hereby  authorised  to  omit  any  such  return  in  the 
compntalion  of  hi     i  agiregate  weekly  average  price.—}  31!. 

Section  37,  enacts,  that  corn  dealers  having  made  the  declaration  previous  to  this  act  shall  transmit 
returns  and  comply  with  the  rules  hereby  required. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


508 


and  every  iwrcel  of 

week  ending  nn  nni 
ri<.e  tlierfior,  ni„|  |,y 

«!•  than  11,0  ,,«,,„„ 

''I     .011.1  it  8||,t||  ,i„d 

iiakiriK  or  teiiilfrinu 
tliereiii  wliiire  and 
;  mid  Kvcry  pltsiii, 
"•^'iil'Iylliorowiih, 
ivntiiig,  til,,  several 

tl'em  have  luken  ih, 
lo  l>e  iim.le  by  (he,,, 
'corn,  iinl«s3  such 
rin({  8ucli  accounts 
the  mayor  or  thief 
ispector  shall  l.o  so 
in  which  such  rity 

iiins  shall  duly  and 
iral  accounts  of  the 
iresaid  j  and  ('very 
sand  towns aforo- 
omit  of  ihu  weekly 
yn  fur  which  Im  is 
such  form  as  .shall 
'iriis;  and  the  said 
the  city  of  London 
'tics  and  towns  as 
week  in  any  such 

III  British  corn,  l)\r 
)  and  computed  on 
"mpirollcrof  corn 
1  during  the  week 
together  the  total 
ive  been  sold,  and 
divide  the  amount 
ort  of  British  corn 
crprndnnediniha 
lall  be  divided  by 
ra?e  price  of  each 
ining  the  rate  and 
agaregate  weekly 
each  week  trans- 
collector  or  other 
mid  the  rate  and 
time  bo  regnl.ited 
lie  average  prices 
I,  or  Hour  charge- 
lid  in  the  last  of 
collector  or  other 

"aid  tolhecomp- 
!  I-ondon  (Jazctte, 
such  collectors  or 
corn  respectively 
ill  standard  gal- 

tnrns  shall  have 
UL'ret'ate  average 
ed  by  him  iinni  •- 
nich  calculations 
ceil  under  and  in 

ingdom,  shall  be 

nrpose  of  ascer- 
firitain  and  ire- 
•H  made,  by  and 
r  as  regards  the 
rcitius  or  towns 
ly  such  order  or 
I  notheadiniitcil 
sign  corn,  grain, 

ppectors. 
friinj  Coiineil— 
'  return  so  to  be 
any  other  such 
lereby  re(|uiru(l, 
council  a  jiiale- 
iniRiit,  the  said 
n  the  coiriputa. 
not  otherwise, 
h  return  in  tho 

\.  shall  transmit 


domf^ToXUr  to  i>»ue  Directions  rri-peclifit  fnsptrfion  nf  Books  of  Innjiretors. — The  comptroller  of  mm 
ri'luni!'  shnll  and  he  is  hereby  authorised  from  time  to  time,  in  pnrsunnce  of  any  inHlriictions  which 
li>  shall  receive  in  that  behalf  from  the  Lords  of  the  said  committee  of  privy  council  to  issue  to  tlio 
ieveral  Inspectors  of  corn  returns  liny  general  or  special  directions  respecling  llie  inspeclion  by  any 
iiprnon  or  persons  of  the  books  so  directed  as  aforesaid  to  be  kept  by  every  such  inspector  of  corn  re- 
iiiiiis ;  and  no  such  inspector  ns  aforesaid  shall  permit  or  Buffer  any  person  to  inspect  any  such  hook, 
nrio  piTiise  or  transcribe  .iny  entry  thiToin,  except  in  compliance  with  some  such  general  or  gpeclal 
jirections  from  lii '  salil  comptroller  of  corn  returns  as  aforesaid.—}  US. 

Cepii  i/fthc  lual  Return  to  he  oftied  on  Market  Place  on  encli  Market  y>ni/.— Each  and  every  inspector 
of  ciTii  returns  shall  i.nd  he  is  hereby  required  on  each  and  every  market  day  to  put  up  or  cause  to 
lie  put  up  in  the  market  place  of  the  city  or  town  for  which  he  shall  be  appointed  inspector,  or  if  ihcro 
fliiill  111'  no  market  place  In  such  city  or  town,  then  In  sonic  other  conspicuous  place  therein,  a  copy 
(ifthe  last  reiurii  made  by  him  to  the  coiiiptroller  of  corn  retnrnc,  oiuittinc  the  names  of  the  parties 
who  may  have  solil  and  hoiiirht  the  said  corn  ;  and  every  such  inspector  sliall  also  again  put  up  such 
arcnunt  on  the  market  day  immediately  following  that  on  which  it  shall  first  have  been  put  up,  in  case 
liiesanie  shall  from  accident  or  any  other  cause  have  been  removed,  and  shall  take  due  care  that  the 
same  shall  remain  up  for  public  inspection  until  a  new  account  for  tlie  ensuing  week  shall  have  been 


prepared  and  set  up.— {  311. 
Seclions  40,  and  1 1,  reli 


elate  to  the  payment  of  comptrollers  and  inspectors. 

Penolftj  on  Com  Dealers  for  nut  vmktng  Declaruliuns  or  /ielurns.—\(  any  person  wlio  is  lierehy  re- 
quired to  make  and  deliver  the  declaration  or  declarations  herein-heforn  parllciilarly  mentioned  and 
sf'lfnrih.or  either  of  them,  shall  not  make  and  deliver  such  declaration  or  dccl-irationsatthe  time,  and 
111  the  form  and  manner,  and  to  the  person  or  persons,  hercln-hefore  directed  and  prescribed  in  ihat 
bili:iir.  every  person  so  offending  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  20/.  fur  eacli  and  every  calender 
nidnlli  during  which  he  shall  neglect  or  delav  to  make  and  deliver  any  such  dec  laration  ;  and  if  any 
pi-rson  who  is  herein-bcfore  required  to  make  any  return  to  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  as 
.nfiircsaid  shall  not  make  such  returns  to  such  inspector,  at  the  time  and  in  the  form  and  manner 
lirrein-liel'ore  directed  and  prescribed,  every  such  offender  shall  for  such  his  offence  forfeit  and  pay 
the  sum  of  20i.— }  42, 

Sections  43,  44,  and  4,'»,  regard  the  recovery  and  application  of  penalties,  and  Impose  a  fine,  not  ex- 
reeiling  I0{.,  on  any  person,  lawfully  summoned  us  a  witness  touching  any  inaltur  of  fact  under  this 
att,  who  refuses  to  attend  without  reasonable  e.xcuse. 

Punishment  for  making  false  Hetvriis. — If  any  person  shall  make  any  false  and  fraudulent  statement 
in  any  such  return  as  he  is  herein-before  directed  and  required  to  make,  or  shall  falsely  and  wilfully 
include,  or  procure  or  cause  to  he  included,  in  any  such  return,  any  British  corn  which  was  not  truly 
and  icin(i  fide  sold  or  bought  to,  by,  or  on  behalf  of  the  person  or  persons  in  any  siicli  return  nicntioned 
in  that  behalf,  in  the  quantity  and  for  the  price  therein  stated  and  set  forth,  every  such  offender  shall 
be  and  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.— j  46. 

Jlctnot  to  affect  the  Practice  of  measuring  or  Privileges  of  the  City  of  I.onilon. — Nothing  in  this  act 
cnnlained  shall  extend  to  alter  tho  present  practice  of  inensuring  corn,  or  any  of  the  articles  afore- 
said, to  be  shipped  from  or  to  be  landed  in  the  port  of  London,  but  that  the  same  shall  be  measured  by 
the  sworn  meters  appointed  for  that  purpose,  by  whose  certificate  the  searchers  or  other  proper  offi- 
cers of  his  Majesty's  customs  are  hereby  empowered  and  required  to  certify  the  qiiaiility  of  corn  or 
other  articles  as  aforesaid  so  9hlpi«.'d  or  landed  ;  and  that  nothing  in  this  act  contained  sliall  exieiiil 
In  lessen  or  lake  away  tho  rights  and  privileges  of,  or  the  tolls  or  duties  due  and  payable  to,  the 
mayor  and  coinnmnalty  and  citizens  of  the  city  of  London,  or  to  the  mayor  of  the  said  city  for  the 
time  being,  or  to  take  away  the  privileges  of  any  persons  lawfully  deriving  title  from  or  under 
Ihcm.— }  47. 

Limitation  of  Jlctiovs — Actions  brought  or  commenced  under  this  act  must  he  within  three  months 
after  the  ni,itter  or  thine  done.  Defendants  may  plead  the  general  issue  ;  and  if  judgment  be  given 
against  the  plaintitf,  defendants  shall  have  treble  costs.— {  48. 

'We  have,  in  the  previous  parts  of  this  article,  sufficiently  illustrated  the  impolicy, 
generally  ppoaking,  of  imposing  duties  on  the  importation  of  corn;  but  he.tides  the  objertions 
that  may  l)0  made  to  all  duties  of  this  sort,  from  their  tendency  to  force  up  average  prices, 
and  to  render  exportation  in  abundant  years  impossible,  the  duty  now  existing  in  this 
country  is  liable  to  some  which  may  be  looked  upon  as  peculiar  to  itself.  From  the  way 
in  which  it  is  graduated,  it  introduces  a  new  element  of  uncertainty  into  every  transaction 
connected  with  the  corn  trade ;  producing  a  disinclination  on  the  part  of  the  merchant  to 
import,  and  of  the  foreigner  to  raise  corn  for  our  markets.  Suppose  a  merchant  commissions 
a  cargo  of  wheat  when  the  price  is  at  71s.  a  quarter;  in  the  event  of  the  price  declining 
only  3«.,  or  to  68s.,  the  duty  will  rise  from  6s.  %d,  to  16s.  8(/. ;  so  that  if  tho  merchant 
brings  the  grain  to  market,  he  will  realise  13s.  %d,  a  quarter  less  than  he  expected,  and  10s. 
less  than  he  would  have  done  had  there  been  no  duty,  or  tho  duty  bren  constant ! 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  said  that  if,  on  the  one  hand,  the  present  scale  of  duties  is  injurious 
to  the  merchant  when  prices  are  falling,  and  when  importation  is  consequently  either 
unnecessary  or  of  less  advantage,  it  is,  on  the  other  hand,  equally  advantageous  to  him 
when  prices  are  ri.sing,  and  when  the  public  interests  require  that  importation  should  be 
encouraged:  but  the  prices  in  tho  view  c.'the  merchant  when  he  gives  an  order,  are  usually 
such  as  he  supposes  will  yield  a  fair  profit;  and  if  they  rise,  tiiis  rise  would,  supposing  tho 
duty  to  bo  constant,  yield  such  an  extra  profit  as  would  of  itself  induce  him  to  increase  his 
importation  to  tho  utmost,  If  it  were  possible  to  devise  a  systmn  that  would  diminish  tho 
losses  of  the  merchants  engaged  in  unfavourable  speculations,  by  niuking  a  jiroportional 
deduction  from  the  extraordinary  gains  of  those  whose  speculations  turn  out  to  be  unusually 
successful,  something,  perhaps,  might  be  found  to  say  in  its  favour.  But  the  system  we 
have  been  considering  proceeds  on  quite  opposite  principles :  its  effect  is  not  to  diiniiiisli 
risks,  but  to  increase  them ;  it  adds  to  the  loss  resulting  from  an  unsuccessful,  and  to 
the  profit  resulting  from  a  successful,  speculation ! 

It  would,  therefore,  seem,  that  if  a  duty  is  to  be  imposed,  one  that  is  constant  is  preferable 
to  one  that  fluctuates.  When  the  duty  i.<  con-taut,  all  classes,  tanners  as  well  as  merchants, 
are  aware  of  its  amount,  and  can  previously  calculate  the  extent  of  its  influence.     But  the 


.1 


504 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


nfl'ect  of  a  duty  that  fluctuated  with  the  fluctuutions  of  price,  can  never  be  appreciated 
beforehand.  Ita  in;ignitu(l(!  depends  on  contingent  and  accidental  circumstanceH ;  uikI  it  mun 
therefore,  of  neoowity,  prejudice  the  interesta  of  tlie  farmer  as  well  as  of  the  corn  dealer.— 
[See  page  608.] 

8.  Tablm  ■Hovriva  the  Pkicks  or  the  iiirFSREirT  Sun-rs  or  Drain  in  Queat  Bhi> 

TAIir,  THE  QOAHTITIKH  INPOIITKD  ANU  EXVOIITEI),  dcC. 

I.  Account  of  tb«  Pricei  of  MiildllnR  or  Mealing  Whent  per  Quarter  at  Windiur  Market,  as  atcer- 
lulned  by  the  Audit- Uooki  of  Eton  College. 


Arcrag* 

A-/«rtgtt 

Aventt 

Prl«M0f 

Priemor 

of  Ttn 

PricM  of 

rrlcMof 

of  Ton 

Prim  of 

Pricei  of 

of  in 

Whntlt 

WhMtre. 

Yunae- 

Wlioal  at 

Wheal  w 

Yaanac- 

What!  at 

Wheal  »• 

Yttan  ac- 

Windior, 

durrd  10  Ihe 

rnrdinx  to 

WidJur, 

ilurel  10  Ihe 

conlint  lo 

Winlior. 

diiceil  lo  Die 

airtipg  In 

Vwn. 

0  Galloni 

Wl.ichMtor 

tin  Win- 

Ymh. 

9  Ga  Inna 

Wiiichealt-r 

tl"Wn-    Vem. 

SUall 

ini 

Winchealer 

ll.<  Win- 

la  the 

Builnl  of 

chuler 

to  the 

Biulifl  of 

chnter 

to  Ihe 

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clic^'ir 

3uihc1. 

8  Oalloiu. 

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Bualwl. 

8  Galloiia. 

Buibel  of 

Buahcl. 

8Galoni. 

Butljtl  of 

8  Ualloni. 

8  OalluM. 

muiloii,. 

\£  I.  d. 

*    ..  d. 

£  1.  a. 

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1788 

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1669  3    4    4 

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1791 

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1  17    4 

1732 

1    6    8 

1    3    8k 

1798* 

— 

2  13    0 

1673  3     1     0 

1  16    5* 
3    1    5} 

1733 

1    8    4 

1    5    81 

1793 

— 

8  15    8 

1673  2    6    8 

1731 

1  18  10 

1  14    0^ 

1794 

— 

8  14    0 

1674   3    8    8 

3    1    01 

1735 

3    3    0 

1  18    2} 

I  15    3 

1795 

— 

4     1     6 

9  14   3} 

1673   3    4    8 

3  17    81 

3    0  III 

1736 

3    0    4 

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1796 

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4    0    8 

1678    1  18    0 

1  13    <ti 

1737 

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1  13    ^ 
1  11    6} 

1797 

— 

3    3    0 

1677  3    3    0 

1  17    4 

1738 

1  IS    6 

1798 

— 

2  14    0 

1678  2  19    0 

2  13    51 

1739 

1  18    6 

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1799 

— 

3  15    8 

167!> 

3    0    0 

3  13    4 

1740 

3  10    8    3    S    11 

1800 

— 

6    7    0 

16tS0 

2    5    0 

3    0    0 

1741 

3    6    8    2    15} 

1801 

— 

0    8    6 

1681 

2    6    8 

3    1    51 

1742 

1  14    0    1  10    8} 

1803 

— 

3    7    3 

16S3 

2    4    0 

1  19    l\ 

1743 

1    4  10    1    3    1 

isns 

— 

3    0    0 

1683 

3    0    0 

1  IS    q\ 

1744 

1    4  10    1    3    1 

18,14 

— 

3    9    6 

10S4 

3    4    0 

1  19    \i 

1745  1 1    7    Oil     4    5} 

1  13    1 

1805 

— 

4    8    0 

4    I    4 

1085 

3    0    8 

3    1    5* 

3    1    4^ 

1746  1  1  19    0  i  1  14    8 

1806 

— 

4    3    0 

1680 

1  14    0 

1  10    8J 

1747 

1  14  10    I  10  lU 

1807 

— 

3  18    0 

16S7 

1    5    2 

1     3    4i 

1748 

1  17    0  !  1  12  10} 

1808 

— 

3  19    3 

1688 

3    6    0 

3    0  10} 

1719 

1  17    0  '  1  12  10} 

1809 

— 

5    6    0 

16  9 

1  10    0 

1    6    8 

1730 

I   12    0  1  1     8  10} 

1810 

— 

5  12    0 

1000    1  M    8 

1  10    9} 

1751 

1  18    0    1  14    8} 

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— 

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1691    1  It    0 

:  10    2» 

17:>2  : 8    1  10    1  17    8i 

1812 

— 

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169-2  3    0    8 

8    1    ti 

1753  12    4    8    I  10    8^ 

1813 

— 

6    0    0 

16J3   3    7    8 

SOU 

1754 

1  14    8    1  10    9} 

1814 

— 

4    5    0 

169(3    4    0 

2  16  10} 

1755 

1  13  10    1  10    1 

1     1    3}  IS15  1 

— 

3  16    0 

1  17   f 

1693 '3  13    0 

2    7     li 

1  19    6}  17.i6 

2    5    2    2    0    1} 

1M16 

— 

4    2    0 

1690  3  11     0 

3    3     U 

1757 

3    0    0    2  13    4 

1817 

— 

5  16    0 

16117   3    0    0 

8  13    4 

1738 

3  10    0    2    4    !<i 

1818 

— 

4  18    0 

1698   3    8    4 

3    0    9 

175<.» 

1  19    8    1  13    3 

1819 

— 

3  18    0 

1699   3    4    0 

2  16  10} 

1760 

1  16    6    1   12    3> 

1820 

— 

3  16    0 

1700 

3    0    0 

1  15    6} 

17til 

1  10    2    1     0    i)} 

1821 

— 

3  110 

1701 

1  17    8 

1  13    5} 

176-2 

1  19    0    I  14    8 

1822 

— 

2  13    0 

1702 

1    9    6 

1     6    2} 

1703 

2    0    8    1  16     11 

1823 

— 

2  17    0 

1703 

1  16    0 

1  12    0 

1764 

2    6    8    3     1     .3}! 

1824 

— 

3  12    0 

1701 

3    6    6 

3     1     4 

1763 

2  14    0    3    8    0 

1  19    31  1815  1 

— 

4    4    0 

3  18   bt 

1705 

1  10    0 

1    6    8 

2    3  11  .1766 

3    8    6   2    3    U                 1)826  1 

— 

3  13    0 

1706 

1     6    0 

1    3    li 

1                                II 

The  Eton  Account  of  Prices  cniiinienced  in  1595;  the  acciracyof  '.he  returns  in  the  first  years  can- 
not, hnivever,  he  BO  implicitly  relied  on,  as  those  quoted  above.- -Bisho;.' Fleetwood  mid  Sir  F.  M.  Edei 
iif  ve  collected,  with  great  industry,  almost  all  th<>  existing  iiifi^rmation  respecting  ttie  state  of  prices 
In  England  diKing  the  last  six  hundred  years. 

*  From  thii  year.  Inclusive,  the  account  at  Eton  Collcfie  has  been  kept  according  to  the  ttusbel  of  I 
galloiui  under  the  provision  of  the  act  31  Geo.  3.  c.  30.  i  82. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


m 


ever  be  appreciate 

taiiccH ;  utid  it  muit, 

the  corn  dealer.— 


iw  m  GaiAT  Bai. 
c. 

)r  Market,  as  awer. 


]I,  Account  of  the  Avern^e  Prirea  of  Rritiah  Corn  per  WinrhCHler  Quarter,  In  England  and  Walei, 
■Inee  1771,  as  ascerlaiiioii  hy  the  Receiver  of  (Jiirii  Keturnt. 


Vmi.. 

WhMl. 

Rye. 

Firley 

OltL                1 

BniH.          1 

Tim. 

£ 

«. 

d. 

£ 

«. 

d. 

£ 

f. 

d. 

£    ». 

d. 

£ 

«. 

d. 

£    1.     d. 

1771 

3 

7 

3 

14 

4 

1 

5 

8 

0    16 

8 

8 

6 

1779 

3 

10 

8 

16 

8 

i 

5 

4 

0    16 

S 

10 

0 

a 

1773 

3 

11 

0 

13 

4 

"■ 

8 

4 

0    17 

3 

13 

0 

1774 

3 

13 

8 

14 

-i 

8 

6 

0    17 

10 

11 

3 

177S 

3 

8 

4 

13 

K 

i 

6 

0 

0    16 

6 

8 

8 

o 

1778 

1 

18 

3 

0 

10 

1 

0 

3 

0    15 

0 

6 

6 

8 

1777 

3 

5 

6 

8 

0 

1 

0 

6 

0    15 

8 

8 

6 

1778 

3 

3 

0 

8 

4 

1 

3 

8 

0    15 

3 

7 

8 

1779 

1 

13 

8 

3 

4 

0 

19 

6 

0    14 

0 

4 

3 

b 

1780 

1 

15 

8 

3 

3 

0 

17 

0 

0    13 

10 

3 

3 

1781 

3 

4 

8 

6 

10 

0 

17 

3 

0    13 

8 

3 

0 

■■oS 

178i 

3 

7 

10 

6 

10 

1 

3 

6 

0    IS 

3 

6 

0 

S.3 

1783 

3 

13 

8 

15 

8 

1 

10 

4 

0    19 

10 

14 

10 

£•■3 

1784 

3 

8 

10 

13 

3 

1 

7 

10 

0    18 

4 

13 

3 

M 

1785 

3 

11 

10 

8 

0 

1 

4 

0 

0    17 

3 

10 

8 

^ 

1786 

1 

18 

10 

7 

3 

1 

4 

4 

0    18 

0 

13 

3 

3 

1787 

3 

1 

3 

7 

8 

1 

3 

8 

0    16 

8 

11 

10 

u 

1788 

3 

5 

0 

7 

8 

1 

2 

0 

0    15 

8 

7 

3 

St 

1789 

3 

11 

3 

9 

10 

1 

3 

10 

0    16 

0 

7 

3 

0 

1790 

3 

13 

3 

14 

0 

1 

5 

6 

0    18 

10 

11 

0 

2 

1791 

3 

7 

3 

11 

4 

1 

S 

10 

0    18 

3 

10 

6 

1799 

3 

3 

11 

10 

8 

1 

6 

9 

0    17 

10 

11 

7 

1    12     8 

1793 

3 

8 

11 

15 

11 

1 

11 

9 

1      1 

3 

17 

6 

1    18      4 

1794 

3 

11 

8 

17 

9 

1 

13 

10 

1      3 

0 

3 

6 

2      6      8 

179S 

3 

14 

3 

8 

5 

1 

17 

8 

1      4 

9 

6 

8 

3    13      4 

1790 

3 

17 

1 

7 

0 

1 

15 

7 

1      1 

9 

18 

10 

2      3      6 

1797 

3 

13 

1 

11 

11 

1 

7 

9 

0    16 

9 

7 

6 

1    13      9 

1799 

3 

10 

3 

10 

11 

1 

9 

1 

0    19 

10 

10 

1 

1    13    11 

1799 

3 

7 

0 

3 

3 

9 

1 

16 

0 

1      7 

7 

4 

7 

3      9      2 

1800 

5 

13 

7 

3 

16 

11 

3 

0 

0 

1     19 

10 

9 

3 

3      7      5 

leoi 

S 

18 

3 

3 

19 

9 

3 

7 

0 

1    16 

6 

3 

8 

3      7      8 

1803 

3 

7 

5 

3 

3 

3 

I 

13 

1 

1      0 

7 

16 

4 

1    19      6 

1803 

3 

16 

6 

1 

14 

11 

1 

4 

10 

1      1 

3 

14 

8 

1    18      6 

1804 

3 

0 

1 

I 

17 

1 

1 

10 

4 

I      3 

9 

18 

7 

2      0    10 

1805 

4 

7 

10 

a 

14 

4 

3 

4 

8 

I      8 

0 

7 

5 

2      8      4 

1806 

3 

19 

0 

3 

7 

4 

1 

18 

6 

1       5 

8 

3 

3 

9 

3      3      6 

1807 

3 

13 

3 

3 

7 

6 

1 

18 

4 

1      8 

1 

3 

7 

3 

3    15     11 

1803 

3 

19 

0 

3 

13 

4 

3 

3 

1 

1     13 

8 

3 

0 

8 

3      6      7 

1809 

4 

15 

7 

3 

0 

9 

3 

7 

3 

1     13 

8 

3 

0 

9 

3      0      3 

1810 

S 

6 

3 

3 

19 

0 

3 

7 

11 

1      9 

4 

3 

13 

7 

3    15      9 

1811 

4 

14 

6 

3 

9 

11 

3 

I 

10 

1      7 

11 

3 

7 

10 

2     11       6 

1813 

6 

5 

6 

3 

15 

11 

3 

6 

6 

3      4 

0 

3 

13 

8 

3    13      7 

1813 

5 

8 

0 

3 

10 

7 

3 

18 

4 

1     19 

5 

3 

16 

9 

3    18      6 

1814 

3 

14 

0 

3 

4 

6 

1 

17 

4 

1      6 

6 

3 

6 

7 

3    10      0 

1815 

3 

4 

4 

1 

17 

10 

1 

10 

3 

1      3 

10 

1 

10 

1 

1    18    10 

1816 

3 

15 

10 

3 

3 

3 

1 

13 

5 

1      3 

6 

1 

18 

4 

1    18      4 

1817 

4 

14 

9 

a 

16 

6 

3 

8 

3 

1     13 

1 

2 

13 

0 

3    11      9 

1818 

4 

4 

1 

3 

14 

10 

3 

13 

6 

1     13 

11 

3 

3 

1 

3    19    11 

1819 

3 

13 

0 

3 

9 

0 

3 

6 

8 

1      9 

4 

2 

15 

5 

3    16      0 

V'i\ 


:^l   .: 


le  flrst  yenrs  can- 
iid  Sir  F.  M.  Gdea 
lie  state  of  prices 


to  the  bushel  of  I 


III.  Account  of  the  Average  Prices  of  Brltiah  Corn  per  Imperial  Quarter,  in  England  and  Wales,  since 
1820,  as  ascertained  by  the  Receiver  of  Corn  Returns. 


Tean. 

WhMl. 

Hjre. 

Darley. 

OaU. 

Beam. 

Vau. 

£ 

». 

d. 

£ 

a. 

d. 

£ 

». 

d. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

£ 

a.    d. 

1830 

3 

7 

11 

2 

3 

0 

13 

10 

1 

4 

9 

2 

3 

4 

2 

5     11 

1821 

3 

16 

3 

1 

13 

1 

6 

0 

0 

19 

0 

1 

10 

11 

I 

12     d 

1822 

3 

4 

7 

1 

0 

11 

1 

11 

0 

18 

2 

1 

4 

6 

1 

6      5 

1823 

3 

13 

9 

1 

11 

11 

11 

7 

2 

11 

1 

13 

1 

1 

15      0 

1824 

3 

4 

0 

2 

1 

5 

16 

5 

4 

10 

2 

0 

1 

2 

0      8 

1825 

3 

8 

7 

2 

3 

4 

0 

1 

5 

8 

2 

2 

10 

2 

5      5 

1826 

3 

18 

9 

3 

1 

2 

14 

5 

6 

9 

2 

4 

3 

2 

7      8 

1827 

3 

16 

9 

1 

19 

0 

16 

6 

7 

4 

2 

7 

7 

2 

7      7 

1828 

3 

0 

9 

1 

14 

2 

12 

10 

2 

6 

IS 

4 

2 

0      6 

1829 

3 

6 

3 

1 

14 

10 

12 

6 

2 

9 

16 

8 

1 

16      8 

lH.tO 

3 

4 

3 

1 

15 

10 

12 

7 

4 

5 

16 

1 

I 

19      2 

1831 

3 

6 

4 

2 

0 

0 

18 

0 

5 

4 

19 

10 

2 

1     11 

1832 

3 

IS 

8 

1 

14 

7 

13 

1 

0 

5 

15 

4 

1 

17      0 

1833 

3 

12 

11 

1 

12 

11 

7 

6 

0 

18 

5 

13 

2 

1 

10      5 

1834 

3 

6 

8 

1 

13 

9 

0 

0 

0 

11 

15 

3 

1 

19      4 

1835 

1 

19 

4 

1 

10 

4 

9 

11 

2 

0 

16 

11 

1 

16      6 

JV.  B.— The  Winchester  hushel  contains  8150-42  cubic  inches,  while  the  Imperial  bushel  contains 
2218192  cubic  inches,  being  about  one  thirty-secondth  part  larger  than  the  former.— (See  Bushel,  and 
Weiohts  and  Measures.) 

The  following  account  of  the  current  prices  of  aH  sorts  of  corn  In  the  London  market,  7th  of  October, 
IBS.t,  is  interesting,  from  its  showing  their  coniparaiive  values,  and  the  estimation  in  which  they  ura 
held  :— 

Vol.  I.— 2  U  64 


I: 


008 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


IV.— Current  Prices  of  Grain,  SeeiU,  Slc.  per  Inipuriul  Qiinrtnr.    London,  7lh  of  Octuhor,  ISM. 


Briliih. 


Whul,  Emi,  Kant,  in<t  Sulblk,  ntJ  ml     • 
<lo.  Jo.  Hhita 

tin.  do.  i)«w  r 'il    • 

(io.  do.  whita 

Norrdk  »ni  Litir  >ln«hirft,  old 
Norlhdinlwrl  iml,  Hrrwirk,  ami  Smich,  do. 
0>l>v:tV  Ailit  l.iliiL'iicIl,  whlln  aikI  rul 
(  «rk  Riirl  YdiikIuI  tin. 

Duliliii,  WAlerfonl,  And  CloiiniRl,  do. 
Ryf.  Nnv        ..... 

lUrlt y,  Kent,  F.iv>,  NnrO'lll,  ind  Sultilli,  nrw 
l.incoliiHhtrr,  aul  Yurkihire  tin. 

ii'iinnt  aud  glillJitlf  •  •  do. 

Scotch  •  • 

Mill,  l^<ri,  Norfolk,  and  SuOblk      • 
Kni<»fon  :iDd  Ware        •  • 

Oati,  .Ncrfnlk.  CanilirldKealiira,  Lincoloaliirf,  )  •.., 
and  VorkiUirt  .  .  .  ( '«" 

do.  •  •  •  -    Poland 

NorlhiinilHTlaiid,  Berwick,  aiKl  Scutch     pfita'o 
do.  ...    fred 

Devon^liin ,  and  Wnat  Country  fecil,  or  black 
Uinnlalk,    Nfwit,  ajHl  Delfail,  gnlalo,   i\i.  In 
22i.  «d.  ....    feed 

Limerick.  SItgo,  and  Westport,  ■    fcrd 

do.         ....    uoiato 

Cork,  \V.ilerford,  Dul.lin,  I  blick 
Vi)U^h.tl,and  Ci3umel    jwhito 
Galway   ..-..• 
Beam,  tick,  new         ..... 

old  ..... 

h.irro\v  and  iinati,  nexr  •  ■  . 

do  old  ... 

rria,  boiling    ...... 

hog,  grey,  and  maple     .  •  .  . 

Tarta    ....... 

Flour,  English,  per  a.ick  of  2S0  Iba.    • 

do.       flne        do.    .... 

Scotch  and  North  Couutnr 

Iri»h 

Uuaeed,  crushing,  per  quarter 
■owinjr,        do.        . 

cake,  pnr  1,000  of  3  Ibi.  nrh.  IIL  to  IK.  Ida. 
CloTcneed,  old  Eiisliih  white,  per  cwt. 

do.        red         do.  .  . 

foreign  white     do.  * 

=       -=  do.       red  do. 

n«w  Knf lish  white,  do.  .  > 

do.  red      do. 

Trefoil,  new     •  .  •     do.  .  ■ 

K-ip^m-e-l,  cruahin^,  new,  per  latt,  22/.  to  25/. 
c.iki',  per  ton,  4t.  lOf.  to  M. 


foralin. 


Wheat,    IHntfie   al^l    Konigttwrg,   flneat 
hifh  inii») 
do.  Koo'l  ntiavd    • 
do.  rnl  mixed      *  .  * 

Nleltin       .... 
Diniih      .... 
Ihiuliiir^  and  Pomeraniaji 
/>-:>hiid  and  Urabaiil 
n  lfl«a,  loft  ■  .  • 

Riica,    IVtenburih,    and    Lleliau, 

«ofl       .... 
Arclianjrl 

'I'lwcan,  red        •  .  " 

Ciiitada     .... 
.S|>^iniih,  anfl 

Ruck  or  braiik     ... 
Fndlaii  corn  .... 

Kye,  Baliic,  dried 

do.       undrled 
Eirley,  Hamliiirxh,  Danlair,  KonlgiLerg, 
and  liijca,  malting 
Hit.  (rrilldini         ... 
llmKh    do.        ... 
Oala,  nii'oji  brew  and  thick 

l)aiii*h         .... 
KrirNlaiid  brew  and  thick   > 
llu«,i.iu       .... 
Beans  tick  .... 

Mlllll  .... 

Mrilildrrai.ean       •  . 

Peai,  white,  boiling  .  . 

Srt'y  or  bog 
Tircn,  (duly  10».) 

Flour,  I).inl7.ic,  per  barrel  .  > 

Auicrican,  aour  do.  •      ■    > 

do.        aweat,  do. 


Free 
I'rr  IJr. 

I.        f. 

fiS  to  G'l 

'«  -  w 
.'>i  —  iU 
0-0 
0-0 

52  -  m 

0-  » 
46-49 

Jfi  —  JH 

nK  —  10 

/>S  —  t<(l 

.W  —  III 

■H  —  Hi 

32  —  .1-1 

ii  —  ue 
JO-  at 
ai  -  82 

0-    0 

0  —  n 
0-0 
21  -  22 
16  -  Ml 
20  —  21 
21)  -  Jl 
32  —  M 
0—0 
0-0 
42  -  4-1 
0-0 
0-0 
0-0 
0-0 
0-0 


In  Bond. 
IVr  ()r, 

»,     ». 

19  to  SO 

til  -  n 
111-40 
0-    0 

27  —  :ii 

0-  0 
0-    0 

0-  0 
0-  0 
0-    0 

4-.  -  :■) 

0-0 
0-  0 
0-  0 
0-  5 
22-24 

0-  n 

0-    0 

0  -  n  I 

14-  10  I 
II  -  I.' 

0-  0 ! 

0-  0  ' 
52  -  0  1 
2il  -  il  , 
0-  0  I 
aj  -  3->  I 
0-  0  I 
0—  0  I 
0  —  D  I 
21  -21  I 
2J  -  ^  , 


Linved,  RiiMian,  cruihiog  (duty  If.  per  quarter), 
peniuarter        ..... 
do.        ifiwinjr,  per  barrel     •  « 

Meflitt-rrannn,  |,er  quarter 
Rapeieed  (duty  If.  per  qr,),  cr'.ahing,  new,  per 
qinrter  ..... 

l.iiiBwd  oke  ('liilv  2ti.  per  cwt ),  per  ton 
K.t)>R  rake  (duty  2(/.  per  cwt.),  do.  •  . 

Cloveiieed,  re.«l  (duly  20i.  per  cwt.),  per  'on 
while  (duty  20f.  per  cwt.)  do. 


L.  I.      L.  I. 


2    8 


0  to   2 
0-    0 


!2  0-tl 
7  0—8 
4  10  —  4 
2  10-  3 
2  12-    3 


-Account  of  the  Quantit  y  of  Wheat  and  Wheat  Flour  exported,  and  of  Foreign  Wheat  and  Wheat 
Flour  imported,  in  the  foilowiiig  Years  (Winchester  MeaBiiri;). 


Tean. 

Wheal  and 

Flour 
cxjiorled. 

Foreign 
Wheal  and 

Flour 
imported. 

Yeara. 

Wheat  .ind 

Flour 
exporled. 

Foreign 
Wheit  and 

Flour 
import  tnl. 

Yean. 

Wheal  and 

Flour 
eiporlej. 

Foreign 
Wheat  and 

Flour 
inqiorlid. 

F.n«Und. 

(?rt. 

(Jr.. 

England. 

<?r.. 

«"■ 

01.  Britain. 

<?r.. 

Qr.. 

ItiHT 

14,609 

400 

17.32 

202,0.58 

1786 

164,939 

11,02(1 

Ifi'H 

6,8.57 

845 

1733 

427,199 

7 

1787 

9,071 

497,™.-; 

ifimi 

557 

486 

1734 

498,196 

6 

1788 

7,4.33 

319,288 

i:o() 

49,058 

9 

1735 

1.53,343 

9 

1769 

49,892 

4,378 

nni 

98,324 

1 

1736 

118,170 

16 

1770 

75,449 

31 

1702 

90,2,30 

1737 

461,802 

38 

1771 

10,089 

2,510 

1703 

10(1,81 5 

SO 

17.38 

580,596 

2 

1772 

6,959 

2.5.1-4 

1704 

90.,?13 

2 

1739 

279,542 

5,423 

1773 

7,6,37 

,5fi.8.-|7 

1705 

96.185 

1740 

54,39(1 

7,51)8 

1774 

15,928 

289,149 

1708 

188,.332 

77 

1741 

49,417 

40 

1775 

91.037 

5(;0.0S8 

1707 

74,155 

1742 

293,260 

1 

1776 

210,864 

20..578 

170S 

83,406 

89 

1743 

.371,431 

2 

1777 

87.886 

23:1.323 

1700 

169.680 

I, .5.52 

174  4 

231,984 

2 

17-S 

It  1.070 

100.:-!ll 

1710 

13.021 

400 

1745 

321,8.39 

6 

1779 

222.261 

6,0;i9 

1711 

76,919 

1746 

130,8!6 

1780 

22-1.059 

3,915 

171? 

145.191 

1747 

2(;0,907 

1781 

103,021 

159.81)8 

1713 

178,227 

1748 

543,387 

385 

1782 

14.5,1.52 

80,8!'5 

1714 

174,821 

16 

1749 

629,049 

382 

1783 

51,9^3 

581,183 

1715 

108,490 

1750 

917,802 

279 

1781 

8il.288 

218,1117 

1710 

71.928 

1751 

681,416 

3 

1785 

132,885 

110,803 

1717 

22,954 

1752 

429.279 

1788 

205, 188 

51,-i83 

1718 

71,800 

1753 

299.609 

1787 

120,5.38 

59,339 

1719 

127,762 

20 

1754 

356,270 

201 

1788 

82,971 

118,710 

1720 

83,084 

01.  Biiiain. 

1789 

140.014 

11 VM 

17v>l 

81,633 

17.55 

237,488 

1790 

30,892 

2-22,557 

\-n 

178,880 

1756 

102,7.52 

5 

1791 

70,(;26 

4(19,0.':8 

1723 

l.'>7,720 

17.57 

11. .545 

141,.582 

1792 

200.278 

822.117 

1724 

215,885 

148 

17.58 

9,234 

20,353 

17113 

76,829 

4iK),3!18 

172.-, 

201,413 

12 

17.- 9 

227.611 

182 

1794 

l.-iri.OIS 

327,9(12 

1720 

112,183 

1 71.0 

.3(1.3,814 

3 

17115 

IS.S.^Q 

313.793 

17 '^7 

.30,315 

1781 

4ll.9f.6 

1790 

21,879 

879,2n()   1 

1728 

.3,817 

71, .574 

1782 

2<C),;)85 

.58 

1797 

51.525 

•t8i,';ii7 

172!l 

18,993 

40,315 

1763 

42!),.538 

72 

1798 

.511,782 

39IS72I   1 

17,10 

9.3.971 

76 

1764 

31-6.857 

1 

I7H9 

i'9.:iti2 

483,185 
1,204,521) 

1731 

130,025 

4 

1765 

187,126 

101,547 

1800 

22,013 

CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


807 


of  Oct()l)(.r,  \s:x 


r 

rft 

In  BonJ. 

Wr. 

IVr  (|r. 

1. 

r 

f.       1 

m 

0  U 

19  lo  50 

-  w 

41)  —  -i^ 

.',i 

-  4(J 

Ld  _  40 

-    0 

n-  II 

-    (1 

27  _  ;.i 

M  - 

-  5« 

0-0 

<I6. 

-    V 
-4« 

0-   0 
2i-27 

•IS  - 

-  41 

0-0 

rw  - 

-  40 

0—0 

-  1,0 

0-0 

,w  - 

-  lil 

4'i  -  SI 

VI  - 

-  Hi 

0-0 

M  - 

-iU 

0-   0 

■it  - 

-  a« 

0-  I 

ao  - 

-  .Ii 

0  -    ■) 

31  - 

-iU 

22-ii 

(i 

0  - 

•    0 

0-    0 

1)  - 

-   n 

0-    0 

0  - 

-    0 

31  - 

a 

14  -  ir,  1 

18  - 

III 

11  -|.  1 

«0- 

■  21 

ai)  - 

i\ 

0  _    0  ' 

32  - 

a 

S2-    0  1 

0 

ai  -  24  ; 

II 

0  -    0  i 

4;  - 

r. 

32  -  31  1 

0  — 

0 

0-0 

0  — 

0 

0-0  1 

0  - 

0 

0-  ol 

0  - 

u 

21  -  21  1 

0  — 

0 

23-2* 

I:     1,           I.     ,, 

ttirtfr), 

2    0  lo   2   8  1 

• 

0    0  -    0   (J  1 

- 

2    8-2  1.' 

V,  p«r 

Ii  n-u  0 1 

• 

7  n-  sol 

• 

4  10-    J  Ii  ■ 

m     • 

2  10  -    3   6  ! 

a  iJ  -  3 10 

Wheat 

and  Wheat 

Mt  anil 

Jmna 

our 

Whrat  .ind 

ori«<l. 

Flour 

inijiorlc'I, 

Ir». 

Qr<.         ! 

,98!) 

11,020 

,071 

497,<H),; 

,433 

31!»,2H8 

,8»2 

4,378 

,419 

.31 

,0(59 

2,510 

,030 

2.',.I74 

,637 

.'ifi,8.-)7 

,f.as 

2K9,149 

.0.17 

5(:0.(kS8 

,004 

20,578 

fm 

233.32.3 

070 

lOO.Iilll 

261 

5,039 

059 

.3,915 

021 

15»,H{)6 

1,52 

80,li!'5 

013 

581,183 

2f-8 

21ft,iU7 

6S5 

110,803 

Ififi 

51,!«3 

5.30 

.')9..33il 

'J71 

1 18,710 

014 

11!,«0 

M12 

2-22.557 

(:26 

4(iO,0."fi 

278 

623,117 

<m 

4!KI,3<I8 

O-IH 

327,9(r2 

8.39 

313.793 

>79 

879,'2n0   ] 

5'.!5 

41)1,707   1 

;S2 

3!>f*,721    1 

^02 

463,185  1 

913 

1,204,520 

VI— Aceaiint  ipfriryiiiK  thn  Totnl  QiiuiitltifH  of  nil  Bortu  of  fJrnln  Impnrtnil  Into  Oroal  Drilnin,  from 

iliireri'iit  Ciiiiiitrii-ii,  In  I'lii  li  Vrar,  rrmii  ItOI  to  1825,  Imllt  incliihlvi' ;  the  Avi'mrc  ((iiHiilily  nf  nil 
Hurts  111' (iriln,  iiiiil  lliu  Avitmhi-  (Iniiiiilly  nt'iiiirli  |iiirllriiliir  H|ii'i'iuii  iil'(irulii,a»  Wliuiit,  Kyii,  lliir> 
juy,  &c,,liiipiirlu(l  III  uacli  of  lliu  ubuve  Ycura,  IrDiii  t-ucti  iliU'ertiiit  IJoiiiitry,  hi  VVlnit|ic-»tur  Uiinrturii. 


lem. 

Riwla. 

.Sua  liD 

Mllil 

Niinvay 

nmk. 

Triuilt, 

Orr- 
suny. 

Ni-llier- 
Itnitl, 

Fmnre 

ami 
.Snuhiif 
Eun)pa. 

,SI»li«  ol 

Amvncit. 

nntiih 

Nnrtli 

Allivrir:)!) 

C'lluillCB. 

Olh.T 

r..ni<„ 

1  '»iiiiiii-i, 

l.ol  M.iii 

.ml  I'rixt 

lorn. 

10,071 

lit  1  mil. 

1801 

201,630  20,.373 

7,688 

66.3,584  099,310  351,330 

3,323 

.372,151 

67,781 

900 

1802 

12,870  10,061 

8,882 

.377,98-11  151,303   103,191 

8,038 

80,N20 

73,172 

856 

407,1107 

1803 

16.448|       540 

8,019 

171,001    101,1171    8I,7.'.8 

1,.503 

109,8,-12 

43,345 

l,7i. 

313,518 

1801 

8,215,  1«,()3I 

31,029 

531,304  138,810'  170,W7 

108 

4,351 

81,21 1 

4,5Ti; 

310,9  8 

180S 

173,871,  25,839 

6'2,8.37 

702,60.'-.   126,1101    72,516 

9,791 

1.3,175 

8,250 

8,.51l 

30li.9-23 

1801) 

57,116 

— 

10,284 

90,040]  108,581 1    89,949 

3,790 

79,906 

9,801 

5.61j 

4tiii,9l7 

1807 

0,183 

110 

74,019 

32,8««i  111,537,  237,523 

.32,113 

250,866 

87,093 

l^.WKi 

4li3.:(IO 

1808 

3,604 

195 

1,800 

— 

29,998  i    18,137 

11.7.30 

13,-206 

81,500 

i-2,aji; 

0.56.770 

180!) 

14,089 

2,318 

9,027 

3,016 

109,6'i5' 388,-582 

30,818 

172.878 

23,737 

20,84^ 

9.-13,058 

1810 

06,860  87,1'fll 

1,32,287 

316,221 

353,175,436,886 

8-ll,3|ij 

98,361 

85,938     28,405 

032.8  IU 

ISll 

4«,597|  40,391 

45,127 

97,880 

8,429       — 

5,167 

18,097 

4i0      15,1)34 

4;(0,lr9 

1812 

128,437!  14,019 

62,302 

9,003 

619             2 

461 

11, .52 1 

93,774 

17,970 

(i00.-208 

1813 

04,938  71,629 

68,872 

133,(H)7 

123,156       — 

— 

1,093 

1 

10,112 

917.104 

IHIt 

9,760,  30,B2« 

18,3.'.fl 

180,241 

11»,>-61  420,009 

170,50*1 

2 

3 

7,470 

812,-.05 

1815 

1,443 

620 

0,2.')0 

10,438 

35,279  1.35,778 

79,031 

45,58ti 

25 

6,Mi0 

821,192 

1810 

21,198 

600 

14,874 

91,791 

54,157' 118,018 

1,189 

7,200 

3 

4,077 

873,865 

1817 

405,933 

1,166 

149,012 

41I,)M7 

2.5.3,103  191,141 

.3:  ,372 

310,304 

25.870 

8,016 

699,809 

1818 

670,793 

2,4;Vi 

342,213 

829,646 

571,801(701,874 

U-2, 891 

187,.570 

50,017 

8,710 

1,207,>5I 

1819 

543,551 

9,255 

123,638 

3-23,350:  •2.1,5,1170  193,0-29,218,215 

47,6.51 

14,2.57 

0,484 

907,861 

1820 

372,100 

13,492 

1 17,595 

356,288  818,711;    78,813 

12,917 

91,098 

40,89H 

9.,'<69  1,4 17,1  VO 

1821 

28,443 

— 

80,778 

30,258    51,5101    19,964 

102 

3»,I88 

40,910 

12,103  1,''22,810 

1822 

32,010 

— 

15,045 

28,745     81, ,528       3,021 

741 

6,212,    33,4;i9 
4,217          209 

5,000' l,0(i3,089 

IS'23 

14,568 

— 

6,148 

8,743      4,635       3,890 

103 

10,303  1,528,1,53 

1S24 

14,500 

2,858 

100,99,8 

76,780  231,430  i32,lt«) 

1,395 

.33,8721         891 

9,154  1,6,-14,024 

1825 

20,803 

4,28J 

318,282 

217,830  372,839i    63,954 

499 

12,903,    05,059 

l3,-2-27 

2,203,91)2 

Annual     "I 

averaite  of  1 
llieabnvo  ) 

117,902 

14,397 

67,&n 

388,584 

171,103  158,078 

37,932 

80,718    25,627 

10,363 

663,008 

•2J  years    J 
Animal     1 

.ivprayeofl 
ditto  for     [ 

53,377 

9,576 

18,324 

137,359 

58,103 

5«,817 

34,649 

74,031 

24,863 

4,636 

187,438 

wheat       J 
Do.  rye 

9,008 

9S0 

1,123 

5,(589 

.5,189 

1,0!)0 

293 

8,341 

^ 

1,438 

253 

Do.  barley 

7,112 

987 

18,808 

18,718 

81,8.39 

0,500 

1,097 

311         51 

8,191 

33,.331 

Uii.  oata 

46,052 

8,446 

30,673 

39,809 

73,838 

84,369 

1.953 

3            1 

1,703 

639,857 

Do.  peas    \ 
mill  heans  ) 

785 

428 

823 

7,609 

T,I44 

5,803 

9,124 

201         697 

151 

4,982 

Do. Indian  ) 
corn          3 

8 

— 

97 

— 

— 

— 

816 

4,029;          15 

41 

167 

VII.— Account  of  the  Imports  Into  Great  Dritnin  of  all  Descriptioni  of  Foreiun  Corn  in  1831 ;  spprify- 
iiig  the  Uiiuntries  wliencti  tliey  wore  imported,  and  tliu  Quantities  brou|;lit  from  each.— Pur/.  Payer, 
Nu.  426.  Sese.  1838.) 


Countries  from  which 
iuiporled. 

Bsrley  .ind 
llarlry 
Meal. 

Beam. 

Imlian 

Com  anil 

Meal. 

Gall  and 
Ualnw.l. 

Pea. 

Rve  and 
Hvo 
Mi'ial. 

Wheal  anJ 
Wheat 
Flour. 

niick 
Wl)e.il, 

Total. 

Qr.f.  ItL 

Qri.  111. 

Qr:  iu. 

Ort.  bu. 

Qrl.  Ini. 

Qrt.  hi. 

Qri.  tu.  Qrt.  lu. 

Q,>.  bu 

Russia     ... 

42,.^682 

— 

3166 

369,608  1 

6,3727;53,9I15 

464,584  1 

20 

937,363  6 

Sweden  ... 

1,7187 

— 

— 

20,f;63  5 

313 

60  0 

712 



2'2,51S7 

Denmark 

11,5.6581 

1,209  4 

— 

06,096  5 

2.667  2 

5,832  2 

55.967  0 



278,421  4 

il'msfU    ... 

60,778  6 

1,1.57  5 

— 

70.115  4 

.3.5,211  01  IN.447  3 

29l>,2^6  5 



4>l,iHI0  7 

Oi!rniany 

116,928  3 

7,6614 

— 

31,450  1 

13,9fi27 

7.103  5 

2I8.,507  4 

01 

.■;95,617  1 

The  Nelherlanda*   . 

12,284  0 

7,070  3 

— 

15,226  0 

4710 

4,205  2 

:!0.'2I9  4 

60,506  1 

Franco    ... 

18,737  7 

1,454  0 

17,6933 

7,936  0 

122  5 

1.37  4 

103,71  0  5'6,691  4 

156,673  3 

The  Azores     - 

— 

04 

2,649  3 

— 

— 

22  2 



2.672  1 

Spain      ... 

9,318  3 

04 

1.698  3 

.30  0 

44 

— 

151,071  1 

— 

158,6-23  1 

—  the  Canary  Isl. 

4186 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1,082  4 

— 

1,501  2 

Italy 

3,003  1 

3,691  4 

47  6 

10 

— 

— 

2,53,'29j  5 

— 

200,039  0 

.Malta      - 

— 

1,031  3 

— 

— 

— 

13,339  7 

— 

14,371  2 

Ionian  Islands 

— 

— 

— 

. 

— 

219  3 

— 

219  3 

Turkey    ... 

6210 

01 

— 



02 

— 

6,215  4 

— 

6,X39  7 

Cape  (ifGood  Hope 

10 

— 

— 

10 

— 

— 

2,183  4 

— 

9,185  4 

lU'iritius 

_ 

— . 

_ 

*_ 

_ 

— 

06 

,... 

06 

East  India   Compa- 

ny's lerritorifB 

131 

— 

— 

— 

136  0 

— 

5,490  4 

— 

5,011  5 

\an  Diemaii's  I.iind 

» 

.— 

— 

« 

_. 

— 

43  5 

— 

45  5 

British  North  Aiiieri- 

ciin  cnloiiies  - 

2103 

— 

04 

6,902  6 

4610 

236  0 

218,327  2 

— 

220.106  3 

British  West  Indies 

— 

— 

04 

— 

01 

— 

3  4 

— 

4  I 

U.  Slates  of  America 

— 

01 

29,193  3 

599  4 

— 

1,887  3 

463,418  7 

— 

488,101  2 

(3iilland  Peru 

.~— 

— 

— 

_ 

— . 

». 

140  7 

... 

HO  7 

Isles  of  Riiern-")  58 

1,1882 

— 

— 

— 

925 

— 

9,242  1 

— 

10,4t3  0 

3py,Jersey,Al-  Vj^ 

derneyJtManJiSo. 

5,498  6 

18  5 

— 

2,831  2 

220 

— 

14,265  5 

— 

82,636  2 

Total    . 

381,922  0;2.3,.388  0 

41.702  1 

622,361  4 

59,559  2,91,819  4 

2,311,362  2 

G,r.035, 3,541. 8090 

l    n 


'm 


m 


SOS 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Vni.  AnnunI  Import!  of  Cnrn,  Flour, 

■  11(1  M»nl,  nrnm  Irelnnrf  intoareat  Brllnln,  f Inn  IIOT. 

Wh<i.>l  aiKl 

Barloy  miU 

Oil!  •lid 

1 

Ywrt. 

Wh.  «l  »'l„ur 

R>rlrr  M.-al. 

»»•. 

dalnioil. 

Cnro. 

Bmm.      1       Pmu. 

Tnl.l. 

mn 

49,111  fr«. 

'a.nvi  qr4. 

431  f  r« 

389.649  «r«. 



9,167  <ir«. 

463.4nfi,i,.. 

IH(H 

43,107 

30,386 

973 

979,974 

_ 

8,140 

(I'll)  7', 0      ■ 

IW»9 

«'*.134 

I0,61» 

435 

849,783 

_ 

3,708 

9n.'l  638 

iNin 

VnMU 

8,331 

30 

493,331 

lOfrf, 

3,797 

I'.'t'i  HI9 

l»lll 

147, J07 

8,713 

31 

973,757 

4,131 

4:10  is<i 

INI'J 

100,813 

43,863 

178 

390,996 

_ 

9,059 

OOO.'jfiS       ' 

IHI3 

3I7,4M 

63,560 

490 

691.408 

_ 

4,.3.13 

1)77  |().|       1 

INt4 

33.\«3I 

16,779 

4 

964,010 

^ 

6,191 

819  N03       1 

1813 

18U,3W 

37,108 

307 

9«7,9.T7 

.. 

6,7U6 

891,198       ' 

itlti 

131, A31 

m,v>* 

43 

683,714 

^ 

6,993 

KTS.^fiS       1 

IMI7 

stf.im 

36,766 

614 

611,117 



8.987 

n',IU,MHI       1 

IHIH 

108,330 

33,387 

4 

1,069.389 



4,814 

1,9((7,83|        ' 

INI» 

1A4,II31 

30,311 

3 

789,613 

«. 

3,904 

Mi'  m\        'i 

IH-20 

401,717 

S7,00S 

131 

016,350 

1 

8,803 

I,4l7il20       1 

1891 

400,700 

83,884 

990 

1,169,949 

_ 

7,433 

l,h'.i9,M|(t       ! 

IBti'i 

463,004 

33,333 

353 

969,937 

— 

7,963 

I,IM3,UNI 

IHtU 

4()i  1,068 

10,374 

198 

1,103,487 

_ 

6,196 

l,39H,l.'i3 

1821 

336, 108 

49,879 

113 

l,S9.3,0h.» 



6,.347 

I,li3 1,094 

IRM 

3tW,OI8 

163,0^3 

890 

1,690,896 

— 

19,786 

9,303,9ft3 

1836 

3I4,M1 

6t,88) 

77 

1,303,734 

— 

7,l«0flr*. 

l,499vr». 

l.«W9,h9 

1837 

403,3jS 

67,701 

3.36 

1,313,967 

1,799 

10,037 

1,:)79 

l.'''Jll,T43 

I8i8 

633,384 

81,904 

1,494 

9,073,631 

380 

7,068 

4,014 

9,N9(I,I33 

1839 

SIU,103 

07,110 

.'M)8 

1.673,698 

30 

10,414 

4,503 

9,.1(),'i,H0fl 

1830 

98i»,7l7 

189,74* 

414 

1,471,9.33 

38 

19,033 

8,5-20 

2,919,729 

1831 

537,590 

183,409 

919 

1,655,034 

963 

19,039 

4,b63 

9,410,613 

1833 

573,M6 

133,068 

9M 

l,8U0,.39i 

S,0.T7 

14,319 

1,916 

9,(103,7.14 

1833 

844,201 

107,519 

167 

1,763,519 

117 

10,103 

9,613 

^,736,981 

1834 

770,304 

317,568 

9S3 

1,747,910 

74 

8,770 

9,176 

3,766,983 

I83S 

661,776 

156,176 

614 

1,833,766 

— 

)4,834 

3,'M7 

i.(>69,OI3 

IX.  Account  of  the  FnrRien  Hnd  Oolnnlnl  Corn,  Flonr,  and  Meal,  tnlindfor  Home  Contumpthji  In  the 
United  KliiKifiiin  Hiiici!  1M15;  RiiocilyiiiK  the  tiitiil  Amount  of  Duty  ren«lv«d  thfreoii,  nnd  the  Riitui 
of  Duty  5  In  Imperial  Quarteri.— (,4;ipeii(/ix  toteeunii  JlerktiUural  Heporl  of  18.16,  p.  989.) 


i 

Corn,  kc  entered  tor  Ilume  Coonimplioii,  Imperial  ((uirten. 

Duty  re- 
celnd. 

Total. 

ATtra(>!  nilei  of  Duly  per  Imp.  (Juarier,            | 

Wheat 

\ni 
Flour. 

narley 
-ind 
Meal, 

"XJ     'oiliand 

IndhD 
Corn. 

Bauii 
•nd 
Peu. 

Total. 

Wheat. 

Bariey. 

Ryfc 

Oata. 

Indian 
Corn. 

1.    rfT 

Bnni 

IDd 

Fell. 

1 

L. 

<.    i. 

«,    i. 

«.    d. 

i.    d. 

«,   i. 

mi.^ 

^ 

160 

I4»i          214 

.. 

1 

523 

ISI6 

K-.,JST  M.gia 

10,259      76.29< 

.. 

^ 

328,734 

Itll? 

1,020  !M!l:  133,438 

132,227 

473,813 

151 

17,123 

1,777,706 

IKI8 

l,:>»3,-,IB 

6;iS,ti21 

79,221 

990,947 

1,411 

ITT.MO 

3,538,568 

IHIU 

122,131 

3C4.0H 

17,299 

623,915 

26,73! 

199,716 

1,2\3,4OT 

IHJO 

H2T4 

— 

— 

726,844 

— . 

3 

761,125 

tS2l 

2 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2 

12,137 

_ 

_ 

_ 

,. 

^ 

12,137 

10,310 

16  IIS-4 

iixi 

1V77 
521^31 

39,1«S 

— 

619,340 

1,24! 

,*. 

675,629 

176,383 

II  111-2 

9  63^ 

^ 

4  93-4 

9   I 

IW\ 

»70,6:9 

9,412 

15 

91 

30,787 

8311.225 

296,121 

8    614 

4  4  3-4 

6  6 

4  0 

4  10 

6  'ilM 

\*i» 

315,aW 

312.61 1 

87,241 

1,185.214 

6,222 

IM.SfM  2,007,104 

442,595 

II    33-4 

3   2t-4 

2  91-4 

2  9 

311 

3  5      ' 

1N27 

572,731 

iM,m 

21,1-87  1,831,248;  145,-42 

l;>7.8-,|.2.as6.S5J 

792,934  21     4  I.4 

1    0 

6  2 

1    3  3-4 

2   9  1-2 

2  8    1 

lr<2N 

S4>,(riO 

217,54i         4«9;      l4,37-( 

22,747 

1 19, 7«2i  1,216,987 

188,4121   1     91-4 

5    1 

3  a 

8   0  1-2 

2  4  M 

8  2M' 

IWM 

l,3f.4,220 

»2,40fl     65,331      192,890 

22,(l!)8 

96.5 14!  1,944,049 

(•o.Awi  9    234 

9  0  3-4 

2  1 1-2 

11    134 

9   7|.| 

III  8     ; 

lOU 

l,70l,C8'i 

iiJ,107     111,121     900,31S 

4,I0( 

63,644|2.T41,17e 

79S,O0Oi  6    41-2 

9   5  3-4 

12  6 

4   2  3-4 

12   7  1.2 

7   8W 

iirii 

1,431,631 

.122,709     66,Hes     KM  20 

61,4»- 

K),444  2,56H,983 

555,1581  4    8 

1    7 

2   73.4 

7    3  1-4 

1   2.1-1 

5  10  1.2: 

[Kil 

325,433 

72,lili3           61         St,»63 

1,024 

21,181 

42n,229 

309,676,16    2 

9  61-2 

17   0  1-2 

2    614 

9  4  1-2 

in  4    i 

IKM 

S2,3W 

1,20s             1            978 

I 

24.077 

108.6141     36,419'  5    6 

13  It 

20  0 

6  10 

16   8 

10  41-3 

im 

64,653 

11,031           St       .65,623 

207 

10i!,080 

233,4121     99,3701  5    7 

13   7 

-M  II 

10    1 

2  8 

9   1 

INS 

2<j,4l3 

137  J74             3     17«,I42 

1,430 

94,540 

437,902:  236,692    5    6 

13   5 

26   8 

10   2 

12   4 

9  9 

It  appears,  from  No.  IX.  of  the  preceding  accounts,  that  in  1828,  842,0(10  quarters  of 
wheat  wcru  entered  for  home  conflumption,  at  an  average  duty  of  only  ^s.  9\d.  per  quarter! 
In  1839  tlie  iinporU  were  1,!)64,000  quarters,  and  the  duty  9.«.  2jr/.  In  1830  the 
imports  roue  to  1,702,000  quarters,  and  the  duty  fell  to  6».  4^*/. ;  and  in  1831  the  importu 
were  1,491,000  quarters,  and  the  duty  An.  8rf.  Hud  the  duty  been  a  constant  one  of  6,v.  or 
7,«.,  the  interests  of  all  parties  would  have  been  materially  promoted.  But  there  are 
obviously  very  slender  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  quantity  imported  would  have  been 
considerably  increased  ;  for  though  the  present  system  of  duties  frequently  checks  importa- 
tion for  a  lengthened  period,  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  when  prices  rise,  and  the  ilntics  are 
'  reduced,  every  bushel  in  the  warehouses  is  immediately  entered  for  home  con8imi[)tii)ii ;  anil 
the  chance,  which  is  every  now  and  then  occurring,  of  getting  grain  entered  under  the 
nominal  duty  of  1«.,  probably  tempts  the  merchants  to  speculate  more  largely,  though  at  a 
greater  risk  to  themselves,  than  they  would  do  under  a  dilferent  system.  A  moderate  duty, 
accompanied  by  an  equal  drawback,  besides  giving  a  greater  degree  of  security  tft  the  corn 
trade,  would,  in  this  respect,  be  particularly  beneficial  to  the  farmer.  Under  the  present 
fiystem  it  is  not  possible  to  foretell,  with  any  thing  approaching  to  accuracy,  what  may  he 
the  range  of  prices  during  any  future  periotl,  however  near :  so  that  the  trade  of  a  farmer, 
which  is  naturally  one  of  the  most  stable,  has  been  rendered  almost  a  species  of  gambling. 
But  were  the  ports  always  open  under  the  plan  previously  suggested,  every  one  would  bo 
aware  that  variations  of  price  would  be  confined  within  comparatively  narrow  limits :  and 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


600 


rllnln.ilnealgOT. 


ff. 


Trtnl. 


S3?r*. 

r3 

14 

113 
20 
93 

0 
15 

6 


4«3, 

(r,f, 
»?;) 

4:hi, 

0(XI, 

mi. 

Ml, 

tllM), 
1,3«7 

WiT, 
1,117 

1.S3H, 

l.r>3i 

8,50,1, 

\.im 

3,N2( 

'•J,.'«),'] 

2,4111 
2,fl05 
S,73fl 

a,:oft 

3,M!U 


,40«»ri 
,7-,  (I 

fim 

,HIU 
,IW 
,'MH 
,I0.| 
,H()3 
,IUS 
,MiJ 
.WW 

,ail 

,H(1| 
,l!10 
,H|tt 
,0M) 
,l.',3 
,031 
l,W13 

!.b» 

1.743 
1.1.^ 
i.hOfl 
29 
l,tM3 
i,7.1» 
.•Ml 
i.DHS 
,01,1 


i<  Coniumptian  In  the 
^renii,  niid  Hit;  Riitui 
16,  p.  382.) 


p«r  Imp.  (tuiner. 


t.    <<. 


4  93^ 

4  0 

■t  a 

I  3  3-4 

8  0  l-i, 

1  134 
4  2  3-4 
7  3  14 

2  614 
6  10 

0  I 

0  3 


InHi&n 
Corn. 


Bnni 
«Dd 
Fell. 


4  10 
3  11 

2  9  1-2 

3  4m 
9   7  |.| 

12   7  1.2 

1  ia-i 

9  4|.J 

l(i  8 

2  8 
12  4 


6  r<Ui 

3   i      > 

let 

H   2M' 
III  8      : 

7  fU 

!i  10 1.;: 
in  4    I 

10  4|.2| 
9    I 
9  9     I 


42,0()0  quarters  of 
9id.  per  quartrr! 
/.  In  1830  the 
1831  the  imports 
tant  one  of  6.».  or 
But  there  are 
woulil  have  been 
,y  ehi'cks  imiiorla- 
ind  thi'  duties  are 
;on8unipti()ii ;  and 
entered  under  the 
irgoly,  tliougit  at  a 
A  moderate  duty, 
lurity  t6  the  eorn 
Jndcr  the  present 
icy,  what  may  he 
;rade  of  a  farmer, 
icies  of  gambling, 
ery  one  would  be 
irrow  limits:  and 


tltt  bniineM  of  farming  would  acquire  that  Mcurity,  of  which  it  ia,  at  prtient,  ao  completely 

daatilule,  and  which  ia  ao  indiH|i«t)aabl«  to  ita  aucc49«a. 

IV.  FoRaioM  Con*  Tiadi. 

Pn/i.«A  Com  Trade.  —  Dantaio  ia  the  port  whenra  we  hare  alwaya  been  aRcust>imml  tt 
import  the  largest  auppliea  of  corn  ;  and  it  would  seem  fully  eatabliHhed  by  the  data  collected 
by  Mr.  Jacob,  in  hia  toura,  that  28.4.  or  30a,  a  quarter  ia  the  lowest  price  f(>r  which  any  con- 
tiderable  quantity  of  wheat  for  exportation  can  be  |)crmanently  rained  in  the  corn-p[rowing 
provincoi  in  the  vicinity  of  VVamaw  :  ita  minimum  coMt  price,  whun  brought  to  Lomlon, 
itxording  to  the  data  furniahed  by  Mr.  Jacob,  would  be  as  under:  — 

roft  of  wheat  at  Warsaw,  per  qunrler    -•....• 

(,'iinveynncK  to  itia  Iraats,  and  charies  (br  loadlni  and  slowlnf,  and  aeciirlng  It  hy  mats 
Freight  to  Unnlzic  ......... 

|,iiii<  nn  Ihii  jiiisiiniie  liy  pltfi'rlng,  and  rain  rnnsltiK  It  In  grow  ... 

Ki|wniifs  nl  Diur/.lc  In  tunilnn,  ilrylnn,  n'reenlng,  nnd  wiifKhoiislnit,  and  loss  of  measure 
I'rolll  or  coininlasliiii,  ns  the  case  may  h«,  In  ih«  nii-rih'int  at  Uiinl/.ic 
Fralght,  primage,  Insurance,  and  shipping  charges,  at  Duntale  and  in  London 

Coitoftlin  wheat  to  the  English  merchant        -  •  •  •  -  •  •480 

It  ought,  however,  to  be  observed  that  the  premium  paid  the  underwrifera  does  not  cover 
(he  risk  attending  damage  from  heating  or  othorwian  on  the  voyage ;  and  it  ought  further  to 
tie  observed,  that  the  freight  from  Waranw  to  Dnntisic,  and  from  Duntzic  home,  is  hero 
chargnl  at  the  lowest  rate.  Mr.  Jacob  supposes  that  an  extraordinary  demand  for  as  much 
wheat  as  would  Ik)  equal  to  six  daya'  consumption  of  that  grain  in  England,  or  for  216,000 
quarters,  would  raise  the  coat  of  freight  on  the  Viatula  from  20  to  40  per  cent. :  and  as  such 
a  demand  could  hardly  be  supplied  without  reaorting  to  the  markets  in  the  provinces  to  tho 
south  of  Waraaw,  ita  minimum  coat  to  the  London  merchants  could  not,  under  auch  cir- 
numstancea,  amount,  even  auppoaing  aome  of  theae  atu.  .lenta  to  bo  a  little  exaggerated,  to 
less  than  from  60t.  to  hAa.  or  9(m.  a  quarter. 

Mr.  Grade,  of  Dantzic,  fumiahod  the  committee  of  1831  with  the  following  Table  of  tho 
average  pricea  of  corn  at  that  city,  free  on  board,  in  decennial  periud.s,  from  1770  to  1820. 

AveragB  price,  from  Ten  to  Tan  Years,  of  the  dllTsrent  Species  of  Corn,  Tree  on  board,  per  Quarter, 

In  Sterling  Money,  at  Uuntzlc. 


*. 

rf. 

38 

0 

0 

A 

5 

0 

3 

0 

3 

0 

1 

rt 

8 

0 

WhMt. 

R,.. 

Itarity 

Out!. 

».    d. 

f.    d. 

1.    d. 

«.    d. 

From  1770  to  1779       -          -          . 

S3    9 

31    8 

16    1 

11     1 

1780-1789       -          .          . 

33  10 

S3    1 

17  11 

13    4 

1700—1799       • 

43    8 

86    3 

lU    3 

13    6 

1800—1809       . 

60    0 

34  10 

85    1 

13     1 

1810—1819       . 
Aigregate  Average  Price  or49  Yeara 

55    4 

31    1 

36    0 

30    4 

45    4 

37    3 

30  10 

13  10 

In  1823, 1824, 1825,  and  1826, pricea,  owing  to  the  cesaation  of  the  demand  from  England, 
were  very  much  depreaaed ;  but  they  have  aince  attained  to  near  their  former  elevation. 
We  aubjoin  a  atatement,  furniahed  by  the  Britiah  consul,  of  the 

Average  Prices  of  Grain,  bought  from  Granary,  In  atnrling  Money,  at  Dantzic,  per  Imperial  Quarter. 


Tean. 

Wlint. 

Bj* 

Bariej. 

OKt>. 

White  ud 
Yellow 
Fni. 

Ton. 

Whnl. 

Bjt. 

Barlty. 

Ojtt. 

Whilt  »ri<l 
Veil.)* 
Pfai. 

tS32 
lNi3 
1834 
1825 
1826 
1887 

».    d. 
30    3 
37    9 
33    8 
8t    3 

35  1 

36  11 

/..     d. 
18    4} 
18    64 
11    3i 
11    4 
15    3i 
18    3 

I.     d. 

13  Si 

14  10( 
8  lU 

10    5 
13    H 
16    9 

s.    d. 

10  lit 

11  ot 

7  7 

8  1 
13    H 
13    10 

$.    d. 

15    7 
18    H 
11  IH 
14    7 
33    U 
31  11 

1838 
1889 
1830 
1831 

Average      - 

1.     d. 
37    1 
47    1 
43    3 
50    3 

».     rf. 
19    5 
17    4 

80    3 
28    6 

s.     d.     1.     d 

14  3     11     3 
13    8     10  II 

15  0  ill     3 
31    3  1 15    8 

..      rf. 
28    4 
18    8 
30    8 
37    7 

1 

33    5  i  17  10 

14     1     11     3i    21     0}  , 

The  shipping  chargea  may,  we  believe,  be  taken  at  Sd.  or  9d.  a  quarter ;  and  thi?,  added 
to  the  above,  gi vea  34*.  1  e(.  or  34».  S</.  for  the  average  price  of  wheat,  free  on  board,  at  Dantzic, 
during  the  10  yeara  ending  with  1831.  The  charges  on  importation  into  England,  ware- 
housing here,  and  then  delivering  to  the  consumer,  exclusive  of  duty  and  pro6t,  V'Oui«l 
amount  to  about  lOf.  a  quarter.    This  appeara  from  tho  followino; 

a  u  8 


1    ; 


I 


'   ; 


*B 


U 


.•i,t: 


610 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Ateouiit  of  the  Ordinary  Chargoi  on  100  Qimrtera  of  Wheat,  shipped  from  Dantzic  on  Conalimm«ni 
mill  landed  under  Uond  in  London.— (Part.  Faper,  Ho.  333.  Susi.  iaa7.  p.  38.)  ' 


I  n 


•nm 


£ 

*.    i.  ■ 

£      :   i~ 

One  hnn.lred  qunrttirs,  supposed  cost  at  Dantzic,  free  on  board,  30«. 

1.VI    0  o' 

Freight  at  5«.  per  quarter,  and  10  per  cent.    .           -           -           - 

87 

10     0 

M;t:ige  ex  ship,  &c.,  6».  fid.  per  last  .          .          -          -          - 

3 

5      0 

Lighterage  and  landing,  9il.  per  quarter         -           .           -           . 

3 

15      0 

Insurance  on  1802.,  including  10  percent,  imaginary  profit,  at  SO;.' 
per  cent. ;  policy  5».  per  cent. 

7 

U      0 

■V      ' 

Granary  rent  and  insurance  for  one  week     -           -           .           • 

0 

S      0 

, 

Turning  an'i  trimming,  about              .           -           .           -           . 

0 

3      0 

Delivering  from  granary,  3(i.  per  quarter       -          -          .          . 

1 

5      0 

MetagB,  &c.  ex  granary,  2s.  per  last  -           -           -           -           - 

1 

0      0 

Ciirnmissiou  on  sale.  Is.  per  quarter    ----- 

a 

0      0 

Del  credere,  1  per  cent,  on,  suppose,  iOs.       .          -          -           . 

'1 

0      0 

"    -      ".r:.',,  .■■  •  1.  vrf*.  ".,.   .' .             -    •■'    Total  cost  to  Importer 

51    18   0 

ifsolf 

in  bond 

SUi    lu   (1 

i         .  ■                   .                      1                     Imaginary  prollt  10  per  cent 

'  't    .           .            .                                 ^   ^ 

Would  produce,  at  4is.  id.  per 

quarter 

20     3   0 

321     19    0 

Mm  n  1  1 

N.  B.— Loss  on  rcmcaauring  not  considered. 
Freight  and  insurance  are  taken  in  this  statement  at  an  average,  being  sonietinics  higher  and  ^omiu. 
times  lower. 

Nothing,  therefore,  can  be  more  perfectly  unfounded,  than  the  notions  so  prevalent  in  tliis 
country  as  to  the  extreme  cheapness  of  corn  at  Dantzic.  Wlicn  there  is  lit  lie  or  no  foiviijii 
demand,  and  all  that  is  brought  to  the  city  is  thrown  upon  the  home  niarUet,  [h'u'vh  niv,  of 
course,  ^'ory  much  depressed  ;  but  when  there  is  a  moderate  demand  fi>r  exportation,  tli.'y 
immediately  rise  to  something  like  the  average  level  of  the  European  market.  During  t!u! 
greater  number  of  the  years  embraced  in  the  consular  return,  the  Polish  corn  trade  was  very 
much  depressed  ;  and  in  some  seasons  the  exports  were  extremely  limited.  But  iiotwiih. 
standing  the.se  unfavourable  circumstances,  the  price  of  wheat,  free  on  board,  at  an  avi<riii;i' 
of  the  whole  period,  was  34s.  Id.  a  quarter.  Now,  if  we  add  to  this  10s.  a  ijunrlci  for 
freight  and  other  charges  attending  its  importation  into  England,  and  delivery  to  tlu)  (on- 
sumer,  it  could  not,  in  the  event  of  its  being  charged  with  a  duty  of  6s.  or  In,  a  (juiirter  on 
importation,  be  sold  so  as  tii  indemnify  tlic  importer  for  his  outlay,  without  yielding  him  any 
profit,  for  less  than  50s.  or  51,?.  a  quarter.  And  there  are  really  no  very  satisfactory  rca^oiH 
for  supposing  that  it  could  be  disposed  of  for  so  little ;  for  whenever  it  has  been  admitteil 
into  the  British  ports  under  any  thing  like  reasonable  duties,  prices  at  Dant7.ic  have  uni- 
formly been  above  40s.  a  quarter.  Supposing,  however,  that,  in  the  event  of  our  ports  liciiij; 
always  open,  the  growth  of  com  in  Poland  would  be  so  much  increased  as  to  admit  of  wlieut 
being  shipped  in  ordinary  seasons  for  31s,,  still  it  is  quite  plain  it  could  nut  be  sold  in 
London  under  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.,  for  less  than  53v.  or  54,«.  a  quarter. 

It  is  difficult  to  draw  any  conclusions  on  which  it  would  be  safe  to  place  much  reliance 
as  to  the  supplies  of  corn  that  might  be  obtained  from  Dantzic,  were  our  ports  constantly 
open  under  a  reasonable  duty.     Mr.  Jacob  gives  the  following 

Account  of  the  Total  annual  Average  Quantity  of  Wlirat  and  Rye  exported  from  Dantzic,  in  Periods 
of35  Years  ericli,  for  the  186  Years  ending  witli  1^2.'). 


Yean. 

WhKit.     Qiiarlers. 

Rye.     Quarter. 

Tol\l.      (Jii.iru-ni. 

1051  to  lri75 

81,775 

22.5,312 

.S07,0S7 

IfiTfi  _  1700 

121,897 

227,  I,n2 

;i,'i2.'170 

1701  —  1725 

59,705 

170,100 

aai^Niis 

17a,  —  1750 

80,624 

ll!l,771 

2n((,:i!i) 

1751  —  1775 

141,080 

80^,110 

31!l,-i20 

1770  —  18(10 

150,2!1!1 

10:i.0 15 

25,t,;iil 

IHOI  —  1S«5 

201),:!,^ 

67,511 

207,N11 

"  The  average  of  the  whole  period,"  Mr.  Jacob  observes,  "  gives  an  annual  quantity  of 
wheat  and  rye,  of  279,794  quarters;  and  this  surplus  may  be  fairly  consilercd  as  the 
nearest  approach  that  can  bo  made,  with  existing  materials,  to  what  is  the  u.sual  excesa  of 
the  produce  of  bread  corn  above  the  con.sumption  of  the  inhabitants,  when  no  extra' irdinary 
circumstances  occur  to  excite  or  check  cultivation." — (lieptirf,  p.  49,) 

We  have,  however,  been  assured  by  gentlemen  intim,iti-ly  acquainted  with  the  coimtrii's 
traversed  by  the  Vistula,  the  Bug,  Sec,  that  .Mr.  Jacob  has  very  much  underrated  their 
capabilities  of  improvement;  and  that  were  our  ports  opened  under  a  fixed  duty  of  Gv.  or 
7,?.  a  quarter  on  wheat,  and  other  grain  in  proportion,  we  might  reckon  upon  getting  front 
Dantzic  an  annual  supply  of  from  350,000  to  450,000  quarters.  We  incline  to  tliiiik  t'lit 
this  is  a  very  moderate  estimate.  Hitherto,  owing  to  the  fluctuating  and  capricious  iiutum 
of  our  demand,  it  has  proved  of  little  advantage  to  the  cultivators;  and  but  little  corn  lia.i 
been  raised  in  the  expectation  of  its  finding  its  way  to  England.  But  it  would  be  quite 
another  thing  were  our  ports  always  open.    The  supply  of  the  English  markets  would  ihcu 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


61] 


■limes  Iiigliornmlsi,!,!^. 


n  Dantzic,  in  Periods 


Tolil,      (jii,irl.Ti, 


be  an  object  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  Polish  agriculturists,  who,  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  would  both  extend  and  improve  their  tillage.     We  subjoin  an 

Account  of  (he  exports  of  Corn  from  Dantzic  during  the  Tliree  Years  ending  with  1831,  «pRcifyin|i  the 
(tuantities  sent  to  dilferent  Countries,  reckoned  in  Quarters  of  10}  to  tlie  Last. 


SpcclBofCom. 

1829.                   1 

1630. 

1831. 

Rrilain 
and  her 

I'OSKl. 

BirjUB. 

France. 

IloIUnd. 

Other 

CiiUD. 

tries. 

Drilain 
and  her 
rosaes* 
iions. 

France. 

Ilnlland. 

Olher 
Conn- 
tries. 

Ilri!ain 
and  htr 
Pn>a.s- 
•  Inn-. 

France. 

Ho), 
laud. 

Olher 
Coun- 
trin. 

300 
510 

WhMt  • 
Kye      • 
lljrlcy  • 
'.mil     • 
lU     . 

ToUlofCom    . 

flmir,    barwU    of  > 

IliKllil",  lip  of  1  CWt. 

Qn. 
214,933 
8,ilS0 
3.li4S 
8,923 
2,444 

24J69 

9,4'S5 

237 

274 

64,.194 

30,Mi6 

2,118 

217 

3,070 

2»,a;4 

672 
181 

328.982 

8,4IU 

4.I2S 

2U.9S.7 

14,312 

qn. 
21,4-3 
62 

43.970 
28,7;>3 

788 

1I768 

4,163 
4T,¥I6 

2,452 
46'l 
f36 

12i,3!0 
2.510 

11.3«0 
2.2/0 

14,7^ 

— 

4,.W0 
660 

239,12^ 

2,016 
3,224 

34,133 

17,785 

32,897 

3:6,S7J 

2I,S2i 

75,279 

6r.,732 

108 

72 

156,220 

- 

13,032 

6,828 

8,ff26 

- 

2,776 

10 

_6,732 

_ 

_ 

2 
200 

QuaUly  of  Dantzic  Wheat. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined  accounts,  that  the  price 
of  whrat  at  Dantzic,  during  the  10  years  ending  with  1831,  was  very  near  7*.  a  quarter 
above  its  average  price  at  Hamburgh  during  the  same  period,  and  about  2s.  above  the  average 
of  Amsterdam.  This  diifercnce  is  entirely  owing  to  the  superior  quality  of  the  Dantzic 
wheat  Though  small  grained,  and  not  so  heavy  as  several  other  sorts,  it  is  remarkably 
thin-skinned,  and  yields  the  finest  flour.  Some  of  the  best  white,  or,  as  it  is  technically 
termed,  "  high  mixed"  Dantzic  wheat,  is  superior  to  the  very  best  English  ;  but  the  quantity 
of  this  sort  is  but  limited,  and  the  average  quality  of  all  that  is  exportetl  from  Dantzic  ia 
believed  to  approach  very  nearly  to  the  average  quolity  of  English  wheat,  .ivii.-wing  for 
its  superior  quality,  it  will  be  found  that  wheat  is,  speaking  generally,  always  cheaper  in 
Dantzic  than  in  any  of  the  Continental  ports  nearer  to  London.  1'hcre  are  but  few  season?, 
indeed,  in  which  Dantzic  wheat  is  not  largely  imported  into  Amsterdam;  and  it  frequently, 
also,  finds  it  way  into  Hamburgh.  But  it  is  quite  impossible  that  such  should  be  the  case, 
unless,  taking  quality  and  other  modifying  circumstances  into  account,  it  were  really 
cheaper  than  the  native  and  other  wheats  met  with  in  tliese  markets.  When  there  is  any 
considerable  importation  into  England,  it  is  of  every  day  occurrence  for  merchants  to  order 
Dantzic  wheat  in  preference  to  that  of  Holstein,  or  of  the  Lower  Elbe,  though  the  latter 
might  frequently  be  put  into  warehouse  here  for  20.«.  a  quarter  less  than  the  former !  It  is, 
therefore,  quite  indispensable,  in  attempting  to  draw  any  inferences  as  to  the  comparative 
prices  of  corn  in  dilferent  countries,  to  make  the  requisite  allowances  for  difl'erencea  of 
quality.  Unless  this  bo  done,  whatever  conclusions  may  be  come  to  can  hanlly  fail  of 
being  false  and  misleading ;  and  when  they  happen  to  be  right,  they  can  only  be  so  through 
the  merest  accident. 

Dantzic  being  by  far  the  greatest  port  for  the  exportation  of  com  in  the  north  of  Europe, 
its  price  may  bo  assumed  as  the  general  measure  of  the  price  in  other  shipping  ports.  At 
all  event'*,  it  is  certain  that  when  Dantzic  is  exporting,  wheat  cannot  be  shipped,  taking 
quality  into  account,  at  a  cheaper  rate  from  any  other  place.  The  importer  invariably 
resorts  to  what  he  believes  to  be,  all  things  considered,  the  cheapest  market ;  and  it  is  a  con- 
tradiction and  an  absurdity  to  suppose  that  he  should  burden  himself  with  a  comparatively 
high  freight,  and  pay  Sis,  Id.  for  wheat  at  Dantzic,  provided  he  could  buy  an  equally  good 
article  in  so  convenient  a  port  as  Hamburgh  for  26*.  6Arf. 

If,  thercf  ire,  we  are  right  in  estimating  the  price  at  which  wheat  could  be  imported  from 
Dantzic  under  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.,  at  from  53s.  to  54s.,  we  may  be  assured  that  this  is  the  lowest 
importation  price.  The  greater  cheapness  of  the  imports  from  other  places  is  apparent 
only ;  and  is  uniformly  countervailed  by  a  corresponding  inferiority  of  quality. — (For 
further  details  as  to  the  Polish  corn  trade,  see  Dantzic,  Koxiosukiio,  &c.) 

Ruxicn  Corn  Trade. — Russia  exports  large  quantities  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  meal. 
The  wheat  is  of  various  qualities ;  but  the  greater  portion  of  it  is  small  grained,  coarse, 
brown,  and  very  badly  dressed.  The  hard,  or  Kubanka,  is  the  best;  it  keeps  well,  and  is  in 
considerable  demand  for  mi.xing  with  other  wheats  that  are  old  or  stale.  Kussian  oats  are 
very  thin ;  but,  being  dried  in  the  straw,  they  weigh  betttir  than  could  be  expected  from 
their  appearance,  anil  are  reckoned  wholesome  food.  Our  imports  from  Russia,  in  1831, 
were  extraordinarily  large,  she  having  sup[)lied  us  with  no  fewer  than  464,000  quarters 
of  wheat  and  wheat  flour,  369,000  quarters  of  oats  and  oatmeal,  54,000  tiuarters  of  rye  and 
rye  meal,  42,000  quarters  of  barley  and  barley  meal,  &c.,  making  a  grand  total  of  9i(7,000 
quartew !  Generally,  however,  our  imports  do  not  exceed  a  liflli  part  of  this  quantity 
Thequortcr  of  hard  wheat  was  worth,  free  on  board,  at  I'etersburgh,  in  November,  183S, 
when  there  was  no  demand  for  exportation,  from  28s.  to  28.9,  Gd, — (The  reader  will  find 
notices  of  the  Russian  corn  trade  under  the  articles  Aiicii  angel,  PETEiisuunon,  and  Riga 
For  an  account  of  Iho  corn  trade  by  the  Black  Sua,  seepost,  and  tho  article  On£ssA.) 


i^^  i  r 


,f .. 


I '  :• 


: 


513 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Danish  Com  Trade. — ^I'he  export  of  wheat  from  Denmark  Proper,  that  is,  from  Jutland 
and  the  islands,  ia  but  inconsiderable.  There  is,  however,  a  pretty  large  exportation  of  wheat 
and  other  grain,  as  well  as  of  butter,  cheese,  beef,  &c.,  from  Sleswick  and  Holstrin.  As 
already  stated,  the  quality  of  the  wheat  is  inferior ;  for,  though  it  looks  plump,  it  is  coarse 
and  damp.  The  chief  shipping  port  for  Danish  com  is  Kiel ;  but  owing  to  the  superior 
facilities  enjoyed  by  Hamburgh,  the  greater  portion  of  it  is  consigned  to  that  city.  In  1S31 
we  imported  from  Denmark  55,960  quarters  of  whe»»,  1 16,658  do.  of  barley,  1)6,990  do.  of 
oats,  with  some  small  quantities  of  rye  and  beans. — (For  an  account  of  the  exports  of  raw 
produce  from  Denmark  in  1831,  see  CopE:iiRAOKir.) 

Com  Trade  of  the  Elbe,  4°<^. — Next  to  Dantzic,  Hamburgh  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest 
corn  market  in  the  north  of  Europe,  being  a  depdt  for  large  quantities  of  I3altic  corn,  and 
for  the  produce  of  the  extensive  countries  traversed  by  the  Elbe.  But  the  excess  of  the 
exports  of  wheat  from  Hamburgh  over  the  imports,  is  less  than  might  have  been  expected, 
and  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1835,  to  only  48,363  quarters  a  year. 
It  appears  from  the  subjoined  table  that  the  average  price  of  wh»-at  at  Hambu-gh,  during 
the  10  years  ending  with  1831,  was  only  269.  6i(f.  a  quarter,  being  about  Is.  a  quarter  under 
the  level  of  Dantzic ;  but  this  extreme  lowness  of  price  is  altogether  ascribabio  to  the  infe- 
riority of  the  Holstein  and  Hanover  wheats,  which  are  generally  met  with  in  gre.it  abundance 
at  Hamburgh.  Wheat  from  the  Upper  Elbe  is  of  a  better  quality.  Bohemian  wheat  is 
occasionally  forwarded  by  the  river  to  Hamburgh  ;  but  the  charges  attending  its  conveyance 
from  Prague  amount,  according  to  Mr.  Jacob,  to  full  17«.  a  quarter,  and  prevent  its  being 
sent  down,  except  when  the  price  is  comparatively  high.  In  1830,  there  was  shipped  from 
Hamburgh  for  British  ports,  217,700  quarters  of  wheat,  1,900  of  rye,  18,200  of  barley,  and 
2,800  of  oats.  Perhaps  wo  might  be  able,  did  our  prices  average  about  55,^.,  to  import  in 
ordinary  years  from  250,000  to  300,000  quarters  of  wheat  from  Denmark  and  the  countries 
intersected  by  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe. 

Average  Prices  of  Corn  at  Ilamburgli,  during  tlie  Ten  Years  ending  with  1631,  in  Sterling  Money,  per 

Imperial  Quarter. 


Yean. 

Wheat. 

Bye. 

Barley. 

Uati. 

Yean. 

Wheal. 

Kye. 

•arky. 

OaU. 

«.    d. 

«.     d. 

».     d. 

t.     d. 

(.     d. 

«.    d. 

3.     d. 

».     (.'. 

1833 

27    6 

15    5 

13    0 

9    4 

1838 

27  10 

30    8 

13    4 

10     '. 

1823 

37    6 

13    4 

14    6 

11    0 

1839 

34    5 

18    8 

13    3 

9     4 

1831 

34    0 

13    0 

13    6 

8    « 

1830 

35  10 

21     3 

14    9 

10    3 

1835 

30    6 

13    0 

13  10 

8    6 

1831 

33    4 

36    8 

19    9 

10    0 

1836 
1887 

18    4 
36    3 

17     1 
33  10 

13    3 

17    7 

12    4 
16    9 

Average 

36    6i 

18    0 

14    6} 

10    TJ 

Amsterdam  is  an  important  depot  for  foreign  corn,  every  variety  of  which  may  be  found 
there.  Only  a  small  part  of  its  own  consumption  is  supplied  by  corn  of  native  growth ;  so 
that  the  prices  in  it  are  for  the  most  part  dejiendent  on  the  prices  at  which  com  can  be 
brouj;ht  from  Dantzic,  Kiel,  Hamburgh,  and  other  shipping  ports.  Rotterdam  is  a  very 
advantageous  port  for  warehousing  foreign  corn ;  being  conveniently  situated,  and  the  ware- 
house rent  low,  not  exceeding  fid.  or  Hd.  per  quarter  per  month.  We  subjoin  an  account  of  the 

Average  Prices,  per  Imperial  Quarter,  of  Wheat,  Rye,  Barley,  and  Oata  grown  within  the  Consulship 
of  Amsterdam,  during  the  Ten  Years  ending  with  1831. 


Yean. 

Wheat. 

Bye. 

Barley. 

Oata. 

Yean. 

Wheat. 

Bye. 

Harley. 

Oil.. 

».     d. 

«.    d. 

».     d. 

«.    d. 

S.     d. 

t.  d. 

a.     d. 

«.    i. 

1833 

35    0 

16    8 

13    0 

9    4 

1838 

34    6 

3t    0 

19    0 

12  10 

1823 

31     1 

30    6 

16    1 

8    0 

1829 

46  10 

25    7 

19    5 

13  10 

1834 

30    3 

17    4 

14    3 

9    8 

1830 

41    9 

27    4 

20    0 

18    1 

1WJ5 

33    4 

16    5 

15    9 

13    0 

1831 

42    8 

30    0 

32    4 

18    6 

1826 
1827 

25    0 
33    3 

19    3 
29    0 

17    7 
31    0 

16    4 
31    8 

Average 

31    i\ 

23    7J 

17    9j- 

14    0} 

Previously  to  the  late  revolution  in  the  vi  <therlands,  there  usetl  to  be  a  considerable  trade 
in  corn  from  Antwerp  to  England.  Wheats,  both  white  and  red,  are  among  the  finest  we 
receive  from  the  Continent,  and  arc,  of  course,  pretty  high  priced.  Beans  and  pens  are  also 
fine.  Antwerp  buck-wheat  is  the  best  in  Europe.  According  to  Mr.  Jacob,  the  cost  of 
storing  and  turning  wheat  per  month  at  .\ntwerp  docs  not  exceed  1  jtf.  a  quarter,  or  about 
half  what  it  costs  in  London. 

French  Cum  Trade. — It  appears,  from  the  accounts  given  by  the  Marquis  Gamier  in  the 
last  edition  of  his  translation  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  that  the  price  of  the  hectolitre  of 
wheat  at  the  market  of  Paris  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  19  years  beginning  i"i.'h 
1801  and  ending  with  1819,  to  20  fr.  63  cent. ;  which  is  equal  to  30  fr.  80  cent,  the  seplier; 
or,  taking  the  exchange  nt  25  fr,,  to  45».  Gd.  the  quarter.  Count  Chsptal,  in  his  valuable 
work,  SurPIndusfrie  Franqaiite  (torn.  i.  p.  226.),  published  in  1819,  estimates  the  oniinary 
average  price  of  wheat  throughout  France  at  18  fr.  the  hectolitre,  or  42«.  lOrf.  the  quarter. 
The  various  ex[)ensc8  attending  the  importation  of  a  quarter  of  French  wheat  into  London 
may  be  taken,  at  a  medium,  at  about  6j.  a  quarter.    France,  however,  has  verv  little  surplus 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


6H 


that  is,  from  Jutland 
exportation  ot'wlicat 
[  and  Holstoin.  As 
I  plump,  it  is  coarse 
•wing  to  the  superior 
» that  city.  In  1831 
larley,  96,996  ,Io.  of 
)f  the  exports  of  raw 

perhaps,  the  greatest 
8  of  Baltic  corn,  and 
iut  the  excess  of  tho 
have  been  expected, 
,263  quarters  u  year. 
It  Hambu"gh,  during 
It  Ts.  a  quarter  under 
ribabio  to  the  infe- 
li  in  great  abundance 
Bohemian  wheat  is 
iding  its  conveyance 
id  prevent  its  being 
re  was  shipped  from 
8,800  of  barley,  and 
'Ut  55s.,  to  import  in 
rk  and  the  countries 

n  Sterling  Money,  per 


fcrl^y. 

Oatf. 

«.     d. 
13    4 

13  3 

14  9 
19    9 

*.     t. 
10    '. 
9    4 
10    3 
10    0 

14    6| 

10  :i 

'hich  may  be  found 
f  native  growth ;  so 
t  which  com  can  be 
otterdam  is  a  very 
ated,  and  the  ware- 
in  an  account  of  the 
vithin  the  Consulship 


Harley. 

Oilj. 

s.     rf. 
19     0 

19  5 

20  0 
22    4 

«.    d. 
13  10 
13  10 
18    1 
18    6 

17     91 

14  nj 

.  considerable  trade 
mong  the  finest  we 
s  and  pens  are  also 
Jacob,  the  cost  of 
a  quarter,  or  about 

[juis  Oarnier  in  the 
of  the  hectolitre  of 
lira  beginniiiif  ci.'h 
'0  cent,  the  septier; 
tal,  in  his  valuable 
mates  the  ordinary 
'.  lOrf.  the  quarter. 
trheat  into  London 
I  very  little  surplus 


produce  to  dispose  of;  so  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  us  to  import  any  considerebia 
quantity  of  French  corn  without  occasioning  a  great  advance  of  price ;  and  in  point  of  fact, 
our  imports  from  France  have  been  at  all  times  quite  inconsiderable. 

The  mean  of  the  different  estimates  framed  by  Vauban,  Quesnay,  Expilly,  Lavoisier, 
and  A^imr  Young,  gives  61,519,672  septters,  or  32,610,flOC  quarters,  as  the  total  average 
growth  of  the  different  kinds  of  grain  in  France. — {Peuchct,  StatUtique  EUmentaire, 
p.  290.)  We,  however,  took  occasion  formerly  to  observe  (Supp.  to  Encyc.  Brit,  art. 
Cam  Laws)  that  there  could  not  be  a  doubt  that  this  estimate  was  a  great  deal  too  low ; 
and  the  more  careful  investigations  of  late  French  statisticians  fully  confirm  this  remark. 
It  is  said  that  the  mean  annual  produce  of  the  harvests  of  France,  at  an  average  of  the  4 
years  ending  with  1828,  amounted  to  60,633,000  hectolitres  of  wheat,  and  1 14,738,000 
ditto  of  other  sorts  of  grain ;  making  in  all  175,271,000  hcctoUtres,  or  62,221,205  Winch, 
quarters.  Of  this  quantity  it  is  supposed  that  16  per  cent  is  consumed  as  seed,  19  jjcr 
cent,  in  the  feeding  of  different  species  of  animals,  and  2  per  cent,  in  distilleries  and  brcw- 
jries. — {Bulletin  dea  Sciences  G iographiquea,  tom.  xxv.  p.  34.)  This  estimate  is  believed 
to  be  pretty  nearly  accurate ;   perhaps,  however,  it  is  still  rather  under  the  mark. 

The  foreign  corn  trade  of  France  was  regulated  down  to  a  very  late  period  by  a  law  which 
forbade  exportation,  except  when  the  home  prices  were  below  certain  limits ;  and  which 
restrained  and  absolutely  forbade  importation  exccp',  when  they  were  above  certain  other 
limits.  The  prices  regulating  importation  and  exportation  differed  in  the  different  districts 
into  which  the  kingdom  was  divided ;  and  it  has  not  unfirequently  happened  that  com 
warehoused  in  a  particular  port,  where  it  was  either  not  admissible  at  all,  or  not  admissible 
except  under  payment  of  a  high  duty,  has  been  carried  to  another  port  in  another  district, 
and  admitted  duty  free !  But  during  the  last  2  years  importation  has  been  at  all  times 
allowed  under  graduated  duties,  which,  however,  like  those  of  this  country,  become  prohibi- 
tory when  the  prices  sink  to  a  certain  level.  The  division  of  the  kingdom  into  separate 
districts  is  still  kept  up ;  and  in  June,  1833,  while  the  duties  on  wheat  imported  into  some 
of  the  departments  were  only  4  fr.  75  cent.,  they  were,  in  others,  as  high  as  12  fr.  25  cent. 
An  official  announcement  is  issued  on  the  l^t  day  of  each  month,  of  what  the  duties  are  to 
lie  in  that  district  during  the  succeeding  month.  These  depend,  with  certain  modifications,  on 
>';,■«  average  prices  of  the  districts. 

S!^^nish  Com  Trade. — ^The  exportation  of  com  from  Spain  was  formerly  prohibited 
r  I .  e  severest  penalties.  But  in  1820,  grain  and  flour  were  both  allowed  to  be  freely 
e.\.  -ti .  ;  and  in  1823,  this  privilege  was  extended  to  all  productions  (frutos)  the  growth  of 
,; .  k..;ii.  There  is  now,  in  fact,  no  obstacle  whatever,  except  the  expense  of  carriage,  to  the 
conveyance  of  corn  to  the  sea-ports,  and  thence  to  the  foreigner.  Owing,  however,  to  the 
com  growing  provinces  being  principally  situated  in  the  interior,  and  to  the  extreme  badness 
of  the  roads,  which  renders  carriage  to  the  coast  both  expensive  and  diilicult,  the  exports 
are  reduced  within  comparatively  narrow  limits ;  the  same  difficulty  of  carriage  frequently 
gives  rise  to  very  great  differences  in  the  prices  of  places,  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  only  a 
few  leagues  distant.  Were  the  means  of  communication  improved,  and  any  thing  like 
security  given  to  tho  husbandman,  Spain  would,  in  no  long  time,  become  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal exporting  countries  of  Europe.  Old  Castile,  Leon,  Estremadura,  and  that  part  of  Anda- 
lusia to  the  south  and  east  of  Seville,  are  amongst  the  finest  corn  countries  of  Europe;  and 
might  be  made  to  yield  immense  supplies.  But  owing  to  the  disturbed  state  of  the  country, 
and  the  want  of  a  market  for  their  produce,  they  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  at  all  cultivated. 
And  yet  such  is  their  natural  fertility,  that  in  good  seasons  the  peasants  only  reap  those  fields 
nearest  to  the  villages !  Latterly  we  have  began  to  import  corn  from  Bilbao,  Santander, 
and  other  ports  in  the  north  of  Spain ;  and  in  1831,  she  supplied  us  with  no  fewer  than 
158.000  quarters.— 'See  Bilbao.) 

Corn  Trade  of  Odessa.— Odessa,  on  tho  Black  Sea,  is  the  only  port  in  Southern 
Europe  from  which  any  considerable  quantity  of  grain  is  exported.  We  believe,  indeed,  that 
the  fertility  of  the  soil  in  its  vicinity  has  been  much  exaggerated ;  but  the  wheat  shipped  at 
Odessa  is  principally  brought  from  Volhy  nia  and  the  Polish  provinces  to  the  south  of  Cracow, 
thesuppliesfrom  which  are  susceptible  of  an  indefinite  increase.  Owing  to  the  cataracts  in 
the  Dnieper,  and  the  Dniester  having  a  great  number  of  shallows,  most  part  of  the  corn 
brought  to  Odessa  comes  by  land  carriage.  The  expense  of  this  mode  of  conveyance  is  not, 
however,  nearly  so  great  as  might  be  supposed.  The  carts  with  corn  are  often  in  parties 
of  150 ;  the  oxen  are  pastured  during  the  night,  and  they  take  advantage  of  the  period 
when  the  peasantry  are  not  occupied  with  the  harvest,  so  that  the  charge  on  account  of 
conveyance  is  comparatively  trilling. 

Both  soft  and  hard  wheat  is  exported  from  Odessa;  but  the  former,  which  is  by  far  the 
most  abundant,  is  only  brought  to  England.  Supposing  British  wheat  to  sell  at  about  60*., 
Odessa  wheat,  in  good  order,  would  not  be  worth  more  than  52.?.  in  the  London  market ; 
but  it  is  a  curious  fact,  that  in  the  Mediterranean  the  cstimRtion  in  which  they  are  held  is 
quite  the  reverse ;  at  Malta,  Marseilles,  Leg)  orn,  &c.,  Odessa  wheat  fetches  a  decidedly 
iiigher  price  than  British  wheat. 

65  ,       "'  ■     " 


,f. 


1 1 


.!: 


!      ! 


( "  i 


N'l 


I   »" 


514 


COR]*  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


The  hard  wheat  brought  from  the  Black  Sea  cornea  principally  from  Taganrog.  It  U  a 
very  fine  specica  of  grain ;  it  is  full  10  per  cent,  heavier  than  British  wheat,  and  haa  less  than 
half  the  bran.  It  is  used  in  Italy  for  making  macaroni  and  vermicelli,  and  things  of  that 
wrt ;  very  little  of  it  has  found  its  way  to  England. 

The  voyage  from  Odessa  to  Britain  is  of  uncertain  duration,  but  generally  very  long. 
It  is  essential  to  the  importation  of  the  wheat  in  a  good  condition,  that  it  should  be  made 
during  the  winter  months.  When  the  voyage  is  made  in  summer,  unless  the  wheat  bo  very 
superior,  and  be  shipped  in  exceedingly  good  order,  it  is  almost  sure  to  heat ;  and  has  some- 
times, indeed,  been  injured  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require  to  be  dug  from  the  hold  with 
pickaxes.  Unless,  therefore,  means  be  devised  for  lessening  the  risk  of  damage  during  the 
voyage,  there  is  little  reason  to  think  that  Odessa  wheat  will  ever  be  largely  imported  into 
BritaiYi. — (See  the  evidence  of  J.  H.  Lander,  Esq.  and  J.  Schneider,  Esq.  before  the  Lords' 
Committee  of  1837,  on  the  price  of  foreign  com.) 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  the  British  consul,  dated  Odessa,  31st  of  December,  1830, 
that  the  prices  of  wheat  during  the  quarter  then  terminated  varied  from  83s.  id,  to  Ms.  6d 
a  quarter.     During  the  summer  quarter,  149,039  quarters  of  wheat  were  exported. 

We  copy  the  following  account  from  the  evidence  of  J.  H.  Lander,  Esq.  referred  to 
above :  — 

Account  of  the  nverage  Prices  of  Wlieat  at  Odessa,  with  the  Shipping  Charges,  reduced  Into  British 
Measure  and  Currency ;  the  Rate  of  Exchange  (the  whole  taken  Quarterly  for  the  Years  1814  to 
1894,  inclusive);  and  the  Quantities  annually  expoited. 


Qtiutn  Sliding 

Price  per  Chet. 

werl  in  Rtiuiaa 

Money. 

Clnrget 

on 
Shipping. 

ExchangB. 

Price  on 
board  per 
Quarter. 

QuantitT 
exported. 

Obwmtioni. 

it. 

A 

R 

«.    d. 

Quortov. 

1814. 

March  31. 

207J 

2-75 

1860 

33    81 

Jun3    30. 

21-50 

265 

18-90 

34    1  1 

187,685 

Sept.   30. 

1750 

2-50 

1955 

27   3r 

-.  ..,i  -  ' 

Dec.    31. 

18' 

2-50 

20  50 

96    8j 

1815. 

March  31. 

21'30 

3-55 

20-30 

36    61 

June    30. 

21- 

275 

20-10 

31    el 

372,309 

Sept.    30. 

24-80 

3  9S 

20-60 

35  11  f 

\ 

Dec.     31. 

23-50 

3-75 

21-20 

31    3j 

1810. 

March  31. 

32- 

5-50 

2-MO 

45    31 

June    30. 

35-35 

3-60 

22  60 

46    Ol 

801,501 

Sept.   SO. 

35-80 

3-65 

2310 

45    7  f 

Dec.    81. 

36-90 

3-65 

23- 

47    Oj 

■u  .  . .  • 

1817. 

March  31. 

44-75 

4-40 

22-40 

58    61 

June    30. 

34-60 

3-60 

22- 

49    4  I 

870,893 

"!"     .'■.  - 

Sept.    SO. 

30- 

3-30 

2155 

41    2  f 

,■,  t,i  ...    - 

Dec.     31. 

33-60 

3-75 

22-80 

47  llj 

-   "  »■ 

1818. 

March  31. 

29-80 

3-80 

20-55 

43    71 

"- 

June    30. 

2270 

2S5 

20-85 

32    8  1 

538,513 

■  '\. '     - '  ' 

Sept.    30. 

23-80 

2-90 

20-40 

34  11  f 

■ .'.  '  . . 

Dec.     31. 

ai'30 

2-80 

19  20 

33    6j 

,, . 

1819. 

March  31. 

17  20 

26<) 

10  80 

26    81 

'  '"       ' 

June    30. 

17-30 

260 

20-85 

25    5l 

627,936 

».vJ>    i;.._ 

Sept.    30. 

16-30 

2-55 

21-85 

23    I  f 

.    I    1,   _  T       , 

Dec.     31. 

14- 

2-45 

2.1  ■vO 

18    6j 

1820, 

March  31. 

1530 

250 

24  30 

19    71 

'    ■''''^" 

June    30. 

17- 

2-60 

ai-20 

21    7 

534,199 

i'-    (•'    •      ■>      ,- 

Sept.    30. 

19-30 

2-65 

24  40 

24    0  ■ 

■1    ■ 

Dec.     31. 

23-30 

2-75 

23-40 

28    8 

1821. 

March  31, 

21-50 

280 

23-70 

30    91 

June    30. 

23-50 

2-75 

24-15 

29    ol 

435,305 

.            -'        >        .  / 

Sept.    30. 

2015 

2-65 

25  25 

24    3  f 

t      ■  '-'   '     , 

Dec.     31. 

19-80 

2-65 

2|-!« 

21    i) 

^ 

1822. 

March  31. 

17-25 

260 

2180 

20    81 

-.,.  •■\^      *■  , 

June    .10. 

17-75 

260 

2.V 

21    8  1 

342,752 

Sept.    30. 

17-45 

260 

24-65 

21    7  f 

, 

Dec.     31. 

1525 

250 

23-90 

19  loj 

The  present  price 

1833. 

March  31. 

1520 

2.50 

94- 

19    81 

of  wheat  Is  less  than 

June    .30. 
Sept.    30. 

15- 
1225 

9.50 
2-35 

24-.'H) 
21-75 

19    9  i 
15    7?" 

443,035 

tlie  cos*  of  ciiltiva- 
tior     TSie  chiirjie  on 

Dec.     31. 

1270 

2-30 

91-85 

16    Oj 

warehousing  wheal 

1824. 

March  31. 

1290 

230 

25-40 

16    n 

at  Odessa  does  not 

June    30 
Sept.   30. 

IS- 
IS- 

2-.S0 
2-30 

25- 10 
25-10 

16    3  1 
16    3  f 

427,767 

exceed  2(1.  per  quar- 
ter per  montli. 

Dec.     31. 

13- 

2-30 

21-50 

IP    7j 

The  entire  expense  of  importing  a  quarter  of  wheat  from  Odessa  to  London  may  be  esti- 
mated at  from  16.»,  to  19».  We  borrow,  from  the  valuable  evidence  of  J.  Schneider,  Esq. 
already  referred  ti>,  the  following  account,  which  states  in  detail  the  various  items  of  expense. 
— (See  Table,  next  page.) 

The  price  free  on  hoard  is  estimated,  in  this  Table,  at  under  16».,  being  no  less  than  I2j. 
below  the  average  price  of  October  and  December,  1830,  as  returned  by  the  consul ;  but  not- 
withstanding,  if  wo  add  to  the  cost  of  the  wheat  in  London,  as  given  in  this  statement,  6», 
of  duty,  and  allow  lO.i.  for  its  supposed  inferiority  to  English  wheat,  iU  price  here,  when 
thus  reduced  to  the  standard  of  tha  latter,  would  bo  about  50fl.  6rf.    At  present  (7tli  of 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


615 


October,  1833),  Oileasa  wheat,  entered  for  honfe  consumption,  is  worth  in  the  London  mar- 
)ict  from  43«.  to  46». ;  being  about  10«.  below  the  average  of  English  wheat. 


Pbo  form\  Invoiob  of  3,000  Chetwerts  ofWbeat  shipped  at  Odessa  for  London. 


3,000  chetwerts  wheat,  at  13  rs.  per  chet.     - 

Charge*. 
Measuring  when  received,  at  9  cop*,  per  chet. 
Ditto  when  shipped  9  — 

Duty  .  77  — 

Carriage  to  the  mole  18  — 

Lij!hlorage  15  — 

Use  of  bags  10  — 

Brolierage,  i  per  cent.      -  -  . 


Commission,  8  per  cent. 


Ra.  100 
ISO 

lAio 
sno 

800 
SCO 
130 


Exchange  at  31  ri.  per  £  sterling 


31 

3 

0 

. 

871 

10 

0 

87 

3 

7 

10 

10 

0 

Would  produce  1,450  Imperial  quarters,  to  cost  per  quarter 

Charges  in  London.  £    t.     d. 

Policy  duty  on  1,200/.  at}  per  cent;         -  -  3     0     0 

Insurance  on  1,I50{.  at  32. 2«.  per  cent.    - 

Commission  do.  k  .  .  .  - 

Freight  on  1,453  quarters  wheat,  at  13«.  per  quarter 
Primage,  10  per  cent.         .... 
Gratification  ..... 

Chnrterpnrty,  11. ;  Custom-house  entries,  10«.    - 

Metnf;e  on  nhip,  at  4s.  3i<i.  per  last 

I.iistage        .-...- 

Uphterage  of  1,453  quarters  at  4<f. 

Landing,  wharfage,  housing,  and  delivering,  at  Od. 

Rent,  4  weeks,  at  bs.  per  100  quarters  per  week 

Metage,  ic.  ex  granary     .... 


Efitlmated  charge  ibr  probable  damage  on  the  voyage 
Factorage  in  London  .... 

Del  credere,  1  per  cent. 


£    «.    d. 


37     3     0 
9    15     0 


31 

1 

34 

54 
II    10 

7      5 


0 
10 
3 
4 
4 


9  8 
7 
0 


£1,136    15      0 


Or  per  quarter 


Ra.  34,000 


2,800 


Rs.  36,800 
804 


Rs.  27,600 


£1,150      3      4 


£     «.     d. 
0    19    10 


0    15      8 


1  11  6 
0  3  0 
0      1      0 


£1    14      6 


American  Com  Trade. — The  prices  of  wheat  at  New  York  and  Philadelphia  may  be 
taken,  on  an  average,  at  from  37i>.  to  40.'!.  a  quarter;  and  as  the  cost  of  importing  a  quarter 
of  wheat  from  the  United  States  into  England  amounts  to  from  lOs.  to  lis.,  it  is  seen  that 
no  considerable  supply  could  be  obtained  from  that  quarter,  were  our  prices  under  50*.  or 
."iSj,  It  ought  also  to  be  remarked,  that  the  prices  in  America  are  usually  higher  than  in 
the  Baltic ;  so  that  but  little  can  be  brought  from  the  former,  except  when  the  demand  is 
suHicient  previously  to  take  off  the  cheaper  wheats  of  the  northern  ports. 

The  exports  of  wheat  from  the  United  States  arc,  however,  comparatively  trifling ;  it  be- 
ing in  the  shape  of  flour  that  almost  all  their  exports  of  corn  are  made.  The  shipments  of 
this  important  article  from  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  New  Orleans,  and  other 
ports,  are  usually  very  large.  The  British  West  Indies,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Brazil,  England, 
and  France,  arc  the  princip  'kets  to  which  it  is  sent.     All  sorts  of  flour,  whether  made 

of  wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  &t  .^v ported  from  the  United  States,  must  previously  be  submit- 
ted to  the  inspection  of  officers  appointed  for  that  purpose.  The  law  further  directs,  that 
the  barrels,  in  which  it  is  shipped,  shall  be  of  certain  dimensions,  and  that  each  barrel  shall 
contain  196  lbs.  of  flour,  and  each  half  barrel  98  lbs.  The  inspector  having  ascertained  that 
the  barrels  correspond  with  the  regulations  as  to  size,  weight,  &c.,  decides  as  to  the  quality 
of  the  flour ;  the  first,  or  best  sort,  being  branded  Superfine  ,■  the  second.  Fine ,-  the  third. 
Fine  Middlings ,-  and  the  fourth,  or  lowest  quality.  Middlings.  Such  barrels  as  are  not 
merchantable  arc  marked  Bad  t  aad  their  exportation  as  well  as  the  exportation  of  those 
deficient  in  weight,  is  prohibited.  Kyc  flour  is  divided  into  2  sorts,  being  either  branded 
Superfine  Rye  Flour,  or  Fine  Rye  Flour.  Maize  flour  is  branded  Indian  Meal ;  flour 
made  from  buck-wheat  is  branded  B.  Meal.  Indian  meal  may  be  exported  in  hhds.  or  800 
lbs.  Flour  for  home  consumption  is  not  subjected  to  inspection.  The  inspection  must  tako 
place  at  the  time  and  place  of  exportation,  under  a  penalty  of  6  dollars  per  barrel.  Persons 
altering  or  counterfeiting  marks  or  brands  forfeit  100  dollars;  and  persons  putting  fresh 


m 


r.) 


i  ■  's 


•r 


616 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


flour  into  barreli  already  mnrkcd  or  branded,  or  offering  adulterated  wheaten  flour  for  sale 
forfeit  in  either  case  6  dollars  for  each  barrel. 

The  fees  of  branding  were  reduced  in  1832.  They  amount,  in  New  York,  to  3  cents  foi 
each  hophead,  and  I  cent  for  each  barrel  and  half  barrel  of  full  weight.  A  fine  of  30  cents 
is  levied  on  every  bancl  or  half  barrel  below  the  standard  weight,  exclusive  of  20  cents  for 
every  pound  that  it  is  deficient. 

The  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  60.  enacts,  that  every  barrel  of  wheaten  flour  imported,  shall  be 
deemed  equivalent  to  3S^  gallons  of  wheat,  and  shall  be  charged  with  a  corresponding  duty 
{ante,  p.  600).  Hence,  when  the  price  of  British  wheat  per  quarter  is  between  52«.  and 
C3«.,  the  duty  on  the  bnrrcl  of  flour  is  20s.  lO^d. ;  when  wheat  is  between  6U«.  and  6'«.,  the 
duty  on  flour  is  IGs.  O^d.i  and  when  wheat  is  between  69s.  and  70s.,  the  duty  on  flour  is 
8s.  2jrf.» 

The  following  Tables,  derived  principally  from  private  but  authentic  sources,  give  a  very 
complete  view  of  the  foreign  corn  trade  of  the  United  States  during  the  lost  10  years. 

I. — Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Flour  and  Grain  exported  from  the  United  States,  from  October  1st, 
1821,  to  8epteinb>!r  30tb,  1831,  with  the  Pricea  of  Flour  at  Philadelphia,  and  of  Wheat  and  Indicia 
Corn  at  New  York. 


-Account  of  the  Quantity  and  Destination  of  Wheat  Flour  exported  from  the  United  States,  coli- 
niencing  let  uf  October,  1821,  and  ending  30th  of  September,  1S31. 


Yoar«. 

1831 
18.'!0 
1829 
1828 
IS27 
1820 
1825 
1824 
1^23 
1822 
1831 

America. 

Europe. 

Africa. 

Asia. 

Total. 

Biilish 

N.  Anier. 

i'ri>v. 

Wot 

Iwliei. 

Soulh 
Amer. 

Gr,  Hriliin 

Irelind. 

France. 

Spain 

and  Por^. 

lugal. 

Madeira. 

Other 
Parte  of 
^uropi*. 

All 
Parte. 

All 
Parli 

Barrtl). 

150,615 

149,966 
91,088 
80,680 

107.420 
72,901 
30,780 
39,101 
29,681 
89,8  to 

131,035 

Brtmlt.   1    Bamlt. 
371,876  !  319,610 
281,250  :  317,290 
218,230  1  235,591 
.370,371  1  308,110 
362,074  1  271,524 
433,094     285,!Jfl3 
429,760  1  252,786 
424,359  I  357,372 
412,468  1  198,256 
430,819  \  211,0;)9 
551,396  1  156,888 

Barrel*. 

879,430 

320,182 

221,170 

23,258 

53,129 

18,!i57 

27,279 

70,873 

4,252 

12,096 

94,541 

BnrrtU, 

23,991 

56,590 

17,464 

6,266 

19 

275 

102 

426 

51 

228 

1,175 

Barrelt. 

364 

10,222 

509 

294 

4,293 

501 

730 

939 

62,387 

25,104 

71,958 

Bimlt. 

12,811 
9,028 
3,779 
4,001 
.5,171 
6,119 
3,597 

85,851 
4,752 

21, .375 

26,572 

Barrrli. 
35,416 
30,924 
14,(159 
54,;ftl 
52,114 
27,716 
55.818 
47,419 

8,088 
976 

9,074 

Barre's. 
8,751 
8,609 

221 
1,737 
4,909 
5,403 
7,023 
3,883 

903 
3,929 
3,123 

Bane!t. 
8,305 
6,214 
4,362 
5,602 
7,238 
7,885 
15,438 
6,439 
11,864 
26,129 
10,3:)7 

Bnrrflt. 

1,805,203 

l,2i5,H«l 

837,38.-1 

8()0.S09 

865, -I!)! 

857,6-20 

813.900 

9«0,7'J2 

756,702 

827,bG.j 

1,0.16,119 

Owinit  to  the  diminished  demand  in  England,  the  exports  in  the  year  endina  30lli  of  Scptcinlii>r, 
1832,  fell  considerably  under  the  level  of  the  2  preceding  years,  being  only  861,919  barrels,  viilueil  at 
4,880,6-H  dollars.  There  were  exported,  during  the  same  year,  88,304  bushels  of  wheat,  and  451,2;<0 
bushels  of  Indian  corn. — (Papers  laid  before  Congress,  15th  of  February,  1833.) 

Mr.  Reiiss  gives  (p.  120.)  tne  following  pro /unnn  account  of  the  expenses  attendinp  the  iinportalinn 
of  a  cargo  of  5,000  bushels  of  wheat  IVom  New  York,  supposing  it  to  cost  1  doll.  12  cents  a  busliel, 
which  is  about  its  average  price. 


.'i.noo  buibell,  at  I  dol.  12  centi  per  bushel 
WinnowiDC,  meiiurior,  and  delivery  on 

boild        .  .  .  .  -    IM-On 

Bmkenje,  1-2  percent.     -  •  -     28  00 

Itnuraiice,  6,001)  ilolt.  at  I  1-2  per  cent.     •     90-00 


Conmilaion,  5  per  cent. 


Exclianze,  110  percent.       /.. 
L.  I.  d.   L.  I.  i. 
Freiiht,  I2S  Itnt  at  ISf.  per 
Ion     .  •  •  •    »  1.S    0 

Priinaxe,  Spercent.         •     4  13    9 

98    8    9 

Rntrv,  olticer'a  feet,  and  city  nuea            .    1  10    1} 
Mcta'te  trom  tlie  abip  at  2f.  8(/.  per  last  of 
lOqn. 6  18    4 

117    7    I 


6,tiOO-00 


268-00 


B,86ij00 
293  40 

(1,161 '40 


1,260    1    S 


Brought  fonTard 
Petty  charges,  at  It.  pL*r  last  of  10  qn. 
Li^hteragu  and  porlera^^  togramry,  9d. 

per  quarter      .... 
Granary  rent  and  fire  Insurance,  ny  4 

weeks,  at  2t.  per  100  qrs.  per  week 
Turning,  at  2t.  per  100  qtiartort 
Metage  and  porleraffe  to  the  granary,  at 

4*.  per  I  Od  quart:  n     .  .  . 

Do.        do.    from  the  do,  at  5s.  per  qr. 
Ptw'age  and  stamps        .  .  . 

F.ictorage,  If.  pi»r  quarter 
Commission,  i  1 .2  per  cent. 
Ouaran'ee,    1  —       ^4I-2perct. 

Interest,         I 


/.    1. 

117    7 

2  12 


19  10   0 


uarier 
cr  cent. ) 

=  V 


2    2 

0  10 

to    8 
II  16 

1  7 
26    0 


0  M 


In  London. 

103-06  quarters  Winchester  measure,  equal  to  100 

qtwrtt-n  Imperial. 
5,000  huth'^ls  WincheBter  meisitre,  equal  to  604 

quarters  Imperial  measure,  costing  49f.  9  Vld, 

per  qu.irter  in  t>ond 


L.    t.  i. 


244    4   S 


1,504    6  10 


l,W3  14    2 


*  There  is  a  Table  of  the  duties  on  flour,  according  >n  the  variations  in  the  price  of  British  wheat,  in 
|]|«  valnsblQ  work  of  Afr.  Reuas  ^p.  117.)  relating  to  the  trade  |>etween  Great  Sritaio  and  America. 


lien  flour  for  «al« 

Tork,  to  3  cents  fo, 
A  fine  of  30  cents 
vo  of  80  cents  for 

imported,  shall  be 
sorrespoiiding  duty 
■  between  52».  and 

60».  and6'«.,  (he 
le  duty  on  flour  is 

ources,  give  a  vciy 
It  10  years. 

8,  from  October  1st 
'  VVJicat  und  Indian 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


B17 


of  Wheat  f''™  "f  Indian 
'u'lii-l  al        r'™  f" 

New  Voik. 


y  York. 


1.  cmlf. 

Ihlli.  nn/,. 

19 

0    TO 

98 

0    .^7 

38 

0    M 

8 

0    53 

07 

0    6.5 

UO 

0    79 

4 

0    5B 

15 

0    47 

5 

0    5') 

90 

0    49 

t9 

0    51) 

United  States,  coll 


A<iii. 


All 
r.ir(». 


Total. 


!■    Hanc: 

.'.,2U 

4,362 

5,fiCi 

7,238 

7,88.i 

I5,43H 

6,139 

11,804 

20,129 

10,3,)7i 


ISntreh. 

1, 805,20  j 

l,2i'),N81 

837,3!*.-. 

8!iO.S09 

6fi.5,41ll 

857,8-20 

fia.OOG 

H90,7'J2 

7.'iO,;02 

627,bG.j 

1,036,119 


'111  of  ScptPirihcr, 
barrels,  vhIuciI  nt 
'heat,  and  45l,2;<0 

P  the  importation 
12  cents  u  bushel, 


1.  d. 

1   I 

12    0 


■0    0 

2   0 
to  < 


8  0 

16  8 

7  0 

0  0 

0  tl 


L.    I.  d.1 


244    4   > 

1,504    5  10 


to  too 

n  604 
\l-2d.\ 


1,503  14    2  I 


iritisli  tvhent,  in 
and  America. 


The  usual  price  ofwhcat  In  Canada,  when  there  is  n  demand  Tor  the  English  mnrkrt.  Is  nbnnt  Wf. 
tqiiurtur;  but  taking  it  as  low  as  35».,  if  we  add  to  iliiii  128.  n  quarter  as  tlie  expenses  orcarriHse  and 
warvhousinir.  It  will  niako  its  price  in  Liverpt.id,  when  delivered  to  the  consumer,  47». ;  anu  being 
ipring  wheat,  it  la  not  so  vaiuablo,  by  about  6t.  a  quarter,  as  Kngiish  wheat.  Tne  duty  on  corn  im- 
ported from  a  lirltish  colony  being,  when  the  lionie  price  is  under  67«,,  only  S«.,  it  Is  suspected  that  a 
giioil  deaiortlic  flour  brought  from  Canada  iias  been  really  furnisheil  by  the  United  States.  It  is  cer- 
tain, too,  that  in  the  present  year  (1833)  wheat  has  been  sent  from  Archangel  to  Canada,  in  the  view 
(ns  is  alleged)  of  its  being  re-shipped,  under  the  low  duty,  to  British  ports  ;  llie  saving  cf  duty  being 
■upposcd  sutDcient  to  countervail  the  cost  of  a  double  vovnge  across  llie  Atlantic!  liut  grain  from 
tbc  colonies  is  not  admitted  into  England  at  the  low  duly,  without  the  exporters  subscribing  a  derlnra- 
tinn  that  It  is  the  produce  of  such  colonies ;  any  wilful  inaccuracy  in  such  document  being  punished 
by  the  forfeiture  of  the  corn  so  Imported,  and  of  100/  of  penalty ;  and  in  addition  to  this,  the  corn, 
liiiiir,  kc.  must  also  be  accompanied  by  a  etriifieatt  oforiffin  subscribed  by  the  collertor  or  comptroller 
at  the  port  of  shipment.  It  Is,  therefore,  difficult  to  see  how  the  importers  of  Itusslan  corn  into 
r.'inada  are  tu  succeed  In  getting  It  shipped  for  England  as  colonial  corn ;  and  we  believe  that  mos 
ofil  will  go  to  the  West  Indies. 

Account  of  all  Corn  and  Flour  imported  into  Great  Britain  f^om  Canada,  during  the  Five  Years  ending 
with  1832;  specifying  the  Qcantities  In  each  Yeat.— {Pari.  Paper,  So.  206.  acss.  1833.) 


Cora  and  Flour. 

1828. 

tl. 
1., 

580 
1,808    3 
9    0 

1820. 

1830. 

1831. 

1833.         1 

Wheat 

Bnrley 

Oats            ... 

Peaa           ... 

Indian  corn 

Qrl.       luf, 

4,053    S 

61    4 

1,616    3 

7    0 

Qii.     bus. 
58,963    .- 

1,323    1 
1,424    6 

Qrf.      tw, 

"=0,8:5      1 

20'J    5 

3,750    3 

461     6 

Qn.     Iw. 
88,686    6 

0    3 
8    0 

Total  of  corn    . 

16,868    7 

5.740    3 

61,611    5 

194,306    6 

88,695    0 

Wheat  meal  or  flour  - 
Oatmeal      ... 
Indian  nieul 
Rye  meal 

Cwl.     ofi.  lln. 
16,571    0  27 

Ctilt.     qn.  tin, 
5,579    1     0 

1    3    6 

Cvat.      on.  Ih. 

61,904     3  13 

519    1  13 

Cwl.     qrt.  Ua. 

96,039     1   14 

143    0  24 

885    0  15 

Cwt.      qm.  Jbi 

48,809    2  27 

1     S  13 

Total  ofmenl  and  flonr 

16,571    0  27 

5,581    0    6 

62,434    0  26 

97,066    2  25 

48,811     1  12 

Inferences  from  the  above  Review  of  Prices. — We  may,  we  think,  satisfactorily  conclude, 
from  this  pretty  lengthened  review  of  the  state  of  the  foreign  corn  trade,  that  in  the  event  of 
all  restrictions  on  the  importation  of  corn  into  our  markets  being  abolished,  it  could  not,  in 
ordinary  years,  l)e  imported  for  less  than  46s.  or  47s.  a  quarter.  But  taking  it  so  low  ns 
44«.,  it  is  plain  it  could  not,  in  the  event  of  its  being  charged  with  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.,  be 
sold  for  less  than  60s.  or  61s. 

Now,  it  appears,  from  the  account  No.  III.  page  506.,  that  the  average  price  of  wheat  in 
Kngland  and  Wales  for  the  ten  years  ending  with  1832,  amounted  to  61s.  9^d.  a  quarter  ; 
and  it  will  be  observed  that  the  crops  from  1826  to  1831  were  very  deficient,  and  that  the 
importations  in  those  years  were  unusually  large.  But  without  taking  this  circumstance 
into  account,  it  is  clear,  from  the  previous  statements,  that  the  opening  of  the  ports  under  » 
fixed  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.  could  not  occasion  a  reduction  of  more  than  9s.  or  10s.  a  quarter 
in  the  prices  of  the  last  10  years;  and  not  more  than  7s.  or  8s.  on  tlie  prices  of  last  year 
(1832). 

We  feel  pretty  confident  that  these  statements  cannot  be  controverted  ;  and  they  show, 
conclusively,  how  erroneous  it  is  to  suppose  that  the  repeal  of  the  existing  corn  law.s,  and 
the  opening  of  the  ports  for  importation,  under  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.  would  throw  a  large  pro- 
portion of  our  cultivated  lands  into  pasture,  and  cause  a  ruinous  decline  in  the  price  of  corn. 
The  average  price  of  wheat  in  England  and  Wales,  in  1802, 1803,  and  1804, — years  of 
decided  agricultural  improvement, — was  exactly  61.t.  a  quarter,  being  alino»t  identictd  with 
its  price  during  the  last  10  years  ;  while  the  reduction  of  taxation,  the  greater  cheapness  of 
labour,  and  the  various  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  agriculture  since  1804,  must 
enable  corn  to  bo  raised  from  the  same  soils  at  a  less  expense  now  than  in  that  year.  It 
cannot  be  justly  said  that  1833  was  by  any  means  an  unfavourable  year  for  the  fanners ;  and 
yet  the  average  price  of  wheat  was  then  only  5 1. v.  9rf.,  being  rather  fo.s  than  its  proliab'.e 
average  price  under  the  system  we  have  ventured  to  propose.  The  lamlloids  and  farmers 
may,  therefore,  take  courage.  Their  prosperity  docs  not  depend  on  restrictive  regulations ; 
but  is  the  effect  of  the  fertility  of  the  s,)il  which  belongs  to  them,  of  the  absence  of  all  opjircs- 
sive  feudal  privileges,  and  of  the  numlier  and  wealth  of  the  consumers  of  thoir  produce.  Tho 
unbounded  freedom  of  the  corn  trade  would  not  render  it  necessary  to  abandon  any  but  the 
most  worthless  soils,  which  ought  never  to  have  been  broken  up  ;  and  would,  consequently, 
have  but  a  very  slight  effect  on  rent ;  while  it  would  be  in  other  respects  supremely  ad- 
vantageous to  the  landlords,  whose  interests  are  closely  idcntitlcd  with  those  of  the  other 
classes. 

(CoiiN  (PiiicE  of). — ^Tho  average  prices  of  British  corn  during  the  six  years  ending 
with  1838  have  been  :— 

Vol  I.— 2  X 


!  n  '  ii  ■ 


it 


:;  '  I 


I- 
r  'I 


519 


COTTON. 


•  Tem. 

Whett 

Rye. 

lUrlfy. 

Oatl, 

Fnu. 

Pnni, 

«.       A 

..       rf. 

•.       <t 

t.       d. 

f.       d. 

1.       d. 

18»S 

S3     11 

33    11 

37      « 

18     5 

8«     S 

33     3 

1H34 

40      3 

33      « 

90      0 

SO    11 

39     4 

89     3 

1S85 

39      4 

30      4 

39    11 

93     0 

SO     8 

Sit    11 

1836 

4H      0 

S3      4 

S3    10 

93      I 

S»      1 

3H      4 

IH37 

S5     10 

34      0 

80      4 

33      1 

88     7 

87    n 

1H38 

61      7 

95      1 

31      S 

39      S 

SO     8 

87     3 

The  avtragt  fricet  of  wheat,  hurley,  anil  ouu,  In  Enfilaml  and  Walui,  during  the  leven  yrnra  eniling 
the  3Ut  of  Dt'ceiiilier,  1833,  were,  wneiil,  &Oii,  3d.  t  burU>y,  3I«.  Oi<. ;  nnd  oati,  99«.  Thcio  (iricea  uro 
important,  being  thoie  by  which  the  tithe-coniniutatiuni  under  the  late  act  are  to  be  determined 

Cous  (Ibik  of  Mas). — All  foreign  corn  imported  into  tho  lalo  of  Man  is  now  diibject  to 
the  flame  dutiea  aa  in  the  United  Kingdom. — (5  &,  6  Will.  4.  c.  13.) 

CoBW  (PiiicK  OF  IX  Fuaxug). — Wc  copy  from  tho  Times  tho  following 

Table  of  the  averaite  Trlcci  of  Wheat  In  Franco  at  the  End  of  October  of  each  Year,  (Vom  I819lo  laiO, 
l)oth  inclusive,  according  to  the  ollicial  Returni,  with  their  Equivulenti  iu  English  Measure  und 
Money : — 


Vmn, 

i'er  hKl. 

Per  qr. 

Ym™. 

For  liacl. 

Per  qr. 

fr.     t. 

..       d. 

r.      f. 

t       d. 

1819 

IS    99 

35      0 

1S28 

31    69 

49     8 

.      1890 

19    M 

4^1      9 

1899 

91    60 

49     5 

1891 

15    99 

36      8 

1830 

33    99 

53     4 

1«!2 

15    55 

35     7 

1831 

S3    88 

89     5 

1833 

15    79 

85    11 

1833 

19    67 

49     9 

1891 

14    46 

33      0 

IMS 

15    43 

35     4 

189A 

13    91 

34    11 

1634 

14    96 

33     4 

1896 

15    55 

35     7 

1835 

IJ    95 

33     0 

1827 

18    77 

43      8 

1836 

17      3 

39     0 

The  average  of  the  whole  period  Ih  17/r.  51c.  per  hectolitre,  equal  to  40«.  Id.  per  quar'jr;  and  it  will 
be  remarked  that  the  average  of  lust  year  is  the  lowest  of  the  whole  period. 

The  average  price  of  British  wheat  during  the  Becund  week  of  October,  1835,  was  37«.  a  quarter, 
being  lower  than  it  has  been  at  any  time  since  178U. — Sup.) 

[For  farther  information  concerning  the  American  corn  trade,  see  articles  Flouii,  an.l 
Imports  ano  Exports.— Am.  Ed,] 

COTTOS  (Get.  Baumwi)lk ;  Dvt.  Katoen,  Boomuiol ,-  Da..3(muld/  Sw.Bomull,-  Fr. 
Coton ;  It.  Colime,  Bamhagia  ,•  8p.  Alf^od^n  ,•  Port.  Algodao ;  Rus.  Chloblsehataja  huma- 
ga ,•  Pol.  Batvelna;  Lat.  Gosxypium, Bombax s  Arab.  Kutun ;  Sans.  Kapusa ;  Hind. 
Jiuhi  t  Malay,  Kapas),  a  species  of  vegetable  wool,  the  produce  of  the  Gos/n/pium  htrhuccum, 
or  cotton  shrub,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties.  It  is  found  growing  naturally  in  nil 
tho  tropical  regions  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  whence  it  has  been  transplanted,  and  has 
Itecome  an  important  object  of  cultivation,  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  to 
some  extent  also  in  Europe. 

Cotton  is  distinguished  in  commerce  by  its  colour,  and  the  length,  strength,  and  fineness 
of  its  fibre.  While  is  usually  considered  as  characteristic  of  secondary  quality.  Yellow,  or 
a  yellowish  tinge,  when  not  the  effect  of  accidental  wetting  or  inclement  Reasons,  is  con- 
i'idered  as  indicating  greater  fineness. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  raw  cotton  in  the  market,  their  names  being  principally  de- 
rived from  the  places  whence  they  are  brought.  They  nre  usually  classed  under  the  denomi- 
nations of /ong'  and  sliort  stapled.  The  best  of  the  first  is  tlie  seaAnlnnd  cotton,  or  that 
brought  from  the  shores  of  Georgia ;  but  its  qualities  difler  so  much,  that  the  price  of  the 
fmest  specimens  is  often  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  tho  inferior.  Tho  superior  samples  of 
Brazil  cotton  are  reckoned  among  the  long  stapled.  The  upland  or  bowed  Georgia  cotton 
forms  the  largest  and  best  portion  of  the  short  stapled  class.  All  tho  cottons  of  India  ii''e 
short  stapled. 

The  estimation  in  which  the  different  kinds  of  cotton  wool  are  held  may  be  learned  froui 
the  following  statement  of  their  prices  in  Liverpool,  on  the  1st  of  November,  1833. 
Prices  of  Cotton  In  Liverpool,  1st  November,  1833. 


d.        d. 

d.        d. 

.Sea-islaud,  at:ilned  nnd  saw-ginn'd 

8    to    19 

Alabama  and  Mobile,  good  fair    - 

e:  -  sj 

inferior 

lat  —  13 

good 

9i  -  mi 

-  i     .           Miiddliui; 

1,1    -  13{ 

Upland,  inr.'rior     ... 

7i-    8 

fair,  clean,  not  fine 

m  — 11 

nildillirig  .           .           - 

8}-    Hi 

pood,clenn,&.  rutlier  fine 

\\\  -  1.H 

f.iir           ... 

St-    6} 

flue  and  clean    - 

16    —20 

good  faXx  .           -           . 

9  —  !i; 

New  Orleans,  inferior 

7J-    f^ 

good         -           .           * 

fij  —  llli 

miildling 

H  —   H 

E<!vptlan     .... 

13  -  m  1 

fair     - 

8)  —    Oj^ 

Perimuihuco            ... 

9}  -  113  1 

good  fair 

9i-  —    OJ 

Iliiliia           .... 

9    -  lOJ 

good    -            -            . 

oj  -  in» 

Mariinhnm  .... 

«i-  11     1 

very  choice  pin  marks 

11    -  19 

Demernra    .... 

8.}  -  lU 

Alabama  and  iMokiie,  inferior 

7i-    7J 

West  India              ... 

8  —  yj 

middling 

8    -    81 

Carthagena             ... 

7    -    8 

fair   - 

63  -    HJ  1  Surat            .           -           .           - 

41-    7i 

Bmni. 

''       d. 

i 

33     3 

1 

89      3 

J 

St)    11 

1 

3H      4 

1 

87     0 

i 

37     3 

■even  yeari  ending 

•      lIlCM   litke.ft  Hrn 

bedt 

turiiiiMd 

I  ia  now  subject  to 

ir,  from  1819  to  18,W, 
igliah  Mt'usure  iind 


Per  qr. 

~- 

>        d. 

40      6 

49      5 

93      4 

S3      3 

43      9 

S5      4 

33      4 

33     0 

_ 

39     0 

luari.-r;  and  it  will 
wag  37».  a  quarter, 

icles  FtoBB,  an] 

iw.Bomiill,.  Ft. 
htsehalaja  Imma. 
Kapusa;  Hind. 
9m//»  hcrbuccum, 
g  naturally  in  ail 
'pinnted,  and  hag 
«d  States,  and  to 

?lh,  and  fineness 
lity.  Yellow,  or 
t  geasons,  is  con- 

g  principally  de- 
iider  the  detiomi- 
d  cotton,  or  that 
the  price  of  the 
lerior  samples  of 
i  Georgia  cotton 
ons  of  India  ii'e 

be  learned  froit 
ber,  1833. 


d.        d. 

- 

K~  n 

- 

o;  -  inj 

- 

71-8 

- 

8J-    81 

- 

8|-    bj 

0    —    ill 

fl}  -  loi 

13    -  13} 

Sif  -  11} 

0    -IflJ 

«J  -  11     1 

8i-lU 

- 

8    —    tlj 

- 

7    -    8 

- 

4f-  n 

COTTON. 


6ie 


Thfl  Inferiority  of  BcnRnl  and  Sural  cotton  is  sometimes  nscrilicd  to  the  defective  m<v1e  in 
which  it  is  propare<l ;  but  Mr.  Horace  H.  Wilson  doubts  whether  it  can  ho  grown  In  India  of 
t  better  liind.  The  raw  cotton  of  the  Indian  islands  has  lutherto  l)ccn  almost  entirely  con- 
lumed  on  the  spot. 

A  infiall  quantity  of  very  superior  cotton  has  been  imported  from  New  South  Wales. 

The  manufacture  of  cotton  has  l)een  carried  on  in  Hindostan  from  the  remotest  antiquity. 
Herodotus  mentions  (lib.  iii.  c.  106.)  that  in  India  there  arc  wild  trees  that  produce  a  sort 
of  wool  superior  to  that  of  sheep,  and  that  the  natives  dress  themselveu  in  clntli  made  nf  it. 
_(See,  to  the  same  effect,  Am'an  Indie,  c.  16.  p.  6Q2.)  The  manufacture  obtained  no  foot- 
ing worth  mentioning  in  Europe  till  last  century. 

1,  Rin  and  PrugrenH  iif  the  Bril'mh  Col  Inn  Manufacture. — The  rapid  growth  and  pro- 
digious magnitude  of  the  cotton  manufacture  of  Great  Britain  are  beyond  all  quextion  the 
tnont  extraordinary  phenomena  in  the  history  of  induMtry.  Our  conniiaiid  of  the  finest  wool 
naturally  attracted  our  attention  to  the  woollen  manufacture,  niid  paved  the  way  for  that 
superiority  in  it  to  which  wo  have  long  since  attained  :  but  when  we  undertook  the  cotton 
manufacture,  we  had  compamtively  few  facilities  for  its  prosecution,  an<l  had  to  striisrgie 
with  the  greatest  difficulties.  The  raw  material  was  produced  at  an  immense  distance  from 
our  shores;  and  in  Hindostan  and  China  tho  inhabitants  had  arrived  at  such  perfection  in 
the  arts  of  spinning  and  weaving,  that  the  lightness  and  delicacy  of  their  finest  cloths  emu- 
lated the  web  of  the  gossamer,  and  seemed  to  set  competition  at  defiance.  Such,  however, 
has  been  the  influence  of  the  stupendous  discoveries  and  inventions  of  Hargravos,  Arkwright, 
Croinpton,  Cartwright,  and  others,  that  we  have  overcome  all  these  difficulties — that  neither 
the  extreme  cheapness  of  labour  in  Hindostan,  nor  the  excellence  to  which  the  natives  hud 
attained,  has  enabled  them  to  withstand  the  competition  of  those  who  buy  their  cotton  ;  and 
who,  aflcr  carrying  it  5,000  miles  to  Iw  manufactured,  carry  back  the  goods  to  them,  'i'his 
is  the  greatest  triumph  of  mechanical  genius  :  and  what  ])erhaps  is  most  extraordinary,  our 
superiority  is  not  the  late  result  of  a  long  series  of  successive  discoveries  and  inventions;  on 
the  contrary,  it  has  been  accomplished  in  a  very  few  years.  Little  more  than  half  a  coiilury 
has  elapsed  since  the  British  cotton  manufactory  was  in  its  infancy ;  and  it  nnw  forms  the 
principal  business  carried  on  in  the  country, — affording  an  advantageous  field  for  the  accu- 
mulation and  employment  of  millions  upon  millions  of  capital,  and  of  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  workmen !  The  skill  and  genius  by  which  these  astonishing  results  have  been 
achieved,  have  been  one  of  tho  main  sources  of  our  power :  they  have  i  ontribuicd  in  no 
common  degree  to  raise  tho  British  nation  to  the  high  and  conspicuous  place  she  now  occu- 
pies. Nor  is  it  loo  much  to  say  that  it  was  the  wealth  and  energy  derived  from  the  cotton 
manufacture  that  bore  us  triumphantly  through  the  lato  dreadful  contest,  at  the  same  time 
that  it  gives  us  strength  to  sustain  burdens  that  would  have  crushed  our  fathers,  and  could 
not  be  supported  by  any  other  peojile. 

The  precise  period  whan  the  manufacture  was  introduced  into  Englanu  is  not  known; 
hut  it  is  most  probable  that  it  was  some  lime  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century.  Tho 
first  authentic  mention  is  made  of  it  by  Lewis  Roberts,  in  his  Treasure  of  Trcijfk,  published 
in  1641,  where  it  is  stated,  "The  town  of  Manchester,  in  Lancashire,  must  be  also  herein 
remembered,  and  worthily  for  their  encouragement  commended,  who  buy  the  yarne  of  the 
Irish  in  great  quantity,  and  weaving  it,  returnc  the  same  again  into  Ireland  to  sell.  Neither 
doth  their  industry  rest  here ;  for  they  buy  cotton  wool  in  London  that  comes  first  from 
Cyprus  and  Smyrna,  and  at  home  workc  the  same,  and  perfect  it  into  fustians,  vermillions, 
dimities,  and  other  such  stuffus,  and  then  return  it  to  London,  where  the  same  is  vented  and 
sold,  and  not  seldom  sent  into  forrain  parts,  who  have  means,  at  flir  easier  termes,  to  provide 
themselves  of  the  said  first  materials. — (Orig.  cd.  p.  33.)  It  is  true,  indeed,  that  mention  is 
frequently  made  by  previous  writers,  and  in  acta  of  the  legislature  passed  at  a  much  earlier 
perioil,*  of  "  Manchester  cottons,"  "  cotton  velvets,"  "  fustians,"  &c. ;  but  it  is  certain  that 
these  articles  were  whully  compared  of  wool,  and  had  most  probably  been  denominated  cot- 
tons from  their  having  been  prepared  in  imitation  of  some  of  the  cotton  fabrics  imported  from 
India  and  Italy. 

From  the  first  introduction  of  the  cotton  manufacture  into  Great  Britain  down  to  the  com- 
paratively late  period  of  1773,  the  weft  or  transverse  threads  of  the  web,  only,  were  of  cot- 
ton ;  the  warp,  or  longitudinal  threads,  consisting  wholly  of  'inen  yarn,  principally  im- 
ported from  Germany  ond  Ireland.  In  the  first  stage  of  tho  manufacture,  tho  weavers  dispersed 
in  cottages  throughout  the  country,  furnished  themselves,  as  well  as  they  could  with  the 
warp  ond  weft  for  their  webs,  and  carried  thcin  to  market  when  they  were  finished :  but 
about  1760,  a  new  system  was  introduced.  The  Manchester  merchonts  began  about  that 
time  to  send  agents  into  the  country,  who  employed  weavers,  whom  they  su[>plicd  with 
foreign  or  Irish  linen  yarn  for  warp,  and  with  raw  cotton,  which  being  caroled  and  spun,  by 

I     *  In  an  act  of  5  &  6  Edw.  6.  (1.552),  entitled,  for  the  true  making  of  woollen  cloth,  it  Is  ordered, 
I  "  Thul  nil  cottons  culled  Jifanchester,  Lavcasliire,  and  Cheshire  cottons,  full  wrouclU  for  sale,  shall  be  in 

length,"  &.C.    This  proves  incontestiibly,  thiit  wliut  were  then  culled  cottons  were  madu  wholly  of 

wubl. 


'■■  i 

'^' 
'<'  \ 
I  , 

! 

\: 
El 


;■ 


I 


fi 


i 


m 


■ !  "J 


h| 

■I 


I- 


, 


i 


n 


lit''' 

Lll 


620 


COTTON. 


means  of  a  rommon  tplndla  or  dista/T,  in  the  wruvrr'a  own  family,  waa  then  uited  for  wrft, 
A  Ryiitcrn  ot'  domestic  manufacture  was  thui  citHhliRhcd  ;  tho  junior  hraru-lica  of  tlip  luiiiil« 
being  rmpluyed  in  the  carding  and  s|iinning  of  the  cotton,  while  its  iiead  wmi  em|>lo)i>«|  jn 
wruving,  or  in  convertini;  the  linen  iind  cotton  yarn  into  clotb.  'J'tiis  syHleni,  by  rrlitvinK 
the  weaver  from  the  necessity  of  providing  himself  with  linen  yam  for  warp  and  raw  cotton 
for  weft,  and  of  seekini;  customers  for  his  cloth  when  fniished,  and  enablinK  him  to  proKri  iiiu 
his  employment  wiih  greater  regularity,  was  an  ohvious  improvrment  on  the  HyHtcni  timt 
had  bt  un  previously  followed ;  but  it  is  at  the  same  time  clear  that  the  im|iosBibi|iiy  ol  nmk- 
inf]r  any  considerable  division  among  the  ilillerent  branches  of  a  manufacture  so  conducted, 
or  of  prosecuting  them  on  a  largo  scale,  added  to  the  intci  rnption  given  to  the  proper  biminesi 
of  the  weavers,  by  the  necessity  of  attending  to  the  cultivation  of  the  jwtcheH  of  grpuml 
which  they  generally  occupied,  opposed  invincible  obstacles  to  its  progress,  so  lung  as  ii  was 
conducted  in  this  mode. 

It  appears  from  the  Custom-house  returns,  that  the  total  quantity  of  cottcm  wool  annunlly 
imported  into  Urcat  Britain,  at  an  average  of  the  Jive  years  ending  with  1705,  amuuiitnl  to 
only  1,170,881  lbs.  The  accounts  of  the  imports  of  cotton  from  1720  to  1770  ha\e  not 
lieen  preserved;  )■  '„  until  the  la-st  'i  or  3  years  of  that  period  the  manufacture  increiucd  very 
slowly,  and  was  of  very  trifling  amount.  Dr.  Percival,  of  Manchester,  who  hu4l  the  brvt 
nu'itns  of  being  accurately  informed  on  the  subject,  states  (hat  the  entire  value  of  all  the  rot- 
ton  goo<]8  manufactured  in  Great  Britain,  iit  the  accession  of  George  III.  in  17()0,  was  esti- 
mated to  amount  to  only  200,000/.  a  year,  and  the  numl)er  of  |M>r8onH  employed  was  quito 
inconsiderable :  but  in  17U7,  a  most  ingenious  |)erson,  James  Hargraves,  a  cor|)enti'r  at 
Blackburn  in  liancashire,  invented  the  fpiniilnejfnny.  At  its  first  invention,  this  ndiuira- 
bin  machine  enal>led  eight  threads  to  lie  spun  with  the  same  facility  as  one ;  and  it  wag 
subsequently  brought  to  such  perfection,  that  a  little  girl  was  able  to  work  no  fewer  than 
from  eif^hty  to  one  hundred  and  twetiti/  spindles. 

The  jt'imy  was  applicable  only  to  the  spinning  of  cotton  for  weft,  bein^;  unable  to  f(\\e  to 
the  yarn  that  degree  of  firmncsH  and  hardness  whidi  is  required  in  the  longitu<linal  Ihrcudii 
or  warp:  but  Ihitt  deficiency  was  soon  after  supplied  by  the  introduction  of  the  A/>/;in/n>i-. 
frame, — that  wonderful  piece  of  machinery  which  spins  a  vast  number  of  threads  of  at  y 
degree  of  fineness  and  hdrdness,  leaving  to  man  merely  to  feed  the  machine  with  cotton,  and 
to  join  the  threads  when  they  happen  to  break.  It  is  not  diflicult  to  understand  the  princi- 
ple on  which  this  machine  is  constructed,  and  the  mode  of  iu  operation.  It  consists  of  two 
pairs  of  rollers,  turned  by  means  of  machinery.  The  lower  roller  of  each  pair  is  furrowed  or 
fluted  longitudinally,  and  the  upper  one  is  covered  with  leather,  to  make  them  take  n  bold 
of  the  cotton.  If  there  wore  only  one  pair  of  rollers,  it  is  clear  that  a  cardiii;^  of  cotton 
passed  between  them  would  be  drawn  forward  by  the  revolutittn  of  the  rollers,  but  it  would 
merely  undergo  a  certain  degree  of  compression  from  their  action.  No  simner,  however 
has  the  carding,  or  rovinif,  as  it  is  technically  termed,  begun  to  pass  throup;h  the  Urtit  pair 
of  rollers,  than  it  is  receivi<d  by  the  second  pair,  which  are  made  to  revolve  with  (as  the  cas« 
may  be)  3,  4,  or  5  times  the  velocity  of  the  first  pair.  By  this  admirable  contrivance,  tii« 
roving  is  drawn  out  into  a  thread  of  the  desired  degree  of  tenuity  ;  a  twist  being  given  to  it 
by  the  adaptation  of  the  spindle  and  fly  of  the  common  flax-wheel  to  the  machinery. 

Such  is  the  principle  on  which  Sir  Richard  Arkwright  constructed  his  ttiinous  spinning 
frame.  It  is  obvious  that  it  is  radically  and  completely  dilfcrent  from  the  previous  nictho<ls 
of  spinning,  either  by  the  common  band-wheel  or  distalf,  or  by  the  jenny,  which  i.s  only  a 
modification  of  the  common  wheel.  Spinning  by  rollers  was  an  entirely  original  idea;  and 
•t  is  diflicult  which  to  admire  most — the  profound  and  fortunate  sogacity  which  led  to  to 
great  a  discovery,  or  the  consummate  skill  and  address  by  which  it  was  so  spetdily  perfected, 
and  reiluced  to  practice.* 

Since  the  dissolution  of  Sir  Richard  Arkwright's  patent,  in  1785,  the  progress  of  discovery 
and  improvement  in  every  department  of  the  manufacture  has  been  most  rapid.  l"hc  wu/f- 
jenny — so  called  from  its  being  a  compound  of  the  jenny  and  the  spinning  frame — invented 
by  Mr.  Crompton,  and  the  power-kuni,  invented  by  the  Kev.  Mr.  C'iirlwrigbt,  are  machines 
thfti  have  had  the  most  powerful  influence  on  the  niHiiufncture ;  and  in  consequence  of  their 
introduction,  and  of  innumerable  other  inventicms  and  improvements,  the  prices  of  cotton 

•  Thore  is,  in  the  new  edition  of  the  F.viiir.lopiritia  BriUtvvicit,  n  prptty  full  Hrcuni  t  of  the  lif«  of  HIr 
Richar<l  Arkwright.  Tlie  (|'><!!it>"n  "s  to  lis  merit  as  nn  oriL'iiiiil  ciiscuvrn^r  id  rtill  uiidi^iiileii.  Ko- 
cenlly,  however,  it  has  been  agcfrtuiiicil  Hint  a  patoiit  f"i  HpiniiiiiK  liy  rirllers,  revolving  wilh  diflt'tiiil 
desrci'S  of  velocity,  waif  taken  .nit  l:y  \  strsi.  Wyait  mid  I'niil,  so  early  ii«  ITHH.-  (."^ta'  Hie  i-.xi clli'iil 
Account  rf  the  Collon  Maniifactiin;  liy  Edward  Haines,  jnii..  I'.^n)  B"'  i'  ili"'9  net  ap[icarlhj»  tlio 
inventors  h.ad  been  aide  to  give  KtlVct  to  their  happy  ideH.and  all  trarea  of  the  invention  Neeni  to  liavo 
lieen  lust.  The  statements  in  the  case  printed  by  i^ir  Kiiliurd  Arkwnclit  and  his  partners  in  IT^'i, 
I  how,  that  he  was  aware  of  the  attcinpia  made  in  the  rei(!n  of  (Jenrte  11.  to  ppin  liy  niachim  ry  ;  Iml 
there  is  no  evidence  to  prove  that  he  was  acqiiniiited  with  the  prinriplo  on  wliicli  these  atteniplsi  hut) 
been  made,  or  that  lie  had  seen  the  patent  referred  to.  tindoubledly,  however,  the  prolmliilily  seeim 
to  be  that  he  had.  Uiit  adinittini;  this  lo  be  the  case,  it  detrarts  but  little  from  the  substantial  nieriit 
ol'Sir  Rleharil  ArkwrlKlit  If  the  idea  of  spinninji  by  rollers  did  not  spring  up  spniitaneoiisly  in  his 
mind,  he  was,  nt  all  events,  the  first  who  made  it  avuilablu  in  practice;  and  allowed  bow  it  might  bo 
rcuUered  a  most  prolific  source  of  wealth. 


COTTON 


621 


cloth  ind  yarn  hnve  gone  on  profn'<^"ivuly  diminiithliiq;.  Bcit  ai  tho  i]«mnn(1  for  cotton*  ha* 
been,  owing  to  their  exirnorilinnry  che:ipni!M,  « xtondud  in  a  Hiill  grrater  dpKree,  the  value  of 
(he  goodi  produced,  and  the  number  of  poraona  employed  in  tho  manufacture,  arc  now  d»> 
ci(k-illy  Kreater  than  at  any  previous  p<Tiod. 

3,  Import!  of  Cotton  Wool,  Coimtrieii  wkmce  it  it  imported,  Priru,  Uullen,  4"f. 
The  folluwing  Tahlea  have  been  partly  taken  from  ofilcial  di)cum«nta,  and  partly  from  the 
iccounti  of  merchants  of  great  experience.  We  l)eliuve  they  may  he  relied  on  as  approach* 
ing  M  near  to  accuracy  aa  it  is  possible  to  attain  to  in  such  matters. 

Account  of  the  Imports  and  Export!  of  Cntton  Wont  to  snil  from  Oroat  Britain,  from  1781  to  1819i 

both  tncluilve. 


r«n. 

Importrd. 

Eipnrtfl. 

Vm* 

In'portfli). 

GiporlKl. 

l.bl>. 

Lb: 

/.»(. 

u». 

1781 

6,m«.778 

0t\,788 

1707 

93,354,371 

60<I,U.')8 

I78« 

ll,K2rt,();)0 

421,220 

1798 

31,8H0,rtll 

601,139 

17H3 

«,735.fl«3 

I77,fl26 

17M) 

4?,:t7y,278 

814,071 

1781 

1I,4(*'2.(W3 

80I,N»S 

18110 

56,oio,7;n 

4,410,610 

I78S 

1H,4(M),3«4 

407,400 

I8III 

ft6,m)»,:)05 

I,8«',0,b7'i 

17«fl 

lU.  I7ft,()20 

32:1,153 

Mn 

(i(',345,6(H) 

3.730,480 

1787 

9;t.-i50,!M18 

1,073,381 

1803 

53,8ia,2N4 

1,561,0.53 

17H8 

so.^w.-ise 

853,140 

1804 

fll,l"07.320 

.'j03,171 

17M» 

3'i,5T6,(WS 

2'.)7,H37 

1805 

5t),082,10« 

H04,-Ma 

1790 

3l.447,fiOS 

814,1M 

1800 

58,17(1.283 

651, Mi7 

171(1 

a«,7(m,H7S 

363,412 

1807 

74,U25,n«fl 

2,17fl,*M3 

I7U!1 

3\,m,m 

1,481,4«J 

I80S 

43,«05,tf^a 

1,014.807 

17«3 

10,010,029 

l,l7l,50d 

1800 

e2,hl2,l!.i2 

4.351,1115 

17IM 

3»,35H,507 

l.SIO.O.W 

1810 

I32,4h8,»35 

8,7^7,109 

17UJ 

90,401,340 

1,103,737 

Ihll 

01,070,535 

l,26li,h07 

17'JO 

32,120,357 

001,063 

1812 

63,025,0;i0 

1,710,012 

Arcniint  of  the  Imports  nf  Cntton  Wool  Into  nr'mt  Brllnin,  of  thti  ritncks  on  hand  on  the  3lat  of 
Doceinbcr,  of  tliH  Annual  and  Weekly  Delivery  for  (^'onBiirnplinn.  thu  Aiiioiiiit  of  the  Crdjin  of 
Cotinn  In  North  America,  and  the  AvnuiKe  priue  of  Vplandi,  uuch  Voiir  Irom  18M  to  1833,  bulh  In- 
chiilve.— (Furniahed  by  Mr.  Cook,  of  Mincing  Lane  ) 


Tolil  lm|»rtt 

Slock  In  lh« 

To';il  DelU-erlee 

Enlinnled 

Amount  of 

Ai:nf 

rem. 

lii'o  Great 

Por(«, 

for  Cf""»unip. 

WMjlly 

Cniu  iri 
Norlh  America. 

VritM  iif 

Brilaio. 

31il  of  Utceiiiber. 

(Inn 

Cnniuiii)i'jon. 

Uj>liiiJi, 
Per  lb. 

Lbs. 

Lbt. 

Lb». 

Lbs. 

Lbt. 

1814 

73,728,000 

23,279,000 

80,a  10,000 

1,661,000 

28<i. 

1815 

00,300,000 

93,360,000 

85.800,000 

1,612,000 

20i,/. 

1810 

97,310,000 

29,355,000 

88,631, (Km 

1,709,500 

[   No  correct 

m>i. 

1817 

136,210,000 

31,031,000 

108,3.56,0(10 

2,051,400 

20<i. 

1818 

173,010,000 

85,800.000 

111,8(10,000 

2,132,000 

20(/. 

1819 

137,592,000 

88,453,000 

108,861,000 

2,116,800 

13  ,/. 

1820 

147,576,000 

103,458,000 

135,616,(100 

2,322,000 

11  if. 

1821 

12(1,420,000 

100,800,000 

126,120,000 

2.176,800 

110,910,000 

O.d. 

1821 

141,510,000 

76,.362,000 

141,180,(100 

2,750,100 

121,185,000 

8  ,t. 
8  ,t. 
8  d. 

1823 

183,700,000 

105,875,000 

147,I3,-),000 

3.0-25,000 

136,125,000 

1821 

147,420,000 

64,428,000 

174,17  l,(KIO 

3,1(16,800 

1.^2,8h0.000 

1825 

214,380,000 

123,908,000 

10!(,3fl  1,000 

3,IM,000 

1110,800.0(10 

11  d. 

1820 

170,520,000 

100,.5-48,000 

161,640,000 

3,410.100 

211,680  000 

(!; ./. 

1827 

281,330,000 

131,314,000 

211,167,0110 

3,801,600 

283,120,000 

6(f. 

1828 

922,750,0!)0 

120,582,000 

317,701,000 

4,158,000 

213,810,0(10 

6w/. 

1829 

318,324,(100 

84,960,000 

■    221,676.0(10 

4,263,000 

255,780,000 

5|(/. 

18.W 

250,850,0(K) 

95,360,000 

2t2,(HK).0()0 

4,768,000 

2y.l,040,000 

did. 

1831 

380,0«(),000 

84,090,000 

2.57,5()(),nO() 

5,0i7,70O 

311,655,000 

5J</. 

1833 

370,090,000 

73,560,000 

359,980,000 

5,330,500 

200,215,000 

Oi<f. 

-  5,800,000 

-  5,.500,000 

-  1,600,000 

-  2,0(M»,000 

-  5,000,000 


In  1786,  the  supplies  of  cotton  wool  wore  derived  from  the  fullowing  sources: — 

Ibi). 
From  tho  nritiah  West  Indies 

French  nnd  Spanish  colonies 
Dutch  colonies 
rortugueso  colonies 
Smyrna  and  Turkey 

'■ —  10,900,000  Il)g. 

Previously  to  1790,  North  Americni  did  not  supply  us  with  a  single  pound  weight  of  raw 
cotton.  A  little  had,  indeed,  been  raised  in  some  of  tho  Soutliern  States,  for  domestic  use, 
before  the  revolutionary  war,  but  tho  quantity  was  quite  inconsiderable.  In  1791,  it  began, 
for  the  first  time,  to  be  exported;  the  trifling  quantity  of  189,316  lbs.  haviii>r  Iwen  shipped 
in  the  course  of  that  year,  and  138,338  lbs,  in  1792.  Such  was  the  Into  and  feeble  begin- 
nins;  of  the  American  cotton  trade.  There  is  nothing  in  the  history  of  industry  to  compare 
with  its  subsequent  increase,  unless  it  be  the  growth  of  the  manufucturo  in  this  country, 

.\iiicrican  cotton  is  generally  known  by  the  names  of  sea-i stand  and  upland.  The  tirst, 
which  is  the  finest  cotton  imported  into  Britain,  grows  on  the  small  sandy  islands,  and  alon^ 
the  low  sandy  shores  of  Carolina  and  Georgia.  It  is  long  in  the  staple,  of  an  even  silky 
texture,  and  is  ea.sily  separated  from  the  seed.  Unlu -kily,  however,  it  can  bo  raised  only  in 
certain  situations;  so  that  its  quantity  is  limited,  and  has  not,  in  fact,  been  increased  since 
1805.  The  upland,  of  which  the  supply  may  be  considered  as  unlimited,  though  of  vary- 
ing qualities,  is  all  short  stapled ;  and  its  separation  from  the  seed  is  so  very  diiticult,  that  if 
2x3  fiO 


i-' 


■■■•^t' 


■\-\ 


\\ 


1  ■ 


:!!!■ 


Wl 


099 


COTTON. 


It  bo  done  by  the  honJ,  the  cotton  U  Imnlly  worth  th.-  lulMur.  Thiii,  however,  «u  the  only 
way  ill  which  it  could  bo  made  uvailiible  for  lioiim  \xm\,  or  exportation,  previouhly  t»  I?U;| ; 
and  had  anv  one  tlien  ventured  to  predict  that  10,UUU,0UU  Um.  of  upland  cotton  would  i vir 
lie  exported,  ho  would  have  been  looked  upon  aa  «  visionary  dreamer.  But  thn  nenius  of 
Mr.  Kli  Whitney  did  for  the  pUntem  of  tlio  iSouthorn  Stateii  what  the  Keniu*  of  Arkwriuhi 
and  Watt  did  f.ir  the  inanut'acturera  of  England.  Ho  invented  a  machine  by  which  tii« 
wool  or  the  upland  rotUin  ii  separated  from  the  lecd  with  the  greatent  facility  and  eMpidJ. 
tion,  and  by  ho  doinc;  liiid  the  fuundutioiii  of  a  new  and  must  imfiortant  branch  of  iiuluitry, 
and  iloubled  the  wealth  and  nif«n«  of  employment  of  hit  countrymen  ! — {I'itkiit'n  Nlntii. 
tie*  of  the  United  SliUeif,  p.  IU9.  cd.  18.J6.)  Whitney's  invention  came  into  o|)criUiiin  in 
170.3,  and  in  1794,  1,61)1,760  lb«.,  and,  in  179.5,  S,87(l,:J0O  llw.  of  cotton  were  ex  ported, 
And  HO  astoniiihini;  haa  been  the  growth  of  cotton  in  the  interval,  that  the  cxfiortg  from  the 
United  HtuteH  in  1 837  amounted  to  the  prodigioua  quantity  of  4U,'^11,&37  Um. !  of  which 
438,024,606  lbs.  were  upland  ! 

AccoenT  (if  llio  Qiiantitlns  >f  Coilon  Wnol  Impnrled  Into  the  United  Klnvdom  during  tlie  Hlx  Yenri 
endinn  with  1^37,  iiH'cirylng  the  (limnlltluii  brnuitht  I'runi  dllTercnt  Coinnrlca,  thu  Tout  Uimnlilie« 
e\|i'>rlud,  and  the  Uiiuiitltie*  left  for  Conmiinptloii.— (UompiliMl  iVoni  Pari.  Paptra.) 


CouDtrlfl*. 

|i«)]. 

1133. 

1x34. 

I83S. 

1H36.       1       1107. 

Cortnn  wuii)  fmni  f  ir.'ijrii  couritrl««,  vis..* 

lit. 

lU. 

Ua. 

V«. 

"».                lit, 

ruili^d  HlAtM  ut  Aniuriu       .... 

2I0,:*,T.» 

a3^,^.l^,^w  mii..w,07-> 

2S1,4^^,«I2 

im.ii\\t'>i  32^,(.-,i.7ifi 

B-i.i;i               -                      .... 

20,IOtl,.fiO 

2!-.<«3,l(2l  1    IU,2:ll,^IW> 

24.(1  Mm 

27,'VM,272 

20,940,  Mi 

•|uili«»  Mi.l  i;<ypt 

O'lier  forfiin  coiiitlriri           .... 
Cntinn  wnol  fritm  Hritiih  poffHwioiu,  vl«.— 

9,ll;l,Mia 

»'<7,2*|l         8>,V1«7 

«,TlM)li(l 

»,42«,72l 

7,I->'1,V« 

6ii8,aii 

■  iKM.IUH:      8,200,452 

3,207,3011 

6,734,413 

4,010,  "29 

Litil  lihlimatitl  Miuriliui      .... 

H,  178,021 

32,7H,164'    W,ff2n,86-. 

41,474.000 

7,4,n-,7,M7 

»1,.^7',I'I7 

Uritiah  Wc«l  InJief,  theicmwlh  nf    . 

l,70<.7M 

l,ttV),iee       1,07  2,211 

I,4')tl,ll7|       1,312,806 

I,l9«.li2 

1)1  In,       ih'ti,       liiiporl«l  from 

331, 044 

431,008         6ii;i:4 

SI9,7M|         40I,V1| 

396.540 

U.lior  Oritlih  ixwouioiM        .... 
Tnl.ll  qtnnlilln  Imporlal 

3-1,221 

1112.801            47,54J 

84,208!  8,73 1 
.T61,7(>2,ilfll   10>l,ir,!),0-.7 

23,6-,4 
4n7.2««.7J3 

2SU,832,^2'> 

3O!3,U'i0,H.17   326,8Ti,42-| 

QuatliiM  Minrtni               .... 
Ja(i  for  (oiuumptlon              .... 

18,027,1)10 

I7DU3,I->I!!     11,461  >l«3 

,32,77II,71M  3l,73!l,''«1 
33U,»i3,22U   37j,2l9,2ll4 

39,722,001 

26Sm4,M& 

a^2M,Mt  302,414,162 

*i7,r.6l,751 

It  has  been  the  practice  for  many  years  past  to  levy  a  duty  on  cotton  wool,  when  import- 
cd.  The  policy  of  such  a  duty  is  very  questionable ;  and  it  would  be  quite  intolerable,  wcie 
it  not  kept  at  a  low  rate.  For  a  number  of  years  previously  to  1931,  it  amounted  (on 
foreign  cotton)  to  6  per  cent,  ad  vahrrem  ;  but,  in  ortler  to  make  up,  in  part,  at  least,  fur  the 
lo.sa  of  revenue  caused  by  the  repeal  of  the  duty  on  printed  cottons — (see  Calico),  it  was 
rained  in  that  ye.tr  to  5«.  \^d.  a  cwt.  Such  a  duty  would  have  miitcrially  atVected  tho  im- 
ports of  the  inferior  species  of  cotton,  and  the  price  of  coarao  goods ;  an<l  being,  in  conso- 
quoncr,  justly  objected  to,  it  was  reduced  in  1833  to  3.^.  lltf,  a  cwt.  Tho  duty  on  cotton 
from  a  British  possession  is  little  more  than  nominal,  l)eing  only  \d,  a  cwt.  At  tin  average 
of  183G  and  1837,  the  duties  on  cotton  produced  440,332/,  a  year. 

The  subjoined  statement  is  taken  from  tho  circular  of  George  Holt  and  Co.,  eminent  cot- 
ton brokers  at  Liverpool,  dated  3l8t  of  December,  1838.  It  contains  some  additional  and  in- 
structive details.  Its  near  agreement  with  the  previous  statements  afiords  a  strong  proof  of 
their  and  its  accuracy. 

Statement  of  the  Cnnsumptlon,  Exportation,  ftc.  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Cotton  Wool,  in  and  from 
Great  Britain,  in  dilTiirunt  Years,  from  IHlO  to  1838,  both  inclusive. 


Avermge  Wfekly  eomuiiip. 

tiun. 
I'pltwl 

OrlmuindTuunutM 
tju.jilaud 

Total  Unllnl  StalM 
FrM',!     . 
Eopi   ,; 

\.\i\  Inln          •            .  • 
Demenra,  W»l  Mia,  ke. 

Tnlil    - 
Packijrea  aDDailty  cun- 
Buuie  1 

1810. 

ig2a 

1S2S. 

1830. 

1834. 

183".. 

6.K98 
7,823 

■m 

1836. 

1837. 

1838. 

~980 

2,918 

1,102 

409 

3,713 

2  412 

3'JO 

6,4.32 

4,7-,6 
4G0 

6.742 
7,3.2 

49S 

4,7*7 

9*« 

379 

4,V1S 

10,223 

310 

11,742 
317 

I7.i»l 

2,400 

7-1 

1,7U0 

U9 

23,204 
1,206,000 

4,036 
1,589 

~207 
636 

4.  19 
2.,0S 

I.SI8 
634 

6..'ili 
2,-.02 

t^DI 
1,098 

»27 

10,.i(u< 
3,'.02 

.MI8 
940 
2M 

13, ',92 

2,6'i-. 

131 

1,033 

240 

14,073 
2,339 

446 
1,069 

421 

14.370 
2,'i<lS 

6-14 
1,492 

438 

14,971 
2,4-3 

779 
l,6:ig 

401 

6,488 
337,400 

8,979 
466,900 

ll,r>31 
599,600 

16,002 
832,100 

17,667 
918,700 

1«,3I8 
934,100 

19,4V2 
1,01 1,50.) 

20,33:) 
1,.  67,300 

Avemje  wt.  of  packagn 

comumed,  in  ibt. 
Wet'ltly  cnnnuiiiptinn  in 

pack.iq'es,  avora^t:  346  • 

203 
6,122 

238 
».<>4S 

279 
0,634 

298 
14,320 

330 
17,508 

S33 

13,34S 

343 
19,283 

»6 
20,333 

316 
23,»' 

Average  wt.  of  pack»^t-j  ) 
imparted,  ii)  Itii.           -  { 

P «rKa^i«  expnrtel 

U»  wf ijtit  annually  im- ' 
portwl  in  iiiilliona  aiid  > 
leolhi           •           -     , 

LlM.  wt.  contunuxi,  do. 

Dm.  Wright  in  |)orta,  31it 

2fl 

249 

ro 

300 

337 

331 

342 

.147 

3M 

29,300 
9  J -9 

28,40J 
143-9 

T2,'-00 
22<4 

s-voo 

261-2 

86,800 
320-6 

102,800 
381-7 

105,900 
410-8 

121,400 
408-2 

103,300 
.601-0 

f8'7 
19-2 

120-3 
110-3 

166-8 
107-0 

247-6 
91-4 

303-4 
632 

318-1 
733 

347-4 
92-0 

365-7 
821 

416-7 
110-1 

Uh.  weight  In  Great  Bri- 

„ 

127-0 

113-5 

llS-8 

823 

896 

116-3 

•       115« 

ll>09 

Averaice  price  per  lb.  of 

uptiiid.  iu  Livpr[)ool 
1)0.        do.        I'triunta 
Da       do.        KuraU      . 

I81.4<t 

eo<f. 

lS1.4i. 

Ii  \ii. 
1/1 IW. 

116(1. 
I5ld. 

8-9rf. 

6-9A     , 

8-6>l. 
ll>9<l. 

O-liJ. 

10  \-A<l. 

\\\d. 
1  Md. 

9-83<<. 
I28'.r2. 
Ii  3.4rf. 

7<f. 

9  3  4rf. 

4-SVI. 

Id. 
'>375A 

N.  D.  Messrs.  Holt  and  Co.  e.nimtite  the  averaae  weiithl 
per  li;ii;  (I|ii;ind ;  406  llis.  Orleans  and  Alahani.i  ;  320  lbs. 
tian  J  350  lbs.  East  Indian;  and  140  lbs.  Webi  Indian. 


of  the  packages  Imported  in  1838  at  SHilbs. 
Sea-lglund;  174 lbs.  Brazil;  320 Ibj.  Egyp- 


vovcr.WMthooniT 
•ruviouoly  t„  I7U;,. 

coltDti  woiiM .  vcr 
Bm  tlifl  gpiii,,,  of 
uinuii  of  Arkwrinht 
.•hino  l)y  which  the 
lacilily  mill  „<,„.,|j. 
l)rttiich  of  ii)(lu«lry, 
-{I'itkin'H  ,Slali». 
into  o|icr!iti()ii  in 
>n  woro  o,\|i,)rtn,|, 
u  cx(H)rU  frum  the 
ar  Ihu. !  of  which 

liirlnu  the  Blx  Venn 
liii  I'nial  Uiiniiiiili.| 
in.) 


1106, 


1W7. 


^  1*1.  „j, 


27,1111,1.. 
6,4.'(i,7il 
6,7W,4IJ 

7.*,n>7,8!l7 

4UJ,MI 
l>,73i 


20.940,11, 
7,h>'l,140 
4,bl|j,s;tl 

91,.W,I'I7 
I.IW.InJ 

23,6 14 


4*i,ll-.0,0.>7    407.^.1)7^ 
a'.73!l,W1     :W,72J,MI 

37J,ill9,2lJ4|'*i7|Mi^751 

nol,  wlioii  inaport- 
e  intolerable,  wcie 
it  amounted  (on 
•t,  at  least,  for  the 
Calico),  U  who 
artocted  the  iin- 
I  bfing,  in  conso- 
3  duty  on  cotton 
.    At  iin  average 

Co.,  eminent  cot- 
Jdditional  and  in- 
i  strong  proof  of 

Wool,  in  and  from 


1(137. 

1838, 

4,4'W 

I0,2.'J 

310 

8,.10-. 

11, 74  J 

317 

14,971 

2,4.^3 

779 

1,639 

4(j| 

20,3A1 

I7,.5(M 

2.469 

7-1 

l,7U0 

Ui) 

23,^04 

1,;  67,300 

1,206,000 

a«6 

346 

20,333 

23,20' 

.147 

330 

121,400 

103,300 

408 1! 

WI-0 

365-7 

416-7 

t>2'l 

IIO-I 

■        115-fj 

li«9 

M. 

Id. 

9.1  4rf. 
4-8V/. 

P.17M. 

in  laiS  at 
11;  220  lbs 


3;i-2llj|. 
■  Kgyp- 


COTTON. 


623 


We  lubjoin,  from  Burna'  Olanre,  a  tabular  rtotrment,  annually  publiiihnJ  «t  Manrhrnter, 

ind  ndniiltud  t»  b«  drawn   u|i  with  ^rout  euro,  an  iircount  of  iho  cotton   h|)uii  in  (irrat 

Uritain  and  Ireland  in  18:)8,  and  how  tiiat  vjiun  In  EiigUnJ  waM  di«|M>«ed  of,  with  iteveral 

other  intcrinting  i»articularc 

gtalement  ul'  Cotliin  ii|iiin  In  Bniiliiml,  Hrntland,  and  Ir^lnnd,  In  IHSfl,  ihnwlng  tho  Quantity  of  Yarn 
liriidurud,  and  how  tliul  ipuii  tn  Uiiglaiid  wat  ditpuied  uf. 


Qnal  Brdaiu. 


Nunib«r  of 
eoniiiiiiM. 


l47,:K«i 

0I,4IIH 
1U,.>IB 


l,23l),M0 


Avirtfn 

Wtllhl  n'lMI 


873 
171 
»'<4 

DNS 
316 


M« 


Amifirtn  potion  -           •          •           • 

Brii.l  Jitio  ,           •          •           - 

Jtfvit'i.in  ditto  •          •          •           . 

Kul  Inilli  illlto  .... 

WmI  Mu  iIiIIo  .            ■           •            . 

ToUl  DumtMr  of  bagf  oontuintd    *  • 

Allowed  for  \om  In  iplnnliif  1 3-4  oi.  ptr  lb.       •  •  •  •  • 

Tntilqinntit)r«iiun  In  F.nrUn'l  iinil  ScotUttd       •••••• 

UttJucl  quialiiy  iltun  lu  bcniUnd  *■••.•- 

Totilquaotity  ipunin  Gagland  In  im     .  ■  •         •         •         • 

Houi  d'tfoud  «/. 

Eipnrt»l  In  nrn  durlnf  Iha  ymr  ..•«••• 

IJiMci     in  IhrMd  ......... 

Dlllo     in  nnoiifactnrM  ffrAt    ........ 

Ei'iiiialpl  (Quantity  nf  yarn  laut  In  Scottanl  and  Iraland  .  .  .  • 

rx|Kir1r<l  in  nitxel  niiniifarliirrf,  not  lUtrd  In  tlin  Rliove>named  artlclM,  enniunwd  In 

cotton  landinit,  heildi,  c.mdtc  and  limp  nick,  waddingi, flock*,  cajflodar  bowla,  pap«r, 

uintirrl  iH,  hi'*,  111  t  l<m  in  iiitniiflctiirin<  i(  ir>ti  •  ■  >  .  * 

Balann  left  for  boma  coDiumptlon  and  atock,  lit  January,  1390  ... 


ToUl  Wal|lit  Id  Ibi. 


84«.Kyi,m.| 

2'i.2l'4.iai 

ll,4.l7,-,Tll 

Mitt.OM 

6,ija,0U4 


ni'to 

Ditto 
Ditto 


ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


ditto  I83S 
ditto  I83T 
ditto       IBM 


Inland. 

Onm  wetifht  nf  rnttnn  tpun  In  Ireland  In  1838 
Alluwfd  I'or  lo«  la  ipiuniug  1  3-4  ua.  per  lb. 

Total  qmntItT  of  yam  ipnn  In  Irrland  in  1818 


428,080, 1  It 
48,808,608 


II3,7SS,t»7 

8,:l«J,l)s1 

12n.7H4,fii!» 


ie,7vi,noo 

84,133,2^3 

43,4'«,6l<a 
49,932,800 


4,41^1180 
4«,ai8 


Wi-i'kly  CnniumplioD 
o(  \\iA%y  tlrH-ribiBg 

«.tr||  «irt 


H,nii-n« 

2,f;U-24 

■!Ut\ 

I,tiifr.i8 

W,7li» 


Srtl  4K8.M0 
04,8.3,1(16 


')44,fiti3,l>44 


844,'  j.1,n44 


3,1130,204 


In  1933  Iho  quantity  spun  wnn  !»-],Sae,007  lbs,  glvinff  a  weekly  inpply  nf  4,280,700  ihn.  Mr.  Duma 
eatiinatt!8  tho  quantity  apnn  per  aplndln,  pnr  wnnk,  at  8^  oz.,  ninklnif  tlio  toliil  niiiti'  .  'il' Kpiiidlea 
oitiployed  in  KokIiiiiiI  and  VValei,  in  1832,  7,04fl,2U;<>,  Thnae  employed  In  Bcntlnuil,  d  r'li.'  .In-  Biime 
ycir,  tirt!  RHtlmaKul,  In  tho  Haiiin  way,  at  HHl.OW.  Mr.  litirng  further  cuk'tilateH  lUu  ii  iiiili'T  if  loonii 
cniplnyeil  in  Knf;liiiid  niid  Wales,  In  1932,  at  203,703.  The  conHiiinptiDn  of  flour  in  the  iiitiitiiarttire  ii 
mtich  Kfcutur  than  any  one  not  pretty  well  acquninted  with  It  would  reaillly  diippiigo.  The  iivorHge 
quantity  reqtiirod  Tor  each  loom  is  ostiinaled  al  4  Ihs.  iter  week  ;  making  the  total  annual  cunsunipllon 
In  England  and  Wales,  tn  18:»,  42,301,98 1  lbs.,  or  Sl&,82l  barrels  of  lUO  lbs.  each ! 

Arcottnt  of  tho  Consumption  of  the  various  Descriptions  of  Cotton  in  tho  undermentioned  f'ouiitrle* 
in  1H37,  nnd  of  the  Hlocks  on  hand  on  the  1st  of  January,  1^38,  in  Bales.— (From  the  Circular  of 
Messrs.  Culman  and  Htoltcrholt,  Liverpool.) 


CoQinmption  in  Orcat  Brttain 

V.  .Statci 

nr.izil. 

W.  InJiB. 

E.  Indira. 

E<y|ii. 

Tnt.il. 

80-.,WS 

ns.eo-i 

es.Ms 

M,fl23 

3n.079 

1,0««.4?3 

Ditto          Fnnco     • 

t.y,,fO!t 

22,638 

82,137 

-.. 

bn,>m 

3ii7,6.<9 

DMin         Ilnllanil   - 

18,709 

409 

3.70^ 

17.005 

\,wa 

40,'-91 

Ilitto         Buliiiim  • 

22,73'* 

1,119 

2.637 

17.016 

40 

4'J,V-,0 

Ditto         Gemnny 

27.W2 

3,610 

10,071 

1U.!H.'» 

31 J 

Ci,73l 

Dilln          Trirale     - 

18,332 

917 

l,Oja 

76,'22» 

95,  W3 

Slil|ipeJ  from  Great  DriUln  to  pLicea 

not  mrntinntsl     . 

Totai  Coniumplinn,  1837     • 
S'ir\  lt(  Jan.  1838. 

11,400 

2,700 

MO 

Il,2j0 

— 

21.S,V) 

I,l60,i24 

160,998 

68,473 

I.->2,I91 

172,134 

1,713,727 

Orfit  Britain 

88,  ten 

io.m 

U.1A 

i-O'lO 

|8.!X;0 

2-.!l.3IO 

France       .          .           .          - 

2l^l)3R 

2. '17 

ll.MiS 

_ 

20, -.04 

6.1.M2 

Hilland      .... 

4.«I5 

e<3 

3,132 

It) 

.17 1 

17,(iM 

flrlKium      .... 

1,210 

113 

1,161 

:,00S 

200 

4,722 

fiormany    .... 

e.2tli 

3,101 

6,067 

4,70(1 

13 

»i,lt.8 

Irieite       .... 
Tot.iI    . 

6,iai 

712 

— 

112 

u,i■*^ 

20.2.19 

134,013 

3i,2-|6 

3ii,7M 

124,i40 

S4.1,')2 

O-i-i.ffiJl 

3.  Value  of  the  Britixh  Colfon  Mamifacture  in  ISl'-d,  Anwwif  of  Capital,  and  Niimhet 
of  Per.ion8'ernpl(ii/efi  in  it. — It  would  be  very  d'  'iriible  to  be  able  to  form  a  tolerably  accu- 
rate estimate  of  the  present  value  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  nnd  of  the  number  of  persons 
employed  in  its  dilFercnt  departments ;  but  the  data  on  which  such  estimates  are  founded 
being  necessarily  very  loose,  it  is  imtpossible  to  arrive  at  any  thing  like  precision.  Perhaps, 
however,  the  following  calculations  arc  not  very  wide  of  the  mark. 

Ill  1817.  Mr.  Kennedy,  one  of  the  best  informed  cotton  manufacturers  in  the  empire,  in  a 
paper  published  in  the  Manchester  Trunaactiins,  estimated  the  number  of  (lersons  employed 
in  the  .vy)»/inj/»^  of  cotton  in  Great  Britain  at  110,763;  the  aid  they  derived  from  steanj 
ensines  as  equal  to  the  power  of  20,768  horses ;  and  the  number  of  spindles  in  motion  at 
6,645,83.').  M.  Kennedy  further  estimated  the  number  of  hanks  of  yarn  annually  produced 
et  3,987,500,000 ;  and  tho  quantity  of  coal  consumed  in  their  production  at  500,179 
tuna.    We  subjoin  Mr.  Kennedy's  statement  for  the  ^ear  1S17 : — 


I 


I'! 


i| 


I 


i 


if 


n^ 


;  I 


i\ 


n 


m 


i, 


i  1 


V 


!/  J 


■i 


,1  II 


i , 


jit 


524  COTTON. 

Raw  ooHon  CDBTtrM  Into  fim  In  Iht  Untied  Kingdom           .          .         .          .  •    110,000,000  Ibi. 

Lou  in  ipinning  eatimated  at  1 1-2  oi.  per  lu. •     I0,312,li00 

Quintltjr  of  yam  produced 90,697,500  Ibi. 

Niiniber  of  hanlu,  lakinic  the  aven^  at  40  per  lb.            •          •          •          •          •           •          ■          •          .  0,WT^  000 

N  Jiiitier  of  Bpindica  employed,  each  ipindle  being  auppoMd  to  produce  3  banki  per  day,  at  300  working  dayi  in  tbe 

yi-ar 6,«H,|«1 

Nuii'berof  perMnientployed  in  ipinning,  suppoeingeachtoproduce  120banksperday          ....  ll(),:t)3 

llnrM  powiT  employed,  e(|UAl  In  iiiinitier  to           -            .........  l^),70j 

Four  ouucGs  and  a  half  uf  coal  esiiiuated  to  produce  one  bank  of  No.  40 }  and  130  Ibt.  of  coal  per  day  equal  to  one  horte  power. 

But  the  cotton  manufacture  has  increased  rapidly  since  1817.  Mr.  Huskifison  statcil,  in 
his  place  in  the  House  of  Commons,  in  March,  1824,  that  he  believed  the  total  value  ut'  tho 
cotton  goods  then  annually  manufactured  iri  Great  Britain  amounted  to  the  prodtgioun  gum 
of  thirty-three  and  a  half  millions ;  and  we  believe  we  shall  bo  about  tho  murk,  if  wo 
estimate  their  present  value  at  thirty-four  millions !  If,  indeed,  we  took  the  incrouso  in  tho 
imports  of  the  raw  material  as  a  test  of  the  increase  in  the  value  of  tho  manufacture,  we 
should  estimate  it  a  great  deal  higher.  But  it  will  hb  aflerwards  seen  that  the  improvprnents 
that  have  been  made  in  the  ditferent  processes,  and  the  fall  in  the  price  of  raw  cotton,  havo 
had  so  powerful  an  influence  in  reducing  the  price  of  the  goods  brought  to  market,  tlmt,  not- 
withstanding the  increase  oftheirquantity,their  total  value  must  have  remained  nearly  constiint. 

The  average  annual  quantity  of  cotton  wool  imported,  after  deducting  the  exports,  may 
be  taken  at  about  260,000,000  lbs.  weight.  It  is  supposed,  that  of  this  quimtity  aliout 
20,000,000  !bs.  are  used  in  a  raw  or  half  manufactured  f<tate,  leaving  a  balance  of  240,000,000 
for  the  purposes  of  manufacturing,  the  cost  of  which  may  be  taken,  on  an  averagi%  at  Id, 
per  lb.  Deducting,  therefore,  from  the  total  value  of  the  manufactured  goods,  or  34,000,000/, 
the  value  of  the  raw  material,  amounting  to  7,000,000/.,  there  remains  27,000,000/. ;  which 
of  course,  forms  the  fund  whence  'the  wages  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  various  (le|iart. 
mcnts  of  the  manufacture,  the  profits  of  the  capitalists,  the  sums  required  to  repair  the  wear 
and  tear  of  buildings,  machinery,  &c.,  the  expense  of  coals,  4fec.  &c,,  must  all  be  derived. 
If,  then,  we  had  any  means  of  ascertaining  how  this  fund  is  distributed,  we  should  be  able, 
by  taking  the  average  of  wages  and  profits,  to  form  a  pretty  accurate  estimate  of  tho  number 
of  labourers,  and  tlie  quantity  of  capital  employed.  But  here,  unfortunately,  we  havo  only 
probabilities  and  analogies  to  guide  us.  It  may,  however,  be  confidently  assumeil,  in  tho 
first  place,  that  in  consequence  of  the  extensive  employment  of  highly  valuable  machinery  in 
all  the  departments  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  the  proportion  which  the  profits  of  capital, 
and  the  sum  to  be  set  aside  to  replace  its  wear  and  tear,  bears  to  the  whole  value  of  the 
manufacture,  must  be  much  larger  than  in  any  other  department  of  industry.  We  havo 
heard  this  proportion  variously  estimated,  at  from  a  fourth  to  a  half  of  the  total  value  of  tho 
manufactured  goods,  exclusive  of  the  raw  material;  and  as  the  weight  of  authority  secmxto 
be  pretty  much  divided  on  the  subject,  we  shall  take  an  intermediate  proportion.  A.s.siin)inar, 
therefore,  that  the  profits  of  the  capital  employed  in  the  cotton  manufacture,  tho  wnges  of 
superintendence,  &c.,  the  sum  required  to  replace  the  wear  and  tear  of  machinery,  buildliiirfi, 
&c.,  and  to  furnish  coals,  &c.,  amount  together  to  one  third  of  the  value  of  tho  maniifacturetl 
goods,  exclusive  of  the  raw  material,  or  to  9,000,000/.,  a  sum  of  18,000,000/.  will  remain 
as  the  wages  of  the  spinners,  weavers,  bleachers,  &c.  enga^^ed  in  iho  maimrncture ;  ami 
taking,  inasmuch  as  a  large  proportion  of  children  under  16  years  of  ago  are  oiiiployiMl,  the 
average  rate  of  wages  at  only  23/.  10s.  a  year,  wo  shall  have  (dividinu  18,000,000  by  23-,)), 
800,000  as  tho  total  number  of  persons  directly  employed  in  the  dificrent  departments  of 
the  manufacture. 

We  should  mistake,  however,  if  we  supposed  that  this  number,  great  as  it  certainly  is, 
comprised  the  whole  number  of  persons  to  whom  the  cotton  manufacture  furnishes  suli- 
sistenco,  exclusive  of  the  capitalists.  Of  the  sum  of  9,000,000/.  set  apart  as  tho  pruiit  of 
the  capitalists,  and  the  sum  required  to  furnish  coal,  and  to  defray  tho  wear  and  to.ir  of 
machinery,  &c.,  a  large  proportion  must  annually  be  laid  out  in  paying  tho  wages  of  en- 
gineers, machine-makers,  iron-founders,  smiths,  joiners,  masons,  bricklayer.^,  &,<•.  It  in  not 
easy  to  say  what  this  projiortion  may  amount  to ;  but  taking  it  at  a  third,  or  3,000,000/,, 
and  supposing  the  rate  of  wages  of  each  individual  to  average  30/.  a  year,  tho  total  nuiiilicr 
employed  in  tho  various  capacities  alluded  to  will  be  (3,000,000  divided  by  30)  100,00(1; 
and  a  sum  of  6,000,000/.  will  remain  to  cover  the  profiU  of  the  capital  employed  in  tho 
various  branches  of  the  manufacture,  to  repair  the  diflTerenl  parts  of  tho  niaehiiiiTy  nml 
buildings  as  they  wear  out,  and  to  buy  coal,  flour,  &c.  The  account  will,  therefori>,  stand 
as  under:  — 
Total  value  ofevtiry  description  of  cotton  goods  annually  manufactured  In  Gruot  Britttin  £,11,0(tn,nno* 

Raw  material,  240,000,000  lbs.  at  7(J.  pnr  lb. £7,000,1100 

Wages  of  810,000  weiivers,  spinners,  Meachers,  tc.  at  'iV.  20s.  n  year  each    -    18,000,000 
Wnires  iif  100,000  engineera,  niachinu-makers,  smitlia,  masons,  Joiners,  &c.  at 

■Ml.  a  year  eacli .1,000,000 

Protits  of  the  uianiifactiirHrs,  wages  of  superintendence,  sums  to  nurchase  the 
materiaUofmaclilnery,  coals,  &c.         ......     0,000,000 

.14,000,001) 

*  Mr.  Kennedy,  to  whose  opinion,  on  a  matter  of  this  snrt,  the  grentoit  deference  is  dtie,  Cdnnlilort 
this  esliinate  as  a  great  deal  loo  high.    We  cannot,  however,  bring  ourselves  to  beliuvo  tliut  aiich  li 


COTTON. 


m 


iritniii  £,ii,n(in,(ino» 


34,0(10,000 


'  The  rapHal  rmployeA  may  be  entlinnted  ns  fnllowi  :— 
Capital  eiiiplo^red  in  the  piirclmiie  of  the  raw  material 
Capital  employod  in  payment  of  wages 


Capital  vested  in  ipinning-mills,  power  and  hand  loomi,  workihopi,  warehousei,  itocki 


-      4,000,000 
10,000,000 


on  band,  be. 


.    90,000,030 
£34,000,000 


Now,  this  sum  of  34,000,000/.,  supposing  the  interest  of  capital,  inclusive  of  the  wages 
of  superintendence,  &c.,  to  amount  to  10  per  cent ,  will  yield  a  sum  of  3,400,000/. ;  which 
being  deducted  from  the  6,000,000/.  profits,  &c.,  leaves  2,600,000/,  to  purchase  materials  to 
repair  the  waste  of  capital,  the  flour  required  for  dressing,  the  coals  necessary  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  steam  engines,  to  effect  insurances,  and  to  meet  all  other  outgoings. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  wages,  according  to  the  above  estimate,  is  21,000,000/, ;  but 
there  are  not  many  departments  of  the  business  in  which  wages  have  to  be  advanced  more 
than  6  months  before  the  article  is  sold.  We,  therefore,  incline  to  think  that  10,000,000/.  is 
a  sufficient  (perhaps  too  great)  allowance  for  the  capital  employed  in  the  payment  of  wages. 

If  we  are  nearly  right  in  these  estimates,  it  will  follow — allowance  being  made  for  old 
and  infirm  persons,  children,  &c.  de])endent  on  those  actually  employed  in  the  various  depart- 
mfnts  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  and  in  the  construction,  repair,  &c.  of  the  machinery  and 
buildings  required  to  carry  it  on — that  it  must  furnish,  on  the  most  moderate  computation, 
subsistence  for  from  1,200,000  to  1,400,000  persons!  And  for  this  new  and  most  prolific 
source  of  wealth  we  are  indebted  partly  and  principally,  as  already  shown,  to  the  extraordi- 
nary genius  and  talent  of  a  few  individuals ;  but,  in  a  great  degree,  also,  to  that  security  of 
property  and  freedom  of  industry  which  give  confidence  and  energy  to  all  who  embark  in 
industrious  undertakings,  and  to  that  universal  difl'usion  of  intelligence  which  enables  those 
who  carry  on  any  work  to  press  every  power  of  nature  into  their  service,  and  to  avail  them- 
selves of  productive  capacities  of  which  a  less  instructed  people  would  be  wholly  ignorant. 

The  eflect  that  the  sudden  opening  of  so  vast  and  profitable  a  field  for  the  employment 
of  capital  and  labour  has  had  on  the  population  of  the  ditlcrent  towns  of  Lancashire  and 
Lanarkshire,  the  districts  where  the  cotton  manufacture  is  principally  carried  on — has  been 
most  striking.  In  1774,  for  example,  the  parish  of  Manchester  is  estimated  to  have  con- 
tained 41,032  inhabitants — a  number  which  was  swelled,  in  1831,  to  187,019,  having  more 
than  quadrupled  in  the  space  of  67  years  !  The  f)opulation  of  Preston,  in  1780,  is  said  not 
to  have  exceeded  6,000  ;  whereas  it  amounts,  at  present,  to  33,1 12.  In  like  manner,  the 
population  of  Blackburn  has  inoreased  from  11,9S0  in  1801,  to  27,091,  in  1831 ;  that  of 
Boltun  has  increased  in  the  same  period,  from  17,416  to  41,195;  that  of  Wigan,  from 
10,989  to  20,774,  &c.  But  the  progress  of  Liverpool  is  most  extraordinary,  and  can  be 
matched  only  by  the  progress  of  one  or  two  cities  in  the  United  States.  liiverpool  is  not 
properly  one  of  the  seats  of  the  cotton  manufacture ;  but  it  is,  notwiihst&ntiing,  mainly  in- 
debted to  it  for  the  unparallelled  rapidity  of  its  growth.  It  is  the  grand  eniporiiim  of  the 
cotton  district — the  port  where  almost  all  the  raw  cotton,  and  the  various  foreign  articles 
required  for  the  employment  and  subsistence  of  the  persons  engaged  in  the  manufacture,  are 
imported,  and  whence  the  finished  goods  are  exported  to  other  countries.  It  has,  therefore, 
become  a  place  of  vast  trade,  and  is  now,  in  that  respect,  second  only  to  London.  In  1700, 
according  to  the  best  accounts  that  can  be  obtained,  the  population  of  Liverpool  arnouiUed 
to  only  6,145 ;  in  17.50,  it  had  increased  to  18,460  ;  in  1770,  it  amounted  to  34,0.50.  The 
cotton  manufacture  now  began  rapidly  to  extend,  and,  in  consequence,  the  population  of 
Liverpool  increased,  in  1801,  to  77,653;  in  1821,  to  118,972;  and,  in  1831,  it  amounted 
to  165,176.  The  progress  of  population  in  Lanarkshire  and  Renfrewshire  has  been  e(|ually 
striking.  In  1780,  the  city  of  Glasgow  contained  only  42,832  inhabitants;  in  1801,  that 
number  had  increased  to  83,769 ;  and,  in  1 831,  it  amounted  to  nearly  203,000.  The  growth 
of  Paisley  is  similar.  In  1782,  it  contained,  inclusive  of  the  Abbey  Parish,  only  17,700  in- 
habitants ;  in  1801,  it  contained  36,722 ;  in  1821,  it  contained  about  47,000 ;  and,  in  1831, 
67,466. 

Since  the  repeal  of  the  absurd  system  of  Irish  protecting  duties,  in  1823,  the  cotton  ma- 
nufacture has  begun  to  make  considerable  progress  in  Ireland.  This  is  proved  by  a  state- 
really  the  case.  It  appears  from  the  offlcini  accounts,  that  the  real  or  derlnrnd  value  nf  the  rotion 
fabrics  exported  in  lb33  amounted  to  12,(ia3,ti80{.,  and  that  of  the  twist  to  4,7'20,7tl6{.  Now  it  appnars 
from  the  stiitements  in  Hurru'  Olance,  and  other  good  authorities,  tlint  tlio  weight  of  the  cottun  yum 
retttineil  at  home  to  be  wrought  up  into  fabrics  for  domestic  use  is  about  10  or  12 per  cent.  gr<;alcr  than 
the  weight  of  tlie  yarn  exported  in  the  shape  of  manufactured  goods.  Hut  without  takinc  this 
greater  weight  into  account,  if  we  suppose  that  the  fabrics  retained  at  tiome  are  nearly  equal  in  p(jnt 
of  quality  to  those  exported,  the  value  of  the  manufacture  must  be  at  least  .10,000,0(MU.,  viz.  fnljrics 
exported  ia,622,0(K)I.,  twist  exported  4,721,000/.,and  fabrics  consumed  at  home  12,022,000;.  Hut  a  viry 
large  pruportion  of  oiir  exports  consist  of  comparatively  coarse  fabrics  destined  for  the  \V<vt  Iniii(!H, 
Brazil,  &,c. ;  and  we  have  been  assured  by  those  well  acquainted  witli  the  traile,  that  the  value  ol'ilio 
fiilirks  made  use  of  at  home  cannot  be  less,  at  an  average,  than  from  30  to  40  percent,  above  the  valuo 
of  those  exported;  but  taking  it  at  only  30  per  cent.,  it  will  make  the  total  value  of  the  nianufactitrA 
34,000,000i.  We  do  not  well  see  how  this  statement  can  b«  shaken.  The  cxpoiters  have  nn  niolivo 
In  e.va<.';ierute  the  real  value  of  the  goods  and  yarn  sent  abroad  ;  but  unless  they  liuve  dono  so  lu  a 
very  great  extent,  it  will  be  ditUcult  to  impeach  llie  above  conclusions. 


t  ; 


,  ! 


1      I 
1 ; 

H  'i 


''}m 


:   (i 


f\\ 


B26 


COTTON. 


ment  laid  before  the  House  of  Commons,  which  shows  that  the  number  of  yardt  of  cotton 

foods,  manufactured  chiefly  from  yarn  sunt  from  England,  exported  from  Ireland  to  Great 
Iritain,  in  1832,  amounted  to  406,687 ;  in  1823,  to  556,646  ;  in  1824,  to  3,840,699 ;  and 
in  1825,  it  amounted  to  no  less  than  6,418,645 ;— having  increased  in  nearly  a  IwelvefolJ 
proportion  in  2  years,  by  the  abolition  of  duties  that  were  intended  to  protect  the  industry 
of  Ireland  !     But  the  unsettled  state  of  the  country  and  the  want  of  coal  are  insuperable 
^  obstacles  to  the  continued  increase  of  the  manufacture. 

Exports  of  Cotton  Goods  and  Yam.  Fall  of  Prices,  «lj-c. — For  a  very  long  period  the 
woollen  manufacture  was  the  great  staple  of  the  country.  But  the  progress  of  improvement 
in  the  spinning  and  manufacturing  of  cotton,  since  1770,  being  bo  much  mord  rapid  than 
any  that  has  taken  place  in  the  woollen  manufacture,  the  value  of  the  former  is  now  vastly 
greater  than  that  of  the  latter.  It  appears,  from  the  accounts  of  the  declared  or  real  values 
of  the  ditferent  sorts  of  exported  commodities  given  by  the  Custom-house,  that  the  exports 
of  cotton  goods,  includint^  yam,  amount  at  an  average,  to  about  1 7,000,000/.  sterling,  bein<' 
about  half  the  value  of  t\\^  whole  manufacture ;  and  form  of  themselves  about  two  thirds  of 
the  tolal  value  of  all  the  wove  fabrics  exported  from  the  empire.  We  subjoiii  a  statement, 
compiled  from  the  Annual  Finance  Accounts,  of  the  official  and  the  declared  or  real  values 
of  the  cotton  manufactured  goods,  cotton  yarn,  woollen  and  silk  manufactures,  and  the  totals 
of  all  other  articlesr  of  British  produce  and  manufacture,  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  all 
parts  of  the  world  (except  Ireland)  annually  since  1816. 


Ton. 

Cotton 
Manufactures. 

Cotton  Tarn. 

Total  of  Wove 
Fabrio. 

Total  of  all  other 
Arliclei. 

Woolltn. 

Un«n. 

Silk. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

^1819 

16,335,194 

1,380,486 

6,586,964 

1,559,367 

161,874 

9.%023,915 

9,751,305 

1817 

20,357,147 

1,125,257 

5,676,920 

1,943,194 

152,734 

29,255,253 

9,980,144 

1818 

21,627,936 

1,296,776 

6,344,100 

2,153,309 

107,559 

31,589,683 

10,373,8^4 

1819 

16,876,206 

1,585,753 

4,602,270 

1,547,352 

126,809 

24,738,390 

8,185,185 

1820 

20,704,600 

2,022,153 

4,363,973 

1,935,186 

118,370 

29,144,283 

8,673,753 

s 

1821 

21,630,493 

1,898,695 

5,500,929 

2,303,443 

136,40Q 

31,478,955 

8,715,9:^8 

s 

1822 

24,566,920 

2,353,217 

5,943,619 

2,594,783 

141,007 

33,599,539 

7,958,950 

I. 

1823 

24,117,549 

9,425,419 

5,539,789 

2,654,098 

141,320 

31,878,175 

8,2nfl,2»l 

1824 

27,170,107 

9,98t,329 

6,136,099 

3,283,403 

159,048 

39,733,579 

8,29t!,4.57 

s 

1825 

26,597,574 

9,897,706 

5,929,342 

2,709,772 

150,815 

38,285,209 

8,167,812 

1826 

21,445,565 

3,748,526 

5,041,585 

2,056^60 

100.738 

.32,399,174 

7,932,830 

1827 

29,203,138 

3,979,759 

5,979,701 

2,808,081 

173,331 

42,144,013 

9,132,435 

1828 

28,989,976 

4,485,841 

5,720,079 

3,118,270 

178,871 

42,493,037 

0,536,113 

1829 

31,810,436 

5,458,985 

6,!i61,9»7 

3,003,394 

290,4!I6 

45,855,248 

9,610,475 

1830 

35,395,400 

5,655,569 

5,551,644 

3,101,031 

4.35,045 

50,148,689 

10,343,918 

1631 

33,682,475 

5,674,600 

6,187,079 

3,662,frl5 

469,076 

49,704,075 

9,386.018 

Ll832 

37,060,750 

6,795,509 

6,666,700 

9,649,343 

474,509 

63,576,807 

11,005,230 

risio 

13,072,757 

2,628,448 

7,844,855 

1,459,667 

480,522 

25,479,252 

14,849,690 

1817 

14,178,099 

9,014,182 

7,163,479 

1,703,639 

408,523 

25,167,827 

14,gfi9,2!)2 

1818 

16,643,579 

2,385,305 

8,143,193 

1,919,815 

499,175 

29,621,067 

15,567,182 

1819 

19,388,833 

9,516,783 

5,986,807 

1,391,245 

376,798 

22,«60,467 

11,5^,(129 

. 

1820 

13,843,569 

9,828,643 

6,583,430 

1,653,804 

371,114 

24,278,570 

11,200,109 

s 

1821 

13,786,957 

9,307,830 

6,461,567 

1,'.IM,465 

373,938 

24,011,759 

10,914,223 

s 

1829 

14,534,953 

9,700,437 

6,488,523 

9,192,772 

381,455 

2(!,2fl7,429 

9,879,468 

C8 

> 

1823 

13,761,415 

9,625,947 

5,634,137 

2,095,574 

3r.0,8fc0 

24.457,939 

10,233,172 

•a- 

182t 

15,910,006 

3,135,496 

6,011,534 

2,442,440 

442,riS3 

27,972,059 

10,.f01,359 

s 

1825 

15,034,138 

3,206,729 

6,193,775 

2,l.?0,705 

296,677 

26,8t52,094 

11,221,749 

s 

1826 

10,522,357 

3,491,268 

4,ttS2,K«)e 

1,489,647 

168,453 

20.652,623 

10,195,015 

1 

1827 

13,956,895 

3,545,568 

9,27-,b61 

1,895,186 

236,092 

24,911,632 

11,494,807 

A 

1828 

13,545,638 

3,594,945 

5,120,226 

2,000,033 

255,755 

21,516,047 

11.630,151 

1829 

13,420,544 

3,974,039 

4,656,809 

1,^85,831 

267,102 

21,204,415 

11,008,4.^8 

1830 

15,203,713 

4,1.32,258 

4,847,398 

1,926,256 

619,919 

26,629,544 

11.061,758 

1831 

13,207,947 

3,974,089 

5,385,611 

2,301,803 

.'>78,2»(0 

25,418,810 

1 1  ,-203,884 

1833 

19,622,880 

4,721,760 

5,475,298 

1,655,478 

529,808 

25,005,260 

11,010,707 

It  will  be  observed  from  the  above  Table,  that  while  the  official  value  of  the  cotton  goods 
exported  has  been  rapidly  increasing,  their  declared  or  real  value  has  been  about  stationary, 
or  has  i  'ler  diminished.  This  circumstance  has  given  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  irrelevant  dis- 
cussion ;  and  has  even  been  referred  to  as  proving  that  the  manufacture  is  in  a  declining; 
state!  But  it  proves  precisely  the  contrary.  It  shows  that  the  decline  in  the  price  of  the 
raw  material,  and  the  improvements  in  the  machinery  and  processes  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture have  been  so  great,  that  we  are  now  able  to  export  and  sell  with  a  profit,  (for,  unless 
such  were  the  case,  the  exportation  would  very  speedily  cease,)  nearly  double  the  quantity 
of  cotton  goods  we  exported  in  1816,  for  about  the  same  price.  Had  the  Table  been  car- 
ried further  back,  the  result  would  have  been  still  more  striking. 

In  illustration  of  this  view  of  the  matter,  we  beg  to  subjoin  the  following  statement  of  the 
production  and  cost  of  the  different  species  of  cotton  yarn  in  England,  in  1812  and  183U. 
It  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Kennedy,  of  Manchester,  to  the  committee  on  the  East  India  ('om- 
pany's  affairs,  so  that  no  doubt  can  be  entertained  of  ita  accuracy. 


■  of  yards  of  cotton 
)m  Ireland  to  Great 
to  3,840,699 ;  and 
nearly  a  twelvefold 
protect  the  industry 
coal  are  insuperable 

siy  long  period  the 
ess  of  improvement 
ch  mort  rapid  than 
jrnier  is  now  vaatly 
:larcd  or  real  values 
se,  that  the  exports 
00/.  sterling,  being 
ibout  two  thirds  of 
ubjoin  a  statement, 
!lared  or  real  values 
tures,  and  the  totals 
Great  Britain  to  all 


Wove 

Total  of  .11  other 

Anicl* 

£ 

3,215 

9,751,305 

■i.ass 

9,960,141 

9,083 

10,373,814 

S3i)0 

8,185,185 

1,983 

8,673,753 

3,955 

8,715,9:^8 

J,539 

7,958,(150 

3,175 

8,2fifl,2m 

1,579 

8,290,1.57 

i,Wi 

8,11)7,812 

D,174 

7,932,830 

»,0!3 

9,132,435 

t,(IH7 

0,5,%,  113 

>.2I8 

9,610,475 

<,tib9 

10,343,918 

,,075 

9,38(5.018 

i,b07 

11,005,230 

1,252 

14,819,600 

,t"27 

14,809,592 

,0«7 

15,567,182 

1,467 

11,5*(<,II29 

,570 

11,290,109 

,75t> 

10,914,223 

,4'2tf 

9,879,468 

,H5a 

10,233,172 

.osy 

10,,f01„159 

,024 

11, 221, 719 

fin 

10,19,5,015 

,532 

11,484,807 

.017 

11,636,151 

,415 

11,008,158 

,544 

11  061,758 

blO 

1 1 ,203,8S1 

260 

11,010,767 

the  cotton  goods 
about  stationary, 
I  of  irrelevant  dis- 
;  is  in  a  declining 
n  the  price  of  tho 
in  the  manufac' 
)rofit,  (for,  unless 
iiblo  the  quantity 
Table  been  car- 
statement  of  tho 
1812  and  183U, 
East  India  ('om- 


c 

30TT0 

N. 

627 

Hmki  POT  Diri  V"  Spindlfc 

Prim  of  Cotton,  anJ  WmIo 
ptrlb. 

Labour 

per  Ih.* 

Coit  per  lb.                1 

Dncrlpiion 
or  Vtro. 

1811 

IB30. 

1812. 

1890. 

ISIZ 

183a 

I8!2. 

1830. 

Ab. 

f.    d. 

t.    d. 

».    I*. 

1.    d. 

<.    (L 

t.    d. 

40 

3- 

275 

1    6 

0    7 

I     0 

0      7: 

2    « 

1    Si 

60 

IS 

2-6 

2    0 

0  10 

1    6 

1       0 

3    6 

1  m 

80 

1-5 

2- 

a  3 

0  lU 

1  IJ 

3  a 

1    7r 

4    4 

a  61 

100 

1-4 

18 

3    4 

2  10 

2   a 

9  a 

3    4i 

120 

1-25 

1-65 

2    0 

1    4 

3    6 

2    8 

6    0 

4    0 

1.50 

1- 

1-33 

a  10 

1    8 

6    6 

4  11 

9    4 

6    7 

200 

0-7S 

0-90 

3    4 

3    0 

16    8 

11    6 

20    0 

14    6 

250 

005 

006 

4    0 

3    8 

31    0 

24    6 

35    0 

28    2 

The  following  Table  is  interesting,  from  its  exhibiting  the  state  of  our  tra.le  in  wrought 

cottons  with  the  different  countries  uf  the  world.    It  sets  the  importance  of  the  markets  of 

Brazil,  Chili,  and  the  other  states  of  South  America,  as  outlets  for  our  cottons,  in  a  very 

striking  point  of  view. 

Account  of  the  Exports  of  Cotton  Goods  and  Tarn  from  the  Unitfid  Kingdom  in  1837 ;  specirying  the 
Quantity  and  declared  Value  of  those  shipped  for  each  Country. 


CouDtria  lo  which  exportsd. 

White  or  Plain 
Cottons. 

Printed  or  Dyed 
Cottons. 

Hosiery 

and  Small 

Wares. 

TwUt  and  Tarn. 

Total 
Declared 
Value. 

Tiids. 

Declared 
Valuck 

Yards. 

Declared 

Value. 

Derlared 
Value, 

Pounds. 

Declared 
Value. 

L. 

l~ 

L. 

L. 

L. 

Runia           .... 

980.T7D 

40.203 

145,760 

7,590 

9,106 

24,108,593 

1,612.956 

I,6f9.855 

Sweden          .... 

«!,939 

1,717 

48,552 

1,850 

708 

734,136 

65,060 

59,335 

Norwajr         .... 

IfM.tSM 

4,0SI 

347,H)9 

9.964 

1,632 

197,700 

10,474 

26,201 

Denmark       •          -          •          . 

4S,992 

1,033 

71,569 

J, 369 

88 

67.470 

2,870 

6fli^ 

FniMia          .... 

.. 

_ 

— 

— 

_ 

4,921 

602 

Mi 

German*       .... 

14,203,855 

291,378 

29,99r.»r4 

713,771 

162,263 

34,272,607 

2,177,823 

3,3l«,233 

Holliiid         .... 

16,3'a,58I 

341,448 

11.588,241 

322,400 

60,203 

15,993,0-2 

1,386,388 

2,100,411 

Beirium        .... 

88-,339 

32,271 

l,99l>,l«0 

72,52e 

102,233 

67,397 

8,752 

21,5,781 

France          .... 

1,1119,753 

23,8r3 

1,269,924 

36,529 

91,768 

M,707 

31,364 

184,344 

Partugal,  Proper       ... 

15,966,118 

268,  IS9 

I5,74.S2I6 

369,712 

21,084 

323,262 

23,612 

682,597 

iznra 

641,603 

11,789 

731,946 

1»,740 

838 

17,840 

786 

32,153 

Mailein     • 

619,313 

8,235 

649,954 

12,767 

1,068 

1,358 

78 

25,168 

Spain  ami  tha  Balaaric  Iilandt 

151, 3S0 

4,0(7 

2n-.,9'6 

5,694 

221 

^7 

45 

10,007 

Canaries 

471,917 

10,763 

435,599 

12,234 

924 

1,071 

63 

23,984 

Oibraliar       .... 

I3,9>6,S30 

310,777 

12,681,183 

375,387 

17,271 

225,939 

14,729 

718,144 

Italy  and  the  Dalian  Mandi  ■ 

Malta            .... 

24,978,414 

626,881 

17,631,037 

481,915 

40,910 

8,775,023 

477,882 

1,527,588 

1,108,0)2 

21,638 

562,773 

17,364 

2,208 

176,260 
297,980 

9,729 

50,939 

Ionian  lalandf            ... 

1,497,200 

26,314 

S4I,6S6 

19,955 

790 

14,303 

61,382 

Mnreiaii4  Greek  Islands      ■ 

9,054 

256 

67,794 

2.6»t 

33 

1,800 

IDO 

3,033 

Turkey     „     •  .        • 

23,727.098 

482,433 

9,423,133 

288,230 

2,297 

3,527,538 

180,225 

933,190 

Svria  and  Palestine    • 

E.Tpt           .... 

5,140 

330 

... 

.... 

_ 

_ 

330 

6,559,900 

107,125 

693.210 

23,207 

349 

660,700 

4^372 

172,033 

Tripoli,  Tonit,  AlKiera,  and  Morocco 

2,92W80 

4I,'52 

2.53,009 

4.892 

407 

46,851 

Western  t 'oast  of  Africa 

«07,»I3 

15,783 

4,3«-.,569 

119,540 

391 

"2,932 

~39!i 

136,109 

Cape  of  Good  Hops 

1,293,943 

54,567 

3,136,936 

80,483 

9,389 

9,31-! 

899 

143,333 

Sr.  Helena      .          •          .          - 

18,816 

619 

5,326 

141 

ni9 

*. 

979 

Mauritius       .... 
East  India  ConpanT's  territories  and 

3,053,808 

78,395 

2,237,689 

73,556 

7,749 

10,400 

468 

160,108 

Ceylon        .... 
Sumatra,  Java,  and  other  Islands  of  the 

46,366,175 

1,040,018 

17,847,«8 

483,231 

30,444 

8,478,<BI 

602,293 

2,160,936 

InlianSea 

5,952,848 

144.9CI 

i!,G20,30O 

97,620 

6,931 

127,620 

7,968 

266,371 

Philippine  Islands 

473,370 

10,075 

613,421 

17,695 

1,115 

— 

... 

28,385 

China           .... 
New  South  Wales,  Van  Diemen's  land. 

8,519,245 

193,076 

2,443,178 

79,300 

1,012 

1,873,965 

103,903 

877,295 

and  other  Australian  Settlements 

1,275,348 

36,561 

1,335,325 

44,8«9 

16,809 

13,025 

781 

9S.040 

Britiih  North  American  Colonies     - 

6,319,864 

161  392 

7,950,SS4 

222,001 

39,0^8 

260,732 

14,307 

436,769 

Rrilish  '.Vest  ludies    • 

19,695,492 

417,580 

17,998,452 

465,449 

43.SI2 

65,319 

4,437 

931,323 

llayli             .... 
Cuba  and  other  foreign  West  Indian 

1,246,463 

28,421 

1,612,897 

63,270 

2,731 

— 

— 

84,442 

Cj)Ionies     .... 

6,798,703 

148,(«4 

11,966,502 

299,865 

11,608 

6,250 

309 

453.908 

United  Stales  of  America 

Stales  of  Central  and  South  America  i 

5,47I,7D8 

187,585 

12,010,067 

407,237 

117,572 

219,712 

13,339 

725,753 

Mexico 

2,713,901 

65,651 

4,227,065 

143,803 

13,339 

2,654,807 

144,489 

357,284 

Colombia 

1,436,553 

32,830 

2.673.161 

58,138 

4,085 

183,283 

12,488 

107,339 

Brazil 

25,3«,I91 

436,102 

23,380.427 

551,253 

26,987 

560 

48 

1,014,485 

Sta'ea  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata 

10,923,196 

207,714 

9,260,258 

237,557 

18,818 

5,734 

364 

464,473 

Chili 

7,825,718 

150.402 

9,356.806 

240.2S7 

18,217 

408,970 

Peru 
Isles  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Aldemey, 

3,055,774 

88,013 

6,641,331 

163,804 

14,300 

— 

— 

268,117 

Mao,  *tt.    - 

Totals 

833,704 

38,975 

159,360 

4,334 

21,323 

7,255 

376 

65,008 

286,164,256 

6,086,789 

246,209.407 

6,642,200 

912,192 

103,155,13^ 

6.955.942 

20,596,123 

Such  being  tho  vast  extent  and  importance  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  the  probability  of 
our  preserving  our  ascendancy  in  it  becomes  a  very  interesting  topic  of  inquiry.  But  it  is 
obvious,  that  a  great  deal  of  conjecture  must  always  insinuate  itself  into  our  reasonings  with 
rcgpect  to  the  future  state  of  any  branch  of  manufacturing  industry.  They  are  all  liable  to 
be  affected  by  so  many  contingent  and  unforeseen  circumstances,  that  it  is  impossible  to 
predicate,  with  any  thing  like  certainty,  what  may  be  their  condition  a  few  years  hence. 
But  abstracting  from  the  effect  of  national  struggles  antl  commotions,  which  can  neither  bo 
foreseen  nor  calculated,  we  do  not  think  that  there  is  any  thing  in  our  state,  or  in  that  of  the 
diiferent  commercial  and  manufacturing  countries  of  the  world,  that  should  lead  m  to  antici- 
pate that  the  gloomy  forebodings  of  those  who  contend  that  the  cotton  manufitcture  of  Eng- 
Und  has  reached  its  zenith,  and  that  it  must  now  begin  to  decline,  will  be  realised.  The 
natural  capabilities  we  possess  for  carrying  on  the  business  of  manufacturing  are,  all  things 

*  Wagea  are  estimoted  at  the  some  rate,  or  nt  20(J.  a  day,  for  every  peraon  employpd,  men,  women* 
and  children,  in  1812  and  1830;  the  saving  being  emirely  in  the  better  application  of  the  labour. 


^;l 


628 


COTTON. 


considered,  decidedly  superior  to  those  of  any  other  people.  But  the  superiority  to  wLich 
vie  have  already  arrived  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  advantage  in  our  favour.  Our  master 
manufacturers,  engineers,  and  artisans,  are  more  intelligent,  skilful,  and  enterprising,  than 
those  of  any  other  country ;  and  the  extraordinary  inventions  they  have  already  made,  and 
their  familiarity  with  all  the  principles  and  details  of  the  business,  will  not  only  enable  them 
to  perfect  the  processes  already  in  uee,  but  can  hardly  fail  to  lead  to  the  discovery  of  others, 
Our  establishments  for  spirming,  weaving,  printing,  bleaching,  &c.  are  infinitely  more  com. 
piete  and  perfect  than  any  that  exist  elsewhere ,  the  division  of  labour  in  them  is  carried  to 
an  incomparably  greater  extent ;  the  workmen  are  trained  from  infancy  to  industrious  ha- 
bits and  have  attained  that  peculiar  dexterity  and  sleight  of  hand  in  the  performance  of  their 
separate  tasks,  that  can  only  he  acquired  by  long  and  unremitting  application  to  the  same 
employment.  Why,  then,  having  all  these  advantages  on  our  side,  should  we  not  keep  the 
start  we  have  already  gained  !  Every  other  people  that  attempt  to  set  up  manufactures  most 
obviously  labour  under  the  greatest  difficulties  as  compared  with  us.  Their  establishmentg 
cannot,  at  first,  be  sufficiently  large  to  enable  the  division  of  employments  to  be  carried  to 
any  considerable  extent,  at  the  same  time  that  expertness  in  manipulation,  and  in  the  details 
of  the  various  processes,  can  only  be  attained  by  slow  degrees.  It  appears,  therefore,  reason. 
able  to  conclude  that  such  new  beginners,  having  to  withstand  the  competition  of  those  who 
have  already  arrived  at  a  very  high  degree  of  perfection  in  the  art,  must  be  immediately 
driven  out  of  every  market  equally  accessible  to  both  parties ;  and  that  nothing  but  the  aid 
derived  from  restrictive  regulations  and  prohibitions  will  be  effectual  to  prevent  the  total  de> 
Btruction  of  their  establishments  in  the  countries  where  they  are  set  up. 

4.  Progress  of  the  Manufacture  in  other  Countries. — But  notwithstanding  what  has  now 
been  stated,  a  notion  seems  to  be  spreading  abroad,  that  we  shall  have  no  little  difficulty  in 
maintaining  our  ground  against  the  competition  of  the  Americans,  Swiss,  Austrians,  French, 
&C.,  and  a  good  deal  of  evidence  upon  this  subject  was  taken  before  the  committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons  appointed  in  1833  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  manufactures,  commerce, 
and  shipping.  Such  apprehensions  appear  to  ua  to  be  quite  destitute  of  any  real  foundation. 
Provided  we  have  no  agitation,  that  public  tranquillity  and  security  in  fact  and  opinion  be 
maintained  unimpaired,  we  need  be  under  no  sort  of  uneasiness  as  to  any  competition  to 
which  we  can  be  exposed.  The  tariff  forced  cotton,  woollen,  iron,  and  other  manufactures, 
into  a  premature  existence  in  the  United  States ;  but  we  have  little  doubt  that,  except  in  the 
coarser  fabrics,  and  those  where  it  is  necessary  to  use  large  quantities  of  the  raw  material, 
the  late  modifications  of  the  tariff  have  given  a  death-blow  to  the  American  manufacturing 
system.  Independent,  however,  of  this,  there  was  nothing  whatever  to  fear  from  that  quar- 
ter. During  the  year  ended  the  30th  of  September,  1829,  the  exports  of  all  sorts  of  cotton 
goods  from  America  amounted  to  l,859,4.'t7  dollani ;  while  during  the  year  ended  the  30th 
of  September,  1833,  they  amounted  to  1,229,574  dollars. — {Papers  laid  before  Congress, 
6th  of  February,  1830,  and  15th  of  February,  1833.)  It  is  plain,  therefore,  notwithstanding 
the  protection  of  the  tariff,  that  tlie  exports  of  manufactured  cottons  from  America  have  not 
increased  any  thing  during  the  last  3  years  ;  and  it  is  very  unlikely  that  even  the  trifling 
quantity  now  exported  will  be  maintained.  They  have  been  exported  only  because  the 
fabrics  contained  a  great  deal  of  the  best  cotton,  which  made  them  more  durable  and  heavy 
than  those  manufactured  here.  But  goods  of  this  sort  are  in  very  limited  demand ;  and  the 
Manchester  manufacturers  have  already  produced  an  article  similar  to  and  cheaper  than  the 
American  "  domestics,"  which  will  go  far  to  expel  them  from  the  market. 

Among  the  singular  statements  that  have  been  put  forth  as  to  the  cotton  manufactures  of 
America,  one  is,  that  the  wages  of  labour  are  lower  there  than  here  !  To  dwell  on  the  ab- 
surdity of  such  a  statement  would  be  an  insult  to  ou'  readers.  But  though  it  were  true  that 
wages  are  as  low  in  Massachusetts  as  in  England,  that  would  afford  no  real  ground  for  anti- 
cipating any  formidable  competition  from  America  in  this  department.  The  price  of  cottons 
depends  more  on  the  profits  uf  stock  than  on  the  wages  of  labour ;  and,  so  far  as  we  know, 
it  has  not  yet  been  alleged  that  they  are  lower  in  America  than  here.  Suppose  an  English 
and  an  American  manufacturer  have  each  100,000/.  vested  in  cotton  mills  and  in  the  float- 
ing stock  required  to  carry  on  the  business ;  if  profits  in  England  be  1  per  cent  less  than  in 
America,  the  English  manufacturer  can  afford,  cmteris  paribus,  to  sell  his  goods  for  1 ,000/.  less 
than  the  American.  We  are  very  far  from  insinuating  or  believing  that  this  lowness  of 
profit  is  an  advantage;  but  whatever  may  be  its  influence  in  other  respocts,  so  long  as  it 
continues,  it  gives  our  manufacturers  a  decided  superiority  over  those  of  every  other  coun- 
try where  profits  are  higher,  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  all  articles,  such  as  cotton  yam 
and  stufis,  principally  produced  by  machinery.  It  is  ludicrous,  indeed,  to  suppose  that  a 
half-peopled  country  like  America,  possessed  of  iMundless  tracts  of  unoccupied  land  of  the 
highest  degree  of  fertility,  should  be  able  successfully  to  contend  in  manufacturing  industry, 
with  an  old  settled,  fully  peopled,  and  very  rich  country  like  Great  Britain.  The  govern- 
ment which  encourages  such  a  misdirection  of  the  public  capital  and  industry,  and  those 
who  suppose  it  tan  end  in  any  thing  else  than  ruin  to  the  parties,  are  ignorant  of  the  merest 
elements  of  the  acience  of  wealth. 


COTTON. 


620 


Th*  (btlowinc  rviults  hi  to  the  ttate  of  the  Amertean  eotton  maniiActare  In  1831  have  been  deduced 
from  the  Report  of  a  Committee  of  Congreii  in  1833  :— 

In  13  states  they  had,  mills  .....  799 

—  spindlei     .....    l,34e,S03 

Af—  looms         .....        33,S06 

The  weight  of  cotton  consumed    .... 
Allowing  2  oz.  per  lb.  for  loss       .  .  .  > 

Total  weight  of  yarn  produced     .... 

Weekly  amount     ...... 

Averaging  Iff}  oz.  per  spindle  weekly. 

If  the  33,300  looms  were  eniployed,  and  the  whole  I,305,0SI  lbs.  of  yarn  manufiictnred,  ench  loom 
niiat  have  consumed  at  an  average  39  lbs.  weeldy,  showing  that  the  goods  manufactured  were  of  a 
very  heavy  description.    It  also  appears  from  statements  made  by  the  same  committee,  that 
The  number  of  males  employed  were  ....    18,539 

—  females  ......    38,937 


.  77,557,310  lbs. 
-    0,094,604 

.  67,803,653 
.    1,305,051 


Total  number  employed  in  spinning  and  manufacturing 


57,460 


The  amount  paid  for  wages  in  the  year  wns  10,391,444  dollars,  or  3,144,7801.,  being  43,8051.  per  week  t 
avcrafiing  I4s.  lid.  for  each  person  employed. 

Thvy  etute  that  the  consumption  nf  flour  in  their  manufacture  was  1,641,353  lbs.,  or  8,374  barrels 
(19('i  11)9.  each),  averaging  weekly  31,56'2  Ihs.,  or  nearly  1  lb.  for  each  loom. 

Xote.—By  the  new  American  tariff,  plain  calicoes,  &c.  imported,  not  exceeding  in  value  is.  3d.  the 
iqiiare  yard,  to  pay  3id.  per  yard  duty.  Printed  or  coloured  calicoes,  &.C.,  not  exceeding  is.  Sid.  the 
square  yard,  to  pay  4}<1.  per  yard  duty.  Cotton  yarn,  unbleached  and  uncoloured,  not  exceeding  in 
Talni!  29.6(2.  per  lb.  to  pay7ii<.  per  lb.  duty.  If  bleached  or  coloured,  not  exceeding  3s.  Ud.  pcr'lb. 
to  pay  9}i.  per  lb.  duty. 

Little  as  we  have  to  fear  from  American,  we  have  still  less  to  fear  from  Swiss  or  Austrian 
competition.  America  has  some  advantage  over  England  in  the  greater  cheapness  of  the 
raw  material ;  but  Switzerland  and  Austria,  situated  almost  in  the  very  centre  of  Europe, 
can  only  draw  their  supplies  of  raw  cotton  by  a  distant  land  carriage  by  way  of  Marseilles, 
Genoa,  and  Trieste ;  or  by  a  lengthened  navigation  up  the  Rhine  or  the  Elbe ;  and  we  have 
the  best  authority  for  affirming,  that  a  bale  of  cotton  may  be  conveyed  at  a  less  expense 
from  Charleston  to  Manchester,  than  from  Genoa  or  Trieste,  Amsterdam  or  Hamburgh,  to 
Switzerland  or  Austria.  Switzerland  is  altogether  destitute  of  coal ;  all  that  she  does  is  done 
by  water  power,  and  that  is  already  pretty  well  exhausted.  It  is  not,  however,  to  be  won- 
dered at  that  the  Swiss  and  Austrians  should  have  succeeded  in  supplying  their  own  markets, 
and  f;ome  of  those  immediately  contiguous,  with  certain  species  of  yarn ;  but  it  seems  to  us 
quite  cisionary  to  suppose  that  they  will  ever  do  much  more  than  this. 

It  was  stated  before  the  committee  of  18.33,  that  the  French  cotton  manufacture  had  in- 
creased, between  1812  and  1826,  in  the  ratio  of  310  per  cent.,  while  in  England  its  increase 
was  only  270  per  cent  This  statement  is,  we  believe,  accurate  as  far  as  it  goes ;  and  yet  it 
is  eminently  calculated,  although,  no  doubt,  without  being  so  intended,  to  mislead.  In  1812, 
and  for  some  years  previously,  it  was  hardly  possible  to  import  cotton  wool  into  France,  and 
its  price  was  quite  excessive.  When,  therefore,  the  manufacturers  got  wool  after  the  return 
of  peace  at  an  ordinary  price,  it  was  impossible,  seeing  that  foreign  cottons  are  excluded 
from  France,  but  that  the  manufacture  should  increase  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  until  the 
home  demand  was  pretty  well  supplied.  An  advance  of  this  sort  is  assuredly  no  proof  %f 
the  capacity  of  France  to  prosecute  the  manufacture  with  advantage,  or  to  export  cottons 
without  the  aid  of  a  bounty.  Had  the  manufacture  gone  on  increa-sing  in  the  above,  or  even 
in  a  very  inferior  ratio,  down  to  the  present  time,  the  circumstance  might  have  justly  excited 
attention ;  but  such  has  not  been  the  cuse ;  on  the  contrary,  it  has  been  nearly  stationary 
from  1822  down  to  the  present  time.  In  proof  of  this,  we  beg  to  refer  to  the  following  ac- 
count, published  by  the  merchants  of  Havre,  of  the  imports  of  cotton  into  France,  the  deli- 
veries from  the  warehouses,  and  the  stocks  on  hand,  in  each  year  from  1822  : — 


Yean. 

Imports. 

Dcliveria. 

Stock«,3I»t.  Dm 

Vcani. 

Imiiortfl. 

Deliveries. 

stocks,  3lil  De-. 

Bain. 

Bala. 

SaUi. 

Bala. 

halft. 

Brt.'ff. 

1633 

305,861 

315.199 

42,515 

1829 

242,2.S0 

264,750 

39,393 

im 

16»,8t5 

172,313 

40,078 

18.TO 

2S2.752 

2,W,784 

61,260 

1834 

851,074 

343,!tt8 

47,194 

1831 

218,393 

243,843 

3,5,810 

1825 

201,573 

216,460 

35,306 

18!)2 

359,159 

273,463 

8a,'i06 

1828 

320,174 

881,001 

74,479 

1833 

305,033 

376,387 

61,7.53 

1827 

890,617 

279,693 

85,403 

1834 

274,307 

301,653 

31,107 

1828 

306,133 

339,733 

54,813 

18.15 

.TO  1,425 

308,736 

40,096 

It  is  supposed  by  some,  that  the  compctitiort  wo  have  to  fear  from  the  Continent  does  not 
consist  so  much  in  the  spinning  as  in  the  weaving  of  cottons ;  and  that  the  probability  is, 
that  our  exports  of  yam  will  increase,  and  our  exports  of  manufactured  goods  diminish. 
Wo  do  not,  however,  imagine  there  is  much  in  this.  Our  power  looms  are  superior  to  those 
of  any  other  country  :  and  it  is  unhappily  true,  that  the  wages  of  handloom  weavers  hero 
are  sunk  below  the  general  level  of  Europe.*     There  is  not,  in  fact,  with  the  exception  ot 

♦  For  an  account  of  the  circumstannea  which  have  occasioned  this  depression,  we  beg  to  refer  the 
reader  to  an  article  on  manufticturcs,  oummcrcp,  &c.  in  tlie  117th  No.  of  the  lMnbitrj(/i  Rtviiit,  S*aifM 
of  the  above  etiitements  are  taken  from  that  article. 

Vot.  L— 2  Y  67 


II 


I 


S80 


COTTON. 


Iho  dyes,  a  single  pnrticnlar  connecte<1  with  the  cotton  manufnctura  in  which  wc  have  not  a 
mnnifest  superiority  over  the  Swiss,  Austrians,  French,  Prussians,  and  every  Continental 
nation.  Certainly,  however,  we  are  inferior  to  some  of  them  in  the  brilliancy  and  durability 
of  their  dyes ;  and  this  circumstance  occasioned  a  considerable  dei^and  for  German  and 
Swiss  printed  cottons  in  many  parts  of  the  East,  where  vivid  colours  are  held  in  the  liighost 
estimation.  But  even  there,  the  greater  cheapness  of  our  goodd  is  proving  an  overmatch  for 
the  g;renter  brilliancy  of  those  of  our  rivals. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  see  no  reason  to  think  that  the  British  cotton  manufacture 
lias  reached,  much  less  passed,  its  zenith.  At  thb  dame  time,  however,  it  can  hardly  be 
necessary  to  observe,  considering  the  vast  importance  bf  the  trade,  that  while,  on  the  one 
hand,  nothing  should  be  left  undone  that  may  serve  to  widen  its  foundations,  and  to  promote 
its  prosperity,  on  the  other,  nothing  should  be  attempted  that  may,  by  possibility,  have  an 
opposite  eflfect.  The  subsistence  of  1,400,000  people  is  not  to  bo  endnnRercd  on  slight 
grounds.  The  abusws  even  of  such  a  business  must  be  cautiously  dealt  with,  lest,  in  eradi. 
rating  them,  we  shake  or  disorder  the  whole  tabric.  We  admit,  however,  that  the  case  of 
children  employed  in  the  cotton  factories  is  one  of  those  that  call  fairly  fur  legislative  regu- 
lation. But  it  may  be  questioned  whether  the  plan  for  having  relays  of  children  is  the  beet 
that  might  be  devised.  The  general  opinion  seems  to  be,  that  it  will,  in  most  instances,  be 
impossible  to  carry  it  into  effect  The  whole  subject,'  as  to  the  limitation  of  hours,  is  con- 
fessedly one  of  great  difficulty ;  and  it  would  perhaps  be  better,  before  taking  any  very 
decisive  steps  in  the  matter,  to  try  the  effect  of  the  system  of  inspection,  and  of  the  publicatiun 
of  the  inspectors'  reports  as  to  the  condition  of  the  children  employed. 

'j.  Statutoqv  RnauLATioNa  as  to  thb  Employment  of  Childiien  in  Factories. 

No  statutory  restrictions  respecting  the  employment  of  children  in  the  mills  and  ructories  of  tha 
T.'nitud  Kingdom  existed  until  the  year  1S02,  when  an  act  of  parliui'ient  wiispiissed  (42  Geo.  3.)  foi  the 
preservation  of  the  health  and  morals  of  apprentices  and  othiTS  employed  in  cotton  and  other  factoiles, 
and  directing  the  local  magistrates  to  report  whether  the  factories  were  conducted  according  to  law, 
ond  to  adopt  such  sanitary  regulations  as  they  might  think  fit.  This  act  was  followed,  in  1816,  by  an 
net,  generally  called  Sir  Rohert  Peel's  Act,  imposing  various  regulations  un  the  employment  of 
children  in  cotton  mills. 

Both  of  these  acts  were  repealed  in  1831,  by  an  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  30.,  commonly  called  Sir  Jnhn 
Ilobhouse's  Act,  which  provided,  that  in  cotton  factories,  to  which  ulone  it  related,  no  child  n  uld 
legally  be  employed  till  it  had  attained  the  age  of  0  years;  and  that  no  person  under  18  years  of  aja 
could  he  suffered  to  remain  in  the  factories  more  than  12  hours  in  one  day;  and  that  on  Saturday] 
they  should  only  be  employed  in  the  factories  for  0  hours. 

Sir  John  Uohhouse's  Act  was  repealed  in  1833,  by  the  act  act  3  Jc  4  Will.  4.  c.  103.,  which  contains 
the  f<dlowinr;  provisions,  comprehending  the  whole  statutory  regulations  at  present  applicable  to 
cotton  and  other  factories  in  the  United  Kingdom  : — 

I.  That  after  tho  1st  nf  January,  1834,  no  person  under  18  years  of  age  shall  be  allowed  to  work  in 
the  night,  tliat  is,  between  1  past  8  p.  M.  and  \  past  9  A.  M.,  in  any  cotton  or  other  factory  in  which 
steam  or  water,  or  any  otiier  mechanical  power,  is  or  shall  be  used  to  propel  the  machinery,  excepting 
in  Ince  factories. 

3.  That  no  person  under  18  shall  be  employed  mora  than  12  hours  In  one  day,  nor  more  than  G9 
hours  in  one  week. 

3.  That  there  shall  be  allowed,  In  the  course  of  every  day,  not  less  than  \\  hour  for  meals  to  every 
person  restricted  to  the  performance  of  12  hours'  work. 

4.  That  after  the  1st  of  January,  1834,  no  child,  except  in  silk  mills,  shall  be  employed,  who  shall  not 
be  9  vears  old. 

5.  ^hat  after  the  let  of  March,  18.^4,  no  child,  except  In  silk  mills,  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory 
more  than  48  hours  in  any  one  week,  nor  more  than  0  hours  in  any  day,  who  shall  not  be  11  yi'Hts 
old  ;  nor  after  the  1st  of  .Mirch,  1833,  who  shall  not  he  I'J  years  old  ;  nor  after  the  1st  of  March,  li'36, 
who  shall  not  be  13  years  old;  and  that  these  hours  of  work  shall  not  be  exceeded,  even  if  the  child 
has  worked  during  the  day  in  more  factories  than  one. 

A.  That  children  and  yuung  persons,  whose  hours  of  work  are  regulated,  shall  be  entitled  to  2  lioli- 
di  yi  and  8  half  holidays  in  every  year. 

7.  That  children,  whose  hours  of  work  are  restricted  to  9  hours  a  day,  are  not  to  be  emplnyod 
without  obtaining  a  certificate  from  a  physician  or  surgeon,  certifying  that  they  are  of  the  ordinary 
strength  and  appearance  of  children  of  the  age  before  mentioned,  which  certificate  is  to  be  coun- 
tersigned by  some  inspector  or  justice. 

8.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty  to  appoint,  during  pleasure,  4  persons  to  be  inspectnrH  of 
Victories,  with  extensive  powers  as  magistrates,  to  examine  the  children  employed  in  the  fartori''a, 
and  to  inquire  respecting  their  condition,  employment,  and  eilucntion  ;  and  that  one  of  the  scirciuriua 
<if  state  shall  have  power,  on  the  application  of  an  inspector,  to  appoint  superintendents  to  siijIoT- 
intend  the  execution  of  the  act. 

9.  That  those  inspectors  are  to  make  all  rules  necessary  for  the  execution  of  the  act,  and  to  enforce 
the  attendance  at  school,  for  at  least  2  hours  daily  out  of  0  days  in  the  week,  of  children  employed  In 
factories,  from  whose  weekly  wages  a  deduction,  not  exceeding  1  penny  in  every  shilling,  for  schooling 
■hnll  be  made. 

10.  That  no  child  shall  be  employed,  who  shall  not,  on  Monday  of  every  week,  give  to  the  factory 
master  a  certificate  of  his  or  her  attendance  at  school  for  the  previous  week. 

II.  That  the  interior  walls  of  every  mill  shall  he  whitewashed  every  year. 

12.  That  a  copy  or  abstract  of  the  act  shall  be  hung  up  in  a  conspicuous  part  of  every  mill. 

13.  That  the  inspectors  shall  regularly,  once  a  year,  report  their  proceedings  to  one  of  the  secretariei 
at  state. 

The  net  also  contains  regulations  extending  the  hours  of  work  where  lime  shall  be  lost  by  the  want 
of,  or  an  excess  of,  water,  in  mills  situated  upon  a  stream  of  water ;  respecting  the  ?leps  to  be  taken 
in  order  to  obtain  regular  certificates  of  nge  for  the  children  requiring  them ;  respecting  tlie  erection 
of  Bchncds,  where  necessary ;  and  respecting  the  proceedings  to  be  had  before  inspectors  and  magis- 
trates fbr  enforcing  the  act,  and  the  right  to  appeal  from  their  decisions. 

[The  following  tables,  relating  to  the  cultivation,  manufacture,  and  foreign  trade  of  cotton, 

vrere  cooununicated  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  the  session  of  1835-36. 


'hich  wc  have  not  a 
every  Continental 
ancy  and  durability 
id  for  German  and 
held  in  the  higliest 
ig  an  oveimatch  for 

cotton  manufacture 
er,  it  can  hardly  be 
while,  on  the  one 
)ns,  and  to  promote 
possibility,  have  an 
idanKered  on  slight 
with,  lest,  in  eradj. 
',  that  the  case  of 
for  legislative  rcgu. 
children  is  the  best 
most  instances,  be 
in  of  hours,  is  con- 
■e  taking  any  very 
i  of  the  publication 


R  Factories. 

and  Victories  nf  thi) 
;(l  (42  Geo.  3.)  fni  the 
n  und  ntlier  factnties, 
ted  according  to  law, 
lowed,  in  181ti,  by  an 

tlie  employiiienl  of 

innly  called  Sir  Jnhii 
ated,  no  child  n  uld 
nder  18  years  of  are 
id  that  on  Huturdays 

103.,  which  contains 
resent  applicable  to 

B  allowed  to  work  in 
ler  factory  in  whicli 
nachinery,  excepting 

y,  nor  more  than  G9 

It  for  meals  to  every 

iloyed,  who  shall  not 

oyed  In  any  factory 
hull  not  be  11  yciits 
e  tst  of  March,  b36, 
led,  even  if  the  clilld 

be  entitled  to  2  lioli- 

not  to  be  employed 
are  of  the  ordinary 
ftcate  is  to  be  coun- 

to  be  inspectors  of 
fed  in  the  fartorios, 
ne  of  the  8circiari«« 
ntcndcnts  to  siijiar- 

B  act,  and  to  onforce 
hiUlren  einploycil  in 
hilling,  for  schooling 

give  to  the  factory 


every  mill. 

no  of  the  secretaries 

be  lost  hy  the  want 
he  <iteps  to  be  taknn 
pccting  the  erection 
spccturs  and  luDgit- 

gn  trade  of  cotton, 
sion  of  1835-36. 


COTTON. 

I.   Raw  Cotton.— Quantity  grown  In 


Ml 


Ttu*. 

The 
World. 

CKatM. 

BfulU 

w«t 

Indiw. 

Enpt 

Raii 

o( 
Adin. 

Intta, 

Rnt 
of 

Ada. 

Muloouid 
S.  America 

£25! 

ElMirtum 

Millioai 

MiUiou 

Millioia 

Mlllkwi 

MillioM 

Millioia 

UilliOM 

Mllliou 

Wllioto 

Million 

l\M. 

llM. 

lla. 

Ua. 

llM. 

lU. 

Um. 

U». 

lla. 

U» 

1789 

— 

1 

1790 

-. 

I  1-3 

1791 

400 

a 

as 

13 

^ 

40 

ISO 

IW 

06 

1793 



3 

1793 



S 

1794 

— 

8 

1795 

«• 

8 

1796 

_ 

10 

1797 

_ 

11 

1796 

— . 

15 

1709 

_ 

30 

h 

1800 

— 

35 

1801 

520 

48 

as 

10 

— 

45 

160 

160 

fiO 

IS 

1803 

55 

1803 

— . 

60 

1804 

_ 

65 

1805 



70 

1808 

.. 

80 

1807 

... 

80 

• 

1808 

^ 

75 

1809 

_ 

83 

1810 

— . 

85 

1811 

555 

80 

35 

18 

1.13 

44 

170 

140 

87 

11 

1813 



75 

1813 

_ 

75 

1814 

.. 

70 

1815 

_ 

100 

1816 

_ 

134 

1817 

_. 

130 

1818 

_ 

125 

1819 

_ 

167 

1820 

.^ 

160 

1821 

630 

180 

33 

10 

0 

40 

175 

135 

44 

8 

1823 

310 

1823 

_ 

185 

1824 



315 

1825 

_ 

255 

1828 

— 

350 

1827 

— 

270 

1828 

— . 

325 

" 

1839 

— 

385 

1830 

^^ 

350 

1831 

820 

385 

38 

0 

18 

36 

180 

115 

85 

4 

1832 

390 

m 

1833 

— 

445 

1831 

900 

460 

80 

8 

351-3 

34 

185 

110 

85 

13 

1835 

II.    Raw  Cotton.— Quantity  grown  in 


Tean. 


1789 
1790 
1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1793 
1799 
1800 
18CI 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1808 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1810 


Vilf. 


MilUou 
Ibt. 


V.C 


Milliou 
Ibh 


S.C. 


Millioia 
Ibi. 


11-3 


40 


Goorgla. 


Mil  I  ions 
ll«. 


1-3 


10 


90 


Florida. 


Millions 
ll». 


Alabama. 


Mlllioiu 
Iba. 


Tenaeawe. 


Milliou 
lbs. 


Missiisippi 


Milliout 
Ibi. 


!/niisiana. 


Millionj 
lbs. 


Mlliioiii 
Ibk 


583 


COTTON. 

n.— «Mit<iw«l.— Ouantiiy  gro'fii  In 


r-™. 

VI,. 

N.C. 

8.C. 

(taoriii. 

rtarlih. 

AlabuMb 

TtnnaM*. 

MlalHippi. 

UHtUltni, 

IrkuMi. 

Mllllm 

Hllliou 

Mllllom 

Million 

Million 

Million 

Mllllnn 

Mil  Mora 

Mlllloot 

Milllou 

1817 
1818 

Ibh 

lU. 

lU. 

ll». 

ta. 

lla. 

Urn. 

Urn. 

Ibt. 

lla. 

1810 

1890 

1831 

» 

10 

M 

49 

.^ 

90 

SO 

10 

10 

1893 

1833 

1831 

1833 

1826 
18J7 
1838 

ss 

18 

70 

75 

S 

49 

49 

SO 

» 

1-4 

1899 

1830 

1831 

1833 

1833 

13 

10 

73 

88 

19 

69 

SO 

70 

69 

8-4 

1834 

10 

01-3 

63  1-2 

75 

90 

85 

45 

85 

63 

1-9 

183S 

The  Secretary  of  ihe  I'rcasury  states  that  he  has  "not  been  able  to  flna  any  official  returna,  of 
either  the  general  nr  the  state  governments,  which  give  the  crops  of  cotton  in  each  state;"  and  that 
"the  present  table  but  therefore  been  compUad  from  the  best  data  in  bit  power." 


III.  Baw  Cotton. 


PricM 

pwlh 

Ctpiul  eniplogrKl  In  coDneiioa 

Penon  employed  In 

Vilue  of  whole  crop 

with  giowini 

• 

gTowiof,  uJ  depenilent 

in 

Tan. 

United  DlatH. 

EdsUuuI. 

Cnllel 
Slatea. 

Enrpt. 

BruU. 

United 
tlUlei. 

Eltewbera. 

United 
Suiee. 

Eliewhere. 

Million 

.Million 

Million 

Million 

Millloni 

Crniti. 

Pence. 

Doilan, 

DolUn. 

Di/IUn. 

Million. 

Million. 

UoUan. 

Uollin. 

1789 

13  to  23 

1790 

iri-3 

13  —  91 

* 

1791 

96 

13  —  30 

31.3 

— • 

33 

1-20 

1 

1-3 

401-3 

1799 

90 

90  —  30 

1793 

33 

13  —  93 

1794 

33 

13—  18 

1795 

36  1-3 

19—97 

1796 

36  1-3 

19—29 

1797 

34 

19-37 

1798 

SO 

99  —  49 

1799 

44 

17  —  60 

1800 

98 

16  —  36 

1801 

JJ 

17—38 

SO 

— 

SO 

1-10 

7-8 

8 

391-3 

1809 

19  —  38 

1803 

10 

8-19 

1804 

90 

10—  18 

1809 

93 

14—  10 

1806 

93 

19—  19 

1807 

31  1-3 

10—  14 

1808 

10 

0  —  30 

1609 

16 

10—  18 

1810 

16 

10—  IB 

1811 

19  1-9 

7—14 

134 

1-10 

98 

l-V 

7-8 

131-3 

37 

1819 

10  1.9 

11  -  14 

1813 

13 

16-96 

1814 

19 

98  average 

1815 

91 

20  1-9  — 

1816 

90  1-9 

18  1-4  — 

1817 

96  1-3 

90        — 

1818 

34 

90        — 

1619 

94 

13  1-9  — 

1890 

17 

11  1-9  — 

1691 

16 

Bl-9-^ 

300 

3  1-3 

83 

1-3 

7-8 

39  3-4 

37 

1899 

16  1-9 

81-4  — 

1823 

10  Ic  19 

81-4  — 

1894 

19 

81-9- 

1895 

91 

11  1-3  — 

1896 

11 

6  3-4  — 

1897 

0  1-3 

6  1-9  — 

1828 

10  1-4 

6  3-4  — 

1699 

10 

9  3-4  — 

1830 

10 

67-8  — 

1831 

B  1-4 

9  5-8  — 

650 

30 

58 

3-4 

4-9 

381-3 

291-4 

1632 

10 

6  5-8- 

1833 

11 

7  3-8  — 

1634 

13 

81-2- 



— . 

— 

— 

— 

76 

361-3 

1835 

16  1-3 

19  1-9  — 

800 

31 

90 

1 

4-5  to  1 

"  The  piices,  given  for  the  United  States,  are  those  at  the  places  of  exportation,  and  are  the  average 
during  the  year,  anil  including  all  kiniU  of  cnttuii :  but  the  soa-icland  rottnn  Is  worth  usually  two 
hundred  and  flfly  per  cent,  more  than  tlin  nther  kinds;  and  formerly  the  difTerencc  was  still  greater, 
When  the  amount  grown  elsewhere  was  not  so  large," 


COTTON. 


588 


official  returns,  of 
hitaiej"  and  that 


IV 

—Raw  Cotton.-  Jxportt  from 

Jtut, 

Daltxl  8titM. 

"•Rfijy:' 

Bruil. 

ladU. 

W«t  IndiM. 

Bpuiih 
Aawrki. 

ElMT'lun. 

1770 

3,000  Ibl. 

Mlllloni 

Million 
lU. 

MilliOM 

lU. 

MIIKoM 

JUIIMOM 
lla. 

MllliM 

lU. 

klillloui 
Um. 

1789 

lU. 

pgo 

4-19 

)701 

1-5 

— 

M 

-m 

19 

•• 

» 

17M 

1-7 
1-3 

1704 

1  8-8 

-~ 

"• 

— 

— 

1 

1703 

6  1.4 

^ 

^ 

SO 

1796 

6  1-10 

1797 

8  4-5 

1798 

0  1-3 

1790 

0  1-3 

1800 

17  4-9 

1801 

30  0-10 

_ 

M 

M 

17 

7 

1603 
1803 

37  1-3 
41  1-10 

— 

^ 

— 

^l.« 

1804 

88  1-10 

!-    : 

■r 

1803 

40  1-3 

^ 

■^ 

41  1-3 

■        i 

■• 

1806 

87  1-8 

1     •>■ 

f 

1807 

66  1-S 

* 

1808 

13 

f 

1809 

53  1-5 

1810 

03  0-10 

1811 
1813 

63  1-5 
30 

•• 

91 

— 

7 

— 

13 

1813 

19  3-5 

1814 

i  17  4-3 

1815 

83 

.    i       ' 

^ '  ' 

1810 

81  4-9 

1817 

95  8-3 

1818 

9i  1-3 

1819 

88 

1820 

127  4-5 

1821 

121  9-10 

SI-3 

38 

90 

0 

— . 

S 

1822 

144  7-10 

4  1-3 

1823 

173  7-10 

U 

1824 

143  3-5 

14 

1S23 

176  1-3 

_^ 

75 

1826 

804  1-3 

1827 

SM 

1828 

310 

1839 

864  3-4 

1830 

298  1-3 

10 

S 

68 

10 

_ 

4 

1831 

377 

30  1-a 

S7 

70 

13 

_ 

4 

1833 

333  1-4 

1833 

324  1-3 

1831 

384  3-4 

33 

30 

80 

8 

7 

8 

1835 

3S6  1-3 

"The  exports  of  cotton, or,  in  other  words,  the  foreign  trade  in  raw  cotton,  in  the  whole  world,  ia 
amnll  compared  with  the  whole  growth,  manufacture,  and  consumption  of  that  article.  It  probably 
does  not  exceed  535  millions  of  pounds,  and  of  that  the  United  Statiis  export  about  384  millions  of 
pounds,  or  almnst  tliree  fourths.  Our  exports  each  year  have  not  niwayn  corresponded  with  that 
part  of  the  crop  of  the  previous  yenr  not  consumed  at  home,  as  in  180S,  1812,  &c.  coniinercial  retitric- 
tions  and  war  caused  the  stoclcB  on  hand  to  accumulate,  and  the  high  prices  in  some  other  years  have 
left  much  less  on  baud  here  tlian  usual." 


I  are  the  average 
orth  usually  two 
hvas  still  greater, 


s 

' 

v.— 

Raw  Cotton.— Exports  from 

: 

•"*-:   :!i 

Teira. 

LouItUtiL 

S.  Cuollu. 

Alabama. 

Georgia. 

New  York. 

N.  CaTDlini 
and  Virginii. 

H*  of  tlio 
United  Stales. 

Whole  value. 

Millions 

MilUoni 

Millinm 

Milliona 

Milliona 

Milliona 

Milliona 

Uollan. 

Ibi. 

lU. 

Ibi. 

Itn. 

Iba. 

Ibi. 

Ibl 

1789 

r' 

1790 

\ 

48,885 

1791 

. 

53,000 

1792 

. 

m 

51,470 

1793 

'  - 

- 

100,000 
Millions. 

1794 

■ . 

. 

1-2 

1795 

. 

. 

3  1-4 

1796 

. 

. 

3  2-10 

IT97 

. 

. 

1  1-4 

1798 

. 

. 

8  1-2 

irw 

. 

. 

4  1-10 

1800 

« 

10 

9 

1801 

. 

9  1-10 

1803 

« 

. 

5  1-4 

1803 

a 

. 

7  3-4 

1804 

_ 

. 

7  3-4 

1805 

s 

. 

9  1-3 

1800 

« 

. 

8  1-4 

1807 

- 

- 

14  1-4 

2x2 


ftU 


COTTON. 


V.    Raw  Cotton— «tfiifliiii«</.—E«|mrt»  from 


Taan. 


180H 
IHOtf 
IHIO 
1NII 
IHIti 
IHIS 
IKI4 
INI9 
IMlfl 
ISI7 
1HI8 
1810 
|N<|0 
IN3I 
I8n 
18%) 
1891 

isas 

lH'2fl 
1827 

iHas 

18titf 

i8:io 

IMI 
183'2 

i(<:t3 

18.-11 
1833 


Laulilana. 


MilllOM 


S.  Carolina. 


m 


1-3 


184 


Million 
IM. 


40 


37 


95  1-a 


67  3-4 


Alaliaina, 


kllllinu 
■In. 


SI 


fil  1-3 


Oanrfla. 


Mltlioui 
ll» 


80 


SS 


Naw  Torn. 


Mllliona 


10 


w 


at:  3-10 


so  1-3     30  a-8 


N.  Canllu 
ana  Vlnlnla. 


Mllliona. 


11.3 


1-S 


llnl  nriha 
UbIM  matai. 


Millioua 
Iba. 


3 


WMi  talui 

Milluoi 

ilollin. 

3  1-1 

B  l-» 

15  1-4 

0  1-) 

8 

S1.4 

!i  1-3 

17  i-a 

»4  1-4 

«  l.J 

81  1-4 

31 

aai-4 

20  1-4 

34 

S3  1-3 

31  3-4 

38  3-4 

95 

30  1-3 

33  1-9 

90  1-3 

30  2-3 

35  1-4 

31  3-4 

30 

49  1-9 

ei  1-9 

834,  rrom  official  data ;  but 
poundi,  and  In  1835,  wai 


"The  exports  from  each  Sliiie  are  llio  Toreign  ones,  and  for  1830  and 
prior  to  tlint  they  are  eMiinitteH  from  the  crop,  conmimptinn  nt  hoino,&c 

"The   portion  exported  of  x-b  inlniid  Cdlton,  waa,  in   18.14, 8,0b5,«3,'' 
7,752,730;  and  was  chiefly  from  Snulh  Carolina  and  Goorgia." 

"Tlio  vninu  hna  been  computed  (turn  the  <|uunttty  and  average  price  through  each  year,  ao  fiir  ai 
obtainable  from  olDvial  data." 

\ 


VI. 

Haw  Cotton.— Exports. 

i 

V.  Siatea  to 

U.  Stale)  to 

U  Slaleilo 
other  plicta 
llian  Gn»l 

Indii  lo 

India  lo 

Rnuil  la 

Wrat  In- 
ilie^  to 

Rntf  il  and 
West  In. 

England. 

anW^ 
key  to 
France. 

All  other 
placft  t(i 
Xngland. 

£ 

England. 

France. 

Britain  and 
France. 

England. 

Cllioa. 

England. 

England. 

Fnuiv«. 

Iba. 

Milliona 

Millioua 

Milliona 

Milliona 

Milliuia 

Mitliuna 

Milliooi 

Milliona 

Milliona 

Mlllioni 

Iba. 

Iba. 

Iba. 

U». 

Iba. 

Iba. 

Ibk 

Iba. 

Iba. 

lbs. 

1770 
1787 

2,000 

9  1-9 

6  9-3 

^ 

0  3-3 

. 

7  3-4 

1789 

Ruin  or 

Ralioorher 

Katlo. 

1790 

her  impnrta 
from  U,  S. 

iniFKtrta 
from  Brazil* 

1791 

1-1000 

. 

, 

^ 

1-9 

1-3 

1*92 

1-126 

. 

. 

« 

1-9 

1-3 

1793 

1-225 

_ 

. 

. 

1-4 

1-9 

IT9I 

l-lIO 

• 

. 

1-3 

3-5 

1-3 

179.- 

1-95 

« 

. 

1-3 

9-5 

1-9 

I7«fi 

Ml 

_ 

. 

3-4 

1-9 

8-5 

1797 

1-U 

. 

_ 

1  1-3 

1-3 

1-3 

17»S 

1-8 

_ 

. 

3 

2-5 

1-3 

1799 

1-9 

« 

. 

7 

3-7 

3-7 

1800 

16 

., 

. 

6  1-3 

1-5 

1-S 

1801 

19 

3-4 

• 

4  1-4 

1-4 

9-7 

1802 

23  1-2 

9 

. 

3 

1-3 

1-6 

1S03 

27  3-4 

4 

. 

1  S-4 

1-3 

1-10 

1804 

23  3-4 

S 

. 

3  1-3 

9-0 

1-19 

1805 

39  1-3 

4  1-3 

. 

1-4 

9-0 

I-IO 

1806 

94  1-1 

7 

. 

9  2-3 

- 

9-9 

1-9 

1807 

53  1-4 

6 

« 

3  1-2 

1-18 

1-11 

1809 

8 

3 

. 

9  1-2 

1-11 

3-9 

1809 

13  1-3 

_    , 

. 

6  1-2 

1-3 

1-11 

1810 

36 

. 

• 

• 

1-4 

1-18 

1811 

48  3-4 

. 

. 

. 

2-7 

1-39 

1812 

90 

• 

. 

. 

2-9 

1-93 

1813 

. 

10  1-4 

. 

• 

3-5 

1-19 

1814 

. 

1  3-4 

. 

. 

3-3 

1-11 

1815 

45  2-3 

SO 

. 

. 

1-4 

1-94 

1816 

57  3-4 

18 

. 

• 

1-3 

1-35 

1817    51 

. 

. 

30 

1-3 

1-26 

18181  58  1-3 

. 

. 

_ 

1-3 

1-52 

1819!  51  3-4 

. 

. 

_ 

1-3 

1-52 

1820    90 

_ 

. 

93 

29 

6  8-10 

, 

1-4 

. 

3  1.4 

1831    93  1-2 

97  1-3 

9  3-4 

9 

19  1-9 

7 

. 

3-4 

. 

9  3.4 

1832J0I 

91  1-9 

8  2-3 

4  1-9 

94  3-4 

10  1-4 

. 

4-10 

« 

3 

1893  149  1-2 

25 

6  1-9 

15 

93  1-9 

7 

, 

1  1-3 

. 

3 

1834 

99 

40  1.3 

1  1-2 

16  1-3 

-         1 

85 

6  1-4 

- 

7  7-10 

- 

S 

COTTON. 


B9S 


•I  nl  Ihn 


illiojit 
Ibt. 


Whol.  Yilufc 


ilnllin. 

a  i-i 

H  1-1 
IS  I- 1 
0  1-3 

a 

9  M 
!l  1-3 
17  l-S 
34  1-4 
25  l-J 
ai  1-4 
31 

33  1-4 
SO  1-4 
34 

S3  1-3 
81  3-4 
38  3-4 
33 

SO  1-3 
33  1-3 
SO  1-3 
90  8-3 
93  1-4 
31  3-4 
30 

40  1-3 
01  1-3 


official  data ;  but 
and  in  1833,  waa 
ch  year,  lo  (br  ai 


•iTu'r    *"""■" 


"d  «nd  tu^ 

lo      key  10 

>■     Fnoce. 


Millloiii 
lU. 


placn  to 
EDllaul, 


Millioni 
llo. 

7  3-4 


3  1.4 
3  3^ 
3 
3 
S 


VI.     Raw  CnWnn—tnnHnvtd 

.— Exporlf. 

a    I',  ttuin  to 

V.  sum  lo 

11,  Sl>le«  1. 
nrhtr  yt\tem 
llian  Urwt 

IlKlU  lo 

ll„l.j  lo 

W,.l  In- 

llraallaiHi 
VV>.<I  Im- 

y-nr*  •"' 

EfT|,l 

an.l  lur- 

All  ollwr 

>• 

Kutlwl. 

Frajira. 

MrtLilu  tnti 

Ku^Uidl, 

Li      . 

KkiIiuJ. 

Kiiilaii'l. 

•  raiict. 

i;i.|UiiU. 

traLf*. 

Kji|I»i«I 

Mill.oiia 

Milllniu 

Milliwiu 

Minima 

Mllliora 

11*. 

II*. 

Mllllou 

Milliniia 

Mi'llou 

Milllmw 

llM. 

Ihc 

Iba. 

ll«. 

IlK. 

Ralk>, 

Ruin. 

Ibt. 

Ita. 

ll«. 

lis. 

iMt^ 

MO 

30 

3  3.1 

30  1-4 

• 

3.) 

» 

10 

_ 

7  1-3 

Wi(< 

131 

09  1-3 

8  1-9 

31 

• 

B  4-9 

4  3-4 

m 

10 

. 

m: 

317 

70  1-9 

11   1-4 

30 

_ 

90  3-4 

7 

. 

5 

. 

1  1-3 

IKiH 

IM  3-4 

S3  1-9 

lU  1-4 

39  1-4 

93 

90 

0 

• 

7 

. 

1  3-4 

IN'JII 

137 

tl7  1-9 

93 

93 

0) 

90 

4  1-3 

« 

0 

, 

1  1-10 

in:>(| 

311 

7ft 

13  1-9 

19  1-9 

3.1 

8  1-9 

7 

3  4-10 

n 

3-4 

l'«3l 

3(13  1-8 

40  or  .10 

0 

30 

fi«  i-a 

31   1-9 

3  1-3 

3  1-3 

8 

7  1-3 

1  1-4 

iHa<i 

317  1-1 

73  (If  77  J 

IS 

33 

M 

90 

3 

3  9-3 

0 

8  13 

3  34 

1H,I3 

397  3-4 

70  3- » 

0  1-3 

39  1-4 

• 

9N  1-3 

3 

• 

1 

. 

1  3-4 

ih:ii 

3tiO  9-3    70  1»-I5 

30 

33 

40 

IH 

4 

4 

1  1-3 

7 

1933 

933          lUO  1-3 

1«  3-4 

49  1-3 

(1) 

93 

S  1-4 

9  1-3 

gl.ileinentdf  theqiinntltynf  Ciitton  Exported  IVom  the  United  fUntnii  lo  other  iilncna  than  Great  Dritnin 
and  Iriiiiuii,  in  tlm  yuiireniliny  riiipti'inliitr  30,  Ih3l,  to  183.1,  inriunivu. 


Vara. 

To  RuiaU. 

ll.illan  1  and 
D..tgiiiiii. 

Spain. 

Trifale. 

llwn        »na. 

Italjr  and  M.illa. 

All  niher  placra. 

Iba. 

Il.a. 

ll.a. 

llii. 

IM, 

Iha. 

II.-. 

ISIl 

301,080 

4,l«i,n!)« 

981,839 

.14,070 

718,110 

807.801 

9,ri(m.777 

1S33 

713,780 

l,0T0,3-.H 

. 

9111,1,18 

9,ll.'i5,.5'<l 

l,ir.0.3.-)3 

■IV),7(13 

IH33 

300,078 

4,05(l,.148 

• 

177,789 

9,;n«,301 

3i7,t)»3 

83:),3:)9 

1H24 

301,013 

433,(170 

. 

. 

903,M2 

. 

2'J7,539 

l.H« 

133,0.14 

1,4211,993 

. 

. 

577,1110 

9S0 

500,031 

ISStt 

15,309 

4,51*9,430 

. 

.3.1,3II 

9,013,070 

. 

1.8'20.II6 

iH«7 

147,101 

5,801,400 

7,900 

1n;i,801 

3,3MI,5I4 

148,170 

1,410,547 

IM'iS 

040,7111 

.3,780,088 

. 

oso,n,'i4 

.3,380,108 

407,(108 

1,072,118 

ISM 

227,8X3 

B,503,3:rr 

. 

4,071,917 

0,N57,71M1 

l,fl''«,;i'<7 

1,201, (l'23 

18.10 

111,370 

8,.1fil,103 

33,310 

9,814,477 

4,13,1,017 

3.:'.,->05 

038,877 

1831 

701,7.33 

973,0.'>9 

55.'),0!)8 

9,778,8'.8 

3,410,703 

3li:.,0U5 

2,91.3,741 

I8:<9 

83N,051 

3,030,016 

9,983,875 

l,05),775 

4,07.5,129 

5M),!ff4 

2,2,',().I1I0 

1N33 

1,417,405 

9,073,953 

7.58,910 

1,107,000 

1,870,030 

. 

1,750.013 

1834 

1,960,404 

8,090,409 

809,007 

3,80.'i.3l9 

fl,0l'.>,803 

100,849 

l,l.'i3,3K9 

.  1835 

(»74,H01 

5,001,358 

878,210 

4,913,001 

2,7»8,117 

19,039 

1,403,700 

vn- 

-Raw  Cotton. 

Import!  of 

Wtiere  trom. 

Ttan. 

Into  Ennluil. 

United  .Stttet. 

Bnuil. 

Deinrnn  and 
Burtiiee. 

Weal  luJiM. 

^KSc';' 

India. 

Othrr  plicei. 

Millinu. 

Millioni 

Millinni 

Millitina 

Millioni 

Milliou 

Ibt. 

Ibt. 

Ibt. 

Iba. 

Iba. 

Ibt. 

1701 

U.lOor0-lC 

' 

1710 

7-10 

, 

1720 

3 

„ 

1  • 

1730 

1  1-9 

1711 

1  6-10 

1751 

3 

1784 

3  8-10 

1706 

3 

1780 

S 

1784 

11 

1787 

39 

.. 

311-3 

1  3-4 

6  3-3 

5  2-3 

. 

8 

1789 

39  1-3 

1790 

31  1-3 

Rntlo. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

1791 

38  3-4 

1-1000 

1-9 

. 

1-3 

. 

_ 

18 

1799 

35 

1-126 

1-3 

. 

1-3 

. 

_ 

1-10 

1793 

19 

1-225 

1-4 

. 

1-9 

. 

1-25 

1-8 

1794 

34  1-3 

1-110 

8-3 

. 

1-9 

. 

1-106 

1-13 

1795 

36  1-3 

1-25 

2-5 

. 

1-2 

. 

1-100 

1-49 

1796 

32 

1-11 

1-9 

1-37 

2-3 

1-44 

1-50 

1797 

93  1-3 

I-ll 

1-9 

1-19 

1-3 

. 

1-17 

1-88 

1708 

31  3-4 

1-6 

2-5 

1-14 

1-3 

• 

I-IS 

1-385 

1799 

43  1-3 

1-9 

2-7 

1-11 

3-7 

. 

1-6 

1-50 

1800 

56 

1-4 

1-5 

1-9 

1-3 

. 

1-9 

1-18 

1801 

56 

1-3 

1-4 

1-12 

8-7 

• 

1-13 

1-33 

1809 

60  1-3 

3-7 

1-3 

1-17 

1-6 

. 

1-90 

1-1.35 

1603 

93  3-4 

1-2 

1-3 

1-70 

1-10 

. 

1-.30 

1-70 

1604 

61  3-4 

1-9 

2-9 

1-6 

1-12 

. 

1-26 

1-167 

1'05 

59  3-3 

3-5 

2-9 

1-11 

1-10 

. 

1-210 

1-38 

1600 

58  1-4 

3-5 

2-9 

1-10 

1-9 

1-32 

1-87 

1807 

75 

3-4 

1-18 

1-9 

1-11 

. 

1-20 

i-116 

1808 

43  1-3 

S-5 

Nil 

1-14 

2-9 

• 

18 

1-84 

1809 

02  3-4 

1-3 

1-3 

1-18 

1-11 

• 

1-15 

1-38 

1810 

132  1-3 

8-3 

1-4 

1-15 

1-18 

_ 

1-40 

1811  ' 

91  1-2 

6-9 

2-7 

1-9 

1-89 

■ 

1-76 

1812 

63 

4-9 

2-5 

1-9 

1-22 

- 

1-95 

i\' 


tSt*. 


\ 


OM 


corroN. 


VII.— «*ll<iNH«l<. 


Inportior 

WIWNfro... 

" 

Imn. 

lata  Egfland. 

Ualltd  «UI«. 

Bnill 

IWmcram  umi 
krrliica. 

WiiK 

IliJin, 

n«ti«. 

l''U. 

Olhtr  laam. 

MllllnMlU. 

R4iln. 

num. 

lUiin 

Rl  In. 

Itetio. 

IHI3 

51 

1-8 

S-S 

1-10 

1-19 

• 

- 

1-110 

1§U 

73  8-3 

9-9 

3-i 

1-19 

111 

• 

, 

l-.'tO 

IHlit 

tmi-i 

4-7 

t-4 

1-13 

l-'il 

'• 

a 

1  11 

IHIfl 

117  13 

1-9 

1-3 

l-tl 

1-35 

. 

. 

l-'il 

1HI7 

)»ll-4 

1-9 

1-3 

1-91 

1-98 

. 

. 

l-ll 

1HI8 

174 

3-7 

1-3 

1-40 

1-59 

. 

. 

1-5 

1810 

137  1-9 

1-9 

1-3 

1-40 

1-S9 

• 

• 

1-3 

IH30 

147  1-9 

4-7 

1-3 

l-» 

l-7« 

1-530 

1-7 

l-H.) 

ifni 

I'M  1-9 

4-7 

1-0 

1-40 

1-39 

1-175 

114 

l-i:i8 

wa 

111  1-9 

4-7 

1-1 

1-39 

1-45 

1-350 

1-36 

l-']'U 

ltM3 

183  1-3 

3-3 

1-8 

1-79 

1-59 

1-143 

1-13 

I-7J 

1391 

147  1-9 

S-3 

1-0 

I 

....     ■* 

1-19 

Ml 

M9 

i.$i 

18U 

94-11-3 

8-3 

1-7 

l-W 

1-17 

1-10 

1-7 

l«lfl 

170  1-9 

9-3 

1-17 

1-10 

1-18 

1-0 

1-9 

I8«7 

964  1.3 

8-4 

l-ll 

1-38 

1. 50 

IIS 

1-99 

1838 

9*^3-4 

9-3 

1-7 

1-18 

1-97 

1-8 

1-17 

imo 

918  1-3 

9-3 

1-7 

1-30 

1-30 

1-0 

1M30 

93U3-4 

9-3  In  3-4 

1-7  til  1-8 

l-(iO 

1-60 

1-95 

1831 

9N0 

9-3  tn  3-4 

1-0 

1-33 

1-13 

1839 

970  9-3 

8-4 

1-13 

1-30 

1-8 

1833 

988 

7-8 

1-10 

1-300 

1-0 

I88t 

890  1-9 

8-7 

1-17 

1-900 

1-900 

1-0 

1833 

361  1-9 

3-4 

1-14 

1-8 

VIII 

.    Rnw  Cotton 

. 

Importa. 

Whtra  rrom. 

Importa. 

Ton. 

InloFlUMk 

UoilKtSUIw. 

^uS.V'T' 

Brull  and 
llw  We.l 
Indie  1. 

IdIo  hunnjr, 

HruHia, 
Trinfc,  ud 

Into  SwII. 
urlant. 

loto  Spain. 

iBtoCbinik 

Into  llw 
UiillM 
Himri. 

MillkMa 

MillioM 

MilHou 

MUllou 

Milliou 

Mlllinu 

Milliau 

Mill  loin 

ll«. 

Ibb 

lU. 

lb*. 

Ibk 

Ita. 

lU. 

lu 

1790 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

«7,3J7 

Mill.  Ita. 

1701 

. 

^ 

1-4 

1709 

a 

. 

1-1! 

1703 

, 

, 

9  9-3 

17»t 

. 

^ 

3  1-9 

1703 

. 

^ 

4 

1708 

. 

^ 

4  1-1 

1707 

. 

. 

3  1-9 

1708 

s 

, 

3  93 

1700 

^ 

. 

3  1-'i 

1800 

« 

. 

4  1-1 

1801 

« 

3-4 

. 

4  1-4 

1809 

. 

3 

^ 

3  1-3 

18U3 

. 

4 

^ 

3  1-3 

3 

1604 

. 

8 

^ 

3  1-1 

1803 

. 

4  1-9 

. 

9  1-4 

1806 

91  7-10 

7 

. 

95 

9  1-4 

1807 

0 

. 

3  1-.1 

1808 

^ 

S 

^ 

4  1-3 

1809 

^ 

. 

1-a 

1810 

25 

. 

. 

1-3 

1811 

, 

, 

l-.l 

1819 

. 

. 

. 

1-9 

1813 

. 

10  1-4 

. 

_ 

12-3 

1814 

» 

13-4 

. 

_ 

1-li 

1815 

^ 

90 

^ 

^ 

1-0 

1816 

^ 

18 

^ 

^ 

1-3 

1617 

. 

^ 

„ 

3 

1818 

^ 

^ 

^ 

m 

111-3 

1810 

. 

, 

^ 

„ 

15 

1890 

44  1-9 

. 

^ 

. 

1 

1891 

47  1-3 

97  1-8 

a 

• 

9-3 

1899 

61 

91  1-9 

a 

. 

1-4 

1893 

51 

95 

« 

• 

1-8 

1834 

75  1-9 

401-3 

. 

. 

9-3 

1893 

61  1-8 

30 

. 

• 

1-2 

1896 

00 

69  1-3 

« 

301 

1-1 

1897 

87 

10  1-3 

„ 

_ 

1-0 

1898 

619-3 

53  1-3 

, 

. 

1-9 

1699 

79  1-9 

67  1-3 

^ 

. 

1-2 

1830 

84  9-3  to  01 

75 

6* 

7 

38 

17 '1-9 

_ 

1.2 

1831 

65  1-3  to  61 

46  to  50 

7  1-3 

3  1-9 

39 

18  4-5 

38  to  68 

1-3 

1839 

77  to  85 

73  to  77  1-3 

81.3 

3  3-3 

48 

191-3 

60 

1-2 

1833 

91 

76  3-4 

36 

19 

« 

1-2 

1834 

83  to  04  1-3 

78  to  81  3-4 

7* 

4' 

19  1-3 

a 

451 

1-2 

1835 

04  1-4 

01 

- 

- 

12.3 

COTTON. 


"ilOT  laata. 


HkUo, 

Han... 

• 

1-3(1 

• 

I-.TO 

• 

HI 

* 

i-ai 

• 

I-U 

■ 

1-5 

m 

1-3 

1-7 

l-A] 

l-M 

f-m 

i-3a 

t-]'M 

1-ia 

I -7  J 

Ml 

1  It 

I-IO 

1-7 

l-U 

1-9 

1-18 

1-34 

1-8 

1-17 

1-tf 

l-U 

i-ia 

1-8 

1-9 

\-9 

1-8 

1 

litio  ttl« 

In.    latoCbioi 

1.      UnilAl 

Sl.Irt 

■        Uilljout 

" 

Ite. 

II*. 

• 

»7,.W 

Mrll.  Il». 

1-4 

l.« 

9J-3 

81-2 

4 

4  1-4 

3  1-2 

3  8-3 

3  1-2 

4  1-4 

4  1-4 

31-2 

3 

3  1-1 

8  1-4 

2  1-4 

3  1-3 

41-2 

1-2 

1-3 

1-3 

1-2 

J  2-3 

1-ti 

1-6 

1-3 

3 

111-3 

15 

1 

2-3 

1-4 

1-8 

2-3 

1-2 

SO) 

1-4 

1-0 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

38  to  68 

1-3 

60 

1-2 

• 

1-2 

4S1 

1-2 

12-3 

"The  Import!  Into  the  TTnltait  fll«t*i  iire  taknn  from  nfflrlkl  reliirni,  and  have  been  very  fliirtnstlng 
In  nmniint  I  they  hnve  coiiie  chiitfly  I'rom  Inillii." 

"Ollifr  ciiutitrlna  nrKiiropn  than  tlinie  ••niiiiinriiti'il,  liiijiorl  cnnililBralilii  qiisntltlri  nrnivv  rnlinn  i 
I.  f.  IIhII.iiicI  mid  ll(>lt,'liiiii,  ulxMit  10  cir  12  iiiillloni  of  |»iiin<ti,  orwhlrli  a  piirt  paitii>i  Into  Opriimny, 
ind  9  <ir  A  niilhiirm  orpoiitid*  lire  Iroiii  I  hi*  riiilcd  Htnli-i.  Hii  liiKi  (li-rninny  dlri>rt  urn  tiii|Mirled  nt  'rrl">ts 
linna,  from  tliu  Unllml  Hlnli>*,  nboiit  4  l»  9  iiillllniia,  and  •oiiih  frmii  Kiypl  and  Turkey  i  In  all,  niiiKIng 
in  l!t:ill,  121  mlllliini  »(  punndi  i  1831,  lU)  nillilnnii ;  and  IM34,  'iil  inllllun'  of  p<iiindit.  Into  the  llitiiiu 
tnwnii  nre  lni)Mirled  I'roin  here  8  in  U  nilllloni  ofiiKiind*  more  yunrly,  und  uhuut  I  million  ut  nniindi  to 
BuMla,  Jtc.  kc.  Iliiiiiila  iin|K)rted  Into  riiK^mburv,  In  all,  IH30,  8)  nilllliin*  nf  pniindi  i  1831,  7-10 
mlllliin  orpoiindas  IH32,  I  8-io  nillliun  ofpoiinda  In  1834,  B«I|Iiimi  I*  inld,  by  Mr.  Aluxandi-r,  In  have 
linjKirtitd  I'il  mlilloni  of  pound*  of  raw  cotton.  It  li  eiild.  In  the  Weetmlnitei  Uevlew,  fur  April,  18U, 
that  Umibardy  alune  cunaumei  4  nillllnns  of  puundi  of  raw  cotton  yearly.' 
IX.    Raw  Cotton.— Quantity  manufactured  In 


Inn. 

Cnglui'l* 

tmn. 

Uulltil  «>lw. 

Clilu  iivl 
IndU. 

a.  Amaria 

k  MMico, 

inclutlliif 

BnuUI. 

Otnnuy. 

Tuiti.T 

•11.1 
Afrka. 

■lain. 

rruak. 

ClMwkm. 

Mill      • 

MillioM 

MllllOM 

MllllOM 

MllllOM 

Milliiiiu 

M.llioni 

Mllllou 

Mlllioni 

MilllOM 

Ihv 

Ibi. 

lllf. 

lllh 

Ita. 

lt». 

lU. 

Iba. 

llw. 

II*. 

1780 

13  1-3 

n  the  3  cnunlilae. 

1781 

11  1-4 

17H0 

17110 

.10  1-3 

— 

S 

I7VI 

8.1 

10 

Sl-9 

S8S 

80 

19 

S9 

9 

9 

00 

1708 

33  1-3 

1793 

17  3-4 

1794 

93 

17Ui 

35 

im 

31 

1797 

33  1-4 

1798 

31 

18 

1799 

43 

10  1-4 

1800 

51 

6  3-4 

8  [1-10] 

1801 

53  3-4 

11 

8 

980 

49 

33 

SO 

3 

5 

SO 

1808 

sei-3 

15  1-10 

1803 

SI  3-4 

15  3-4 

_ 

_ 

— 

_ 

— 

3 

1804 

66  3-4 

17  1-4 

180} 

5S3-4 

181-3 

11  [1-8] 

1800 

67  1-4 

913-4 

1807 

73  1-3 

1808 

41  1-3 

1809 

87  1-3 

1810 

18S 

99 

16  [3  1-3] 

1811 

69  3-3 

93 

17^ 

370 

48 

39 

48 

S 

0 

SO 

1818 

SO  3-4 

91 

1813 

1814 

531-9 

1815 

S3 

.1. 

311-9 

1816 

66  1-3 

1817 

lie  1-3 

30  or  36 

1818 

173 

1819 

133  3-4 

1820 

143 

44 

1821 

114 

47 

SO 

360 

43 

SO 

49 

8 

7 

4S 

1828 

180  1-3 

61 

1683 

177 

501-3 

1884 

131 

75 

.. 

— 

— 

— 

_ 

— 

7  7-10 

1825 

906 

fiO 

1826 

ISO  1-4 

96 

1887 

3.W  1-3 

87 

1828 

308  1-4 

61 

60 

1829 

100  3-4 

711-9 

1830 

955 

87  1-3 

1831 

957 

651-3 

771-a 

1832 

900 

78 

1833 

8811-3 

87 

80  to  85 

343 

39 

SO 

43 

10 

80 

40 

1834 

997 

80 

1835 

390  1-4 

— 

100 

X. 

Manufactures  of  Cotton. 

Whole  TtlM  of,  yurly,  in 

Ctpilil  employed  in  Manuruluriog  by  Micliioery  m 

Tain. 

EnjUnd. 

FruKO. 

Unilod  SlalM. 

Eitglaod. 

France. 

United  Slatei, 

Mlllinu 

MillloM 

MllllOM 

Mlllioni 

Mliioni 

Miilinni 

Dollan. 

DolUn, 

Dollan. 

Uollare. 

diillara. 

Dollan. 

1815 

951 

34 

40 

1816 

1817 

m^ 

30 

1818 

, 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1883 

79 

1823 

155 

• 

1821 

148  to  100 

— 

1825 

1626 

h'  I 


■i^' 


68 


*'■!  ,. 


*s    ':? 


ii 


! 


538 


COTTON. 


X.    Mannfkcturea  of  Cotton— eentittiMd. 

Wbole  value  of,  yarljr,  In 

Capital  employed  In  Manuracturlng  by  Machinery  m       | 

Tean. 

1 

Entllnd. 

France. 

United  Stela. 

England. 

France. 

CnilKl  Slain, 

Millloiu 

Millioni 

Millioni 

Milllnni 

Millioni 

Millicmi 

Uollan. 

Dollan 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Dollara. 

Uollan. 

liwr 

m 

_ 

3001 

1828 

40 

1829 

"^                                                  V 

1830 

— 

— 

:  26  ■» 

S351 

— 

46  3-4  or  03 

1831 

_ 

216 

1833 

144 

M 

— 

IfiO 

— 

441-8 

1833 

■   178   > 
.  (H9)  f 

— 

— 

rsooi 

113 

1834 

160  1-9 

63 

« 

3i>0 

1835 

■"■ 

45  to  so 

185 

—" 

80 

"The  valup  of  mnniifactiired  cottnnti,  when  the  quantity  of  raw  cotton  in  them  Is  the  aoiiic,  ilitTi-rs 
greatly  according  'o  dilfcrent  periods  of  time  in  the  snine  r.nuntry,  and  nccordlne  ti>  tho  (|iiiility  nflho 
raw  inatKrial,  and  the  machinery  used,  and  tlie  skill  emplnycd.  Thns,  in  Knftlaiid,  in  211  yoiirs  nl'iiir 
Arltwriglit's  invention  in  spinning,  innnnfacturcd  cottons  tell  nearly  eight  niiitlis  of  tlii'ir  forinrr  priro. 
Every  ten  years  since,  some  have  computed  their  fall  in  prire.as  eqiinl  to  SO  per  rent.  In  lliu  Aniurlcaii 
Encyi-lopei'tia,  article  Cotton,  it  is  said  that,  from  1815  to  lh2!),  tlio  coarse  cloths  fell  two  thirds." 

'  The  best  cotton  goods  are  supposed  to  be  made  in  Swilzerlanil,  where  the  skill  and  machinery  ara 
good,  and  tiio  climate  congenial.  But  the  raw  material,  being  carried  so  far  by  laml.  Is  expensive,  and 
the  manufacturer  cannot  compete  with  England,  though  20  per  cent,  clienper  than  in  France." 

"In  France  mail)  fine  goods  are  made  by  skill  and  experience;  lint  theniaehliiery  is  poorer,  and  cnsts 
more.  Hence  the  prices  in  those  two  countries,  of  the  cloth  made  from  a  pound  of  raw  cotton,  exce-Ml 
on  an  aver^ige  50  cents,  while  in  England  they  are  about  50  cents,  and  in  the  United  States  arc  now 
somewhat  less.  It)  ISOti  the  cotton  was  made  chieHy  into  velveteens,  nankeens,  crape.4,  muslins,  &c  " 

"  In  1810  our  cotton  cloths  made  in  houses  and  manufactories,  on  an  average,  were  estimated  at  .13 
cents  per  yard  in  Coxe's  tables,  page  II).  The  prices  are  now  lower,  notwitlistandiiig  the  introducliun 
so  extensively  of  finer  cloths  and  of  printing  calicoes." 

"  We  make  more  coarse  and  substantial  cloths  of  cotton  now  than  England,  and  they  can  bo  afforded 
cheaper  by  2  or  3  cents  per  yard.  They  are  in  greater  demand  abroad.  We  put  more  staple  into 
them,  the  raw  material  being  cheaper  here.  But  the  English  laces,  being  made  rhletiy  of  sca-iiilnnd 
cotton,  with  a  very  little  silk,  eiihancu  the  value  of  each  pound  to  over  $!i;  and  the  whole  nianuf.ic- 
ture  of  it  equals  9  millions  of  dollars  per  annum,  and  30}  millions  of  yards." 

"The  coarse  India  cottons  are  made  of  the  worst  materials  and  less  smooth,  being  chiefly  spun  by 
band,  and  the  raw  material  poorer.    But  the  thread  so  spun  is  softer  and  the  cloth  more  durable." 

XI.    Manufactures  of  Cotton. 


Penoni  employed,  connected 

with  factories,  chiefly,  number  of 

Spindlea  employed  in 

factoriei,  number  of 

yean. 

In  England. 

United  Slate». 

France. 

In  Eugland. 

United  Slatea. 

Fnuce. 

Swilzerlanil. 

1750 

20,0001 

1760 

16,000  T 

1770 

30,0001 

1784 

80,0001 

1787} 

162,000  to 
360,0001 

1780 

^ 

— 

^ 

49,500 

1790 

^^ 

— 

^ 

— 

70 

1791 

1799 

1793 

1794 

1795 

1796 

1797 

1798 

17U9 

1800 

1801 

1809 

1803 

1804 

1805 

__ 

^ 

... 

— 

4,500 

1806 

^_ 

_ 

120,000 

— 

— 

81,000 

1807 

^^ 

— 

— 

— 

8,000 

1808 

1809 

800,0001 

— 

— 

— 

31,000 

1810 

— 

— 

— 

Millions. 

87,000 

1811 

_ 

— 

— 

5 

80,000 

Millioni. 

1812 

_^ 

-. 

^ 

4  1-21 

— 

1 

1813 

1811 

^^ 

_ 

_- 

— 

122,0-16 

1815 

_^ 

100,000 

-~ 

— 

130,000 

1810 

1 

_ 

*- 

6  2-3 

IHI7 

^ 

..^ 

6  2-3 

Ihl8 



_ 

_ 

— 

— 

13-10 

1SI9 

1     1820 

— 

— 

— 

— 

220,000 

COTTON. 


§91 


lurlni  by  Machinrry  ,1, 


n  la  the  tonic,  ilitTrrs 
to  till)  <iiiiiliivof  111!) 
iihI,  In  '21)  yoiirs  nficr 
if  llii'lr  former  iiriro 
lit.  In  lliu  Aniorlcaii 
II  twolhlnls." 
II  mill  iimcliinor/aro 
III,  Ib  KxpnnBlvc,  unj 
1  in  Franco." 
y  Is  pooror,  and  cnjtii 
f  raw  enllon.excc'd 
litcil  Sinli's  are  now 
api's,  iiiiiKliiis,  &c  " 
'i-rt!  ««tliniitci|  at  33 
ing  the  Introduction 

theycanhoairnrdiid 
It  more  mupln  Intn 
I  hiefly  of  Kua-ldlnnd 
the  wliole  nianur.ic- 

InR  chiefly  npnn  by 
I  inoro  durable." 


iiunitwr  of 

c«.  SwiiMrljo.l. 


.....  f    - 

'    XI.    Manulbcturei  of  Cotton.— continued. 

ftnOMClT 

plnjred,  connected  with  bctoriee,  chiefly,  number  of 

Spiodlee  employed  in  (acloriee,  njmlwr  o( 

Tun. 

In  England, 

United  SUIei. 

Fnncsw 

Id  England. 

United  Statee. 

Fiance,       |      SwiliMland. 

1821 

— 



^ 

_ 

330,000 

im 

497,000 

1H33 

1821 

— 

— . 

_ 

St 

— 

— 

399,300 

1825 

— 

— 

— 

f 

800,000 

1820 

18«7{ 

705,000  to 

'^I'-r     "■?■■   .' 

.    ■■'  .  jpii .  ,  ^ 

,  ... 

1,000,000 

^  ' 

'         * 

• 

Millloni. 

1828 

— 

— 

— 

— . 

Utol 

' 

1829 

— 

— 

^ 

7 

1630 

— 

r  179,000- 

•  175,140  ; 

— 

— 

U 

-     ■ 

1831 

— 

900,000 

900,000 

7tto8i 

1833 

1,900,000 

— 

-^ 

— 

— 

ih 

1833 

1,500,000 

1831 

— 

— 

600,000 

Oi 

1835 

— 

— 

— 

11 

There  wns  "  very  little  spinning  by  mnchinery  in  France  till  iifter  1785.— And  the  cotton  cloths  were 
chiefly  made  from  thread  or  yarn  imported  from  England,  Switzerland,  and  the  Levant.  There  were 
larifc  iiiiinbiirs  of  cotton  pocket  handkerchiefs  made  at  Rouen,  Montpelier,  &c.  as  early  as  1789. 

"  The  cliange  of  lute  years  in  some  places  in  England,  from  the  hand  to  the  power  loom,  has  caused 
inine  ili.-itreas,  r.nd  the  employment  of  a  larger  portion  of  females  and  children  ;  now  aliont  one  titlh 
there  are  r.ien,  o:\e  third  women,  and  the  rest  children.  The  number  of  hand  looms  in  England,  in 
\m  mill  I8.S0,  was  %bout  the  same,  viz. :  210,000,  but  that  of  power  looms  hail  increased  from  14,000 
to  55,000.  Each  oi  the  latter  perforins  as  uiuch  as  three  of  the  former.  In  1831,  tba  power  looms  bad 
become  100,000. " 

XII.— Manufactures  of  Cotton. — Values  of  Exports  of  their  own,  from 


Tein. 

England, 

France. 

Germany. 

Spain. 

Turltey  and 
Africa. 

India. 

United  States. 

China. 

Jilillioni 

Millions 

Milllona 

Milliona 

Millions 

Millions 

Millious 

Millions 

Dollare. 
Official  Value, 
6 

Dolian. 

DoUan. 

Dalian. 

Dolian. 

Uollan. 

Dollars. 

Dolian. 

1789 

1790 

8 

I7»l 

g 

1702 

81 

1:03 

HI 

1791 

1793 
1796 

1797 

17 

n9i 

17 

1799 

28 

1800 

261 

1801 

33 

1802 

37 

— 

_ 

^_ 

_ 

SO 

1803 

34 

— 

_ 

S 

1801 

41 

1605 

45 

1806 

50 

— 

— 

„^ 

_ 

— 

— 

4 

1807 

48 

1H08 

61 

1809 

09 

1810 

00 

1811 

68 

1812 

78 

1813 

Real  or 

declared 

value. 

IS 

1814 

81            95 

1815 

lOS            98 

I81A 

88             74 

1817 

101             76 

Ma 

98             89| 

1819 

8.ii           70 

3 

1820 

lO-i           79 

_ 

_ 

«• 

^ 

— 

■~ 

1821 

113             77 

1822 

128             82 

1823 

137             821 

41 

1S2I 

113             86 

6i 

1H25 

1.15             86 

1826 

119             7U 
157              831 

_ 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1  1-10 

If 

1827 



— 

— 

— 

— 

1  1-10 

1838 

nn           81 



— 

— 

— 

— 

1  I-IO 

1829 

197              831 

H 

— 

— 

— 

1  1-4 

18.10 

1H8             81 

10 

.. 

.— 

-~ 

— 

1  1-3 

1831 

208             83 

10} 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1  I-IO 

1H32 

2119             83} 

10} 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1  3-10 

2  1-2 

h33 

229             8HJ 

11 

_ 

— 

— 

— 

b:tl 

BSi 

10 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2  2-10 

1S35 

88i 

\  i'\ ' 


640 


COTTON. 


"The  exports  of  English  (cotton)  manufbctures.  In  18,33  and  4,  were  about  one  third  in  vtlui  In 
yarn.    Some  years  yarn  constitutes  one-half  in  weight." 

"From  1814  to  1823  Inclusive,  the  value  of  yarn  exported  compared  with  the  value  of  other  cotton 
gooils,  increased  slowly  from  being  about  one  seventh  and  one  sixth,  to  be  about  one  6fth.  The  pro. 
portional  increase  of  yarn  has  been  even  greater  since.  The  yarn  exported  is  understood  to  be  ec- 
nerally  coarse." 

"The  declared,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  the  real  value,  in  the  2d  column  (of  thn  above  talile)  ii 
(till  usually  from  2Ho  5  per  cent,  under  the  actual  market  value.  The  official  valro  is  founded  un 
tlie  quantity,  computing  the  price  as  it  was  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century,  or  A.  D   1689." 

"The  exports  of  cotton  manufactures  from  England  are  now,  and  for  some  years  have  been,  nearly 
equal  to  one  half  of  her  exports  of  every  kind." 


XIII. 

Manufactures  of  Cotton.— Value 

of  exports  from 

GniUnd  to 

Encland  to 
FnDCe. 

EoKUod  to 

Gniland  to 
Nelberlanda. 

England  to  In- 

EnxUnd to 

HoutnAriierica 

VariouB 
pi  arm  to 
Spain. 

VArinus 
p]Ace3  to 
Russia. 

England  lo 

Tsui, 

United  Stalei. 

Uernuny. 

dia  aod  China. 

and  Meiicn, 
eacepl  Brazil. 

Brazil, 

Mitliani 

Uollan. 

Millioiii 

Millioiii 

Millions 

Millinos 

Millions 

Uollan. 
Real 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

UoUan. 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Ofli  or  dec. 

Whole  iuni. 

1820 

• 

8,700 

20 

5 

4 

. 

4  8.10 

1821 

6  6-10 

8,500 

18 

S 

S  1-4 

1822 

8  2-10 

18,000 

19 

S  1-3 

9  1-3 

1833 

7 

32,000 

14  1-3 

7 

6 

1824 

7  6-10 

55,000 

13  1-3 

6  1-3 

6  3-4 

• 

. 

2  7-10 

1825 

11 

57,000 

15  1-3 

7 

5  1-2 

1826 

6  1-3 

119,000 

14 

6 

S  3-4 

1827 

8 

122,000 

14  3-4 

6  3-4 

9  1-3 

S  1-2 

1828 

8  3-4 

110,000 

13  3-4 

6  3-4 

• 

5  3-4 

1839 

6  1-2 

122,000 

14  1-3 

6  34 

_ 

7  1-4 

1830 

6  3-10 

50,000 

14 

6 

. 

8  1-4 

1831 

13 

240,000 

11  1-4 

6  1-3 

9  1-4 

^\^ 

. 

_ 

3  l.,t 

1832 

8  1-10 

318,000 

15  3-4 

8  1-3 

8  2-3 

• 

6 

6  1-3 

1833 
1834 

■6  3-10  or 
8  3-10 

450,000 

14  1-3 

9  1-10 

8 

6  1-2 

- 

6  1-2 

8 

8  2-10 

730,000 

15  3-4 

10 

7  1-3 

s 

6 

7  1-4 

XIV. 

Manufactures  of  Cotton. — Value  of  e..,,ort8  from 

France  to  the 

France  to 

Fnnce  to  her 

Oerniiny  to 

U.  Slato  to 

t;.  Slates  to  In- 

United Stales  to 

I'niled  SUI.sto 

Uuiled  Stales. 

England. 

ColoDiei. 

the  V.  Slates. 

and  Meiico. 

dia  aod  Africa. 

China. 

Ihe  Wesl  inJiM. 

Millions 

Millioni 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Uollan- 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Uollan. 

Dollars. 

Uollan. 

Uollars. 

1821 

1-25 

. 

1-30 

1822 

1-7 

. 

. 

1-20 

1823 

1-7 

. 

. 

1-20 

1824 

1-3 

_ 

. 

1-18 

1825 

1-6 

_ 

• 

4-10 

Whole 

Bom 

slated. 

1826 

1-2 

. 

. 

1-3 

9-10 

10,000 

14,000 

99,000 

1827 

1-3 

. 

_ 

3-10 

9-10 

13,000 

9,000 

60,000 

1828 

1-2 

. 

1-2 

8-10 

22,000 

14,900 

46,000 

1829 

1-2 

. 

_ 

4-10 

1  8-10 

37,000 

26,000 

49,000 

1830 

2-3 

. 

_ 

1-3 

1 

75,000 

60,000 

47,000 

1831 

1  1-2 

1-20 

_ 

9-10 

9-10 

66,000 

49,000 

41,000 

1833 

I  1-4 

9-10 

. 

1-2 

9-10 

83,000 

88,000 

5.?,0(I0 

18X1 

3-4 

I  1-4 

1-6 

1  9-10 

120.000 

215,000 

80.000 

183 1 

1  1-10 

_ 

lto3 

3-10 

1  5-10 

186,000 

152,000 

127,000 

1835 

The  raw  cotton  exported  from  the  United  States  amounted,  in  1836,  to  423,631,307  lbs.,  vnlu^d  at 
#71,2rt4.985;  in  1837,  to  444,211,537  lbs.,  valued  at  «63,240,102;  in  1838,  to  595,952,297  lbs.,  valued  at 
#61,.5,')6,811. 

In  1836,  there  were  exported  to  Creat  Britain  (including  Ireland)  292,518,707  lbs  ,  and  to  France 
101,363,189  lbs.;  in  1837,  lo  Great  Uritain  321,579,308  Ib3.,  ond  to  France  99,308,11(7  lbs. ;  in  1838,  lo 
Great  Britain  411,857,943  lbs.,  and  to  Franco  120,321,425  lbs. 

Export  of  Cotton  to  Foreign  Ports,  from  1st  October,  1837,  to  30th  September,  1838. 


FBO.M 

New  Orleans             .           -           -           . 
Missis.sipp',  (Natchez)          ... 
Alabama        ..... 
Florida           ..... 
Oeorcia  (Savannah  and  Darien)    - 
South  Carolina          .... 
North  Carolina         .... 

Vircinia 

naltiinore       ..... 
Philadelphia  .           .           -           -           - 

New  York 

Huston            .           -           -           .           . 

Grand  total    .... 
Total  last  year          ... 

Increase         .           -           -           . 
Decrease        .... 

To  GrnI 
Bril.iin. 

To  France. 

To  North  of 
Europe. 

0;her  Forcinu 
Torts. 

ToUI. 

SaUi. 

031,437 

1.5.216 

220,01^1 

,34,1.54 

22fl,798 

246,407 

4,279 

1 9.43s 

2,31t* 

4,606 

161,950 

676 

B.na. 

48l,.501 

15,216 

158,029 

31,iH)2 

201, .582 

1.58,212 

4,279 

12,205 

2,210 

2,954 

97,005 

lUlf.l. 
127,828 

6l",I23 

2,240 

27,024 

55,085 

4"  136 

465 

42,929 

50 

Ball. 
7..580 

3',988 

'sfiO 
28,853 

2*4  46 

78 

905 

18,196 

483 

Bala. 
14,528 

1^910 

12 

6.32 

3,717 

'651 

"282 

3,820 

4S3 

1,16.5,155 
850,780 

321,480 
%0,722 

63,099 
26,437 

25,890 
30,480 

1,575,62;* 
1,108,425 

314,369 

60,758 

30,662 

4, ,585 

407,204 

I  one  third  In  vului  In 

)  value  of  other  cotton 
utonenfth.  The  pro. 
1  understood  tn  be  ?o- 

(of  thn  above  lahle)  i, 
I  valro  is  founded  on 
K.  D   1680." 
Burn  liavo  been,  nearly 


COTTON. 


541 


Varinm 
places  to 
Ruuia, 


Millirins 

Uollan. 


4  8.10 


2  7-10 


England  lo 
Braiil, 


MillioDi 
Uolltn. 


6 

6  1-2 
6 


3  1-3 

6  1-3 
8 

7  1-4 


I  SMtt  lo 
hina. 


>llan. 


urn 

1,000 

1,000 


rniledSlatiiio 
the  West  InJiej, 


Dollan. 


italK). 

99,000 

60.000 


,900 

46,000 

,000 

40,000 

,000 

47,000 

,000 

41,000 

,000 

.5,?,n(io 

,000 

80.000 

,000 

127,000 

.307  lbs.,  vnlu.^il  ,it 
!,207  lbs.,  valued  at 

lli«  ,  and  to  Fr;in(!e 
IWIba.;  inlHSS,  to 

tiber,  lS.tS. 


'r  ForeiKU 
I'orli. 

Bo/M. 
4,528 

1,910 

12 

6.S3 

3,717 

651 

3,K20 
483 

5,S9i1 
0,480 


1,5S5 


Totil. 

Bala. 

631,437 

1.5.210 

2-25,001 

,14,154 

2'2!),798 

240,407 

4,279 

19.438 

2,3ie 

4,606 

161,950 

676 


1,575,62'.) 
1,108,425 


407,204 


The  Imports  of  raw  cotton  (Vom  ahrond,  In  the  three  years  of  which  we  speak,  amounted  respectively 
to  1,617,  390— 1,298,385— and  1,529,566  lbs.  These  were  chiefly  from  Texas,  and  were  for  the  most  part 
re-expnrtcd. 

Of  cotton  manufactures  generally  there  were  imported  into  the  cnuntry  in  1830,  to  the  value  of 
117,876,087— ♦14,092,477  of  which  were  imported  from  Great  nrilain,  and  f2,321,008  from  France  ;— in 
1S37,  to  the  value  of  #ll,I50,b41,— ,J8,I18,I75  of  which  were  from  Orcat  Britain,  and  $l,791,6.'i0  from 
Franco  i— in  1838,  to  the  value  of  #6,599,330,— #4,866,995  of  which  were  from  Great  Britain,  and 
|914,084  from  France. 

|2,7«'),676,  #2,683,418,  and  #1,153,506  of  the  cotton  manufactures  imported,  in  the  several  years  1836, 
1837,  anil  1838,  were  re-exported,  chiefly  to  Mexico,  Cuba,  and  Soutli  America. 

The  exports  of  domestic  cotton  goods  were,  in  these  years,  #2,255,734.  #2,831,473,  and  #3,758,755  re- 
sppctivi'ly  ;  and  chiefly  to  Cuba,  South  America,  and   Africa. 

Tlie  inporls  into  the  country  of  cotton  bagging,  during  the  same  period,  amounted  to  #1.701,451, 
|12'J,2'  I,  and  #17.3,23.5,— almost  exclusively  from  Groat  Britain  and  tlie  Ilunsc  towns.  A  very  incon- 
eiJeral  le  quantity  only  of  the  article  was  re-exported. 

See  articles  Imports  asd  Exfortb,  and  Tariff. — Am,  Ed,] 

COWHAGE,  OR  COWITOH  (Hind.  Kiwach),  the  fruit  or  bean  of  a  perennial  climb- 
ing plant  (Dolichos  pruriens  Lin.).  It  is  a  native  of  India,  ag  well  as  of  several  other  ea.stern 
countries,  and  of  America.  The  pod  is  about  4  or  5  inches  long,  a  little  curved,  and  coo- 
tiins  from  3  to  5  oval  and  ilattish  seeds ;  the  outsido  is  thickly  covered  with  short,  bristly, 
brown  hairs,  which,  if  incautiously  touched,  stick  to  the  skin,  and  occasion  intolerable  itch- 
ing. Syrup  thickened  with  the  hai,-8  is  prescribed  in  certain  complaints. — {Ainslie's  Materia 
Inilicn.) 

COWRIES  (Ger.  Knurls ,•  Du.  Kauris,-  Fr.  Coris,  Cuurk,  Boiiges ,•  It.  Cor!,  Purrel- 
lane  ,•  Sp.  Bucins  Zimboa)  arc  small  shells  brought  from  the  Maldives,  which  pass  current 
89  coin  in  smaller  payments  in  Hindostun,  and  throughout  extensive  districts  in  Africa. 
They  used  to  be  imported  into  England  previous  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  in  which 
tlioy  were  subsequently  employed.  They  are  an  article  of  trade  at  Bombay.  Tlic  best  are 
small,  clean,  and  white,  having  a  beautiful  gloss ;  those  that  are  yellow,  large,  and  without 
lustre,  should  bo  rejected.  The  freight  is  calculated  at  liO  cwL  to  the  ton. — (Milburn'a 
Orient.  Com.) 

CRANBERRIE8,  on  RED  WHORTLEBERRIES,  the  fruit  of  a  moss  pliint,  tho 
Varnnium  oxycoccus  of  Linnaeu?.  The  berries  are  gloiiular,  about  Ibe  size  of  currants;  are 
fmmd  in  mossy  bogs  in  different  parts  of  Scotland,  but  not  in  afn'at  numbers :  they  were 
ones  common  in  Lincolnshire,  and  the  northern  parts  of  Norfolk  ;  but  since  the  bogs  have 
been  drained  and  cultivated,  the^  are  rarely  met  with.  Cranberries  have,  a  peculiar  flavour, 
anil  a  sharp,  ariH,  agreeable  ta.ste ;  they  are  easily  preserved,  anil  are  extensively  used  in 
making  tarts.  They  are  very  abundant  in  North  America,  and  in  the  northern  parts  of 
Russia;  the  latter  being  of  a  superior  quality.  Wc  import  from  30,000  to  35,000  gallons 
annually.  It  is  said  that  some  very  fine  ones  have  recently  been  brought  from  New  South 
Wales. 

CRAPE  (Fr.  Crepe,-  Ger.  Flohr,  Krauxfinhr ,-  It.  Espumllla,  Soplilh ,-  Rus.  FKor.- 
Sp.  Crcspon),  a  light  transparent  stuff,  in  manner  of  gauze,  maile  of  raw  silk,  gummed  and 
Iwi.'ed  on  the  mill  and  woven  without  crossing.  It  is  princioally  used  in  mourning.  Grape 
was  originally  manufactured  in  Bologna ;  but  that  ntado  in  this  country  is  now  deemed 
superior  to  any  made  in  Italy. 

CREAM  OF  TARTAR.    SeeARoAL. 

CREDIT,  the  term  used  to  express  the  trust  -it  confidci  <  i  placed  by  one  individual  in 
another,  when  he  assigns  him  money,  or  other  property  in  I  in.  cr  without  stipulating  for 
its  immediate  payment.  The  party  who  lends  is  said  to  give  croiiit,  and  the  party  who  bor- 
rows to  obtain  credit. 

Origin  and  Nature  of  Credit. — In  the  earlier  i^*  i^cs  of  society,  credit  is  in  a  great 
measure  unknown.  This  arises  partly  from  the  i:  ,  nstarice  of  very  little  cupital  being 
then  accumulated,  and  partly  from  government  rin>  having  the  means,  or  not  being  suffi- 
ciently careful,  to  enf<>rce  that  punctual  attention  to  engagements  so  indispensable  to  the 
existence  of  confidence  or  credit.  But  as  society  advances,  cupital  is  gradually  accumulated, 
and  the  observance  of  contracts  is  enforced  by  public  authority.  Credit  then  bi'f^ins  to  grow 
up.  On  til*"  one  hand,  those  individual*  who  have  rriore  capital  than  they  can  convcnirnt'y 
employ,  or  who  are  d<«irou8  of  withdrawing  from  bu.  iiiess,  are  disposed  to  lend,  or  to  trat's- 
fer,  a  part  or  the  wh'/!e  of  their  capital  to  others,  on  condition  of  their  obtaining  a  certain 
stipulated  premium  or  interest  for  its  use,  and  what  they  consider  sufficient  security  for  its 
repayment;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  there  arc  alwayo  individuals  to  l)e  met  with,  disposed  to 
bomw,  partly  (and  among  merchants  principally)  in  order  to  extend  their  b  •  ines.-i  Itoyond 
the  limits  to  which  they  can  carry  it  tiy  means  of  their  own  capital,  or  to  puicha.sc  commo- 
dities on  speculation,  and  partly  to  defray  debts  already  contracted.  Tliesc  dill'  rent  classe.^ 
of  individuals  mutually  accommodate  each  other.  Those  desirous  of  being  relieved  from  the 
fatigues  of  business,  find  it  very  cunvenient  to  letid  their  cajiital  to  others;  while  such  a.i 
are  anxious  to  enlarge  their  businesses,  obtain  the  means  of  prosecuting  them  to  a  greater 
extent. 

It  is  plain,  that  to  whatever  extent  the  power  of  the  borrower  cf  a  quantity  of  produce,  or 

Vol.  I.-. 'J  Z 


mu' 


fW 


u 


V.;:. 


,'1  ,; 


i 


I 


642 


CREDIT. 


a  sum  of  money,  to  extend  his  business  may  be  increased,  that  of  the  lender  must  be  equally 
diminished.  The  same  jjortion  of  capital  cannot  be  employed  by  two  individuals  at  the  same 
time.  If  A.  transfer  his  capital  to  B.,  he  necessarily,  by  so  doing,  deprives  himself  of  a  powei 
or  capacity  of  prodviction  which  B.  acquires.  It  is  most  probable,  indeed,  that  this  tnpital 
will  be  more  productively  employed  in  the  hands  of  B.  than  of  A ;  for  the  fact  of  A.  having 
lent  it  shows  that  he  either  had  no  means  of  employing  it  advantageously,  or  was  disiiiclined 
to  take  the  trouble ;  while  the  fact  of  B.  having  borrowed  it  shows  that  he  conceives  ho  can 
advantageously  employ  it,  or  that  he  can  invest  it  so  as  to  make  it  yield  an  interest  to  the 
lender,  and  a  profit  to  himself.  It  is  obvjous,  however,  that  except  in  so  far  as  credit  contri. 
butcs  in  the  way  now  mentioned,  to  bring  capital  into  the  possession  of  those  who,  it  may 
be  fairly  presumed,  will  employ  it  most  benefic  <;  '..  ,  it  conduces  nothing  to  the  increase  of 
wealth. 

The  most  common  method  of  making  a  loan  is  by  selling  commodities  on  credit,  or  on 
condition  that  thi'y  shall  be  paid  at  some  future  period.  The  price  is  increased  proportion- 
ally to  the  length  of  credit  given ;  and  if  any  doubt  be  entertained  with  respect  to  ths  punc- 
tuality or  solvency  of  the  buyer,  a  further  sum  is  added  to  the  price,  in  order  to  cover  the 
risk  that  the  seller  or  lender  runs  of  not  receiving  payment,  or  of  not  receiving  it  at  the 
stipulated  period.  This  is  the  usual  method  of  transacting  where  capital  is  abundant,  and 
confidence  general ;  and  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt  that  the  amount  of  properly  lent 
in  Groat  Britain,  the  Netherlands,  and  most  other  commercial  countries,  in  this  way,  is 
infinitely  greater  than  all  that  is  lent  in  every  other  way. 

When  produce  is  sold  in  the  way  now  described,  it  is  usual  for  the  buyers  to  give  their 
bills  to  the  sellers  for  the  price,  payable  at  the  period  when  the  credit  is  to  expire  ;  and  it  is 
in  the  effects  consequent  to  the  ncgoc-iation  of  such  bills  that  much  of  that  magiral  influence 
that  has  sometimes  been  ascribed  to  crcilit  is  believed  to  consist.  Suppo>!e,  to  illustrate  this, 
that  a  paper-maker.  A.,  sells  to  a  printer,  B.,  a  quantity  of  paper,  and  that  he  gets  liis  liil! 
for  the  sum,  payable  at  12  months  after  date :  B.  could  not  have  entered  into  the  transaction 
had  he  been  oNliged  to  pay  ready  money;  but  A.,  notwithstanding  he  has  occasion  for  the 
money,  is  enabled,  by  the  facility  of  n»gooiating  or  discciunting  bills,  to  give  tlu;  reii'iisite 
credit,  without  disabling  himself  from  prosecuting  his  business.  In  a  case  like  this,  both 
parties  are  said  to  be  supported  by  credit ;  and  as  cases  of  thi?  sort  are  exceedingly  common, 
it  ys  contended  that  half  of  the  business  of  the  country  is  carried  on  by  its  means.  All,  how- 
ever, that  such  statements  really  amount  to  is,  that  a  large  ])roportion  of  those  engaicil  in 
industrious  undertakings  do  not  employ  their  own  capital,  but  that  of  others.  In  the  ca.se  in 
question,  the  printer  eniploys  the  capital  of  the  paper-maker,  and  the  latter  employs  that  of 
the  banker  or  broker  who  discounted  the  bill.  Tliis  person  had  most  likely  the  amount  in 
spare  cash  lying  beside  him,  wbi^h  he  might  not  well  kno  v  what  to  make  of;  but  the  indi- 
vidual into  whose  hands  it  has  now  come,  will  immediatr .y  apply  it  to  ttseful  purpo3i'.s,  or 
to  the  purchase  of  the  materials,  or  tne  payment  of  tl  .  wages  of  the  workmen  emiiloycd 
in  his  establishment.  It  is  next  to  certain,  therefott;,  that  the  transaction  will  have  been 
advantageous.  But  still  it  is  essential  to  bear  in  mind  that  it  will  have  been  so,  not 
because  credit  is  of  itself  a  means  of  production,  or  because  it  can  give  birth  to  capital  not 
already  in  existence ;  but  because,  through  its  ngenoy,  capital  finds  its  way  into  those  chan- 
nels in  which  it  has  the  best  chance  of  being  profitably  eni[)loycd. 

The  real  advantage  derived  from  the  use  of  bills  and  hank  notes  as  money  consists,  as  has 
been  already  shown,  in  their  s\ib»».ituting  so  cheap  a  medium  of  exchange  as  paper,  in  the 
place  of  one  so  expensive  as  gold,  and  in  the  facilities  which  they  give  to  the  transacting  of 
commercial  affiiirs.  If  a  banker  lend  A.  a  note  lor  100/.  or  1,000/.,  the  latter  will  be  able  to 
obtain  an  equivalent  portion  of  the  land  or  produce  of  the  country  in  exchange  for  it ;  but 
that  land  or  produce  wis  already  in  existence.  The  issue  of  the  note  did  not  give  it  birth. 
It  was  previously  in  some  one's  pos.session  :  and  it  will  depend  whollv  on  the  circumstance 
of  A.'s  em|)!oying  it  move  or  less  advantageniwly  than  it  was  previously  employed,  whclher 
the  tnijisaclioi'  will,  -..i  a  public  p'int  of  view,  he  profitable  or  not.  On  analysing  any  case 
of  this  kind,  we  shall  invariably  find  that  all  that  the  highest  degree  of  credit  or  conlidencc 
can  do,  is  merely  to  change  the  distribution  of  capital— to  transfer  it  from  one  cla-;-*  to 
another.  These  transfeis  are  occasionally,  too,  produclivi:  of  injurious  re.-;ults,  by  briniing 
capital  into  the  hands  of  spendthrifts  :  this,  however,  is  not,  e\c>»pt  io  the  case  of  the  credit 
given  by  shopkeepers,  a  very  ci^mmon  effect;  and  there  car.  be  no  doubt  tha«  the  va.st 
majority  of  regular  loans  are  decidedly  Ijfneficial. 

Alm.ses  of  the  present  Credit  Syytem  in  Ortat  liritain.  J(^,.n>i  of  obviatiiiij  them. — Th* 
previous  observations  refer  rather  to  tlit  credit  givrn  to  individuals  engaged  in  business,  who 
mean  to  employ  the  capital  which  they  borrow  iti  industrinus  undertakings,  than  to  that 
which  is  given  to  indiviiluals  not  so  engaged,  aiid  who  e  aoloy  the  advances  made  to  tlicm 
in  supporting  themselvts  and  their  families.  In  neither  r<iio  is  credit  of  advantage.  ur.i<"ss 
it  be  granted  with  due  diiK-rimination,  and  with  reference  to  the  cliarnclcr,  ciniiiition  Hid 
|iroHpects  oftho.se  receiving  it.  In  this  country,  however,  these  cimi.'idfiati^Jiis  have  bo'ii  in 
a  great  measure  lo^t  sight  »f,  in  the  granting  of  credit  by  shopkeepers  and  tradesman  <.>(  all 


Act  must  be  equally 
ividuals  at  the  same 
i  himself  of  a  pnwci 
ed,  that  this  'jnpital 
le  fact  of  A.  having 
f,  or  was  ilisipclined 
le  conceives  he  can 
J  an  interest  to  the 

far  as  credit  contri- 
f  those  who,  it  may 

to  the  increase  of 

es  on  jcrcdit,  or  on 
icreascd  proportion- 
espect  to  tho  punc- 
order  to  rover  the 
it  receiving  it  at  the 
il  is  abundant,  and 
int  of  property  lent 
■ics,  in  this  way,  is 

uyers  to  give  their 
to  expire  ;  niid  it  is 
it  magiral  inlluonce 
■!o,  to  illustrate  this, 
;hat  he  gets  his  liill 
into  the  transaction 
is  occasion  for  the 
0  give  thu  re(i'iisLte 
I'ase  like  this,  both 
coedingly  common, 
i  means.  All,  limv- 
r  those  cngase;!  in 
Brs.  In  the  ca.^e  in 
IT  employs  that  of 
ely  the  amount  in 
e  of;  but  the  indi- 
laeful  purposes,  or 
'orkmen  employed 
on  will  have  been 
have  been  so,  not 
birth  to  capital  not 
y  into  those  chan- 

icy  consists,  as  has 
(je  as  p;ipcr,  in  the 
the  transacting  of 
tter  will  be  able  to 
change  for  it ;  but 
d  not  give  it  birth. 

Ihe  circumstance 
mployed,  whether 
nalysing  any  case 
3dit  or  coiilidence 
from  one  dafs  to 

ults,  by  bringing 
case  of  the  credit 
ibt  tha-.    the  vast 

ifing  them. — Th? 
in  business,  who 
ngs,  than  to  that 
iccs  made  to  tlieni 
advantage.  uri>ss 
cr,  condition,  aid 
i^His  have  been  in 
tradesman  of  all 


CREDIT. 


643 


Jescriptions.  Owing  to  the  competition  of  sueh  persons,  their  extreme  cagomcss  to  secure 
customers,  and  the  general  indolence  of  opulent  persons,  which  disiifflincs  them  to  satisfy 
every  small  debt  when  it  is  contracted,  the  system  of  selling  upon  credit  has  become  almost 
universal.  Few  among  us  think  of  paying  ready  money  for  any  thing ;  seven  tenths  of  the 
community  arc  in  the  constant  practice  of  anticipating  their  incomes ;  and  there  is  hardly 
oi)c  so  bai.krupt  in  character  and  fortune  as  to  be  unable  to  Hnd  grocers,  bakers,  butchers, 
tai'.cirs,  &c.  ready  to  furnish  him  upon  credit  with  supplies  of  tho  articles  in  which  they 
respectively  deal.  We  look  upon  this  facility  of  obtaining  accommodations  as  a  very  great 
evil.  They  are  not,  in  one  case  out  of  five,  of  any  real  advantage  to  the  parties  receiving 
them,  while  they  are  productive  of  very  pernicious  results.  The  system  tempts  very  many,  and 
sometimes  even  the  most  considerate  individuals,  to  indulge  in  expenses  beyond  their  means ; 
end  thus  becomes  the  most  fruitful  source  of  bankruptcy,  insolvency,  and  bad  faith.  To 
guarantee  themselves  from  the  extraordinary  risk  to  which  such  proceedings  expose  them, 
tradesmen  are  obliged  to  advance  the  price  of  their  goods  to  a  most  exorbitant  height ;  so 
that  those  who  are  able,  and  who  really  mean  to  pay  the  debts  they  contract,  are,  in  fact, 
obliged  to  pay  those  of  the  hosts  of  insolvents  and  swindlers  maintained  by  the  present 
system.  Many  tradesmen  consider  themselves  as  fortunate,  if  they  reaver  from  two  thirds 
to  three  fourths  of  the  sums  standing  in  their  liooks,  at  the  distance    .  ecveral  vears. 

The  extraordinary  extent  to  which  the  credit  practice  is  carried  may  bo  1p  .rned  from  the 
inquiries  of  the  Parliamentary  Committee  on  Small  Debts.  It  appears  frc:n  them,  that  hat- 
ters, shoemakers,  &c.  in  the  metropolis,  have  often  4,000/.  and  upwards  on  their  books  in 
debts  below  10/.,  and  thai  Jive  sixths  of  their  book  debts  are  below  that  sum  !  A  large  pro- 
portion of  these  debts  are  irrecoveralih; ;  but  owing  to  the  artificial  enhancement  of  prices, 
those  that  are  good  are  sufficient  to  indemnify  the  traders  for  tho  loss  of  the  bad. 

It  is  not  easy,  we  think,  to  imagine  any  system  better  fitted  to  generate  improvidence  and 
fraud.  The  vast  majority  of  those  who  become  insolvent,  or  are  imprisoned  for  debt,  consist 
of  labourers,  artisans,  half-pay  oflicors,  clerks  in  public  and  other  offices,  annuitants,  &c., — • 
persons  whom  no  prudent  shopkeeper  would  ever  allow  to  get  permanently  into  his  debt. 
Tho  following  table  exhibits  some  of  the  effects  resulting  from  this  system : — 

Number  of  Persons  committed  for  Debt  to  tlio  eevernl  Prisons  of  the  Metropolis  in  the  Year  1927,  and 
tile  Sums  for  wliich  lliey  were  ci;uiMiitteil.— (Pur/.  Paper,  No.  70.  Soss.  Ib28.) 


1 

j  King's  Bench  prison 
I  Fleet  prison   -        .        -        . 
!  Whitecross  Sireet  prison 
j  Maralialsea  prison 
IIursem»nger  Lane  prison     - 

Total    - 


Vnr  Sums 
above  IQa> 

m 

206 

208 

20 

67 


953 


For  Sums 

between 

50;.  ami  1001. 


334 

141 

273 

30 

58 


856 


For  Sunn 

bclween 

501.  jn.l  201. 


550 
223 
816 
166 
134 


1,880 


For  Slims 
umler  201. 


213 
113 
600 
414 
023 


2,263 


ToW. 


I    In  Custody, 
Jaiiutry  1, 
ISJS. 


1,591 
683 

1,893 
630 

1,172 


5,909 


674 
253 
378 
102 
105 

T512 


It  is  time,  certainly,  that  something  effectual  were  done  to  put  an  end  to  such  flagrant 
abuses— to  a  system  that  sends  9U3  persons  to  a  single  prison  for  debts  under  20/. !  Wo 
do  not  mean  to  say  or  insinuate  that  credit  may  not  frequently  be  given  to  the  labouring 
classes  with  the  best  effects:  but  it  is  of  its  abuse  that  we  complain, — of  its  being  indis- 
crimin,jt^ly  granted  to  every  one;  to  those  whom  it  encourages  to  continue  in  a  course  of 
idleness  and  prolligacy,  as  well  as  to  those  industrious  and  deserving  persons  to  whom  it 
may  occasionally  be  of  the  greatest  service.  To  secure  the  advantages  of  credit  to  the  public, 
Irce  Irom  the  enormous  evils  that  result  fiom  its  nlui.so,  is  an  oliject  of  the  highest  importance  ; 
and  few  things,  we  believe,  would  do  so  much  to  secure  it,  as  to  take  from  creditors  tha 
power  to  arrest  and  imprison  for  debt. — (See  B.vxKnupTCT.) 

It  was  staled  in  the  House  of  Commons,  (I9th  of  February,  1827,)  that  in  the  space  of 
2J  years,  70,000  i)er8ons  were  arrested  in  and  about  London,  at  an  expense  to  the  parties, 
it  may  be  estimated,  of  between  150,000/.  and  200,000/. !  In  1827,  in  the  metropolis  and 
two  adjoining  counties,  33,.515  warranto*  to  arrest  were  granted,  and  1 1,317  bailable  processes 
were  executed.  Hence  it  may  bo  concluded,  that  in  this  single  year,  within  the  above 
limits,  no  fewer  than  12,000  persons  were  deprived  of  their  lilierty,  on  tlie  mere  allegation 
of  others,  wi:hout  any  proof  \h^i  they  owed  them  a  farthing  !  Well  mi- 'it  Lord  Eldon  say 
"that  tlic  law  (f  arrest  is  a perinmion  tii  commit  acts  nfirreatcr  oppression  and  iiihuman- 
ili/  titan  are  to  be  met  with  in  slavery  itself,  and  that  the  redress  of  such  a  grievance  would 
not  be  attended  with  any  fatal  conse  [ucnces  to  the  country." 

The  I'ollowing  Table,  which  shows  that  1,1  ?0  persons  were  committed  to  Horsemonger 
I-ane  prison,  in  1831,  for  debts  amounting,  in  all,  to  only  2,417/.  7s.  fid.,  being  at  an 
average  no  more  than  2/.  3s.  »,-/.  each,  proves  that  the  discussions  which  have  taken  place 
with  respect  to  the  law  of  arrest  and  imprisonment,  have  not,  in  any  degree,  lessened  its 
inis<-hievous  operation.  Whatever  else  may  bo  dear  in  England,  the  fact  that  thousands  of 
people  are  annually  imprisoned  for  such  midcrable  trifles,  shows  that  personal  liberty  is,  at  all 
events,  abundantly  cheap. 


,!  i 


'■•\  \ 


;.!  i  ,  1' 


nv 


i     I ' ! 


il'l 


i    1. ' 


1,  *'>'f 

m  Ml 


y<' 


ill 


644 


CREDIT. 


A  Return  nf  the  Nnmhor  of  Debtnri  cnrnmitted  to  Ilnrsemonjer  I.nne  Prison,  on  Proceni  out  of  the 
Court  of  Reqiieits,  during  the  Yenrs  cnilinK  \»l  ol'  Jnnuary,  IKI'i  nnil  IH:<3;  gtiilirii;  the  ngurupue 
Amount  of  Debt!  Bnd  Costs,  anparntely,  in  eiich  Ytmr;  sliowinf;,  in  ('Iiissuh,  tlio  Number  lotiiiiicd 
from  One  to  less  tit.in  Ten  Dnys,  for  Ten  Days  and  less  limn  Thirty,  Fifty,  Seventy,  and  nno  Iliin. 
dred  Days ;  stating,  also,  the  Amount  paid  out  of  the  County  or  other  rates  for  the  Maintenance  and 
Support  of  such  Prisoners,  as  accurately  as  possible. 


Number  committed  In  the  year         .... 

Aggregate  amount  of  debte    .          .          .          .          - 

costs    ..... 

Number  conflned  from  1  to  less  than  10  dayi 
for  10 and-       -    30 

30        -        -    SO        - 
50        -       -    70        - 
70         -        -  100        - 
100  days  and  more       ... 

Amount  paid  out  of  the  county  or  other  rates  for  the  1 
maintenance  and  support  of  such  priRoners          -           -3 

1831. 

lrt32. 

1,120 

94S 

£      t.  rf. 

2,417    7    S 

696    2    7 

£     >.  d. 

2,03d  U    9 

S66  18    3 

610 
3.^0 
77 
47 
26 
24 

391 

817 

119 

65 

29 

30 

£ 

208 

£ 

220 

Wo  defy  any  one  to  show  that  the  law  of  arrest  and  iinpriBonment  has  a  single  good  con- 
sequpnce  to  be  placed  as  a  set-off  against  the  intolcralilo  evils  of  which  it  is  productive. 
Tradesmen  depend,  as  is  clearly  evinced  by  the  above  statements,  upon  the  despotical  power 
which  it  puts  in  their  hands,  to  get  them  out  of  scrapes ;  and  believe  that  the  fear  of  being 
subjected  to  arrest  will  stimulate  even  the  ino'  ( i«u:3picious  portinn  of  their  debtors  to  make 
payment  of  their  accounts.  The  records  ol"  tmr  prisons,  and  of  our  insolvent  and  other 
courts,  show  how  miserably  these  expectations  are  disappointed.  Wo  believe,  indeed,  that 
we  are  warranted  in  aflirming  that  the  more  respectable  ciaxses  of  shopkicpers  and  trades- 
men are  now  generally  satisfied  that  the  present  system  requires  some  very  material  modili- 
cations.  The  law  of  arrest  and  imprisonment  is,  in  fai't,  advantageous  to  none  but  knaves 
and  swindlers,  and  the  lowest  class  of  attorneys,  who  frequently  buy  up  small  accounts  and 
bills,  that  they  may  bring  actions  upon  them,  and  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  the 
poor,  by  the  magnitude  of  their  charges.  Such  oppressive  pioccedings  arc  a  disgrace  to  a 
civilised  country.  Were  the  law  in  question  n^pcaled,  credit  would  be  granted  to  those  only 
who  deserved  it;  for,  generally  speaking,  tradesmen,  supposing  they  had  nothing  to  trust  to 
but  their  own  discretion,  would  not  deal,  except  for  ready  money,  with  those  of  whose  cha- 
racter and  situation  they  were  not  perfectly  informed  ;  and  the  difficulty  under  which  all 
idle  and  improvident  persons  would  thus  be  placed  of  oht.iining  loans,  would  do  much  to 
wean  them  from  their  vicious  courses,  and  to  render  them  industrious  and  honest.  "  Those," 
says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  who  have  made  the  laws,  have  apparently  considered  that  every  dcti- 
cicncy  of  payment  is  the  crime  of  the  debtor.  But  the  truth  is,  that  the  creditor  always 
shares  the  act,  and  often  more  than  shares  tho  guilt  of  improper  trust.  It  seldom  hajjpens 
that  any  man  imprisons  another  but  for  debts  which  he  Buffered  to  be  contracted  in  hope  of 
ad\antage  to  himself,  and  for  bargains  in  which  he  proportioned  his  profit  to  his  own  opinion 
of  the  hazard  ;  and  there  is  iiu  maom.  why  one  should  punish  another  fur  a  contract  in 
which  both  concurred."' 

The  power  of  taking  goods  in  execution  for  debts  is  also  one  that  requires  to  be  materially 
modified.  At  prpwiit,  the  household  ruriiiture  of  every  man,  and  even  the  implements  ttned 
in  his  trade,  should  there  be  nothint?  else  to  lay  hold  of,  may  be  seized  and  sold  in  satisfac- 
tion of  any  petty  claim.  It  secmH  to  us  quite  clear  that  some  limits  should  be  set  to  this 
power;  and  that  such  articlfs  as  are  indispensable  either  to  llio  subsistence  or  the  business 
of  any  poor  man  ouG;ht  to  he  exempted  from  execution,  and,  perhaps,  distress.  The  jircscnt 
practice,  by  stripping  its  victims  of  the  means  of  support  and  employment,  drives  them  to 
despair,  an!  '. '  pro(b  .  "We  only  of  crimes  and  disorders. 

We  are  .•' :  ;  to  l  -  ;fve  that  there  seems  to  be  a  growing  conviction  among  mercantile 
men,  of  the  .  ■conveniences  arising  t  'm  the  present  practice.  A  petition  against  imprison- 
ment, for  r,. 6 '1  debts,  subscribed  i)^  ..lany  of  the  inost  eminent  mercbants,  manulacturers, 
bankers,  &.  -i"  the  city  of  Glasgow,  was  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  183;J.  It 
contains  so  orief,  and  at  the  same  time  so  forcible,  an  exposition  of  the  evils  resuhing  from 
the  present  system,  that  we  shall  take  the  liberty  of  laying  it  before  our  readers. 

"  Your  pelili.mprs  liavc  been  loiiyjand  cericmi'ly  inipressi.'il  with  the  lidicf  that  very  preat  evils  have 
«rii"'n  'inii  ilo  arisB  Ironi  the  iiiipriaiiiiiiient  <if  ilehlors  in  Sroilimd,  cspi'iially  I'nr  sniii'.l  sums. 

••  The  petitioners  will  not  here  quenlioii  the  ()nli(  y  (if  the  I'.xlHlinir  laws  wliioti  aiithiirise  tlie  inipri- 
f.ininuiil  iil'iieiiiors  for  ronsiilerable  snriis,  nor  do  liiey  iiitenil  to  object  to  the  crodiliir  lelnininp  thft 
fiilli'<!  ixiwer  over  tile  pr(i|ierly  and  etl'eclrt  of  iiis  delitor ;  l)Ut  they  are  humbly  of  opinion  thai,  in  fo 
far  ns  these  laws  giv  creditors  tlie  power  to  imprismi  debtors  f(ir  sniall  sinnr",  sii(  li  as  (</.  and  unclur, 
they  are  not  only  injurious  lo  the  pulillt,  and  ruinous  ti>  the  debtor,  but  even  hnrifiil  to  the  creilitur 
biinstif. 

•'  It  •loiilil  he  a  wast.'  . if  time  to  ihvRll  upon  the  h  iriNiiip  of  snUjertinc  debtors  lo  iriiprisoiinicnt  fur 
nniill  ft^bts,  rcuitraeted  -"inelimes  ciTtaiiil;-  iiniler  circuiiii-tanii'-i  uf  real  ili.-itre^s,  but  more  ImiiiuiiUy 
torn  tac  improper  Utfe    'f  credit,  with  which  they  arc  too  readily  fluppii'.d.    The  creditor  ukeii  caie 


CREDIT. 


545 


Ihnt  hid  prnflt  iilinll  bn  r.ommenflitrnte  with  liiR  rink  ;  ami  t)io  debtor  \s  Intliicod  to  piirrhnno  ftct-\y,  and 
ut  liny  prkv,  tlutt  whicli  he.  \i  niX  ininieiliiitf  ly  ciilled  ii|ioii  to  pay  ;  thi3  creditor  cocilly  and  cruelly  cal- 
ciiliili!9  iipon  llic  powur  which  thu  law  has  irraiucd  him  over  the  person  of  hia  delilnr  if  he  fiiil  to  dis- 
(liuruv  hIa  debt  to  him,  while  the  debtor  forfteta  that,  by  the  credit  ko  Imprudently  afforded  him,  he 
it  prepnrinK  the  way  for  hia  own  riiln,  and  that  of  all  who  have  any  dependence  upon  him. 

"The  total  number  of  debtors  ImpriHoned  lu  the  gaol  of  Olaasow  alone,  for  debts  of  fe/.  and  under 
WIS  in  the  year  1830,  353;  in  H.tl,  119  j  and  in  183'2,  437 ;  while  llie  whole  number  of  incarcerationg 
ill  lint  gaol  for  aiinia  of  every  description  were.  In  the  year  1S30,  5.'>7  ;  in  1831,  630 ;  and  in  1832,  090  ; 
till'  priipurtion  of  auma  of  8<.  and  under  being  nearly  two  thirds  of  thu  whole  on  the  average  of  these 
3  j'ciira. 

"To  remedy  these  evila,  your  petitioners  liumbly  submit  that  means  should  be  adopted  for  the  repeal 
of  the  laws  at  present  in  force,  in  so  far  ns  they  sanction  the  recovery  of  small  debtn  by  imprisonment, 
ro.Jcivinif  their  elfi'd  In  every  other  respect;  the  result  of  which  would  be,  that  credit  for  small  sunia 
wiMilil  be  greatly  limited,if  not  entirely  extinguished,  and  the  poorer  classes  rendered  more  provident ; 
Diiil  liy  purchasing  with  money  at  a  cheaper  rale  what  they  now  buy  at  an  extravagant  price,  they 
wiiiild'  be  enabled  to  procure  for  themselves  additional  comforts,  from  the  more  ecunumical  eniploy- 
ini'Ml  uf  their  small  Incomes. 

"  May  it  therefore  please  your  Honourable  Honsc  to  take  this  matter  Into  your  consideration,  and 
toaiiopt  such  means  as  you  In  your  wisdoni  shall  see  proper,  to  prevent  the  Incarceration  of  debtor* 
fir  Hinns  under  8(.,  and  thereby  remove  or  ;jrrutly  niitlijatntheevilsof  improvidence  on  the  part  of  the 
debiiir,  and  of  oppression  on  the  part  of  the  creditor,  which  necessarily  arise  under  the  present 
(j'i>li!in." 

Ro  rea3onable  a  proposal,  suppoi  ted  by  such  conrlusive  statements,  could  not  fail  to  tnako 
11  <i('ep  impression  ;  and  a  bill  was  consequently  introduced  by  the  solicitor  general,  taking 
away  the  power  to  arrest  and  imprison  for  potty  debts.  This  bill  was  ailcrwards  withdrawn  ; 
but  there  can  bo  no  doubt  thut  it  will  bo  brought  forward  again,  unless  it  be  resolved  to 
apfily  a  still  more  radical  cure  to  the  abuses  complained  of. 

Prnpriety  ofpliiclng  all  small  Debts  beyond  the  Vale  of  the  Law, — The  taking  away  the 
power  of  arrest  and  imprisonment,  except  in  the  case  of  fraudulent  bankruptcy,  would  cer- 
tainly be  a  materiul  improvement  upon  the  existing  system.  But  we  arc  satisfied  that  it 
does  not  go  far  enough  ;  and  that  by  far  the  most  desirable  and  beneficial  reform  that  could 
lie  ctrected  in  this  department  would  be  to  take  nioai/ at!  nctianfur  debts  under  a  given  sum, 
as  50/.  or  100/.  The  only  exception  to  this  rule  should  be  in  the  case  of  claims  for  wages, 
or  liibour  done  under  executory  contracts.  'J\)  prevent  the  measure  from  being  defeateil, 
no  action  should  be  granted  on  bilLs  under  .50/.  or  100/.;  except  upon  those  drawn  by  or 
upon  regular  bankers.  This  would  lie  a  radical  change  certainly  ;  but  we  are  fully  satisfied 
that  it  would  be  highly  advantageous  to  every  class  of  the  conimu.jity.  and  most  of  all  to 
labourer.'*,  retail  dealers,  and  small  tradesmen.  It  would  protect  the  former  from  0|)pres- 
sion,  at  the  same  time  that  it  would  tend  jiowcrfully  to  render  them  more  provident  and 
considerate;  it  would  teach  the  latter  to  exercise  that  discretion  in  the  granting  of  credit 
which  is  so  very  itulispensiible ;  and  it  would  be  pttblicly  beneficial,  by  strengthening  the 
moral  principle,  and  making  the  contraction  of  debts  for  small  suras,  without  the  means  of 
paving  them,  nt  once  difficult  and  disgraceful. 

We  a,'^rec  entirely  in  opinion  with  those  who  think  that  it  is  to  no  purpose  to  attempt 
to  remedy  the  defects  now  pointed  out,  by  multiplying  courts  and  other  devices  for  facili- 
tating the  speedy  recovery  of  small  debts.  This  is  beginning  at  the  wrong  end  ;  or  rather  it 
is  attempting  to  obviate  the  influence  of  one  abuse  by  instituting  another.  No  wise  states- 
man will  ever  bo  easily  persuaded  to  fill  the  country  with  petty  local  courts;  for  these,  when 
not  absolutely  necessary,  are  the  merest  nuisances  imaginable ;  and  ho  would,  at  all  events, 
exert  hitnscll"  in  the  first  inst.mce  to  do  away,  in  so  for  as  possilile,  with  the  circumstances 
that  make  individuals  resort  to  them.  But  it  is  certain  that  nine  tenths  of  the  cases  in 
county  courts  originate  in  questions  as  to  the  simple  contract  debt.s  under  .OO/. ;  and  were 
such  debts  placet!,  as  they  ought  to  be,  beyond  the  pale  of  the  law,  the  courts  would  be 
whajly  unni'ccisary.  Our  object  ought  not,  to  be  to  jirovidc  means  tWv  enl'on-ing  payment 
of  trilling  debts,  but  to  prevent  their  aminietion.  We  believe,  indeed,  that,  instead  of  les- 
sening, the  multiplication  of  district  courts  will  materially  aggravate,  all  the  evils  of  the  pre- 
sent credit  system.  The  belief  that  thry  may  reaiiily  onlWrcc  tin  ir  cl-.tiins  by  resorting  to 
tiiem  will  make  shopkeepers  and  tradesmen  rIi!I  iiuire  dispo.sed  tiian  at  present  to  give  credit, 
while  the  unprincipled,  the  inejiri^lerate,  and  the  necessitous  will  eawrly  gr.isp  at  this  in- 
creased facility.  What  there  is  ol  cautioti  amongst  our  relail  dealers  is  in  no  inconsiderable 
di'unr  owing  to  the  want  of  those  petty  tribunals  so  many  are  anxious  to  have  universally 
pstalili-heil.  The  more  they  are  increaseiL  ihe  !  ss  will  caution  prevail.  But  lu-tead  of 
diminishing  this  virtue, — fur  such  it  really  is, — it  cannot  be  too  much  increased.  Nothine; 
will  over  dt-ter  thrH«e  who  oujlit  not  to  c'^'tain  credit  from  tnkinp  it  while  in  their  power ;  but 
those  who  jrive  it  may  be  made  to  excrri-«>  greater  discretion  ;  tliey  may  he  made  to  know 
that  it  is  a  private  transactiim  betwem  themselves  and  those  to  whom  they  gratit  it ;  and 
that  ill  the  case  of  petty  debts  they  have  only  thiiir  own  sagacity  to  iook  to,  such  trarwac- 
tioiis  not  heintr  cognizable  by  law.  A  mea.-fure  off  tJ»  sort  here  pror>oai'd  would  tx*.  a«  mmtt 
ai>pe,ir  to  ioiUKine,  annihilate  credit  '.  would,  no  «iwbt  oiriihilaU^  fhat  upwrimts  itidiseri' 
luinatidg  specie'^  of  credit,  that  is  as  reauily  granted  U>  ihe  i^SHindtbi***  and  prodigal,  as  to  iho 
Iruiral  atiUndustrious  indiviilual ;  hut  to  the  sainn  ♦•»l»-nt  liwf  it  d«^)rived  the  I'ornier  of  tbo 
means  of  obtaining  accommodation,  it  woul'l  extend  ^j-x  <A  Uf;  latter.  Notltiug  shod  of 
3  z'Z  «0 


I 


liiiH  :li 


iliH 


.'i'  ] 


546 


CREW— CUDDEAR. 


this — nothing  bul  the  placing  nil  Rmnll  <1cbt»  beyond  the  pnlc  of  thn  law — will  over  fully 
impress  tradesmen  with  a  roaviction  of  thts  vant  ndvaiitnges  that  would  result  to  themxclvn^ 
from  their  withdrawing  their  coiifidenee  from  courts  and  prisons,  and  preventing  every  ono 
from  getting  upon  their  books,  of  whoso  situation  and  circumstances  they  arc  not  fully 
aware ;  nor  will  any  thing  else  bo  able  completely  to  eradicate  the  flagrant  abuses  inherent 
in  the  present  credit  system,  and  which  have  gone  far  to  render  it  a  public  nuisance. 

One  of  the  worst  conscquonces  of  the  present  system  is  the  sort  of  thraldom  in  which  it 
keeps  thousands  of  labourers  and  other  individuals,  whom  the  improper  facilities  fur  olitain- 
irig  credit  originally  led  into  debt.  Such  persons  darn  not  leave  the  shops  to  which  they 
owe  accounts  ;  and  they  dare  neither  object  to  the  quality  of  th<5  goods  otlcrcd  to  them,  nor 
to  the  pjices  charged.  Dr.  Johnson  has  truly  observed,  that  "  he  that  once  owes  moie  than 
he  can  pay,  is  often  obliged  to  lirilie  his  creditor  to  patience  by  increasing  his  debt.  Worse 
and  worse  commodities  at  a  higher  and  higher  price  are  forced  upon  him  ;  ho  is  impover- 
ished by  compulsive  traffic  ;  and  at  last  overwhelmed  in  the.  common  receptacles  of  misery 
by  debts,  which,  without  his  own  consent,  were  accumulated  on  his  head."  Uy  taking 
away  all  right  of  action  upon  small  debts,  this  system  of  invisiblo  but  substantial  coercion 
would  be  put  an  end  to.  The  tradesman  would  take  care  who  got,  in  the  fir.-t  instance, 
upon  his  books;  and  instead  of  forcing  articles  upon  him,  would  cease  to  furnish  him  with 
any  unless  he  found  he  was  rc;;nlar  in  making  \m  payments  ;  while  the  customer,  to  whom 
credit  was  of  importance,  would  know  that  his  only  chance  of  obtaining  it  would  depend 
upon  his  character  and  reputotion  for  punctuality.  The  abuses  of  tlu  sort  now  alluded  to, 
that  grew  out  of  what  has  been  denominated  the  truck  system,  justly  occasioned  its  abolition; 
but  these  were  trifling  compared  with  those  that  originate  in  the  bringing  of  petty  debts 
within  the  pale  of  the  law. 

Wlien  tlie  fonncr  pdilinn  of  this  work  wns  pul)ll8licit,  wo  were  not  nwart  tliiit  it  lind  lierii  pre- 
vioiiHly  |iriipn«»'i1  to  tiike  nwiiy  (ill  acluiii  fir  df^lits  under  50/.  or  100/.;  but  we  Ihivh  siiu'i  inpi  with  a 
imiiiplild,  piuuled  Crrilit  I'er'iiicioii.i,  pulilislicil  in  \b'3,  in  wliirli  lliifl  plan  is  proposed  imd  iilily  mii)- 
piirted.  There  iup  also  some  valuaiilo  reiu;irk<  and  ohservaiioiis  lui  tin;  topics  now  trralcd  of,  'in  tiu 
Treatiae  on  the  Police,  i^-e.  of  the  Mttropolis,  by  the  author  of  the  "CalMiicl  Lawyer,"  pp.  111—13!. 

CPiEW,  the  company  of  sailors  belonging  to  any  ship  or  vessel.  No  ship  is  admitted  U 
be  a  Uritish  ship,  uidess  duly  registered  and  navigated  as  such  by  a  crew,  three  fduHli.  of 
which  are  British  subjects,  besides  the  master. — (3  &  4  //'///.  4.  c.  54.  §  12.)  The  master 
or  owners  of  any  British  shi[)  having  a  foreign  seaman  on  board  not  allowed  by  law,  i^IkiII 
for  every  such  seaman  forfeit  10/.;  unless  they  can  show,  by  the  ccrtificute  of  the  British 
consul,  or  of  two  Britit^h  merchants,  or  shall  satisliictorily  prove,  that  the  requisite  number 
of  British  seamen  could  not  be  obtained  at  the  place  w  lere  the  foreign  seaman  was  taken  on 
board.  It  is  also  ordered  that  the  master  of  every  Bi  ilish  vessel  arriving  from  the  ^Vest 
Indies  shall  deliver,  within  10  days  after  arrival,  to  ths  Custom-house,  a  list  of  the  crew  on 
board  at  the  time  of  clearing  out  from  the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  arrival  in  the  West  Indies, 
and  of  every  seaman  who  has  deserted  or  died  during  t  le  voyage,  and  the  amount  of  vva!;cs 
due  to  each  so  dying,  under  a  penalty  of  50/. — (3  &  4.  Will,  4.  c.  54.  §  IP. ;  3  &  4  Will.  4, 
c.  52.  ^  16.) 

0UBEB8  (^Ger.  Kuheben  ,  Fr.  Cuhfbcs ,■  Jt.  Cubcb.' ;  Sp.  Cubebaa ,-  Tlas.Kukhit! 
Iiat.  Piper  Cubeba  ;  Arab.  Kebubeh  ;  Javan,  Kumunktis  ;  Hind.  Cubah-chinie),  the  pro- 
duce of  a  vine  or  climber,  the  growth  of  which  is  confined  c.tclusively  to  Java.  It  is  a  small 
dried  fruit,  like  a  pepper  corn,  but  somewhat  longer.  Cubebf  have  a  hot,  pungent,  aromatic, 
slightly  bitter  taste  ;  and  a  fragrant,  agreeable  odour.  They  should  be  chosen  lar.;e,  IVc'sh, 
sound,  and  the  heaviest  that  can  be  procured.  I'he  quantity  entered  for  home  consumption, 
in  1830,  amounted  to  18,540  lbs.,  producing  a  nett  revenue  of  1,854/.  C».  Their  price  in 
the  London  niarket,  in  bond,  varies  from  2/.  \0s.  to  4/.  As.  per  cwt. 

CUCUMBER,  a  tropical  plant,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties,  largely  cultivated  in 
hothouses  in  England. 

CUDBEAR,  a  puq)le  or  violet  coloured  powder  used  in  dyeing  violet,  purple,  and  crim 
son,  prepared  from  a  species  of  lichen  (Lichen  tartareus  Lin.),  or  criistaceous  moss,  grow- 
ing commonly  on  limestone  rocks  in  Sweden,  Scotland,  the  north  of  England,  <S:c.  About 
1-30  tons  of  this  lichen  are  annually  exported  from  Sweden.  It  commonly  soU.f  in  the  port 
of  London  for  about  20/.  per  ton  ;  but  to  prepare  it  for  use  it  must  be  washed  and  dried ; 
and  by  these  operations  the  weight  i'j  commonly  diminished  a  half,  ard  the  price,  in  clTect, 
doubled.  Though  possessing  great  beauty  and  lustre  at  first,  the  colours  obtained  from  cud- 
bear arc  so  very  fugacious,  that  they  ought  never  to  be  employed  but  in  aid  of  .«ouie  otiior 
more  permanent  dye,  to  which  they  may  give  body  and  vivacity.  In  this  country  it  is  cliiclly 
used  to  give  strength  and  brilliancy  to  the  blues  dyed  with  indigo,  and  to  produce  a  saving 
of  that  article  ;  it  is  also  used  as  a  i:;ro'ind  for  madder  reds,  which  commonly  imliue  tou 
much  to  yellow,  and  arc  made  rosy  by  this  addition.  'J'ho  name  cudbear  wa.s  given  to  this 
iiowder  by  Dr.  Cuthbert  (iordon,  who,  having  obtained  a  patent  for  the  preparation,  chose 
in  this  way  to  connect  it  with  his  own  name. — {Bancroft,  I'idlutophy  of  I'enitanetl  Cuhiurs, 
vol.  i.  pp.  300— 304.) 


CUMMIN  SEED,  CURRANTS.     # 


847 


•gcly  cultivalfd  in 


CUMMTN  SEED  (Opr.  Jf^m/rt  ,•  Fr.  Cumin,-  \t.  Comma,  Cum'nn ,•  f^j).  Cnmmn  ,• 
Aral).  Keinun),  the  m'vxh  of  nri  annual  plint  (Cumlnuin  Ci/minu'n  Lin.),  a  native  dI  lJj?ypt, 
-but  extensively  cultivuteil  in  Sicily  nnJ  Miiltii.  Tlioy  have  a  Htroiiif,  pt'culiur,  liuiivy  o<lourj 
anil  a  warm,  bittcriiih,  diHaf^rPcablc  tasto.     Tlioy  arc  loutf  and  slemlor, 

CURKANTS  (Fr.  Kaisiun  de  Corinfhe  ,•  Ger,  Knrintlifn  ,-  It.  Vve.  passe  di  Cortiifo  ,■ 
Lat.  Passulae  Curinthiaca; ;  Ruh.  Kmrinlia,  Opoek ;  !Sp.  Vitsas  de  Cunnio),  a  small  spccioj 
of  Rrapc,  largely  cultivntcd  in  Zantc,  Ccphalonia,  and  Ithaca,  of  which  islands  tlipy  form 
the  staple  produce  ;  and  in  tho  Morea,  in  tho  vicinity  of  Patrax.  The  plant  is  dolicate  ;  and 
OS  6  or  7  years  must  elapse,  after  o  plantation  has  been  formed,  before  it  begins  to  produce, 
its  cultivation  rc'juires  a  considerable  outlay  of  capital.  The  crop  is  particularly  liable  to 
injury  from  rains  in  harvest,  and  is  altogether  of  a  very  precarious  description.  After  being 
dried  in  tho  sun,  the  (-urrunts  are  exported  packed  in  large  butts.  Tliey  are  in  extensive 
ilcmiind  in  this  country  ;  and,  when  mixed  with  flour  and  suet,  make  a  dish  that  U  pecu- 
liarly acceptable  to  the  lower  classes.  But,  as  if  it  were  intended  »o  put  them  beyond  the 
reach  of  all  but  tho  richest  individuals,  they  are  burdened  with  the  enormous  duly  of  A\n.  Ad, 
a  cwt. !  The  fjct,  that  in  despite  of  this  anti-consumption  impost,  the  entries  of  curranta 
for  home  consumption  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  to  1 27,08 1 
cwt.  a  year,  producing  an  annual  revenue  of  281,787/.,  shows  that  the  taste  for  thoin  islioth 
deeply  rooted  and  widely  dilTused.  With  one  or  two  exceptions,  they  are  the  ino.n  grossly 
over-taxed  article  in  the  British  tariff.  Their  price  in  bond,  in  London,  varies  from  20s.  to 
27s.  a  cwt.;  so  that  the  duty  amounts  to  more  than  200  per  cent,  on  tho  importation 
price!  So  exorbitant  a  tax  admits  of  no  justification.  It  is  highly  injurious  to  the  con- 
sumers in  Great  Britain,  to  the  merchants  engaged  in  tlie  Mediterranean  trade,  to  tlie  jirodu- 
cers  in  tho  Ionian  Islands  and  Greece,  and,  we  may  add,  to  tho  revenue  :  for,  con.-iideririg 
liow  highly  esteemed  the  article  is  by  all  classes,  and  that  it  might  be  imported  in  mucli 
larger  quantities  without  any  considerable  rise  of  price,  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt 
that  wer,!  tho  duty  reduced  to  lO*.  or  124'.  a  cwt,  the  consimiption  would  bo  so  much  increas- 
ed, that  in  a  few  years  the  revenue  would  be  materially  greater  than  at  present. 

By  referring  to  the  article  Ioxfav  IstAvns,  it  will  be  seen  that  tho  duty  has  been  pecu- 
liarly hostile  to  their  interests.  It  has,  in  fa'-t,  gone  far  to  countervail  all  the  advantages 
they  have,  in  other  respects,  derived  from  our  protection  ;  and  has  done  mu(di  to  estrange 
the  allcctions  of  thi;  inhabitants,  and  to  excite  and  keep  alive  a  jealousy  of  this  country. 

The  Mediterranean  merchants,  in  a  petition  presented  to'  the  House  of  Commons  last  ses- 
sion, prayed  for  the  repeal  of  the  duty  imposed  since  1806,  being  lG,f.  4(/.  a  cwt.  leaving  a 
duty  of28.v.  a  cwt.  A  reduction  to  this  extent  would,  no  doubt,  be  a  considerable  relief  to 
tiio  growers  and  importers  ;  but  it  would  be  quite  inadequate  to  bring  tho  article  fairly  info 
consumption  among  the  mass  of  tho  people.  To  accomplish  this  most  desirable  object,  the 
duty  ought  not  to  exceed  lO.s.  or  12s.;  and  we  are  well  convinced  it  would  yield  more 
revenue  at  this  rate  than  at  28?.  A  duty  of  50  jier  cent,  is  surely  higli  enough  upon  an 
itrticle  fitted  to  enter  largely  into  the  consumption  of  the  labouring  classes. 

No  nliatenient  of  duti"9  is  niaili;  on  accoant  of  any  dainairfi  recuivnd  hy  cnrrantji. 
Currants,  tlie  produce  of  Europe!,  are  not  to  he  iniporli'd  for  lionie  use  except  in  Hritisli  Bliips,  or  bi 
ships  of  tlie  country  of  wliicli  they  are  tlie  proJuce,  or  of  tlie  country  whence  tliey  arc  iinportcJ.— (3& 
4  nVI.  i.  c.  51.  Di  2.  22.) 

A  Treasury  letter  ofihe  30lf'  of  Marcli,  ISIO,  directs  the  following  tarns  to  be  allowed,  with  liberty 
to  the  niercliant  and  olHccrs  to  take  tlo;  actual  tare  when  either  jiarty  is  dissatistied. 
Currants  in  casks  I'roni /:inte     -       •     13  per  cent, 
l.c'ilhorn         -    ]()      — 
Trieste  -    10      — 

(The  exorbitant  duty  of  44s.  4.7.  a  cwt.  on  currants  was  reduced,  in  1831,  to  half  that 
amount,  or  to  23j!-.  2(/.  a  cwt. — (4  &  5  Wl//.  4.  c.  89.  §  1.5.)  But  this  reduction,  consider- 
nWc  as  it  is,  is  not  enough.  The  duty  ought  not  to  exceed  lO.f.,  or  at  most  12.<(.  The  price 
of  currants  in  bond  usually  varies  from  20.v.  to  25,9. ;  so  that  the  duty,  as  fixed  by  tho  4  &  5 
Will.  4.  c.  80.,  is  eiiual  to  about  100  per  cent,  ad  vuhircm.  But  such  a  duty  is  obviously 
oppressive  ;  the  more  especially  as  currants,  if  low-priced,  would  be  largely  consumed  I  y  all 
classes;  in  this  country;  and  as  they  form  the  principal  equivalent  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Ionian  Islands  and  of  the  Morca  have  to  otler  in  exchange  for  foreign  products.  We  are 
satiiilied,  too,  that  had  the  duty  been  reduced  to  10«.  a  cwt.,  it  would,  in  a  few  years,  have 
yielded  more  revenue  than  it  will  ever  yield  at  its  preset  t  rate.  Such  a  reduction  would 
have  brought  currants  within  tlic  command  of  a  much  ^'reatcr  number  of  persons ;  and 
would,  in  fact,  have  gone  far  to  render  tiiem  an  article  of  general  consumption  ;  whereas, 
the  duty  of  32s.  %d.  will  still  confine  their  use  to  the  wealthier  clasi^es. 

It  has  lieen  said,  that  n  reduction  of  the  duty  from  41.".  id.  to  in.<.  a  cwt.  would  not  have  made  a 
cnrrcspoiidins  reduction  in  the  price  of  the  article  ;  and  tJKit  the  measure  woulil  have  redoiimlcd  more 
to  the  advantage  of  the  jirowcrs  ot'currants  than  of  the  coiisnniers  in  tills  country.  Thit  such  might 
have  heiMi  in  some  degree  the  case,  at  the  outset,  we  adinil ;  hut  the  L'rcatcr  advaiita<res  derived  hy  thp 
raisers  of  currants  would  have  made  them  he  produced  in  much  larger  quantities,  so  that  at  no  dis- 
liinl  period  we  should  have  reaped  the  full  advantage  of  llie  reduction  in  the  rate  of  duty,  at  ihe  same 
lime  that  our  trade  with  Die  Ionian  Islands  and  the  Morea  would  have  increased  proportionally  loth«i 


1^ 


',}  i   ■  t; 


1*1 


1\ 


\\\' 


,  ,\\'. 


548 


CTTSTOM-IIOUSE,   CjTSToMS. 


■,  m 


ii; 


Incroaiff  In  tlin  lmporl«  of  ciirrnntn.  nowover,  we  urn  vrnteftil  for  whnt  hnn  biicn  donf  i  «nd  It  may 
bf  fnlrly  prcniinii-il  Ihar  llio  bi!iit'lkl:il  etrcct  of  tlie  reductioiii  alrondy  iiiiulc  will  Ivud  to  olliuri  .m  t 
•liM  (tri  !\tor  urnlc— Slip.) 

Cl'.STOM-HOUSE,  thn  hnuxo  or  oirico  vihi'v  rominiHlitio^  i.rc  cntprt'd  f)r  im  lortatinij 
or  exportation  ;  where  tlio  duties,  Ituuntit-H,  or  d  awtmrka  puyiiblc  or  rrcfivuMo  iij  )ii  nuch 
iinportutinn  or  fxportntioii  arc  paid  or  received  ;   mil  where  uliipf    'i!  cli'ared  out,  &(, 

For  infornintidti  ns  to  the  proceedings  necessn.y  nt  the  Ciir^loiu-housu  on  importing  or  ox- 
porting  commoditiesi,  see  the  article  Imi'outatiow  afjii  Eximiiitation. 

The  princi|>al  nritish  Cuotoin-house  is  in  London;  but  there  are  CuKlom-houMS  luhor- 
(linnto  to  the  latter  in  all  considerahle  Bra-port  tjwiiH. 

('USTOMS,  are  duties  charged  upon  commodities  an  I'llr  being  imported  into  or  ex- 
ported from  a  country. 

Custom  duties  secin  to  have  existed  in  every  commercial  country.  The  Athenians  bid  a 
lax  of  a  fifth  on  the  corn  and  other  tnerchandiHo  ii  iporled  from  foreign  couiilrii'n,  and  also 
oil  Ht^veral  of  the  cominoditieH  cx|)i>rted  from  Attira.  The  jiiirlarltt,  or  eustomH  j)ayalple  on 
the  eommoditics  imported  into,  and  exported  from  the  ditrcrrnt  ports  in  the  Rinnan  empire, 
formed  a  very  ancient  i  1  important  part  of  the  public  revenue.  The  ratCH  at  which  tlipy 
vvi-re  charged  were  (luc.U  atiiig  and  various,  .ind  little  is  niivv  known  re^iKJCting  them,  Cicero 
inf()rins  us,  that  the  du'ies  on  corn  exported  from  the  ports  of  Sicily  were,  in  his  time,  5 
I)er  cent.  Under  the  Iiiaierial  govcrnnient,  the  aniouiit  of  the  7)Mr/«rji»  depended  as  much 
nn  the  caprice  of  the  priiic;  as  on  the  real  exigencies  of  the  siutc.  Though  soniotiiiifj 
diminished,  they  were  never  <  m  rely  remitted,  and  were  rnueli  moie  frequently  increased, 
Under  the  Uyzantiiu-  enn>crors,  tlio/  were  as  high  as  12^  per  cent. — {Supp.tu  Encijr..  Brit. 
art.  Tuxntihiu) 

Customs  seems  to  have  existed  it  England  before  the  Conquest;  but  the  king's  claim  to 
them  was  first  estahlisheil  by  stat.  .'3  Edw.  I.  These  duties  were,  at  first,  principally  laid  on 
wool,  woolfels  (sheef)-skins),  and  leather  when  exported.  There  were  also  extranrdinarv 
duties  paid  by  aliens,  wliich  were  denominated  pnrva  CDstuma.  to  di!?tint,'uish  them  from  llic 
fortner,  or  rnaa^nacd.iluina.  The  duties  of  tonnage  and  pounrlii^e,  of  wliich  mention  is  so 
frequently  made  in  English  history,  were  custom  duties;  the  first  being  p;iid  on  wine  by  the 
tun,  and  the  latter  being  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  so  much  a  pound  on  all  other  inerchandis?. 
When  those  duties  were  granted  to  the  Crown,  they  were  denominated  mtbuidics  ,•  and  as 
the  duly  of  poundage  had  continued  for  a  lengthened  period  at  the  rate  of  In,  a  pound,  or 

5  per  cent.,  a  subsidy  came,  in  the  language  of  the  customs,  to  denote  an  ndvahirem  duty 
of  ii  per  cent.     The  new  subsidy  granted  in  the  reign  of  William  III;  was  an  addition  of 

6  per  cent,  to  iho  duties  on  most  imported  commodities. 

The  various  custom  duties  were  collected,  for  the  first  time,  in  a  book  of  rates  published 
in  th-i  ..'igii  of  ('harles  II. ;  a  new  book  of  rates  being  again  published  in  the  reign  of  George 
I.  iiUt.  exclusive  of  the  duties  entered  in  these  two  booki-',  many  more  have  been  imposed 
at  dip*'  ri't.i  tiiii'-s;  so  that  the  accumulation  of  the  duties,  and  the  complicated  regulations  to 
whiili  the/  r;i  ■  rise,  were  productive  of  the  greatest  embarrassment.  The  evil  was  in- 
crti/sid  by  the  careless  manner  in  which  new  duties  were  added  to  the  old;  a  perccntago 
bcir,),-  SDinctimes  adiled  to  the  original  tax ;  while  at  other  times  the  commodity  was  esti- 
nieii'd  liy  a  new  standard  of  bulk,  weight,  number,  or  value,  and  charged  with  an  additional 
in  post,  without  any  reference  to  the  duties  formerly  imposed,  'i'ho  confusion  arising  from 
tbe.se  sourc(L<  was  still  further  augmented  by  the  special  appropriation  of  each  of  the  duties, 
end  the  consequent  necessity  of  a  separate  calculation  for  each.  The  intricacy  and  con- 
'itsion  inseparable  from  such  a  stale  of  things  proved  a  serious  injury  to  coinjTierce,  and  led 
to  many  frauds  and  abuses. 

7'he  Customs  Consolidation  Act,  introduced  by  Mr.  Pitt  in  1787,  did  much  to  remedy 
these  inconveniences.  The  method  adopted  was,  to  abolish  the  existing  duties  on  all  arti- 
ciea,  and  to  substitute  in  their  .stead  one  single  duty  on  each  article,  equiv:i!ont  to  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  varion.  lIuIIcs  by  which  it  had  previously  been  loaded.  The  resolutions  on  which 
the  act  was  founded  amounted  to  about  3,000.  A  more  simple  and  uniform  sy.-'tem  was,  at 
the  same  time,  introduced  into  the  business  of  the  Custom-house.  These  alterations  were 
productive  of  the  very  best  cflTects;  and  several  similar  consolidations  have  since  been 
effected ;  particularly  in  1 825,  when  the  various  statutes  then  existing  relative  to  the  cus- 
toms, amounting,  including  parts  of  statutes,  to  about  450,  were  consolidated  and  compressed 
into  only  11  statutes  of  a  reasonable  bulk,  and  drawn  up  with  great  perspicuity.  Since 
then,  a  few  ctatutes  were  passed,  amending  and  changing  some  of  the  jirovisions  in  the  eon- 
bolidated  statutes;  and  these  have  been  again  embodied  in  consolidated  acts  passed  last 
session.* 

The  Board  of  Customs  is  not  to  consist  of  more  Uian  13  commissioners,  and  they  are  to 
be  reduced  to  11  as  vacancies  occur.  The  Treasury  may  appoint  1  corainissionerj  and  2 
assistant  commissioners,  to  act  for  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

Ofliccra  of  customs  taking  any  fee  or  reward,  whether  pecuniary  or  of  any  other  sort,  on 

*  3  &  4  Will.  cap.  91,  53.  56.  and  58. 


ng  imported  into  or  ex- 


of  any  other  sort,  on 


CUSTOMS. 


540 


acroimt  of  any  tliini?  dniip,  or  to  bo  ilono,  by  them  in  tbo  cxcrciHe  of  ibrir  duty,  from  any 
one,  except  by  the  ordt^r  or  porniiHgjun  of  lite  (-ominisHiorirrM  of  the  cniitonH,  iibnil  he  di»> 
iiiijutrd  (hiir  olficc;  and  the  person  giving,  olfiTing,  or  proniining  inch  gratuity,  fei%  &c. 
•hall  forfeit  100/. 

Any  oinocr  of  cuatonm  who  shall  accept  of  any  brilie,  roronipcncp,  or  reward,  to  induce 
him  to  ni'glcct  his  duty,  or  lo  do,  conceal,  or  connive  at  any  act  whereby  any  of  the  (irovi- 
•inu!!  of  the  cufltnmH  lawii  ahull  be  evaded,  Rball  bo  dignii«Mod  ibe  service,  and  be  rendered 
incapable  of  serving  his  Mujcaty  in  future  in  any  capacity  whatever;  and  Ihn  person  ollering 
such  liribi',  rcconipencc,  tScc.  shall,  whether  the  nfter  be  a>'cepted  or  not,  forfeit  500/. 

(y'ustoin  duticH,  like  all  duties  on  particular  coininodilios,  though  advanced  in  the  first 
iintance  by  the  nierciiant,  are  ultimately  paid  by  those  by  whom  they  are  consumed.  When 
a  government  btya  a  duty  on  the  foreign  commodities  which  enter  itn  ports,  the  duly  falU 
entirely  on  such  of  itn  own  subjects  as  purchase  these  commixlilies;  for  the  fureigneris  would 
ci'ase  8ii[iplying  its  niarketx  with  them,  if  they  did  not  get  the  full  price  of  the  commodities, 
exclusive  of  the  tax  ;  and,  for  the  same  reason,  when  a  government  li\ys  a  duty  on  the  coni- 
aioililies  which  its  subjects  are  about  to  export,  the  duty  does  not  full  on  them,  but  on  tho 
•brcigners  by  whom  they  are  bought.  It',  therefore,  it  were  possible  for  a  country  to  raise  a 
sudiiient  revenue  by  laying  duties  on  exported  cornn     litipa,  such  revenue  woukI  ''"  wholly 


diriviJ  from  others,  and  it  would  be  totally  relii  \ 

so  far  as  duties  might  be  imposed  by  foreigner'  .'^    ' ' 

however,  must  bo  tuken,  in  imposing  duties  oil 

that  may  be  proiluccd  at  tho  same,  or  nearly  tli 

the  duty  would  then  be  lo  cause  the  market  to  i«  ,„  ! 

stop  to  their  exportation.     But  in  tho  event  of  »  cnui  ,;y  pu"' 

acq'iired  advantage  in  the  production  of  any  sort  ot'coinmndit 


the  burden  of  taxation,  excei/i 

■' •  it  imports  from  them.     Care, 

Mot  to  lay  them  on  commoditieij 

y  foreigners ;  for  the  ell'ect  of 

!  by  others,  and  to  put  an  entiro 

t'-sing  any  decided  natural  or 

>,  a  duty  on  their  exportation 


would  seem  to  be  the  most  unexceptionable  of  all  taxes.  If  the  Chinese  chose  to  act  on  this 
principle,  they  might  derive  o  considerable  revenue  from  a  duty  on  exported  teas,  which 
would  fall  entirely  on  the  Engli^th  and  other  f)reignera  who  buy  them.  Tho  coal  and  tin, 
and  perhaps,  also,  some  of  the  manufactured  goods  produced  in  this  country,  seem  to  be  in 
this  predicament. 

The  revenue  derived  from  tho  custom  duties  in  1,590,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  amounted 
lo  no  more  than  ."JOiOOO/.  In  1613,  it  had  increased  lo  118,075/.;  of  which  no  less  than 
109,573/.  were  collected  in  London.  In  1660,  at  the  Restoration,  the  customs  produced 
421,582/.;  and  at  the  Revolution,  in  1683,  they  produced  781,987/.  During  the  reigns  of 
William  III.  and  Anne,  the  customs  revenue  was  considerably  augmented,  the  nett  pay- 
ments into  the  cxcheciuer  in  1718  being  l,315,'i23/.  During  the  war  terminated  by  the 
peace  of  Paris  in  1763,  the  nett  produce  of  tho  customs  revenue  of  fJieat  Britain  amounted 
to  nearly  2,000,000/.  In  1792,  it  amounted  to  4,407,000/.  In  1815,  at  tho  clo.se  of  tho 
war,  it  amounted  lo  1 1,360,000/. ;  and  last  year  (18:35i)  it  amounted  to  about  17,000,000/., 
and,  including  Ireland,  to  about  18,500,000/. ! 

Astonishing,  however,  aa  the  increase  of  the  customs  revenue  has  certainly  been,  it  is  not 
quite  so  great  as  it  appears.  Formerly  the  duties  on  some  considerable  articles,  such  as 
sugar,  brandy,  wine,  &c.  imported  from  abroad,  were  divided  partly  into  customs  duties 
charged  on  their  importation,  and  partly  into  excise  duties  on  their  being  taken  itito  con- 
sumption. But  these  duties  have  now,  with  the  exception  of  tea*,  been  transferred  wholly 
to  the  customs;  the  facilities  afforded,  by  means  of  the  warehousing  system,  for  paying  the 
duties  in  the  way  most  convenient  for  the  merchant,  having  obviated  the  necessity  of  dividing 
Iheni  into  different  portions. 

It  will  be  seen  from  various  articles  in  this  work — (see  BnANnr,  Gf.xeva,  P.nrcoi.iNo, 
Tka,  TonAcco,  (fcc.) — that  the  exorbitant  amount  of  the  duties  laid  on  many  articles  im- 
ported from  abroad  leads  to  much  smuggling  and  fraud;  and  requires,  besides,  an  extraor- 
dinary expense  in  many  departments  of  the  customs  .service,  which  might  be  totally  avoided 
were  these  duties  reiluced  within  rea3on.d)le  limits.  This,  however,  is  the  business  of  govern- 
ment, and  not  of  those  entrusted  with  the  management  of  the  customs;  and  it  would  be 
unjust  to  the  latter  not  to  mention  that  this  departtnent  has  been  essentially  improved,  during 
the  last  few  years,  both  as  respects  economy  and  eincicncy.  The  following  extracts  from  a 
letter  to  the  Right  lion.  II.  Goulburn,  ascribed  to  the  present  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Cus- 
toms ^R.  B.  Dean,  Esip),  give  a  brief  but  satisfactory  view  of  the  improvements  that  have 
been  effected : — 

"As  regards  the  department  of  customs  in  1792,  the  principal  officers  engaged  in  tho 
receipt  of  the  duties  in  the  port  of  London  were  patent  officers. 

"The  first  Earl  of  Liverpool  was  collector  inwards. 

"  The  late  Duke  of  Manchester,  collector  outwards. 

"  The  Duke  of  Newcastle,  and  afterwards  the  Earl  of  Guilford,  comptroller  inwards  and 
outwards. 

♦  Frniii  the  22(1  of  April.  1834,  tlie  cnllection  of  tlio  tea  duties  by  tile  excise  is  to  cease  j  and  they  ara 
to  bu  transferred  lo  tlie  cusioiug.  — iSbb  Tea.) 


♦ 


;  ill 


I 


(     'r 


K  '■,* 


:1'  i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


•«   140    12.0 


6" 


1.8 


1.25  111111.4   IIIIII.6 


^ 


f 


%    .^V 


*^-."V 


^ 


'V 


v: 


^V/ 


^ 


'■^ 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SaO 

(716)  872-4503 


■^^^  ^" 


550 


CUSTOMS. 


"  Ijord  Stowell,  Burvejror  of  aubsi dies  and  petty  cuatoraa. 

"  These  noblemen  took  no  part  in  the  official  duties,  but  merely  exorcised  the  right  of 
appointing  deputies  and  clerks. 

"  Doth  principals  and  deputies  were  remunerated  by  fees.  The  patentees  received  the 
'fees  denominated  patent,  and  the  deputies  retained  the  (kes  called  the  fees  of  usage  fur  their 
own  use.    In  addition  to  these  fees,  l>oth  deputies  and  clerks  received  fees  for  despatch. 

"The  same  system  prevailed  throughout  the  whule  department.  The  salaries  of  the 
olRuers  were  nominal ;  and  the  principal  proportion  of  all  ollicial  income  was  derived  from 
fees.  These  fees  were  constantly  varying  both  in  rate  and  amount,  and  formed  a  continual 
source  of  dispute  and  complaint  between  the  merchant  and  the  officer. 

"  This  system  (after  having  been  repeatedly  objected  to  by  various  commissions  of  inquiry, 
and  finally  by  the  committee  of  finance  in  1797)  was  put  an  end  to  in  the  year  1812,  by 
the  act  61  Geo.  c.  71.,  by  which  all  patent  offices  and  fees  were  abolished,  and  compensation 
allowances  granted  to  the  patont  officers,  and  fixed  salaries  established. 

"  The  additional  salaries  granted  under  this  arrangement  amounted  to  about  200,000/., 
and  the  temporary  compensation  allowances  to  about  40,000/.  per  annum. 

"The  fees  abolished,  and  from  which  the  public  were  relieved,  amounted  to  about 
160,000/.  per  annum. 

"  hi  addition  to  the  amount  of  fees  from  which  tiip  public  were  relieved,  various  allowances 
made  by  the  Crown  to  officers  for  quarantine,  coal  poundage,  poundage  on  seizures,  and 
many  other  incidental  allowance?,  which  did  not  appear  on  the  establishment,  were  also 
abolished,  and  the  salaries  of  every  officer  placed  at  one  view  upon  the  establishment. 

"  The  effect  of  these  salutary  measures  has  been  to  give  a  great  apparent  increase  to 
officers'  salaries  since  1792 ;  and,  upon  a  mere  comparison  of  the  establishment  of  1792  with 
1830,  without  the  above  explanation,  it  would  ap|)car  that  the  pay  of  the  officers  had  been 
most  materially  augmented,  whereas,  in  point  of  fact,  the  difference  is  in  the  mode  of  pay- 
ment: and  th^  incomes  of  the  officers  at  the  present  period  (as  compared  with  1792)  are  in 
general  less ;  and,  consequently,  the  public  are  less  taxed  for  the  performance  of  the  same 
duty  tuMV  than  in  1792. 

"  In  the  year  1792,  the  warehousing  system  had  not  been  established.  Officers  were  ad- 
mitted at  all  ages,  and  there  was  no  system  of  classification  or  promotion.  The  officers  at 
the  out-ports  and  in  London  were  generally  appointed  tlirough  local  influence ;  and  were  too 
oAen  persons  who  had  failed  in  trade,  or  bad  been  in  menial  service,  and  who  regarded  their 
situations  rather  as  a  comfortable  provision  for  their  families  than  as  offices  for  whici  cilicient 
services  vverc  required.  The  superintendence  and  powers  of  the  Board  were  cramped  and 
interfered  with  by  circumstances  and  considerations  which  prevented  the  enforcement  of 
wholesome  regulation.  The  whole  system  was  so  imperfect,  so  far  back  only  as  1818,  (hat 
a  spcciiil  commission  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  department ;  and,  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  that  commission,  various  regulations  have  been  adopted. 

"  Tlie  age  of  admission  has  been  limited ;  a  system  of  classification  and  promotion  of 
officers,  and  a  graduated  scale  of  salaries,  established  throughout  the  whole  department;  and, 
by  this  means,  local  interference  in  the  promotion  of  officers  has  licen  abolished ;  the  attend- 
ance of  officers  increased,  regulated,  and  strictly  enforced ;  holidays  reduced  from  46  in  the 
year  to  3 ;  viz.  Good  Friday,  the  King's  birthday,  and  Christmas-day ;  useless  oaths,  and 
bonds,  and  forms  of  documents  of  various  kinds,  discontinued ;  increased  facility  and  despatch 
afforded  to  the  merchant's  business ;  the  account^kept  in  the  different  offices,  and  returns 
of  all  kinds  revised,  simplified,  and  reduced  ;  and  various  minor  regulations  of  detail  esta- 
blished ;  the  whole  machinery  of  the  department  remodelled,  and  adapted  to  the  trade  and 
commerce  of  the  country. 

"  In  Ireland,  the  number  of  officers  employed  at  all  the  ports,  in  the  year  ended  the  5th 
of  January,  18.30,  and  the  salaries  and  charges,  did  not  much  exceed  the  number  and  expense 
at  the  port  of  Dublin  alone  in  1818:  and,  within  the  space  of  11  years,  nearly  two  thirds 
of  the  officers  employed  at  the  ports  in  Ireland  have  bt-en  discontinued ;  the  number  having 
been,  in  1818,  1755;  in  1829,  514;  and  an  annual  reduction  in  salaries  and  charges  has 
been  effected  to  the  extent  of  173,724/.;  the  amount  having  been,  in  1818,  285,115/  ;  in 
1829,  1 1 1,391/.  (103,813/.  of  that  amount  having  been  rrduci'd  between  the  years  18'^3  and 
1828),  ujwn  an  expenditure  of  285,115/.;  and  the  receipts  were  nearly  equal,  in  1827,  to 
those  of  1818  and  1823,  notwithstanding  the  total  repeal  of  the  cross  Channel  duties, 
amounting  to  about  340,000/.  per  annum,  subsequent  to  llie  latter  period. 

"Already  has  government  relinquished,  it  may  be  said,  any  inteiference  with  promotion  in 
the  department  of  the  customs,  and  the  road  is  open  to  advancement  to  the  mcritoriuus 
officer. 

"  Influence  is  no  longer  allowed  to  prevail ;  and  in  many  cases  which  have  recently 
occurred,  and  in  which  the  patronage  of  government  might  have  been  fairly  exercised,  it  lias 
been  at  once  abandoned,  in  order  to  give  way  to  arrangiMiicnts  by  which  the  services  of  some 
very  intelligent  and  highly  respectable  officers,  whose  offices  had  been  abolished,  could  l« 
again  rendered  available,  with  a  material  saving  to  the  public. 


CUSTOMS. 


651 


Brcised  the  right  of 


to  about  200,000/., 

[1. 

unnunted  to  about 


"By  a  recent  order  from  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury,  of  the  20th  of  Pebmary,  1830,  the 
niarics  of  the  commissioners,  and  of  other  oHicers,  have  been  prospectively  reduced,  and 
directions  given  to  reviw  the  whole  etttablishment  in  tlie  spirit  of  that  order,  with  a  view  to 
every  possible  reduction." 

These  are  very  great  improvements,  certainly,  and  reflect  much  cre<1it  on  the  government, 
and  on  the  Board  by  whom  its  eflbrts  have  been  zealously  seconded ;  but  we  are,  notwith- 
standing, satisfied  that  very  great  reductions  may  still  be  made  in  the  cost  of  the  establish- 
ment. These,  however,  are  not  to  be  effiicted  by  reducing  the  salaries  of  the  officers,  which, 
if  any  thing,  are  now  too  low;  but  by  lessening  the  demand  for  their  services,  by  reducing 
and  simplifying  the  duties.  The  coast  guard  and  coast  blockade  (the  latter  is  under  the 
orders  of  the  Admiralty),  costing  together  about  400,000/.  a  year,  might  be  wholly  dispensed 
with,  were  it  not  for  the  exorbitant  duties  on  brandy,  gin,  and  tobacco — duties  which  seem 
to  be  intended  only  to  encourage  smuggling;  and  which  it  is  quite  certain  would  be  3  timeit 
as  productive  as  they  are  at  this  moment,  were  they  reduced  to  one  third  of  their  present 
amount.  The  duties  on  a  great  variety  of  small  articles  might  also  be  entirely  repealed, 
without  any  sensible  loss  of  revenue,  and  with  great  advantage  to  commerce :  and  were 
these  alterations  effected,  and  the  proceedings  with  respect  to  the  entry  and  clearing  out  of 
«hi|'S  and  goods  adequately  simplified,  a  ver^  ^rea/ s»Mn^'- might  be  made  in  this  depart- 
ment, and  the  services  of  a  large  number  of  those  now  employed  in  it  might  be  dispensed 
with. 

In  Scotland,  separate  Custom-houses  seem  to  be  multiplied  to  an  absurd  extent 
Within  these  few  years,  indeed,  a  very  considerable  change  for  the  better  was  elVectcd  in  the 
Scotch  Custom-house ;  but  it  is  still  susceptible  of,  and  ought  to  be  subjected  to,  great 
curtailment. 

The  reader  will  find,  in  the  accounts  of  most  imported  articles  of  any  consequence  given 
in  this  work,  statements  of  the  customs  duty  paid  on  their  importation.  It  may  be  gratify- 
ing, however,  to  have  them  all  brought  together  in  one  point  of  view,  as  in  tlie  following 
Table:— 

An  Account  of  the  Gross  Receipt  and  Nctt  Produce  of  the  Revenue  of  Cuptoms  in  Groat  Britain  in 
ttie  Year  eniling  the  5th  of  January,  1H33 ;  distiogulshing  the  Amount  collected  on  each  Arlicio 
usually  producing  1,UOO{.  or  more  per  Annum. 


Groin  Recffipt 

Nctt  Produce 

LlstofArlicIes. 

F.ojiland, 

Sculhud. 

Great  Britain. 

England. 

Scotland. 

Great  BriMn. 

Dutia  Inward*. 

L.       t  rf. 

i.       t. 

d. 

/,.       f.  d 

L.       I. 

It. 

L.      ». 

d. 

£.       f.  d. 

AcU,  boracic  • 

4.IKI    0    0 

4,l?3    0    0 

4,1M    0 

0 

4.l<'3    0    0 

Alkaiiflroot  ■ 

1,733  ID    0 

77  18 

8 

1,791  16    8 

1,7J9    6 

0 

.57  18 

8 

I,7t7    4    8 

Alflumlt 

10,973  16    7 

49T    I  11 

11,470  18    6 

10,775  10 

8 

478    S 

0 

11,253  15    8 

Aloet  • 

2,184    5    5 

2,l»t    6    5 

I.SlO    6 

2 

._ 

1,810    5    2 

Angelica 

i-,i    2  10 

m^ 

275    2  10 

275    2 

10 

_ 

275    2  10 

An  not  to 

671    0    1 

__ 

671    0     1 

671     0 

1 

«. 

671     0    1 

Apjilea,  not  dried 

2,!)f6  12    X 

299  IS 

0 

3,296    7    8 

2,912  19 

7 

298    2 

0 

3,211     1     7 

Ar^ol 

678  IS    5 

8    0 

1 

esa  18    6 

670    3 

6 

8    0 

1 

678    3    7 

Arrow  root  rr  powder 

7!<7  19    9 

64  19 

4 

&-,2  19     1 

787  12 

'1 

61   18 

8 

849  11    0 

A^hM,  pearl  and  pot  - 

I,s«7  14    4 

163    2 

7 

2,050  16  II 

l,W    0 

11 

163    2 

2,040    3    6 

B:^c^in  And  hanii 

1,782  15    6 

1<J8    3 

6 

1,960  18  11 

1.761   13 

1 

19S    3 

6 

1,959  16    7 

Balsams 

Z,4Ra  14  11 

57    2 

7 

2.517  17    6 

2,3S3    6 

4 

57    2 

7 

2.440    8  11 

B-irilI.1  and  alkali       - 

15,166  16    7 

174    4 

9 

15,341     1    4 

15,156  16 

7 

1T2  II 

7 

15,3.^9    8    2 

Bark  for  Unner*'  or  dy- 

ers' use 

19,001     0    0 

3,340  13  10 

22J.II  13  10 

18,970    2 

8 

3,280  17 

9 

22,251     0    5 

Rukets 

1,043    9    2 

1    1 

7 

1,044  10    9 

l,r43    6 

2 

1     1 

7 

1,044    7    9 

Pcff,  salfed    . 

3(10  19    4 

11  12 

3 

312  11     7 

300  19 

\ 

11  12 

3 

312  II    7 

Btfcr,  spruce  . 

S,ni'i6    6    3 

892    9  10 

6.?4«  16     I 

6.9:10  17 

0 

8fiO    6 

II 

6.841    3  11 

Berries  of  all  lortt     • 

3,C.17  II   II 

2i    0 

5 

3,niy>  12    4 

3.037  11 

II 

25    0 

5 

S.uDZ  12    4 

Books 

8,843    4    7 

86    6 

4 

8,129    9  II 

8,b124     1 

10 

85    8 

5 

B,'10a  10    3 

Bonis,   ihoet,    and    ca* 

lashes 

S,74fl  16   0 

3    0 

6 

3,751  16    6 

3,743    4 

0 

3    0 

6 

0,746    4    6 

Bnnx 

KH    6    1 

7    9 

0 

S)!!  15     1 

Hi    6 

1 

7    9 

0 

88;!  15    1 

R,»xes  of  all  torts 

3,342    1    9 

30    7 

0 

3,379    8    9 

3.321     4 

8 

38    7 

0 

3,357  II    9 

Briiiiiitnue       •           • 

6,2,6    6    5 

I,W6    8 

4 

7,7!)2  14    9 

6.2 -.3  18 

fi 

),-M  11 

10 

7,784  10    3 

Bristles 

ii.lfo  16    I 

42S    8 

3 

2.1,614    4    4 

I1,lf4  14 

7 

428    8 

3 
0 

25,613    2  10 

Bugles 

3,0T5    2    0 

0    4 

0 

.1.075    6    0 

3,0J2  16 

0 

0    4 

3,043    0    0 

BultRr 

127,773  19  10 

6-.6    9 

in 

I2i',ai0    9    H 

I27,7;!9  16 

7 

S.53  19  10 

128.293  16    5 

Canes  of  all  sorti 

3,r>90    8    2 

40  10 

4 

3,0)1     4    6 

3,5(i9  17 

7 

40  16 

4 

3.HI0  13  II 

Cinttiirides    • 

l,8e<l  18    0 

12    A 

0 

l,SS?    7    0 

l,8'>3  19 

4 

12    9 

0 

1,871     8    4 

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1,^34    4    4 

19     1 

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1,5,3    5    4 

I, .5.14    4 

4 

19     1 

1,553    6    4 

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i,t;6,i   1  10 

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c 

l,?07    2  10 

1.6113     1 

10 

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0 

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6,b08  13 

7 

69,175  16    6 

62,2.|8  19 

7 

6,71)4  13  11 

69,043  13    6 

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and  earthenware    • 

4,369  18    .<> 

12    1 

3 

4,3!)|   19    8 

4,300  17 

7 

12    1 

3 

4,212  18  to 

Cinnamon 

.      416  16  10 

416  16  in 

416  16  10 

_ 

416  16  10 

Cl-K-ks 

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154  13 

9 

6,093     1     8 

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1.54  13 

9 

6,023    8    2 

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7,C)3  13    9 

(6    2 

0 

7,709  15    9 

7,514  16 

9 

66    2 

0 

7,5i0  18    9 

C'orhineal,  rrauttla,  and 

.tnst         "  ,           . 

4,217  18    5 

_ 

4,217  18    5 

4,195  15 

1 

__ 

4,195  15    1 

Cofoa,  corm  ntil  hnskn, 

sti>-lls  and  chncolate 

I4,m  19    9 

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7 

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I4,-I85  15 

10 

40    8 

1 

14,528    3  11 

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28,165    1 

9 

576.217  10    8 

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28,1 -.8    5 

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575.264  18    8 

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2,140  18    J 

2,140  18    1 

2,M0  18 

1 

2,140  18    1 

CophtP  and  cablet    ■ 

■22  IS    4 

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3 

24  14    7 

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4 

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3 

24  14    7 

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U.PM  14    3 

2,S7C  16 

1 

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I2,9S8  18 

2,869  15 

H 

I5,V5H  14    4 

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264  19    U 

9    9 

0 

274    8    0 

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0 

9    9 

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flour  1  including  luck- 

uhfal) 

279,954    7    4 

29,958    S 

8 

309,910  13    0 

27S,00»    t 

4 

29,910    6 

2 

307,615  l4    S 

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otlierwiie  described) 

2.930  II    9 

6  13  10 

2.937    5    7 

2,903    1 

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2,«19  1ft    ■ 

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1,371  12    2 

291  10 

3 

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9 

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35    6 

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1,244    4    6 

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6 

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1,244   4   i 

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062 


CUSTOMS. 


LM  of  Articles 


PiUiet  /moordt— «oQt. 
Currmnta 

Uya  aiid  hanJ  woodi;  «ii. 
Boxwood 

Cediir,  tmdar  8  In. 
•quartt  • 

Fiutic 


hngmnA 
MaHotauT 


Manogauj  • 

Nkarafuft 
Roaawood  • 

E^ga  •  •  • 

KicplniiW  Icdii 
EDtbroid«T7  and  needle 

work  -  • 

EHence  of  berfianint  and 
leninna.    (Saa  Eimi' 
tial  oila.) 
Feat  ben  fur  beda 

oatricb       • 
Fin    • 
Fiab,  anchovKi 

ccla       >         • 
oyatert  • 
FIaz,aiid  low,  or  radilU 

of  hemp  and  flax    • 
Flowtn,  artificial  (not 

of  ailk) 
Full   ■ 
biofeTi  dry 
Olaaa;  via.  bottlef,  green 
or  common  • 

of  all  other  aorta 
Grains,  Guinen 
Gnjiea 

Gun,  animi  and  copal 
Arabi«  • 
Senegal  • 

lac  ij* 

ahellac  •  • 

trairicanth 
Hair,  hone     - 
human  > 
Hair  or  soata*  wool,  nia< 

nufacturea  of 
Hala  of  chip  and  atraw 
Hemp 
HIdea,  not  tanned 

tanned 
Horna,  hum  tlpa,  and 

plccea 
Hrnea 

Jalap  .  •  • 

India  nibbera  ■  • 

Iwligo  •  • 

Iron,  in  bare  > 

ol  all  other  aorta 
liinglaia 
Juice  of  temoni,  limea, 

and  omngn 
Juniper  berrieei      (5e« 

Berrlea.) 
Lace  thi«ad    - 
Ltcaueret)  ware        ■ 
Lean,  blick    *  ■ 

Leather  tluvea 

uanufacturea  of, 
except     bnott, 
ahoa,  k  gloica 
I<emnna  and  uraugca  - 
Linena,  foreign 
Liquorice  juice         • 
Mace  •  • 

Madder  and  madder  no', 
Mauna  • 

Mate  of  Runia 

other  aorta     • 
Melaases 

Muilcal  inatrumenti  - 
Myrrh  •  • 

Nutmf-n 

Nuia,  cheennla  • 

amall    -  • 

walnula 
Oil,  ciator 

chemical,  e«ential, 
and  perfumed  of 
ail  aorta 
olive       •  • 

Kim       - 
lin,  spermaceti  k 
bluhlJer 

Oker 

Upium 

Orchal  and  orcbelU 

Paper 

of  (he  file  of  Man 
for  han^inK* 

Pepper  (if  all  aorta     - 

Picturea 

riniento         •  • 

I'iich 

Platlinft  of  chip  or  atran 

Plunta,  dried  • 

Prints  and  drawioga  ■ 

Pninea 
quicksilver  •  • 

juilis,  xoose  . 

lUdix  iptfaciianhw   • 


Oraaa  Beceipta, 


England. 


£.      I.  d. 

312,749  IT  t 

I,8<i8  15   1 

2,931  10  e 
913  7    - 
2,;<0T  IS 
39,643  17 
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8,02;  II  10 
21^169    I    2 
2,700  13   3 

<A)ouii 


4,121  13  2 

&!6    S  2 

22,371  IS  10 

W7  2  - 
940  10 

6,840  i 

1,412  I  2 

61$  7  9 
2 

7 


34,331  19 
3,4J0  li 

9,168  19  10 
4,e!«  II  7 
1,633  10 

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I,3<I8  IS 
2,«-,7  12 
6,738  0 
1,447  4 
2,016  3 
1,0«6    0 

243  18 

701  13 


2.4!i2  IS 
16,707  3 
i!^,421  19 
2l,M>el    0 

1,164  13 


1,715    1  8 

946    0  0 

2,S3U    4  3 

772  16  3 

P0,397  13  10 

20,338  17  0 

707  10  4 

3,838    0 

l,(MI  13  4 


358  10  2 

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2.347     I  9 

27,£W    0  6 


Bcotlanil. 


1,030  II    8 

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17,4.29  11    7 

19,024    7    4 

2,613    8  II 

18,976    8    2 

M»    6    6 

4,119    2  10 

815  11    2 

I2ti,2l6    5    8 

1,508  14    9 

663  17  10 

14,103    8    3 

2,333    8  10 

12,b79  19    7 

l,4>t  12  iC 

2,422    6  10 


9,061  18  6 
42,5)'D  I  10 
27,669    2    0 


2,277  15    4 
607  17    4 
6,933    7    6 
28S  10    6 
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861  10  10 
91,996  14    4 
2,01 1     2 
5,769  II 
36!l  13 
15,209    7 
470  19 
1,309  15 
5,730  14 
2,678    2 
3,600  14 

9^6    2  II 


L       l.d. 

ifiia  12  4 


18    9  2 

8  17  2 

137    8  Id 

6,923  II  6 

S6I    4  6 

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1  13  0 

680  14  0 

270  18  6 

2  3  0 

2,703  17  3 

0  13  3 

8    3  9 

63    7  6 

63E  12  3 

83  16  6 

102  14  7 

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3  12 


31  13    0 

4,31^6  2 

1,984  7 

6  0    0 

64  12    3 

67  0    0 

71  6 


Great  BriUin. 


140   9 

1,011  12 

33   3 

12    9 

114  10    0 


3  9  6 
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6    6    0 


13  II  2 

2,315    5  4 

43  19  10 

I,es8    7  0 

2,754    6  3 

700  17  9 

23    I  5 

126,439    0  II 

3    9  6 


60  2 
12  18 
67  I 
49  5 
127    7 


91 

884 
0 

429 

I 

52 

0 


8,227    8 

5,1  15 

296  14 

93  17 

I  12 
9  12 

361  7 
0  12 

692  16 


Z.       >.  if. 
115,131    9   6 

I,e6>  16    7 


2,549  It  II 

922    4 
2,446    4 

46,467  8 
816  12 

8,378  16 
81,565    I 

3,712    6 

6,303   6  11 


4,702    7  2 

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22,642  14  3 

829   6  8 

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6,846    6  9 

4,116  18  6 

616   6  0 

34,340    2  II 

3,514    0  0 


9,790  12  I 

4,7S4    8  I 

1,633  10  0 

1,6X3    2  8 

1,508  15  8 

2,771  16  II 

5,7I»    0  3 

1,417    4  8 

2,016    3  8 

1,066    0  9 

247  10  7 

701  15  9 

2.514    8  6 

16,707    3  i 

32.753    I  II 

23,972    8  4 

1,170  13  2 


Natl  Frodoce. 


England. 


1,769  13 

\,W1    0 

2,607    9 

772  16 

30,738    3 

21.330    9 

740  13 

3,850  10 


I,I5«    3    4 


360  19  8 

1,016  19  0 
2,*i2    7 

27,220    0  5 


1,061 
62.570 
17,473 

21,912 
1!,6I3 

21,730 

605 

4,1-20 

8as 

254,t;i3 
1,612 
663 
14.3.65 
2  34e 
12,737 
1.603 
2,549 


2  10 
17    I 

11  5 
14    4 

8  II 

13  5 
6  6 
0    7 

12  7 
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4    3' 

17  I" 
10    £ 

6  111 

18  ^1 

14  4 


S,I63  5  3 
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27.359    7    0 


2,706  17 

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6,986    7 

J^'S  15 

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969    0 

861  10  10 

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2,0^4  17    8 

6,066    5  1 

462  10  10 
15,209  7  0 
472  II  6 
1.319  7 
6,092  1  10 
2.6:8  15  0 
4,202  II  2 
bIW    2  11 


L.      $.  d. 
311,948   3   6 

l,«Ca  16    7 


3,631  10 

905  18 
2,302  19 
39.301  7 
806  13 
8,027  II  10 
21,537  3  0 
2,li79  18    0 

6,196  l>    4 


4,118  16  I 

626  6  3 

22,131  8  6 

816  6  0 

940  10 

6,Si6  6 

1,405  13    6 

614  7 
34,071  6 
3,428  13    7 


9,145  II 

4,674  I 

1,633  10 

1,569  8 

1,496  3 

2,«36  13 

6,633  II 

1.447  4 

2,046  3 

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3.474  19  6 

16,707    3  2 

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31,794    6  8 

1,164  13  3 

1,7(B  12  II 

937    0    0 

2,331     I     7 

766    0  10 

30.6.19  17    4 

20,233    9    2 

701    2    I 

3,M6    6    2 

1,041  13   4 


359  10  2 

697    8  3 

2,292    8  5 

27,105  16  3 


1.0.60  II    8 

40.862  17    9 

17,190  2    I 

19,924  7    4 

2,613  8  II 

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3,f09  14  7 

877    6  II 


L. 


$.  d. 


2,378  13   4 

(Excen  of  repay. 
iiicn'.a.) 


18    9 

8  12 

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6,903  19 


348  U   6 
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673   T  6 


370  18    6 
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Grois  Receipts. 

Netl  Produce. 

LUoTArticlii. 

England. 

Scotland. 

Great  Drltain. 
I.      f.  </ 

England. 

Scotland. 

Great  Britain* 
t.       t.d. 

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L.       Li. 

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318  16  If 

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141,537  17    2 

4,177    8    0 

145,716    6    9 

140,28S    8  10 

4,047  IT    e 

144,343   0    7 

IUp««<l  ta&  other  oil 

akn 

3,232  IT    9 

388  13  10 

3,621  11    7 

3,221    0    0 

388    1    a 

3,607    1    3 

Rhubarb 

4,213  17  10 

4,213  17  10 

4,207    2  10 

— 

4,  07    2  10 

Bice  • 

6,608  12    6 

S7  IS    8 

6,748    8    1 

6,4IT    2  II 

237  IS    0 

6,654  15  II 

in  the  bulk 

28,187    7  II 

^ 

28,187    7  11 

20,095    9    8 

— 

20,095    9    8 

SiUpelre       • 

913    T    4 

3    9    8 

916  17    0 

913    T    4 

3    9    8 

916  17    0 

6.144  18    4 

9  10    8 

6,154    9    0 

6,W3  10    6 

9  10    8 

6  133    1     1 

:itiu|nrilU    ■ 

4,275    4    8 

64    4    9 

4,329    9    6 

*S<n    2    4 

64    4    9 

4,0«l     7     1 

Scuiiitony     - 
SwIiofallwrtiODClixl 

1,477  18  10 

3  14    6 

1,481  13   a 

1,384  19    6 

3  14    6 

1,388  IS  II 

io|  taro)    -          • 

93.244    6    2 

9,887  II    1 

103,131  16   a 

92,723    4    6 

9,838  IS    8 

102,561  18    2 

*»"•. 

6,631    0  11 

176  16    6 

6,806  17    6 

fi,.503  IS    3 

17S  16    6 

6,679  II     9 

snips'  hiilli  iiul  maleri 
all  • 

T26    7    T 

203    1    9 

929    9    4 

637  10    6 

179    1    9 

816  12    3 

Shuraac 

6,561    6    8 

666  15    6 

6,218    2    1 

6.311  12  11 

«22    3    6 

5.933  16    4 

Silk,  m*      .•     .     • 

14,202    2    2 

_ 

14,202    2    2 

14,159    S    3 

— 

14,159    6    3 

WMie,  knubs  and 

buiki 

294    4    a 

_ 

294  4   3 

293  18    3 

>.. 

293  19    3 

thrown  ■ 

62,013    1    6 

_ 

63,013    1    5 

14,052    6    T 

(Ejcestof 

12,097  18    1 

Danurartttne,Ea>t 

drawtncks.; 

ludian 

tn,296  IS    8 

^ 

19,296  IS    8 

19,2ffl  IT  10 

— 

19,262  17  10 

not  do. 

149,079  11    4 

9    4    5 

149.088  IS    9 

148,667    6  10 

9    4    6 

148,676  10    3 

Skin  (ml  befog  fun) 

16,289  16  II 

2,104    0    6 

18,393  16    3 

16.047  17    7 

2,045  15  11 

18,093  13    6 

Snulli 

6,0:3    3   6 

612    4    6 

6,665    8    0 

6,051    T  10 

512    4    6 

6,503  12    4 

Soap,  hard  and  aoft,  to 

reifn 

1,277  10    6 

33    T    9 

1,310  18    3 

1,277  10    6 

S3   7    9 

1,310  18    3 

Speller 

6,578  IT    6 

123    0    6 

S.-03  IT  11 

5,5-3  17    6 

12s  0  s 

6,698  17  11 

Splrili,  foreign,  viz.  rum 
branily 

1,520,102     1  11 

60,411  14    2 

1,570,613  16    1 

1,518,994    8    1 

60.408    2    2 

1,569,4(»  10    3 

1,697,444  16    6 

68,799    0    4 

1,766,243  16    9 

1,697,095    7    2 

68,794    2  10 

l,7Si,»9  10    0 

Geneva 

of  all  other 

•orls- 

15,577    S    1 

T,936  16    9 

23,534    4  10 

15,567    9    8 

7,946  18    9 

23,614    8    5 

9,126  IS     1 

734   2  10 

9,860  18  11 

9,020    1  II 

721  IS  11 

9,741  17  10 

o(  Ihe  nianurac- 

lure  of  Ouem- 

Ky  and  Jeney 

21,071  18    1 

^ 

21,071  18    1 

21,054    0    7 

^ 

21,054    0    7 

Spon^ 

2,147  II    7 

*_ 

2,147  II    T 

2,097    4    1 

^ 

2,097    4    1 

Skaei,  vii.    bum  for 

mlllitonea 

l,3IS    0    9 

31  12    4 

1,346  13    1 

1,309  IS    2 

31  12    4 

1,341    T    6 

marble  block* 

61.8    4  11 

60  16    5 

T39    0   4 

665    7    6 

SO    6    1 

715  13    6 

Succadei 

899    8    8 

62  14    2 

962    2  10 

889    4  11 

62  14    2 

951  19    1 

Sujar 

t3iov» 

4,437,812    6    2 

608,660  iS    4 

4,946,473    1    6 

3,STI,449  II     1 

415,069    1    7 

3,986,518  12    8 

175,848  II  II 

9,151   10  11 

185,000    2  10 

175,484    T    2 

9,111  18    6 

184,596    6    T 

TamariDdf     • 

679    0  II 

114    8    0 

T93    8  11 

676  12    8 

112    0    2 

7^8  12  10 

Tar     . 

6,639    6    1 

1,130  II    1 

6,669  IT    2 

6,606    6    8 

1,094    4    0 

6,600    9    8 

Tiniberj  vil. 

Balki  and  ufers,  under 

5  iiichn  atiiiare  • 
Balteni    anil    batten 

1,230    5    T 

113    2    0 

1,343    T    T 

1,230    S    T 

113    2    0 

I,S43    7    7 

ends 

81.366    9  11 

29,362    T    4 

I09,T2SIT    3 

80,140  IS    5 

28,34T    8  10 

108,488    4    S 

Deals  and  deal  enda 

479,819  19    8 

9,683  II    0 

489,503  10    8 

4T5,.^95  16    6 

9,664    9    0 

485,260    S    6 

firewood    • 

4,518    3    1 

39    8    5 

4,5,7  11    6 

4,475  12    9 

38    4    6 

4,513  IT    3 

Fir  quarlen 

3.429    0    2 

14  12    7 

3,443  12    9 

3,369    9    8 

14  12    7 

3,384    2    3 

KoMsofoak 

1,356    8    9 

618  18    1 

1,875    6  10 

1,354  13    6 

515    S    8 

1,809  19    1 

Lathivood  - 

25,510    2    3 

2,381  13    4 

27,691  IS    T 

24.'2«3  II    6 

2,346    6  11 

26,609  18    6 

Maiti  and  span     • 

I3.9IT  19  10 

1,199  II    0 

IS,  117  10  10 

13.868    6    2 

1,177  IS    6 

15.046    1     7 

Oak  plank  ■ 

3,658  12    6 

3,594    7    9 

7,233    0    3 

3,6.56  10    6 

3,549  16    9 

7,206    T    2 

Oars 

780  16    2 

101  19    7 

882  15    9 

771    S    0 

101  19    7 

873    4    7 

Staves 

A930    4    2 

2,943  13  11 

46,873  18    I 

43.886  17  10 

2,938  15  11 

46.825  13    9 

Teak 

6,696   3    6 

663    6    0 

T,36l    9    3 

6,68S    3    6 

662    9    6 

7,347  12  11 

Timber,  Jr,  8  Inchea 

square,  or  upwards 

3ffl.447    1    2 

6I,04T  II    9 

423,494  12  11 

314,239  IS    0 

60.671  II    7 

374.910    8    7 

oak       do. 

29,999  10    7 

8.174  II    3 

38,174    1  10 

£9,966    7  10 

8,082    1    4 

38,048    9    2 

of  other  aortB,do. 

6,944  12    5 

1,5^7    3   e 

7,531  15  11 

6,903    4  10 

l,.56l    0    6 

7,464    6    4 

Wainscot  logs,  do. 

7,4VI    4  10 

353    T    1 

T,8a6  11  11 

7,391  IT    9 

353    1     1 

T,744  18  10 

Tobacco  and  snuff     • 

2,146,442    0    9 

291,392    6    0 

2,437,834    6    9 

2,I3T,242  10    1 

291,289  17    6 

2,423,532    T    T 

Torloisesbell 

4->9  10    7 

0    8    6 

458  19     1 

457  13    1 

0    8    6 

459    1    T 

Tofl  . 

3,456  19    6 

60    6    3 

3,60:    4    9 

3,418  16    4 

60    6    3 

3,469    1    T 

Turiieiiline,  common 

73.-07  11    2 

^ 

73.707  II    2 

73.558  14    3 

73.558  14    3 

Vihnia 

6,908    2  10 

30    0    0 

6.938    2  10 

6,907    7  10 

"so  0   0 

6,r37    7  10 

Venlifris 

2,463    4    0 

38    9    0 

2,506  13    0 

2,457    0    0 

38    9    0 

2,495    9    0 

VemiicelU  and  macca- 

roni 

1,407    7    2 

79   4   6 

l,4<i«  11     8 

1,401  13  10 

76  IS    6 

1,479    9    4 

Vinegar 

216  13    0 

123   0   0 

340   2  0 

216  10    6 

121  16    0 

337    6    6 

of  the  manufac- 

hj re  of  Guern- 

, 

sey  Sl  Jersey 

16   0   6 

0  14    4 

16  14  10 

16    0    6 

0  14    4 

16  14  10 

Water,  Cologiie.iii  flasks 

4,012  II    2 

112    7    0 

4.141  18    2 

4,031    6    2 

109  19    0 

4,141    4    2 

Wax,  bees',  &c. 

778    6    9 

49    1     1 

827    7  10 

774     1     7 

49    1     1 

823    2    8 

Wines  of  all  torts     •  \ 

1,331,584  16    6 
142.813    4    7 

104,259    8    6 

1,435,844    4  11 

142.613    4    7 

1,277,196  IS    S 
142.613    4    7 

99,829    2    8 

1,377,025  18     I 
142.613    4    T 

Wool,  cotton  . 

691,435  17    1 

S7,W4  13  10 

629.270  10  1 1 

SSi.lig  II     1 

37,306    1    7 

625,754  12    8 

stieep'taiid  lanihs' 

102,276  19    1 

Oil 

102,277    0    2 

102,027  19    4 

(ElCCMOf 

202,027    2  11 

Woollen  nianiifacliires. 

repayments.) 

Dol    olherwiw     des- 

cribed, iocluding  ca» 

pels            .    ^    . 

11.907  18    9 

1     1    9 

11,909    0    6 

11,879    1  10 

1    I    9 

11,«M    3    7 

Yarn,  cotton  • 

409  12    5 

303  15    2 

6('3    7    7 

4119  12    6 

303  15    2 

803    T    7 

linen,  raw 

634    8    0 

118  14    9 

653    2    9 

634    8    0 

118    6    7 

652  14    7 

Vellow    borriet.      (Sa 

Herries.) 

i'.alfre 

416  12  10 

^ 

416  12  10 

416  12  10 

» 

416  12  10 

All  other  articles       - 
Tolal  dutrf.),  invvnrdj  ) 
carried  forward       J 

Coaliandculnieipnrlel 

90.(33    2    4 
I6,4I9,7L6    6    2 

3,194  IT  11 

94,028    0    3 

88,832    4    4 

3,179    S    9 

92,030  10    1 

1,407,803    6    6 

17,897,599  12    8 

15,363,788    2    9 

T^HOoTislo 

I6,727,7t0  Id    7 

61,042    8    0 

6,673  14  10 

66,616    2  10 

48,923    0    S 

5,407  14  11 

64,330  IS    4 

British  ilieep  and  lambs 

wool,   woollen  yarn, 

*c.  exporleil 

2,905  16    3 

38  17    0 

2,944  13    3 

2,827    4    9 

38  17    0 

2,866    1    9 

skins,  tin. 

13    2    7 

^ 

IS    2    7 

15    2    7 

^ 

IS    2    T 

Percenlijjedufynn  Bri. 

tiali  i;ooils  capoi  ted 

Totalduliesouli^ai-ds, ) 
carried  forward        J 

69.697    6    2 

2,553  15    3 

62,2il    0    S 

63,513    6    6 

2,.523    S    9 

66,036  12   3 

113,660  12    0 

8,166    7    1 

121.826  19    1 

10.5,278  14    3 

7,969  17    8| 

113,248  11  II 

1 

1 

1 

'■'••■  m 


-.•-{ 


Vol.  I.— 3  A 


70 


Sfi4 


CUSTOMS. 


UitorArticlM. 


Datie^  Inwardi,  broui{)it 
forwmrl 

outwardi,  do. 

Canal  ar*d  tttwk  duty, 
lalp  of  Man  dulifls,  rrni 
nf  t\MV\  rfoJa  wld 
for  duljr,  kc. 

Total,  Onnt  Britain 
Ireland 

Tfilal  Unitol  Kingdn"' 


Omn  R^calplt. 


ie,4l»,T<)6    a    2     l,4fiT.8n3    6    6 
113,600  12    0  8,lti8    T     I 


I6,J33,4J«  18    2     1,47 J,  909  13   7 


156,294  13    3 
l6,titl9,T51  13    4 


1,944    I    9 
1,477,913  IS    4 


Great  Hrlaln. 

L.      i.d. 

17,8»7,1<»  12    I! 
111,826  19     ' 

19,009,426  II    9 


l.'W,238  n  1 1 

18,187,86)    8    8 
I,«l6,9il8  16    i 


19,6S4,6'>4    4  10 


Nsit  Cmluca, 


Giii(lanil. 


L.      >,  d. 

19,363,788    3    D 
I0V<78  14    a 

15,169,006  17    i 


117,91')   a   8 
15,587,015    aTi 


IknIlaJK), 

I.  n 

!,a84,(KH  11  in 

7,IHiU  17    H 
l,371,97i  \i~li 


l,«4«  IT    6 


ie.7n,7!io  n  7 
_ii;i,ii»ii  II 


120,198   3  n 

m,mri,in\  14  4 

1.^07.1110  II  II 
li',4(i7,'>8l'T"o 


Inspfctor  Gennrarg  Office,  Cintom  IToute, 
London,  25th  of  March,  1833. 


WILMAM  inVINO, 

Inspector  General  u(  Impurii  and  n.xpnrtt, 


The  charges  of  collection  on  the  customs  revenue  of  the  United  Kingdom  during  tho  anme 
year  were— 


Civil  department 

Dnrhoiir  vessel! 

Cruisers 

Preventive  water  guard 

Laud  guard 


I 


-1    b 


Omt  nrllaln. 

£     t.  a. 

.    734,703  in  111 

-  5,1S7  17    J 

.    ]3.\0I4    3    9| 

-  929,780  19    H 

-  18,353    0    8 

Inland. 

£       >. 

130,014  IH 

93<l  13 

0,HI1()    0 

I19,I8U    1 

d, 

7 
U 

n 

3* 

£1,121,037    4    1 

£333,337  10 

Jh[ 

Inspector  General  nf  Imporh  and  Exports,  Miserable  Altcmpt  at  Eeonnm;/  in  lhi» 
Department, — ^The  office  of  inspector  general  of  imports  and  exports  wos  oHliiiiliMlied  in 
1696.  The  accounts  of  the  trade  and  navigatioii  of  the  country,  annually  liilil  bcrora  pair* 
liamont,  are  furnished  by  this  office  ;  and,  owing  to  the  ability  of  the  officers,  tlio  iinprnvpil 
manner  in  which  these  accounts  are  now  made  out,  and  tho  practice  of  giving  statuint'iits  nf 
the  quantities  of  the  principal  articles  exported  and  imported,  and  the  declared  or  ruul  vaiiio 
of  the  former,  they  havo  become  of  great  public  importance.  It  is  aingiilnr,  hitwcvrr,  that 
ailer  having  existed  for  alraut  135  years,  and  being  gradually  brought  to  a  liltth  pitch  of  per- 
fection, this  office  was,  in  1830,  rendered  nearly  useless  by  a  pitiful  altoiiipt  to  «ai>c  lite 
talari/  of  a  couple  of  clerics  !  Previously  to  that  year,  tho  accounts  of  tho  trade  and  rovonuo 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  empire  were  exhibited  separately  and  jointly  ;  no  tluit  if 
any  one,  for  example,  wished  to  know  the  quantity  of  sugar  entered  for  homo  conHiittiptinn 
in  1829,  in  Great  Britain  and  in  Ireland,  he  would  have  found  tho  results  «<epuriituly  Htntud ; 
and  in  the  same  way  for  the  produce  of  any  article  or  tax.  Nothing,  it  is  plain,  could  lio 
more  desirnbic  than  an  arrangement  of  this  sort ;  which,  indeed,  considering  tho  entirely 
dilferent  situation  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  empire,  is  tho  only  onn  cnpablu  of  alfunl' 
ing  the  means  of  drawing  any  useful  conclusions.  But  in  1830,  ministors,  in  orihtr  to  ne* 
coinplish  the  miserable  object  already  alluded  to,  had  all  the  accounts  coniiolidutud  into  one 
muss  (ritdis  et  indii:;esla  moles)  \  so  tliat  it  became  impossible  to  tell  what  wns  ihii  cnn* 
8um()tion  of  any  article,  or  the  produce  of  any  tax,  either  in  Great  Britnin  or  in  Ireland,— tho 
only  information  comtnunicateJ  being  the  general  result  as  to  the  United  Kingilom !  No* 
thing  more  absurd  was  ever  imagined.  On  the  ))rinciple  that  Ireland  is  taken  into  the  Kiiine 
average  with  Great  Britain,  we  might  take  in  Canada ;  for  there  is  decidedly  Ions  dilli'riMico 
between  the  condition  and  habits  nf  the  people  of  Canada  and  those  of  Britain,  than  there  la 
between  those  of  the  British  and  Irish.  But  this  measure  was  not  olijectiouHblo  merely  from 
its  confounding  such  dissimilar  elements,  and  laying  a  basis  for  the  most  abriiird  and  tin* 
founded  inferences :  it  rendered  all  the  previous  accounts  in  a  great  measuru  usclens  ;  mid 
would,  had  it  been  persevered  in,  have  etfectually  deprived  statesmen  and  atatli>tii'iaiis  of 
some  of  the  very  best  means  of  instituting  a  comparison  between  the  past  and  future  Htnto 
of  both  divisions  of  the  empire.  Happily,  hr.  A^cver,  this  abortive  attempt  at  (M'Oiioniy  hns 
been  relinquished.  The  moment  jMr.  Poulett  Thomson  attained  to  office,  hn  took  moiiHiirrs 
for  the  restoration  of  that  system  which  had  been  so  unwisely  abandoned  ;  iind  every  oiie  in 
any  degree  conversant  with  matters  of  finance,  commerce,  or  statistics,  will  iigive  with  im  in 
thinking  that  the  Right  Hon.  Gentleman  could  have  rendered  few  nioro  acceptable  servici's, 
'I'he  public  accounts  for  1830,  the  only  ones  made  out  on  tho  new  system,  were  a  liiKgraco 
to  the  country.  We  arc  glad,  however,  to  have  to  add  tlut  they  havo  been  withdrawn,  imJ 
replaced  by  others. 


i 


I 


CUSTOMS. 


|l;f_ilj;^-__[_Orr«i||,M„. 


(An  Account  of  the  Oroii  and  Nett  Amount  of  Duty  received  at  tach  Cualom-Honne  of  the  IT.  Khig* 
dam,  during  the  Year  ending  fitli  Juiiuurv,  1838,  cnuiimied  with  nimilar  Receipt!  during  tha 

«!■»,  VII.  p. 


preceding  Year. — (Board  of  Trait  J'aper 


.28.) 


— I  I'lW,"*!    «   J 


lorn  during  iho  itnnia 


£m,391  ID    If 

j<  Economy/  in  thii 
»  wna  OMtiiiiUHhed  in 
nail)'  liiid  li(>rora  pur. 
nitofH,  tlio  imprnvpil 
{iviiig  atatoini'titR  of 
rtclurod  or  ruul  valiio 
ffulur,  howcvor.  (hat 
tt  liinh  pitch  of  prr- 
iltoriipt  to  nave  the 

0  trnilo  utul  rovonuo 
joially  ;  Ko  Hint  if 
homo  conKUtnptiiin 

("epurutt'ly  Hliilod ; 

i»  plain,  could  Iw 

leriiin  tho  entirely 

10  capahlu  of  ullurd- 
tofH,  in  order  i<>  nc. 
tiiiolidiitud  into  ono 
whiit  wna  tlio  con. 
or  in  Ireland,— tho 
'd  Kingdom  I    No- 

kcMi  into  tho  duine 
•illy  loMH  didJ-rcnco 
ituiii,  than  thorn  ig 
)nid>ln  merely  from 
4t  uhxiird  and  mi. 
iHiiru  urMdi'DK ;  and 
nd  atntliiticMnim  of 
Ht  and  futnro  Htittu 
)t  at  oconomy  hn« 
h«  took  mciiHiiri's 
mid  ovcrv  om-  in 

1  iiRivo  with  im  in 
•'copluhio  Hcrvii't'H. 
n,  worn  n  dii«t(rac» 

11  withdrawn,  und 


Gro»  1  Feint  in 
lS3(i. 

Grou  nereipt  In 
1837. 

Natl  Rrcolpl  In  1836.    1 

Ne'l  Rmolpl  in  1837. 

FoiH. 

Kxtiiljitiiig  l*ni«lu?p,  ilciliirliii^  Rf|).iyniFot 

of  Trn  le  Vnuctiuii.  Ullice  txpuriict,  Ac. 

EXOLAND. 

£     $.  d 

£     $.  d. 

£     f.  d. 

£     t.  d. 

Lnndon 

12,150,279  14    8 

11,188,036    8  11 

11,088,207    8    6 

10,190,000    0    4 

Aberystwlth 

1,6,17  18    3 

1,007  19    4 

633  11    0 

Aldliro'        - 

15.')  15    3 

33    7    4 

Arundel 

2,405    6    3 

1,990    9    5 

Barnnlnple  - 

12,005  18    7 

10,480    3    6 

10,133  10    8 

8,933  13    1 

Ui-auiimrla  • 

3,2.10  16    5 

3,327    4    5 

Berwiuk      - 

7,851     6    8 

10,678    8  10 

— 

3,3.57    3    4 

Bldefurd      - 

3,(163  19  11 

6,190  19    9 

960  13    S 

3,734    0  10 

Blackney  and  Clay 

1,225    3    6 

1,252  12    2 

B(iiilon 

10,535    6    8 

17,263    7    8 

6,171  10    7 

13,929  10    8 

BriilKfiwater 

8,389    3    9 

9,901    7    8 

6,627  14    9 

8,134  11    3 

Bridlington 

51  19    1 

130  13    0^ 

Bridport      - 

S,821    9    9 

6,297    7    6 

2,617    9    2 

3,880  16    8 

Bristid 

1,112,812    9    0 

1,134,817  11    0 

l,07.1,ll!«)  11  11 

1,114,.^9I  18    7 

(iariliir 

7,650    8  11 

10,813    6    S 

6,927  10    7 

9,101  17  11 

t'lirillKan     - 

869  17    6 

2,232    3    6 

— 

652  13    3 

Carlisle 

31,003  15  10 

27,433     1     8 

29,771    0    8 

26,112  18    8 

CIll'lll^lOW     - 

SI7    6    9 

1,003    5    6 

6    0    0 

514  12    8 

Clu'Bter 

68,331    9    7 

82,157  13    3 

67,008    3    0 

60,788  17    1 

Cliicliemor  - 

1,031  15    1 

971     8    6 

Colchester  - 

16,8,57    3    7 

17,518    8    0 

13,333    1    5 

12,903    4    8 

Cuwoa 

2,151  17    7 

2,8.19  12    7 

Durtuiouth 

-3,135  12    3 

5,422    0    9 

Deal 

1,'50  19    8 

621     0    5 

Dover 

47,437  11    7 

39,101  17  10 

18,798    2  11 

11,282  15  10 

Exeter 

79,897    8    3 

82,893  15    8 

69,569  18    9 

72,063    3    9 

Falmouth    • 

23,524    3    0 

22,883    9    5 

11,325  Id  10 

10,515    7    2t 

Fevurshum 

3,675    9    S 

3,185  14    3 

Fowey 

25,.549    2  10 

8,882    0  10 

5,017    8    0 

Gloiicestv 

166,187     I    3 

132,879    9    1 

160,093  11    3 

126.5.18  17  11 

Gonie 

60,317    8    2 

77,033     1     6 

58,639  12    9 

70.2!)1  11     8 

Grlinahy      - 

11,0.13    2    3 

10,027  12  11. 

.'>,910  15    9 

4,247    1    4 

Gweek 

25,080  16    fl 

2,828    4    8 

7,827  11    3 

IlMrwich 

1,078     1     3 

2,231   17    6 

Hull 

801,628  12  10 

741,600  17  10 

768,448  11    7 

705,300    I    4 

Ili'racombe 

104    7    .1 

376    0    2 

Ipswich 

37,881  r    6 

36,871     9    2 

35,9.16  16  10 

34,8.17  14    6 

I,aiicii8ter   - 

42,313  17    3 

40,031  12  11 

38,226  16    1 

36,16?  11    9 

Llannflly    - 

1,^34    7     2 

2,844  10    4 

407  17  10 

l,2(i6    5    3 

I.iverpoul    - 

J,450,12t.    3    6 

4,351,496    6    8 

4,224,798    6    2 

4,136,621    3    1 

Lyme 

1,41)7  19  10 

1,705  15    8 

I.ynn 

52,470  16  10 

59,518    9    3 

48,483  16    3 

55,502    1  11 

MuMon 

6,152    4  11 

5,131  19    1 

MiU'nrd 

4,U73    4    2 

4,989    9    3 

Newcastle 

307,274  19    3 

413,796  17    0 

293,087    7    7 

396,533    3    6 

Newliaven 

13,2.')0  13    9 

1.1,806  11    2 

3,707    0    5 

4,027  16    1 

Newport     - 

11,183    4    2 

13,.'>35    2    0 

10,270    8    9 

12,563  19    3 

r.'iddtiiw     • 

1,410    5    5 

1,913  10    2 

Penzance    - 

30,558  11  11 

16,818    8  10 

8.291    0    8 

Plymouth 

103,423    7    4 

105,495    3    5 

78,066    8    8 

80,896    3    9 

Hoole 

12,000  17  11 

10.301  11    4 

1,843    9    2 

Portumoutli 

46,873     1    2 

47,259    3    4 

37,313    6  11 

38,4,16  12  10 

Hauifl^Mte   - 

10.262  17     1 

9,972  16    7 

Itocliuriter  • 

17,nU6  13  11 

20,478    7    8 

.» 

1,181  19    3 

llye 

8,.')61  15    4 

7,:^01  17  11 

St.  Ives       - 

4,521  U     5 

4,701  18    1 



496  10  11 

Bcurliorongh 

2,1.19    8  10 

2,117    2    0 



195  10    6 

Scilly 

82    4    8 

131    2    OJ 

i 

Shori'hain   - 

22,920  10    9 

20,701     1     1 

11,290    9    4 

9,507  10    0 

Soiiihaiiipton 

'19,1,10  17     1 

45,427    9    7 

30,126    9    7 

24,525    4    4 

ISouthwold 

22    7    3 

219    9    3 

Stockton     - 

54,497  17    4 

61,515  13    1 

49,765    8    8 

56,598  13    3 

Sunilerland 

78.126  15    8 

86,912    2    G 

71,637    3    9 

60,072    4     1 

Swansea     - 

3,448  13  10 

4,879  14    4 

— 

1,173  19    5 

Truro 

48,5,')2  13    7 

25,469    3    0 

18,381  14    3 

703    0    7 

WelU 

2.')2  13  10 

877    3    9 

Weymouth 

13,120    0    8 

n,VM    3  11 

Whilliy        . 

1,106  11    7 

1,427  13    4 

Whitehaven 

aS,21)l     9  11 

100,(i28  16    7 

63,3-,0    9    6 

95,693    0    3 

Wislii!:ich    - 

8,«I7  15    9 

6.728    2    2 

7,624  11    0 

5,549  16    0 

W'diMlliridge 

2,(HI1     9  10 

3,2b0  14  11 



l,:iI2  13    8 

Yarnioiitli  - 

6.1,7>'3    7    9 

66,1.59  10    3 

60,713  15    4 

52.711  IS    5 

Douglas 
Total  of  England 

fCOTLAKD. 

21,429    6    6 

28,603  18    7 

15,564     1    8 

18,i)41  16    1 

20,327,657  11    9 

19,321,324  15    3 

18,390,550  19    5 

17,171,469  10    5i 

Aberdeen    - 

58,673    9    4 

65,330    6  11 

80,08 »    3    7 

50,767    4    9 

Ayr             -           4 

1,518    2    8 

1,037  18    2 

385    1    8 

68    3    7 

BuhfT 

870  15    9 

1,164     1     9 

Ilurrowstonesa 

3,232  11    1 

3,102  18    0 

1,534    9    6 

1,591    7    • 

:  'i 


0B6 


CUSTOMS. 

Cuttomi— eontinuMl. 


1638.' 

GimRralpthi 
1M7. 

Nelt  Receipt  in  I63& 

Nett  Rweipi  in  lio;. 

Culiibitiiig  Producp,  dedurlinii  Rrtuynml 

oT  Tndii  Vouchari,  UDica  Kiptnui,  kt. 

Scotland. 

£     t.  d. 

£      «.    d. 

£     1.  d. 

£     1.  i 

Campbeliown 

389  17  11 

603  19    4 

Diiiiil'riet    • 

4,318    S    3 

7,938  17  11 

646  10    4 

4,317    8   S 

Dundee 

70,989    a    3 

76,189  19    8 

63,954    9  11 

Ctf.lOl    8   6 

Glasgow     - 

389,703    3  10 

391,153    9    8 

375,nU5  18    0 

373,0(!a   9   ; 

Grungnmoiith 

33,738  14    I 

30,367  19    1 

33.050  13    0 

27,589    0    9 

GretJiiiick    • 

874,467  14    0 

380.703  IS    1 

885,306    0    1 

378,485  19    1 

Invrrneis   - 

1,095  17    0 

3,391    1    9 

Irvine 

3,989  14    a 

3,778    0    9 

739    3    S 

SOS  18  10 

Klrkaldy     • 
Kirkwall     . 

7,3«l  13    4 

4,191  17    91 

8,8b9    8  11 

98  13    8 

031  19    1 

814  10  11 

Leilh 

514,974    3    9 

539,403  19    3 

303,143    6    3 

401,852    4  10 

Lnrwick 

053  19  U 

390    0    9 

Montrnae    - 

34,375    9    3 

33,317  13    1 

19,394    1  II 

27.7a6    0   4 

Purl  (Jiusgow 

101,303    0    0 

M,l*il  H    4 

80,319  17    9 

87,440    9   5 

Siornowiiy 

167    9    1 

434  16    4 

Striiiiraer    - 

190    3    9 

430  11    1 

Wick 

937  10    1 

695  18    7 

Total  of  Scotland 
Ireland. 

1,987,489    7    7 

1,636,301  19  101 

1,388,170    4    1 

1,402,920    6    6 

Baltimore   - 

1,408    9    0 

1,078    9    3 

UuiriiBt 

306,718    9    4 

334,S09  17    1 

333,414    8    0 

895,770    9    1 

Colcralne    - 

4,689  17    3 

9,784  11    7 

Cork 

330,904    3    9 

331,410  15    3 

196,894  11  10 

166,013  14    5 

Drogheda    - 

13,363  13    3 

13,105  11    4 

9,080    0    7 

9,;!U5    6    2J 

Dublin 

898,630    5    1 

859,758  13    6 

833,355    7    3 

79:1,544  12    0 

Dundalk     . 

4,914    9  10 

15,058  16    8i 

101    6  11 

lO.bCi  13    OJ 

Giilway 

31,769    3    5 

38,641     4    6 

31,554  15  10 

18,583    7    5 

l.imurick     - 

146,333  17    9 

141,174  10    0 

196,390  15    1 

120,928    2    5 

Londonderry 

09,653    3    7 

100,057    4    0 

85,930  18    0 

86,158    2    5 

Ncwry 

98,806    3    6 

49,393    0  10 

43,867  14    6 

35,191  10    1 

eiigo 

39,863  18    3 

33,130    4    6 

19,.<!83    3    8 

15,643    3    d 

Wuterford  - 

137,126    7    9 

145,669  19  11 

131,706  13    4 

1.13,001  19    5 

Westport    - 
Wexford     • 

Total  of  Ireland 

977    8    4 

1,778  11    3 

6,3U6  10    9 

6,049    0  11 

3,036,973    9    9 

1,945,849    3    3^ 

1,770,030    6    3 

30,556,559    4    %\ 

ABSTRACT  OF  THE  ABOVE  ACCOUNT. 


CountriM. 

OroM  Receipt  In 
IS3& 

Gnu  Receipt  in 
1037. 

Ntstt  Rcccipl  in  \ii6.    1    Nell  Receipt  iu  lU;. 

Exiiihitinit  Produce,  dciincting  Rfpiymnnt 
of  Trade  Vouchere,  Office  KxpvoKs,  &c 

England 
Scotland     - 
Ireland 

Grand  totals    - 

£     ».  d. 

20,337,657  11    9 

1,587,489    7    7 

8,036,579    5    9 

£      «.   d. 
19,331,394  15    3 
1,636,391  19  101 
1,»15,849    3    8i 

£     ».  d. 

18,390,550  19    5 

1,988,170    4    1 

1,770,020    6    3 

£      a.  d. 
17,471,469  in    5t 
1,402,920    6    6 
1,(182,109    7    9 

33,951,719    3    1 

33,893,466  18    3       91,448,741    9    9 

20,536,559    4    SJ 

[For  customs  in  the  United  States,  see  article  Taiuff. — Am.  Ed.] 

CUTLERY,  a  term  used  to  designate  all  manner  of  sharp  and  cutting  instruments  mode 

of  iron  or  steel,  as  knives,  forks,  scissors,  razors,  sheara,  scythes,  &c.     SShetHeld  is  tlie  prin* 

cipal  scat  of  the  cutlery  manufacture ;  but  the  knives  and  other  articles  made  in  London  are 

said  to  be  of  superior  quality. 

The  act  39  Geo.  3.  c.  7.  (rives  the  manufacturers  of  cutlery  m.ide  of  wrought  steel,  the  privilege  of 
marking  or  stamping  thoin  with  the  6gure  of  a  hauiiuer';  niid  prohibits  the  iniuiuf^cturors  ofaiiy 
articles  of  cutlery,  edge  tnols,  or  hardware,  ea.1l  orfonnett  in  a  mould,  or  inanufaclurcd  olliurwise  llinn 
hy  luenns  of  a  hamiiier,  from  marking  or  iiii|ircasiiig  upon  them  the  figure  of  a  hniniiiHr,  or  any  ?yrii- 
biil  or  device  resembling  it,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  all  such  articles,  and  .y.  for  every  dozen.  A  penally 
of  UK.  per  dozen,  exclusive  of  forfeiture,  is  also  iuipoeied  upon  every  pcri-ou  having  arliiles  tif  cutlery 
in  his  possession  for  the  purpose  of  sale,  marked  with  the  words  Londnv,  or  London  madu,  tinlesii  the 
articles  so  marked  have  beeu  really  manufactured  within  the  city  of  London,  or  a  distance  of  20  miles 
from  it. 

CYPRESS,  a  forest  tree  of  which  there  are  many  VDriettes,  the  species  denominated  the 
evergreen  cypress  ( Cupreasua  sempervirena)  and  the  white  cedar  ( Cupresaita  Thyoiiks) 
being  the  most  celebrated. 

The  cypress  is  indigenous  to  the  southern  parts  of  Europe,  to  several  parts  of  Asia,  and 
to  America.  It  grows  to  a  great  size,  and  is  a  most  valuable  species  of  timber.  It  is  never 
attacked  by  worms ;  and  exceeds  all  other  trees,  even  the  cedar,  in  durability.  Hence  the 
Athenians,  when  desirous  to  preserve  the  remains  of  their  heroes  and  other  great  men,  had 
tLem  enclosed  in  cypress  coffins ;  and  hence,  also,  the  external  covering  of  the  Egyptian 


DAMAGED  GOODS— DANTZIO. 


857 


*       ,.    i. 

4,317    8  J 

Ctf.lOI    H  6 

37S,0(iO    3  7 

S7,58U    0  Q 

978,48J  19  1 

89S  18  10 
US  13    8 

401,852    4  10 

S7,T'J«    0   4 
87,440    9   it 


l,J03,Ui«)    6    6 


0 

«95,770  9  1 

10 

166,013  14  5 

7 

»,:)!«  6  2J 

u 

70.1,544  12  0 

11 

I0,!!62  13  01 

lU 

18,.'i(i3  7  5 

1 

120,928  2  J 

0 

86,138  2  5 

0 

35,191  jn  3 

H 

15,643  3  i 

4 

1.13,001  19  5 

3 

20,556,559  4  8J 

&    I    NeliReceiin  iu  ll>37, 

ire,  dedtictinji:  R^-piymnnt 
era.  Office  titpcDici,  «c. 


£  s.  d. 

17,471,469  10    5i 

1,402,920  6    6 

l,<iS2,169  7    9 


20j5i6,559    4    8i 


instruments  mode 
•hetiield  is  tlie  prin- 
iiado  in  London  are 


(teel,  the  privilege  of 
maniifiiclurors  otaiiy 
lured  olliurwise  tlinn 
laiiirnHf,  or  iitiy  s'yiii- 
ry  (lozm.  A  penally 
iiil{  uriieles  (if  ciillery 
<i(lon  made,  unless  tho 
a  distance  of  20  miles 


es  denominated  the 
.pressus  Tliyddes) 

parts  of  Asia,  and 
imber.  It  is  never 
liility.  Hence  the 
ler  great  men,  had 
g  of  the  Eg)pliau 


mummieii  h  made  of  the  «ame  enduring;  material.  The  cypreas  u  laid  to  live  to  a  great  ai^ ; 
gild  this  circumstance,  combined  with  its  thicii  darii  green  foliage,  haa  made  it  be  regarded 
II  the  emblem  of  death  and  the  grave. 

In  his  Geofrraphy  and  History  of  the  Western  Statu  of  Amtriea,  Mr.  Timothy  Flint 
hiM  given  the  following  account  of  the  cyprovs  trcea  found  in  the  iouthem  parts  of  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi : — "  These  noble  trees  rear  their  straight  columns  from  a  larg^e  cone-shaped 
buttress,  whose  circurafcrenee  at  the  ground  is,  perhaps,  3  tinries  that  of  the  regular  Hhafl  of 
the  tree.  This  cone  rises  from  6  to  10  feet,  with  a  regular  and  sharp  taper,  and  from  the 
ipex  of  the  cone  towers  tho  perpendicular  column,  with  little  taper  after  it  has  left  the  cone, 
from  fiO  to  80  fi-et  clear  shaft.  Very  near  the  top  it  begins  to  throw  out  multitudes  of  hori- 
zontal branches,  which  interlace  with  those  of  the  adjoining  trees,  and,  when  bare  of  leaves, 
have  on  air  of  desolation  and  death,  more  easily  felt  than  described.  In  the  season  of  vege- 
tation the  leaves  are  short,  fine,  and  of  a  verdure  so  deep  as  almost  to  seem  brown,  giving  an 
ind(<«cribab!e  air  of  funereal  solemnity  to  this  singular  tree.  A  cypress  forest,  when  viewed 
from  tho  adjacent  hills,  with  its  numberless  interlaced  arms  covered  with  this  dark  brown 
fuliai^e,  has  tho  aspect  of  a  scaffolding  of  verdure  in  the  air.  It  grows,  too,  in  deep  and  sickly 
swBin|>s,  the  haunts  of  fever,  mosquitoes,  moccassin  snakes,  alligators,  and  all  loathsome  and 
ferocious  animals,  that  congregate  far  from  tho  abo<lo  of  man,  and  seem  to  make  common 
cause  with  nature  against  him.  The  cypress  loves  the  deepest,  must  gloomy,  iiiaccessiblu 
swamps ;  and,  south  of  33°,  is  generally  found  covered  with  sable  festoons  of  long  moss, 
hangins;,  like  shrouds  of  mourning  wreaths,  almoat  to  the  ground.  It  seems  to  flourish  best 
when  water  covers  its  roots  for  half  the  year.  Unproinisitig  as  are  the  places  and  circum- 
stances of  its  growth,  no  tree  of  the  country  where  it  is  found  is  so  extensively  useful.  It  is 
free  from  knots,  is  easily  wrought,  and  makes  excellent  planks,  shingles,  and  timber  of  all 
sorts.  It  is  very  durable,  and  incomparably  the  most  valuable  tree  in  the  southern  country 
of  this  valley."— (Vol.  i.  p.  62.) 


D. 


DAMAGED  GOODS,  in  the  language  of  the  customs,  are  goods,  subject  to  duties,  that 
have  received  some  injury  either  in  the  voyage  home  or  in  the  bonded  warehouses. 

It  la  enacted  by  the  3  jc  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  that  if  any  gnnds  rated  to  pay  duty  according  to  the  num- 
ber, measure,  or  weight  thereof  (except  those  alVer  mentioned),  shall  receive  damages  during  the 
vnyagp,  an  abatement  of  such  duties  shall  bo  allowed  proportionally  to  the  damage  so  received ;  pro- 
vided proof  he  made  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioners  of  customs,  or  of  oflicers  acting  under 
their  direction,  that  such  damage  was  received  after  the  goods  were  shipped  abroad  in  the  ship  im- 
porling  the  same,  and  before  they  were  landed  in  the  United  Kingdom ;  and  provided  claim  to  such 
almteineut  of  duties  be  made  at  the  time  of  the  firnt  examination  of  such  goods.—}  30. 

ItiK  furtherenacted,  that  the  ofllcers  of  customs  shall  eximine  such  goods,  and  may  state  the  damage 
which,  iu  tlieir  opinion,  they  have  so  received,  and  may  make  a  proportionate  abatement  of  duties  j 
but  if  the  nificers  of  customs  be  incompetent  to  estimate  such  damage,  or  if  the  importer  be  not  satis- 
fled  with  the  abatement  made  by  them,  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  choose  2  indifTerent  mer- 
chanis  experienced  in  the  nature  and  value  of  such  goods,  who  shall  examine  the  same,  and  shall 
make  and  subscribe  a  declaration,  stating  in  what  proportion,  according  to  their  Judgment,  the  goods 
arc  lessened  in  value  by  such  damage,  and  the  otficers  of  customs  may  make  an  abatement  of  the  du- 
ties according  to  the  proportion  of  damage  declared  by  such  merchants. — {  31. 

Provided  always,  that  no  abatement  of  duties  shall  be  made  on  account  of  any  damage  received  by 
anyof  the  sorts  of  goods  herein  enumerated:  viz.  cocoa,  coffee,  oranges,  pc|>peri  currants,  raisim' 
t%»,  tobacco,  lemons,  and  wine.  — $  32. 

[Sec  article  Abatemknt. — Am,  Ed,}  •  ' 

DAMAR,  a  kind  of  indurated  pitch  or  turpentine  exuding  spontaneously  from  varioua 
trees  indigenous  to  most  of  tho  Indian  islands.  Dllfurent  tr<?ea  produce  diflerent  species  of 
resin,  which  are  designated  according  to  their  colour  and  consistence.  "  One  is  called 
Diiinar-hatu  in  Malay,  or  Damar-seh  in  Javanese,  which  means  hard  or  stony  rosin ;  and 
another  in  common  use  Damar-putck,  or  white  rosin,  which  is  sofler.  The  trees  which 
produce  the  damar  yield  it  in  amazing  quantity,  and  generally  without  the  necessity  of  mak- 
ing incisions.  It  exudes  through  the  bark ;  and  is  either  found  adhering  to  the  trunk  or 
branches  in  large  lumps,  or  in  masses  on  the  ground  under  the  trees.  As  these  often  grow 
near  the  sea-sido,  or  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  tho  damar  is  frequently  floated  away,  and  collected 
in  distant  places  as  drift.  It  is  exported  in  large  quantities  to  Bengal  and  China ;  and  is 
used  for  all  the  purposes  to  which  wo  apply  pitch,  but  principally  in  paying  the  bottoms  of 
ships.  By  a  previous  arrangement,  almost  any  quantity  may  be  procured  at  Borneo,  at 
tho  low  rate  of  ^dollar  per  picul." — {Crawfurd,  East.  Archip,  vol.  i.  p.  455.,  vol.  iii. 
p.  480.) 

DAMASK  (Ger.  Dimasten  Tafekettg  {  Hn.  Damashwerk ,•  Tt.  Venise,  Damai  ,•  It. 
Tela  damasehina  ,•  Sp.  Tela  admnaacada  ,•  Raa,  Kamtackalniiii  salfftki),  a  species  of  table 
linen. — (See  Linex.) 

DANTZIC,  one  of  the  principal  emporiums  of  the  north  of  Europe,  in  West  Prussia,  in 
laL  64°  •iO'  49"  N.,  Ion.  18°  3S'  E.  Population  about  5t>,000.  It  is  situated  ou  the  luft 
3a9 


I''  i 


::l  , 


lA, 


sir 


ii.-' 


^m 


DANTZIC. 


or  wextorn  bank  (>r  flio  Vintula,  about  4  milen  from  whore  it  fnlli  Into  the  iea.  The  harboiu 
\n  at  the  mouth  of  the  rivrr,  and  i«  ilefinidfcl  on  curh  Mo  by  pretty  itronf(  fort*.  The  town 
in  traverxod  by  tlio  iimull  river  Motlau,  wliich  haa  itcen  rendered  navigable  for  veRaclR  draw- 
ing 8  or  9  ffft  water. 

Riiaih,  Pari,  i^-e.— The  rond  or  bnynf  Diint/.lc  In  rovpred  on  Ihe  west  nlde  hy  n  lonj,  imrrnw,  Inw 
iiiinrty  lon"iie  of  Innil,  nxtflndin);  from  Krucrhnft  Point  (on  wiiitli  l«  n  llirlit-liiniiic),  In  Im.  M"  ,<(|i'' 
Inn.  n°  9.1'  l,V',  iipwiirdvnf  SOinili!*,  in  nn  B.  UyH.  dlriiclion.liaviiiff  Ihii  uninll  townorilccln,  or  lii'iV 
neiir  Iti  t(!rinlniill<in,  A  IlKtit-lioitau,  elcviUnd  13.1  fei^  (l''iig.)  nlmvn  thr.  levi^l  of  tlio  himi,  liiia  Iit.i>i| 
erected  within  iibout  ^  a  mile  of  tliu  extremity  of  the  point.  The  fliiphnu  nf  tli«  lialit,  ivhlcli  In  a  rn.' 
vnlvInK  one,  micctied  t'lirh  otlinr  every  I  miniile.  Dnntzic  liei  nliout  H.  i  W,  (ti>n\  llie  llcei ;  it*  (ion 
dHnoiiiinutnd  Hip  KnirwHler,  biting  dlHtant  about  4  Ifatiiivs.  'I'liore  in  good  RnrlioriiKa  in  lh«  rmttU  lirr 
khiim  of  luiy  biirdiin  ;  but  they  nro  «x|H»od,  except  iinuiediulfly  under  Hie  Il>>i>l.  to  ihH  mrih  nml 
nnrlli-ciiNterly  wind.'.  Tliern  uro  barliour  il(tht»  Bt  the  cnlriince  to  the  |>ort.  All  ibliiiipnlrrlnitiliii 
Vigliiln  iiiuit  hcnve  to  nboiit  a  iiiiie  olT  the  port,  nnd  tal(e  a  pilot  nn  hoiird  ;  nnd  piiotii  niiiHl  iilu  iivn  hi^ 
onipioyiid  in  inoviiis  nhijiii  in  tiie  linrliour.nr  in  soing  up  nnd  down  Hie  rlviir.  Tlii>  usual  ili'|iili  of  wi. 
tcr  ut  the  mouth  of  the  rivpr  li  frnin  12  to  13  fort  (Bng.)  ;  in  tlie  hiirhoiir,  from  1.1  lo  1 1  reel ;  nt  ihn 
roiiflufnco  of  the  Molliiii  witli  th«  Vlxtuln,  from  U lo  Oi  fuel;  nnd  in  town  from  8  loBf.til.  Mcili^ 
have  been  orortnd  on  holh  Hides  Ihe  nntrnnce  lo  tlie  harbour :  liial  nn  tlin  iinBtcrn  hIiIv,  which  \a  nidm 
expontid,  ii  convtructed  of  granite,  but  in  not  yet  couipluted ;  tlie  other  in  partly  of  atone  and  jmrlly  of 
timber. 

Traift  nf  Danlzic. — Next  to  Petersburg,  Dantzic  is  tho  most  important  commerrinl  riiy 
in  tho  north  of  Europe.  It  owes  ita  distinction  in  tliis  roHpcrt  to  its  situation  ;  the  Vi^tuIll, 
with  its  important  tributaries  tho  Bug,  Narcw,  &c.  giving  it  tho  command  of  a  great  inter. 
nul  navigation,  and  rendering  it  the  entrrpdt  witere  tl»o  Burj)lus  products  of  Went  Pru8.«ia, 
Poland  as  fur  as  Hungary,  and  part  of  Lithuunia,  aro  exchanged  for  those  imported  from  the 
foreigner.  The  exports  of  wheat  from  Dantzic  are  greater  than  from  any  port  in  the  world. 
Thcro  are  four  sorts  of  wheat  distinguished  here ;  viz.  white,  high-mixed,  mixed,  and  red, 
according  as  the  white  or  red  predominates.  'I'ho  (juality  of  the  Dantzic  whriit  is  for  the 
most  part  excellent ;  for,  though  small  in  the  berry,  and  not  so  heavy  as  many  other  sorts,  it 
is  remarkably  thin  skinned,  and  yields  tho  finest  llour.  The  white  Polixli  wheat  exported 
hero  is  the  best  in  the  Ualtic.  Hye  is  also  very  superior,  btiing  both  clean  and  heavy  ;  niul 
tho  exports  arc  very  large.  The  exports  of  barley  and  oats  are  comparatively  inconsidera- 
ble, and  the  qualities  but  indiiFereat.  Very  fine  white  peas  arc  exported.  Next  to  tirnin, 
timber  is  the  most  important  article  of  export  from  Dantzic.  The  principal  supply  o"  llr 
timber,  masts,  &c.  is  brought  by  the  River  Narew,  which,  with  its  branches,  rixe  in  Old  Prussia 
and  Lithuania,  and  fulls  into  the  Bug  near  the  confluence  of  tho  latter  with  the  Vistula. 
Ouk  plank,  staves,  &c.  are  brought  down  from  tho  higher  parts  of  tho  Vistula,  and  the  tri' 
butary  streams  of  Dunajctz,  Wieprez,  &c.  Weed  ashes,  pearl-ashes,  bones,  zinc,  wool, 
spruce  beer,  feathers,  &c.  are  also  exported. 

.Wowey.— Accounts  used  formerly  to  be  wholly  kept  in  piildens,  Rullders,  or  florins  of  SO  (trnschpn. 
The  rix'dollar -3  florinfl^OU  groschviis: 270  schillings  =  1,020  pfennings.  The  florin  or  guildnr^'JiJ. 
(terline,  and  the  rixdollnr  :<:  3i>.  3d. 

A  new  pystem  was,  hownvcr,  Introdiired  into  all  parts  of  the  Prunsinn  dominions,  cnnfnrmahly  In 
the  decrees  of  the  30th  of  Scptenihcr,  1621,  nnd  of  the  32d  of  June,  Ib'i'ii  but  it  has  not  hilhcrto cii- 
tirely  Biiperscded  the  method  of  accounting  previously  in  use. 

Tile  Cologne  mark  (containing  3,609  Kng.  grains)  is  the  weight  at  present  used  In  the  PriicBiiin  mint 
in  weighing  tlic  precious  metals.  The  fineness  of  the  coins  is  not  determined,  as  previously,  by 
carats  or  lolhs,  but  the  mnrk  is  divided  for  this  purpose  into  t2x8  grains.  Accounts  are  now  liept  In 
the  public  olhces  in  thalers  or  dollars  (R.),  silver  groschen,  and  pfennings:  1  dol.i=30sil.  gr. ;  Ull. 
gr.  =  12  pf. 

Tho  only  silver  monies  now  coined  are  dollars  and  1-6  dollar  pieces ;  but  smaller  coins  arc  in  circu- 
lation, of  former  coinages. 

The  Prussian  silver  coins  have  J  of  alloy  ;  nnd  as  tho  mark  is  coined  into  14  dollars,  each  should  cer- 
tain 'HiiQfi  ling,  grains  pure  silver,  and  lie  worth  about  'in.  1U<<.  sterling  ;  but  the  assays  do  not  always 
strictly  coincide  with  the  mint  valuation. 

The  gold  coins  are  Frederick  d'ors,  double,  single,  and  half  pieces.  The  mark  of  386  grains,  having 
SfiO  grains  of  fine  gold,  is  coined  into  35  Fred,  d'ors.  The  Fred,  d'ur  Is  worth  from  5  dtil.  18  sll.  gr.  tu 
S  dol.  22  sil.  gr.,  according  to  the  demand. 

Weights  and  JUeuiu res. —The  commercial  weights  are, 


1  Small  stone. 
1  Large  stone. 


■  103'3lbs.  avolrdupolia 


32   Loths  =     I  Ounce.  20  Pounds 

16   Ounces       a     I  Pound.  33  Pounds 

Ifii  Pounds       =:     1  I.ispound. 
110  lbs.  =  I  centner;  3  centners  =t  1  shippound  (330  Ihs.)  ;  100  lbs.  of  Dantzic  :> 
46-85  kilog.  =  94-7  lbs.  of  AniBterdam  ^DO  G  lbs.  of  Humburgb. 
The  liquid  measures  are,  for  beer, 

S    Quarts    >    1  Anker     I     Q  Ilhds.    >=    1  Both. 
i    Ankers   =    1  Aliui.  2  Iloth      =     1  Fuder. 

U  Ahm       -    1  Ilhd.        |     2  Fuder    -    1  Last  =  6204  Eng.  wine  gallons. 
In  wino  measure,  which  is  less  than  beer  measure,  the  ahm  =  39}  Eng.  gallons.    The  pipe  =2ahms. 

The  last  ofcorncsS}  maltcrs=.  60schefris  =  240  vierlels^^  900  melzen  ;  nnd  weighs  4,030  Ihs.  Dant- 
zic weight  In  rye.  The  schefTel  =  '547  of  a  hectolitre  =  l-;>52  Winchester  bushel.  Hence  tiie  last  of 
Mschetrels=  11  quarters  3  bushel ;  the  lust  of  .W.V  schcfTels-  lOqiiarlers?  bushels. 

The  Dantzic  foot  =  113  Eng.  inclips,  or  100  Dantzic  feet  =^9110  Eng.  feet.  •  The  ell  is  2  feet  Dnnlzir 
ineasure.  The  Rhineland  or  Prussian  foot  =  ■3138 French  metres,  or  12-3.56  Eng.  inches:  hence  100 
Prussian  =  102-8  English  feet.  The  Prussian  or  Berlin  ell  has  25i  Prussian  inches  =  2lV-2.')6  Eiie.  ditto. 
100  Berlin  ells  °  72  U3  Eng.  yards ;  and  137142  Berlin  ells  r^  100  Eng.  yards.  14$  Prussian  miles  are 
equal  to  15  geographical  miles. 

Oak  planks,  deals,  and  pipe  staves,  arc  sold  by  the  shock  of  60  pieces ;  wheat,  rye,  to.  are  sold  by 
tlie  last  of  90i  scheflels.— (A'eKy't  Cambitt ;  J^tlktnbreckcr,  Munutl  Uaiverael.) 


DANTZIC. 


6B0 


I  Ihe  MB.  The  harbour 
trong  forta.  The  tuwn 
ignlilc  for  vesRoU  draw- 

If  hy  n  Innu,  imrrnw,  Inw 
lit-lioiitc).  In  lilt.  M"  .'O'' 
ill  l«)wn<il'llccln,i)r(|,.,'.|' 
>vi:\  of  llie  K(Mi,  liiK  hui'ii 
niiB  llRlit,  HhiihUar...' 
.  (Vi)iii  llie  lli>el ;  lirt  |i,„|, 
iiii'liiiriiva  in  lliii  rmtiU  lor 

Iloel,  In  lliH  rorih  nn<| 
rt.  All  •lil|iii(<nii'rini{tlM. 
mill  pllotii  iiiiiKt  iilwavH  lip 

Tliit  usual  ili'inli  of  \vi|. 
from  13  ID  1 1  f,.ct ;  HI  ihn 

from  8  to  (t  fii'i,  M"ln 
iBlirn  utile,  whlrli  U  mm 
rlly  (irstuiKi  uiid  imrllyof 

ortnnt  coinmrrritil  city 

situatiori ;  tho  Vistula, 

nniand  of  a  great  intor- 

)(luct8  of  Wf  Ht  Prussia, 

hose  imported  from  the 

any  port  in  tiie  worlil. 

■mixed,  m'txr.d,  and  red, 

3antzie  wheat  is  fur  the 

as  mariy  other  sdrts,  it 

Polisli  wheat  exportoil 

clean  and  heavy  ;  niul 

iiparatively  iiicoimiJcra- 

ported.     Next  to  i>riiin, 

principal  supply  o'  lir 

ches,  riHe  in  Old  I'rusKJa 

latter  with  the  Vistula. 

tho  Vistula,  and  the  tri> 

lies,  hones,  zinc,  wool, 


or  florins  of  no  irrnschpn. 
tie  florin  or  guilil(ir-9ii. 

nininlnnd,  confnrmnWy  to 
it  liOH  imt  liillierto  eii- 

laed  in  the  rniMian  mint 
lined,  as  previmiiily,  by 

LccountB  nru  now  kept  in 
ldol.=^30sil.  gr.  :l8il. 

nailer  coins  are  in  circii- 

illnrs,  each  nhould  cnn- 
tlie  assays  dii  not  always 

irk  of  288  grain?,  having 
Iron)  5  dol.  18  sil.  gr.  tu 


I  stone. 
I  stone. 

1 103'3  lbs.  avoirdupoiiE 


ine  gnllonR. 

The  pipe  =  3  ahms, 

weighs  'l,C!)0  lliH.  Dant- 

hel.    Ilencc  the  last  uf 

ihels. 

I'lie  ell  is  2  feet  Dantzic 

Eng.  inches :  hence  100 

hes  =  20-236  Enir.  ditto. 

14$  Trussian  iiiilus  are 

at,  rye,  &c.  are  sold  by 


Importi. — Wo  rrgret  our  Inahility  to  lay  hofore  th«  render  any  account  of  the  qnontitiea 
of  the  different  articles  usually  imported  into  Dantzic.  'J'hey  eoimiat  of  nugur,  colfeo,  wine, 
oil,  brandy,  spices,  copper,  Iead,.fur8,  cotton  stuffs  and  cotton  yarn,  woollens,  hardware,  lilki, 
indigo,  dye  woods,  dec.  ,       _       , 

We  subjoin  an  ' 

Account  of  the  principal  Articles  exported  fl-nm  Dnntxic  diirlni  enrh  of  tho  Throe  Tears  endlnf  with 
1W3I,  with  their  Prices  and  Vuliies  In  Hturllng  Mimey. 


ArliclM. 

1830. 

18.10. 

1831. 

Averao 

Kynii 

1  Avrmfr 
Ouin-   I'ricci  ill 
lity.      SlmiiK 

()iiaa- 
llly. 

I'rirai  In 

KtrrlilK 

Viliw. 

(J'lan- 
lily. 

PrlcM  in 
Nlerllim 

Valu*. 

Valui. 

Mopry. 

Money. 

1  Slwy. 

/..   «.  d. 

L.       1.  i. 

L.  1.  d. 

L.       1. 

d. 

,1.  1.  d. 

L.       t.  d. 

Whwt,  Imp.  ijr.  •!  10  1-3 

p.rlul  '    '  • 

aoCTM 

3    T     1 

7.?3,I7>    «  10 

B9«.WS 

2    2    2 

iAn,\M  7 

4 

133.800   2  10    e 

ais,Fis  0  0 

R)!,.!!!!-) 

7H,'!7J 

0  17    4 

V7,*Vi    6    B 

Sf.,074 

1    0    3 

Wi,137    8 

b 

li,'i\0    1     8    « 

I7,8.S    S    0 

Birfey,  ilillo      • 

8,671 

0  13    S 

4.1'il     S    0 

7.30" 

0  1)    0 

(i,f.i«    0 

0 

ii,o«o  1    1  a 

13.410    0    0 

om,  iiiiio 

9,197 

0  10  II 

».OiO    0    7 

81.40] 

0  113 

II, 0>]  19 

0 

.',230  0  ir.    c 

1,719    0    0 

Pmi,  dilto 

3,Mi 

0  IS    e 

3.ii'i3  10    S 

I0.III6 

1    0    8 

17.479  17 

4 

lj,»-.0    1     7    7 

2l,8-,9  n  10 

Flour,  lurrrli  nf  190  lU, 

3.016 

1    8    0 

8,3IH    8    0 

ll.«IO, 

1   1  e 

13,0,13  IS 

0 

13    1     2    0 

13    4    0 

Biltulli,  1- •*>  nf  1  c«l. 

3,3  J4 

0  10    0 

l.lili    0    0 

lOSiSl 

0  III    0 

6.1:9  IS 

0 

6,<»3    Olio 

3.813  13    0 

fiTliml«r,<qii.-irec),  piwin 

6t,7U4 

1    0    0 

61,794    0    0 

47,M8 

1    0    0 

47,418    0 

0 

37,497;   1     0    C 

37,497    0    0 

rlr  ilMli,  long,  ihorl,  mid 

oi%dillo 

200,3W 

0    4    0 

tK.m\  12    0 

870.300 

0    4    0 

84,001  IS 

0 

179,168    0    4    0 

K.l-M    4    0 

MuU»iidipirTi,dllto    . 

l,oni 

1  IS    U 

1,7)1  \i    n 

3.707 

1   10    0 

4.UI0  10 

(1 

313    2    0    0 

636    0    0 

OU  pLink,  dlllo 
limber,  ■lillo 

liflW 

0    9    0 

S,70l     1     0 

IO.i(W 

0    8  10 

4,iH    S 

8 

111,700    0  10    0 

93-1:1  0  0 

2,04i 

1    3    0 

2,318    C    0 

1,674 

1     3    0 

1,926    i 

0 

1, 197,   1    3    0 

M7S  II    0 

lUTci,  ihocit   of  60 

pirtM       • 

n,484 

1  IS    6 

30.9!I9  12    0 

11,018 

2    0    0 

CnM    0 

0 

6,210,  8  14    6 

16,923    B    0 

Clspboanli,  Jillo 
TrrfMill.  Hillo  • 

'", 

A    0    0 

^-^  0  0 

W 

IS    0    0 

NO    0 

0 

S2    S    0    0 

300    0    0 

S,66lJ 

0    1    6 

424  13    3 

2,8V. 

0    1     6 

214    2 

fi 

S,420    0    1     6 

4C«  10    0 

LiIIuvcmmI,  f.i'llomi 

933 

3    0    0 

1,llt>6    0    0 

l,IOil 

3    0    0 

2,3UJ    0 

0 

836    2    0    0 

1,873    0    0 

Weed-uhw,  barrel  ofibout 

3cwl, 

S,.110 

1  13    0 

13,744  10    0 

6, '.87 

1  13    0 

I0.SO8  11 

0 

6.078    1  13    0 

8,378  14    0 

PnrluhM,  cwt. 

13,™ 

1    2    0 

I4,9i7    0    0 

2,1>.-. 

1    2    0 

2.733  10 

0 

300    1    3    0 

4'!4    7    0 

BnilM,  dillo 

«,-l6ili 

2    S    0 

13,^17  17    6 

4.MJ 

2    S    U 

I0.37.'S    4 

0 

3.WI7.  8  10    0 

9.M7  10    0 

Zinc,  dill'i 

2S,1I0* 

0  12    8 

wfiya   6   8 

29,7«7 

0  12    8 

ls.s,3    » 

8 

2,0401  0  13    4 

I.HI6  14    0 

Wool,  clillo 

1.3X31 

7  13    8 

9,*(3    4    0 

I.W 

7  15    2 

I4.?I0  10  10 

4S4    8    8    0 

3.813  18    0 

riuthtrl,  prainill 

30,010 

0    1    8 

2,100  11     8 

83,'-iJ 

0    1    2 

1,331  e 

2 

I3,S30    0    1     3 

7S9    9    0 

Saltfd  prnviiinni,  barrel  of 

200  Jtomifls      - 

157 

3    4    0 

34*    8    0 

S7H 

2    4    0 

837    4 

0 

4->    8    4    0 

99    0    0 

Spructibeer,  ke^           • 

Z9,4(>0 

0    6    6 

8,™  10    0 

30,039 

0    6    6 

9,T(ri  13 

6 

26,191    0    0    0 

8,513    1    6 

Total  value 

— 

— 

LOiI.-ill     2  10 

— 

— 

1,I8>,W.  13 

6 

—          — 

S2U,953  10    4 

Account,  shnwinz  the  rmintrics  for  which  the  principal  \rticlRS  exported  from  Drintzic  during  tha 
Three  Years  ending  with  1331  were  shipped,  and  the  Quantities  shipped  fur  each. 


Artlcici. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831.                 1 

nritain 

rl 

Britain 

b. 

•A 

nritain 

■A 

Other 
Conn- 

and  her 
P.iwa. 

1 

3 

Oiher 

and  her 
Po«ri' 

Other 
Couiitrici. 

and  ber 
I'naae^' 

^ 

1 

aioiif. 

b. 

a 

•lorn. 

B 

tiona. 

h 

Whni,  Imp.  qr.  at 

10  1.3  per  lait     • 

214,933 

24.169 

61.511 

3.070 

328,9«2 

21,473 

■11070 

4,103 

125.330 

_ 

7,008 

5ra 

llre,aillo    . 

8,9« 

9  4^5 

.10,860 

88,074 

8,453 

f>3  28.7,53 

47,816 

2,510 

— 

4,5«.| 

S,456 

Rarity,  dillo 

3,64« 

237 

2,118 

C72 

4,I3S 

-m 

788 

2.4.3 

1I,3H0 

— 

— 

300 

Hall,  dillo  • 

8,933 

874 



20,P97 

^ 

_ 

4ii> 

2.3>0 

6t6 

Prat,  dillo  - 

8,414 

817 

181 

14,312 

.- 

1,768 

836 

l4,7l-0 

— 

6(» 

flour,  barrel!  of  196 

lln. 

2.016 

.. 

.» 

_ 

8926 

» 

2,776 

108 

to 

** 

^ 

2 

Riiciiils. ballon  civl. 

3,234 

.. 

.« 

^ 

10,3M7  1-2 

^ 

72 

6,732 

— 

^ 

800 

Fir  limber,   iquareil. 

piece,      . 
Fir  dcaU,  Ion?,  ihorl, 
Mil  cm,,  di  10      • 

31,233 

21,013 

7,R52 

1,697 

26,639 

10,379 

8,622 

1,908 

33,612 

2,1.53 

1,115 

598 

98,609 

92,090 

00,724 

38,8,1$ 

15.604 

88.913 

48,7.1s 

40,991 

111,347 

11,005 

18,292 

38,522 

Ma«li  and  ijAra,  ditto 

III 

7-.0 

40 

100 

133 

2.331 

171 

81 

169 

00 

18 

66 

Oak  plank,  dillo     • 

8,129 

2,273 

8,26g 

4,748 

2,317 

M? 

8.721 

2'!3 

1,719 

tiinber,dit(o    . 

1,170 

873 

^ 

»7 

1,227 

^ 

311 

238 

648 

lUvH,   ihock  of 

60  pierea 
("Upboarlj.  dillo    • 

7,873 

7,786  1.2 

864 

940  \>2 

4,S«8 

3,360 

807 

2,457 

5,402 

306 

34 

348 

t07  1.2 

.. 

a 

4t-2 

22 



i! 

4 

44 

II 

Tiecnallj,  dido      . 

S.2-iS  1-2 

__ 

«. 

376 

2.2^8 

_ 

__ 

567 

4.712 

— 

-m 

708 

I.ith>vool,  fathom* 

929 

^ 

^ 

4 

1,096  1-2 

_ 

6 

936 

Weed  aihra,  barrel  of 

abnut3civt. 

2.073 

-^ 

&245 

12 

2,7.'0 

_ 

■Xtfl 

_ 

2,581 

^ 

I.9S7 

610 

Peirlajhei,  cwt.     • 

— 

_ 

10,430 

3,134 

21  12 

.. 

2,2-,I 

212  1-2 

— 

— 

3C9 

Sine*,  dito 

s,'.<n  1-2 

— 



4.M3 

_ 

_ 

3,867 

7.me,  dilto  - 

24.H29 

_ 

~. 

3,R.SI 

25,0-0 

^ 

_ 

4,078 

1,945 

^ 

^ 

1,000 

Wool,  ditto 

1,219  1-2 

_ 

37 

M 

1.709 

_ 

06 

„ 

4 -.4 

FftVh-nv  poun't     ■ 

30.810 

.« 

8,100 

too 

81,003 

_ 

1,402 

330 

13,530 

■^illH  provM'ona,  bar- 
rel n(  200  Ibi.      • 

157 

_ 

^ 

_ 

378 

^ 

^ 

^ 

4 

Spruce  beer,  ke^H  •      24,950 

— 

80 

430 

29,320 

— 

— 

719 

2'.,S46 

— 

— 

349 

Rmnrks  on  Tariff. — The  follnwini;  Table  afTords  a  pretty  siifflciont  specimen  of  the  sort  of  tarifT 
which  the  Prussian  government  are  so  nnxinus  to  extend  all  over  Ccrinaiiy ;  and  in  further.-ince 
of  which  object  they  liave  displayed  equal  addn-ss  and  perFevfriince.  Some  of  the  diitios  nrn  abiin- 
il.iiilly  inndRrnte ;  but  those  on  rottnn  goods,  wrought  Iron,  and  woollen  goods,  are  o'lite  cxorbitonf. 
Il  is  obvious  too,  thill  from  their  being  impnscd  according  to  the  weight,  they  full  principally  on  the 
cnar.icr  fabrics,  or  those  worn  hv  the  iniiss  of  the  people.  Th"  high  duties  on  wrought  iron  are  par- 
ticularly objectionable.  If  Prussia  wi^li  to  become  a  nianufiictiirhig  country,  she  ought  to  open  her 
porta  for  the  reception  of  all  articles  made  of  iron,  from  wherever  tliey  may  be  had  cheapest.  They 
arc  the  principal  instruments  hy  which  manufactures  are  cnrried  on;  and  if  one  5vere  to  set  about 
contriving  methods  for  depressing  the  latter,  they  wouM  not  c«sily  find  one  better  fitted  to  effect  their 
object  than  by  confining  the  manufacturers  in  their  choice  of  tools  and  instruments,  and  making  them 
adopt  tbnsn  that  were  bad  and  dear,  liecnu^e  they  happened  to  be  made  at  home.  The  duties  on  su- 
Ifar  and  colTee  ore  also.  In  the  circumstances  of  Prussia,  ouite  excessive.  We  are,  indeed,  astonished 
that  so  liberal  and  intelligent  a  government  ns  that  of  Berlin  should,  at  this  late  period,  become  the 
patron  of  the  exploded  errors  and  absurdities  of  the  mercantile  system. 

t 


i 


If 

5i^i- 


w 

Ml' 


660 


DANTZIC. 


Bales  of  Duty  on  lh«  chUf  Artlclet  Imported  for  llnme  ConiumplioD  Into  the  Etilern  PiuiiUb 

I'ruvincee  In  IIU9. 


Makn  III 

Mikp«  In 

IrtlclM. 

PniMl** 

RrllMl  Mu—J, 

ArtlfiM. 

fniaalan 

nrl 

..1,  M.,„  r, 

Curraucy, 

~~"^~~ 

Curraii,  y. 



V 

tbuul 

"*"»7"r/r 

(xr 

alM.iil 
Li     i 

A  M  ■  rf- 

AkIw  irtiil,  p*r  wilMr  of 

Oil,  ProfMift,  In 

fa>l».r>tr 

nu  Uii.  Prutota  • 

1    0   0 

tfrt. 

0    I  1011 

c«),  of  llOlla.  I>ruui>ii 

1    0    0 

cwt 

0   S  10  I.J 

Alum           ilih         dn.    ■ 

1  10   0 

*. 

0  a  10 

(rwn 

do.    . 

1    0    0 

_ 

0  i  ,0  |.j 

Almwtt      da,         do.    • 

4  l«   0 

-• 

0  13   0 

r>nn(i  iinl 

do,    . 

4  11    U 

-• 

II  1,1  III 

nniiiKiuiM    ilo.        dih   ■ 

0    II   0 

— 

0    0    AS4 

I'llnrnio 

do.    • 

7  10    0 

— 

1   1   111 

Cnifm          ilo,        do.    . 

H  15   0 

*• 

out 

I'apijar 

do.     ■ 

7  10    0 

— 

1    1   1  1  i 

C»r»n            An,          do.    • 

•  l«    0 

^ 

out 

I'lirtur  ind  •!• 

do,    • 

1  IS    0 

— 

0    7    l\f 

«  RfliU           do.         do.    • 

T  10   0 

^ 

1  1  1 1 J 

Hiiiini 

do,    • 

4  m  0 

— 

0  13    0 

i-urr.tiitt       dn.          do.    • 

4  It    0 

m— 

0  13-0 

Hiro 

do,    . 

a  0  II 

^ 

0    N    1 

Colton  iptniU  ilo.       do.    • 

MOO 

•. 

T  la  0 

Hum  and  trnmlf 

dn,    • 

(10   0 

*- 

1    .10  12 

y.irn,  Mwlnl,  do.  do. 
iwul    do,        dfi.    . 

(10    0 

^ 

0  17  a 

Nunr,  minuUcluftd,  do,  • 

II  0  0 

— 

1  II    « 

10    0 

— 

0   1    • 

raw 

do.    . 

sou 

^ 

0  U    A 

C'mIi             do.          do.    • 

0  1  a 

^ 

0    0    114 

.Synip 

do.    . 

*    0    0 

— 

II  H    t 

Rarthonwim  ,lo.      do.    * 

0  10    0 

— 

0    0  II  |.d 

Mallixlr* 

da    • 

0  10  0 

*-. 

II    0  11  |.( 

01  iM             dn.          dOk    • 

.10   0 

— 

0    I    H 

!lhi,( 

do.    • 

10    0 

— • 

0    /i    »    ' 

(liiijffir          do.          do.    " 

7  10    0 

— 

1  1  111 

marl,  unwroufhl 

do.    • 

1    0    II 

_ 

0    1  10  1.] 

M*rnn^  \mr  barrvl 

1    0   0 

brii. 

0   111 

wrouahi 

do,    ■ 

«    U    0 

_ 

U  17    .1 

Ibr  Iwirf ,  |«r  cwkof  llOlta. 

!lllk  fooda 

do,    • 

no  0  0 

_ 

11  17    II 

rruMlAD  • 

»S    0   0 

«wl. 

7  II  a 

Ta« 

do.    . 

II    0    0 

— 

1   II    II 

lii'lifit          do.         do.    • 

0  11    0 

_ 

0    1    s 

Tin,  In  ban 

do.    ■ 

10    0 

_ 

OIK 

Iron,  im wrought,  (la  han)dn. 

1    0    0 

^ 

0  1  to  1,1 

In  platea 

do,    . 

3  4)    0 

.« 

0  10    7 

oriiuiM           do,    • 

6    0    0 

-« 

n  IT  3 

Vitriol 

do,    • 

0    0    7  1-2 

^ 

0  0  ai« 

l^'vooJ                   do,    • 

0    S    0 

— 

0    0    83^ 

Wmia  laad 

do,    . 

1  n  0 

.m. 

0    1    » 

U>d                          do.    • 

0  1.1   0 

— 

0    1     6 

Wool  Ian  luoda 

d..,    . 

93    0    0 

—, 

4  It    0 

l.in  n                          do.    . 

II    0    0 

*- 

1   II    N 

VViua 

do. 

H    0    0 

w 

1    3  0  11; 

Oil.  Hrofnm,  In  lluki,Ae.da, 

■    0    0 

— 

1    3    Oil 

With  the  exception  of  wool  and  bnnei,  almott  all  artlclci  of  e.xport  nro  duly  frne. 

Corn  Trad*  of  Danltie.—Tht  render  will  And,  under  the  hond  Corn*  I,aw«  aki>  Tohm  Tiiadr  (pp 
S(H>— SU.),  a  pnniy  full  nr.r.oiint  of  tiio  PnllHh  corn  trade.  Rut  Ihii  liiiportitiirii  ul'  tlii!  aiilijisi-t  will  i<(. 
cuan  nur  kIvIiik  n  f«w  ndillllnnul  dHtiilli,  nriilii  In  nlinnst  wholly  hrtiiiKlit  to  l>iiiil/li;  hy  wutor,  in  llm. 
bottiiined  hotita,  nulled  to  the  nnvlgallon  of  thH  Vlatiiln,  Hug,  &c  Mr.  Conaiil  (iiliaim  eKllmut*!*  tlm 
exppnae  of  the  conveynnce  of  wheut  and  rye  thither,  lncliidln||  the  duty  lit  Tburu  and  the  cliarnoa  uf 
turning  on  the  river,  till  put  into  the  granary,  ai  fullowi:— 

IVr.  In  p.  i|<t 

I.  d.      i.  J 

ritim  WlMlaweck  and  lla  nclirhbaurhnnj,  al>oul  140 )  ,   ,  ,   .  , 

mllra  j  I   J  lo  J  ( 

Fnim  Orandeola,  a  diatanra  i4  abfxit  70  uiilin,  i 

no  duly  It  Tliorn,  and  whan  not  turaail  ou  IUo>0  10  —  0  I 

river  J 


Par  Imp,  or, 
f.  d.      f.  A 

From  Itia  uppn  nmrlneaa  on  Iha  Bug,  a  dialaaca  of  I  q 
from '00  in  MO  in  I  In  |* 


Ilo  7  10 

From  ilif  iirovincmi  Crtcnw,  Sondomlr,  and  Lub.  Iji   a       .    . 
lin,  riW)io  310  mil.*  }•    e-S    4 

From  IVaruw  and  Ita  nal|hbaurhood,  about  MOK    g  _  3  n 

JV,  A.— Theia  are  the  ordinary  charges.  They  are  higher  when  there  la  any  untitual  demand  ftir 
cxiKirliitlon. 

Tho  HiiK  haa  many  windlnira,  and  Its  navigation,  which  la  tedloua  and  uncertain,  can  only  he  nl- 
tf>mpted  In  the  aprlnK,  whi'n  the  water  la  high.  It  la  the  aomo,  though  In  a  li  •»  dngrri-,  with  Moiiie  of 
the  rivcra  thut  lull  into  the  Vlatiiln  bi^fure  It  renclica  Waraaw  and  towunla  (.'racow  the  Vistula  Itsrlf 
la  fri"iiioMtly  unnavlgnble,  eapeciully  In  dry  ai-aanna,  nxceiit  In  aprhiR.  and  ifliir  th«  niidxiiimm^r  rulna, 
wlutn  the  anow  melti  nn  the  Darpntliinn  ninuntalna.  The  navlRiitloii  <if  tho  PoIIhIi  rivcra  In  WWi 
wa«  more  thiin  uaually  bad.  The  corn  from  tho  upper  provlncca  did  not  riMirh  l)unt/.li'  till  trniir.i  tu  t 
pionlbii  Inter  than  uaiiiil,  and  waa  burdened  with  a  very  heavy  additional  oxpi-nsir.  In  f:ivt,  tlio  hiiji- 
pllfg  (if  grain  at  Danlzic  depend  quite  ua  much  on  the  abiinifance  of  water  in  tliu  rivera,  or  mi  tlioir 
eaay  nuvleatlon  in  aunimnr,  aa  on  tho  goodneaa  of  the  harveata. 

"There,  are,"  aaya  Mr,  Jacob,  "two  niodi'a  of  conveying  whnot  toDnntzli'  by  Ibp  Vistula.  Ttint 
which  crowa  near  th>>  lower  pnrta  of  the  rivpr,  comprehending  I'lilinh  lliioxii.nnd  part  of  tiiu  pro- 
vlncR  (if  I'liirK,  and  nf  Mnaovia,  In  the  kingdom  of  Tolarrl,  which  la  gnnerally  of  an  Infrrinr  quality, 
i«  ciinveycd  in  covered  boata,  with  ahlftlng  bnarila  th'it  protect  the  curRo  frmn  the  ruin,  but  not  fruiii 
pilfi-riiig,  Theae  veaaela  ne  long.and  draw  nhnut  lAlncbca  wut(!r,  and  brln!(  about  iJOquiirlcraof 
wheat,  Thi'v  are  not,  however,  au  well  calculated  for  the  upper  paria  of  tint  river,  I'roni  (Jrucow, 
where  the  VlHtiila  tirat  liecomea  navigable,  to  below  the  Junction  of  the  Rui{  with  that  alrcBin, 
llie  wheal  ia  inoatly  conveyed  to  Unntzio  In  open  tiata,  Theao  are  constructed  on  the  banliK,  ia 
seacona  uf  leiaure,  on  apnta  far  frmn  the  ordinary  reach  of  the  water,  but  which,  when  the  r.iina 
of  autumn,  or  the  melted  enow  of  the  Carpathian  inountulna  in  the  spring,  lill  and  overlluw  the  river, 
are  easily  floated. 

"  Uargea  of  thia  doacrlption  are  about  79  feet  long,  and  20  brnnd,  with  a  depth  of  21  feet.  They  nro 
made  of  tir,  rudely  put  together,  fialened  with  wooden  treenails,  the  corners  dovetailed  and  secured 
with  slight  Iron  clamps, — the  only  Iron  employed  In  their  conatrurtion, 

"  A  large  tree,  the  length  of  the  vessel,  runs  along  tho  bottom,  to  which  the  timbers  are  Hrrnred. 
This  roughly  cut  keelson  rises  9 or  10  inches  from  the  floor,  and  hurdles  are  laid  on  it,  wliiih  exienil 
10  tint  side.4.  They  ore  covered  with  mats  nmdii  of  rye  straw,  and  serve  tho  purpone  of  ilunniiue; 
leaving  below  a  space  In  which  tho  water  that  leaks  through  the  aides  and  bottom  is  reieived.  Tlio 
hulk  is  kept  from  tho  aides  and  ends  of  llie  barge  by  a  similar  plan,  Tho  water  which  these  111- 
couslructed  and  imperfectly  cuulked  vessela  receive,  is  dipped  out  at  the  end  und  sides  of  ihc  iiiilk  uf 
wheat. 

"  Vessels  of  thla  deacription  draw  from  10  to  14  Inches  water,  and  yet  they  frequently  get  aground 
In  descending  the  river.    The  cargoes  usually  consist  of  from  180  to  MO  quarters  of  wheat, 

"Tiie  wheat  la  thrown  on  the  mats,  piled  as  high  as  the  gunwale,  and  left  uncovered,  e.tposed  tnnll 
the  ini'lemeni'lea  of  the  weatlii^r,  and  to  the  pilfering  of  the  crew.  During  the  passage,  the  barge  is 
carried  along  by  the  force  of  the  stream,  oars  being  merely  used  at  the  bead  and  stern,  to  steer  >l  »r 
of  the  sand  banks,  which  are  numerous  and  shilling,  and  to  direct  tho  vesael  in  passing  under  llie 

*  A  cask,  or  U  barrel,  weighs  about  5i  cwt, 

f  A  puncheon  of  DO  to  100  gallons  weijflig  U  to  9  cwt.,  according  to  the  degree  of  atrength. 

i  A  hogshead  wcigha  about  !>i  cwt. 


PANTZIO. 


501 


)  tht  EuUrn  Trunhn 


«ikf«lii        1 

nmUn 

Brli.ili  Miiu,.,,     1 

rmii,  y. 

^ 

|i.r 

alMiiit 

TJ.TF 

rv  4 

0    0 

ewL 

0   IIOIl 

0    0 

^ 

0   i  .11  Ii 

IS    0 

-• 

II  1.1  lU 

10    0 

— 

1  1  111 

lU    0 

— 

1     1    1  w 

■  »    0 

— 

0  7  aiii 

\h    0 

— 

a  13  0 

0    II 

^ 

n  N  I 

0   0 

— 

1   .1  a\i 

0  0 

"- 

t  II   > 

0    (1 

^ 

0  U    A 

0    0 

— 

II  H    6 

10    0 

— 

II  0  ;i  \i 

0    0 

»> 

a  \  » 

0    II 

— 

n  i  10  i.'i 

U    0 

— 

U  17    .1 

0    0 

.. 

\\  17    i 

0    0 

— 

1  II  a 

n  0 

.. 

HID 

ill    0 

~^ 

0  III   7 

0    7li 

-. 

II  0  m-i 

n   0 

— 

0  ■,  t 

0    « 

— 

4  M    0 

0   0 

^ 

13   011; 

y  ftrra. 

•n  AND  roil<l  Tll»DE  (pp 
-II  Ul*  i\\V  llllljlltl  will  K\. 

)uiUieli'.  Iiy  wiitor,  In  lint. 
■  Ill  (iiliniiii  eKti:nul«ii  tli>i 
burn  uiiil  tliu  cliarKei  uf 


lurhnn.!,  stboill  MO) 

about   70  uiilin, 
•ot  turD«l  oil 


Pe».  I»p.  nf, 
-  d.     I.  li 

I  1  to  3  ; 


Ii»,  1 
IhulO  10  - 


0  t 


iny  uniiiual  demanil  for 

■certain,  can  nnly  he  n|. 
fn  dnxri'i',  with  soiiie  iil' 
Jrncow  the  Visliilii  Itself 
r  Ihn  iiililKiiiiiini'r  ruiim, 
ho  rollHli  rlvcra  in  IH:i'.! 
h  l)uiit/.ii'  till  rrnm'itu  I 
MMiKc.  In  fuut,  tlip  mill- 
n  llu!  riveri*,  or  mi  their 

I.y  the  Vlstiiln.  Thai 
nii/nnd  part  of  Ihu  pro. 
y  of  nn  Infi-rior  qiiallly, 
III  tlic  ruin,  but  not  from 
I!,'  iilmiit  I JO  quiirtcm  of 
n  river.  From  Cruiow, 
Iliia  with  that  itrrniii, 
u(  tud  on  Ihu  Irinitii,  in 
whirh,  whun  tliv  raiiia 
mid  ovurlluw  Ihu  river, 

Ii  of  'it  fpct.  Thi<y  nre 
duveiailod  and  neciiri'd 

hi!  tlinhprs  nro  Hfrnrod. 
aid  on  it,  wliiih  cxtvnil 

purpoNt'  of  diiiin;ii.'v; 
iltoin  18  rori'lvcd.    Tlio 

w.'iti'r  w  hich  Ihi'ne  ili- 
iiil  Hideii  of  the  hulkuf 

freqiiontly  (fi-l  aground 
rs  of  whviit. 
icoverod,  exposed  to  nil 

patiHagc,  the  linrge  is 
nd  Morn,  to  steer  ilnr 

I  ill  pasning  under  tli9 


10  of  (treagtb. 


Mvcml  brlifftt.  Tttxf*  ▼«•»!»  hm  rnnilMfloil  hy  «  or  7  mm.  A  innH  houl  prnr rriln  with  il  miin  In 
It,  who  II  •niploysd  aiMitidlniilii  orilur  to  avoid  Ihu  uhlftlnii  ihoala.  'Ihiii  iiioilu  ofnaviniilhif  It  ii«r.ni< 
•nnly  viiry  alow  I  and  during  Ihn  prnfriiia  of  li,  whlrh  liiata  axvernl  wcKka,  iind  «v«n  nionlln,  lh« 
ram,  If  any  M\,  aoon  raiiaxa  Ihi*  wliriii  to  urow,  and  lli«  vraaol  aaaiini)>a  the  a|i|iitnranrii  ofa  flimtlnf 
ini-aitiiw.  Thi<  ahoollni  of  tlin  tlhrna  aoon  forma  b  Ihlrk  mat,  and  pritvi'nia  the  rain  from  ptMiulratlng 
niMrnlhan  an  Inrh  or  two.  Thn  main  hulk  It  protuctod  hy  ihli  kind  iif  cuvurlng,  and,  when  Ibal  it 
thrown  aaliln.  It  found  In  tiili<r«hlii  rnndlllon. 

"  Thn  vnmkIk  are  hroknii  up  at  Uanlxle,  and  iiiiially  itll  for  about  f  of  their  original  coit.  Tht  men 
whoronilni't  tliHui  rt'tiirii  on  fool, 

"M'iiiin  tun  rargo  nrrlvri  at  llnntzle  or  F.lhing,  all  but  the  grown  aiirf;icn  la  thrown  on  the  Und, 
ipri'iiil  abroad,  vxpoand  to  Ihn  aim,  and  frei|nvnlly  turned  ovrr,  till  nny  ali'jhl  molalnrn  II  may  havii 
linhiheil  la  dried,  Ifailiowerof  rain  lUlla,  at  wul)  at  during  the  iiIkIii,  iliii  hunpa  of  wheat  on  Ihu 
ihore  lire  thrown  logmher  In  the  form  of  a  tlenp  roof  of  a  lionae,  thui  thu  rain  may  run  oir,  and  nra 
riivi'rnd  with  a  IIiimii  rioili.  It  la  tliiia  trei|iiently  u  long  timti  ufu-r  the  wheat  hna  reached  Dantxir, 
before  It  It  til  to  lie  placed  In  the  warrhouana. 

"Thn  wari'lioutnt  luptirhirt)  are  very  wull  adapted  for  ttorliig  corn.  Thry  roniiat  generally  of  7 
ilnrlea,  .1  of  which  are  In  the  roof.  The  Hoora  are  about  U  feet  aaunder.  Kai  li  of  them  It  divided  by 
pi'i|)iiiiillnilar  parlllloiit,  the  whole  length,  about  t  feet  high,  b)  which  dllTeri'nt  parrula  nru  kept  illa- 
tliii't  from  each  other.  'Ihiia  the  tloiirt  have  U  divialona,  each  i>i'  Ihein  eapiihle  of  atoring  from  111!  In 
SIKIipiarlera  of  wheal,  and  leaving  aiittlclent  apace  for  turning  ami  acruuijing  It.  There  are  aliiindancu 
nf  wliidowi  nn  each  lloor,  which  are  nlwayt  thrown  open  in  dry  wi'alber  li>  ventilate  the  corn.  It  it 
uauallv  turned  over  3  llmea  a  week.  The  men  who  perform  the  operation  throw  it  w.''li  their  ihovelt 
la  high  aa  ihey  can,  and  Unit  Iho  gi  |i  are  tcparatud  from  each  other,  and  expoted  lu  the  drying  In- 
Alienee  nf  the  air, 

"The  whole  of  the  corn  warehoute*  now  left  (for  many  wore  burnt  during  the  ale^e  of  I8H\  are 
cajialde  of  itiirlngS(K),INKI<|uarlert  of  wheat,  iiipputlng  the  qiiartart  to  he  largo  enough  to  till  eujh  of 
thn  Idiviaiont  of  thn  lloort  with  a  leparale  heap;  but  ot  of  latu  yoara  It  hua  coniu  down  from  I'o- 
IamiI  In  aniallur  parnjla  than  formerly,  and  of  morn  varlnua  qualltiea,  which  miiat  of  ncceaaity  be  kept 
diatlnrt,  the  present  alork  of  ahoni  SHO,OflO  ipiarlcrt  It  foiinil  to  occupy  nearly  Ihu  whoitt  of  Ihoag 
wnrelioiiaea  which  nro  In  repair,  or  are  odvnniageoiialy  titiiatcd  for  Inadlng  the  ahipH.  HhipH  nre  load- 
ad  by  ganga  of  portera,  with  great  duaputuh,  who  will  complete  a  cargo  ul  iUO  i|unrlert  In  about  3  ur  4 
hoiira."— (Mral  Hepurt.) 

We  extract  from  the  work  of  Mr.  Oddy,  the  following  addillnnni  Inforniatlon  with  reaped  to  tha 
DHiit/.li)  wareluiiiaeti— "The  warehouaet  for  lliicnt,  aahea,  hump,  iic,  and  the  exteiiHivn  grannrioH, 
are  altiiated  In  an  laland  Pirnied  hy  the  Mollau.  To  guard  tliuau  warehouaet,  from  'iO  lo  :m  fcrucloiia 
rtiiga  nf  a  large  il/.e,  ainongat  which  nre  Idood-hnunnH,  are  let  looae  at  II  o'clock  at  night.  To  keep 
thn  iliiga  wllliin  their  dialrlcta,  aa  well  aa  lo  protect  the  paHaeneera,  large  high  galea  run  ncroaa  the 
end  of  each  of  Ihn  atruvta  leading  lo  the  main  one  :  no  light  In  allowed,  nor  any  peraon  aiill'erud  lo  livu 
nn  thia  laland.  Thuan  doga  prowl  about  Ihn  whole  night,  and  create  great  terror.  It  would  be  iin- 
pottlblfl  otiierwiao  lo  keep  property  tecnre  amongat  the  hnrdea  of  I'ulua,  Jewis  &c.  met  with  hure  i 
nn  punialinienl  wo.ild  have  half  the  eflecl  that  the  dread  of  the  doga  prnducea.  In  winter,  when 
the  wilier  It  fVoxen  over,  there  are  kee|icrt  placed  at  particular  uvenuea,  witli  wliipt,  to  koup  the  dogt 
In  tlinir  range, 

"No  nre  or  robbery  wot  ever  known  I  and  the  expense  to  each  building,  with  the  Immenie  pro- 
perty Ihey  vonlaln.  It  very  reatonable.  Veasela,  either  (Vom  the  interior,  or  other  nuartert,  lying 
alongaidu  theae  wnrehoiiava,  are  not  allowed  lo  have  a  lire,  or  light  nf  any  kind,  on  board,  nor  it  u 
aallnr  or  any  other  perann  tiiffered  even  to  tninke.  Theie  regulutloni  partly  extend  lo  all  thipping 
lying  in  the  liarhour."— (Kueii^rnH  Commerci,  p.  910.) 

Timber  YVai/B,  iiriicHi.— Fir  timber  It  utually  brought  down  in  lit  natural  ttate,  and  It  touared  Into 
I'iga,  or  aawn  Into  pinnkt,  In  winter,  when  the  labnurert  cannot  he  otherwise  employed.  Tb«  itavM 
•hippvd  here  are  carefully  natorted,  and  are  reckoned  tuperlor  to  ihoto  uf  America. 

Tho  e.xpenioi  oftho  wntor  conveyance  of  iqunred  limber,  Including  duty  at  Thorn,  ore— 


«.  d. 

From  the  Bug  -  -  from  about  6    0 

—  WIeprec  (ahova  Warsaw)     -     —     4     8 

—  Vlatula    (above        do.    )     -     —     3    0 


to 


r.  d. 

S  9  per  piece. 

4  4         ilo. 

3  4        do. 


Bnlng  higlior  when  the  demand  It  unuiunlly  great,  or  when  handi  are  scarce. 

At  nanmlc,  nt  well  na  at  Peferiburgh  (which  sec),  Riga,  and  several  other  Baltic  ports,  sworn  in- 
annrliira  ((imi-Afc.)  am  appointed  hy  nulhorlty  to  exaniino  certain  articles  Intended  for  exportation, 
and  to  claaaify  them  according  lo  their  iiunlities.  Htavea  and  limber  of  all  sorta,  with  the  exception 
of  pine  wood.  Is  auhlected  to  the  br.nck.  Prime  quality  Is  branded  A'niAii  or  Crown;  second  quality, 
Bnick  ;  and  tho  Ihird  or  lowest  qiiallly,  Bracks  Brack.  All  unmerchantable  arllclet  are  rejected 
by  the  hrnckera,  and  are  not  allowed  to  he  exported. 

"The  gaiign  for  crown  pipe  slaves,  which  the  hraeker  has  always  in  h's  hand,  it  41  Inches  broad,  1} 
thick,  and  (H  Incliea  In  length,  which  they  mutt  be  at  least  j  but  they  are  expected  to  be  larger  in 
every  respect.  ^  ^         ,,       ... 

Pipe  itavot  ore  IVnm  6-t  to  68  inchei  longs  6,  5,  and  4},  at  least, brood ;  and  trom  UtoSinchoi 
Ihlik. 

Brandy  ilavet  are  at  lentt  M  to  98  inchei  long,  as  thick  and  broad  as  pipe  staves. 

Iliigahnad  ttavet  are  i'i  to  4S  Inchei  long,  at  thick  and  broad  as  pipe  staves,  all  Engliib  measure. 

The  quality  It  oicurlalnod  by  niarkt,  to  dlitingulsh  each  sort,  as  fullowa  :— 


Crown  plpo  staves,  stamped  ot  the  end,  K. 

—  brack  In  tho  middle,  I, 

—  brui'kt  brack,  II. 
Ilngaheads  crown,  at  the  end,  O  K. 

—  brack,  In  the  middle,  I. 


Hogshead  bracks  brack,  II. 

Brandy  hogshead  crown,  at  the  end,  B  K. 

—  brack,  in  the  middle,  ^> 

—  bracks  brack, X  X  • 


Oak  plnnki  ore  assorted  In  tho  ininc  manner. 
In  Ihn  end  and  inidille  II.    Ilracks  brack,  B  B, 


Crown  plank  is  marked  in  the  middle,  C.    Brack, 

To  dUti'nguiali  11  frotii  9,'iind  iVfroiii  a  Inches,  the  U  are  marked  with  I,  and  25  X . 

At  ihui'nil.  In  rough  ttrokni,  with  coloured  paint,  brack  is  yellow  Ij  bracks  brack,  white  II  j 
crown,  red  III.  ,        ^       ,.  . 

Jl»hrii  nre  snhjecled  to  tho  brock,  Tho  calcined  arc  opened,  and  the  crust  taken  olT;  others  are  not 
Muminod  unluaa  there  he  nny  suaplclon  of  their  quality,  ot  the  staves  of  tlie  liojishead  be  suppoaed 
lo  be  too  thick.    Uvery  cask  of  pulaihoi  la  opened. 


ii    i   : 


71 


562 


DANTZIC. 


OaWbMl 
Hye      > 

Barli-y  J 
I'm     ) 

(hli 

Flour 
Sbip  biKuit 


JI.  t.fr. 
about  2  a  l-2t 


Shipping  Chargei  and  Duties,  excluilve  of  CommltBion. 


220 


'. 


per  lut  of  about  10  13  Imp.  qn> 


2  13 
J  5  i»cr  cent, 

R.  t.tr. 

PMrhih"*     a!K)Ut    0  10  {>er  KbippnuniofSno  Ibf. 
Wcsl.»iliei      —      OB—  barrel  do. 

Fir  (iihber        —      0  10  —  loiil. 


On  neck  deali  1 

tihcrt  dealt  > 

Deal  rrjJa  ) 
I^thwood 

Clapboardl  - 

Uik  plank  > 

Oak  ciidi  > 
Stavea 

Black  or  spruce  beer 
Fettben 


R.  t.gr, 

aboot   0  23  1-2  per  load. 


I  10 
IS  Ifl 
0   7  1-2 
2   0 


—  fathnm. 

—  iliock  lit  CO  pieca 

—  load. 

—  mille  pipe. 

—  hilol  llkegi. 

—  10011* 


N.  B.— Tl.e  Fninian  ponnil  l<  atmut  3  1.3  prr  cent,  heavier  than  the  En|1ith  pound.  The  expenaea  of  amding  gooda  down  are  taknn  at 
■t)ou(  an  avcrife  rate ;  but  if  the  whole,  or  the  greater  part  of  the  cargOf  were  loaded  in  the  Foirwater  or  roads,  the  eipciiaea  would  t.fi 
ioliiewhat  itioro. 

fiAipptifj-.— Account  of  the  Number  of  Sliips,  specifying  the  Countrlps  to  which  t'ricy  beloDRod,  with 
their  Toiinnge  iit  Lasts,  of  4,000  Prussian  lbs.  that  arrived  at,  and  departed  from,  Dntitzic  in  IBai. 
■  — (Prussian  Official  .Sccounts.) 


Taji. 


Arr. 

Dep. 

Mecklentturg{j*,';^_ 

Han«.Towo.SA7p; 
Arr. 
Dep. 
Arr. 
Ilrp. 
Arr. 
Dep. 
Arr. 
Dep. 
Air. 
Il.p. 


Uatiiib 


Ruatian  • 
Swedish  - 
Nomregian 
Dritish      - 

Hanoverian 


Ships 
Arrived 

and 
SailcJ, 


25 
2> 
4 

4 
7 
12 
3 
2 
It 
21 
6i 

m 

3S 
38 
.'.4 
60 


Luis 


J,80> 

i.^n 

2SI 

270 

5o; 

200 

Me 

i,\m, 

l,S13 

i.Mi; 
4,=a3 

4,749 
,'),Ct.), 
2,0:71 


lAdea, 


Ballast. 


Shipii.  Lists  Ship^.    Lasts, 


Mi 
I,6'.t2 

21 
27(1 
2-0 
Sfl'. 
Mt 

till 

I.7W; 

s«il 

1.7:14 1 

4,-'9 

2.917, 


1,143 
121 
2t2 

114 

!?2 
P3 
224 
519 
41; 
f76 
2,798 


nagfc 


Ships 
Arrived 

and 
Sailed 


Oldenburg 
Netherlands 
Belgian     • 
French     ■ 


J  Arr. 
J  Dep. 
5  Arr. 
Joep. 
(Arr. 

i  I'tp. 
5  Arr. 
}  Uep. 


13 
12 
133 
132 
4 
4 
I 
3 

Total  Foreign  J  Arr.  j  3'i» 

Slii|<     -     ;  Den.l  361 

PrtiMian   Ships    ar-i 

rived  and  departed^  571 


Qrauil  Total  arrived, 
and  departrrt    ■    I  1.2')l 


Laih. 


4!i; 

470 
7.341 
7,393 

234 

240 
60 

197 


21,048 
21,701 


123.679 


or  these 


la.-len. 

Bil 

Ships. 

leasts. 

Ships. 

6 

1 

55 

132 

214 

470 

2,764 

7,ai»3 

7 
78 

~4 

240 

4 

~3 

"197 

I 

196 
316 

9.022 
20,0S2 

163 
4-> 

3^3 

53,575 

,        ,,. 

18? 

F95 

P2,679 

6^6 

last. 


I.isl). 

275 

4,W 

231 

60 


12.020 
1,709 

27,265 


41, WO 


.    14    6 

R 

-      0    0 

n 

-      3  10 

0 

.    13  10 

(1 

•    16  20 

0 

.      2    0 

0 

-    10  24 

0 

-      4    0 

0 

•      2(13 

0 

.      3    5 

0 

16  20 

0 

•  175  17 

4 

Port  C'-arga The  chargei  on  a  ship  of  200  laits,  or  about  3C0 

tftHi  hunlen,  are— 

li.  9.g.  rf. 

TIarbour  money  •  •  •  •         _  •    8S  26    8 

Ditto  in  poM  (■iiy  In  Frei.  .i\;rt,  reckocH  at  5  r.,  ir 

which  this  miist  bt  paid)     • 
Hiver  iiioTH-y     .  .  .  .  - 

Ctiiniiiurciai  contribulioD        •  ■  • 

Kx|Ktiitioii  exifeniCR    •  >  •  • 

rajitA-n's  Mllmvatice  f'Texpen!»PS  on  "hore    • 
Trarkin;  the  nliip  into  Ihu  harbour  (Fairwater) 
BalLiit  nioiiev,&i:.       .  -  .  -  • 

I  '  Mo  the  ballatt  wharf 
i'.i..  •iiovin^  the  tihip  in  Falrwater    •  ■ 

Police  pawporl  .... 

Clearing  llie  veuel  In  and  out  -  - 

Makini;  23^.  6i.  (id.  slerling,  at  the  exchange  of  6  r. 
28«.  gr 

nift  char^et  nn  the  thij)*  of  all  conr.trie«  havin«  reciprocity  treatiei 
with  rnisfiia  (which  is^enerallv  the  cfUMj)ire  the  n'.--  c,f>tily  Duiizic 
raptiviiii  reieive  no  allowance  fors*^'  rc  ri|)eii9es.  Ilivcr  or  Btream 
money  lit  only  paiJ  l»y  vqskIs  that  bririif  goods  to  town, or  l^ait  in  the 
MiU.ui  (abfiie  the  blockhouse) :  if  a  ship  remain  in  the  Fairw-atcr 
or  Viiitula.  the  river  money  is  levied  on  the  craft  carr}'iiig  the  goods, 
■  ii'l  fills  on  Ihe  litter. 

Datitzic  is  a  favoiiraUe  place  fnrah'.ps  careeninffand  repairing,  and 
f'tr  obtaining  supiilit^  of  all  firU  of  Bi-a  st'ir<-a  at  a  n*asoniI>I('  r.itf. 

'I'herf  belong  to  th«  pfTt  7»  shtpB,  nieastiring  about  )tj,000  lasts 
c:  24t000  ton*,  iiavigatett  by  about  T  >0  men.  'I'tiey  are  eniiiloyed  in 
foreign  trade.  '1  he  port  has  un  fisher)',  and  no  coasting  trade  worth 
nien'lfining. 

Ctutom-hmue  Ke^lntioru—Thr  Khipnia9*er  must,  within  24 
boun  after  arrival  in  porl^  make  a  declaration  of  the  carifo  on  bf)'ird, 
and  of  t!ie  ship's  privinions,  and  he  incura  a  severe  penalty  If  tl.e 
detlaraii'in  do  no' prove  correct.  Ihe  il;ip>  hatrht's  df  gtKMls  are 
on  hoanl)  are  «eale.1  r.n  arrival,  and  an  a'iditional  declaration  ii  ac- 
cepted before  Ihev  are  unseale.) :  but  no  kttrr  d*>clarat|on,  supple- 
liicnlary.or  cJipia'r.atorA-,  cf  ll;c  first,  and  iin  suliniiliiiK  'he  <'mi!s  to 
iuveg'igation  by  the  <dhcer%  U  receivLiI  or  allowed.  If  the  5hipn<i5- 
1(T  be  uniLle  tii  make  a  complete  ilerlaraiinn  on  aniva!»  a  CuBtrm- 
house  oflicer  h  put  nn  tif-arJ,  who  remains  until  th*'  ship  \%  nril'iali'd^ 
at  an  exiif nv  tn  her  of  about  2t.  pw  day  and  night.  The  cargo  can 
only  b«-  aischarged  In  pretence  nf  a  customs  oflict-r. 

The  shipmaster,  an'l  not  the  receiver  of  the  good^,  is  made  re- 
•p^n«ible,  if  the  foiitetUi  cif  the  packaje*  do  not  conespnnd  with  his 
dectanlinn;  anil  he  J*  only  exont.raietl  from  this  ty  wdfinnly  aver- 
ring, on  uiakingtiie  diicKratir n,  that  the  contents  are  unknown  to 
t  im.  An  e<-ident  mistake  or  ovenight  is  tre.ited  as  rigorously  as  an 
intentional  fraud. 

Oocnmiiicncing  to  Iwirf,  theihipmas'er  rectivrn  a  tl.ink  Io.idrn^ 
list,  in  which  he  .irnst  daily  note  the  articles  he  lakcnon  hnani.or  he 
i«  liatile  lo  fini :  but  Ibisr^pnlation  is  not  VRry  riui.Uy  e'lririe-l.  On 
clear'  n;  out,  this  list  is  compared  with  the  goods  eii'ereil  liy  the  vii- 
•el,  whtiii  Ihf^stta  pa-wfrnrt  is  given. 

Rillast  can  be  discharged  only  at  stated  places,  on  pain  of  the  ship- 
nuu'er  being  fine<l. 

It  is  maferi:il,  however,  to  observe,  that  the  whole  Custom  house 
tM'inen  of  the  ithipmaster  is  coii<lncied  by  Cnrmm-house  bn)kcrs  so 
thai  he  is  nevaf  at  a  \m%  being  infomiLil  I  y  the  one  he  wlect*  wh-tl 
tie  has  to  do.  Alteralioiu  are  frequently  made  in  the  Custum-hou«e 
rrgnlalions. 

ITie  shipmaster  rfcfivea,  on  arrival,  from  the  pilot  commodore,  a 
jopy  of  Ibe  hartniiir  regutati  im,  io  his  own  language,  with  insiruc- 
ttuM  tiovt  to  act  as  to  ballaot. 

IVunhowwf  —Such  goods  m  paj  a  higher  dutv  thu  1-3  a  doUai- 


per  centner  faboul  If.  5  1 -2d.  for  about  113  lbs,  Enclrsh)  nitybe 
I'laced  in  the  kin^'astttrcs  iro  wbcre  elsf),  and  remain  ihirc  lor  i 
years  wiihout  p.iynivnl  of  duty.  No  allownncc  is  made  for  w,i>ip  nr 
dam.ieein  ihec  stores.  Otlur  goods,  not  capable  nf  belnffchi  ed, 
Dcy  iv  placed  in  private  stures,  under  the  king's  lock  ;  bnt'roi  1«- 
whi're,  wiih"Ul  perinitsion.  No  rent  is  chirged  for  giHxIs  in  ibe 
king's  store!",  di'Tingtlie  first  thrt-e  nmiilhs;  aflt'rvvardbal»<in!  I  12,1. 
moiithly  rt-ni  is  chirgetl  for  ilie  fir*t,  aiid  about  3rf.  mon'iily  for  the 
atamd  year,  per  centner  of  alxtnt  1 1.1  Its.  KneMsh. 

In  private  warchouiea,  the  monthly  rent  for  10  quarters  of  wheat 
or  other  grain  is  from  about  3  l-2iL  to  "</.,  or  more,  arrording  u 
warchouM^  room  is  abundant  or  otherwise,  fltlicr  gwls  do  nnt 
usually  pay  by  the  piece,  I  ul  part  of  a  store  is  hired  for  them,  and 
the  rent  gpnerally  comes  somewhat  higher  in  pronorlion. 

The  cost  <)f  rt'iit  and  lurninf  grain  is  from  I».  2a.  to  li.  Gd.  mon'h. 
ly,  for  10  quarter^,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year  apii  other 
circumsiances ;  but  more  wlun  granary  room  is  scarce,  and  wiset 
high. 

Jianking  F^tanithmetitf.—Thert  is  nnne  such  here,  cxrcpiinj;  a 
branch  of  ih«  Royal  or  Government  Bank  of  Berlin,  'Jhii  wai 
ffpundi'd  partly  in  (he  view  of  rtrfiving  dcpi'^i's  of  monfy  u'.di-r 
litigation  in  the  courts  of  the  province  ;  nionies  (he  prTerty  nf  ni. 
nors  and  cbaritalle  insti'ulions,  tl.e  former  until <li>>po«a)<k:  or  plired 
on  cOiMl  security;  and  mojiit-a  Inilon.^ing  to  ind'viluals  nnt  n.rr- 
chants,  and  !»t  times,  also,  those  of  Ihe  htier.  In'.erest  is  p:\id  ja 
such  dt-F^Hita  as  fotlown  •  vis. 

3  per  cent,  on  sum*  U'looging  to  minors. 

2  I-ido.  do.  chari:al>te  institutions,  churches, 

and  sums  deposited  by  thu  courts  (Tjus'ice.  and 

2        do.  alt  ulher  de)u)aita. 

The  principal  in  dcmandalde  at  pb-astire,  imlcus  otherwi^  stipn. 
lated.  'Yhf  Itank  makes  advances  on  grain  and  M)me  other  fcinls  of 
goo-lsatd  per  cent,  interest;  discnunJs  bills  with  3  fei,<naluies,  mt 
hiviug  nion.' than  2  months  li)  run,  at  ti  per  cent.,  and  rnniPliniis, 
when  nioney  is  pleu'y,  at  a  lower  rate.  It  »Iso  luakfs  advanrts  -it  ^ 
|)rr  ci:nt.  nn  dei^nsits  of  Fred,  d'ors  anil  certain  fon'ren  n;oriiM  j  and 
It  occ.tsionally  buys  bills  for  account  of,  and  sells  bills  on  tlie  B»  r!in 
bank.  It  do«>«  not  issue  notcK.  The  amount  of  its  vapitai  is  nt)t 
tixcti ;  but  government  guarantees  its  transactior*.  It  is  n'lirvod 
f'om  the  pa\ii'ei;t  of  p'ista::e  on  mnnry,  and  it  is  not  reipiirr d  \o  iim 
ili(i  siainps  fixed  by  I  iw,  on  bills  for  it»  ib  posit  tiansac'ion*.  I  ut  only 
those  of  10  s.  gr. ;_  (about  II  1-2(j.);  while  individuals  must  usd 
st.inips  for  Mich  bills  nf  fi  9.  gr.  for  evcrv"  4lX)  r.,  of  not  Iniijcr  catj 
than  3  months,  and  fnrevrry  200  r.  nf  lonirtrdate. 

On  ncgotial-Ie  bills,  h*^wfr'ver,  the  l^atik  rnust  n^e  the  stamps  fixM 
by  law,  say  nf  ftr  gr.  (.ilrfiut  S3  4f/,)  for  Minis  of  ['(Idol,  tr)4'Ddi.l.; 
and  at  the  same  rate  fur  every  additional  sum  between  100  dol.  and 
40n  ttol, 

nillH  from  and  on  foreign  places,  nego'.iatd  at  Danlzic,  are  not 
subject  to  the  stamp  dutv. 

The  affairs  of  the  lar  (t  are  not  made  piib'ir.  Peing  a  governnicnt 
con'prn,  t'  ere  arr  iio  divi  lends.  It  is  not  snp|K>seH  in  W  vnv  pro* 
iiiablf,  at  l.*ail  in  the  jiresent  f  ireuiiseribeJ  stite  of  iradt*,  altiirii^h 
enjoying  the  alvanl.iciw  of  rjfemptinn  from  pfKitaiienf  ii.onlts.  m-i 
payiiir  less  stamp  duty.  K  1«  tme,  howi-ver,  that  the  direct  a.h.in' 
tage  tif  tt.e  lower  stainp  dutv  it  t;njnycd  by  Iht-  Ixtrniwer. 

f'tcfiY,  /frottrrnirt.^'^— V'cry  few  goods  are  cr.nfiigned  frnni  atrial 
f 'r  Slip,  f')r  such  (■nnslgnmenis  rarely  turn  to  rofnl  acciunt.  Imimiti 
are  wldom  Sfild  for  cash,  but  gnieially  at  I,  2,  and  3  months' credit, 
or  longer.  I'he  discount  allowml  for  cash  paymetits,  when  s^ild  nn 
tiin<>,  U  usually  6  per  cent.,  but  it  varies  according  as  money  is  pirn* 
tiliil  or  otherwise. 

Any  person,  being  a  burgher  of  (he  town  (wliich  any  one  of  good 
character  may  Iwcftmt-),  mav  transact  busincisas  a  cnnimission  mrr- 
chant  or  factor ;  tuii  brokers  must  t*  chosen  by  the  cUU-rt  d  the 
Corporation  of  Merchants,  approved  by  the  re^ncy  of  the  proviocf^ 
and  sttfOTD  in  by  the  magistracy  of  the  town. 


*f  z 


DANTZIC. 


563 


23  1-2  porloiil, 

0        —  falhnm. 

0        —  aliack  at  tlO  [lieca 

10        —  load. 

10        —  roille  pipe. 

7  1-2  —  l^ilol  liken. 

0        —  lOOIU. 

idinj  pwit  Acwn  are  takin  at 
itMds,  tlie  eipeiiaea  wouU  ta 

h  t'licy  bclorscd,  with 
from,  Dniitzic  in  \Vi\. 


Of  Ihrio 

Uden. 

Bii;a«t. 

ips. 

leasts. 

fillips. 

I.ul«. 

6 
1 

B5 
32 

~4 

~8 

214 

470 

2,764 

7,3s»3 

"240 

"197 

7 
78 
4 

27S 

4,W 

231 

60 

12.026 
1,709 

27,265 

96 
JI6 

3^3 

0.022 
20,0S2 

63/,T3 

163 
4J 

-9i 

82,679 

see 

4l,0ro 

fiut  113  lbs.  Fnelish)  n^av  be 
flap),  and  reiiraiii  ihtrv  lor  2 
illnw  niicf  J!i  nude  f.n-  wjste  or 
nnl  TApAMe  nf  beiiipchi  gcd, 
'llir  kind's  lock  J  biii'noi  !«• 
1  is  chirxert  (or  gixxU  in  ihe 
iilhs;  aftt'n*ar(Ifcali"ti;  I  1-2./. 
iiil  aI.o»t  3rf.  inouliily  for  tie 
ILs.  EiikMsIi. 

rent  for  10  quarrers  nf  wheat 
0  7(/.,  or  Uiure,  afPordJiig  as 
t'lvvitif.  f)tlicr  Rocls  Jo  iKit 
It  8tnre  is  Iiired  for  lliem,  mA 
:her  in  pmnorlion. 
from  li.  2a.  tn  If.  &/.  nion'h< 
n*9»fm  of  Uie  year  ar-l  oiht-r 
room  is  scarce^  and  wa^ei 

nnne  such  here,  cxreptin?  1 
Hank  of  Derliu.  'Jliii  wu 
ng  (lept'siis  (if  nrmey  uf.dcr 
nionies  the  prororiy  nf  rii- 
ler  mitiMispn»at,tt  or  pliced 
Iff  to  indivi,!uals  \iA  ii.rr* 
litter.    Intcreiit  is  |j.iid  jix 


able  institutions,  chiircliw, 
Ihu  cuurli  of  jusUce,  and 

Hire,  imlt^  otherwise  slipri. 

ain  iml  nonit;  ntlier  klnls  of 

nils  with  3  Bi'naluies,  rot 

per  cent.,  aiiJ  Fnnielinits, 

It  tUn  iiiakrs  tidvaricts  it  4 

certain  fnrriirn  ninnies;  and 

and  sells  bills  on  the  Hi  rhn 

tnnuiit  of  its  rapllil  is  not 

iratisaclinr".    It  is  ndirvcd 

and  it  in  not  rer^nirr  •(  to  w_t 

Ii  Iiosit  lIansac'ion^  I  n(  uidjf 

liile  iiidi\iilnali  miiat  um 

■l(X)  r ,  of  nnt  lunger  catu 

,;cr  dale. 

iiiuM  ii*e  the  stamp*  fixM 
iiniiii  of  -Odol,  to4"0dol., 
8UU1  between  100  dol.  and 

[o'lat  d  at  Ilanlzic,  are  nnl 

■.  Pelnr  a  Epivernnienl 
int  siipiwed  ifi  I*  vrrv  yrrf 
bR'J  nUle  of  trade,  allIion;h 
rnni  iKKilaire  nf  HjOiiies,  aim 
■ver,  that  the  dlrett  aiU.in* 
iiy  the  iHirnnver. 
IsanT'-nBiifneil  frtmi  fttm-il 
to  rood  acfiunt.  Imimiti 
I.  2,  and  3  monllis' credit, 
ih  paynientu,  when  8')id  on 
according  as  money  is  plen- 

wn  (wliieh  iny  one  nf  |^>od 
linessas  a  rnniniission  mrr* 
rhosen  hy  the  c!den  (f  th« 
th«  re^ncy  of  the  jiroviDC^ 

WD* 


The  oniftl  ratM  of  eommlsilon  are—  ^;*       ,1 

3  per  cent  on  wood  articlea  )  .-n-.*ed 
2     do.  other  modi    }"PO"w, 

2     dn.  koikIs  Tmiiorted, 

» ith  from  t  to  2  per  cent  on  do.  for  dd  endtrtt  or  guarantee  of 
debts. 

The  corn  factor  receives  r.  1*7  (abont  4».  9i,  sterlinv)  per  last  (of 
60M:lielIels)of  all  grain,  from  the  buyer,  awl  1  perccuU  from  the 
H-ller. 

The  rates  of  brokerare  are— 
12 1-2  s.  gr.  (nearly  I*.  2  l>2d.)  per  ICOf. 
71.2  —     (  —     8  7rf.)per  100/. 
3  3.4  _      (   _     4'M.)  per  100  r. 
I  per  [Utile  for  bitls  on  Berlin,  Warsaw,  and  Fails. 
12  )fer  rent,  on  ninnies  placed  at  interest,  for  a  period  not  leit  than 

ti  inontlis,  from  the  bnrrancr,  and 
I  pernittle  ftnm  the  lender. 

I  per  niille  usually  for  short  discounts,  from  both  parties, 
I  per  cent,  on  the  actual  or  the  compute  1  amount  of  transactions  in 

public  funds,  from  both  {tallies. 
1-2  per  ci-nt.  usually  (sometimes  more  or  less)  for  merchandise. 

On  grain  for  exportation,  the  brokerage  li  recently  fixed  at  I  per 
rent.,  t<>  tw  paid  bv  the  seller,  the  buyer  refunding  to  him  5 1.  gr.  per 
last  of  3(j  I  2  Hchelfcls. 

Bur.ihei  beliiif  inerchanU,  may  act  as  brokers,  without  direct  au* 
thority,  in  the  purchase  from,  and  nale  of  goods  to,  Poles,  receiving 
I  per  cent,  on  gondii  lx>uglit,  and  1  to  2  per  cent  on  goods  sold,  ac* 
cordiiiU  to  circunistancts. 

Bauhruptcia  are  not  of  frequent  occurrence  Jiere.    Their  most 

Erevalent  sources  at  present  are  sperulations  in  grain,  and  general 
viness  of  trade.  B:>nkrupl3  cannot  obtain  a  discharge  except  by 
private  composition,  without  which  they  always  remain  responsible 
to  each  individual  creditor,  who  can  attach  them  at  any  tiiiic,  if  he 
can  show  that  they  poaneas  property,  although  their  atTain  have  l)een 
lettled  by  judicial  authority.  This,  and  the  tedionsnesa  of  set'Ie- 
nients  in  court,  make  Inith  debtor  and  crctiitor  desirous  of  settling  by 
cnnipo>i:inn  ;  and  hence  few  insohenls  are  made  bankrupt,  by  their 
aflairs  beinc  brought  into  court  It  la  tn  t>e  ohyjrved,  thai  creditors, 
having  cUintN  by  bills  in  force,  must  by  law  be  paid  to  Ihe  full,  t>e* 
fnre  those  with  only  book  cl  lims  receive  any  thi:u; ;  hut  to  avoid  the 
larJineSB  of  the  a-ort,  bill  creditors  here  generally  a^ree  to  let  book 
cirdiinrs  receive  naif  as  much  in  composition  as  they  themselves 
f  et  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  arrange  a  composition,  as  each  creili* 
tor  cm  make  his  own  lermn  ;  and  thnse  who  hold  out  general!;^  get 
innre,  at  It^^t  privately,  than  the  ostensible  rate  of  coinixMitioa 
ofTep'd  by  the  debtor. 

If  a  private  composition  cmnot  be  eTectod,  and  the  insolvent  is  re- 
gularlv  male  bankrupt,  by  hi"  atfairs  l»ein?  put  lnt'>  court,  the  law 
preicribes  that,  if  a  xniairpoition  of  thecrediiors  will  not  accejit  the 
dividesi'I  with  which  the  t^reatcr  iKirtinn  are  satisfied,  the  latter  can 
require 'he  firmer  tn  consent,  or  Wtonic  responhible  fnr  the  estate 
pro-biciiiif  as  much  finally ;  I'U'  S'l  miiiy  objections  may  be  made, 
tlat  this  Cfunpulsive  measure  is  very  s'-lddrn  reported  to.  A  private 
c.impo5i'ir>n  is.  hnwfVLT,  j^.'injr.iLy  nreferrcl  by  all  parties,  more 

rkirticnlarly  by  the  debtor,  m  ht-in-.j  the  only  means  by  which  he  cau 
eronieer  I'irelv  free,  an  I  %v.t  n  ^ner-il  discharge. 
Honi-st  l^ntirupl?,  whnae  aCairs  aie  brought  into  court,  nialr  be 
freed  from  persnnal  arrest  by  fairhfully  Jeliverin?  up  all  their  r>ro-  I 
perty.    Dishonest  ones,  upon  conviction,  are  punished  by  being  sent  | 

TnuflsiAN  Shipping.— Summary  Sfatetnent  of  the 
the  difTerent  rruseian  Ports,  in  1834.— (From  the 
vernment.) 


to  the  House  of  Corrpctlon ;  but  ther  rften  escape  pnnifhment,  from 

the  tr>o  great  laxity  in  enforcing  th*'  laws  in  ctiminal  matters 

The  creditors  of  a  bankrupt  estate  brought  into  curl,  latik  nmler 
8difli;rent  classes,  each  prinr  etiaa  ecjoyimr  a  picieilency  of  i.!aim 
over  those  fuliowing,  to  the  full  amount'  'J  he  two  rnost  considerable 
dames,  in  eeneral,  are  Ihi*  tith  and  7th,  tl;e  former  being  that  of  tb« 
bill,  Ihe  latter  that  of  the  lxM>k,  creilitors. 

Tarti,  ^c— The  dulit^are  in  general  paxahle  on  the  grof's  weight ; 
a  fixed  allowance  being  made,  in  many  eases,  ai'conling  to  the  pack* 
ar»-»;  in  others,  there  is  no  allowance  The  taritt' specifies  the  par. 
(icular  regulations  on  this  point.  Ihe  (are  on  goods  in  single  sacks 
it  4  lbs.  per  centner  (abou*  1 13  Ibi.  Knglish),  it  being  left  to  Ihe  op< 
tion  of  the  receiver  tn  liave  the  uett  weight  ascertained. 

In  trade  ibere  are  fixed  rale*  of  tare  only  on  the  (oltuwing goods; 
Tlr..~ 

Potashes,  6  per  cent,  when  sold  by  a  merchant. 
Dye  wood,  ground,  8  to  1 1  per  bale. 


Currants 


Fin  and  raiilni 
Olive  oil 


in  whole  butts. 

half  do. 

l-4thand  l-8thdo. 

casks. 

whole  and  half  butti. 

l-4ihand  Ibih. 

pipes. 


14  per  ctnt 
IB- 
IS — 
10  — 
16  — 
18  to  20 
t6  — 
S^e'l  oil,  latterly  the  t.ire  is  ascertained. 
Pepper,  KuKli^h,  in  double  nags  ^  "s. 

—      Danish,  iu  ba^s  and  niats,  11  lbs. 
Orange  and  leo'on  peel,  6  per  cent.,  or  tare  ascertained, 
nice  from  England  or  Hamburgh,  Ihe  tare  as  on  the  c.isks,  less  2Ibi. 
per  ca'>t  on  that  from  Knghnd,  and  in  proportion  to  the  weight  on 
that  from  Hamburgh,    Danish  shfiuld  give  10  percent,  tare,  but 
the  buyers  are  in  general  not  ulislied  with  tliis. 
Tallow,  to  per  cent.,  or  nett  tare. 
Tea,  Uani^'h  bohea,  78  lbs.  if  in  linen  and  mats. 
—  24  :bs.  in  chests  above  100  Iht, 

22  lbs,      —       of  about  80  Ibi.  :         ' 

Most  frequently  the  tare  ia  ascertained. 
Vitiiol,  10  percent 

Riw  surar,  12  to  16per  cent,  according  to  the  sire  of  the  chests. 
Candied  sugar,  tare  by  invoice,  adding  in  that  proportion  fur  the  dtf 

ference  in  Die  weight  usually  heavier. 
Syrup  in  whole  cakks,  10  per  cent 

—    in  1-2  do.  and  baneia,  12  per  cent. 
On  Ihe  sale  of  Impfirts,  1  per  cent,  on  Ihe  nett  veight  (called  good 
weight)  is  allnwisd  in  favour  cf  the  buyer. 
InniraiiCe. — There  are  no  insurance  companies  rot  priva'e  insurer* 
here;  tut  the-tarc  agents  tf  insurance  cninpanies  ii:  Hmd-urgh  for 
ships,  and  those  of  l/'iidou  and  other  places  for  houses  nnd  lives. 

lVai(n  0}  common  Labouietn  in  Dantzic  vary  from  fti.  to  lid.  a 
day,  and  th  ne  of  cir|)enlers,  niawus,  &c.  from  \».  btl.  to  2s.  Wage* 
ill  all  the  Iwgt}  Prussian  towns  are  hij^lierthan  in  the  small  I'lwnsof 
the  cdiati'r.v,  from  the  prire  of  finur.  bread,  and  Im'fhtT's  ojeat  bcdnj 
hiither  in  them.  This  isocTsioned  partly  by  the  l.it'er  being  h\ih. 
ject  to  octrois  or  exrise  duties  on  entering  the  great  towns,  frnm 
wbicii  the  country  disiricts  and  hmaller  towns  are  exempted,  Tte 
kine  receives  2-3  is  of  these  dutitp,  and  Ihe  towns  Ihe  ulher  1  nd. 
This  duty  is  a  gnat  obstacle  to  the  free  intercourse  wih  the  cmmtrT^. 
(We  have  derived  these  detrtils  from  different  sources,  but  piiiici- 

{lally  from  the  valuable  tSiiswera  made  Ijy  the  Consul  tu  the  Circu* 
ar  Qucrici.) 

Arrivals  of  Sliips  at,  anti  of  their  Dflparlttre  from, 
Oihcial  Accounts  furniBhcd  by  the  Prussian  Go- 


Names  of  Ports. 


Memel  • 

Pillau  - 
Dantzic 

Stolpinllnde  - 
R  l'.;ennalde  * 
Col berg 

Svvinemunde   • 
W(d2a.st 
Grfifsw.aMe     - 
Stralsund         • 

Arrivals      • 
Dejiar lures  ■ 

Total 


{  Knt 
}Sail. 

IEnt. 
Sail. 
Fnt 
Sail. 
Knt. 
Sail. 
(Knt 
J  Sail. 
(  F.nt 
!  Sail. 
J  Knt 
J  Sail, 
5  Knt 
>s.iii. 
J  Knt 
}  s^iii. 
5  Knt 
{Sail. 


Ship, 

Bufdpn 

Entered 

ill  Last, 

and 

of 

Sailed. 

4,000  Iba. 

ot" 

~7S,2vr 

64S 

K>.9m 

3x1 

27.211 

362 

21.72S 

649 

62.,142 

642 

61,337 

91 

2.20-2 

f\ 

2,232 

P4 

3,M'2 

82 

3,161 

8S 

3.273 

90 

3.4  li 

817 

,ii«,702 

W2 

S9,«07 

100 

6521 

114 

6,408 

ISO 

11,591 

167 

12.314 

3Si< 

IftWO 

390 

19,!«0 

3.371 

271.'i47 

3,419 

274,202 

6,789 

54S,779 

I..aden. 


Ships. 


Lasti. 


22<  2'i.634 

630  80.24S 

2871  19.140 

2961  16.620 

309;  2.^,6'iS 

6W)i  59,021 

~"  1,999 


76| 
32, 
3,'»' 
671 
30 
82' 


736 
1,212 
2,i03 

6V1 

2,7-,6 


608  42077 
714  S0.472 
2.063 


47 

87 
39 
127 


4,95'i 
1.49i 

7,0-.9 
6,926 


300     12,732 


I,«I5   I2-..277 
2,921   237,102 


4,736  362,379     2,053 


In  Ballast 


Shipa, 


405 
IS 
94 
66 

340 
66 
."i 
49 
61 
I> 
58 
81 

209 

I2S 
51 
27 

112 
40 

220 
90 


1.V-|6 

497 


62,623 
6*9 

7,671 
8,1  O.J 

3?.B>i4 

2,316 

203 

1.496 

1,910 

661 

2.020 

659 

16.62:-. 
9.^,1) 
3.2'.M 
l,r)3 

I0.f9e 
5,2V, 

I2,-,K0 
7,loS 


146.270 

37,130 

183,400 


Arooiif;  t!;ese  were  Foreiisn 


Stiipa 
Entered 

and 
Sailed. 


2:o 

272 

238 

232 

319 

361 

I 

1 

31 

31 

18 

IS 

296 

2' 17 

33 

36 

28 

29 

138 

129 


1,412 

l,4('6 


2,618 


Burden 

in  Laals 

of 

4,000  lbs. 


26,483 
2l',SI2 
II, 530 
I0,7>9 
2I.04'* 
21,791 
55 

I,3ii4 

1,2B1 

6-12 

642 

17.715 

I«.0,i3 

1,045 

1,108 

1.3  8 

1,029 

4,820 

4,bJ2 

R5.9',0 
60,2.'-3 


lAden. 


Sliipn,  I    Lasts. 


100 
261 
189 
206 
196 
316 
1 

~9 
30 
3 
18 

214 

219 
23 
H 
15 
IS 

100 
79 

^^■n 

1,165 


6.903 

26,518 

8.23S 

9.69.) 

9,022 

2a,0i<2 

65 

416 

l,2i7 

101 

642 

13.IN5 

13,681 

701 

637 

461 

001 

3.691 

1,1-98 


42,775 
74,469 


117,644 


In  BalLlst. 


170 
II 
49 
26 

163 
4i 


Ships.     lasts. 


19,578 

374 

3,292 

1,096 

12,026 
1,71.9 

65 

»I8 

47 

691 


4,5,10 

4,3W 

344 

631 

887 

428 

I.li29 

2,754 


562 
241 


43,175 
11,410 


803  I    64,591 


Coiivtriea  to  vhkh  Foreign  Fennels  belong fi.- 
cd  from  Prugglan  Ports  in  1834,  there  were— 


-Of  the  foreign  vessels  that  entered  and  were  despatch  • 


Arrivals. 

Departiim, 

Hrltish 

-    St4 

- 

-    246 

Nnthorlanda 

-    324 

. 

-    .331 

Danish 

-    209 

. 

-    2fl0 

nunovprian 

-     lOd 

. 

-    188 

Bwcdixh     - 

.      97 

. 

-      09 

Norweginn" 

-    194 

- 

-    197 

Then  follow  the  ihipi  of  the  Hanseatlc  cities,  Russia,  Mecklenburg,  <ce. 


I 


v 
I 


n 


11 


■ :'  i , 


•i^ 


1  i 


'i ' ' 

it 


If  'i 


J; 


I  J. 


■-   (I 


564 


DANUBE,  DATES. 


SMpi  Motifing  tt  Pmnia.—'Ht.  Ferber  glvei  the  fnllowing  Table  of  the  ihlppInK  of  Pruf slat- 
Summary  Indication  of  the  Veiaeli  belonging  to  Prussian  Owners,  In  the  Years  1835, 1826, 1837, 183?. 

1830, 183U,  and  1831.— (F«rt<r,  p.  174.) 


1835. 

183S. 

1887. 

1838. 

1838. 

1830. 

1831.     1 

PttrH. 

Sbiia. 

Lu!|. 

Shi|M. 

Luta. 

Shi  pi. 

Lull. 

.Shl|H. 

Lntt. 

Shipl. 

LmIi. 

ilhii». 

Lull. 

8hi|».    L«u  1 

KOnlssborg  - 

13 

i,«n 

13 

3,368 

16 

3,539 

17 

3,73S 

18 

8,026 

30 

3,008 

11 

:<,*> 

Pillau  - 

11 

1,767 

12 

3,028 

16 

2,670 

It 

3,408 

15 

2,602 

15 

3,660 

14 

2.'',><i' 

Memcl  - 

.16 

4,339 

36 

4,378 

35 

4,076 

36 

4,377 

36 

4,815 

as 

5,005 

■38 

4.54; 

Elbing  - 

Vi 

1,430 

15 

3,178 

17 

3,650 

19 

3,175 

18 

3,941 

10 

3,106 

30 

3,IM 

Unntzic 

(57 

13,300 

72 

14,9.34 

73 

1.5,386 

76 

15,909 

78 

10,095 

76 

mm 

76 

l.),'.l.fi 

Steltin- 

330 

20,550 

3.30 

33,808 

31! 

35,024 

338 

25,057 

335 

2.'),0U 

844 

35,460 

m 

•26.3!),'. 

Coslln  - 

32 

1,724 

28 

1,637 

34 

3,764 

35 

3,703 

39 

3,045 

39 

3,009 

41 

:t,isi 

Siralsund     - 

83 

6,235 

78 

5,983 

80 

6,334 

81 

6,186 

76 

6,001 

75 

6,310 

81 

7,218 

nriefswalde 

41 

3,937 

43 

3,069 

!53 

3,038 

54 

4,070 

53 

4,10,1 

52 

4,185 

53 

4,179 

Wol^aet 

31 

1,626 

19 

1,540 

18 

1,580 

30 

I,7h3 

33 

UOO-l 

31 

1,919 

33 

2,164 

Bortli   - 
Total     - 

41 

3,554 

41 

3,573 

41 

3,784 

41 

3,781 

41 

3,7S4 

41 

4,369 

44 

4,36tt 

576 

58,007 

589 

61,393 

623 

70,731 

631 

73,434 

630 

7.t,11S 

643 

75,079 

6j2 

76,987 

Ipfluence  of  Reeiproeity  Treatiea. — This  Table  Is  important,  as  exhibiting  the  litter  grnundlesfineF] 
of  the  clamour  raised  In  this  country  as  to  the  reciprocity  treaty  with  I'riissin.  TnliiiiK  the  IhhI  hi  I^ 
ton,  the  total  incrense  of  Prussian  shipping,  from  1833  to  1831  inclusive,  will  be  76  ships  and  28,470 
tons,  which  is  very  little  morn  than  the  increase,  durini;  the  same  period,  ofthe  shipping  lii'longinir  to 
the  port  of  Newcastle  !  It  will  be  observed,  too,  that  llie  incrense  since  lb27  has  only  nnioniited  to 
29  ships  and  9,384  tons.  If,  thorefnre,  our  shipping  he  distressed,  it  is  quite  impossible  it  ehniild  liave 
been  occasioned  by  the  Increase  of  shipping  in  Prussia.  Considering,  indeed,  llie  extent  of  sea  coast 
now  in  possession  of  that  kingdom, the  trani|uillity  she  has  enjoyed  since  the  peace,  and  her  rapid  pro- 
gress in  manufactures  and  commerce,  the  siiinll  increase  of  her  s^liipping  is  not  a  little  surprising.  It 
could  not  well  have  been  less,  though  the  reciprocity  treaty  had  never  lipcn  heard  of.  Indeed,  many 
ofthe  Prussian  shipowners  think,  and,  perhaps,  justly,  tliut  it  would  have  been  greater  had  that  treaty 
not-been  entered  into.  It  must  also  be  kept  in  view,  that  this  trifling  increase  in  the  shipping  of 
Prussia  is  the  only  increase  that  has  taken  place  in  the  shipping  of  any  country  of  the  north  of  Europe 
since  1825.  The  mercantile  navies  of  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Russia,  have' undergone  little  or  no 
change  ;  but  it  is  a  fact,  that  the  shipping  of  Norway  has  fallen  oD'  even  more  rapidly  than  that  of 
Prussia  has  increased,  and  yet  we  have  a  reciprocity  treaty  with  her  !  Is  not  this  sutlicient  to  show 
that  the  influence  of  these  treaties  has  been  grossly  exaggerated  by  our  ship  owners  1  and  that  they 
cannot  really  have  done  them  any  injury  1 

(DANUBE  (Navigation  of).    See  Galacz.— Sup.) 

DATE8  (Ger.  DalUln  ,•  Tt.  Daftes  .•  It.  Datteri  ,•  Sp.  Batiks),  the  finit  of  the  palm 
ti«e  {Phoenix  daelylifera  Lin.).  This  tree  is  abundant  in  Egypt,  Barbary,  Arabia,  Persia, 
and  the  adjacent  countries,  particularly  on  the  confines  of  the  desert,  and  wherever  there  is 
sufFicient  moisture.  It  is  a  tall  majestic  tree ;  and  repeated  references  are  made  to  it  in  the 
sacred  writings  (Eccles.  xxiv.  14.),  and  in  the  Koran.  Mohamme<],  in  one  of  his  sayings, 
beautifully  compares  the  upright  and  generous  man  to  the  palm  tree.  "  He  stands  erect 
before  his  Lord ;  in  his  every  action  he  follows  the  impulse  received  from  above,  and  his 
whole  life  is  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-creatures."  But  the  veneration  in  which 
the  palm  tree  is  held  in  the  East  is  to  be  ascribed  more  to  its  utility  than  to  its  beauty. 
Dates  form  the  principal  part  of  the  subsistence  of  the  inhabitants  of  many  parts  of  Arabia 
and  Barbary,  and  they  are  held  in  the  highest  estimation  wherever  they  are  met  with. 
"  They  are,"  says  Burckhardt, "  by  far  the  most  essential  article  of  food  for  the  lower  classes  of 
Medina ;  their  harvest  is  exfiected  with  as  much  anxiety,  and  attended  with  as  much  gene- 
ral rejoicing,  as  the  vintage  in  the  south  of  Europe  ;  and  if  the  crop  fails,  which  often  hap- 
pens, as  those  trees  are  seldom  known  to  produce  abundantly  for  3  or  4  successive  years,  or 
is  eaten  up  by  the  locusts,  universal  gloom  overspreads  the  population,  as  if  a  famine  were 
apprehended." — (Travels  in  Arabia,  vol.  ii.  p.  214.) 

There  is  an  endless  variety  of  dates.  Generally,  however,  they  may  be  described  as  being 
somewhat  in  the  shape  of  an  acorn,  but  usually  larger,  consisting  of  a  thick  fleshy  substance, 
including  and  freely  separating  from  an  oblong  stone  or  kernel,  having  a  furrow  on  the  one 
side.  Their  taste  is  agreeably  sweet,  accompanied  with  a  slight  aAringcncy.  The  new 
fruit  is  called  by  the  Arabs  ruteb.  When  the  dates  are  allowed  to  remain  on  the  tree  till 
they  are  quite  ripe,  and  have  l)ecome  soil  and  of  a  high  red  colour,  they  are  formed  into  a 
hard  solid  paste  or  cako  called  adjoite.  This  is  formed  by  pressing  the  ripe  dates  forcibly 
into  large  baskets,  each  containing  about  2  cwt  "  In  this  state,"  says  Burckhardt,  "  the 
Bedouins  export  the  adjoue :  in  the  market  it  is  cut  out  of  the  basket,  and  sold  by  the 
pound.  It  forms  part  of  the  daily  food  of  all  classes  of  people :  in  travelling  it  is  dissolved 
in  water,  and  thus  affords  a  sweet  and  refreshing  drink.  During  the  monsoon,  the  ships 
from  the  Persian  Gulf  bring  adjoue  from  Bussorah  to  Djidda  for  sale  in  small  baskets  weigh- 
ing about  10  lbs.  each ;  this  kind  is  preferred  to  every  other.  Ships  bound  from  Arabia  iVir 
India  take  with  them  a  considerable  quantity  of  adjoue,  which  is  readily  disposed  of  ainongnt 
the  Mohammedans  of  Hindostan." — (Travels  in  Arabia,  vol.  i.  p.  57.) 

The  Arabians  and  Egyptians  use  the  leaves  of  the  tree  in  the  preparation  of  bags  and 
baskets ;  the  boughs,  the  outer  and  inner  bark  of  the  trunk,  and  the  fleshy  substance  at  tlie 
root  of  the  leaves,  where  they  spring  from  the  trunk,  have  all  their  respective  uses ;  and  be- 


DEALS— DEMURRAGE. 


665 


Ingof  PniialB^- 
ilSas.lSSe,  1837,182*. 


1830. 

1831. 

I* 

Luis. 

^lA    LuU. 

a 

3,008 

11 

:<,2-> 

5 

3,600 

14 

2,:>!<!' 

18 

9,093 

38 

4.54; 

9 

3,1()6 

20 

3,154 

H 

le.UM 

76 

l;,!i;ij 

4 

25,460 

«2 

■iB,.-H^ 

9 

3,tl09 

41 

3,18) 

5 

6,310 

81 

7,ais 

2 

4,185 

92 

4,179 

I 

1,919 

23 

8,164 

1 

4,369 

44 

4,369 

3 

75,079 

6i2 

76,987 

utter  groundlesuneps 
TnkiiiKthe  IhhI  hi  I^ 
T6  shlpH  and  28,470 
shipping  boloiiginn  to 
aa  only  nninunteil  to 
i8i!il)le  it  ehoiild  Imve 
le  extent  of  sen  coast 
re,  and  her  rapid  pro- 
,  little  surprising.  It 
ril  of.  Indeed,  many 
renter  had  that  treaty 
sR  in  the  shipping  of 
f  the  north  of  Europe 
idergone  little  or  no 
rapidly  than  that  of 
lis  sutlicient  to  show 
iiersi  and  that  they 


le  firuit  of  the  palm 
try,  Arabia,  Persia, 
I  wherever  there  ig 
e  made  to  it  in  the 
)ne  of  his  sayings, 

"  He  stands  erect 
)m  above,  and  his 
ineration  in  which 
than  to  its  beauty, 
ny  parts  of  Arabia 
ley  are  met  with. 
to  lower  classes  of 
ilh  as  much  gene- 

which  often  hap- 

]ccessive  years,  or 

if  a  famine  were 

described  as  being 
fleshy  substance, 
'arrow  on  the  one 
ency.  The  new 
tin  on  the  tree  till 
are  formed  into  a 
ipe  dates  forcibly 
Burckhardt,  "  the 
t,  and  sold  by  the 
ing  it  is  dissolved 
)nsoon,  the  ships 
II  baskets  weigh- 
1  from  Arabin  for 
posed  of  amongst 

ition  of  bags  and 
substance  at  ttie 
ive  uses ;  and  be- 


ndes  this,  the  kernels  'tf  the  fruit,  notwithstanding  their  han1ne8e,are  used  as  food  for  cattle, 
they  are  soaked  for  two  dayti  in  v  n'ter,  when  they  become  softened,  and  are  given  to  camels, 
cows,  and  sheep,  instead  of  b'  - :  they  are  said  to  be  much  more  nutritive  than  that 
grain.  There  are  shops  at  A.^  '  in  which  nothing  else  is  sold  but  date  kernels ;  and  the 
beggars  are  continually  employ^  i,;i  all  the  main  streets  in  picking  up  those  that  arc  thrown 
away. — (Burckhardt,  vol.  ii.  p.  21'2.) 

All  the  refinements  of  Arabian  cookery  are  exhausted  in  the  preparation  of  dates :  and  the 
Arabs  say  thai  a  good  housewife  will  daily  supply  her  lord,  for  a  month,  with  a  dish  of  dates 
dillerently  dressed. 

Palm  trees  are  raised  by  shoots ;  and  Dr.  Shaw  mentions  that  they  arrive  at  their  vigour 
in  about  30  years,  and  continue  so  70  years  afterwards,  bearing  yearly  15  or  20  clusters  of 
dates,  each  of  them  weighing  15  or  20  lbs.:  after  this  period  they  begin  to  decline. — (Tra- 
vels in  the  Levant,  p.  142.  4to  ed.) 

The  best  dates  imported  into  Great  Britain  are  said  to  come  from  Tunis,  but  they  are 
most  commonly  brought  from  Smyrna  and  Alexandria.  They  should  be  chosen  large,  soft- 
ish,  not  much  wrinkled,  of  a  reddish  yellow  colour  on  the  outside,  with  a  whitish  membrane 
betwixt  the  flesh  and  the  stone.    Those  that  are  dry  and  hard  are  of  little  value. 

DEALS  OR  DEAL  BOARDS  (Qer.  Dielen  ,-  Du.Deelen,-  Da.  Dxler .•  Sw.Ti/jnr,- 
Fr.  Platiclieg  minces  ,•  It.  Tavole,  Piane  ,•  Rus.  Doski ;  Pol.  Tarcice),  a  thin  kind  of  fir 
planks,  much  used  in  carpentry  :  they  are  formed  by  sawing  the  trunk  of  a  tree  into  longi- 
tudinal divisions,  of  greater  or  less  thickness,  according  to  the  purposes  they  are  intended  to 
serve.  They  are  imported  from  Dantzic,  Petcrsburgh,  Narva,  and  manyN)ther  ports  in  the 
Baltic,  and  from  North  America ;  but  those  from  Christiania,  the  capital  of  Norway,  are  the 
best,  and  bring  the  highest  price.  They  are  distinguishable  from  those  produced  in  the  con- 
tiguous provinces  of  Norway  ;  their  bupcriority  has  been  said  to  depend  principally  on  their 
being  more  perfectly  sawed ;  but  it  really  depends  on  the  greater  care  with  which  the  sap- 
wood  and  other  defective  portions  of  the  timber  are  cut  away,  and  on  the  quality  of  the 
timber. 

A  Russian  standard  deal  is  13  feet  lon^,  11  inches  wide,  and  U  inch  thick ;  400  feet  of  U  inch  planic 
make  a  load. 

A  Christiania  standard  deal  is  11  feet  long,  0  inches  wide,  and  U  inch  thick.  There  is  another 
standard  of  Norway  deals  at  Dram,  10  feet  lung,  9  inches  wide,  and  H  inch  thick.— (See  Cuitis- 

TIANIA.) 

DEBENTURE,  a  term  used  at  the  custom-house  to  signify  the  certijieale  subscribed  by 
the  cuKtoms  officers,  and  given  to  the  exporter  of  goods  on  which  a  bounty  or  drawback  is 
allowed,  bearing  that  the  exporter  has  complied  with  the  required  regulations,  and  that  he 
is  entitled  to  such  bounty  or  drawback. 

It  is  enacted  by  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  92. 1)  86.,  that  no  drawback  or  bounty  shall  be  allowed  upon  the 
exportation  of  any  goods,  unless  entered  in  the  name  of  the  real  owner  thereof,  or  of  the  person  who 
had  actually  purchased  and  shipped  the  same,  in  his  own  name  and  ut  liis  own  risk,  on  coinniitision. 

Such  owner  or  coniinijisiiin  merchant  shall  make  and  siihscrihe  u  declaration  on  the  debenture  that 
the  goods  have  been  actually  exported,  and  arg  not  to  be  relundcd  in  any  part  of  tlie  United  Kingdom, 
&c. ;  and  if  such  ownrr  or  commission  merchant  shall  not  have  purchased  the  right  to  such  drawback 
or  boimty,  he  Rhall  declare  under  his  hand  in  the  entry,  and  in  his  oath  upon  the  debenture,  the  person 
who  is  entitled  lliereto;  and  the  name  of  such  person  shall  he  inserted  in  the  cocket,  nnd  in  the 
debenture,  and  his  receipt  on  the  latter  shall  be  the  disciinrge  of  such  drawback  or  bounty. — }  S7. 

For  these  and  the  oilier  clauses  in  tlie  act  relating  to  debentures,  see  Lupurtation  and  Exportation. 

All  debentures  must  be  on  5s.  stamps. 

Debentures  or  certificates  for  bounty  on  the  exportation  of  linens  or  sailcloth  exempted  from  duty. 

DELFT,  ou  DELF  (Ger,  Fayence,  Uniichtes  Pnrzellun  ;  Du.  Delfs porceli/n ,-  Fr. 
Faience'),  a  coarse  species  of  porcelain  originally  manufactured  at  Delft,  whence  its  name. 
It  is  now  rarely  URcd  in  this  country. 

DEMURRAGE,  in  commercial  navigation,  is  an  allowance  made  to  the  master  or  owners 
of  a  ship  by  the  freighter,  for  tlcta-niiig  her  in  port  longer  than  the  period  agreed  upon  for 
her  sailing.  It  is  usually  stipulated  in  charterpartics  and  bills  of  lading,  that  a  certain  num- 
ber of  days,  called  running  or  working  days,  shall  be  allowed  for  receiving  or  discharging 
the  cargo,  and  that  the  freighter  may  detain  the  vessel  for  a  further  specified  time,  or  os  long 
as  he  pleases,  on  payment  of  so  much  per  d-em  for  such  over-time.  When  the  contract  of 
airreightmcnt  ex[)rcssly  stipulates  that  so  many  days  shall  be  allowed  for  discharging  or  re- 
ci'iving  the  cargo,  nnd  so  many  more  for  over-time,  such  limitation  is  interpreted  as  an  ex- 
pr'!ES  stipulation  on  (he  part  of  the  freighter,  that  the  vessel  shall  in  no  event  be  detaiiiod 
lunger,  and  that  if  detained  he  will  be  liable  for  demurrage.  This  holds  even  in  ca.ses  where 
the  delay  is  not  occasioned  by  any  fault  on  the  freighter's  part,  but  is  inevitable.  If,  for  ex- 
ample, a  ship  be  detained,  owing  to  the  crowded  ntute  of  the  port,  for  a  longer  lime  than  is 
ellowi'd  by  the  contract,  demurrage  is  due  ;  and  it  i.s  no  defence  to  an  action  for  demurrage, 
that  it  arose  from  port  regulations,  or  even  from  the  iiidawful  acts  of  the  Custom-house 
oflicers.  Demurrage  is  not,  however,  claimable  for  a  delay  occasioned  by  the  hostile  deten- 
tion of  the  ship,  or  the  hostile  occupation  of  the  intended  port;  nor  is  it  claimable  for  any 
delay  wilfully  occasioned  by  the  master,  or  owners,  or  crew  of  the  vessel.  The  claim  for 
demurrage  censes  as  soon  as  the  ship  is  cleared  out  and  ready  for  sailing,  though  she  should 

Vol.  I.— 3  B 


m^ 


f> 


666 


DENARIUS— DIAMOND. 


be  detained  by  adverse  winda,  or  tempestuous  weather. — {Chitty'a  Commeretal  Lata,  vol. 
iii.  pp.  426—431.) 

DENARIUS,  a  Roman  coin,  estimated  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot  to  have  been  worth  7jrf. ;  but 
its  value  dilFered  at  dilforont  periods. 

DENIER,  a  small  French  coin,  of  which  there  were  12  to  a  sol. 

(DERELICT,  FLOTSAM,  JETSAM,  AND  LAGAN.— It  was  enacted  by  the  3  &  4 
'Will.  4.  c.  62.  (see  Impoiitatiox  and  Exportation),  that  such  foreign  goods  derelict, 
jetsam,  and  flotsam,  as  could  not  be  sold  for  the  amount  of  the  duties,  wero  to  be  deemed 
unenumernted  goods,  and  cliarged  with  duty  accordingly.  But  this  proviso  has  been 
rp]«aled;  and  the  Commissioners  of  Cuatoms  arc  authorise!  i>  inquire  into  the  extent  to 
which  such  goods  shall  have  been  damaged,  and  to  make  such  abatement  of  the  duties  as 
may  appear  just  and  reasonable. — (6  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  60.  §  3.) 

It  is  further  enacted,  that  goods  found  derelict,  or  under  the  denomination  of  flotsam, 
jetsam,  &c  shall,  if  not  claimed  within  12  months,  be  deemed  condemned  as  droits  of 
Admiralty.— (§  7.)— Sup.) 

DIAMOND,  (Oer.  Du.  Da.  and  Fr.  Diamant  ,•  8w.  Demant,  Diamant  ,■  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
Diamante;  Hws.Almaaf  Vo\, Di/amant ,•  LaUAdamas;  Hind. ///ra),  a  precious  «tone, 
which  has  been  known  from  the  remotest  ages.  Pliny  has  described  it  (//;>/.  Nat,  lib.  37. 
§  4.)  ;  but  his  account  is,  in  many  respects,  inaccurate.  It  is  found  in  diflerent  parts  of 
India,  and  in  Borneo;  it  is  also  found  in  Brazil,  on  which,  indeed,  Europe  may  bo  said  to 
be  at  present  entirely  dependent  fur  supplies  of  diamonds.  Hitherto,  however,  it  has  not 
bet'n  met  with  any  where  except  within  the  tropics.  It  is  the  most  beautiful  and  most  valua- 
ble of  precious  stones.  Its  most  common  colours  are  white  and  grey  of  various  shades.  It 
occurs  also  red,  blue,  brown,  yellow,  and  green.  The  colours  are  commonly  pale.  It  is 
always  crystallised,  but  sometimes  so  imperfectly  that  it  might  pass  for  amorphous.  It  is 
the  hardest  bo<ly  in  nature.  External  lustre  from  splendid  to  glimmering ;  internal  always 
splendid.  It  is  brittle ;  its  specific  gravity  is  3"5.  When  rubbed,  it  becomes  positively  elec- 
tric, even  before  it  has  been  cut  by  the  lapidary,  which  is  not  the  case  with  any  other  gem. 
— {Thomson's  Chemistri/.) 

According  to  Mr.  Milburn  (Orient.  Cum.),  the  colour  should  be  perfectly  crj'slallint, 
resembling  a  drop  of  clear  spring  water,  in  the  middle  of  which  you  will  perceive  a  strong 
light  playing  with  a  great  deal  of  spirit.  If  the  coat  be  smooth  and  bri;^ht,  with  a  little 
tincture  of  green  in  it,  it  is  not  the  worse,  and  seldom  proves  bad  ;  but  if  there  be  a  mix- 
ture of  yellow  with  tlie  green,  then  beware  of  it — it  ia  a  soft,  greasy  stone,  and  will  pro\'e 
bad. 

7<?/s  nf  Dianwndf.  Cutting,  ^•c. — To  nsrertain  wlietlipr  any  speciinon  is  a  trim  diamond  or  not,  a 
fin?  tile  may  l)e  iiaed  ;  and  it'tlii!  Biirface  of  ilie  stone  lie  tlip  Inant  nbrndwl  or  8cr.'itrli(!il  l)y  its  action,  it 
is  not  a  diamond.  The  dilt'erence  will  also  appear  upon  close  examination  wilhoiit  tliis  instrument; 
tlie  rays  of  lielit  eaeily  pass  through  other  gemn,  but  in  the  diamond  lliey  are  refracted  to  the  surface, 
wh^ch  occasions  its  Kuperior  brilliancy.  If  the  specimen  under  eraminnlion  be  very  minute,  it  may  he 
plared  between  3 half-crowns, or  other  Hat  metallic  surfhces,  and  pressed  with  the  lliunib  and  finger; 
if  a  diamond,  it  will  not  be  injured,  but  if  otherwise,  it  will  break  and  fall  to  powder.  On  account  of 
the  extreme  hardness  of  the  diamond,  the  art  of  cutlinn  and  polishing  it  was  for  a  Ions  time  unknown 
in  Uurope.  But,  in  1456,  a  young  man  of  the  name  of  Louis  Hertihcn.  a  native  of  Bruges,  is  said  lo 
have  constructed  a  polishing  wheel  for  the  purpose,  which  was  f.'d  with  diamond  powder  instead  of 
enrnnilum,  which  the  Chinese  and  Hindoos  had  been  long  uccustouied  lo  employ.  Berghen  was  led  to 
this  discovery  by  observing  tlie  action  produced  by  rubbing  M  rougli  diamonds  together.  Diamonds 
are  cut  into  brilliants  and  rose  diamonds  ;  t!ie  former  biding,  for  the  moBt  part,  made  out  of  <h«  octa- 
hedral crystals,  and  the  latter  from  the  spheroidal  varieties.— (./(/yce'*  Practieul  Mineralogy:  Hecs'i 
CyrlnpwJia,  ifr.) 

"  C'nmmereml  Valtit  nf  DiamnmU. — In  the  great  or  wholesale  trade  there  is  but  little  fliicliialion  in 
the  price  of  those  diamonds  which  may  be  termed  stoves  in  uenenii  demand.  I  will  Ix'gin  with  brillinnts 
from  1  grain  lo  2^  grains  each.— ii^uch  brilliants,  douldi'  cm,  and  what  niay  lie  ternn:d  tine,  are  worth 
friuu '/.  to  8/.  per  carat.  Needy  sellers  may  take  lU  per  cent  Ii:sm  for  cash;  but  this  is  the  general 
avenge  price  for  a  lot  of  10,  20,  or  50  carats  of  well-made  sioms,  if  tlie  inialiiy  lie  good. 

"Brilliants,  from  2  grains  to  3,  may  be  bought  in  lots,  at  from  T/.  7«.  to  N(.  per  carat.  It  is  lo  he 
imdersto.id,  tliat  diamonds  in  a  lot  are  never  all  (luite  free  from  faults ;  hence  tliere  may  arise  a  dillVr- 
enci!  of  10  per  cent,  in  the  prico.  Stones  of  3  grains,  if  line  and  perfect,  are  always  in  demand,  at  H, 
orO/.  per  carat. 

"  llrilliants,  from  3  grains  to  4,  if  very  fine  and  well  proportioned,  are  worth  from  8f.  to  P/.  per  carat. 
TIk  se  of  a  carat  each,  if  very  fine  and  well  selected,  are  worth  'Ji.  or  lOi.  Three  years  a([«  1  offered 
127.  each  for  eight,  and  could  not  obtain  them. 

"  (Irilliants,  from  5  grains  to  (i,  if  pure,  arc  worth  fmm  VI.  to  HI. ;  if  perfectly  fine,  and  of  the  full 
weii'lii  of  0  grains,  they  are  wiirtli  from  17/,  to  W.  each  :  1  have,  for  kui  h,  paid  20/. 

"  llrilliants,  of  2  carats  each,  arc  worth  from  27/.  to  30/.  sStoiics  of  this  weight,  if  well  proportioned, 
arc  considered  of  a  fine  size,  and  well  calculated  for  pins,  or  the  centre  of  clusters ;  indeed,  well  pro- 

gorioned  diamonds,  from  0  urains  to  2  carats  each,  are  always  in  demand,  and  are  retailed  at  from 
I)/,  to  S-lf.  each,  according  to  their  degree  of  perfection,  or  as  Ilie  rel:iiler  may  think  fit  to  cliarec  them. 
"  t"or  brilliants  of  3  carats,  if  fine  ami  well  foriued,  Irorii  70/.  lo  hO/.  may  hi!  obtained.    Hloiies  of  this 
size,  and  larger,  are  more  liable  lo  caprici<His  fiuctuations  of  price  thiiii  the  Buialler  ones  before  named, 
beiiig  chiefly  reipiired  for  the  centre  stones  of  saleable  necklaces. 

"  Orillianls  of  4  carats,  if  fine,  are  worth  from  100/.  to  130/.  I  have  sold  stones,  single  cut,  a  little 
off  C)lai:r,  of  tills  weiglll,  at  80  guineas.  I  possessed  one  of  17  graiini,  p'Tfcctly  white,  having  a  sur- 
face as  large  a»  that  of  a  7  carat  stfine  ouirlit  lo  he  ;  it  was,  conseqiienily,  very  thin,  but  being  much 
in  n'niirst,  on  account  of  its  great  spread,  or  surface,  it  was  sold  for  160/. 

"  Brilliants  of  .1  carats  are  not  frequently  met  with  in  general  trade,  and  are  valuable  In  price;  ns 
Hie  dealers  exact  more  if  tliey  know  that  such  stones  are  wanted,  liiun  they  would  iu  the  regular 
cou  »i  of  business.     The  prices  may  lie  suid  to  vury  from  IbO/.  to  SOOi. 


DIAPER— DISCOUNT. 


667 


/• 


mmereial  Law,  vol. 
en  worth  7Jrf. ;  but 


nactcil  by  the  3  &  4 
eign  goods  derelict, 
were  to  be  deemed 

9  proviso  has  been 
I  into  the  extent  to 
lent  of  the  duties  im 

nination  of  flotsam, 
imncd  as  droits  of 

1^,-  It.  Sp.  and  Port 
),  a  precious  stone, 
(Hift.  Nuf.  lib.  37. 
1  different  parts  of 
rope  nnay  bo  said  to 
however,  it  has  not 
iful  and  most  valua- 
various  shades.  It 
imonly  pale.  It  is 
r  amorphous.  It  is 
ig ;  internal  always 
nies  positively  elec- 
I'ith  any  other  gem. 

wrfectly  crj'stallint, 
1!  perceive  a  strong 
bright,  with  a  little 
if  there  be  a  mix- 
ne,  and  wiil  prov-e 

10  diamnnd  or  not,  a 
!liL'.l  by  its  nction,  it 
lit  tliJH  in^triiniem; 

acted  to  the  siirftce, 
ry  minute,  it  mny  he 
e  lliunil)  and  flnier; 
der.  On  accotint  of 
Inns  time  niilinnwn 
of  Ilnigea,  is  snid  In 
powder  instead  of 
Bernlien  was  led  to 
i^'ptlier.  Dlnniotidj 
ide  out  of  ilie  orlii- 
Mineralogy;  Rtcs'a 

little  fliirlimlion  in 
ii'^in  witlihrillinnis 
iiiimI  line,  are  worth 
this  is  lilt!  general 

!<liOd. 

carat.  It  is  to  ho 
s  may  arise  a  ditlVr- 
>'a  in  demand,  ut  SI, 

fi  8/.  to  91.  (ler  ramt. 
nuirs  og))  1  oflercd 

fine,  and  of  the  full 

well  propnrlioned, 
J  indeed,  will  pro- 
re  retailed  at  from 
lit  to  ciiarire  tlieiii, 
led.  Slinies  of  iliis 
ones  hcfore  named, 

,  single  rut,  a  little 
llite,  liavinK  a  sar- 
in, but  beini!  much 

Innlde  in  price;  as 
juld  ill  the  regular 


■  nrilllonts  of  fl  carats,  as  tieforn  statRd,  are  not  common ;  they  are  snilnlilc  for  centre  stones  nfi  x- 
peimive  necklaces,  and  single  stone  rings ;  if  perfect  and  well  shaped,  they  sell  from  tiOl.  to  35U/.  ur 
more. 

"Kor  estimating  the  vaino  of  peculiarly  fine  diamonds,  t'-ere  Is  no  fixed  standard.  Rough  diaiimnjs, 
feletted  as  line,  and  well  formed  fur  cuttinir,  may  be  estimated  as  follows;— Mijuare  the  weight  of  the 
mime,  multiply  ilie  produrt  by  2,  and  the  roi<ull  will  be  the  value  !ii  pounds  •'tcrling.  Ilnlliants,  if  line, 
niiiv  lie  et'timiited  by  squaring  the  weight  in  carats,  and  ninltiplying  tlie  pro.liitt  by  8,  which  will  give 
(he  unioiiiit  in  pounds  sterling. 

"As  a  very  large  property,  both  In  this  kingdom  and  In  other  countries  of  Europe,  Is  vested  In 
dinnionds,  it  may  be  imerexting  to  be  liiformi'd,  that  nut  only  the  price  uf  these  gems  has  for  seveiai 
y'car!>  been,  upon  the  whole,  grniliially  rUiiig,  but  that  it  is  likely  to  contiiiiie  on  the  advance.  At  ihe 
firesent  time,  indeed,  and  for  the  last  few  yearn,  there  has  been  a  dull  sale  of  dinnionds  in  England, 
nor  ilid  the  coronation  occasion  a  demand  worth  notice;  but  on  the  rontlnont  the  tiade  has  been 
tieuilv,  and  rough  diamonds  have  been  constantly  riaiiig  in  price.  Tiiat  this  advance  will  be  pio. 
grevsive,  may  he  assumed  from  the  fact,  that  the  best  diamond  ground  now  known,  the  8erro  do  Fiin 
in  llra/.il,  has  assuredly  passed  the  zenith  of  its  prosperity.  1  went  over  the  greater  part  of  what  is 
yet  reserved,  and  still  remains  to  lie  worked,  and  1  conceive  that  there  would  be  no  ilifticulty  in  cal- 
I'lilnling  the  length  of  time  in  which  the  present  number  of  workmen  mny  reduce  it  to  n  state  of  ex- 
hiiiislion.  like  that  of  the  far-famed  Goltonda.  The  average  annual  produce  of  future  years  may  bv 
cslliiiuled  by  the  amount  obtained  from  that  portion  which  has  been  already  worked,  lirazil  may  he 
paid  to  furnis'h  Miirope  with  SJ,nOU  or  30,111)0  carats  fer  uvnvm  of  rough  dianonds  ;  which,  ifrediiced  to 
brilliants,  may  make  an  influ.x  into  the  market  uf  8,000  or  U,000 carats  annually." — (JUavce'i  Trculine  on 
DuimorntK,  2d  ed.  pp.  0—14.  and  p.  <0.)  , 

The  rule  slated  by  Mr.  Mawe,  and  adopted  by  the  Jewellers,  for  estiinatieg  the  value  of  diamonds 
(niiilliply  till-'  S'lunre  of  the  weight  in  carats  by  '2,  and  Ihe  product  is  the  value  in  pounds  sterling),  can 
only  bold  in  the  case  of  ihose  that  are  of  a  small  si);e,or  do  not  weigh  more  than  '20  cnnils.  The  value 
of  the  largest  diamonds,  which  are  exceedingly  rare,  (nun  visi  ri'.iribvf,  ft  iis  itdmoduvi  pavris  cu/rnitnr, 
riiiiy.)  can,  it  is  clear,  depend  upon  nothing  but  the  couipetition  of  Ihe  purchasers.  The  diamond 
bcli>nging  to  the  Fimpcror  of  lirazil  is  the  largest  in  llie  world.  It  is  still  uncut,  and  weiL'hs  l.t-hU 
carats;  so  lliat,  according  to  the  jewellers'  rule,  it  must  he  worth  the  enormous  sum  of  ;),(i41,S0('M  It 
may,  however,  be  doubted,  whether  his  Imperial  Maiesty  would  have  any  disinclination  to  part  wiih 
it  for  tlie  odd  sum  of  644,8110/.  The  fsmous  diamond  belonging  to  the  Km|'eror  of  Russia,  wliich  the 
jewellers  tell  us  is  wortli  4,804,0(10J.,  did  not  cost  l.«,0,n00/. 

Diamonds  are  not  used  exclusively  as  artidps  of  ornament  or  luxury.  They  are  frequently  em- 
ployed with  great  advantace  in  the  arts.  "Had,  discfdournd  diamonds,"  says  Mr.  Mawe,  "are  sold  to 
break  into  powder,  and  may  he  snid  to  have  a  more  extensive  sale  than  brilliants,  with  all  their  cap- 
tivating beauty.  In  many  operations  of  art  they  are  indisponsable  ;  the  fine  cameo  and  intaglio  uwe 
their  perfection  to  the  diamond,  with  which  alone  they  can  be  eiifrraved.  TliC  beauty  of  the  onvx 
wmilil  yet  remain  dormant,  had  not  the  unrivalled  power  of  Ihe  diamond  been  called  forth  to  the 
artL't's  assistance.  The  carnelian,  the  agate,  or  cairngorm,  cannot  be  engraved  by  nny  other  siili- 
stance;  every  crest  or  teller  cut  upon  hard  stone  is  iiidelited  to  ilie  illaniond.  This  is  not  all ;  fir 
wiiliniit  it,  |p|ocks  of  crystal  could  not  be  cut  into  slices  for  spectacles,  agate  for  snufl-bo.xcs,  tt." 

Diamonds  may  be  landed  wUhout  report,  entry,  or  warrant  —(3  &;  4  If'ill.  4.  c.  52.  }  2.) 

The  carat  grain  used  In  weighing  diamonds  is  ditiVirent  from  the  Troy  grahi,  i  diamond  grains  being 
only  equal  to  4  Troy  grains. 

DIAPER  (Ger.Z»r«//,-  Da.  Drel ,•  Fr.  Linge  ouvrd  ,•  It.  Tefa  iessntaaapere  ,•  Sp.  Man- 
idis  akmanuais  ;  IJus.  Salfefotsschnoe),  a  sort  of  fine  flowered  linen,  commonly  used  fiir 
tnblc-cloths,  napkins,  &c.,  brought  to  the  highest  perfection  in  the  manufactories  in  tl'.e 
north  of  Ireland,  in  Germany,  and  Scotland. 

DICE  (Gcr.  Wiirfclf  Du.  Taarlingen  ,•  Fr.  Den  (a  jmer)  ,-  KDadif  Sp.  Dados, •  Rus. 
Kosti),  cubical  pieces  of  bone  or  ivory,  marked  with  dots  on  each  of  their  nidcs,  from  1  to 
6,  according  to  the  number  of  the  face.  The  regulations  as  to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
(lice  al-e  the  same  as  those  with  respect  to  Cabdb  (which  see).  Every  pair  of  dice  is  to  pay 
a  duty  of  2fls.  All  pieces  of  ivory,  bone,  or  ocher  matter,  nscd  in  any  game,  having  letters, 
figure.1,  spots,  or  other  niarits  denoting  any  chance,  marked  thereon,  to  be  adjudged  dice ; 
and  if  more  than  6  chances  are  signilied  on  any  nne  piece,  then  such  piece  to  be  charged 
with  the  full  duty  of  a  pair  of  dice. — (9  Geo.  4.  c.  18.) 

DIMITY  (Fr.  Bavin  ,•  It.  Dobkttu ;  Sp.  Dimitt),  a  species  of  cross-barred  stuff  entirely 
composed  of  cotton,  similar  in  fabric  to  fustian. 

DISCOUNT,  an  allowance  paid  on  account  of  the  immediate  advance  of  a  sum  of  money 
not  due  till  some  future  period.  It  is  usuully  said  to  Ite  of  two  kinds ;  viz.  discount  of  bills, 
and  discount  of  goods ;  but  they  are  essentially  the  same. 

When  a  bill  of  exchange  is  presented  at  a  banker's  for  discount,  it  is  the  practice  to  calcu- 
liitc  the  simple  interest  for  the  time  the  bill  has  to  run,  including  the  days  of  grace,  which 
interest  is  called  the  dltcount ,-  and  this  being  deducted  from  the  amount  of  the  bill,  the  ba» 
lance  is  paid  over  to  tlie  presenter  of  the  bill.  This  is  the  method  followed  by  the  Bank  of 
England,  the  London  and  provincial  bankers,  nnd  by  commercial  men  in  general.  But  it 
is,  notwithstanding,  inaccurate.  The  true  discount  of  any  sum  for  any  given  time  is  such  % 
sum  as  will  in  that  time  amount  to  the  interest  of  the  stun  to  be  disc(>unted.  Thus,  if  inte- 
rest he  fit  e  per  cent.,  the  proper  discount  to  be  received  for  the  immediate  advance  of  100/. 
due  12  months  hence  is  not  -5/.,  but  Al,  XTin.  'Z\d. ;  for  this  sum  will,  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
amount  to  5/.,  which  is  what  the  100/.  would  have  produced.  Those,  therefore,  who  em« 
ploy  their  money  in  discounting,  make  somewhat  more  than  the  ordinary  rate  of  intercfct 
upon  it ;  for  a  person  discounting  100/.  due  at  the  end  of  a  year,  advances,  supposing  inlcresi 
to  be  n/.  per  cent.,  only  05/.;  so  that,  as  this  05/.  produces  100/.  at  the  period  in  quettliuu 
tlic  interest  received  has  really  been  5/.  bs,  3</.  per  cent. 

The  rule  for  calculating  discount  on  correct  principles  is  as  follows  : — 


m 


Ml 


M'  K 


:ii 


*;?'  ;. 


568 


DIVIDEND— DOCKS. 


'  At  the  amount  or  lOOt.  for  the  given  rate  and  tima 

.1  In  10  ihu  given  luni  or  debt ; 

So  la  inoi.  to  the  present  worth,  or 

8o  li  the  interest  of  l(KM.  for  the  given  time 

To  the  dincouut  of  the  given  lUiu. 

Mr.  Smart  has  calculated,  on  this  principle,  a  Table  of  the  diicount  of  I/,  for  any  number 
of  days,  at  2,  2J,  3,  3^,  Sec,  to  10  per  cent,  to  8  decimal  placea,  Uut  the  limplo  int«*n>Nt  of 
the  sum  being  tiie  only  thing  looked  to  in  practice,  such  Tables  aro  hardly  evur  referred  lo. 
Bills  in  the  highest  credit  are  discounted  on  the  lowest  terms ;  the  discount  inrreaning 
according  to  the  suspicions  entertained  of  the  punctuality  or  solvonry  of  the  nurtins  subntrili- 
ing  the  bills.  During  the  war,  the  rate  of  interest,  or,  which  is  the  same  thuig,  of  diHcuunt, 
was  comparatively  high;  but  since  1818,  the  rate  of  discount  U|H>n  good  bills  has  suidum 
been  above  4,  and  has  often  been  as  low  as  3  and  even  2j|  per  cent. 

Discount  on  merchandise  takes  place  when,  after  making  a  purchase  of  goods  at  a  Axed 
term  of  credit,  the  buyer  finds  means  to  make  his  pnyment  before  the  expiration  of  that  tnrm, 
receivuig  from  the  seller  a  discount  or  allowance,  which  is  commonly  n  good  deal  nbovu  the 
current  rate  of  interest  The  discount  on  goods  varies,  of  course,  according  to  the  intetc«t 
of  money.  During  the  late  war,  the  loans  to  government  were  so  large,  and  the  fucilily  of 
investing  money  was  such,  that  the  discount  on  goods  was  often  us  high  as  fi  pur  cent,  fur 
6,  and  10  per  cent  for  12  months.  Now,  however,  the  discount  on  goods  \\a»  fiillou,  with 
the  fall  in  the  rate  of  interest,  to  7  or  7^  per  cent  for  12  months  :  being  ulmnt  double  the 
current  interest  ariiiing  from  funded  property,  or  the  discount  of  good  mercantile  bills. 

Long  credits  and  discounts  upon  goods  have,  for  a  lengthened  period,  been  usual  in  Enft* 
land.  This  arose  from  a  variety  of  causes,  but  principally,  perimps,  from  the  mngniliiilu  of 
our  exports  to  the  United  States,  Russia,  and  other  countries  whore  there  is  n  great  (Iciniiiid 
for  capital ;  but  in  whatever  causes  it  originated,  it  has  latteriy  Iwen  carried  to  whnt  seuinR  to 
be  ap  injurious  extent. — (See  Ciikuit.^  In  France  and  Germany,  the  maimfucturiTs,  in 
general  bare  of  capital,  are  obligoil  to  sUpulate  with  the  merchants  for  short  crwiiui.  In 
Holland,  tlie  usage  of  the  exporting  merchants  has  been  to  pay  either  in  ready  moneys  o-  at 
so  short  a  date  as  to  put  discounting  out  of  the  question,  the  manufacturer  sotting  at  unce 
the  lowest  price  on  his  goods. 

DIVIDEND,  the  name  given  to  the  payment  made  to  creditors  out  of  thn  estate  of  a 
bankrupt,  and  to  the  annual  interest  payable  upon  the  national  debt,  and  otiier  public 
funds. 

DJIDDA,  a  town  of  Arabia,  on  the  Red  Sea,  about  21  miles  from  Mecca,  of  whidi  it  \n 
the  sea-port,  in  lat  21°  29'  N.,  Ion.  39°  14'  E.  It  is  well  built  •  the  streets  arc  impnvcd, 
but  spacious  and  airy  ;  the  houses  high,  and  constructed,  for  the  most  part,  of  tnadri'ixirc^ 
and  other  marine  fossils.  The  supply  of  water  is  scanty,  and  its  quality  indil1(>ront.  Winiill 
vessels  approach  close  to  the  quays ;  but  large  vessels  are  obliged  to  anchor  in  the  roitilD, 
about  2  miles  off,  loading  and  unloading  by  means  of  lighters.  The  entrniiro  to  thn  rnuli 
is  difficult,  and  should  not  be  attempted  without  a  pilot  Djidda  is  a  place  of  ciMiNJili'mblt 
commercial  importance.  It  is  the  entrepU  in  which  is  centred  the  greater  part  of  the  com 
inerc«  between  India,  Egypt,  and  Arabia.  Many  of  its  merchants  possess  largo  ciipilnis , 
some  of  them  as  much  as  from  I. ^0,00U/.  to  200,000/.  The  trade  in  coli'eo  brought  t^roin 
Mocha,  and  other  ports  in  Yemen,  is  the  most  considerable,  but  it  is  said  alno  to  bo  ihu  must 
hazardous.  The  returns  arc  principally  made  in  cash.  Tlie  trade  witii  IiuIIh  and  thu  Oiilf 
of  Persia  is  safer  than  the  coffee  trade,  and  is  very  considerable.  Djidda  han  also  a  i;i)oJ 
deal  of  intercourse  with  the  ports  of  Cnsscir,  Souakiii,  and  Massouah,  on  the  oppo.iito  omxt 
of  the  Red  Sea.  The  imports  from  the  last  two  principally  consist  of  sluves,  gold,  lobiu-co, 
dhourra  or  barley,  hides,  butter  (of  which  immense  quantitios  are  made  use  of  hi  .\riiliiu), 
mats,  &c. ;  in  return  for  which  the  Africans  receive  Indian  goods  suitable  for  lluiir  Mniriioti*, 
dresses  and  ornaments  for  their  women,  dates  (which  are  not  produced  in  any  part  of  Niiliiu), 
iron,  &c.  The  principal  article  of  import  from  Co.'seir  is  wheat ;  and  not  ordy  Djiddn,  Imt 
the  whole  Hedjaz,  or  Holy  Land  of  Arabia,  is  almost  entirely  dei>emlcnt  upon  l''vfy|it  lor 
com.  Coffee  is  the  principal  article  sent  in  return.  Business  is  transui'ted  at  Djiddu  witli 
ease  and  expedition.  The  number  of  ships  belonging  to  the  port  is  estimated  ut  2iV>.  Owiiiij 
to  the  scarcity  of  timber,  none  of  them  aro  built  ut  Djidda;  those  belonging  to  it  l«'ina:oillii'r 
purchased  at  Bombay  or  Muscat,  or  at  Mocha,  Hodci  la,  or  Suez,  for  n  coiiHidfrablc  pi'riod 
each  year,  before  and  after  the  feast  of  Kamadhan,  when  pilgrims  come  from  all  (|UiirlerH  to 
visit  Mecca,  the  town  is  thronged  with  strangers,  and  a  great  deal  of  mnroantilo  buniiirHM  in 
transacted.  Djidda  is  at  present,  and  has  been  for  a  number  of  years,  under  the  govoriiim'tit 
of  Mohammed  Ali,  pacha  of  Egypt  The  munei/s,  weights  and  meimireit  of  the  latter  coim- 
try  (for  which,  see  Alkxandria)  are  now  generally  used  in  Djidda,  the  commerco  of  wliich 
has  been  much  improved  and  extended  in  consequence  of  the  comparative  security  and  khimI 
order  enforced  by  the  pacha. — (We  have  gleaned  these  details  from  the  diireront  works  of 
Burckhardt,  particularly  from  his  Travels  in  Arabia,  vol.  i.  pp.  1 — 100.) 

DOCKS  are  artificial  basins  for  the  reception  of  ships.    The  term  haa  boon  ■u[ipoH()d  by 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA).     669 

mtne  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  tuifxeu,  to  receive  ;  but  it  is  obviously  no  other  than  the 
Teutonic  dock,  originally  perhaps  derived  from  dtkken,  to  cover,  enclose,  or  protect. 

Doclis  ore  of  2  sorts — wet  and  dry.  Wet  docks  are  generally  constructed  with  gates  to 
retain  the  water.  Ships  are  admitted  at  high  water ;  and  the  gates  being  shut,  they  aro 
kept  constantly  afloat.  A  dry  dock  is  intended  for  the  building,  repairing,  or  examinatian 
uf  (hips.  The  ships  to  be  repaired  or  examined  are  admitted  into  it  at  high  water ;  and  the 
water  either  ebbs  out  with  the  receding  sea,  or  is  pumped  out  after  the  gates  are  shut. 

Utility  of  Docks. — The  construction  of  wet  docks  has  done  much  to  facilitate  and  promote 
navigation.  A  large  vessel,  particularly  if  loaded,  could  not  be  allowed  to  come  to  the  ground, 
or  to  lie  on  the  beach,  without  sustaining  considerable  injury,  and  perhaps  being  destroyed  ; 
and  even  the  smaller  class  of  vessels  are  apt  to  be  strained,  and  otherwise  hurt,  if  they  aie 
kft  dry,  unless  the  ground  be  very  soft.  Hence,  when  large  vessels  have  to  be  loaded  or 
unloaded  where  there  are  no  docks,  and  where  the  water  close  to  the  shore  or  quay  is  not 
lutiiciently  deep,  the  work  can  only  be  carried,  on  during  a  particular  period  of  each  tide  ;  it 
being  necessary,  in  order  to  keep  the  vessel  afloat,  that  she  should  leave  the  shore  with  the 
ebbing  tide.  Attem[)ts  have  sometimes  been  made  to  obviate  this  inconvenience,  by  run- 
ning jetties  or  piers  to  such  a  distance  into  the  sea,  that  there  might  always  be  a  sufficient 
depth  of  water  at  their  heads  ;  but  this  can  only  be  done  in  peculiar  situations ;  and  it  re- 
quires that  the  ship's  position  should  be  frequently  changed.  It  is  in  most  cases,  too,  impos- 
sible properly  to  protect  the  cargoes  of  ships  loading  or  unloading  at  quays,  or  on  the  beach, 
from  depredation.  Previously  to  the  construction  of  the  wet  docks  on  the  Thames,  the  pro- 
perty annually  pillaged  from  ships  was  estimated  to  amount  to  500,0UU/.  a  year,  though  tliis 
is  probably  much  exaggerated. 

I.  Docks  ok  the  Thames. 

6.  London  Port  Duen. — Charges  ' 


1.  West  India  Docks. 

2.  London  Docks.  i. 

3.  East  India  Docks. 

4.  St.  Katharine^s  Docks. 

5.  Commercial  Docks. 

II.  LivEnpooi.  Docks,  Siiifpins,  etc 
-  '  "'  III.  Bristol  Docks,  Shippitto,  ETC. 

IV.  Hull  Docks,  SuiFPiNo,  ETC 
'  ■  V.  GooLE  Docks,  Shipping,  ETC. 

VI.  Leitu  Docks,  Suippinc,  etc. 


on  Account  of  Lights,  Pilotage, 
^c.  in  the  Thames. — Shipping, 
4-c.  of  London, 


oen  suppOHod  by 


"J        •  I.   Docks  on  the  Thames. 

It  is  singular  that,  notwithstanding  the  obvious  utility  of  wet  docks,  and  the  vast  trade  of 
the  metropolis,  there  was  no  establishment  of  this  sort  on  the  Thames  till  nearly  a  century 
after  a  wet  dock  had  been  constructed  at  Liverpool.  The  inconvenience  arising  from  the 
crowded  state  of  the  river,  at  the  periods  when  fleets  of  merchantmen  were  accustomed  to 
arrive,  the  insufficient  accommodation  aiforded  by  the  legal  quays  and  sufTerancc  wharfs,  the 
necessity  under  which  many  ships  were  placed  of  unloading  in  the  river  into  lighters,  and 
the  insecurity  and  loss  of  property  thence  arising,  had  been  long  felt  as  almost  intolerable 
grievances ;  but  so  powerful  was  the  opposition  to  any  change,  made  by  the  private  wharf- 
ingers and  others  interested  in  the  support  of  the  existing  order  of  things,  that  it  was  not 
till  1793  that  a  plan  was  projected  for  making  wet  docks  for  the  port  of  London  ;  and  6 
years  more  elapsed  before  the  act  for  the  construction  of  the  West  India  Docks  was  passed. 

1.  West  India  Docks, — These  were  the  first,  and  continue  to  be  the  most  extensive,  of  the 
great  warehousing  establishments  formed  in  the  port  of  London.  Their  construction  com- 
menced in  February,  1800,  and  they  were  partially  opened  in  August,  1802.  They  stretch 
across  the  isthmus  joining  the  Isle  of  Dogs  to  the  Middlesex  side  of  the  Thames.  They  ori- 
ginally consisted  of  an  Import  and  Export  Dock,  each  communicating,  by  means  of  locks,  with 
a  basin  of  5  or  6  acres  in  extent  at  the  end  next  Blackwull,  and  with  another  of  more  than  2 
acres  at  the  end  next  Limuhouse  ;  both  of  these  basins  communicate  with  the  Thames.  To 
these  works  the  West  India  Dock  Oompany  have  recently  added  the  South  Dock,  formerly 
the  City  Canal,  which  runs  parallel  to  the  Export  Dock.  This  canal  was  intended  to  facili- 
tate navigation,  by  enai)Iing  ships  to  avoid  the  circuitous  course  round  the  Isle  of  Dogs.  It 
was,  however,  but  little  used  for  that  purpose,  and  is  now  appropriated  to  the  wood  trade,  for 
the  greater  accommodation  of  which,  a  pond  of  19  acres  has  been  recently  formed  on  the 
soutli  side  for  the  reception  of  bonded  timber.  The  Export  Dock,  or  that  appropriated  fjr 
ships  loading  outwards,  is  about  870  yards  ui  length,  by  135  in  width ;  so  that  its  area  is 
near  85  acres:  the  North,  or  Import  Dock,  or  that  appropriated  for  ships  entering  to  dis- 
charge, is  of  the  same  length  as  the  Export  Dock,  and  166  yards  wide;  so  that  it  coiitaiiii 
nearly  30  acres.  The  South  Dock,  which  is  appropriated  both  to  import  and  export  vessels, 
3b  2  72 


;  I- 


III: 


670  DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


U  1,183  yards  lonpr,  with  an  entrance  to  the  river  at  each  end ;  both  the  locks*  an  well  ai 
thut  into  thu  Ularkwall  Basin,  lioing  45  feet  wide,  or  large  enough  to  admit  slups  of  1,^00  torn 
burden.  At  the  highest  tides,  the  depth  of  water  in  the  docks  is  *Z4^  feet ;  and  tlie  Vklmie  will 
contain,  with  ease,  000  vessels  of  from  SoO  to  500  tons.  The  separation  of  the  honitward 
btjunj  nhips,  which  is  of  the  utmont  importance  for  preventing  plunder,  and  ^ivinj^  aitditiomil 
security  to  the  revenue  and  llie  merchant,  was,  for  the  first  tmie,  adopted  in  this  cbtublii>h. 
ment.  The  Import  and  Export  Docks  are  parallel  to  each  other,  being  divided  hy  a  run^o 
of  warehouses,  principally  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  rum,  brandy,  and  other  spirituoua 
liquors.  There  are  smaller  warehouses  and  sheds  on  the  quays  of  the  Export  and  Huuth 
Docks,  for  the  rect^ption  of  goods  sent  down  for  ex{>ortation.  The  warehouses  for  imported 
goods  are  on  the  four  quays  of  the  Im|)ort  Dock.  They  are  well  contrived,  and  of  great 
extent,  \mug  calculated  to  contain  100,000  hhds.  of  sugar,  exclusive  of  coifee  and  other  pro* 
ducc.  There  have  been  deposited,  at  the  same  i.  ;e,  up>n  the  quays,  under  the  t-hedn,  and 
in  the  warehouses  l>elonging  to  these  docks^  148,503  lihds.  of  suf^r,  70,875  eusks  and 
433,048  bags  of  coffee,  35,158  puncheons  of  rum  and  pipes  of  Madeira  wine,  14,021  logn  of 
mahogany,  21,350  tons  of  logwood,  &c.  The  whole  area  occupied  by  the  <locks,  \\-are- 
houses,  <&c.  includes  about  295  acres  ;  and  the  most  eUectuul  precautions  are  adopted  for 
the  prevention  of  fire  and  pilfering. 

This  spacious  and  magniticcut  establishment  was  formed  by  subscription,  tlic  pro|)orty 
being  vested  in  the  West  India  Dock  Company,  the  aifuirs  of  which  are  manngod  by  '^1  di* 
rectors,  as  a  body  corporate*  Tlie  right  of  voting  is  vested  in  those  shanholilers  only  who 
hold  500/.  of  the  Company's  stock.     The  Company's  capital  is  1,380,000/. 

The  West  India  Docks  have  proved  a  very  successful  undertaking,  and  have  been  highly 
beneficial  to  the  original  shareholders.  All  West  India  !Ships  frequenting  the  Tltames  were 
obliged  to  use  them  for  a  period  of  20  years  from  their  completion.  The  dividend  ou  iho 
Company's  stock  was  limited  to  10  per  cent.;  and,  after  making  dividends  to  the  full 
amount,  whh  the  exception  of  the  first  half  year,  they  had,  in  1819,  an  accumulated  fund  of 
near  400,000/.  But  they  then  diminished  their  charges,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  cominittco 
of  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country,  so  as  to  give  the  trade,  uung 
the  docks  the  benefit  of  the  surplus  fund,  whii-ii  was  to  bo  reduced  to  100,000/.  before  the 
30th  of  January,  182(>.  Latterly  the  Company  have  been  obliged,  in  consequence  of  the 
competition  of  the  other  Compimies,  to  make  further  reductions  of  dividend.  It  now 
amounts  to  5/.  per  cent.     At  present,  the  Company's  stock  sells  at  about  par. 

The  nearest  dock  gate  at  Limehouse  is  about  3  miles  from  the  Exchange;  and  the  other, 
next  Blackwall,  about  ^  a  mile  more.  This  distance  has  the  disadvantage  of  increasing  the 
expense  of  cartage,  and  of  behig  inconvenient  to  the  merehants  and  others  uning  the  docks. 
On  the  other  hand,  however,  ships  entering  the  West  India  Docks  avoid  a  conKideralile  ex- 
tent of  troublesome,  if  not  dangerous,  navigation,  that  mubt  bo  undertaken  by  those  bound 
for  the  St.  Katharine's  and  London  Docks. 


Ccntrivarict  /(v  ctfnrin^  IVater  in  the  Wtst  fntlia  PccH— In 
ainiust  all  lincks  aott  liarboura,  a  leriuuf  evi\  (i  full  fr(»in  Itif  consLuil 
accumulAlinn  of  nmc!,  and  (he  cni  srquent  f  iprrife  of  juTMrvinK  ilie 
pniucr  depth  of  water.  In  varinui  liluAtious,  provision  Im  utcn 
iiiXiV  (rr  !>cniirliit  out  or  mkiri<  niii>l  an<1  hilt  by  nicaniuf  back* 
waltT,  tlre'tjcurs.  &Cm  •'vconrlintf  to  I(h^1  circuntfetincra;  ()Ut,  in  thn 
West  lii'Iia  t)oi-l:.s  the  evil  hasi)'  tni  «niinly  i>bvi;tlrd:  a  brief  iK'tiiO 
of  (bf  niifiir  er  in  wbich  to  impordinl  an  object  bai  bectiaccciiipliOi* 
•d,  ni-iy  Ui-  boili  in'erffitli.|c  anil  useful, 

Ttt  wall  r  of  tbe  I'haiueB  h  Rt-iHrallv  very  nuiddy,  ami  wben  it 
In  adniitiol  iiii'i  the  basini  and  liocks  'a  Ixnie  quaiitiiies,  to  rrplnce 
the  wAtt-r  l"9i  bv  evnpora'ion,  lenkagr,  Inrkin;  vesiejs  m  airl  out, 
ttr.j  the  <It-|(niit  ta  very  grt»\.  In  the  Went  Iwlta  Docki,  ()k  accii- 
miiUlu-n  of  nuut,  rrniii  this  cauir,  was  moat  couiiclt-nille  in  ihe 
Esatern  or  Hlic knall  Pisin ;  an<t  itie  annual  cost  of  cttarittg  out  the 
■ami  WM  l>e!M  ren  3,000i.  ai  d  4,000i. 

Aim!  yr-i  tl  e  process  by  whirli  ihat  basin  wna cleared,  mm  probably 
the  moat  eennomical  wbicb  ctiuld  be  adopted.  A  floating  dredger, 
of  the  u^ml  ikiicripliftn.  ni^f^J  tlie  mud,  wbich  was  lbn>^vn  iiilo 
ban^;  and  these,  v^ben  loaded,  were  einpt'eil  by  a  itaiinnary  en* 

Sine,  worki  .K  nn  eiulless  chain  of  bnrkeia,  tiniiUr  to  those  uf  the 
redjrer.  Put  tl.e  field  whe if  the  ti  iid «a» dfi>o«iifd  hiviiiK  become 
full,  .1  ditioial  eirerise  was  likely  to  be  iucurrrU  by  reiiioviiifC  the 
niuu  to  »  ^ii>at«r  lii^farce,  so  llAt  the  lubject  c<iMt'd  i»r  ;ind  rtxeivrd 
more  attention  ;  :ind  the  rMiult  will  nhow,  that  the  Company  have  at 
length  proviilwl  th<i  most  etlectual  remedy. 

All  tie  pite^  of  ihe  locka  pnint  JnwanN,  to  inatain  the  water  cf 
the  dftrks  ;  an  toiii^  as  the  <evel  of  ibe  water  within,  is  highi-r  tbnn 
tlie  levrl  fif  tlif  river,  tliuee  (j.tcs  reiintii  rUwcd^  but  ns  a-w.n  m  the 
river  rist-s  above  the  level  of  the  Blackwall  H^iiuii,  the  i»l«^  of  the 
outer  lock  are  throw  n  open  :  while  the  ^Ici  of  the  two  locks  at  the 


west  end  of  that  bnain  rfmitn  closed,  the  influx  from  the  river  wnjIJ 
n(i|  hu  considurdbk-;  but  vvlieii  the  tide  liax  ri»eii  above  the  level  of 
the  lni|K)rl  iiiid  Kx|>ort  Oorks,  Ibouc  pa'e:,  uouM  aUo  te  thrown 
open,  and  then  the  river  wouhl  flow  in  u  ith  coi«idenible  bircoj^he 
mu'l'ly  %v-ateriliftrf>1<turinK  lli.it  n|  the  (locks,  and  ut  cuur^deposltiug 
Ihe  ai<t  or  innd  held  in  auspeni>i<in. 

Thfaic  f;u'f8  shuwed  hat  the  eiclusion  of  the  river  water  was  tha 
only  eirectual  cure  fiT  the  evil ;  but  the  loya  tir  tta>te  rf  «atpr  from 
Die  dntka  wati  equal,  on  an  aver.ii;e,  to  J  inches  o^er  Dm  whole  siir* 
t<ce  in  24  hours,  finii  tliis  lo  sh.ii)  tn  be  supplied  ;  niid  not  onlylbnl, 
but  to  keep  the  river  out,  it  wns  iiecoMiry  a'  all  times  to  kctp  tin 
wiicrot  ihed<>ck&  and  b^^ii^s  np  to  u  hit;lier  point  tliau  Ihattotvhich 
the  river  would  rine  at  the  hisl.e^i  spring  lideti. 

AfttT  long  coiisiticratiun,  ihu  fullowiiig  plan  was  rLalurcd  for  rf* 
ffc'iin  thi%(dijtct  :— 

'I'he  Cnmp:my'B  s|)arc  land  on  the  north  side  of  the  Bbckwalt  Ei> 
ain  Iny  below  huh  wa'er  mnrk,  and  there  three  Tcservcirs  were 
forme.! !  the  twn  neat  the  l-asin  receive  the  watir  from  the  river  ly 
a  culvert  h  Ith  sluices,  which  are  clitec  i  as  soon  ai  tiny  an  tilleit ; 
fmin  thrae  th<!\%:iter  in  puniped  t>y  an  enirire  of  36  lione  [loweri 
after  having  lia)  tinie  *a deposit  ih«  sib,  into  the  eleva'ed  rtser^mr, 
from  wbencR  it  flows  by  a  cnnduit  into  the  ba  in,  and  theme,  into  tbe 
diH-k,  and  Ihui  the  b  vel  of  Ihe  whole  it  kt  pt  up  to  the  hi<htM  |M)ipt 
whi<  h  c»n  be  desired,  and  the  river  1  liamDti  with  its  u>ud  »  no 
lonicer  adniit'ed. 

The  Rre<it  b<idy  of  w  ater  lu  the  dnrka  ta  thus  contitanlly  maintained, 
and  la  ni  all  tiities  rienr  and  siAeet,  and  no  mud  \^  ill  licre;ifler  bede* 
posited;  gruat  idvAid^xe  arisen,  Itowever,  froiu  the  depth  (if  water, 
"liich  ia  preMTvivt  fi"ni  fiuc'ua'ing  with  the  level  of  the  niap  aid 
sprinr  lilts,  an  tliC  deepest  laden  sliip  can  at  all  limes  l>etratiipor;nl 
— tliu  depth  thiougbout  being  t'runi  23  to  l!ti  fcL-t. 


Rules  and  REourATioKa  to  be  onsRnvFO.  and  Rates  to  dg  paid,  dv  the  Siiippinq  frequentino 

THE  West  India  Docks. 

Rolfs  and  Orders  fo  be  nhxerveil  by  Mnsters,  Pilots,  nnd  oihorPorsons  hnvinff  tbe  Cbarffe  of  Ship?, 

Vessel?,  I.ishtt^rs,  nr  Craft,  coming  into,  lying  in,  und  going  out  of,  the  West  India  Docks,  piirsuunt 

to  An  1  A.  2  Win.  4.  c.  52. 

Tf.e  Cfiiipavp*^" *^foorin;rs  —Tho.  ninorintrs  in  tho  rivor,  within  ?no  ynnU  of  p:irh  of  ibr  ontrar(<'3  nt 
niarkwaiU  nnd  iliiit  into  riinclioiiKo  IIhsIii,  nnd  within  \:A)  ynrdfl  of  ttit*  Lintehoiine  uiitrancn  of  (lie 
fr^oiiili  iKn  l<,  nre  roservt'd  for  the  ojtcluHive  uHe  of  vestiuU  entering  into,  or  which  have  recently  come 
out  of.  tin?  d«'el\H. 

Evory  mn!*t('r  or  piTFon  in  chnrgn  of  any  ship,  lichter,  barpp,  boat,  or  other  vcbscI,  of  any  dcsorip- 
lim  wlutsoever,  lying  within  the  above  dietancc,  shall  immediately  romuve  tho  same,  wheii  roquirea 


PPINO  FREQUEKTINO 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


871 


\y  thn  dock  maiti  "ii  o/  thoir  atiliitaiiu.     Penalty  61.  fur  every  hour  wlikh  luch  ve«iel  m»f 

ti<tnitln. 

Piliiti  ilinll  not  nttempt  to  pince  uhlpi  inililo  the  biinyf,  Ifnthrr  HhlpH  hnvc  prevlnudy  hrought  up, 
but  •hill  lirli'K  llii'lii  In  llii'lr  lerlliH  In  iIiik  rurcctiHloii  im  the  nulnlilo,  iiiiIphs  lliry  (Imll  Iiu  rxpreMly 
orilcrHil  liy  tlin  d'ck  iiini>liT  in  take  n  hf>rtli  innlile  Ihu  llvr  Tiir  the  riinvi!iili>nr)>  iit'dnrkli>|i. 

All  |i:iriii!i  crrnllng  nhfitriicllniiB  will  he  prrwei  iiKiil,  imil  the  ppi:nlil<'i<  will  be  rliilclly  enforrcrl. 

ffffth  iihiiiit  In  eiilcr  the  Durkn,  i'i'r.  Ai^'/px/d  — Thd  pf(/ fliig  mi  llir  Iliiu-Ktuir  111  111"  iiilruiicc  U  the 
tlfiiul  for  HlilpH  III  prcpiirc.  A  Hue  tliiK  will  he  kept  MyiiiK  the  wliiilo  time  proper  l'«r  dockiii)! ;  when 
llif  liili!  haH  reiu'heil  liiL'h  wuter  mark,  thnt  tlnK  will  he  Htruck,  nOer  which  no  ahlp  can  he  tiiken  In. 

pnlitraliitii  Aiixk.— When  iihipii  have  liroiivht  up  prnpprly  at  the  iiiiiiirliis.'8,  iin  ntlk'i'r  will  ileliver 
llio  ('(impiiiiy'H  reKiilatliiiin,  and  llie  coniinuiider  or  piliit  of  every  veKnel  exieedlnir  IIIO  tmiK  iimiil  nir- 
lify  III  Ilie  Di'ilrirallmi  Hunk  her  drniiiilit  nf  waif  r;  that  che  li<  provided  with  all  iit'ceRHiiry  and  mitfl- 
ricnt  w:irpR,  rnpcft,  ard  tackle,  to  remove  and  moor  her  In  safety  ;  and  lliat  her  unihnrK  are  (or  nhall 
|ii>  liufore  leiiviiiu  Ihu  moorlngii)  lu  secured  and  stowed  us  nut  to  endanger  the  works,  the  ships 
llieriiii.  or  the  veKPel  hcrnelf. 

{•reiiiiring  Ship f  fur  Jliliiiiii»ion.—V.\ny  ninster  or  pilot.  In  charge  of  n  ship,  flioiild  lose  no  time  In 
mnkiiiRIhe  followiiiK  prepnrallons,  viz.  hi-r  anchors  to  be  properly  secured  and  Hlowed  ;  her  huIIh  all 
fiirhd;  all  i|nurler  boalH  lowered  down,  guns  unloaded,  gunpowder  put  out,  tires  exliii|iiii>ilied,  and 
tiirli  other  preriinllonfi  taken  as  thn  duck  master  may  direct:  when  these  preparations  are  completed, 
a  lluK  iiiiiHt  he  lioiyled  at  the  fore,  as  a  signal  that  the  »hip  Is  ready. 

All  ships  are  reipiired  to  send  down  top-gallant  yards  and  strike  top-gallant  masts,  and  to  hnvo 
'heir  jUi  onil  nil/.en  booms  ringed  close  in,  honiklns,  mnrtind'alt'S,  and  all  om-rlggers  iiiisliippi'd,  if  lime 
will  pi'riiiit,  and  at  all  events  iimiiediiilcly  niter  enlerinir.  VcHwels  will,  however,  ho  exiiiiipled  frum 
■irlk'ritf  lower  yards  and  top-masts,  npim  the  masler  certif)ing  that  I  he  itanie  may  be  safiOy  di.-pensed 
with,  and  encaxing  to  be  answerable  for  all  coniieqiiences ;  but  before  being  placed  at  the  quay,  the 
ynriJH  niiiHt  bi;  ti>pped  well  lip,  and  tlie  vard-arins  hiHlicd  clone  In  to  the  rigging. 

Diickhiir  Tirkiia  avit  Order  nf  .^ilwinniun—iw  (Ixiiig  the  order  of  ;idniii'sion,  and  issuing  Iho  docking 
lickclf.rcg'iril  will  he  had  to  the  slatt!  of  tlio  liiles,  and  Ihesi/.eand  dran^'iitof  water  of  racii  vessel,  lis 
wll  as  tlii'  lime  of  arrival :  the  largest  ships  must  necessarily  lie  taki'n  in  when  the  lidus  are  highest, 
sIlhniiKh  Ihi'V  may  have  arrived  subsequent  to  smallur  vessels.  Loaded  vessels  must  always  have 
the  prcfi^rence  over  liclit  slilpM. 

No  ship  can  be  admilled,  If  neither  the  master  nor  pilot  are  on  board. 

The  ilnrkiiig  ticket  will  only  remain  In  force  for  the  tide  for  which  it  is  granted. 

Al  the  pn  per  lime  for  the  admission  of  each  ship,  notice  will  be  given  liy  lioisling  her  ticket  num- 
ber at  the  pier  head,  provided  she  lias  made  the  signal  for  being  properly  prepared. 

If  ,any  vi'Sijel  shall  attempt  to  gain  admittance  before  her  iinniher  is  hoisted,  the  owners,  and  the 
IMfler.  pilot,  or  oilier  person  in  cliariie,  miixt  ho  responsible  for  all  consequences  of  such  niiifcondiict. 

Knterivfr. — When  a  ship's  number  is  hoL^ted,  she  must  drop  up  to  Ihe  entrance,  and  have  good  and 
iiiDirieiit  warps  ri-ady  to  send  to  each  piiT,  when  ordered  by  tbu  duck  masters.  If  the  ship  bhull  not 
locnnie  to  I  lie  entrance,  she  shall  f  tfoit  her  turn. 

When  within  tiie  piers,  proper  ropes  will  he  sent  on  hoard  to  guide  and  check  the  vessel  through  the 
lock:  Ihe  muHler  and  pilot  will  be  held  responsihle  for  making  these,  as  Well  as  Ihe  ship's  warps,  pro- 
perly fust  on  lioaril :  the  vessel  must  be  hauled  ahead  by  her  own  warps,  and  they  are  on  no  account 
to  he  cast  olF,  unless  ordered  by  the  dock  master,  until  the  ship  Is  In  the  basin. 

Dvery  pilot  must  bring  his  boat  into  the  basin,  or  tioulh  Dock,  as  it  is  a  most  essential  part  of  hit 
duty  to  moor  the  ship. 

Theowncis  must  bo  answerable  for  all  ships*  boats,  and  none  can  be  admitted  into  the  Import  Dock 
except  such  as  are  conveniently  stowed  on  deck.    All  other  bonis  must  be  sent  out  of  Ihe  docks. 

The  boats  ofsliips  in  the  Xouth  Dock  which  cannot  be  securely  stowed  en  dcik,  miisl  be  hauled  up 
on  Ihe  mirth  bank,  or  secured  alloat  In  such  manner  as  the  dock  master  may  direct,  at^er  the  ship  is 
tnonrrd.  .Ships,  however,  which  arc  not  lying  at  a  Jetty,  will  be  allowed  to' employ  1  boat  during  the 
\tf&\  lioiirs  of  business,  which  boat  must  be  chained  by  the  Company's  otlicers  to  the  north  bunk  as 
soon  as  liial  lime  has  expired. 

Any  boats  found  afloat  in  any  of  the  docks  or  basins,  contrary  to  these  reRuliitions,  will  be  removed 
byllie  dock  master,  and  will  be  detained  until  Ihe  charges  occasioned  by  such  removal  shall  be  paid. 

Tin:  hatches  of  all  loaded  ships  are  to  be  locked  down,  and  the  keys  delivered  to  the  officer  appointed 
to  receive  Ihe  same. 

Iinjiiirt  Diirk. — Xo  person  whatever  can  be  allowed  to  remain  in  this  dock  after  the  established 
hoars  nf  business  :  nor  can  any  person  he  permitted  to  have  access  to  vci^sels  therein,  excepting  the 
oivncr,  mat-ler,  or  chief  otticer,  without  a  pass. 

Passes  will  be  given  on  the  application  of  the  captain  or  chief  mate,  to  admit  the  ship's  apprentices, 
or  olhir  persons,  to  prepare  the  sliip  for  discharging,  or  to  do  any  other  work  w  hicli  may  be  unavoid- 
ably nccissary;  hut,  to  prevent  the  abuses  which  sometimes  occur,  it  is  strongly  recnaunended  that 
Ihu  Ciiiiipaiiy's  labourers  he  employed. 

ahips  (/i,cA«r^i«ir.— I'riviously  to  any  ship  being  quayed,  the  decks  must  be  cleared,  and  every  thing 
prepared  to  boKin  working  out  the  cargo.  If,  through  want  of  proper  tai:l%le,  or  any  neglect,  a  ship  he 
not  ill  readinrss  to  lake  hiT  turn,  another  will  he  qiinyed  in  Ihe  nicaii  lime. 

It  is  di'sirable  that  all  liagpige  or  presents  should  be  sent,  as  prnnipily  as  possilde,  to  the  Company's 
lingrnse  wanliousc,  where  an  aulliority  from  liie  master  for  tin;  delivery  thereof  must  be  lodged. 
Master;'  are  n.irlicularly  cautioned  ajrainst  signing  such  authoritii-s  in  blank,  or  allowing  themselves 
to  be  jiilliii'iiied  by  tlic  importunity  nf  brokers  ;  and  it  is  most  dcsiruhle  that  one  agent  only  gliould  be 
appiiiatiHl  for  each  ship. 

Packages  of  bullion  or  specie  (whether  car(»o  or  private  property)  must  be  delivered  by  the  captain 
under  his  own  resiionsibilily,  unli'ss  from  their  being  liahle  to  examination  or  other  circumstance  he 
niiiy  be  di;siroiis  of  placing  the  same  in  the  Company's  charge,  in  which  case  such  packages  or  any 
other  ot'considerable  value,  slioiild  be  particularly  s  picified,  and,  if  bills  of  lading  liave  heen  granted 
fT  tlieni,  iiis'-rtcd  in  the  reprnlar  nianifi;st  of  the  ship.  'I  he  delivery  of  coods  overside  will  ai.«o  rest 
Willi  ilic  tiiasler,  and  ho  must  lake  such  steps  as  he  may  tiiink  necessary  to  protect  his  owners  in 
respect  lo  their  freight. 

All  eflicer  of  t  lie  revenue  Is  authorised  to  forward  all  despatches  for  Ihe  departments  of  government  ( 
pai;!o  Is  so  aiMressed  will  therefore  be  delivered  into  his  ciiarge,  unless  the  Company  roieive  express 
iliri'dioiis  lo  the  contrary. 

When  a  sliip  is  finally  discharged  and  moored  in  the  Kvport  Dock,  or  either  of  Ihe  basins,  for  the 
puriii  SI?  ol'goiiig  out  to  the  river,  all  Ihe  services  provided  for  in  ilie  import  rate  are  completed. 

Kor  the  more  expeditious  discharge  of  vessels,  or  dispatch  in  reloading,  every  assistance  will  bo 
tiviMi  in  cli  ai  ing  the  decks,  or  sliirening  them  ;  coopering  watering  casks,  and  shipping  them,  when 
lilli'il ;  clearing  llie  hold  after  discharge  ;  stiippingand  stowing  the  outward  cargo,  under  Ihe  directions 
of  the  slop's  olhcers;  and  any  oilier  services  which  can  bereasonahly  required.— Should  the  Coui- 
piia/'s  niDvaltte  niaciiinery  he  desired,  it  will  be  lent  upon  applieaiion  to  the  principal  dock  ina^er  — 
Tile  following  cliargcs  wil'  be  made  for  such  services  : — 


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572  DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


Two  inn\  unit  nnilrr  A  tnna        •  •  , 

l«wt  n  I  liH  lluD  I  IflD  Id  li«  < '  aritd.) 
Moffkblt  nuchliirry  lam,  lach  Jiin«'  with  lu  gttr,  par 

"••jr ■         •  IC 

Tbe  uwnf  th«  Hmtinx  tnirmB  for  wuhiiHC  *)>ipf,  iucluJiuf 
Uw  atUaduiG*  ol  Um  man  in  charifta,  per  tiajr  .  j^ 

(ud  Ml  laaa  lliau  I  ilay  10  lia  cliar|a<l.) 


1*. 


Tor  labrwren  hiwil  In  wnrk  unltr  Iha  .llracliom  (it  da  com- 
nuwllw  (iMcnr  of  >lie  thi|i,  aach  maa  par  (lay,  u(  iha  ra(u- 
Utnl  lloun  III  atlemlanM  -06 

(awl  nul  \tm  thai  I  4  dajr  lo  ba  chiriH-    Orar-lliM  will 
bv  rhtrpxl  ill  prnfMiHion.) 
^nirlM  loadail,  ihlppKl,  or  f.nck  ilowu  tij  \h»  dock  eranaa 
<■' jifC^i  a<»'af 'luiia,  parlon        •  •  •  •    I    0 

CondilioHi  to  h»ob$irmd  hy  Shipi  taking  in  Cargoti  from  the  Import  H'arekouin. — I.  The  tnklnit  the 
«hlp  in  and  nut  of  dock,  to  und  rriiiii  tliu  quay,  to  bs  pBrfurmod  by  tlia  niuater  and  crew,ai  dircitua  iiy 
the  dock  nmatnri. 

3.  The  goodi  to  bo  tokon  ftroro  the  ilingi,  and  to  b«  itowed  away  by  the  crew,  under  the  ordcri  o( 
the  miiater. 

S.  If  n  nufflclanl  crew  bn  not  on  hoard  to  receive  and  itow  oway  the  gnodi  ai  delivered, or  in  tram- 
port  Iho  vcaiel.a  further  nurnhnr  of  men  ahall  be  provldrd  by  tlmt'onipuiiy.nl  tliti  cimrde  ufSt.  Si/.per 
nmn  per  day,  to  work  under  the  diructloii  and  rctipoiiaihlllty  of  lliu  niaMii-r  and  hlmttirerri. 

4.  The  veaiel  to  ho  hauled  Into  tliu  bniiln  or  l')x|K)rt  Dock  alter  the  UHual  houri  ly'  builneai,  by  her 
own  iifllcori  and  cri>w,  and  to  continue  In  their  chargH 

Shipi,  from  the  Export  or  Hniith  Uocki,  will  be  allowed  to  go  into  the  Import  Dock  tolniid,wllhoul 
ony  addition  to  the  rate  to  which  they  may  tieliahli!  fur  ihu  uie  of  thu  duck*. 

(ioodt  iunt  by  land  carrlityu  will  be  ahlppud  In  either  of  the  docki,ou  payment  of  the  uanal  charge). 

To  prevent  delay  In  loading  export  veiielH,  the  ihlppera  ihould  imy  up  the  runt  anil  chiirgi'a  uiuin 
the  goodii;  or  where  the  amount  cannot  be  aicertalned  without  weigliing,Jcc.,niako  adupoait  tucuver 
the  lanin. 

Krpiirt  and  South  Dorkn. — All  veaseli  entering  or  lying  In  these  docki  are  in  charge  of  the  nmaleri 
anil  owner* ;  and  it  Is  the  duty  of  the  pilotii,  or  olHcer*  and  crewH,  to  traniport  tlieir  rcapuctivu  vei. 
H']»,  under  tiiuir  own  rrapnnailillily,  ui  directed  by  the  dock  master,  to  or  from  tilt  river,  and  to  nr 
friiin  any  part  of  the  dinks  or  basins. 

Light  ships  on  entering  from  the  river  must  be  provided  with  sufllclnnt  hand*  to  dock  and  trnnaport 
them, and  should  move  indue  time  Into  the  dock;  otherwise  they  will  be  removed  by  thoduckuiaBter, 
and  the  owniirs  churned  with  the  expense. 

Vessnia  discharged  of  thiilr  inwaril  cargoes  by  the  Company  In  these  dorks  will  be  regarded  as  pri- 
vllcg  'd  ships,  and  all  traiispnrling  wiiliin  the  ducks  will  be  pcrfornied  by  this  duck  master,  aHsiHteii  by 
thu  crew,  gratuitout^ly ;  but  unless  there  are  sullicient  crew  on  board  to  assist  in  transporting  lliu  out- 
ward-bound  ships,  they  will  not  be  moved. 

Whenever  assislnnce  Is  required  by  other  vessels,  it  will  be  fUrnlshcd  by  the  dock  master  on  Ui« 
following  ternii :  viz.— 

A  boat  with  warp  and  3  hands      ...    lOs.  04.  \ 

—  and  4  hands      ...    lig.  M.  i 

And  for  every  additional  hand  employed,  either  on  board  or  in  the  bonti,  6d.  per  hour. 

The  warps  are  only  lent  in  aid  of  the  ship's  warps. 

Ships  taking  in  cargoes  will  be  moored  at  thu  quays  in  due  rotation.  Light  ships  not  taking  in  goods 
■b:ill  be  moored  in  either  of  the  doi^ks  or  basins,  as  ihe  dock  masters  may  Judge  cnnvciiient. 

While  ships  are  lying  at,  or  moving  to  or  from  the  quay,  all  out-riggers  eiiould  be  got  In  and  made 
mug ;  and  sails  are  by  no  inonns  to  be  loose  while  so  moving. 

No  ship  must  be  removed  from  her  berth  without  notice  being  given  to  the  dock  muster,  and  hli 
assent  as  to  the  time  of  removal  being  obtained. 

Craft  must  be  fastened  to  the  ships  from  which  they  are  receiving,  or  to  which  they  may  be  deliver- 
ing goods:  the  charge  upon  craft  which  shall  not  be  honAJiiteeo  engaged,  will  be  Ihe  same  as  the  rent 
HP'in  sloops  and  crafl  coastwise,  and,  as  usual,  not  less  than  1  week's  rent  will  be  charged.  To  nb- 
vlute  any  doubt  as  to  the  time  for  which  they  may  be  fairly  entitled  to  exemption,  St  hours  will  he  al- 
lowed, from  the  time  of  entering  the  dock,  for  receiving  goods,  and  81  hours  after  being  loaded  or  dis- 
charged, for  going  out  of  the  docks. 

Convenient  receptacles  on  the  quays  and  craft  are  provided,  wherein  nil  dust,  ashes,  &c.  arc  to  he 
deposited,  and  which  shall  be  cleared  by  the  persons  appointed  by  the  Company,  and  by  no  one  else. 

No  vessel  shall  he  permitted  to  lake  In  ballast  after  daylight  or  before  daybreak. 

Ships' provisions  or  stores  cannot  be  permitted  to  pas's  tlie  gates  without  an  order  signed  by  the 
captain  or  owner. 

No  repair  or  caulking  can  be  permitted  without  the  special  permission  of  the  court  of  directors,  to 
whom  application  should  he  made  through  the  principal  dock  master. 

The  Jetties.— SMpa  landing  cargoes  in  tbe  South  Dock,  or  taking  in  goods  by  land,  shall  have  the 
preferable  use  of  the  Jetties. 

t!liips  which  are  fitting  out,  but  have  not  commenced  loading,  shall  be  nccnmmodated  as  fir  as 
possible ;  but  such  ships  must  be  removed  to  make  room  for  vessels  about  to  discliargc  or  take  in 
cargo  by  land. 

In  other  respects,  preference  will  be  given  to  ships  intended  for  sale,  over  those  which  are  merely 
lying  up ;  and  as  between  ships  which  are  similarly  circumstanced,  the  priority  of  tiicir  enluring  the 
dock  shall  delcrinina  the  preference. 

The  captulris  or  coinmanding  officers  of  ships  are  cautioned  to  be  attentive  and  careful  to  boom  off 
when  the  ship  is  fast  loading  down  in  the  water,  or  on  tlic  approach  of  neap  tides. 

Fire  and  Candle. — Vessels  In  these  docks  shall  be  considered  as  forming  3  classes :  viz. — 

I.  Vessels  ariiia1lydischari;ing,  having  their  crews  on  board,  or  loading  outwards. 

II.  Vessels  riguing  or  titling  out,  but  which  shall  not  have  cumiuunccd  taking  in  goods. 

III.  Vessels  for  sale  or  lying  up. 

To  each  of  these  classes  special  licences  will  he  granted. 

Every  such  licence  will  express  the  place  in  which  fire  may  be  kept,  and  the  circumstances  nniler 
which  it  may  be  used  :  upon  tile  slightest  infringement  of  the  conditions,  tlie  penalty  prcscrilu'd  by 
law  will  be  rigidly  enforced. 

Kvery  application  for  a  licence  must  he  made  by  the  master  or  owner,  specifying  the  names  and  ra- 
pacity  of  the  persons  in  charge  of  thu  ship,  and  engaging  to  be  responsible  for  their  attention  to  the 
regulations. 

Openire  andthuttin^  Ihe  Oatea.—The  gates  of  the  Export  and  South  Docks  will  be  opened  at  6  o'clnrk 
in  llie  morning  and  sliut  at  8  o'clock  in  the  eveninc,  from  the  first  of  Marcli  to  tlie  10th  of  Novcniher; 
and,  friini  the  lllii  of  November  tu  the  last  day  of  February,  opened  at  8  In  the  morning  and  shut  at 
7  in  the  evening. 

Captains  and  mates  may  be  furnished  with  tickets  upon  applying  ot  the  police  oflicc,  at  the  Import 
Dock,  which  will  entitle  them  to  admission  till  9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  but  no  person  whatever  can  be  allowtd 
to  go  out  after  the  liour  for  closing  the  gates. 

ytiiela  about  to  leave  the  Docks.— Exfion  vessels  siiould  be  hauled  out  in  sufficient  time  to  be  at  the 
Diver  Locks,  at  BlackwuU,  at  low  water;  to  prevent  the  inconvenience  ol  hauling  down  the  Ulack- 


iw,  undof  the  orden  of 


rt  Dock  to  loud,  without 


he  dock  niBiter  on  tht 


dock  muster,  nnd  hit 


id  careful  to  boom  off 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA).  673 

will  Bniln  or  Rotith  Dock  during  the  time  that  other  veiieli  are  r«qnlrtn|  admliilnn,  whirh  muit  hav« 
Ibt  prfftrente. 
VhiiuU  can  only  be  lei  out  efter  high  water,  upon  the  apeclal  requeit  of  the  offleeri  In  charge  or 

Hhliw  Rolnir  Into  the  river  muit  uie  their  own  ropei,  ai  they  are  out  of  the  dock  maiter'i  charga 
irh«ii  I'li-'nr  ofthn  outar  gntei. 

NoTica.— Two  true  co|ile«  nf  the  manlfeit  nf  the  cargo  muit  be  delivered  Into  the  Oenernl  omce, 
It  lliH  VVniit  India  Dock  Iliiuie,  within  19  houri  after  every  veainl  ihall  enter  the  dncki,  or  nflKr 
the  cnrgn  ihall  hnve  been  reiMirled  at  the  Cuftoin-houio,  whkh  ihall  flrit  ba|ipen.  I'onalty  tot  rcfuKal 
or  iixflBCt,  liny  mini  not  exceeding  AI.— (I  tt  'i  H'ill.  4.  c.  M.  ^  81) 

Nn  iniinlftititt  will  lie  rHqiiired  lor  •liip*  diichurglnK  by  their  own  crewi. 

Nnahlpi  ciin  receive  their  rotiitliin,  or  lin  nlluwudlobri!nk  hulk  until  llinir  eargoei  are  duly  entered! 
ami  micli  ciiritnei  will  be  Innded  In  due  luccvailun, according  to  the  iitrlcl  ordur  in  which  the  inuniruita 
iri^  delivered  nnd  entriui  completed. 

ir  aiirh  inuniruMt,  or  liili  of  ludlnit,  or  copy,  ahnll  ho  fblae  ;  or  If  any  hill  nf  ladinir  he  iittori'd  by  any 


maiter,  nnd  the  (rooda  expreaaed  tlii-rein  atiull  not  liave  henn  buiKt /I'lycalilppod  on  bonrd  auili  ahip;  or 
iriiiiy  bill  oC  lading  uttered  or  produced  by  nny  niniter  ahall  nnl  liiive  heun  liiined  ity  him  ;  or  any 
•uch  copy  ihall  not  have  been  received  nr  made  by  him  prevloualy  to  hiH  leaving  the  place  wlicre  the 


liiiidn  uxpreaaed  In  inch  hill  of  lading,  nrcojiy,  were  ahlpped)  (wnnlty  l(Wl.~(3  tc  4  tyillA.  r..  fi'iH  II.) 

llimrt  iif  Attendance  are,  from  the  lOth  ol  Mny  in  the  Vtli  of  Novenilicr  Incliiaive,  H  In  the  niornliig 
In  4  in  the  nOvrnofln  ;  from  the  lOih  of  Nov«inbor  to  the  Uth  of  Mny  Incliiaive,  9  in  the  morning  to  4 
III  thu  alti'rnonii ;  and  thrre  ii  to  be  no  interniiaalnn  nf  hiiainHaa  during  theae  hoiiri. 

Nil  liidldnyi  are  to  be  kept,  except  Hunduya,  Chrlalmai-day,  Good  Friday,  fuit  dayi  appointed  by 
rnynl  proclamation,  and  the  Klng'i  nr  Uueon'i  binhdaya. 

In  ail  pincoa  not  ipiicltied  nr  provided  for  In  the  foregoing  mica  and  nrdera,nppllcntlonniiiat  he  made 
tn  lliH  principal  dock  iim«lur.  ('HAni.iSfi  C  Pahihii,  I'riiicipal  Dock  Muati^r. 

The  foregoing  re|,'ulaiiuiia  approved  and  confirmed  by  thu  Court  of  Direciora  of  the  West  India 
Dock  (/'ninpnny.  H.  1,o.<<olanoh,  Hecrutury. 

West  India  Dock  lloiiae,  Reptember  3tth,  1833. 

A*.  B.— fShlpa  entrring  the  West  India  Docks  are  permitted  tn  ri-tnln  their  crews  on  board,  tvhen 
leipilred  iiy  the  owners  ;  nnd  the  diri^ctora  have  ditcd  up  Ihi!  ahip  Waterloo,  in  the  Soutli  Dork,  fur 
tlie  nccniiimodntlnn  of  Junior  otHcera  and  apprentices,  whdo  their  iliipi  uru  discharging  their  carguei 
In  the  Import  Dock. 

Tlie  cnptalna,  olflcors,  and  crews  of  ships  are  requested  not  to  give  either  wine,  spirits,  or  grog,  to 
IhR  flervnnts  nf  the  Company,  as,  by  so  doing,  they  expose  theiu  to  the  certain  and  Immediate  forfeit- 
ure of  liiuir  situations. 

Nn  fi.'e,  perquisite,  or  reward  nf  anv  kind  or  denomination  whatsoever,  is  to  be  taken  by  the  Cnm- 
pmiy's  ntncers,  nr  any  persons  who  sliall  bo  employed  in  the  service  of  the  Company,  for  any  net  done 
within  thu  docki.  Penalty,  forfeiture  of  the  suiu  taken,  aud  any  sum  nut  exceeding  bl.  for  each 
offence. 

f.  a. 

< 

0 


Dock  Ratet.— Import  yesstlt,  tehen  diir.hargtd  hy 
tht  Company,  including  docking,  mooring,  and 
removing  within  the  docks  until  dischargud, 
ihipa*  cnopurage  nr  mending,  and  the  use  of  tiie 
docks,  if  from  Hamburgh  or  the  .Mediterranean, 
fur  6  weeks  from  the  date  of  entrnnce  ;  if  ftrom 
any  otiier  port  or  place,  fur  4  weeks  from  the 
final  discharge;  viz. 

Par  Tm  rea. 

81ii|ii  laden  Biitirely,  nr  in  pari,  with  liogilieaili  and  tiema 

nf  ludar  or  Diolitsot  •  >  .36 

IiiteD  eoliraly,  or  in  iitrt,  with  cheita  of  lugar  alwva 
8c>vt 2   0 

•atireljr,  with  cheati  under  5  ewt,  or  taigt  of  lupr,  cof- 
fee, kplriti,  wine,  ima,  eoppirr,  brat*,  leaJ,  apelter, 
or  other  nielal.  Id  pigi,  l>an,  rtxln,  pl.itei,  or  aimllar 
piecft,  rice,  or  other  foodi,  (except  oil,  tallow,  or 
aihe*,)  pacilej  in  balee,  bapi,  Krona,  caaka,  caaea, 
rheflta,  nr  aiiiiilar  packagca,  or  wood  in  plftulia  or  bit- 
Irla,  luch  aa  dye  wood,  slavfla,  kc'  *    ' 


lailen  entirelj  or  in  part,  wi'h  uiahofany.  Umber,  or 
other  wont]  in  ]o0 


eniirely  with  hemp,  or  entirely  or  in  part  with  goodiln 

bulk 19 

laJen  entirely  nr  in  part  with  tobacco  or  oil,  not  in- 

ciudinit  ihip'a  cnoperaj^         -  •  -  >    1    6 

entirely  witli  tallow,  not  includlnic  ahip's  cnnperaf^     •     I    3 
laden  eniirely  with  mixed  cargoea  of  hemp  and  tallo\r, 
or  aaliea,  not  Includinit  ihip'a  cooperage :  via. 
t.  d. 
F'lr  every  ton  of  hemp       -    9   0 )  Tlie  number  of  tona  charged 
For  every  ton  of  tallow  or        >    not  to  exceed  the  register 
ashea        •  >  •13)     tonnage. 

SAipj  IVond  laden  from  F.urope,  or  the  fiTorth  Jlme- 
riran  Colonien,  tehen  discharged  by  the  Company, 
including  docking,  mooring,  and  removing  with- 
in the  docks,  until  discharged  ;  unloading  the 
cargoes,  and  the  use  of  the  docks  for  nny  period 
not  exceeding  4  weeks  firom  the  date  of  the  final 
discharge. 

Per  Ton.  re». 

laden  entirely  with  deata,  pUnka,  atavea,  or  wood  In  billrta       1    6 
priucipally  with  ditto,  and  bringing  hard  wood  or  pine 


limber  (for  every  load  of  hard  wood  and  pine  timlwr 

ed.  In  addilinn) I 

Laden  eniirely  with  hard  wood  or  pine  limber  •  •   S 

Ships  discharged  in  either  nf  the  Docks  or  Basins 
by  their  own  Crews,  the  expense  of  docking 
mooring,  unmooring,  and  removing,  nut  in- 
cluded. 

Per  Ton  rag. 

For  the  uie  of  the  docka  for  any  period  not  exceeding,  if  from 
the  Meditemnean,  6  weeka,  from  other  porta  or  placea 
4  weeka,  from  the  date  of  eniraiice    •  ■  ■  "09 

Veaaela  fmni  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  European 

tv,|.t.     milmi.lM    Ihj.     n.illir.     Iinli,'»«n     Ihj.     Nnrth    f*>ni,    nnH 


0   « 


0  s 


Uahant,  with  cargoea  for  Irani  ahipment,  for  delivery  on 
boai\l  ahipa,  or  for  laiidirg  in  eillier  dock  (except  when 
wood  laden),  not  remaining  beyond,  if  fmm  Hamourgh,  6 
weeka,  if  from  any  other  port  or  place,  4  weeka,  from  the 
date  of  entrance         ...... 

Slnopa  and  craft  coaatwise,  with  bricka  for  delivery  on  board 
ahlpa  and  veasela  with  broken  granite  or  paving.atone«,  not 
remaining  beyond  1  week      >  .  .  .  . 

Veaiela  entirely  com  laden  (In  lieu  of  tonnage  rate),  of  lOO 
lona  and  upward^  each  ■  •  -  •  >  21    0 

Under  100  tnnj,  each  •  •  •  •  ■  10    8 

Rent  to  oninience  after  1  clear  day  fmm  final  dischirxe. 
Veaaela  two  thirdi  laden  with  corn,  will  be  charged  the  uaual  ton- 
nage ratea  in  proportion  to  the  other  part  of  their  cargoea. 

VesseU  entering  to  load  from  the  Import  WarS' 
houses  only. 

Per  Ion  on 
gr.  wt  ahipped, 
(.  d. 
For  tha  uie  of  the  dock  for  1  week      ■  ■  -  •    0   C 

Light  Vessels,  the  expense  of  docking,  mooring, 
unmooring,  and  removing,  not  included. 

Per  ton  reg. 
f .  d. 

Not  having  diicharged  in  either  nf  the  d,ick*,  for  any  period 
not  exceeding  4  weeka  from  the  date  of  entering   •  -06 

Dock  Rent. 

For  remaining  over  th.a  perioda  apecified,  per  week    ■  -    0    1 

Veaseli  wliich  re-enter  after  having  been  out  for  re^Ir,  will  b« 
itltnwed  their  privilege  without  reckoning  the  time  they  remained 
out. 


Table  for  imported  Goods. 

The  Prime  Rate  Includes  all  expenses  for  landlnc,  wharfage,  weiehin?,  nr  gauging  at  landing,  cooper- 
in;,  marking,  sampling,  hnuaiiig,  weighing  for  actual  delivery,  nnd  delivering ;  fiirnishini!  landing  and 
delivery  weights  or  gauges,  surveying  and  furnishing  certilicntes  of  damage,  and  rent  for  12  weeks 
from  the  date  of  the  ship's  cninmencenient  of  discharge. 

This  rate  will  be  charged  on  ail  goods  imported  from  the  East  or  West  Indies.the  Mauritius,  Mexico, 
or  South  \mcrica,  and  upon  wood,  spirits,  or  wine,  and  tohncco,from  wimtuver  place  of  importation, 
nnleas  notice  be  given  by  tlie  importers,  of  their  desire  to  have  them  placed  under  the  landing  rate,  ut 


^ 


k 


m 


I'! 

,i'l 


f 


.'  i,     5' 


ll 


Ii 


1* 


;  ;( 


B74  DOCKS  ON  THE  TIUMKS  (WEST  INDIA). 


Ilieir  Inlrnllnn  In  rcinnvr  thnni  wlllioiit  hniialnf  or  |illln(.  If  tiicli  nolira  la  (Ivrn  biin>r«  hnimlninf 
ptlliif,  llir  riili'  In  ihit  apionil  roliiiiiti  will  In-  i|i<«  liiirui'il. 

'Ill*  l,ii»U>itg  Hnit  Iiicliiilv4  liiiiillHir,  wliiirl'iiga,  aiiil  liiMiilii|,ordi'llverln(  rrniii  tlipi|uny,uhil  fiiiiilth. 
InR  liiiiiliiil  nrciiiiiitii. 

Thli)  mill  will  aliarli  in  all  niliitr  iiicrrhiinilUH  Ihnn  aaHbovn  apiiclrtail,  wlilrli  iiiny  Im  liiipiiriFiti  in 
Rn>l  liiillii  roiiiiii,  til  tilili'n  unit  aklim,  Inir,  horini  itiiil  II|m,  Id  iniiiiiil'iii'liiri'a  roliirm-il,  nml  in  I'v^y 
<li'(rrl|ill<iil  >il' giioilii  ri'luiiiluil,  or  ri<hiiivi>il  In  bniiii  nr  iimilwlan  liiln  tlin  dnrk,  nnli-aa  llm  iM|iiirii';i 
■  Ifniry  llii'lr  u  Uli  lliiit  lli«y  alKinlil  lip  wuriilimiiniil  iinilitr  llm  jirlnir  nr  I'liiianliilulril  riilra. 

V>«  Hutu  f. If  VHka»MiH^  and  l.i>aiing,»r  Unloading  unW  Hannlnff,  v>'li>'ii  nut  nlhrrwlKi  »|ii<rllli>i|,iri> 
farh  nnn  llilnl  nf  iIik  luniTlni  rnli>;  iiiiri  llinl  Inr  nnliiiii»lnK,wliiirfli(i-,unil  tliljipliK,  la  iIk' ulmli'  rnii<, 
aa  atiiti'il  in  Ihi'  himhiiiI  rnliuiiii.  VVImn  llio  prime  rHir  liua  not  hcvn  paltl,  llmati  i'linr(|i)»  will  li>  ii>ihiv| 
liifitthiir  Willi  maiioiiublti  cliurgaa  fur  coo|iurlng,  auinpllim,  und  nllicr  iipcrullona  iiiiillii|i-iii  ml 
linuiihiK, 

7'A«  Chargft  for  H'rlghing  and  Rrhnuilnf  are  I'nrh  onn  tlilril  ofltio  rate  In  the  ii'mnil  ci>liiiiin.  I'ur 
reiiilliiii  nr  wcinliliig  wnml,  nnn  I'niirtli  u(  lliiii  ruin  la  t'liiirituil. 

Giiuda  mill  frum  Iht  Landing  tieiilf,  nr  lint  InlPiiileil  In  In'  wnrfliniiiixl,  Will  be  iillnwi>d  1 1  liar  iluvt 
frnin  llie  tiniil  welglilnKnl  Iha  (lari'iil  rnr  rvninvul  i  In  diiT'iiilt  nf  wlilili,  lliev  will  lin  IiiiiihhiI  nr  |ii|i>',|. 
If  Inli'iidiid  I'nr  liMiiiiiillalti  trnna-alilpnirnli  llioy  limy  ruiiiulii  nn  llm  iiniiy.  aiilijui:!  tu  llm  aiiiiii-  r.'gulii- 
lloHi  iiH  unnda  iiri-|>.'ir«il  fur  alll|Mili<nt,  piiyUiK  ri'lit  ila  II'  IiiiiihiiI  n\  liinillnil. 

U'arthiiniit  Hrni,  nn  Knuila  In  wlilili  llii>  prinm  riilii  dni'a  nnt  nllni'h,  will  hn  ilmrgcd  rroiii  tliti  ilnli'iif 
the  •lilp'a  tiri'iikliiK  hulk  t  hill  when  ftnoda  anld  I'ruiu  tliu  landing  acalu  uro  hnuaud,  tliu  runt  will  bo 
thiirgiwl  rmin  Ihi'  Iliinl  wi'lithliiv  of  llm  iHirrnl. 

A  wuuk'a  rmil  will  In-  ihiirgi'd  I'nr  nil  I'riirllnna  nf  n  week. 

Ilcfiirv  till*  Iraiial'i'r  liy  Hi.'  rnioiiiiiiy,  nr  ilfllvi'ry  nf  iiny  gni<ila  ran  takn  pliicii.  llm  I'lmrKca  in  Iha 

?iiiiiillty  In  ho  triiiiiil'i'rrcd  or  di'llvi^ed  iiiual  bn  iinld  I'ltlii'r  In  llio  culluulor,  nt  the  livnuriil  Ollicu  m 
.uiidun,  ur  lu  the  uuinptmllvr,  at  the  (lenural  Dlllcu  iii  iliu  dncka. 

Kalfi  ON  Ooadu  imfortrd, 

M  0.— All  aorta  nf  gnnda  may  Im  iinpnrlHi!  Inin  nnd  wiirehniiind  nl  Ihii  Weal  Iiiillu  Iloika,  nn  nlmiit 
the  anine  trrina  ii*  ut  the  nthiT  docki.  Wo  huvu  K^vi'ii,  iindiT  Ihii  lii'iid  l.nndun  Duekn,  ii  Tallin  ui'  ilii; 
dnck  dura,  kr.  nn  ninat  nrllcli'a  rnniinnnly  linpnrind,  whkli  niiiy  hn  upplliiil,  with  vnry  IiIIIiiik  nuiilU 
f1rnlinna,t'lllii<r  In  llieWiiat  Indin  urHt.  KiitliiirlMK'H  Dncka.  Tim  I'nUnwinu  tnhln  liicliiilta  niMrvly  llm 
dnck  chiirgea  on  thu  iuiitortutloii,  wuiehnualng,  fcc,  nf  the  prluclpiil  urllclea  uf  VVual  Indiu  |iru> 
duces— 


ArtlrlM. 

rriiiM- 
Hate 

UiLlinil 
Kiln 

1.     d. 

Hunl  iiur 
Weeli. 

Arlirlca. 

Frliiia 
ILO.. 

l«iiiiiina 
line. 

Ill-Ill  Kr 
\V,.l. 

W'.Mirif  I    li. 

HM  ftr. 

<    d. 

(;r<w  utr     : 

i/. 

M'l  Iff',  ».    rf. 

AnnoMn            •           •    ton 

l\    0 

7   n 

Im           .0 

7 

MolliiT^i' prtrl  ihf 111         Ir.n  IK    « 

7    8 

1 (,    4 

bilk,  nivl  |iArk.ii»lcr  1  owl. 

0    0 

1    7  1-2 

100  iKkp.     4 

2 

Hiie        •          >    cliiMt    0    U 

1    « 

iliot       .    0    t 

Arniw  mill       .          .    imt 

Ii    n 

7    « 

Inn           •    0 

T 

l»>I    0    0 

1    0 

U,\         •    0    1 

Ci.iHIaalba     •          •  cnl. 

1    a 

0  a 

eivl.         •    0 

0:i-i 

ricuhii         •        •  cwi  <  0  u 

0    6 

Inn          •    0    -1 

Chiic-ililc          •            •   l»r| 

0    0 

0    > 

IKII                      0 

i 

I'lLkltw,  cnwa  •     dua-bniiji.!   0    0 

0    2  14  .Ik.  )"iIIi.  tl   U  1  3| 

Cnchiiiml         •           •  rwt. 

3    0 

0   9 

r»U               0 

IM 

taiTfla       •             gallnu    0    0 

0    0  |.i  l.iircl     •    U    1      1 

CiMM  Kiiij  ciiff'^i  ea«ki    — 

1    Ii 

u   « 

lull            •    0 

(1 

I'lnifiilfi,  caaki            <    cwl. 

1     U 

0    6       iliii          '    0   0 

b»o 

1    -t 

0    6 

-             •    0 

A 

I>a(i          •           .      - 

1    2 

0    6         -          -06 

Collon  wmil,  pr«ai|iackctl-' 

0    1) 

0    « 

—                 0 

IV 

Snakaruit       •           •      — 

0    0 

0  I'J  12  liJm'l  ..r 

Dol  iTt-rt  packad   •    — 

1    0 

0    4  1-8 

-             •    0 

6 

\-i  :nlu    0    1 

Oinfer,  rikki    •           •    — 
WM                        ■    — 

1    6 

0    « 

—            -    0 

II 

Ifc.  or  talc  0   1 

1    i 

0    H 

-           ■    0 

n 

hlul.       ,  0   3 

prcaerveiL  SM  SuccaJrs. 

Succailn,  liD'Irr  2l)  Iha.    |Mrk. 

0    0 

0    3 

cwl.        .    0    nXA 

Jilap    . 

0    d 

0  10  1-3 

liala.3cnt.  0 
l»iK<hMd  or 

1 

2i!ll.«.  Ill  1  ciM.        — 

1    0 

0    U 

—       ■  0  0;li 

IwUaii  cvbtcr  •  blij.  ar|ii|« 

0    0 

1    6 

1  cwi.  ati.l  ujiviranli  cwl. 

1    0 

0    S 

-          ■    0    034 

itina      •    0 

4 

Siipr,  n-kt                  •  — 

0    H 

0    3 

Inn         •   0   0 

eua  2  lo  4  e«l. 

0    0 

1    ( 

CWlllol 

chnU  ;iltnve  5  cwl., 

Caao  1  iu2ewL 

0    0 

1    0 

cwl.     •   0 

1 

nr  b.iikrla            •  — 

0    7 

0    3 

-         -05 

ban  nr  Uml 

0  0 

0   6 

[ianul       >    0 

0  12 

clirala  undar  S  cwl., 

hioaa,  cwt. 

0    0 

1    0 

inUillla  •    0 

or  bajp     •           -  — 

0    6 

0    3 

_         .04 

Ipennunh*  •          •   cwu 

0    0 

0  10  12 

lim           •   0  10      1 

Mliiljr          •           •   — 

0    0 

0    4  1-2  cvt.        .   0   012' 

Mulaxa        .          .     - 

0    T 

0   S 

I'un.         •   0 
liliil.  or  Ire.  0 

2  12 

Titlnccn.  Sw  Landon  i5w*f. 

I 

1  1  i 

WikhI,    Nee  ariiania  Talila, 

barrel  (irkuKO 

0  3-4 

|i.  67S. 

1 

Rates  on 

Sugar. 

WharfaKa 

Rent 

Wharface 
anil 

Drill 

-_  ..Ntft     ^.■'  '                  .i-  ■■ 

Torleragc. 

per  Week. 

Porlcnue. 

l.er  ivtrk. 

t.     d. 

».    d. 

s.    d. 

«.    il. 

Sugar,  4  to  9  cwt.  baR  or  bnaknt 

0    8 

0     1 

Sugar,  refined,  14  and  under 

nhnut  3  rwl.    do.    or  niitl 

0    4 

0    01 

IHcwl.        -           -      rask 

1    0 

0   (1 

hoxea  or  rlioata    -            ton 

3    4 

0     5 

12  mid  under  14  cwt.      dn. 

1    (1 

0    4 

baslarda,  Ucwt.  and  upwards 
cnak 

I    8 

Do.  packed  in  hhils.or  vats,  to 
bo  housed  for  exportution. 

\i.i. 

llii.l. 

13  and  nnt  exceeding  U  rwl. 

>0  8 Ion 

Ilnnaing          -           -          ^ 

1     0 

0    0 

cask 

1    S 

s 

VVeiitbing  or  re-weighing    - 

1    0 

0   « 

under  8          -          -  tierce 

0    8 

0  9 

Unlinuslng,    whurllige,    and 

not  pxceedingSI        •  barrel 

0   s 

0   1 

Khippliig       .           -            - 

3    0 

1    8 

rellniMl.IScwt.Ui'Mcwt.cnak 

2    0 

0    7 

llent    -           -         per  week 

0    0 

0    3 

Cruahinr  Sugar— The  following  charges  Include  all  expenses  lor  rec4'lving,  dt'liv 
and  rent,  tor  two  weeks :  viz. 

fring,  ci 

iipcting, 

vilh  entire          1 

Crushed  fine  by  the  mill  and  packed  Into 

broken  araall  nnd  rammed  i 

llnvanna!)  rases      ...  inn  21    0 

lumps            .           .           . 

-  Inn  14    0 

partly  crushed  and  packed  with  lumps  —  18    0 

broken  large  and  rammed  \ 

vilh  entire 

.  ton  19   0 

crushed  rough              -          -           -  —  19    0 

lumps           .          .           . 

crushed  fine                  -           -           -   —  22    0 

Transferring       -          .           . 

.—OS 

ground  by  the  mill       -           -           -  —  10    0 
ttroken  and  packed,  rough  and  not  to  par- 

Uent per  week   -          .           - 

.—07 

Hampling            .          .           . 

.  cask  0   0 
.    _   0  « 

ticular  welghu         •           -           •  ton  14  0 

Papering            -          .           . 

fDIA). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  TIIAMKS  (WEST  INDIAN  875 


llvpn  b«IV>rfl  hntialniof 
nillifquny.iiiiilftitiiiih. 

ih  limy  liD  lni|nirti>(|,  |„ 
r«iiiriii>il,  niiil  im  i<v«iy 
k,  iinlixit  ilin  ii.i|H.tii -I 
Kliili'd  riilra, 
iilhi'rniin  liiiiTlili'il.t,, 
l|>piliir,  Ik  III)  wIii'I<  rnii', 
■<>  I'liiirKftM  will  hi  inuii,,^ 
rrutlniiii  iiiii|||i|p|it  ,„| 

he  ii'miiit  Kilniiin.    fvi 

I  til-  iilldwi'il  lilcnrdiivt 

H'lll  llB    IiIiUHIIiI    l>r    |l|||.',|, 

|uct  lu  tliH  •iinii*  r>iiiiiiii. 

ImrKcil  rriiiii  tlM'ilnl>>i>r 
IiiiiiiimI,  lliu  ruiil  will  bo 

iicu,  Die  rlinriiM  on  tha 
tt  llin  Uwiierul  UlHco  in 


t  Iiiillu  Iloi'ki,  nn  nliriiil 
n  t>urk.i,  a  I  iililn  di'  ilii> 
k'llli  viiry  trilllhit  miiill. 
hill  liicliKlt'H  iiiitri'ly  ilm 
en  uf  \Vij«l  liiiliii  pro. 


Hun  nn  /)y«  W»oi$, 


I  I^iihIim 
I   K..le. 


Ilrnl  |wi 


hill 
Uil 


loll 

K  I  'I  Ml /.  ("ilU. 
U  l-il  l.iircl     ■ 
6      itcii 
6        - 
I'J  12  Urti'l  ,ir 


,1 

U 
6 
3 

0   3 


Mill, 

twi. 


I 

Ire.  or  lair  0  ] 

0  3 

1)  O.H 

U  (j:I'| 

0  0)4 

0  (, 

0  s     j 


3 

4  12  c.«l. 


0   4 
0    012' 


or 

Ik 
i>. 

U) 

II. 

id 
k 

Whilrf.»e 

ami 
Poncraff. 

Rfiil 
|)er  ivti-k. 

t.   d. 

1    0 

1    () 

V»l. 

s.  d. 

0   6 
0   4 

iiiiii. 

0    fl 

0  6 

1  8 
0   3 

1     0 
1    0 

3    0 
0    0 

fliV 

eriiig,  C(j 

iiptring, 

t.   d. 
d  with  entire 

•  tun  14   0 
d  with  entiro 

-  ton  I!) 
.     —   0 

-  —    0 

-  task  0 
.    —   0 


«.  i. 

Rar  lliol            •     ' 

Hill  wivt.1 

Hnail  wimhI,  larga 

('4111  IVIMmI               • 

C.N-INI  WIKhJ 

i:ii>iiiif   • 

Inn 

a  « 

rn.iic  . 

iiniliir  tntrr 

T   0 

l,l<iiuiii  vlUa     • 

irfi<«i">«i 

Niraraiiiit,  lait* 

i|ii»ii  .          • 

M.i>lir<  Wii'i'l     •     J 

Dytfi*  wood,  4o. 
Itf      I  wood,  imall 

Nitir  1^  .ft  WlMVl,  intAll  • 
)U|itn      .  .  •  • 

NiMjfru  ■  •  ■ 

N.ir..lil      .... 

DMti   wikmI,  charcwl  wi(|i  July,  •( 
|if*r  l(in 

MilinffRiiy,  cn>Ur,   J*r«rtiiid«,    rnw 
wiNxl,  Mtiu  wmmI,  (uII|i,  Mbri,  lu. 


1^ 


T   0 


1' 


II 


I.  li. 


0    I  13 


It'iMifl  lUlm.  'I'lio  VVnnt  liidin  l>iirk  ('ninpiiiiy  hnvlnir  iipprn|ir<nti>il  tlif  Hniilh  Unrk  In  lli«  lilnhf^r 
tmrti'.  "Mil  iill'iirili'd  iiIIht  riitllllli'it  fur  iiirr)liii(  It  on  wiili  imhi'  iiimI  I'xpoilllinn,  wi-  milijoln  n  'I'lililr  of 
lli«  iliirk  rntni  nn  wood  liii|iiirlud.    A*.  U,—Viit  itm  raiu«  mi  ulilpa  luiliiii  with  woiid,  inn  anif,  p.  ST3, 


it 

{ 

0 

1 

OlxHi  liii|iarl»l, 

Xt 

11 

1 

i 

Ooodi  ImporlnL 

hit 

t.    d. 

% 

1 

1.   a. 

1, 

rf. 

t.    A 

DmU, 

nallniii  fmni  all  pnria, 

Aiiiarlrtn,  Riiiahn,  anil  Pnia^lan  ilcila,  ainl 

1 11  ami  a lu.  Iliitk, iinlrr  10 ft. lone  120 

8    0 

3    3 

dril  aiilt,  prr  aliiiJinl  liuii'ltxl   H  lori 

_                         10  in  12        .    - 

10    0 

3    U 

liiiifairl  1  1  Jilni'li 

9 

8 

3    0 

—     MCMding     12  in  14        •    — 

11    0 

a  B 

Sill  inn  'ImU  Imm  ilut'lirr.tl  1-3  40  I«r  120 

14 

8 

4    0 

—           14  In  10        •    - 

14    0 

4    0 

tivnllih  ill  a<>  rnmi  |iiirl>  In  llii-  lUltli', 

—             —             18  In  18          •    — 

18    0 

>    3 

II  I'i  ami  :l  Ini  hn  lliKk,  II  M  liin<    I2U 

Ik 

0 

8   fl 

—           —           in  111  20        •    ~ 

In    0 

8    0 

1  \  i  mill  1        itii.               ilii.            - 

n 

0 

4   0 

—           —                   11         .    _ 

I'l    0 

8    S 

Niirway  ant  llwriliih,  frnm  nnrla  In  Ih. 
Niiilli  ^i-a, 

~          —          22b>30         «cli 

0    6 

0    1 

nuienriKla        ■          ■          ■          •120 

4    0 

1    4 

U'4  anil  1  In.  Ihli  k,  uinl'r  in  (t  lon(  110 

8 

0 

1    8 

Pahii^  tminla.  iinl  eicteilin|7  fact       •    — 

r.  0 

1    0 

„          _           ininij        .    _ 

8 

0 

1  in 

rir.  IhU'k  iiiillniiil  iilaiik                       •  Inail 

S    0 

1     8 

—     .irimlliif     |]ln  14        •    — 

7 

0 

1  1 

Fir  luianl-i,  1  12  ii)i-li  tliii-k  anil  un'lrr    •    — 

7    0 

8    8 

_          _          UlnlA        .    - 

1 

0 

1  a 

l.a(liwon<],tialffr  6  frnl     •           •           •  fm. 

10    0 

3    8 

—          Ill  III  in       ■    — 

0 

0 

1  10 

.I  fri-l  .mil  nut  •iciMi'lIng  8  feet              •    — 

11    0 

A    0 

—            —            INIlliU         •    — 

in 

0 

3    1 

Firewnnil    .            .            .            .           •    — 

7    8 

1    8 

-            -           tlllnltl         .    - 

10 

0 

3    » 

R-iIki  alinte  21  frrtan-l  urilerS  inch      •    — 

41    0 

14    0 

1  1-4  Inrh  Milck,  nn  Irr  10  foul  lon(   - 

7 

0 

1    1 

unilnrll  fiii'l  niiil  unilar  5  iucb            -   — 

32    0 

II    U 

—          —           1(1  In  11        •    — 

R 

0 

1    8 

Nuiw.iji  liiiilier  in  liilka   •           •           .Ion! 

4    0 

1    0 

—     .iwiiilioi     IJ  In  It        •   — 

10 

0 

3    1 

Sjan  unili-r  8  ami  above  4  Inchca            •    120 

40    0 

11    0 

-  -          14  In  18        .   - 

—  —            III  In  III         •    — 

II 

8 

3    8 

l.iiictiHiinil                      ■            •            •    — 

30    0 

9    0 

13 

0 

4    2 

niukrii,  uiiilcr  4  inch,  24  fwt  Iniif  ami 

-           —           IHInW        .    - 

14 

8 

4    8 

iipwnnia         •          ■          •          -   120 

20    0 

7    0 

-           -           KJIuJI         •    - 

n 

3 

6    2 

unlrr  14  fiKtt  Innic         •          •          ■   — 

10    0 

3    0 

1 1]  aivt  S  In.  Ihirk,  iimlar  10  fl.  Imii 

0 

0 

1    8 

Urira,  nil  let  24  fcal  lonf             •          •    — 

21    0 

7    8 

-          -           in  In  11        .   - 

II 

0 

3    4 

14ln32ililta       •            •            .           ..    — 

35    0 

10    0 

—     .ICMillllg      11  lu  14         •    — 

13 

0 

4    0 

abiiva  32  dilln     >           <           -           ■    -~ 

60    0 

IS    0 

—          -          U  In  18        .    - 

13 

0 

4    H 

Spirliiiliiauil  lOalUiOMlhlnlinontliu 

—           —           18  in  ID        .    - 

IT 

0 

S    4 

t'fn.. 

-           -           IniiilO        .    - 

19 

0 

8   0 

Onk,  Africin  anil  nlhi<r(aniiare,  |M-rIoatlof) 
liililier    chinte-l  Willi,   'ill  fl-  r.nin'l,   (rfr   > 

-          -          lOlnll        •    - 

20 

0 

8    8 

8    8 

1    0 

i  M  uiil  3  In,  Ihick,  iiiiilKr  in  ft.  lon( 

II 

8 

4    0 

iluly  al  lier  liiul              liiul  uf  40  fl.          ) 
IlUcklilrch     ■           .           ■           ■ 

-          -           III  In  11        .   - 

14 

fl 

4    II 

6    0 

1    0 

—     ririnlinf     11  In  14        •   — 

17 

8 

8    8 

uiuler  cnver 

7    0 

1    6 

_          _          14  In  18        .    - 

10 

8 

8    0 

Wainwol  lo(i,  14  fuel  lonft  (gnalar  Uiii|lli 

_          —          iiituH        .   _ 

23 

8 

7    8 

in  |iro|ior1luii)            •           •             each 

2    0 

0    8 

—            —            III  In  10         •    — 

ID 

8 

8    8 

7  fret  lone          -           •           •           •    — 

0     K 

0   1 

-            —           10  lull         •    - 

18 

0 

0  n 

0.ik  aiiil  oth'T  pUnka  (except  fir  planka)    loail 

7    0 

1    6 

I)«l  tiiila,  8  FmI  •lilt  unilw      •          •   — 

6 

0 

1      0 

Cl.ip  Imanls,  0  feci  luuj    •           •             each 

0    3 

0    1 

Deck  ilxia, 

3  feel  loiitf            .             .             •             .    — 

0    1 

0    Ot 

.1  liii'ln-a  lliick,  30  In  4t  fi'dl  lnii|  rwh 

1 

0 

0    4 

IliiiiUpikea           .           •           •          .120 

G    0 

2    O' 

111    -                    -              .    _ 

0 

10 

0    3 

S|K.kl»             ....                      I^ 

13    0 

6    8 

1        —                    —              ■    .- 

0 

8 

0    11 

Oari,  miller  24  feel  lunn     •           •            .    I2U 

1.1    0 

6    0 

m-lanlS               Uln30        .    _ 

0 

* 

0    .V 

ahilvB  24  feel  Innic           .             .             •    — 

20    0 

7    0 

«         -                    - 

0 

8 

0    1 

Tnrniili,  2  feel  an.l  uuiler          .          •  200 

8    0 

1    0 

Ballrna  frnni  all  pnrff , 

ainve  2  fuel        •            .           .            .    — 

12    0 

4    0 

3-4  311.1 1  liii'lilhirkiUn'liir  lOn.liinf  120 

8 

t    2 

Slaves, 
Quebec,  pip.        .    3  In  4      each  pr.  1,200 

-          -          10  III  12 

1 

t    4 

80    0 

■ 

—     nirerillni     11  In  14        ■    — 

10 

1    8 

fllnlM     -         _ 

a;  0 

a 

-          -          14  In  18        .    - 

8 

1  10 

1  10  1  1-1     -         _ 

a:,  0 

—           —           IHlnlH        •    — 

4 

2    2 

hofiheail       .    .{3io4          —        — 

70    0 

—           —           III  In  10        •    — 

4 

2    8 

i  In  2  1.2      _         _ 

4>    0 

■t- 

-           -                   11         .    _ 

10 

2    8 

.  1  In  1  1  1      —         - 

30    0 

s._ 

1  U  Inch  IhInk,  uwl'r  10  n  Inni 

0 

1     8 

tarrel  and  heailinn  3  In  4           —         — 

CO    0 

iSS. 

-          —          10  In  11        .   — 

8 

1  II 

llnll-l     ~         — 

40    0 

-■I 

—     .inwilini     11  lu  14        •    — 

4 

2    2 

1  to  1  1-2     —        — 

30    0 

-          -          1410  18 

0 

1    6 

North  Amerlein, 

-  —          lUtoll        .    - 

-  -          IHIoM        •    - 

8 

1    B 

punrhenn  anil  hogiheal,  I  inch  anil 

R 

2  II 

unler         •           .           .           •    — 

18    0 

6  0 

-          -                  11        .   _ 

f 

3    2 

barrel  and  hea'liii^  ilillo       .           .    — 
HamliiirKh  and  Saltii;,  pip.     -           .    — 

11    0 

4   0 

1  l-laiKlllu.tlilck.nndiiriaft.liint 

7 

2    0 

40    0 

16    0 

-                    10 mil       .   - 

4 

2    4 

h'ii(«heail        .           •           .           -    — 

sa  0 

15    0 

—    .icmdlni     11  In  14       .    — 

8 

1    8 

barrel             .           •           .           .    — 

30    0 

10    0 

-          —          Minis        .   — 

0 

3    4 

headlnit         ■           .          .           .    — 

27    6 

10    0 

—          —           18  In  IS        .    _ 

4 

4    0 

pipe,  Uiin  1  to  1  1-2  inch  thick        .    — 
hiitihead  ilillo           •           -           .    — 

35    0 

10   0 

-           -           lllolO        .    - 

4 

4    8 

12    0 

10  0 

-          -                   »1         .    - 

0 

5    0 

barrel  ami  heading  ditto       .          *    — 

16    0 

10   0 

■W 


■\ 


•  Tlw  tutitor  to  b.  alcuUtid  rnm  lb.  date  of  th.  ihlp'a  bmking  balk. 


■h 


\    ! 


m 


676  DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


CkMdi  imported. 


Billet  stivn,  nxk  nr  mh, 

I  1-2  mini  t>H>teir«ding4n 

umler  112  J        '""» 

Pipe  boards  3  l*'i  iiicliei  thick     • 
Ricks, 
(line        ....  -  each 

Mlfnipe        .  .  .  .    — 

qu.irtur  pipe    .  •  •  •    — 

Thn  rnmp.iny  will  be  antwersMf  for  the 
monlier   of  pietr.i  mi/u  of  lathw'0(j<!, 
kikI  rannot  lie  mponnime  fnr  Iho  di* 
niensions  of  (lurb«c  nr  billet  alAvrs. 
Fintavr  ....   fm, 

Hi-n<linx  ^md  Hdtvo  rmlBf 
nni  eiceediiig  20  inchnt  long     •  1,200 

Floattd  Titnlcr. 
R»riin|r.  inr lu'Iin^  roifs,  staple*,  Uylng  np  or 
towin.^  tfi  the  'lock  ^at«,  or  to  the  ponn  :— 
Ka^t  Coimlry,  Swedish  and  American  titn* 
ber  ml  nia«ts,  per  lai'l 

Norwsv  tjialwr  ■  •  •    — 

^(nre,  6  inch  «nil  upwints 
Rtftftl  (imbrr  floitwl  from  the  river    • 
Iklivtrin?  itorr.!  timl>er  at  (lie  dock  ptes^ 
Kist  Country,  Swediih,  and  Amenrnn  lini* 
tier  and  masts  .  •       per  load 


2si 


$.  d. 

*9  0 

35  0 

t2  0 

60  0 
under 

I  0 

0  8 

0  4 


15    0 
12    0 


0   3 


30  0 

13  0 

10  0 

22  6 
covfr 

0  6 

0  4 

0  2 


6    0 
4    0 


I  n 

1  u 

2  0 
1  0 


Gonla  Imported. 


Norway  timber  And  s[mni  •       perlond 

Rent  on  Rtoml  gotxV.  to  eommenre  fmni  the 
flnal  iliactiar^eorttie  ship,  and  lolxfrbarxed 
likewito  on  f^U  not  stored,  imten^  thoy 
are  romoveil  within  14  days  after  delivery 
Trom  (hu  ship 
Reji:iirini{  finals  for  delivery  :— 
No  cbarK«  (o  be  mnde  during  the  Ist  and  2<I 
qnarler'n  rent,  but  at  iht  comnifciicfmrnt 
of  the  3<1  qiiarler  lt)t!Chiiri;elnlte    per  load        0    3 
And  at  the  roininriicentciit  of  every  stic* 
ceedinir  (piarlcr  •  •        per  load        0    1 

Rnind  moiU  to  U  reckmed  at  40  fttt  to  the 
load, 

Sprcinl  Chargti, 

Rummaglnf  timber  and  other  meaiiired  wood,  aa  usual  per 
Ion  or  load  ....,, 

DHIverini?  Into  decked  vewela  .... 

Slicking  deck  doaN,  wfmi  rnptind  •  -  •     enrti 

oak  plank  and  fir  llm-k  Miiir  -  per  If.ad 

Sorting  Quebw  and  billt;!  sfsves  fcir  freicht  •  prr  I,2iiO 

Turning  to  measure  fnr  sale  at  laiidini;,  oak,  ll-irk  lirfli, 
African,  and  o'htT  tindicr  •  •   "        .  per  load 

Marking  lots  of  American  and  other  lind.er  piled  in  tiers 
(one  lot  to  a  tier),  or  floatwl  limljer,  pur  tot 


S3^ 


I,    d. 

0    4 


I 

3 

Of 

I 


Memoranda  for  the  Information  of  the  cnnnignees  and  proprietors 

uf  gnois  imwrted  io  ships  which  discharge  their  cargoes  in  the 

West  India  l)ock«. 

Nil  ship  is  allowed  to  break  bulk  uti'il  her  f  irgo  Is  dniy  entered  ; 
it  is 'herefore  iniport.ml  that  consignees  nhouid  give  directions  for 
the  entry  of  (heir  re-iperlive  cousignment*  at  the  Custom-house  as 
tnnn  ai  the  ship  ii  reported. 

Rtzjatre  and  preKnts  may  he  cleared  at  the  baggage  warehDUse  at 
the  'locks,  after  eiaminaliori  t>y  the  revenue. 

The  original  bills  of  lading  must  be  depnsHe-',  when  reoiiired, 
except  whore  a  part  of  the  goo  Is  are  intended  to  Ihj  plired  under  the 
East  India  Con  pany*B  care;  in  that  cue  the  original  bill  must  Im 
exhibited,  and  a  true  ropy  thereof  de(>Oj(ite>1.  ShouM  the  ori;;irAl 
bill  have  been  previously  delivered  at  the  East  India  House,  a  certi- 
fied  copy  must  he  obtained  from  'he  accountant  general  of  the 
Ilonouralile  Company. 

Particular  attention  Is  necessary  to  the  regularity  of  the  indone- 
ments,  a-;  the  Company's  ntJicers  canno*  paw  any  bill  of  lading,  on 
which  the  authority  fnim  the  ihipjier  tn  the  holder  ii  not  dwluced 
by  a  complete  and  accurate  chain  of  indorsnmrnt. 
*  Fvery  hill  of  lading  should  be  specially  indorsed,  so  as  clearly  to 
designate  the  par'y  to  whose  onler  the  conterds  are  to  be  dtdivered. 

In  all  caaea  of  informality  in  bills  of  lading,  from  want  of  indorse- 
ment, ^c,  or  of  their  heing  lost,  application  must  be  made  to  the 
court  by  leltc,  staging  the  circumstances,  and  enclosing  any  dncv)> 
ments  which  will  show  the  title  to  the  g'>  >ds;  In  every  such  case  the 
■pplicjnt  must  engage  to  indemnify  the  Company  by  bond,  or  other- 
wise, as  the  Court  may  direct. 

When  hills  of  lading  are  prohired,  which  are  al  variance  with 
ttie  manifest,  as  tn  the  original  consignee,  the  Company  will  not  pass 
any  delivery  onter  founded  thereon,  until  .*)  clear  days  shall  have 
elapsed. 

The  delivery  of  gno«ls  afln.it  will  be  (he  act  nf  the  captain  or 
ot!ii"tT  in  charge  nf  the  vessel. 

No  orter  can  ht  receive*!  until  the  manifest  of  the  cartro,  duly  cer- 
tified t-v  the  cap'ain,  has  been  ''(^posile*!  at  the  West  India  IVtck 
Hiuse ;'  tmt  the  nnters  of  the  importers  of  all  cimvIs  entrusted  to  the 
\Ve«t  lodia  Dock  Company's  nnna^ernent  niay  then  be  passed. 

When  parties  hoMin<  nflers  fnr  delivery  from  thequiys  wish  'he 
grxvls  h"use«l  in  ihfir  ov^n  names  or  in  the  names  of  other  jwrties, 
they  must  lodice  the  order  indorsed  to  that  effLCt,  and  warrants  will 
be  enntftl  accor'inely. 

All  merchandise  warehoused  under  the  curt  of  the  West  India 
Dwit  Company  is  deliverable  in  the  ordinary  course  of  husine«8  by 
wirr.»n*,  with 'the  ejicepMon  of  nmscovadn  su^ar,  woo'lt,  returned 
maniifictiirnt,  and  articles  imp  >rte-l  in  bulk,  nf  which  the  wcichi  or 
niftisnre  it.  liable  tn  increase  nr  derreav  from  natural  cauws,  and 
gnoils  which  are  not  tn  be  warehoused,  cr  ire  intended  for  inmie- 
dis'e  shinmeni  j  in  the  lal'er  case,  the  importers  must  state  on  their 
orient  thi'  "  wirraiits  are  not  rtfjuire-!." 

Ail  j'l-vli  enfnutfd  tn  the  mtnarenient  nf  (he  East  India  Com- 
panv,  alth-nifh  dejxisited  in  the  Wes'  India  Docks,  will  be  delivere'l 
in  (he  wu^]  course  of  the  Honourable  Company's  business  by  Kast 
India  ws'Tants, 

T'lficditate  passing  orden  and  piyinr  the  charges  due  upon  the 
r'w»'s.  the  Cnrnpiny  wtll  open  tifpnsit  accotmts  upon  request  from 
the  nicrclianls  as  hereinafter  noticed. 

That  (he  course  of  biisine^.  as  respects  the  West  Imlia  Dork 
Cnmpsnv,  mav  be  fully  understool.  the  attention  «'f  imi»or'ers  and 
purchaseis  of '  produce  is  particularly  requested  to  the  fnllowjiig 
nit'nir.ntt  !a  : — 

The  \VcH\  India  Dock  warrants  f^rpwidi  which  are  usually  sold 
withfiit  Intiimr,  will  t>e  made  n\i(  for  s'lch  qiian(itres  as  have  l-een 
fumil  ^ener.ltv  eonvenient  to  the  ini|KirtenL  Warrants  or  cheques 
f'tr  srnlier  qinn'ities,  nr  single  packizes,  may.  however,  be  granted, 
on  ra^iin  f(.r  Itie  extra  numt'er,  at  (ftc  ra'es  liiTein  fixed. 

For  nods  which  are  lotte-l.  ma  'e  nierchantable,  ftc,  (he  warrants 
Will  be  n»ade  out  as  soon  as  the  o|*raiions  are  perfonne-l.     When 


direclinni  from  the  importer  are  requinid,  notice  will  Iw  given  on 
the  landing  accounts ;  it  in  dtsiralije  that  parlindar  and  early  atttn. 
tinn  should  be  paid  to  such  notices,  and  (hat  (he  inqwird-rs  of  cotinn, 
peppt-r,  or  other  articles  which  usually  require  twin?  made  nirr- 
chan'abte,  should  loilge  a  general  unicr  directing  (hat  oi.eration  to  be 
(wi  formed  to  all  their  initx>rtat!'>iis. 

The  first  warrants  of  ihe  West  India  Dock  Conip.inv  will  be 
issued  to  the  order  of  the  luipnrters  or  their  assigns  (iiravli'i-J  there 
is  no  stop  u|K)n  the  goods  for  freight  or  otherwise),  upunf  ajmcut  of 
the  prime  rates  or  Ian  ling  chaiy-'s. 

Such  payments  must  include  all  charges  to  the  tinm  of  hmislng, 
and  thnse  for  lotting  or  nnking  meichantable  for  the  ini|nirter,  ljii(, 
if  Iho  goods  are  deliverablt)  by  warrant,  are  not  to  inciudH  lent;- 
chargea  accruing  suljsetiuently,  unt  the  rent,  n.ufil  1*  mid  Ijy  the 
liolders  of  the  warran's  befiire  delivery  of  Ihe  goods.  The  prf>;ir:- 
etors  of  Koods  may,  however,  clear  the  rent  and  incidi'n''l  cli.irses 
to  any  aetired  date,  and  have  now  warrants  or  cheques  aciord- 
iiigly. 

When  the  assignment  nr  removal  of  part  of  Ihe  grinds  onlv  is  in- 
tendeit,  the  warrants  nr  cheques  should  be  divided  at  the  dork  himse 
in  Ifliidon,  as  here-if'ir  providetl. 

If  the  delivery  nf  the  whole  of  the  contents  is  Ilrrectp'i  and  the 
goods  are  not  removed  within  2  flays,  a  new  warrant  or  ch-qne  for 
the  remainder  of  tlif-  parrel  must  ()e  taken  nut. 

In  the  case  of  casks  of  liquids  used  tn  fill  up  others,  the  warrant 
must  lie  lodged,  and  the  proprietor  may  either  have  a  new  warnnt 
for  the  remainder,  or  it  nny  l>e  drlivereil  (if  not  required  agnin  to 
be  nsed  in  the  same  wav)  to  his  order. 

When  the  holders  of  warrants  nr  cheques  are  desirous  of  as^xih 
ing  part  of  their  eontenls.  without  delivery,  reweighinx,  reliniisin?, 
&c.,  new  documents  wdl  he  given  in  exclan-ji!,  on  toilginif  the  origi- 
nals, duly  indoned.  The  iiidnrsenient  sh"uld  specially  direct  (ho 
nmnner  in  which  (he  contents  are  to  be  divided,  anil«la'e  (he  iinnirs 
of  Ihe  parties  in  whose  favtuir  the  new  warrants  ir  cheques  am  tn 
he  issued,  in  Ihe  following  r'rni :--"  Mease  to  divide  thewiihin;" 
nr  when  part  is  to  tie  delivered,  '•  Dtdiver  to  briror  (state  I  ow  ii.juy 
parkagi's),  and  grant  new  one  for  (state  how  iiiar,y 

\)ii  kages)  in  favon  r  of  one  for."  Si-c. 

Warrants  may  be  exchnneed  nr  divided  without  assiitning  the 
gon<ls,  when  deslretl  by  Ihe  hjider.  it  ih'-s.ime  rate  of  clnree. 

The  original  warrant  is  (lot  charge  I  f'lr;  I-ut  the  charts  fur  di* 
vi<ling  or  issuing  new  ducumen's,  or  transferring,  are— For  each 
warrant  or  Irausfer, 

I  or  2  packagei  or  quanti* 
tice    -■ 


3  nr    4  do. 

ft  to    7  do. 

8— 10  do, 
11  — 15  do. 
16  -  20  do. 
21  --  2'>  do. 


26  to  M  packazes  or  quanti- 


ties 

31  —  .It  do.  . 
3(1  —  40  do,  - 
41  --  45  do.  . 
46  and  upwards 
^l04^ls  in  bulk,  per  (on 
Every  new  cheque  gnnlc4 


8 
9 
.  10 

•  II 

•  12 
.    2 

-  i 


If  from  the  nature  nf  the  contnct  belween  the  seller  ii>d  liuj-er, 
reweighing,  Ac.  may  be  nece?i^ar)',  the  warrints  sliould  I'c  ''eixwiinl 
indorsed  with  directions  to  thatefTect,  and  new  warrants  uill  Im 
issueil,  containing  the  landing  weights  an  J  reweights,  as  snon  m  tlie 
operations  are  completed. 

When  any  alterations,  such  as  repackinir.  ftc.  are  to  be  made  fex 
cent  when  preparadirv'  (o  immediate  iltliver)-),  the  ivarranls  nu.si  l« 
hxlired  :  ano  otners,  representiug  the  gr<ids  ctirrectly,  Isiucd  iu  the 
sanie  nianner. 

The  warrants  nmsi  likewit-e  Ite  h^d*.  d  on  living  oniers  lo  vat.bid 
if  immediate  shipment  is  mit  inlendett,  new  warnnls  will  le  i^Mitd 
as  soon  as  the  easks  are  refilled. 

In  Ihe  3  last' mentioned  cises  'liRrharjes  for  performing  the  opera* 
lions  include  the  expense  of  the  new  warrants. 

When  warrants  or  cheques  are  lost  oi  ndshid.  tie  Company  re* 


»  If  (Md  r.  ntove^l  within  2  tidei"  ifter  bein^  brviuiht  for  >.  ''very,  to  be  charged  per  tide  per  Inal  »/. 

t  \V:i-nots  wiM  be  eranlt-d.  h-iwever,  at  (he  ilesire  of  the  proprietor,  fnr  dye  wcpod  ini;i"rted  frmi  'he  East  Indies,  or  any  article  (hit 
cao  bo  u:pa.^ted  'ito  diilinct  and  c  jrrciponJing  parcels,  no  his  paying  Ihe  expeosci  of  uiakiog  such  allotti^eiiL 


S^DIA). 


per  I  nail 
irft  fnmi  the 
olwrli.inteil 
iiiiless  Ihcy 
lltr  delivery 


le  iHt  And  2-1 
itiifciiccmt-nt 

1 1je    per  loiil 

if  fvt-ry  sue- 

ptT  Im.l 

10  fttt  to  the 


.S  S  jj  " 


I.    d. 

0    .1 


0    3 
0    I 


kiiired  wooJ,  u  usun]  per 

ff  •  -  .    rapji 

liilf  -  per  |n,i.| 

ir  freight  •  per  l,iu) 

aii.tiiitt,  onk,  thrk  lirrti, 
pt-r  hi^^ 
her  ttniliiT  piled  in  '.\en 
ber,  per  Itit 


1  0 

0  6 

0  1 

0  4 

7  0 

1  0 
0  4 


rfquircd,  nolire  will  |>«  Riven  on 
i\f-  thil  pirtinilsr  and  early  atlen- 
i.  and  tlut  the  inifKirltra  nf  ciiMon, 
usually  rt()uire  Iwim  made  I)1p^ 
trCcr  dia-cliiig  tlwt  oj-eralKin  lu  Co 

iS. 

il  India  Dnck  Company  will  he 
r«  or  their. iMifiiM  (provVt.l  Ihrre 
hi  or  othftrwis*), iipoiiipajuicDt  of 
I. 

1  chanfes  to  (hn  liino  of  housing, 
etthantrible  fnr  the  importer,  Ijiit, 
uraiit,  are  tio(  to  inctndtt  leiit;- 
nt  the  rrnl,  n.iist  bcjnid  by  tho 
ivery  of  the  i^wls.  The  prn;,ri. 
irihe  rent  am)  incidcii'-J  clnrjiei 
ow  warrants  or  eht't|u«  aciorJ- 

tl  of  nirt  nf  the  pHids  nfdv  is  in* 
lould  be  divided  at  the  dock  hnuu 

the  contents  is  ftirrrteil  ami  the 

lys,  a  new  warrant  or  cli'iiue  for 

l.ikun  nut. 

tn  fill  up  otheni.  the  warrant 

^Y  eilher  ha\R  n  new  w;irr\nt 

ivt'reil  (if  nnt  n(piired  a^iin  lo 

r. 

chrquei  arc  desirous  of  uvsO' 
delivery,  reweinh.iif,  rehniisih-', 
t^xtl.a iisrc,  on lo»ti!in<  t|ie  orici- 
n!  slimild  specially  direct  iho 
be  divided,  aiidfla'e  the  iiaiiitt 
arr.intB  ir  cheqitei  .ire  fo 
I'lcaiie  In  divide  the  within ;" 
fliver  to  liciri.T  (stale  I  ow  ii,jijy 
one  for  (slate  how  many 
one  for,"  >^c. 

vidi-d   wlUiont  asKirning  the 
li'-  Mme  rate  of  ctnrirf. 
fl  i'lr;  lilt  liie  cliarjes  fur  di- 
r  trdusferrinjf,  ait— For  each 


!6  tn  10  nackaee*  or  quanti- 
ties •  •  .8 

—  Ht  ilo.    -  .  .9 

—  40  do.    -           .  .10 
I  --  4t  do.   .           .  -  1 1 

and  upwards         •  •  12 

o<^ls  in  bulk,  per  Ion  •    2 

ery  new  idieipte  <rintr4  .   2 

(letwt-en  the  selhr  ai'd  I'uvfr. 
le  warntits  slinnl.l  be  -'eiKHited 
ct.  and  ne"'  warrants  will  tta 
an  I  reweifflitii,  as  wmm  m  tba 

ickinir.  Ac,  are  to  be  tnalc  iet 
drliver\'),  the  warranls  nuisl  l-e 
gf-culn  correctly,  issued  in  the 

•i  tl  on  ariviTiK  onlcn  In  vat,  but 
d,  new  warrants  will  Le  isuml 

arzf^  for  performing  the  opera* 
Warrants. 

ininlaid,  tie  Company  re* 


ia^t  liidien,  or  any  ariicle  ihtt 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


677 


q«lR  Ikil  (iMy  ■hniiM  ba  ndnrtlwl  In  Hw  PuUii;  Udttr,  the  paper 
cnn.aininK  the  advcrtisctiierit,  and  an  eii;ai(cn)ent  to  ID'lemiiify  Ihn 
Oiopany,  1)}  bond  or  olheriviKf  to  be  encl'Mcd  with  the  appliraliiiD 
for  ((u|)iiratri.  Ttif  new  drirnniiMitA  i;ot  to  be  iuuml  (iiiile«i  the 
original  shall  be  found  and  flelivered  up)  until  7  clear  days  ihall 
lufcehpsnl  fmni  the  date  of  notire  by'ailvrniirnienr.  Upon  no* 
ticpotlhe  \ttw,  the  KntKli  will  beitopittil ;  an<l  the  original  documi;ot 
can  on  no  account  be  acle<l  upon,  when  Rait  India  warnnla  are 
Intt,  the  notice  ahould  be  given  to  the  Honourable  Company'!  ware* 
hmne  kt^per. 

Irrn^ularilies  in  the  indoraementt  leuen  the  MCuntynfthe  pmprl- 
elonoi  Kooda,  and  render  the  documenta  incomplete  a«  authoritiei, 
Thfl  ittention  of  the  holilera  ii  therefore  particularly  called  to  that 
ptiiut.  tn  prevent  the  inj[ie(Iinicuta  which  must  otherwise  ariio  tothe 
re^lar  despatch  of  buKineu, 

Any  a'teuipt  to  remove  such  impediments  by  Indoninf  any  war- 
nni,  nrilt-r,  or  clit^ue  without  dur  authority, even  aithcitiKh  no  fraud 
niiy  tjc  intended,  will  br  invirlatdy  nnlirtvl  in  the  mo*l  serious  man- 
DiT  I'V  the  direclors  of  the  West  India  Dork  Company, 

rnrnii  on  which  persons  may  be  authoriMhl  to  si^n  for  others,  may 
br  nbLiintfd  in  thu  ffenenl  ollice  at  th*-  dock  house :  and  as  no  signa- 
ture but  lliat  of  the  pirty  named  on  the  warrant,  delivery  onler,  or 
cnrqiie,  can  be  acted  upon,  when  goods  are  made  doli'verable  to 
onler,  |)crsous  so  authorised  should  adhere  lo  the  following  form  t— 
•'  For  (name  or  firm.) 
(Signature  of  the  iierson  aulliorised.)'* 

ftpoiif  ,4imunfi  may  Iw  opened  wllh  such  tiepnslts  as  the  mer- 
chin's  think  pniner ;  wheu  the  balance  is  rcdilcnl  lielow  lOf.  a  fur- 
(li(r  (tepoiii  must  be  made,  10/.  being  the  smalliat  sum  which  <»n  be 
nceived  at  a  time. 


ntrliea  havlnf  deposit  aeeount*  with  the  Companjii  mtiit  transmit 
a  note  of  advice  on  the  proper  form  with  each  deposit,aod  it  will  b« 
necessary  that  tliey  should  iovariahly  slate  on  their  orders  or  war- 
l«nts  whom  the  rharccs  an;  to  be  paid  by,  thus  > — 

"  Cba-irct  to  the  { la'c)  to  our  account.  (Signature.)" 

Or,  '■  Chargrs  to  be  paid  by  the  holtler.  (Sigiuture.)*' 

By  o|)ening  such  accounts,  the  business  nf  merchants  with  the 
ComfdiiT,  particularly  where  goods  are  n|)on  rent,  Is  much  facili- 
tated. The  pn>|'er  forms  and  jiaas  books  may  be  obtained  on  appli- 
cation at  the  dock  house. 

Orden  for  Extra  ^fi^rk.— The  charges  for  repeckinc,  or  preparing 
r>r  exportation,  and  all  work  not  comprised  in  these  Tables,  will  b« 
fixed  from  time  to  time,  with  reference  ti>  the  cost  of  labour  and  ma- 
terials. No  sueh  woik,  however,  cm  be  done  but  by  the  order  of 
the  proprietors  of  goo<ls,  or  parlies  duly  authorised  by  tliera.  The 
warrants,  or  other  docuineiils,  must  therefiire  be  produ(-e<l,  to  show 
their  authorily,  except  for  tasting  of  wine,  and  sampling  wine  and 
spirits;  in  these  cases  the  number  of  the  warrant  must  be  inserted 
on  tlie  order. 

The  charges  under  this  head  must  be  paid  by  the  parlies  giving  the 
order  or  clearing  the  gwals. 

G^todt  prcrtartd  fur  .VAipmenf.— When  goods  housed  in  the  irn 
port  wartrhnus^'S  arc  prepared  for  shipment,  and  are  not  Lakeii  away 
within  the  Axed  number  of  days,  they  will  be  rehoused  at  the  ex- 
{«nse  of  the  pntprietor,  and  tli  charge  for  such  rehousal,  and  aiij 
addilinnal  rent  which  may  have  accrued,  must  be  paid  before 
delivery. 

The  time  allowed  to  elapse  before  rehousing,  or  restowtng,  is  as 
followsi  ntahogrmy  and  other  measured  wood,  4  days;  dye  wj<hIs, 
and  all  other  goods,  7  clear  dayst  when  the  exiKirt  vessel  loids  iti 
the  docks,  the  time  will  be  extended  to  the  dale  of  her  departure. 


2.  Londtm  Docks. — These  wot-e  the  next  undertaking  of  this  sort  set  on  foot  in  tho 
Thames.  They  are  situated  in  Wapping,  and  were  principally  intended  for  the  reception 
of  ships  latlen  with  wine,  hrandy,  tobacco,  and  rice.  The  western  dock  covers  a  space  of 
aliove  20  acres ;  and  the  new  or  eastern  dock  covers  abou*  V  acres.  The  tobacco  dock  lies 
between  the  above,  and  exceeds  I  acre  in  extent,  being  destined  solely  for  the  reception  of 
tobacco  ships.  The  entire  space  included  within  the  outer  dock  wall  is  71  acres  and  3  roods. 
The  warehouses  are  capacious  and  magnificent.  The  great  tobacco  warehouse,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  tobacco  dock,  is  the  largest,  finest,  and  most  convenient  building  of  its  sort  in  the 
world.  It  is  calculated  to  contain  34,000  hhds.  of  tobacco,  and  covers  the  immense  space 
ofnearyfwe  acres !  There  is  also  a  very  large  tobacco  warehouse  on  the  south  side  of  the  to- 
bacco dock.  These  warehouses  are  wholly  under  the  management  of  the  ofHcers  of  customs ; 
the  Dock  Comjjany  having  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  them,  save  only  to  receive  the  rent 
accruing  upon  the  tobacco  deposited  in  them.  The  vaults  are  under  the  tobacco  and  other 
warehouses ;  they  include  an  area  of  about  18^  acres,  and,  after  allowing  for  gangways, 
Ac,  have  stowa(;e  for  50,000  pipes  of  wine  and  spirits !  These  docks  were  opened  in  1805. 
All  ships  bound  for  the  Thames,  laden  with  wine,  brandy,  tobacco,  and  rice  (except  ships 
from  the  East  and  West  Indies),  were  obliged  to  unload  in  them  for  tho  space  of  21  years : 
but  tliis  monopoly  expired  in  January,  1826 ;  and  the  use  of  the  docks  is  now  optional. 

The  only  entrances  to  the  London  Docks  were,  until  lately,  by  the  basins  at  Hermitage 
and  Wapping.  Recently,  however,  another  entrance  has  been  completed  from  old  Shadwell 
Dock,  through  what  was  formerly  Milkyard,  to  the  eastern  dock.  This  new  entrance  is  J 
of  a  mile  lower  down  than  Wapping  entrance,  and  is  a  most  material  improvement. 

Tho  capital  of  the  Company  amounts  to  3,238,310/.  Si?.  lOrf.  A  considerable  portion  of 
this  vast  sum,  and  of  a  further  sum  of  700,000/.  borrowed,  was  required  for  the  purchase  of 
the  houses,  about  1,300  in  number,  that  occupied  the  site  of  the  docks.  The  present  dividend 
is  2i  pet  cent,  and  a  100/.  share  is  worth  about  55/  10s.  The  Board  of  Directors  consists 
of  35  members,  of  whom  the  Lord  Mayor,  as  conservator  of  the  river  Thames,  is  one. 

Tke  Reguliitioim  tn  be  observed  bij  SInpa  in  the  different  Docks  lii'ing  very  inurh  .ilike,  as  :iro  also  Iho 
reiiulations  n»  to  loading  and  uiijiindine,  workihg  hniirn,  &i-.,  it  snciiii)  iiimoecsRary,  luiving  alreiidy 
glvi^atliuso  idsimd  by  tlie  VVunt  India  Dock  Company,  to  do  mure  iluiii  refer  tu  them. 

Tonnage  Rates. 

Vessels  are  not  permitted  to  leave  the  dock  until  tlin  tonnage  dues  and  other  expenses  have  been 
paid;  for  which  purpose  the  reifister  must  he  produced  at  the  siiperintendc^nl's  ofRfc,  if  British,  or  a 
cerlilicale  of  udnieastireinem  by  the  proper  officer  of  the  ctisloms,  if  foreign  ;  when  a  pass  will  he 
graiitiMl,  which  must  be  lodged  with  the  dock  master  on  ieavine  the  dock. 

Ftrjf  Class.— Vf.xuMit  nrrinimj  from  any  port  in  thi;  XIniteil  KinRdoin,  Isle  of  Man,  Jersey,  Ouernsey, 
Alilorney,  tiark,  or  other  European  port  oiittfiile  tho  Baltic,  between  the  North  Cape  and  llshant 
(lliiiiibiirgh  excepted,  sue  Second  Class),  with  liberty  to  reload  for  any  port,  fur  every  register  ton  of 
the  vessel  (1./. ;  and  rent,  after  t  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  if  cargo  discharged  by  own  crew  ;  from 
till!  (late  nf  final  disdrtrge,  if  cargo  discharged  by  the  Dock  Company,  \d.  per  register  ton  per  week.  If 
Willi  purt  of  tlieir  cargoes,  for  every  ton  of  goods  landed,  Otf. ;  and  rent,  after  one  week  from  date  of 
cnlruiice,  \d.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  /oudiH/r  for  any  of  those  places,  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  in  the  dock.'s. 
for  every  register  ton  of  "the  vessel,  tit/,  j  and  rent,  alter  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  \d.  per  register 
toil  per  week. 

Serimil  C/o.T.'(.— Vessels  nrn'rino-  from  TTamburgb,  with  liberty  to  reload,  for  every  register  ton  of  the 
vessid,  fid.  i  and  rent,  after  ti  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  lii.  per  register  ton  iter  weeit. 

Vossol.s  liading  for  llamliiirgh,  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  in  the  docks,  f.ir 
every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  Od.j  and  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  Id.  per  registei 
ton  per  week. 

7'/iinl  C/(is.«.— Vessels  arrinimr  from  any  port  in  the  Mediterranean,  with  liberty  to  reload  for  any 
port,  fur  every  regisli^r  ton  of  the  vessel,  (W. ;  and  rent,  uflei  ti  weeks  from  ilate  of  entrance,  lii.  per 
register  ton  per  week. 
,  Vessels  loadinff  for  any  port  In  the  Mediterranean,  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  In 

Vol.  I.— 3  C  73 


i: 


I 


I'! 


{<',; 

" 

1 

'1, 

1 

1 

tL 

;;fi 


578 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


the  ilocka,  for  evnry  register  ton  of  the  veiiol,  9d. ;  and  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrnnee,  li, 
per  register  ton  per  week. 

Ftnrtli  Class. — ViiBsolii  arriving  from  any  other  port  or  place  whafRoevcr  (with  the  exception  nf 
those  hereiiftor  ciiunicriitud),  witli  liberty  to  reload,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  Vfesel.  9d.; 
and  rent,  ntfer  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  if  ciirgo  dischiirged  by  own  crew ;  from  date  of  fina. 
ditjcharge,  If  cargo  discharged  hy  Dock  Company,  Id.  pur  register  ton  per  week. 

Vesucls  loadin/f  fur  any  other  port  or  place  whatsoever  (with  the  exception  of  those  hereafter  enu- 
merated), not  hiiviiig  priiviously  discharged  their  cargoes  in  the  dock,  for  every  register  ton  of  the 
vessel,  SW. ;  and  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

/.'j-cf/ifiono.— Vessels  from  Spain,  loden  with  cork  or  wool,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  td.; 
and  rent,  after  the  expiration  of  3  weeks,  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  to  or  from  the  whiile  flwheries,  for  every  ropisler  ton  of  the  vessel,  Is. ;  and  rent,  after  tlio 
expiriition  of  8  weeks.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week  ;  for  every  tnn  of  oil  delivered  into  craft,  Od. 

Vessels  (excepting  coa.itcrs,  for  which  see  First  Class),  landing  part  of  their  cargoes,  for  every  Ion 
of  iroods  landed,  !W.;  iind  rent,  after  I  week  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  loading  part  of  their  cargoes,  for  every  ton  of  goods  taken  on  board  from  the  quays  or  by 
criift,  IW. ;  and  rent,  utter  1  week  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  two  thirds  laden  with  corn  will  ho  charged  dork  dncs  on  the  proportion  which  the  other 
part  of  t lie  cargo  hears  to  the  register  tonnage. 

No  tonnage  rates  will  he  charged  on  vessels  wholly  corn-laden,  but  thoy  will  be  charged  for  docking 
and  undocking  as  under. — 

Vessels  nf  100  tons  and  upwards,  W.  1«.         ,  •  .... 
1)0.  under  lUO  tons,  lOo.  fid. 
with  liberty  to  remain  in  the  dock,  without  fnrtlier  charge,  for  24  honrs  after  final  discharge.    Rent, 
after  the  expiration  of  that  pcricd.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week.    Slumld  the  vessel  load  outwards, 
the  usual  tonnage  rates,  according  to  the  port  of  destiiuition,  will  be  charged,  instead  of  the  rate  fur 
docking  and  nniTucking. 

Vessels  coal  laden,  for  docking  and  undocking,  31s.  each;  for  every  ton  of  coiils  landed,  6d.;  for 
every  ton  of  coals  transhipped,  (id. ;  and  rent,  after  1  week.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  whicli  enter  the  docks  light,  and  load  out,  pay  dues  according  to  their  ports  of  destination. 
Instead  of  ttiose  on  light  vessels. 

Mght  vessels  entering  the  dock  to  lie  up,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  6d. ;  and  rent,  after  4 
wep|<3  from  date  of  entrance,  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Wlienever  reiiuircd,  the  Company  will  discharge  the  f.argoofn  vessel  upon  the  fidlowing terms;  viz 
Cnrgiies  consisting,  either  in  the  whole  or  in  part,  of  hogsheads  or  tierces  of  sugar  (including  8hi|t 

cooperage),  l.«.  9d.  per  register  ton. 
Cargoes  consisting  of  sugar  in  chests,  9  cwt.  and  upwards  (including  ship  cooperage),  U.  3d.  per 

reirister  ton. 
C'.irgocs  consisting  of  sugar  in  bags  or  chests,  under  5  cwt.,  or  other  goods  (not  being  oil  direc'  from 

the  fisheries,  tallow,  hemp,  aslies,  corn,  wood  goods,  pitch,  tnr,  hay,  or  straw),  contained  in  casks, 

bales,  serous,  chests,  cases,  bags,  baskets,  mats,  Ixmdles,  or  similar  packages ;  also,  spelter  or  inelal 

in  pigs,  bars,  rods,  plates,  &c.,  9d.  per  register  ton. 
Cargoes  consi.xting  of  mahogany  timber,  or  otiier  wood.  In  loes,  is.  Od.  per  register  ton. 
nine  gum  wood,  or  large  timber,  additional  for  every  load  delivered.  Ad. 
(.'nrgoes  consisting  of  licnip  only,  or  merchandise,  in  bulk,  Is.  per  register  ton. 
Cargoes  consisting  of  tallow  only,  fid.  per  register  ton. 

Mixed  cargoes;  hemp,  Is.  3d.  per  ton  of  goods  ;  tnliow,  6d.  per  ditto;  ashes,  6d.  per  ditto. 
Mixed  cargoes,  pari  being  in  bulk,  on  the  latter.  Is.  per  ton  of  goods. 

(No  charge  made  for  excess  beyond  the  register  tonnage. 

Vessels  which  leave  the  docks  for  repairs  are  not  cliarged  rent  while  absent. 

.Wrmnrflnrffl.— Registers  of  ships  Inwards  and  outwards  are  kept  in  the  superintendent's  office. 

The  wicket  gates  at  the  north-west  principal  entrance,  at  VVapping,  and  on  the  east  side  of  the 
eastern  dock,  are  opened  and  closed  as  under  : — 

From  S2il  Kept,  to  20th  Oct.,  both  inclusive,  opened  at  6  o'clock,  closed  at  6  o'clock 
2lBt  Oct.       2flth  March  —  7  —  6     — 

Visiters  are  not  admitted  on  Sundays. 

No  person  is  permitted  to  quit  a  vessel  after  the  wicket  gate  is  closed. 

The  hours  for  the  commencement  of  business,  and  opening  and  closing  the  harrier  gate,  are, 
From  1st  March  to  Slst  Oct.,  both  inclusive,  opened  at  8  o'clock,  closed  at  4  o'clock. 
Isl  Nov.        2rith  Feb.  —  9  —  4      — 

Lodgment,  of  Manifest. — Masters  of  ships  are  required  to  deliver  nt  the  superintendent's  office,  within 
12  hours  after  the  arrival  of  the  vessel  in  the  dock,  or  reporting  at  the  Custom-house,  (which  shull 
tirst  happen,)  a  true  copy  of  the  manifest  or  report  oftiic  cargo,  signed  liy  llicmselvcs. 

Discharge  of  FesseU. — Vessels  are  not  to  break  bulk,  williout  the  permission  ofthe  superintenilciit, 
until  the  whole  of  the  cargo  bus  been  entered  at  the  Ciistom-liouse. 

Upon  application  ofthe  toaster,  the  Ci'nipany  will  pass  a  wiirehousing  entry  for  such  gonris  as  Iht 
owners  or  consignees  moy  have  neglected  or  refused  to  enter  witliiii  IM  hours;  and  will  also  lanJ 
goods  not  entered  witliin  7  days  ;  both  perioils  to  be  computed  from  tiie  date  of  I  lie  rejuirt. 

Labourers  or  lumpers  are  not  allowed  to  work  on  board  vessels,  on  the  (iiinys,  or  in  flie  wiirchoiiseH, 
unless  engaged  by  the  Company  ;  hut  may  he  hired  of  the  Company,  to  work  under  the  dirfciion  rnul 
responsibility  ofthe  master,  the  charge  iieing  5a.  bd.  per  day  for  each  man  :  and  slidiiid  not  n  siitlirii'iit 
number  be  employed  lor  the  timely  discharge  of  the  cargo,  eddilional  hands  will  ho  provided  by  till 
Company,  at  the  expense  ofthe  vessel. 

The  decks  are  to  be  speedily  cleared  of  such  articles  as  may  impede  the  discharge  ;  and  the  muster, 
mate,  or  some  person  duly  authorised  by  the  owners,  is  to  remain  on  board  during  the  iinloHdin)!. 

Stops  for  Freight.— Otniila  landed  will  be  detained  for  the  freight,  on  due  notice  in  writing,  by  the 
owner,  master,  or  other  person  interested  therein  ;  and  will  not  he  delivered,  nor  warrants  granleil 
for  them,  until  orders  shall  have  been  given  fiir  the  release  of  tlie  goods,  or  tlie  freight  de|ioaited  willi 
the  Company;  nor  can  a  slop  be  received  after  tlie  goods  have  been  transferred  in  tliu  Coni|Kiny'i 
books,  or  a  warrant  has  bi'eii  granlerl  for  them. 

fiOods  delivered  into  craft  to  be  landed  elsewhere,  cannot  he  detained  for  freight. 

Vessels  leaving  the  dock  for  repairs  are  not  charged  rent  whilst  absent ;  nor  is  any  charge  made  f  >r 
linllast,  chalk,  or  Hints,  received  from  or  delivered  into  craft. 

Water  is  supplied  from  the  reservoir,  and  delivered  into  the  ships'  boats,  at  Is.  per  ton,  on  ap|ili 
ration  to  the  dock  master. 

Abstracts  of  cargoes,  for  the  purpose  of  making  up  freight  accounts,  will  be  supplied  on  npiiliciitioil 
tt  tile  comptroller's  office,  at  the  following  charge  : —  s.  d. 

If  the  goods  have  10  marks  or  under      •  -  -  -  -  -  .30 

—  1 1  to  20  marks  -  -  -  •  .  .  .30 

—  31  and  upwards,  Si.  each  mark  or  parcel. 


Dm  date  of  entrnnce,  ii. 


II  be  charged  for  docking 


el,  fid. ;  and  rent,  after  4 


p  cooperage),  U.  3d.  per 


d  at  6  o'clnrk 


at  Is.  per  tun,  on  appli 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


579 


Steam  boata  are  nirnislicil  by  the  Cnmpnny,  In'eertain  caien,  to  vesBnln  (not  laden  with  corn  or 
timber)  proceeding  to  these  docks,  arriving  from  North  and  Suiilh  America,  thn  West  India  Islands, 
the  <;a\te  of  Uond  Hope,  and  all  ports  to  the  eastward  thereof,  upon  application  to  the  secretary,  the 
giiperlntendenl,  or  the  agent  of  the  Company. 

Regnlaliont  regarding  Ooods  and  the  Rates  and  Charges  thereon. 

Ilent  li  charged  on  goods  fk'om  the  day  on  which  the  importing  vessel  breaks  bulk.  If  goods  hq 
lauded  liy  a  duty  paid,  a  sight,  or  a  warehousing  entry,  and  taken  away  within  3  days,  no  rent  is  pay- 
able; but  if  they  remain  on  the  quay  after  that  time,  quay  rent  or  watching  is  charged  fur  such 
longer  period. 

(hoiU  landed  by  Dock  Order.— Before  goods  which  have  been  landed  by  the  Company  for  want  of 
entry,  can  be  delivered  or  transferred,  liic  bill  of  lading  must  be  lodged  at  the  warehouse,  and  thu 
gnnils  entered  at  the  Custom-house  :  and  such  goods  are  subject  to  an  nddilioniil  charge  for  porternge. 

Orders  fur  transfer  or  delivery  (the  forms  of  which  maybe  obtained  at  the  comptroller's  olHcc), 
unless  the  goods  arc  to  be  delivered  from  the  landing  scale,  cannot  bu  accepted  until  the  goods  have 
been  liindod. 

Neither  can  orders  for  transfer  be  received,  until  the  charges  due  on  the  goods  composing  the  whole 
of  the  entry  have  been  paid;  goods  landed  under  the  consolidated  rutu,  and  wines  and  spirits, 
excepted. 

Orders  for  delivery  cannot  he  acted  upon,  unless  signed  by  the  party  in  whose  name  the  goods  ptand 
ill  the  Company's  books,  or  by  a  person  duly  authorised  to  sign  tliem  :  and  should  any  interlineation, 
erasure,  or  alteration  have  hecn  made  in  an  order,  it  can  only  be  accepted  with  the  initials  of  the 
jiurty  set  againal  such  alteration. 

Payment  of  Chargee  and  Deposit  Jlreounti. — The  only  persons  authorised  to  receive  money  arc,  the 
collectors  at  the  superintendent's  office,  and  wine  and  spirit  department ;  the  deputy  warehouse-keeper 
at  the  toliacco-wn  rehouse  ;  the  dock-nmsler  (for  water  furnished  to  vessels  in  the  dock);  and  tho 
warchouHo-kceper  at  the  eastern  dock ;  except  for  consolidated  rates,  which  may  be  paid  at  the  Lon- 
don Dock  House,  in  New  Bank  Buildings. 

Deposit  accounts  may  be  opened  at  the  superintendent's  office. 

If  the  order  does  not  specify  the  party  by  whom  the  charges  due  at  the  date  of  the  order  or  transfer 
are  to  be  paid,  the  amount  thereof  will  be  placed  to  the  deposit  account  of  the  party  tranKforring. 

Warrants  and  Transfers. — Warrants  for  goods  in  general,  are  granted  on  written  application  at  the 
dock,  in  favour  of  siicli  ^terson  as  the  party  in  whose  name  they  stand  in  the  Company's  hooks  may 
direct.  The  fini  arc  issued  free  of  charge ;  on  all  subsequent  warrants  and  transfers,  the  charges  are 
as  follow ! — 


For  each  warrant  or  transfer  containing 
2(1  to  ,^0  packages    -  .  - 

31  —  .15  - 
30  — 40  - 
41  — 45         - 

46  and  upwards      -  .  . 

and  fur  goods  in  bulk,  per  ton 


I.  d. 
0  8 
0  !> 
0  10 

0  II 

1  0 
0    3 


For  each  warrant  or  transfer  containing    ,  i.  d. 

1  or   2  packages    -           -           -           -  0    1 

3-4 02 

5  to   7 0    3 

8-10 04 

11  —  15 OS 

Ifi  — 20 06 

SI— 85 0    7 

The  contents  of  one  warrant  may  be  divided  into  warrants  for  smaller  quantities,  at  the  will  of  tho 
holder. 

Wbeiiever  housing,  taring,  weighing,  dipping,  rehousing,  or  counting  of  goods  is  required,  the 
operation  must  be  performed  before  a  warrtint  can  be  issued  ;  and  if  reweighing,  &c.  be  required,  a 
new  one  must  be  obtained. 

Applications  for  duplicate  warrants,  in  consequence  of  the  originals  being  lost  or  mislaid,  must  he 
addressed  to  the  secretary,  at  the  London  Dock  House,  wlio  will  make  known  the  conditions  on 
which  the  Company  will  issue  them. 

Heights  of  fJ(iu(/s.— Duplicates  are  furnished,  upon  reasonable  cause  for  requiring  them  being 
assigned. 

Sieuni  Samples  of  Goods.— OrAen  for  second  samples,  if  the  goods  are  for  "  exportation  only,"  are 
issued  at  the  comptroller's  otBce,  the  proprietor  paying  tim  customs'  duty  thereon. 

F.mply  Casks  and  Packages.— 1( nnt  removed  from  the  dock  witliin  7  days,  are  sidd  by  the  Company, 
and  the  proceeds  paid  to  the  owners,  after  deducting  the  sale  cimrges  and  other  expenses. 

EtplanatioH  of  the  fallowing  Table  of  Kates  and  Charges  on  Goods  imported  into  the  London  Docks. 

The  consolidated  rate  Is  charged  upon  the  nett  weight,  and  includes  liinding,  wimrlage,  and  housing, 
or  piling  on  the  quav,  coopering,  sampling,  weighing  for  delivery,  delivery,  and  12  weeks'  rent  from 
the  ilate  of  the  iniporling  ship  breaking  hulk  ;  wlilch  may  be  paid  on  each  mark  separately,  and  will 
altiirh  unless  notice  be  given  to  tlie  contrary,  prior  to  final  weighing  or  gaii«ina. 

The  import  rate  is  charged  upon  tlie  gross  weight,  and  includes  landing,  whiirfage,  and  housing,  or 
piling  on  the  quay,  or  loading  from  the  landing  scale,  and  furnishing  the  landing  weights  or  talus;  to 
be  p;iid  before  the  delivery  of  any  part  of  an  entry  can  take  pluce. 

Thi;  cimrges  for  reweighing,  rehousing,  unhou.sing  and  lomliiig  or  repiling,  are  each  one  third  of  tho 
import  rate  ;  those  for  unhousing  or  unpiiiug,  wharfage  and  shipping,  the  same  as  tlie  import  rate  ; 
when  nut  otherwise  specitied. 

Table  ok  Rates  and  Charoes  om  Goods  imported  into  the  London  Docks. 


Gool,  imported. 

k 

1.    d. 
0    6 
4    6 
0    6 

0   9 
8   0 

Rent.                    1 

GorKl>  imported. 

C  . 

II 

>.   d. 

6   0 

3   6 

3   0 

5   0    7 

Rent. 

Per 
Week. 

1.    d. 
0    1 

0  4 
2    0 

1  3 
0    2 

0    01-2 
0    2 
0    11-2 
0    1 

0    1 

Quantities  4c. 

Per 
Week. 

(Juantilif,  Stc. 

Pa 

.VkMiet  rnot           •    cwt. 

AltnoiiJs,  from  Africa  Ion 

iolioiajndbJrrclscwL 

■bell       •          •    owt. 

Uim,  In  innrds    •     (on 
nr  >  cnniolidXeJ  rait  o( 
aOi.pwIODaeH. 

Pa- 
cwl. 
Inn 

100  tfAxes 
ino  Inlf  btiiM 
barrel  2  cwt.  1  qrs. 

tn3cwt. 
1-4  barrel 
larire  bale 
imjiu  Imle 
htlfbalf  orieron3-4 

to  1  1-2  cwl. 
■core  gottidi 

Per 

Aloes, 
It)  clients  nr  ci^kB      ton 
or  a  cnii*<)li'IatL-d  rite  uf 
20l.  per  Ion  nett. 

Atiiin          -                 ton 

Alv>  marina, 

in   bale^  piCM-packed, 

t  in 

in  bag!  not  prenpaclii  d. 

loa. 

».    d. 

0     1 
0    1 1-2 

0   2 

0   3 

0  3 

0    4 
0    S 

Per 

l..irk.i?etnider3c\vl. 
ditio  3  .and  under  & 

cwl. 
ditto  5  and  under  8 

cwl. 
ditlnft  cwLandup- 

wanll 
ton 

Ion 
(W 

^;l 


n 


('■;! 


I 


h  f 


I    .1 ' 


;  11    i  ■ '  if 


1 

I 

» 

,i      ; 

■  1 

1    i 

li-i''  i 

11; 

1 

lliii' 

t 

680 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Ooodi  imported. 


Per 

Kmher  nnd  beadi,  packa««) 

Anibeifrit,  la  boxet  or 

ke(^        -         packue 

Ancbofiet  ■  •   cwt. 


Aofeltea  root 

!■!■■■<      «         •   ewt 

liar         -  •  cwt 

Annotto  -     ton 

or  a  coniolidtted  nte  of 

ill.  per  ton  uelt  in 

caskt. 
In  bukctaorinull  pack' 

a^ca     -  -   cwt. 

too 
ton 
aiiJ 


Afitiinony  - 

ore 

\t    Inoae,    filliog 
wetf hinf ,  is.  per  — 
Applri     taiket  or  barrel 


r  ton. 


Ansol 


tieri'« 

ijgihead 


Arrow  root  •     ton 

or  a  conwl'idattt!  rate  of 

ilQf.  per  Ion  oelt   in 

catki,  or  30i.  in  bcsea 

or  oheata. 

Anenic       •  •     too 

A'aftcttda   -  ■    cw(. 

Aihcar  from  Amoricaf  ton 

Ruuia     •  -     toil 

Odessa     -  •     ton 

Unhnwin^,     whirfige, 

and  I, tipping,  2r.  per 

ton. 

Aipbaltum  •     ton 


Baeoa  •  •  bocibead 

hx\e 

tiile 

middlea,  3  cwt.     tierce 

dilto,  1  toScwt.     cask 

Bagfage,  Including  delt 
viTv  and  one  week** 
rent 
presents,  lamplei,  par- 
cels of  papers,  and 
other  amall  articles, 
p^irkage 

,  tninka,  box%bun- 

dies  of  bcddior,  aitd 
wealing  apparel, 

package 

middle-sized  ditto   and 

chests        -    package 

larger  packagea  in  pro* 

port  Inn. 

Bagi,  emp'T    •         acore 

DaTsim  capivi,in  Jars,  cwt 

io  barrcla  ■   cw(. 


Peru,  In  Ian      •   cwt. 

Cooper's  attendance  at 

lauding  and  delivery  is 

a  separate  charge. 

Can.tda  p^ck-ige 

Bamboos.    See  Canu. 

Bark,   oak,    in    bags   or 

loose     •  •     (on 

in  casks  ■     ton 

in  cas*^  about  1  cwt. 

2  qn.  •    cwt 

Jesuita'  or  Peruvian,  cA't 


Barilla,  lonee         •     ton 
Vohnusinir,  wharfage,  A 

shipping,  3f.  per  ton 
Filling  and  we<xhinr,2i. 

per  ton. 

In  NfTiins  -  •     ton 

Unhnusinc,     wharfage, 

and  shipping,  2f.  6d. 

per  ton. 

Baskets       -  -    bxic 

1-8  b:ile 

hrte  (jimdle 

small  bunilte 

Readfljet,  or  other  kinds, 

hrit  descritml     packi{;e 

|R«in*,  in  b»gs         •     h^K 

'    fiutur       -  ■    e«pl. 


6   0 


8 

4  1-8 
0 


1    719 


7   6 


6   0 


3  0 

0  6 

0  2  14 

0  8  1-4 

0  6 


0    6 

[  •' 
( 1  « 

2    0 


0  2 

1  I  1-2 
0    6 


I    I  1-3 


I    6 


0  « 

1  0 


3   6 


Rmb 


Pw 
Weok. 


>.  d. 

0    I 


0 
2 

I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  10 

0    7 


3 

a 

3 

01-2 

I 

2 

3 
6 


0   2 

0   01-2 


0   4 
0   2 


01-2 

I  1-2 

3 

4 

6 

8 


0   7 


Qiiuimn,ti!. 


Pit 
boiorcua 

pukiga 

100  barrel,  or  tkni' 

ble  bamis 
too  keg. 

<aik  UDuer  n-2  ewL 
barrel 
tiorca 
hogihead 
toa 
Ion 


<aik  3  tn  8  cwt 
malorbuk.llcwt, 
andundw 

lOD 

Ion 


biikrt  or  btml 

Itcrce 

hngihnul 

Ion  in  cask. 

ICOcaaaiunderScwl 

100  bag.  or  caie.  2 

cnrl.  and  under  4 

cwl, 
loo 


4  ton 
0  1-2  cwt, 
01.2  cuk 


0   6 


0  a 

0  I 

0  01-4 

0  I 

0  0  1-2 


0   1 
^0  11-2 

0   2 


0  12 
0  1-2 
I 
2 


0  01-2 


0    1 


0   4 
0   4 


I 
I 

03-t 
01-2 
2 


0   2 


3 

I  1-2 
I 
012 


0  I 
0  I 
0    « 


cuk 

ton 


ton 


Unhouiingf 

Wharfage,  and 

ShippiDS. 

0  6 

0  11-2 

0  6 

0  4 


peckig* 
packag* 

package 


iar 

torrel,  under  2  ewt. 

baritil,  3  cwL  and 

upwarda 
4« 


packags 


ton 
Ion 

raae 

chest 

1-2  chert  ore 

l-2Mron 

ton 


bale 
I  2  bale 
largp  bundle 
amall  bundle 

package 


Ooodi  hnpoited. 


Beef  and  pork        -tierce 

barrel 

tuNkll.orhairbamd 

Berriia,  juniper     •     ton 

yellow  or  baj     •     Ion 
Betel  nut.   -  ton 

Riicuita      >  •   cwt 


Bonea 

in  bagi 
Buoka 


1,000 
bag 
cwt, 


Boracic  acid  •     Ion 

Bonu,rDughorrefined  tun 
Bolllea,  eiuptj  glaia  grou 
Braaa  •  -     ton 

Brimitone,  looM     •     ton 
Uuhousing,  wharbge,  A 

ahipping,  3«.  per  ton. 
Fillingand  weighing,  2>. 

per  ton. 
in  cask,  or  casea  •     ton 
Unhoua.nf,     wharfajn, 
and  shipping,  2«.  od. 
per  ton. 

Bristles,  in  packag'isabo.e 

6  cwt     ■  •      ton 

under  5  cwt.  •     ton 

Bronie       •  •    case 

case 

BucGoleavee         •   cwt. 

Butlee        •  •     ton 

Bullion       ■   cask  or  case 
mail  pickage 
smaller  packai^ex,  not 
exceeding 51.  iu  value. 
Burr  stones.    See  litot^t* 
Butter,  foreign, 
t'rinland  or  Hnlslein, 
laudiii]^,  wharfaite,  and 
bousing,  or  loading, 
and  funiisbing  land- 
ing weigbis  to  tbe  ini' 
porters  1-4  cask 

the  like       half  qr.  cask 
Loading  from  the  ware- 
house, id.  per  cask. 
Wci);hing  on  deliverer,  if 
require,  and  furnish 
ing  delivery  weights 
to  the  buyer,  Id.  per 
cask. 
Emden  or  Holland, 
landinf,  whartige,  and 
bousing   or   toading, 
and  fumishiiv  land- 
ing weighta       firkin 
Loadfing  from  the  ware- 
house, 3-4<L  perArkin 
Weighing  on  delivery, 
when  requirad,  3-4ii. 
ftr  firkin. 
Insh     .     score  firkins 
Weighing  npon  deliv- 
ery, Id.  per  caak  or 
firkin. 
Unhousing,  wharfage,  A 
shipping,  1  l-2d.  ])ur 
cask  or  firkir 


Cables,  iron 
hempen  • 
coir 

C-imbric     . 

Camels*  hair 

Csuipbnr 


ton 

■     ton 

-     ton 

package 

cwt. 

cwt. 


or  a  consolidated  rate  of 
If.  8d.  per  ewt.  nett 
Canes,  coniniun  rattan, 

1,000 
or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

3>.  6d.  |ier  1,000. 

ground     -  -  1,000 

reed,  in  bundles,  23  eacli 

100  bundles 

whanghee,  bamboo,  and 

Juuiln  •  1,000 

Canilla  alba  >    cwt. 

or  \  consolidated  rate  nf 

U.  8d.  pw  cwt  nett. 

Cantharides  -   cwt 


Capn* 


Cards,  playing     package 

unall  package 

Cardanioiua  •   c^vt. 

I"< 


\i 

Rent 

Per 
Week. 

Qautttiea,  kc. 

t.    d. 

<. 

rf. 

Pa 

0    BI-4 

0 

01.2 

tierce 

0    51-4 

3 

0 

100  barrels 

0    3  3-4 

2 

0 

100  horn-Is 

S   0 

2 

8 

ICfbagsmidera  -wi 

6 

0 

It  i  bags  2  to  4  cwt 

S    0 

0 

4 

ti  1 

S    0 

0 

6 

t  n 

0    3 

0 

OM 

l« 

3    0 

0 
0 

012 
2 

^jorbam, 

0    « 

0 

01.2 

I  Te  or  bo» 

1    0 

0 

2 

0 

3 

p  -kageordMrt 

6    0 

0 

4 

loi. 

6    0 

0  10 

ton 

3    0 

0 

1 

grow 

-<    0 

0 

2 

ton 

3   6 

"o 

2 

ton 

s  s 

0 

8 

tou  in  cask! 

s 

4 

100  case,  of  about  2 
cwl. 

4 

2 

100  bis.  about  I  cwt. 

2 

1 

loabiia.aboulMlbs. 

7    0 

0 

8 

ton 

6    8  1.4 

0 

6 

ton 

1    6 

0 

2 

case 

1    0 

0 

bo> 

1    0 

0 

1  1.2 

case  or  barrel  2  cwt. 

n 

3 

case  3  to  6  cwt 

5   0 

0 

9 

ton 

1  e 

1    0 

0   6 

•1 

No     rent    or 

watchJiie  will 

be  ctiargid  if 

taken     a«ay 

from  the  quay 

within      siJt 

0  s 

4 

0 

100 

working  days 

0    3 

2 

0 

100 

from  the  peri- 
od of  the  ini- 
porlirijj    ship 
breaking  bulk. 

WtUch\n%  Qn 
the  Quayi,  af* 

•  ler  tbe  ei^i- 
ration  ofoue 
week.       per 
night,  on  aiiy 
number      of 
cafcka  or  fir- 

0   3 

2 

0 

IW 

kiius 
Not  exceeding 

23       .06 
24JAnot500  9 
61  -  75  1  0 

3  0 

2 

0 

10 

7a  —  100  1  6 
On  any  num- 
ber above  100, 
in   like   pro- 
portion. 

5  0 

0 

3 

ton 

10    0 

0 

4 

ton 

12    6 

0 

S 

ton 

2    6 

0 

4 

package 

0  10  1-2 

0 

2 

bale  or  caae 

0    6 

0  10  l-2| 

ton 

i    6 

0 

11-2 

1,000 

4    0 

0 

1,000 

6   3 

I 

lOObundlM 

5   0 

0 

1,000 

0   6 

0 

0  3-4 

cwt 

1    0 

0 

1 

case  or  cask  under  4 
cwt 

0 

.       1 
1 

case  or  cuk  4  and 
under  H  cwt. 

0 

"       1 

case  or  cask  8  cwl. 
and  upwards 

0   3 

0 

butt 

0 

.              1 

luncheon 

0 

logshead 

0 

I              1 

jarrel 

1    6 

0 

2       ' 

p-ickago 

1    0 

0 

ilnall  packap 

0   8 

0 

1  1-2 

clitist 

0 

1 

bag 

I 

i 

^' 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


581 


Raot 

Week. 

<)autiUM,  &e. 

».    d. 

Ptr 

0    0  1-2 

lierce 

3    0 

lOO  birreli 

2    0 

100  barnli 

2    6 

IC^bagsuiiderS  wi 

6    0 

K  J  l»(i  2  10  4  cwt 

0   4 

li  1 

0   6 

1  a 

0   OM 

l« 

0    0  12 

0    2 

j^orb^l 

0    01-2 

i  Te  or  box 

0    2 

0    3 

f.  ikift  or  chut 

0    4 

toi. 

0  10 

ton 

0    1 

giw» 

0   2 

ton 

0  a 

ton 

0    8 

Imi  In  aula 

8    4 

100  oHe  of  about  2 

curt. 

4    2 

IOObn.aboullcwt 

2    1 

100  tiu.  about  56  Ibt. 

0   6 

Ion 

0    6 

Ion 

0    2 

caae 

i      1 

box 

0    1  1-2 

caae  or  barrel  2  cwt. 

n  2 

cue  3  to  6  Of  U 

0    9 

ton 

,      . 

•>  No    rent    or 

Wftlchine  will 

be  clitrgid  if 

taken     away 

from  the  quay 

withiu      Bii 

4    0 

too 

working  days 

2    0 

lUO 

froniltioptri- 
0(1  of  tht:  ini> 
porting    ship 

breakJDgtulk. 

tVatchtng  oji 
the  quayfy  af* 
•  ler  the  eipi- 
ration  of  oue 
week,       per 
nisht,  ou  aiiy 
number      uf 
cahka  or  fir* 

1  0 

100 

kiiA, 
Not  exceeding 

25       .06 

2(>&not500  9 
51  —  75  I  0 

0 

10 

7tf  —  lOO  1  6 
On  any  num- 
ber above  100, 
in   like   pro- 

,    porlkia. 

3 

ton 

4 

ton 

S 

ton 

4 

lule  or  caw 

2 

10  1-2 

ton 

lt-2 

1^ 

3 

1,000 

6 

lOO  bundlee 

2 

1,000 

0  3-4 

cwt. 

3 

nieorcMkunder4 

cwt. 

4 

caae  or  cask  4  and 

under  H  cwt. 

6 

caae  or  caak  8  cwl. 

1 

aud  upwanla 

« 

butt 

4 

l>iiiicheon 

3 

'.nnhead 

1       1 

barrel 

2      ' 

package 

1 

Biimll  packap 

1  1-2 

cbtat 

•       1 

bag 

1 

Ooodi  Imported. 

¥ 

RenL                      1 

Ooodt  Imported. 

Rent                  1 

Per 

Week. 

Per 
Week. 

!■" 

Quanlitiee,  lie. 

QuanUtiee,fto. 

Per 

f. 

d. 

», 

d. 

Ar 

Per 

1. 

d. 

>. 

<L 

Pit 

Carpets,  bale    above   '0 

Cobalt        •           •     ton 

i 

0 

0 

6 

ton 

•quare  yards 

2 

0 

0 

4 

bala 

Cochineal  •          •   cwt 

0 

« 

0 

11-2 

cwt 

ballot,  under  7U  tquare 

or  a  conKilidatcd  tale  of 

yards 

1 

4  1-2 

0 

2 

ballot 

3l.  per  cwt 

Carrtway  eeed       •     ton 

5 

0 

0 

6 

ton 

doit   •          ■          > 

4 

3 

tOObtfi 

Cashew  nuts           -    cwt- 

0 

6 

0 

01-2 

cwt 

Coco*  and  coSte,  all  kind.. 

Casks   landed   emplyi  or 
cask  casn,  if  not  deli' 

cwl. 

0 

• 

0 

a 

ton 

or  t  enniolidated  rate, 

vered  within  6  days  (and 

in  caika,  U.  Vd.  per 

includes  dolivery) 

cwt.  nett  j  in  baga,  1a 

butt,  pipe,  or  pun- 

tJ. per  cwl.  nett. 

cheon 

0 

8 

0 

1 

butt,  pipe,  or  pun- 

Cocque lie  perle        cheat 
Coculua  Indicua     -    cwt. 

1 

0 

0 

2 

cheat 

cheon 

0 

8 

0 

01-2 

cwt 

amaller  cask  or  ci« 

0 

4 

0 

01-2 

■mailer  caak  or  caae 

or  a  cnnaoiidated  rale  of 

N.  B—lf   taken   away 

li.  6d.  perrwt.  nett. 

within  6  days,  half  the 

Coir,    unwrought,  pma- 

above  chargea,  and  ao 

packed    •          ■      ton 

3 

0 

' 

rent, 
wine  or  iplrit,  small  ul- 

ro|>e,   under  6  inchea 
girth    •          •     ton 

6 

3 

,04      1 

ton 

ht$M  (incluJinx  turn. 

yarn        •          •     ton 

6 

0 

inx  over  the  contents 

Coker  nula  •          -     100 

1 

8 

0 

3 

100 

itoring  and  dtlivery) 

or  a  onnanlidaled  rate  of 

esch 

1 

0 

0 

1 

each                      , 

3i.  4(f.  per  100. 

Ca.ssia  lignat         -    cwt. 
buls        •          -    cwt. 

0 
0 

6 

a 

1 
1 

0 
0 

ton 

Ion,  incbeete 

Coloquintida         •   cwt. 

0  10  1-2 

0 

1 

case  or  cuk  under  1 
cwt. 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

6 

0 

lOObifa 

0 

2 

caae  or  caak  1  and 

If.  6(t  per  cwt  nett. 

" 

unlerScwt. 

fistula      -          -    cwt. 

0 

8 

0 

03.4 

cwt 

0 

3 

caae  or  oisk  3  cwt 

Castor  beans           -      Ion 

0 

3 

0 

6 

Ion 

and  uDwarda. 

Castorum,   keg  or  small 

Colnmbo  root       •   cwt 

0 

8 

0 

0  1-2  cwt 

box 

1 

0 

0 

1 

keg  or  fiuall  box 

Comier      -          .     ton 
Wharfage  and  ahipping 

(i 

0 

0 

2 

ton 

Catlltiics        case  or  chest 

0 

0 

a 

caae  or  cheat 

Civiare         ■        |wck.ii?e    0 

6 

0 

1 

l«ckajB 

cop|>er   slaba,    when 
pilc'I  on  the  quay,  3r, 

Chaises  or  carriages,  with 

2  wheels  •           -    each 

7 

6 

1 

f 

each 

*d.  per  ton. 

4  ditto     -          -  each 

10 

6 

1 

6 

eacb 

Copperaa    -          -      ton 

5 

0 

0 

s 

ton 

Chalk,  French       -      ton 

s 

0 

0 

6 

ton 

Coquilia  null          .  1,000 

1 

3 

0 

1 

1,000 

Cha«um     •          •    bale 

1 

6 

0 

1 

hale 

Counting  the  whole  par- 

Choeae,  foreign      •     too 

4 

0 

1 

0 

ton 

ctl  iaaaeparatechnrge. 

' 

To  be  honaed  in  a 

Coral,  fragmenta    -    cwl. 

0 

7  1.2 

0 

3 

case  or  caak 

well  lighted   and 

1 

6 

0 

2 

rase 

ventilated    ware- 

box 

1 

0 

0 

1 

box 

Landlnr,  wharfage,  and 

houM,   with   the 
uie  of  acalToldini:, 

Cordage,  hempen,  underO 

housing,   or  loadhiir, 
arid  furnishing   tanJ* 

iiichee     .          •     Ion 

s 

0 

0 

4 

ton 

uiion   which  ihe 
chreao    will     be 

Cork           •           •      ton 

6 

0 

0 

7 

ton  on  quay 

ing  weights  to  the  im. 

Unhouiing,  wharfagfi,  A 

1 

0 

ton  uodi.r  cover 

porters. 

Btowed,  ao  aa  to 

■hipping,  4l.  per  ton. 

admit  or  aepirele 

Corkl         -          •    cwt. 

2 

0 

0 

I 

bag  1  cwt. 

and     convenient 

0 

0  1-2 

bag  56  Iba. 

Turning,  each  time,  per 

examination;  and 

0 

2 

hogshead 

ton,  9(1 

the  r«nt  to  com- 

Comeliana &  beada,  cheat 

1 

6 

0 

2 

chat 

mence  after  one 
week  from  Ihe  day 

^     box 
Corpiea      .          .  Mch 

1 

15 

6 
0 

0 

1 

*"* 

of  landitiB:. 

Cortex  WinteranuB    cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

03-4 

,,_    ,^_.. 

On  delivery,  weighing, 

KB.— Bylhitmode 

or  a  coiiwilidatefl  rate  of 

per  ton,  U,  id. 

of  atowase   and 

li.  6d.  tier  cwt.  nett 
Coltuugooda           •    bale 

well       regulated 

1 

8 

0 

2 

bale 

ventilation,      the 

box  or  caw 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

box  or  caae 

Iota    in     weight 

trunk 

0 

9 

0 

1 

tnink 

Vnhnusing  and  loading 

utually  luiuincd 
upon  nouiing  will 

Cotton  wool,  preaa-packed 

per  toil,  It.  id. 

cwt 

0 

3 

0 

8 

ton 

be  materially  di- 

not  preaa-packed      cwt 

0 

4  1-2 

0 

6 

ton 

mininhed. 

or  a  conaoiidatM  rate  on 

in  tub  or  case      .    cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

1 
6 

tub  or  OM 
100  small  ditto 

prwwpjckeil,  <M.  per 
cwt.  nett ;  not  prets- 

Chesnuti          •      bushel 

0 

21-4 

4 
2 

0 

0 

lOOtacka 
lOOUigi 

packed,  If.  per  cwt 
nett. 

4 

2 

100  barrela 

Cotton  }'am          •   cwt 

0 

61-4 

0 

1 

bale 

Chicon^   under   1    cwt. 

Cowhi>ge    .           .    cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt 

2  qrs.           case  or  cask 

0 

e 

> 

Cowrie.      •          •     ton 

0 

0 

0 

3 

ton 

under  3  cwt.  casr  or 

(o  0  1-2 

caae  or  caak 

Cowa          -          •  each 

10 

0 

cvk 

0 

9 

s 

Cnuibcrriea           •    keg 

0 

6 

0 

1 

kog 

3  and  under  fi  cwt. 

barrel 

0 

9 

0 

I 

barrel 

case  or  cask 

1 

0 

0 

1 

caaeorcuk 

Cream  of  tartar     •     ton 

6 

0 

0 

8 

ton 

6  cwt  and  above. 

0 

2 

cask  under  13  cwt 

cisk 

1 

6 

0 

2 

case  or  caak 

Culieba        -           .    cwt 

0 

8 

0 

03-4 

cwt. 

ChilliM      -           -    cwt. 
or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

0 

6 

0 

7 

ton 

Cummin  leed        -    cwt 

0 

8 

0 

0  14 

C^vt. 

U.  IM  r  cwt.  nett. 

Vnhousiiig, 

Chiia  Titox  .           -    cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

01-2  cwt                         1 

and 

Cliiiu  ware  or  porcelain. 

Loading. 

cn.'e 

1 

6 

n 

3 

caae 

Currants,  23  cwt  and  up- 

t.d. 

small  cisp 

1 

0 

0 

2 

sniall  case 

uanU      -           -    hiitt 

4 

e 

0 

8 

1    0 

(>ox 

1 

0 

0 

1 

box 

1.6  to  23  cwt        •    Lull 

.1 

0 

0 

4 

0    8 

Chirareta  ■          -    cwt. 

0 

HI.4 

0 

3 

CMk  or  case 

9  to  locvvl,        .    pipe 

2 

3 

0 

3 

0    6 

rhncn'Ufe    -            -     box 
Ciiinat'sr    •           .    cwt. 

0 

9 

0 

2 

box 

5  to   9  cwt        canilel 
Dials.    See  H'ood  GmilJi. 

1 

6 

0 

2 

0    4 

2 

4  1-2 

0  lu 

ton 

or  a  rntiifilidate'l  ratp  of 

Deer            •           -    e.irh 

a 

0 

4.».  (W.  per  cwt.  nett. 

Diamonds    .         package 

1 

a 

0 

3 

packlgo 

t'iim.tmnii  ■           .    cwt. 

1 

8  14 

0 

1 

cwt 

DriRons'  binod       •    cwl. 

0 

6 

0 

0  12 

cwl. 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

Dripstone.  .           .    each 

0 

« 

0 

0  1-2 

e.lch 

3t.  per  cwl.  nett. 

Dye  Htivver             •      ton 

5 

0 

0 

6 

ton 

Citron,  in  s.tlt        •     pipe 

1 

6 

0 

4 

pine 

or  a  consolic^ftted  rate  <if 

hogshead 

1 

0 

0 

3       ,liogibeaa 

Hi.  G<i  per  Ion  nclt. 

Cnnper's  atlondance  is  a 

Eau  do  Cologne      -    casp 

1 

e 

0 

4 

esse 

«(p irate  charge. 

sinatl  cnse 

1 

n 

0 

2 

small  caia 

lUisiTvfil.     See    Site- 

Ttfjn             .           -    box 

0 

6 

0 

1 

box 

rndfS. 

Elephants'     teeth.      See 

Clicks,  wooden    ■     chest 

2 

0 

0 

2 

chcil 

/t'oi-y. 

Cloth,    woollen,  cnse  nr 

I 

F.mcry  stone.    See  Rloue. 

large  bate 

2 

0 

0 

3 

'caae  or  large  bale 

Essrrtf-i,  1  cwt  and  ufi- 

from  8  to  12  pieces,  or- 

! 

wanla       •           -   rase 

2 

0 

0 

4 

case 

dinary  bale 

1 

6 

0 

2       nrdinarr  bale 

under  I  owt     «    c.iBe 

1 

6 

0 

2 

small  case 

mHer  8  piece* small  bale 

0 

0 

1  1-2  uiKiU  bale 

Extract  from  oak baik,cwt 

0 

3 

0 

1 

cask  about  4  cwt. 

Ctfives        .           .    cwt 

0 

8M 

0 

1       cwt. 

0 

1  1-2 

raskabove6l2cw'. 

or  1  rnnsolidated  rate  nfi 

1 

rh.itania  •           .    cwt 

0 

9 

0 

1 

cwt. 

2*.  3d.  per  cwl.  nett 

1 

Jeauits*  bark       >   cwt 

0 

9 

0 

i 

cwU 

t 

3c2 


•ii  n , 


1.  I  'r 


i^l 


\'\\\ 


n 


,': 


IWI" 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Ooodi  iiaporM. 


rua 

Vttlhirt,  bud 


Ptr 
CMa 

bui 
ewt. 


(mm  Irtland 
oatrich  -    p>ck«it« 

vulturr,  not  rxcMiliiul  3 
cwl.  •    Mclup 

not  cicMd  Id(  M  lU.  bag 


Fls>,  3  qra.  lo  I  cwl.  I  qr.) 
chwt 
about  66  Ibi.     IZclini 
1-4  clinl— 2)1  Iba.   Kore 
ftruiiii     •  •   KonD 

1^2  A  l-4tlniiiw  icon 
•citrw 
icoro 


I  0 
I  0 
U  10 1-3 


I    6 


half  (ir.  drums 
tapueu  • 

riitucod  • 
lirrriofti  ' 
mackerel 
aaluion    < 


ton 
>  tierce 

•  barrel 

•  tierce 
llil 

Muck,  or  itiuiaon  l,(MO 


not  olhtritU*  dtMrllw) 

ti«rce 

iMrral 

box 

pnea      •  •   barrel 

FluOucluillnt  irelghinft.) 

(on 

ir   aold    fmrn    landinit 

acile,loini|K)rlor,  iwr 

ton,  3>.  6rf. ;  lo  buy' 

era.  ditto,  If,  6d, 

ViihouHinx,     wl\arfaKe, 

and  ahipplnf,  41.  w. 

per  ton. 

Flour  •  -     tor 

inrlodinft   dellverj   by 

land  or  n  aler. 

Rcpilin.;,  It.  par  tnn< 

Wrighniic  on  deliverv. 

if    rrquir.Hl,    Id.  per 

liarrel  or  cheat 

Kloweta,  artificial       caae 

box 

Forrat    ite«ds,    nula    and 

anrrna  •  •    barrel 

Fraiikincrnae        •     chea' 

Fruit.     See  the  apeciea  of 

fruit 

uroiiure,  Tery  larite  cam- 

orlinary  cue 

niiddliniC  ca«« 

iotermetliate  jtafkage 


Rent. 


wVe'k.        Q"*"""".*"- 


f.  d. 

0  I  12 

0  I 

0  I 

0  l|.t 

0  a 

0  t 

0  2 

0  I 

0  t 

0  01-2 


Pu 

csao 

box 

aiiiall  bn\t 

IM  I  M  and  iindar 

Scwt, 
bag  2  and  tindtr  3 

ewt, 
bal*  3  ud  undw  t 

cwl, 
bale 
packafa 


tackait* 
M  not 

SOIba. 


Unhoant 

and 
landK. 

0   01-2 
0   01-2 
0   6 
0   8 
0    8 
0    6 

0  e 


1  1-3 
0 


6    0 


4    9 


0   S 


9 
81-4 


0    6 


6 
3  .I-* 


5    0 


imall  caae 

FuTi.    See  &'l^iti«. 

ftaUntal     -  •    ewt. 

(ulbanum  ■  •   cwt. 

(iaIU  •  •    cwl. 

(iantho)?*    •  -    cwt. 

(it-iitiau  root  •      Ion 

Ciiii^r        •  •   cwf. 

or  a  conv>lidaled  rate  of, 

in  casks,  li.  6d.  per 

cwt.  nctt ;  in  Laga,  If. 

2,1  do. 

i'limeug  itMt  ■     ton 

Olaaa       •     caik  or  chral 

case 

box 

Clue  •  •     ton 

Giai.illa      -  •    cwt.i  0    9 

or  a  conioliilated  rale  ofj 

'Ss.  ijer  cwt,  uett.         ( 

Rrapei       •  •    boi;  0   6 

Jar;  0    3 

(tn-ase         ,  •      ton    A    0 

(ir^ivfa       •  •      toui  4    6 

Guini-a  irrainf         *    cwt,    0    6 

r.iini,  in  tcmna,  Infra,  or 

ill  canea,  cbesta  or  cvkif 

f mm  Afi  ica         •     ton 

io  ca%e«,  chrals,  or  bir- 

r«ls,  from  other  places 

cwt,    0    6 

tome  or  in  horiheadi  ton    S    0 
fjuiui,  carmnadca,  6  ewt, 
an«l  iipwartla       -   earhi  3    0 
Other  tires  are  charged 
in  prxipoi  li  jQ  j 


0   t 


not   •xce«dlii( 


Kent 

\^'k. 
>,  d, 

2    0 
I    3 

li. 


100  cheat* 
I00|.2cbats 


Oooda  Imporla). 


Balr,  bona,  ox  or  cow 

«wi. 


bnmu 


•  «wl 


Hama 


•         )lo(«head 

llercfl 

barrel  or  kaikal 


Inoaa 
Hata,  Lafbora 


•   each 
10  dot. 


ton 

100  ticrcaa 
inu  barrel! 
lUO  tiercea 
too  kilt 
1,000  stock 
100  kep  slurcann 
100  liarrolt  stuck  or 
sturgeon 

100  tierces 
100  barrels 
lOOboiea 
100  barrels 

lOB 


0   314 


0    I 

0    01-3  box 


\i 


Rani. 


Per 

Week, 


a.   d. 
0   t 


I    0 


I   0 

I  a 

0  < 


0    I 
0  10 


0  4 
0  3 
0  2 
0    II 

0    I 

0    01-3 
0    01-2 
0  10 
0    013 
0  10 
0    6 


0  10 


barrel 
loo 


large  ca^a 
oniinary  caia 
niiddliuKcaae 
inlenuediata    pack- 
small  cast 

cw^ 

cwl, 

ton 

ewt, 

ton 

ton 


barrel 

caak  or  chest 

caaa 

box 

(on 

barrvl 


lOOboxec 
100  jars 
ton 
ton 
(on 


0   4 


ton 


I  1-3'chestorc 
0  1-3  barrel 


norentiftakenaway 
in  7  days 


rhln         tub  of  80  diis, 

ttrtlcDnre  mot       •    cwl, 

llcnip  (Including  wrigh- 

ii-.g)        •  ■     Inn 

If  sold    from    Isnillni 

scale  t    lo    lliiporlw, 

ton  3f,  6d.  I  to  buyer) 

ton  It. 
Weiihing  In  tha  war» 

hou^e,  Ion  2t. 
liMdinf^,  Ion  3f. 
Uiihousiiig,     wharfaga, 

and  shippinrt  ^<  I'*' 

ton. 
prcM-parke  I       *     ton 
cudilUThrniporflax  Ion 

If  told  from  laiidinc 
scale: 

to  iniiiortar,  ton  5f. 

to  buyer,  Inn  It, 
Weighing,  3i.  per  ton, 
l^iadlna,  3t,  per  ton, 
Uiihnuslng,  wharfage,  A 

sliipping,  At,  per  tun, 
Conaolidaled    rata*    nil 

East      India,     preai< 

packed.  III,  par  Ion. 
HkIee,koisa  balaorcheil 


loose        •  •  tarli 

(ram  llambm',  dn   IIIO 
bun  lie  or3hi>lM 
boria,  ox,  cow,  or  buf- 
falo, wet  salleil    atrh 
ox,cow,orbutnilo,  with 
abort  tinnis         aarli 
other  hidet,  not  enunie 
rated,    dry,    or    dry 
salted  .averaging  mope 
than  22  Ilia.       •  each 
do.  averaging  13  Um,  nnd 
not  exceeding  33  lbs, 
KiO 
do.7  Ibs.aud  under  I2li». 
lai 
do.  under  T  Ilia.         100 
in  balci,  alioul  8  cwl, 
bale 
about  4  cwt.     bale 
■mall  ball 
lo.-h  bale  or  cheat 

Honey        •  •    cwt. 

Hoofs  .  •    cwt. 

Hops  •  •    cwl. 

Horn*,  Slid  horn  tips,  or 
{datm,  including  count, 
log  •  >    cwl. 

In  package  a     ■    cwl, 
hart,  tLig,  or  deer, 

in0|iair 

in  balea  under  2  net, 

•i.ile 

2  cwt.  and  above  \n\ 

Horsea        •  •    earli 

Jalap  -  -    cwt. 

Jewellery     •       pa';kage 

box 

Indian  rubber,  hogahead  or 

pi|ie 

8  to  4  cwi.  case 

1  lo3  cwl  case 

barrel 

loose      •  •    cwl. 

Indian  com  >    bag 

Indisn,  not  R.  liKtia,  cwt, 
or  a  conioliitated  rate  of 
It,  till,  per  cwt,  ncll. 


0  3-4 
« 


4   « 


I.   A 


0    I 
0    III 


0  a 


0  0  14 

0  a 


n  01-4 

0  1 

0  a 

0  4 

0  a 

0  10 

0  1 


(luaullllaa,  ke. 


I 


rtr 

kala  nndtr  3  cwl, 
bale  3  and  andsr  S 

cwt, 
bale  3  awl,  and  up, 

wards 
ewt,  liMsa 
bala 


llnhti, 
Whfini, 

ami 
Nlilpg, 
I,  rf, 
I  d 
0  I 
0    4 


liogihrad 
"lerte 
lirl,  ui  bti 
ksi 


aarh 

10  doten 
nilildlliig   caia    oi 

paikagn 
large  eii«  or  pckg, 
tub  of  10  dot4iu 
Itin 

to« 


0   4 
U  « 


lo* 
Ilia 


3   81-4 


03-4 
8 


0    I  1-3 


0   3 


0    I  13 


(   0 


0  10  1-3 

0  6 
3  0 

1  0 

I  n 

IJ  H 

0  10  1 

1  A 
I  8 

I  8 

I  e 

1  II 

0  e 

1  0 

0  3 

0  B 


0  s 


n  8 

0    I 

0  10 

0  10 

a  0 


0  10 


0  10 

0  « 
0  t 

0  3 
0    I  14 

II  I 
0  s 

0    I 

0  oi-a 

0  10 
0  3 
0    1 


0  10 

0  0 

0    013 

0  s 


rontalnlni  110   or 

tttiiler 
larger  lials  In  pro- 

piirtlou 
liih 

ion 

I  (XI 

lOOhldM 

100 


100 


too 

too 

too 
l«lt 

btio 

•mall  Inio 
bale  or  eliiisl 
barn  I 
keg  or  Jar 
Inn 
i>air 

IHKksl 


Inn  hnnis 
ton  li)is 

bag 


I 
11,3 

I 

0  3-4 
3 


4 
I 
I 

01-1 

I 

OS-4 


0    ai.3|liag 
0    I       urou 


litOpalr 

hale 
lala 

bale  „irfuit  3      t 
ball,  ' '  It  I  Mewl, 
inrkaia 
iiiix 

hogihcad  or  pipe 

cam 

casn 

barrel 

cwt.  In  liotlla 

ewt,  tolia 


N). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


683 


Rtnl. 


I'»f 

WMlt. 

I.  A 


0  > 

0  014 
0  t 


QuaiillllH,  kt. 


I 


I 

I 
I 

0I.4 

I 

< 


4 

a 

0  10 

0  s 


/Vr 

I  iinilw  a  rwi, 
l»li>  a  tad  H„d«r  i 

cwt, 
ImIs  A  «»),  unl  un, 

rwl.  liMw 


tllliiK, 
Whrn. 

•nil 
Hlilpu. 
I,  rf. 

I  g 
0  » 

0    4 


liiWhwd 

'IflTIl 

lirl,  ur  bU' 
kil 


rarh 
10  ilonon 

ll>l<Hllll(    MM     01 

li\nni  CUB  or  |ick(. 

tiitintWilouiu 

[lun 

to* 


Ion 


OI'S 
10 

a 
I 


rotiUlnlni   IM   or 

iHHlrr 
InrjiT  Imlo  jn  pro. 

Jiiirliou 
KKI 

ina 

IIHI 

I00lil<l« 

lOO 


100 


01 

a 

I 

ii.'i 

I 

0  34 

a 
a 


100 

100 
100 

«!• 
htln 

■ItiAll  tnlo 
Mf  iir  rliut 
lurnl 
k>-«  or  J«r 
Ion 

IKKkd 


10      Inn  lionii 
1       Ion  (l|it 


I  IK)  pair 

halt 

Iiatr  ..Iiotit  .1  ■  :. 
lull,  '•  il  1  IJcivl, 
nrkaiu 


lioioheul  or  pipg 

caw 

cum 

barrtl 
I       cwt.  In  Mili 
'5.4owl.iolU 
1  M  Imk 
I       urau 


Kent 

Goods  imported. 

Rent                  1 

..... 

Per 
Week. 

Week. 

Quaulilies,  be. 

s" 

({uanlities,*c 

ftr 

1.    d. 

1, 

d. 

l-tr 

iV 

».  A 

1. 

d. 

/'ir 

M\r>-tmllnued. 

Linseed.    Sn  If/luK. 

fiXil  luUU,  la  chMli 

cakes         -            •      ton 

3   • 

n 

a 

ton 

cwt. 

0    8M 

0 

11.2 

chest 

Llnnurice    -          .    cwt. 

0    33  4 

0 

1 

rase  or  barrel 

or  a  conwildalad  rain, 

root        •         •   cwt. 

0  e 

1 

0 

liKise,  Ion 

Includinc  all    Optra- 

0 

I 

bale  under  2  cwt. 

liiini  iumlcnt  ou  Ur 

Man          •          •    cwl. 

1    0 

0 

1  1-2 

cheat 

loit,  raiilni,  repack. 

oracoBSolidaled  ratliof 

0 

1 

cask  alvul  1  cwl. 

ing,  ■lowing,  ana  at. 

3|.  per  cwt 

It-ndmcfl     whilal  on 

Madder       •           ■     Ion 

8    4  1-2 

0 

6 

Ion 

iliiiw,  Dalliiif  iloivn, 

rools       •          •   cwt. 

0    4l.i 

0 

1 

bale  under  3  cwt. 

lutniif     and     Piling 
away  ol  I7<.  Co.  per 

0 

1  12 

2qfS. 

bale  3  cwt,  2  (]r«. 

cbtak 

',    1 

0 

1 

and  under  6c»t. 
bale  6  cwt  and  up- 

Ink                     •   cwt. 

0    9 

0 

1 

cask 

wards 

lukla                       cwl. 

1    0 

0 

1  12 

case 

Maidenhair          .    bale 

1    0 

0 

1 

Inle 

0 

1 

Imi  or  keg 

Minna        •          •    cwt. 

0  lU  1-2 

0 

1 

chest  or  cask 

Iljflcacuanhl           •    cwt 

0  10  1-2 

0  10 

ton 

Marljles       ■           •      ton 

6    0 

0 

4 

ton 

liun  (iucludlug  waiililiig), 

Marble  baths          •   each 

6    0 

0 

u 

each 

tiiii 

3    4 

0 

1 

ton 

iiiorlara    •           .     ton 

i    0 

0 

« 

ton 

If  landed  for  lranij|,an<l 

Kulptured  works  of  art : 

not  welnliinl     •      Ion 

2  e 

0 

1 

ton 

imiKirt  rate  aceonting 

when     Bliippt^d      from 

to  the  sizti  and  value 

• 

0 

3 

case 

laudini^  icale  (Includ- 

n 

2 

^mal)  cue 

inK  delivery)          ton 

4   2 

nou 

if  shipped  within  1 

rough,  in  cases   ■   cwt 

0   6 

0 

2 

rase 

Uu|'ilin;r,  wlurfafie,  and 
■hilipMij;,        williuul 

week  from  the  lost 
day  of  lauding. 

riillvere.1 

wcKliing,  it.  td,  far 

into  ( 'aft. 

'""•           .  .^   . 

per  T-'n 

Wharf. 

When      weithed     on 
itiunij  (incTudini;  use 

of  2-, 

age  and 

Palms  or 

Shippiog, 

of  Kales  and  wcighla). 

\i  Cubic 

2r.  per  ton. 

Feet. 

old          .          •      Ion 

3    4 

0 

2 

ton 

f,  d. 

t.  d. 

ore         .          -     ton 

a  0 

0 

2 

ton                     " 

blocks,  under  2  Ions,  Ion 

6   0 

0 

a 

3    0 

1    6 

■Ic-im  enfflneai  boilers, 

a^ove  2  lona           ton 

10    0 

0 

3 

S    0 

7    6 

cyllnditri,  and    other 

hoavv  machinery  ton 

il  diKhirged  from  Iho 

7  « 

0 

1 

ton 

above  10  tons        tun 

20    0 

0 

3 

10    0 

I.'.    0 

vewel  inio  craft,  with. 

.Maslic        •         '   cwt. 

0    6 

0 

1 

case  or  chest  about 

out  laodiuj  or  weigh. 

.1  cwl. 

tntt      -          •     lun 

6    0 

M,its          '.          -     100 

1     8  14 

0 

« 

inil  bundles 

IiiiiKlisa     •          •   cwt. 

0  10  1.2 

0  10 

ton 

Indian      •          ■  chesi 

1     0 

0 

2 

ch™i 

Ivory         .          •   cwl. 

0  10  1-3 

0 

1 

cwt. 

box 

0    9 

0 

1 

liox 

JiiDk,  or  old  rope   •     ton 

3  a 

0 

3 

tau 

from  corn  vessels,  bun. 

Julo,  prtiapacked  •     ton 

4    0 

0 

4 

too 

die  of  10 

0   2 

0 

e 

too  buDdlcs 

or  a  conaoltdated  ratu  of 

Delivery  by  Isod,  1  2.<. 

1  11.  per  tun  netl. 

perbuo'lle;  by  water, 
Id.  per  bundle. 

Xcin          .           .      ton 

3   6 

0 

2 

ton 

fining   and  weighing, 

Melting  pots          •    cask 

4    0 

0 

4 

lask 

2i.  per  ton. 

Minerals     •           .    ca-e 

1    0 

0 

s 

case 

Knives        •        package 

t    6 

0 
0 
0 

a 

1 

0  1-2 

rase 

barrel 

l«x 

Mohair  yarn           .   cwt. 
Mol.aaiei.     .See   Wut  lif 
dta  Ditck  Vharna. 

0    7  12 

0 

1 

bale 

Lie  dye  or  lake    -    cheat 

1    0 

0 

chest 

Mou,  rock  or  Iceland,  ton 

7    6 

0 

9 

Ion  In  ban 

Lice       -       case  or  box 

2    6 

0 

6 

case  or  box 

1 

« 

too  casks  about  84 

Ucquered  vraro    •   clie»t 

t    6 

b 

2 

cheat 

Iba 

box 

1    0 

0 

1 

box 

3 

0 

100   calks  about  2 

Unl       -          ■  bladder 

0    03-4 

0 

6 

100  bladders 

Mother.o'-pearl,  shells. 

cwl. 

Lead       >           -         tnn 

2    6 

0 

1 

ton 

Ion 

7   6 

0 

4 

Ion 

Uupilin)!,  wharfage,  and 
•hipping,  If.  bd.  per 

or  a  consolidated  rata  of 

ie<.  Off.  per  ton  netl. 

ton. 

ware       -          •  chests 

1    6 

0 

2 

rheat 

ore          ■           •     ton 

3    0 

0 

2 

tnn 

box 

1     0 

0 

1 

box 

blark       •           •     Ion 

3    9 

0 

4 

ton 

Munjeet,  in  bales       cwt. 

0  o 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt 

white      *           -     ton 

6    0 

0 

4 

ton 

in  a  consolidated  rate  of 

Usher,  fureigo  (tanned) 

If.  6(i,  [lercwt  uelt. 

bile 

1    6 

0 

2 

bale 

in  bundles          .    cwt. 

0   9 

0 

0  3.4 

cwt 

deini        ■           •    bale 

1    0 

0 

1 1 ; 

bale 

or  a  consolidated  rale  of 

IrioM!     .           .     ton 

6    0 

0 

9 

Ion 

2j  per  cwt.  nett. 

Irish  (tanned)  bale,nnder 

Musk          •          •  chest 

1    6 

0 

2 

chest 

1  cwt. 

0   9 

0 

03-1 

bale  under  I  cwt 

box 

1     0 

1) 

1 

box 

lale,  1  cwt.  to  2  cwt. 

1     0 

0 

1 

bale  1  to  2  cwt. 

iVIyrabolans            •    cwt. 

0    4  1-2 

0 

OM 

civt 

bale,  2  cwt.  to  4  cwt 

1     6 

0 

11-2 

bale  2  to  4  cwt 

Myrrh        •           •    cwt. 

0    G 

0 

012 

cut. 

uuall  or  middling  crate 

2    0 

0 

1  1-2 

small    or  middling 

Nails           -            •    cwt. 

0    3 

0 

0  1-2 

barrel  or  bag 

crate 

Nankeen     -           -  cheat 

1     3 

0 

1 

chest 

large  crate 

2«6 

0 

2 

large  crato 

Natron,  loose          •      ton 

3    6 

0 

3 

tun 

I.cinons.    See  Oranga. 

Fillinic   and    weighing, 

Uti%         •          -     ton 

5    0 

0 

4 

ton 

is.  per  ton. 

[.inicf          -             barrel 

0    8  1-4 

0 

1 

barrel 

Nu'lne-s     •  _          .    cwt. 

0   6 

0  10      1 

Ion 

Linio  juice    •    100  gallons 

2    1 

0 

6 

puiirheon 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

Laying  up  to  guaije,  and 

0 

3 

liognhead 

1«.  6cf.  per  cwt,  nelt. 

cooper's  attendance  at 

0 

2 

barrel 

Nuts            -           luiihel 

0    214 

4 

0 

I00s.acks 

landing  and  delivery, 

barrel 

0    4  1-2    0 

1 

barrel 

f.irmasepar^techargo. 

bagors.uk 

0    4  1-2    2 

0 

KViban 

Linen,  German       •  bale 

2    3 

0 

4 

bale 

c4stania        •       buhliel 

0    2  1-4     1 

0 

100  bushels 

1.2  bale 

1    3 

0 

2 

1-2  bale 

Niix  voinicm          -    cwt. 

0    4  12    0 

014 

ewt. 

14  bale 

0    81-4 

0 

1 

1-4  bale 

Oakum         ■           •      ton 

j    0 

0 

4 

Ion 

loose  or  in  bags   •    roll 

0      I  \:'. 

I 

0 

100  rolls 

Dalnieal.  about  2  t-2cwt, 

chest 

2    6 

0 

4 

chott 

inciuilintt  lU-livery  ton 

4    9 

0 

2  1-2 

ton  if   not   eleari^l 

1-2  chest 

1     3 

0 

2 

12  chest 

Weighing  for  delivery. 

within  14  days  of 

M  chttl 

0    81-1 

0 

l-l  cheit 

Irf.  per  sack  or  barrel 

breaking  bulk. 

Russia        -            .  bale 

1    2  1-4 

0 

2 

bale 

Oelire          •            •      ton 

3    9 

0 

4 

Ion 

1  a  bale,  containinc  10 

Oil,  h.iy      .           .    ca.'.k 

1     0 

0 

1 

cask 

pieces,  or  boardeil 

castor      •          -    cwt. 

0    6 

0 

3 

[luncheon  or  libd. 

bale 

0    9 

0 

I 

1-2  liale 

1 

3 

:on,  in  jan  or  dup. 

U  bale 

0    7  1.2 

0 

1-4  bale 

perl 

cruh       .          .    bale 

1     2  14 

0 

3 

bale 

0 

2 

tierce 

1-2  biili- 

0    9 

0 

2 

1-2  bale 

0 

1 

larrel  under  2  cwt 

1.4  bale 

0    7  1-2 

0 

1 

1-4  bale 

0 

1  1-2 

iKirrel  above  2  cwt 

aail  cloth       bolt  or  roll 

0     1  12 

1 

0 

lOU  holla  or  rolls 

0 

012 

case  12  botllea 

Uials,  2  pieces     •    each 

0    3 

2 

0 

lOO  mats  (2  pieces) 

Irish      >      case  or  bale 

1     6 

0 

3 

case  or  bale 

box  or  bundle 

0    9 

0 

2 

liox  or  bundle 

upwards        package 

2    0 

0 

4 

laree  case 

sample  box 

0    6 

0 

' 

kaniple  box 

under  1  cwt.  package 

1    6 

0 

2 

small  case 

I 

It 


h\ 


\h 


!  'I 


684 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Oootlt  Imported. 

1^ 

Raul.                  1 

Ooodt  Imparttd. 

u 

Rent. 

u 

Prr 
ViKk. 

Quinlilln,  He     1 

Per 

Week. 

(Juamliiia,  tc. 

Ftr 

ruTmotVaimf.QMotn.        | 

.    /"«' 

1.  d. 

1.  rf. 

Ptr 

Oil   continwd. 

Pictum— n»i(i'nuM<. 

Biiiitlliiii  l>ala  or  caaa 

imall  bale  or  rate 

»    0 

1    6 

0    4 

0  a 

middllni   bale    or 

ease 
aniallbalaoicaH 

01 1» 
III 

riilk 

Naivfiiunl- 
laiiil. 

1.  d. 

•.  d. 

f.  d. 

1'ifMigrm.li              •   bale 

1    3 

0    1  I-'.' 

mlr 

Lindinir,  wharfagn,  and 

Pill  boaca     ■      Urn  vill 
■ni.tll  val 

*  s 

0   8 

lame  rat 

Uyu\d  up  tu  caii^ 
OmiwrS  .in«n>laiicr,  if 

*   t 

3   0 

3   0 

8    0 

0    4 

suiall  lal 

['iuirnln     •           -    cwl. 

0  e 

0  a 

Ion 

duhvvml    from    tba 

or  a  ronaolKlateil  rnio, 

qiwy 

a  0 

2   0 

t    0 

III  \att      It.  U,  twi. 

Searching  and  ftlliDg  up 

ill  ciitki     li.  M.  cwl. 

(if  dune) 

1    0 

1    0 

1    0 

fink  niot    •          •    civt. 

0   8 

0    2 

bale 

I^CMdiiicnr  housinK 
t'dtipi-ni  altertiKiiica  M 

1    6 

1    ( 

1    2 

Kilrh          •           •      ton 

2    6 

3   0 

too  barmh 

l'U..tffrnf  Ptria      -      ton 

3    0 

0    2 

ton 

tidiii'tnc,  and    at   ile* 
livery  Tnmi  thr  vmll 

I'luiiia,  I'orlutal,  in  bown, 

t    0 

1    0 

1    0 

dt)l4-li 

0    9 

1    0 

lOOboiea 

Vnhniiiiiifc-intl  loAilinK 

1    8 

1  a 

1    <j 

porcelain     •          ■  caie 

1    6 

0    3 

case 

t'lihtiuiiiiK,     nrh.\ila|[B, 

•mall  rate 

1    0 

0   3 

siiiall  caw 

ami  nhippiDg 

4    6 

3   0 

a  0 

l^ilatort      -           .     ton 

3    6 

0   3 

ton 

Rent  [HT  week           • 

0    6 

0   4 

0    4 

MMt\.    »ee  JtKtt. 

N:  Jj.-Fiiiiilwn  dayi 

I'rctfrvM, 

alliiivrd  fmui  tin.ll  d.iy 

uti!rrJ8lhfl.      packajte 

0  a 

io03.4 

of  bnduiif   pniviniia  In 
the  coinnieuceiiiuiit   of 

2.iloll2lb>.      |iai'ki|t 
1  C»t.  aud  upwanli, 

0  e 

cwt     . 

rent ;  but  the  Coin|iany 

P-ickaje 

0   0 

J 

arpat  lilwrty  tn  1i(>um6 

nr  a  contriliitated  latt*. 

dA>i  after  »u|iing,  un- 
InM  (teiiinrd  tiy  wrilleu 
order  previunily. 

umler  m  Ibi.packa^e.M. 

Smi>II2IU    do.      If. 

112  1I>|.  aii.l    iipivanla, 

Rent  ou  thr  quantity 

IMckagH,  If.  per  cwt. 
nell. 

charKed  from  the  dny  of 
the  vcMsl  brtakiug  bulk- 

Prunea  or  French  pliimi, 
about  8  Ctrl.,    Illid.  or 

Uuhousg 

and 
landing, 
1.  d. 

Rent 
per 

^Veek. 

t.  d. 

Import 

R«nl 

Rill. 

We'k. 

X  fl 

punfheori 

1    6 

0   8 

0    2 

hl.orpun. 
Iiarr.1 

5to7cni.       .    Ii.irrcl 

1    0 

0    3 

0    1  1.2 

oUee,  In  Jan: 

..  rf. 

t.  rf. 

I  In  .<  nvl.       1.2  liarrrl 

0    9 

0  a 

0    1 

1-3  baml 

conititou  Jan  •    cwt. 

0    8  1.4 

0   3 

eiimmon  Jar 

undrr2cwt.    1-4  barrel 

0    6 

0    2 

4   9 

100 

1.2  jart            •    cwt. 

0    8  1-4 

0   2 

12  J»r 

about  1  cwt ,  containing 

large  jara        -    cwl. 

0    6 

0  a 

large  Jir 

bum  nrcartuouB  ciw 

0    8 

0   2 

0    1 

rkH 

cawa   fontsinhig    3<? 

about  50  Ibi,        •    b>» 

0    2 

0   6 

1    3 

IW 

quiri  bottlet     ru*' 

1    0 

0   3  1-2 

^core  cun 

BO'l« 

lalad,  1.2   chest  of  30 

about  28  Ibi.     Mcb>at 

0    1  1-2 

0    6 

1    0 

too 

biitilfs 

palm  an<l  cocoa  nut,  ton 

in  b^^t'  c.nk«,  f-ir  every 

a  6 
i  9 

0  2  1-2 

0    4 

icore  1.2  cticiU 

(DO 

score 

Rent 

Gtvl.  above  30  civt. 

0    9 

W^eV 

teed         •          •      tun 

6    0 

0  6 

lUB                          . 

Oil  cike.     Se«  Litmtd 

I'niaiata  of  potath      ton 

4    6 

0    4 

ton 

Cahei. 

Puree          -           -  cheat 

0    6 

0    1 

chest 

Olibamnn.    See  Oum,  In 

_    .    . 

Hymliiniatenf  lead       ton 

5    0 

0    s 

ton 

cases  nr  chciis. 

IjiianiA       •           .    cwl. 

0    6 

0    0  3.4|cwt. 

Oliveit  about  I2|n)lt. 

Quicksilver,  In  bottles. 

1-2  brl. 

0    i 

0    1 

|.2h«rti!l 

Imtlle 

0    3 

0    014  bottle 

—     6-1-4  hrl. 

0    3 

0    0  1-2 

14  hirrel 

enntaintng  1  akin     case 

0    6 

0    0  1-2  case 

-     2  3  4      ke^ 

0    2  1-4 

0    01-4 

kcS 

Quilla         .          -    ».it 

4    6 

0    4 

vat 

about  3  quarts aiuaU  ke^. 

amall  vat 

3    0 

n   3 

small  vat 

•core 

1    6 

0    2 

van 

hogahcail  or  barrel 

1    C 

0    3 

Imnhead  or  barrel 

3  pint  jar*          >    score 

0    9 

0    1 

score 

case 

2    0 

0    3 

case 

in  larger  packagei,  snll. 

U    0  14 

0    3 
0    3 
0    1 

tieree 

harrtl,  30  gilloni 

1-2  barirl 

bale 

Quinine,  anlphalft  of,  con- 

taining  about  3  ((uarts, 

0    6 

0    2 

bale 

Onloni      •          •  bushel 

0  e 

0    1 

I'Mkel  or  Inrrel 

case 

0    9 

0    1 

case 

Opium       •          •      ctvt. 

0  10  12 

0     1  1.2 

elieat  uiwJcr  3  cnrt. 

Radix  contrajerrB     cwt. 

0    9 

0    2 

case 

V>ranjret  and  Icmoni,  cht'st 

0    7  1  2!  0     1 

chMl 

seneka;   •           •  barn  1 

0    6 

0    (;1.2 

barrel 

box 
Oran<vi,  in  cases         raw 
ttrani;t^  buds           •    cwt 

0  SI-4 

1  0 

0    0  1-2 
0    1  1-2 

cue 
lierce 

Rip  or  old  ropca  •     ton 

3    0 

0    3 

ton 

0    4  1-2 

0    2 

t'nhousjc 

Hint 

0    3 

h'lnhead 

and 

tier 
Week. 

Orchelln  weed       -    cwt 

0   5  1-1 

0    1 

Inte 

Laiidinc. 

Orpmient    •           •      Ion 

5    0 

0    4 

Km 

RalaIin,l>lo2acwt„  butt 

3    0 

0    8 

0    4 

butt 

Orrice  root            .    cwl. 

0    3 

0    3 

h'tzshead 

9  tn  12  ewt,        •      pi|ie 

2    3 

0    6 

0    3 

pipe 

0    2 

tterro 

6  to  9  cwt.        ■  carolel 

1    6 

0    4 

0    2 

carotol 

0    1 

l)»rrel  or  leron 

2  cwt.  2  qn.  to  4  cwt. 

Oriidew        •       package 

1    6 

0    3 
0    2 

hr^e  case 
iDiall  case 

2  qrs.  -           •  barrel 
1  f  ivl.  2  qrs.  tn  2  cwl. 

0    9 

0    2 

0    03-4 

barrel 

Otto  of  rows         p.ir|(.-uce 

2    6 

2  qrs.     -      l.i  barrel 

0    6 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

1-2  barrel 

uiiddlincinrkaj^i- 

1    6 

0  4 

l«ck»go 

under  1  cwt.  2  qra. 

smalt  pack-wp 

1    0 

M  liairel 

0    3 

0    012 

2    0 

100 

Oiea                       ■  earh 

10    0 

Wfiahinf  do.  Is.  scto. 

Fad.ly,  Id  bulk       quirter 

0  10 

0     1 

quarter 

Cipt:,casksuuder3cvvt., 

Pai»er          •          -    cwt. 

0    B 

0  10 

tni) 

ca.k 

0    9 

> 

0    03-4 

ca.k 

Pearl  barley          -     kcff 

0    3 

0    0  14 

keg 

3  cwt.  to  ft  cwt.,  cask 

1     G 

• 

0    2 

too 

tjarrel 

0    8 

0    0  1.2 

darre! 

boles,  abnnt 60  lbs.,  .cnn 

3    0 

. 

1     8 

Peai     •     tierce  or  barrel 

0    9 

0    1 

tirrec  or  barrel 

Lleiiia  &  Valentia,  h<).\e3. 

bae 

0    4  1.2 

2    6 

KH)baga 

.(•'iri. 

2    6 

0    6 

1    3 

too 

Pepper  (unsifted)         ton 

5    0 

0    6 

too 

Wei«tnnf  do.  Brf.  sinre. 

or  a  consoliJatrJ  rate  or 

1-4  an.l  1-2  boxes    store 

1    6 

0    6 

1   n 

ton 

9rf.  per  c»t.  nptt;  or 

f.-ails  or  baskets     sc(>re 

1    8 

0    6 

1    0 

too 

of  2«.  3d    |t»T  cwt. 

Wflnbiiit  do.  M.  score. 

Dettf    ini't.)'lin<  ordi' 

1-4  aod  1-2  Tiailsor  t'as 

nary  aifling  and  ba<. 

kel\    •           •    sere 

1    0 

0    4 

1   0 

100 

(P'»g  ^      • 

>     . 

0    1 

ha(!oC3171lii.nolt. 

Wei(jtiinic  do.  4d.  score 

Ions  or  Cayrnne      cwt 

0    6 

0    7 

ton 

Malara,  t*oxe«          score 

2    0 

0    6 

1    0 

too 

or  a  consolidated  rale 

1-4  -^  12  bozet   scire 

1    « 

0    6 

0  10 

100 

of  IJ.  per  cwt.  net*. 

Weiuhinirdn.  id.  score 

f^ano.fortes  -           -  each 

4  e 

0    6 

fsfh          \^ 

SiDvma,  drums        acnrv 

8    6 

0   6 

1    0 

100 

Piccaba        ■          -  cwt. 

1  n  6 

0    4 

ton 

U'eiRliin^do.  lOd.  score 

Pirkles          dnten  bottles 
in  barrels      •        irillon 

0    2  14 

0    0  1.2 

.lozi-n  botllee 

1-4  ft  I -2  drums      score 
Weifbing  do.  lid.  icore. 

1    6 

0    6 

1    0 

100 

0    0  I  2    u    1 

barrel 

larxe  hotile^  or  jars. 

! 

Rent 

under2pnuns    frail. 

0    11-2    0    0  1-4 

botHc  or  jar 

Wwk. 

S&under'ido.,  gall 

0  1     1  0  0  i-a 

j  IwlllB  or  jar 

6  and  upwards     pnll 

0    0  3-4    0    0  3't 

!  bottle  or  jar 

Rhatania  extract   •   cM 

0    9 

0    1 

cwt. 

Pictures,  large  bale  or  case 

4    6 

1  0   6 

[\u%e  baleurcaie 

root         •         •   cwt 

0  10  12 

0   01-9 

cwt. 

ON). 


Rtnt. 


(liundiiia,  tc. 


niiJJIinj   baJi    or 

J  •  l»rK»»«l 
0  *  luuin  (M 
0   0       loa 


0    03.4VWI. 


2    0|.4'bome 
0    0  1.2  c™ 


I 
2 

II  12 
3 


small  vat 
linntiead  or  barrel 

caae 
lialg 


cise 
caw 
bjirrel 

'on 


Hint 


D)10US][ 

nnd  i,^i> 

uulinf.  Week, 

S  "  ■• 

«  0    3 
4 


2 
2 

01-2 


blllt 
pipe 
camtol 

barrel 


0  2 

0  0X4 

0  0  1-2: 1-3  barral 

2  0        100 


0    03-4 

0  2 

1  8 

I    3 

I   n 
I  0 


4 

1    0 

6 

1    0 

6 

0  10 

6 

1    0 

6 

ent 

1    0 

tr 

xk. 

1 

c.»». 

UI-2 

cwt. 

100 


100 


ion 

JOO 


too 


100 
100 


100 
100 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


685 


h 

- 

Rtiil. 

h 

Itenl.                  1 

Per 

V-k. 

Per 

*■" 

V 

Qiunlille.,  kt. 

Week, 

Quanlltiaa,  he. 

Ptr 

«    d. 

I 

rtr 

Ptr 

ff 

d. 

1.   d. 

Pa 

Rhubarb     -           •    cwt. 

0  10  1-2 

0  10 

loa 

Skliu— omtiniuil. 

A  C4>ntnll>U(ed  rate  on 

gfut,  Triule,  bale  about 

EhI  ludU,  including 

8  cwt, 

a 

0 

0  t 

bait 

a]|()itartinKitiiuLulli, 

Hamburgh.    Itale    of 

Ufinir,  rcjiairin^,  ra< 

lOOikiii.  and  umiar 

1 

0 

0    1 

bale 

UririK,  refUlliic,  mil* 
iuxdwwti,raw«l|gliiiiK, 

bale  aUivc  100  ikini 

I 

e 

0    11.2 

bale 

Mofadnre,  abote  IIIU 

•utlpiliiigtwiyfOf&i. 

ikina          -  bil. 

1 

a 

0  a 

I20iklaa 

pcrcbMt. 

abov.aatnlOOikiiii, 

Rice           •           -    cwt. 

0  21-4 

0 

4 

Io* 

IxIr 

0 

s 

0  a 

I20akina 

or»coniolid»trdnH«of, 

abo¥e30to60ikini, 

intaiki     I3i.  4rf.  ton 

bair 

0 

6 

0  a 

I20aklm 

ill  baffi      lOi.  M.  Ion 

of  30  ft  under,    bab 

0 

3 

0  a 

120  Ikina 

Root*,  uuafru  or  wiuinri 

loow           •    di  zftii 

0 

a 

0   8 

l2Uikiui 

cwt. 

0   9 

0 

a 

caak  or  fua 

hare   and    coney,    500 

Kiitia         ■          •     tou 

a  « 

0 

6 

(nil,  tttnm 

Bkina      .           -  b.ib 

1 

a 

0    3 

bile 

3 

0 

lOObunU 

uudi?r600akini.  bair 

1 

0 

0  a 

bale 

Run          •          •  bKl*> 

1  e 

0 

3 

b>|g 

Urn  M.k 

8 

0 

0  a 

lar«  calk 
niiddlinit  caak 

1-3  b;il» 

1    0 

0 

1  1-2 

1-2  bale 

niddliiin  r,i>k 

1 

6 

0    4 

Ru«hei        •           .    If)!'' 

1  e 

0 

3 

Inail 

•mall  caik 

1 

0 

0    3 

iNiall  caak 

fur  iHillihing       buntllt! 

0    1  1-2 

1 

0 

100  bundlw 

kann^mo           ■  dciflii 

0 

0  12 

0    2 

bale 

Snr  Salitrni             >    cwl. 

0    3 

0 

3 

rMltX 

kid  or  lamb,  bbd.,  pun,. 

SalTnin        •           -    cwt. 

2    0 

0 

2 

bale  or  cu« 

orb.lr 

1 

e 

0    3 

bbd.,  pun.,  or  bale 

SjHIiiwer    -           •      Ion 

6    0 

0 

e 

Ion 

licrci 

1 

0 

0    2 

tierce 

or  a  ctiniioUilated  nte  of 

barrel 

0 

a 

0     1 

barrel 

141.  Od,  per  ton  iirlt. 

lafKeburidlp 

1 

0 

0  a 

l.-iri;e  bundle 

•^m                   •   cwt. 

0   8 

0 

g 

Ion 

ordinary  btinillt 
ainalt  bundle 

0 

9 

U    1 

ordinary  bundle 

&    0 

0 

6 

IDII 

u 

a 

0    1 

•null  buudla 

'•aldp        .           packAgR 

1    6 

0 

2 

packin 

lamb,    Hamburgh,    or 

SiltjMftre     •          •     Ion 

It    0 

0 

a 

inn 

Ci>j>cnhattcn,      uii'ltr 
200  iklni        •      bill' 

Satti           •           .    cwl. 

0   3 

0 

4 

Ion 

1 

0 

0    1 

bale 

!tani|ilps  which  are  by  law 

al)ove200hkin«.   b^le 

1 

a 

0  ii-a 

l«le 

eivmutcd    from    duty, 

leopard,  linu,  and  tii;i>r. 

frfc. 

each 

0 

M-2 

0    Ot-2 

each 

Saplinra      •         packatte 

0    6 

0 

1 

parktsfl 

nutria       •      bofibrad 

1 

a 

0    4 

boKibead 

SanapariUa           •    cwL 

1    6 

0 

1 

cwt. 

barrel 

1 

0 

0    1 

barrel 

0  10 

lOO  buudiM 

about  ISO  dot.  ikirn, 

or  a  coDtolidated  rate  of 

bale 

1 

a 

0   4 

bale  ot  ISO  dnien 

4j.  6<i  per  cwt.  nctt. 

about  100  <loz.  ikiin, 

Rcweigliin«balea4cwt. 

bale 

1 

0 

0   3 

bale  o(  100  doien 

aiid  upwardi  U.  Oil 
|)er  bale. 

about  Mdoz.  Ik  ini, 

bale 

0 

9 

0   8 

baleorsOdoiea 

under  4  cwt.,  If. 
Scaleboardi      100  bundlei 

opomro,  about  60  ikini, 

3    0 

0 

4 

100  biindla 

bundle 

0 

6 

0    1 

bundle 

Sumntnny  •           •    cwt. 

3   0 

0 

01-2 

drum 

Quebec  rr  Huriaou*i 

iieed,  aj(ricuUunil  (or  not 

Bajr,    caae,  bale,  or 

oUierwiio  rated), 

pUDcbeoD 

1 

a 

0    S 

caae,  bale,  or  pun- 

in baxi            -     ton 
io  catks          -     Um 

3    9 

0 

31-2 

ton 

cheon 

4    6 

0 

312 

Ion 

lariie  bundle 

1 

0 

0  a 

lar^e  bundle 
ordinary  buridle 

Seed  lac      -               cwt. 

0   9 

0 

01.2 

cwt. 

ordlnarr  bmidle 

0 

9 

0    1 

or  a  conaolidated  rate  of 

null  bundle  or  kex 

0 

a 

0    1 

•mall  bundle  or  keg 

2i.  per  cwt.  nett. 
Senna         •           •    cwt. 

0   6 

0 

71-2 

Ion 

•ol          -           ■  iiipi' 
puncheon  or  bogthead 

2 

0 

a 

0    3 
0    2 

pipe 

puncheon  or  liun- 

Sbawli,  imall  twx  or  bale 

2    0 

0 

1  1-2 

•niall  boi  or  bt1« 

l.cid 

larfte  Imx  or  bale 

3    0 

0 

2 

large  box  or  bete 

barn-I 

1 

0 

0    1 

barrel 

Shaya  root,  prtM-packnl, 

looae     .          -    120 

1 

a 

0    3 

120 

ton 

4  0 

0 

4 

Ion 

South  ScM,  wigi    I2(J 

1 

9 

0  a 

120 

SJiellac       •           -    cwt. 

0  9 

0 

0  1-2 

ewt 

middliniri      -     120 

1 

9 

0    4 

120 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

imalU  and  pupa  120 

1 

a 

n  3 

120 

2f.  per  cwl.  nctt. 

Gn-enlanrl,  lona,!    120 

1 

a 

0  a 

120                           1 

Shijx*  atorea  warehnuied, 

•herp,  Ilaniburjh    bale 

1 

a 

0   3 

bale 

oinsnlidafnl  rale,  2  cwt. 

ahecp  nr  coat. 

and  upwards       •   cwt. 

1    6 

0 

1 

packace 

Cape    bale,  100  !kin> 

2 

0 

0   2 

bale 

under  2  cwt.    packai^e 

1    0 

0 

0  1-2 

pack.ige 

7fi  ftkins 

1 

a 

0    1  12 

lale 

undrr  28  Iba.    package 

0    6 

0 

01-4 

package 

60  .ki.. 

1 

0 

0    1 

bale 

if  liquid*           -  gallon 

0    1 

0 

6 

luu 

29  ski,. 

0 

a 

0    01-2 

bale 

Stiot           <           •      loti 

3    0 

0 

1  1-2 

Ion 

looae,  dry    •  dozen 

0 

3 

0    3 

120 

Shnrf          -            •      ton 

6-  0 

u 

2 

Ion 

Milli-d          •  duzrn 

0 

4  1.2 

0    4 

120 

bilk,  raw  or  throwD,  cwt. 

1    0 

0 
0 

2 

1  1-2 

bale  iboTe  2  cwl. 
bale  under  2  cwt. 

India,  looae     -      120 

about  4  cwt.  larie 

bale 

1 

0 

0  a 

120 

manufactured,  1  cwLand 

2 

0 

0   3 

bale 

upward!   baleorci<ie 

1    6 

0 

11-2 

bete  or  OM 

email  calf,  Rnnia, 

under    1    cwt.,  amall 

IOC  Ikina,  bundle 

0 

9 

0    11-2 

bundle 

bale  or  case 

I    0 

0 

1  12 

onall  bale  or  case 

iwan,  bale   conhininit 

waste,  4  cwt.  aud  up- 

I60ikins 

1 

a 

0    2 

;.. '" 

wards     ■           •  bale 

2   6 

0 

1 

bale 

100  ikiiii 

1 

0 

0     1 

b:\)e 

2  and  under  4  cwt. 

Vicienia,  looee    -     120 

1 

a 

0    3 

120 

bale 

2    0 

0 

1 

bale 

Smalti        -            •      ton 

6 

0 

0    6 

ton 

I  and  under  2  cwt. 

Snake  rout             •    cwt. 

0  10  l'2| 

0    1 

IJjbaleorbanel 

bale 

0    9 

0 

0  12 

bale 

0    2 

lierce 

Silk  ribands  -           •  ca<(e 

2    0 

0 

1 

caae 

0    2 

bale 

Skins,  cilf  or  kip,  4  cwl. 

0    3 

hi.nshcad 

and  upwardi         •  bale 

1    6 

0 

11-2 

bale 

Soap           •          .   ewt, 

0 

a 

0    1 

case  uuJer  a  cwt 

about  2  cwt. 

Soda           .           •     tou 

3 

0 

0    4 

l.m 

middling  bale 
small  bale 

1    0 

0 

0  12 

midcllinicbale 

Soy             .           •  cbeit 

0 

1 

0    2 

ilunl 

0   9 

0 

01-2 

iniall  bale 

in  caaka  •          •  gallon 

0 

1 

0    5 

puncliron 
lio^shead 

salted,  wet    •    dozen 

0    4  1-2 

0 

4 

120 

0    3 

l(K»c,  dry      -    dozen 

0    3 

0 

01.2 

doMn 

0    2 

kit  or  barrel 

dry  salttd       •    dozen 

0    4 

0 

4 

120  ikina 

Spectaclea  •           •    case 

I 

0 

0    1 

inse 

WeiifbiiiK  and  loa.liiiK, 

Spelter        •            -      Inn 

3 

0 

0    1 

ton 

\d.   per  dozen  each 

WharfaitB  and  ihipplns, 

0    2 

Ion,  in  calks 

chance. 

2<,    per    Ion,    »ben 

M"(fidore,    dry   salted, 

piled  on  the  quay. 

InoBC    •              dozen 

0    3 

0 

0  1-2 

down 

Sponge       .          -   cwt,   0 

9 

0    2 

case  or  bale  unde: 

cat  or  filch,  cask  or  case 

1    fi 

0 

3 

caak  or  caie 

1  cwt.  2qrs, 

chinchilli,  bale,  cask,  or 

0    3 

large  case  or  cask 

caau 

1  e 

0 

3 

bale,  caak.  or  caie 

Squilli        -           ■     Ion    6 

0 

0    3 

ton 

deer,  pun.,  hhd.,or  bale 

1  fi 

0 

2 

pun,,  bbd.,  or  bale 

dried,  about  4  cwt,  cise,  1 

6 

0    1  12 

case 

case  or  p^ck 

1    0 

0 

1 

caH!  or  pack 

al>out  2  cwt.    >    caie!  1 

0 

0    1       1 

case 

bundle 

0    9 

0 

0  1-2 

bundle 

In  bag!            •    cwl.    0 

a 

0    0  1-2 

bag 

dog  ttsh     -            ■  bale 

0    9 

0 

1 

bale 

Starch        -           •     Ion.  5 

0 

0    6 

Ion 

elk,  loose  •           •    120 

3    0 

0 

4 

120 

Steel           .           .      ton    4 

a 

0    2 

Ion 

furs,  large  bale,  case,  or 

Slick  lac     •           •    cwl.l  0 

9 

0    012 

cwt 

cask 

1    6 

0 

6 

laif  e  bale,  caae,  or 

or  a  conaolidated  rale  of. 

middling  bale,   case, 

cuk 

2«,  per  cwt.  nett. 

or  cask 

I    0 

0 

3 

nilddlinedllto 

Sllckt,  walkinic     -    1,000   S 

0 

0    2 

1,000 

nuallbale  cue,  or  cask 

0  ; 

0 

a 

louU  ditto 

S'.ockfiih.    Steeith. 

7 

4 

/ 


■  i'  i 


iN 


t 


.J  r  I 


a  i, 


li 


I'fi 


]; 


i 


!V-M. 


h 


I!' 


nii'f 


^|: 


i^'ll 

1 

;j 

m 

686 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


h 

Rtnt 

Oooda  Iniporiad. 

Rant                  1 

Per 

W.rk. 

Per 

Week, 

1.  A 

Bfll 

Qiunlltia,  Ao. 

Quantilia.,te. 

Vfj 

1.   d. 

l-t 

P<r 

1 

~r~ 

Ptr 

S(nM,  burr             •    Mth 

0    1  1.1 

0    9 

100 

Valnnia      •          •     Ion 

4 

8 

0   3 

ton 

ni.rry      •          •      u» 

3    « 

0    1 

loa 

rillinit  and   waifhinf, 

rillitiX    «nit    wd|hi(iK 

2«.  jier  tnn. 

i»,  |ier  lim. 

Vanellixi,  caia or  canister 

1 

« 

0    119 

esaa  or  canister 

liihitfnipluo       •      Ion 

>    0 

0  a 

IM 

Venlirris    •          ■      ton 
Varniilion  •          >    cwt. 

» 

0 

0   8 

toa 

ItuiiiiM    •          •      tun 

7    < 

0  * 

tun 

2 

4  12 

0  10 

Inn 

0    4 

ton  In  brickj 

Vrrniicelll,    eaia    under 

Tiirkfff    •          •    cwl. 

0   3 

0    1 

cHk  3  Io  6  cwt 

1  cwt.        •               ■     cwt. 

1 

0 

0    OI21l»,x  under  M  lb..     1 

SifBw,  Runufirtura'J, 

1  to  2  cwt          ■    cue 

1 

0 

0    1 

case  under  2  cm-|. 

UD*ler  1  cw.         CTW 

0  s 

0  oil 

r>M 

2cwlanilupniida,cwl. 

0 

6 

0    2 

caae  2  and  uiiilvr  4 

1  \  undcrScwt.  cmk 

1    0 

0    1 

cua 

cwt. 

8      —      S(wt  ca«i< 

1  t 

0    1  1-2 

raia 

0    4 

ease  4  and  under  S 

3      —      4ewtciM 

1    9 

0  a 

cua 

cwt 

4  ewt.  ami  u|iwarJt, 

0   6 

case  8  cwt  and  up- 
w.irda 

c*K- 

9    0 

0  a 

C«M 

tininaniifncturod, 

Vlnfcar,piu.oriOOnlli. 
boitMieail 

2 

1 

0   4 

uuiirhenn 
nngilii  ad 

1  In  i  cwL      •     CftM 

1    0 

0  3 

uia 

1 

2 

0    2 

Blu3cwt.      .     caw 

1    « 

0   3 

OM 

tirrca  or  barrel 

1 

0 

0    2 

lierce  or  barrel 

8  cwt.  lud  upwinli, 

1.4  raik 

0 

6 

0    1  1-2 

14  cask 

cite 

1    0 

0   4 

caia 

aJliiliai.    8aa  Wnta 

Sufirt  in  calks      •   t-wt. 

0  s 

0  s 

Ion 

in  fhwti,  5   cwt.   uml 

and  Syiriti, 

atmvef  or  in  btOteli 

If  houM.:,  including  at- 

of  »ny  *iir,     •    cwt. 

0   3 

0    6 

toa 

trntlance  at  delivery. 

chnli,  in.-ili,  or  bap  un- 

imiirhenn  2t  ;    hlid. 
If.  6d.t  tierce  It. 

der  6  cwt.       -    cw». 

0  3 

0   4 

Iw 

or  ■  mnwindtted  rate  ni 

Walnula   ■          ■  buahal 

0 

212 

4    0 

lOOsarka 

—In   cuko,  8«t  cwt. 

2    0 

lUObais 

pell;  int'hciti,ftcwt. 

Watar.    mlnaral,    doren 

■od  above,  nr  In  tuc' 

bottles 

0 

3 

0    01.2 

dnien  loltlea 

keli  of  Aiiy  lixr,  7rf. 

Wax           •          ■      Ion 

» 

0 

0    6 

tnn 

cwl.  neii;  in  cbettn, 
ni«ia,  or  bagi,  under  a 

Seatinc    •          •   rwl. 

0 

0 

0    1 

cwt 

Wild           •           •      Ion 

7 

e 

0   0 

Inn 

cwt.,  6d.  cwl.  neir. 

Whililxna            .      ton 

7 

6 

0    4 

Inn 

f\i\i\y      •          -    crt't. 

0   41-2 

0    01-2 

cwt 

Whale  flua.          .     loo 

7 

8 

0  a 

Ion 

Siil|ihatflof  line     >      dm 

IS    0 
3   9 
3    « 

0    ft 

Inn 

Siiiaich       •          •      Ion 
T'ltow  tncuki    •      (rm 

0   2 
0   3 

loa 
ton 

Uuding, 

if  told  front  Iho  Ixndiiift 

Wliarlage, 

Rent 
per  IM 
•Jrs.per 
Week. 

•eale  to  th«  importer, 

Mousing,  and 

ton 

t    4 

Thraa     working 

lletivcring. 

alan  to  the  burer,  tnu 

1    2 

•l-iyi  fnim  the  lati 

— 

— — 

-^.. 

Uiihi)U!iiii«,     w'harfwe, 

day  of  w.ixhiuK  at 

In  a 

In  a 

' 

And  slitrping,  2i.  6rf. 

thf    linditif    acatc, 

Ship. 

?."t 

per  ton. 

Kill  Iw  allowed  Io 

Wheat  kb 

1. 

d. 

k    d. 

WI)arf;iReandihipptii(, 

claar  tallow   fniin 

Ijced,  heavy  ftralni  Ac. 

8i.  4d,  per  too. 

llm  qinji;  no  rent 

quarter 
Oats,  light  grain.ic,  or. 

0 

9 

0   8 

4   9 

Rent  com. 

will  Iw  rliaicnl  (ur 

0 

8 

0   6 

3  10 

mences 

that    (HTiod,    if  10 

from     Ihe 

clcarwt  I    when  not 
•o  clearail,  rent  will 
bf-  ch.irire*l  Tmni  vea- 
•at  bnakiuf  bulk. 

Filling  and  porter.  " 
aga  at  landing, 

qr.  0  2 

last  diy  of 
landing. 
Risk  from 

Dlllo  at  delivery. 

fire  for  ac. 

In  tklna           •      ton 

3   » 

0  s 

qr.  0  2 

count      of 

MwliUTninean,rap«*,  or 

Turning  each  lima 

proprietors 

Anieriun,    pack<U(et 

lOOqn.  2  6 

UQilrr  6  cwL    >     ton 

S   0 

0   012 

packaifeundgrScwI. 

Sereeninf,  tOOqrs,  6  S 

0    1 

packa/te  above  Ocwt. 

One  turning  to  ba 

charged        on 

1';it««         •          .    \^U 

1    « 

0   9 

ball) 

screening. 

l'a|>toca      •           •    cwt. 

Ohm 

0    Ul'2 

bivrral 

Traosferring 

T«r      larrel  of32(pilln(a 

0  a 

3    0 

lOUbanreb 

l(<0  sacks  0  6 

Tares        •            •  (uiarter 
\^orkin|;  out  %n\  di-li- 

1    0 

0    1 

quuttr 

Peellngover  heavy 

grain        •    qr.  0  6 

vcriof  Into  craft,  3(f. 

Ditto  light    ■    qr.  0  4t 
If     iraiKirtad    in 

per  quarter. 

Terra  ja|Kinica      •      ton 

5    0 

0   S 

ton 

bags,   an    addi. 

lieuna      •           ■      ton 

S    0 

0    3 

ton 

tional  cinrge  of 

vertle       -           •      Ion 

5    0 

0   3 

ton 

id.  per  bag,  for 

umbn  fc  PiiTwlani    ton 

3    6 

0   3 

ton 

culling  o^en  and 

WfMKtiinK  PozxDiani  on 

slinutlngijut. 

board, It  per  ton. 

Collixling  empty 

Thread                   •    bale 

1    6 

0   2 

bala 

bags  and  pack* 

Timber.    See  Wocd. 

ing    Into   bun. 

Tin             •           -      Ion 

4    0 

0   2 

ton 

dlr.        ■    bille  0  1 

ore           -           •      lou 

b    0 

0   4 

toa 

Loading  or  ship. 

TrilwcC'i,   a    coTwnllJated 

ping,      •    bdle.  0  1 
Working  out  and  deli- 

rate, are  («;te  (W7. 

Tonjcuea,itbout2doi.,  bale 

0    6 

0    1 

hala 

vering  into  craft,  3d 

loose        -           •  down 
3  cwt.  •           -  tierce 
I  t.i  3  cwt.       .    caik 

0    3 

0    »\.i 
0    6 

0    0  1-2  rtoMB 
0    1        lierco 
0    01-2  ciiklla2cwt 

per  quarter. 

Import 
Bate. 

Rent 

Tonquin  bcaui       -  chest 
in  ca-sks   •           •    cwt. 

1     6 
1     0 

0    I  1.2  chMl 
0    1        cwl. 

Week. 

Quantities,  ic 

Tur'oiwfhcll           .    cwt. 

1     0 

0    2        can 

t. 

d. 

f.    d. 

Of  a  rKnsolldatci  i-aie  of 

0    1       cwt.  incuka 

Whetstones           •    cwt. 

0 

3 

0    1  12 

cask  3  to  5  cwt. 

At.  ^i.  pL-r  cwt.  ut'tt. 

1 

0    0|.2 

case  or  ca&k  1  cwt 

Tow,  io  bairt        •    cwt. 

0    4  1-2 

0    1       '  bale  4  cwt,  ft  uoder 

Whisks  for  brooms 

0    11-2 

bale   nbiwe   4   and 

100  bundle. 

3 

0 

0    3 

ion  bundlea 

under  B  cwt. 

looaa        •          •  1,00(1 

3 

0 

0    4 

1,000 

0    I 

bale  ti  cwt.  and  up- 

lale 

1 

10  1.2 

0    3 

bale 

ward. 

|.2la!e 

1 

0 

0    1  12 

1.2  Ule 

Toyt        larfe  caw  or  val 

4  e 

0    6 

laixe  cam  or  Tat 

M  bale 

0 

9 

0    1 

14  bale 

inrdt!liri<c«t(or  vit 
iniall  caw  or  vat 

a  0 

0    4 

middling  caieorvat 

oneeighthufaliale 

0 

<i 

0    0  |.2 

uie  eighth  of  a  bale 

2    0 

0    3 

small  caae  or  vat 

manutactured        •     100 

1 

6 

0    2 

100 

Tiwa,  n«  pliolfs  Ke. 

Wine  in  casks,  see  couio- 

1 

lar^e  caw 

1     6 

0    1 

arce  c^ie 

lidated  rate,  p.  6(<7. 

■mall  case 

1    0 

0     I 

tniall  caae 

in  cases,  see  p.  ,t8^. 

Turmeric    •          -    cwt 

0    3 

0    6 

•(in 

Wire,  iron            •   cwt. 

0 

4  1-4 

0    0  12 

cwt 

or  a  coiimli'Isted  rate  of 

0    0  1-2 

chest  1  cwt.  2  qn. 

plated  or  gilt       ■    cwt. 
W'oad.    Sre  IVtld. 

0 

81.4 

0    03  4 

cwt. 

li.  per  cwt.  ne!t. 

Turppiinne             .      ton 

2  a 

3    6 

100  tiercra 

Wool,    sheep    or    lamti, 

DelivL-ry  hy  land  or  wa- 

3   0 

lOObaiTi'ls 

Grrmati   ■           •    cwl. 

0 

4  12 

0    0  3-4 

bate  under  3  cwt 

ter,  li.  \id.  \wx  ton. 

6    0 

!(»     casks     from 
France 

or  a  consolidated  rale  of 
St.  per  bale  of  about 

0    1 
0    1  12 

bale  3  10  4  cwl.       i 
bale  4  to  0  cwt,       i 

Twine        -          .    cwt. 

0    41-3 

0    1 

mat  or  bundle 

4  cwl. 

0    2 

bale  6  cwt,  and      ! 

Vaivriaa     •          'bait 

6 

0    3 

bala 

wards 

1 

N). 


■Uol, 


Per 

Wtk. 


I.  d. 
0    3 


0  I  12 

0  B 

0  10 

0  Oil 

0  I 

0  2 

0  4 

0  « 

0  4 

0  g 

0  3 

0  I  I.2 


4    0 

2    0 


01-2 

e 
I 


fane, 
Ki  "ilil 
Ting. 

Id  a 
DarKc 

0    « 

0  e 


eiH  or  eulitn 

Inn 

Itm 

lio»  m\tT  Ml  Ita. 
caw  iindrr  i  cwi, 
vnM  'I  aiitl  uiKliT  4 

cwl. 
caie  4  and  undfr  S 

cwl. 
caw  6  cwl,  and  uii- 

wanli 
luiirhffitn 
loKitii  ail 
lierce  or  barrel 
I4ca<k 


ion  larln 
lUO  lia|s 

dnrea  LolllM 

Inn 

cwl. 

Ion 

Inn 

luo 


Rrtil 
per  110 
tjn.t>«r 
Wock. 

I.    i. 

4   « 
3  10 


RenI 

iVffk. 
d. 

1  1-2 
0  1-2 


Rnlenm. 
nieiices 
fmni     Ihe 
lani  (lay  of 
lait'lliiK, 

Riik  from 
flm  for  ac* 
coiiijl  of 
propricton 


3 

4 

3 

I 

I 

0  1-2 

2 


Quanlilin,  tc 

caak  3  In  fi  civt. 
case  or  ca-sk  1  cwt 

inniiundlea  i 

1,000 
Ule 
2  1-2  bale 

|.4  b,il«  ' 

one  eiifhlh  of  a  balo 

100  I 


0  12 
03  4 


cwl. 
cwt. 


0  3-4  bale  under  3  rwt  [ 

1  bali3  3  lo  4  cwl.  I 

1  l'2:bal(:4  In  C  cwl.  i 

2  bale6cwi.  aud  '. 
I    warda  I 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


687 


Good*  laiporltd. 

|i 

Ham. 

h 

KenL 

.__ 

— 1 

-■r 
Wnk, 

f.  i. 

QujuillUaa,  ki. 

1" 

Per 

\V«!k. 

•(uaaliilaa,  *«. 

Pm 

f .  i. 

Pn 

i"er 

I, 

It 

f. 

d. 

Hr 

Wool-enraiRtud. 

Wood-nniiniMit. 

■  "■ 

(Juh<mii»((>rl(wlinsby 

Barwnod     -        -  1 

\%\A   or   wit«r,   arvl 

Biiawnod    . 

ton )  If  uiKl(*r  cover, 

incmlliil  at  dslUtrx, 
whru  clurnU  uoiicr 
roiwiliiUte'l  ta\;  par 
Uilo  uf  About  4cwr., 

Rraill,  larp      • 

1  \-id.  [H-r  tf)ti. 
llUek   elhiny.  fmiu 

4:amwooil   •       « 

Cocua  wood 
EUinj         .       . 

Ion 

4 

t 

0 

1 

Ihe  tail  l(Hlie% 
and  lignum  vile, 
rent  atlrr  1  jrtar 
fr"nivM'(i'l  brtak* 

Ii. 

Ausfnilian          •    rwl. 

0   41-2 

0 

0  3-4 

tiale  under  3  cwt. 

Fu.tic,  larn 
l.lKnuin  vlui 

or  *  coiiwili'Ulcd  rile  of 

« 

1 

bale  3  to  4  cwt. 

I^IRWOUd      < 

Ing  bulk.  \d.  par 
ton  per  week. 

4j.  per  baJa  ut  ftboul 

0 

1  1-2 

bale  4  III  II  cwt. 

Nti-aragiia,  larfe 

a  l-i  cwl.,  including 

0 

a 

b.\le  6  cwt.  and  up- 

Uuhouiiiig  or  unpl 

liic. 

latHlinK,      whMrfin, 

warda 

wharla^u,  and    thip- 

h'luiitif.and  ISwccki* 

pinn,  2>,  M.  par  ton. 

rent  Iniiii  thi  dtln  uf 

V    1        '  *  V 

or  a  cniiauljdaled  rate  nl 

Itiu     iliil)     bn-akiiiK 

Of.  id.  per  tun.      If 

bulk,  Iiui'nngwei4h'i, 

under  carer,  7»,  per 

oriKinnl  w»rf«nU,c«r- 

I'll 

•on. 

(irtcilanf  (linmie,  nr 

■  '    . 

Btkiilello           -      Ion 

i 

e 

0 

f 

ton 

iiirvcy  fthtr  limlinf, 

Riaail  wood,  amall    Ion 

a 

a 

0 

8 

Hjd 

inrniliiitc  .it   UmliiiK, 

' 

I'ualic,  yuun^     .      Inn 

0 

3 

too 

taring,   lotting,   lani* 
|ilinc,     unpilmg    for 

' 

Nicaragua,  auiall       ton 

0 

1 

ton 

i 

a.-indal     .           .      Ion 

0 

3 

too 

■Itnw,   ahdwliig,    re. 

ilaaeafru             ■      ton 

0 

3 

tiin 

piling,  tnanding,  and 

(iiipan      .           .      Ion 

0 

a 

too 

nlliti<  in,  reweigbiiig. 

or  a  cuuaolldated  rale  of 

and  my  othfir  usu.il 

B».  per  Ion. 

o[)cr:ilir)n    pdrfurined 

JacciranJa  •       >  ' 

by  order  of  Uw  iip- 

*,i  • 

MahojiBy  • 

,     '»    1  . 

purler. 

Maple         .       - 

' 

UiitiniiKing  and  Inading 

, 

HlMLWOOd     • 

'■   ■ 

b)  land,  or  direct  Into 

>,* 

Sa'ln 

-• 

■flip  or  lighter,   and 

ni<'n<ling,  Yi.  \mT  balu 

Tulip          •       • 

Zrbra 

-Ion 

i 

0 

0 

112 

Ion 

ufabuut^  licwl. 

Riril'a  e}'0   • 
Cedar  and  other 

0 

1 

ton,    after    1   year 

gaiU'      •          .    cwt. 

0  a 

0 

I 

bale  about  2  cwl. 

from  vmel  break* 

0 

2 

bale  above  2  cwt. 

wnoda  charged 

lug  bulk. 

h-ilror  beartli      cwt 

0  10  t-2 

0 

a 

eaaa 

with  duly,  or 

Spaninti   •           -    cwt. 

0    4  1-2 

0 

1 

lulu  2  cwl,  2  qn. 

anid  at                J 

oraninwlidated  ra'o  of 

0 

0  3-4 

bale  alv.ul  2  cwl. 

or  a  couiolldatad  rate  of 

if.  per  bale  of  .iboul 

0 

012 

bale  about  1  cwl. 

7«  i*rion. 

U  cwl.,  and  3*.  pt:r 
hiir   b.ile,    IncluiAiig 

RuinnitfinK  inihogiu) 

Umber,  or  otlmr  mm- 

thi)   laiiic   oppralirnm 

■ureJ  woqda,  la,  per 

II  to  Auslratian  wmil, 

Ion. 

Uiihouiiiig,  Ac,  M.  per 

Deliverlnn  into  decked 

b-ile,    Ad.    per    half 

vcaaela,   (kf,  per   ton 

b\le. 

eilra. 

Vi^Dnia   •           .    cwt. 

0   41-2 

0 

3 

bala 

Vnrn,  in  rata  not  aboTe 
20  cwt.            .      ton 

Woolleu  cloth.  SteCM/k. 

6 

0 

0 

4 

ton 

above  20  cwl.      .      inn 

i 

3 

0 

4 

ton 

Wood.    For  cnniolldatod 

addilioiial     for     every 

rai*  ou  stavei,  disalt, 

cwl.  above  1  Ion 

0 

3 

fce.  lee  p.  600. 

lnbal«a  •          ■    cwl. 
7iiSrea        •           ■      ton 
Zinc,    SaSptlUr. 

0 

4  1-3 

0 

1  12 

bala 

i 

0 

0 

5 

ton 

1 

CoMolidated  Ratei  and  Chargei  on  Cioars  and  Tobacco. 


Cigart. 


Import  rate;  including  landing,  wharfage,  houiing,  weigbing  groei;   and  exa- 
mining, or  lainpling,  one  lidn       ...... 

both  tidaa    ....-> 

Uiipickinr,  weighing  nett.  repacking  (when  in  tiundlei*),  and  coopering 

*  ir  tnoite,  an  extra  charge  it  made.    Gaxbliug,  or  aortiug,  u  alio  an  extra 

Clurgt), 

Examining,  or  rcaampling,  one  tidp  ..... 

bith  lilies         .  .  •  .  - 

rnhoiuin<(,  whirfage,  and  ihl|ipii)g  .  .  •  ■  • 

Diitn,  and  loading      ...•■•■• 
Trari^fprring  ........ 

linxft  ur  chciti,  not  of  the  above  spocified  weightt,  charged  in  prnportion. 

Tobacco, 


ChPiti 
cniiiaining 

frnni  ft(X) 

toGOOlbi. 


Boxci  containing 


Above  300 

and  not 
cicf  tiding 
400  It)!. 


0    9 
0    2 


Above  100 

and  nxt 
except  I  ing 
200  111. 


LiTi'line  charge)  and  conperlng,  wpi^hing,  nmpling, 
anil  Niaking  merchanutjle  at  laudiog  icale,  per 
lOOMw  iiett  .  .  -  - 

On  delivery  for  eiportatioD,  including  coopering, 

per  IOIUb.  ni'lt 

Ilitfo.  if  nanrnpled,  ditto    •  •  -  • 

I'li'musii.it  and  loading,  per  hogshead        • 
Rc^iniplin.^  ..... 

Wciehe-I  ^rnss  when  an  average  tare  \n  taken,  iin- 
pofiLT's  chaiT^e     .  .  -  .  . 


«.  d. 


21.2 
3 
0 
0 


Warrant, 

1  hogihead  •  •  •  •  • 

2  —  

3  -  

Any  qiiant'.ly  exceeding  3  bogibeada,  2d.  per  bogi* 

head  additional. 
Tmnifer,  per  tiogihead       ... 


9.  d. 

0  e 

0  9 

1  0 


0    2 


Ratos  and  Charges  on  Wines  and  5tpiRiTS. 

TVie  Landing  ond  Delivery  Rate  includes  landing,  wharfage,  laying;  up  to  (raufre,  watchinf(«  cooper's 
aitendiince  at  laniiinjr,  deliveiy,  and  wliile  on  the  qtiay  ;  the  privilege  of  iyinc  oti  the  quay  14  days 
fro:ii  the  vesflel  breukine  bulk,  or  the  first  landing  from  craft;  originul  wairants,  gauges,  strengths 
of  Hpirits,  and  first  sampll's. 

The  Landinrr  ami  Uomiinjr  Rate  includes  landine,  wharfaee,  laying  up  to  paiigo,  cooperage,  cooper's 
\tteuduuce  at  Laiiding  and  housing ,  superintendence  in  the  vaults  fur  tlie  first  18  jnonihs;  original 


I 


I 


;  1 :  ^ 


Ir 


» 'I 


i  il'l 


i. 


i': 


■•  I 


I 


(h 


Jif 


¥  u 


I  ■ 


588 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON), 


wnrrantt,  |itn(<>i,  itrAniihanriplrltii.iinil  firit  «i«inpti>ii.  Thl*  rntn  ntinrhri  after  Iha  eiplrattnn  of  oat 
cnlcnilnr  innntli  I'roin  tli«  ■lilphrcitkliiK  Imlk,  nr  Ills  ttmt  liiiidlnir  rniiii  rmf). 

AViX.— MnrcliKiiti  rmiulrliiK  wliiei  iir  iplrlli  to  Im  hiOKril  within  tlie  llni*  •llowod,  (onn  mltnilir 
muntli,)  arn  purtlciilarly  rei|uuituil  lu  leuve  a  wiltun  orJar  lo  (hit  ttlfuet,  when  ihli  riitu  will  liceunis 
jniiiinillatuly  clinrgpubla. 

T/i*  Cannlutaird  Hall  nn  Rtim  Iiii'IiiiIpi  liinillnf,  wlinrraKS,  hniialnii,  ennpcr'i  altandnnrp,  rnniierlni, 
firiiUliliiK  iirliilniil  wiirriinti),  Kuniti'i.  ■trrngth,  llrit  luiiiplei,  aiiil  It  waaka'  rent  from  the  ililp  titiiak- 
Ing  bulk, or  thii  Ural  liimlinii  froii.  tlui  rrult. 

Hint  aitarhii  iu  n'inti  and  Spiriit,  chargad  with  the  landing  and  dellv)>ry  rata,  aflar  II  ilavii, 
chargnd  with  tha  Inndlng  and  hoiiaing  riila,  fTnni  tha  ahip hnmklng  bulk,  or  tlm  llral  landing  Truin iriitt 
on  rum  charged  wiili  tlia  confolldaind  ratn,  n(\tfr  19  wiiuka  from  the  alilp  hmaklng  bulk. 

,An>(«.— Kant  la  In  all  ciiaca  ciilculiitfd  from  tlia  date  uf  the  alilp  breaking  bulk,  or  the  flrat  landing 
from  craft,  auch  dny  Iwlng  Included  In  the  larni. 

Aattia^.— Korty-elght  noura'  notice  will  be  given  whan  racking  la  naceaaary,  to  enable  tlif  prci.. 
prlc'tnr  to  aend  hia  own  ritaka,  nr  they  will  be  aupplled  by  Iha  company,  »t  the  prlcea  atiitrct  liHnlii. 
The  proceeda  of  tin*  racked  enaka.  When  auld,  will  be  paid  to  the  proprletora,  u|)on  appllcutlcin,  ui'irr 
dudiirling  the  expciiava  of  mili-,  k.r. 

No  ihiirgu  la  made  nn  winita  ond  aplrita  racked  in  thi>  vaulla  within  0  montha  f^nm  the  nurind  nfihe 
landing  and  houaing  rate  attaching,  thoae  for  )  .iiKirlation  or  to  he  aent  coiial  wiai<  exceptrd. 

'l\i»tiH)i  la  nut  permiltud  wllhiiiit  a  written  order,  the  uauril  charge  for  which  ia  not  made,  when  iho 
taatlng  la  by  the  proiiric'lor  or  hIa  clerk,  (iiuthoriaed  to  aign  delivery  and  all  other  ordera,)  provldiil  lia 
la  not  acc<jiii|innlt'd  by  any  other  iwraon. 

Coopering  and  Hepiiiri,  ll;c.  when  required  for  the  preaervntinn  of  the  property  on  landing,  ennmiim- 
lion,  or  delivery,  will  be  iterforinud,  unlvaa  diror.tiona  are  received  from  tha  pro'prletnr  to  the  conlrnry, 
and  chiirgeil  nt  the  rutvM  apeclrted  lirrein  i  and  any  work  rcfiulrud  to  be  performed,  nut  paillculiitly 
deacrllied,  will  he  charircil  at  a  propnrilnnate  rate. 

Unai/.oahle  caaka,  at  tlm  ralu  o(iH)  vallona  pur  tun,  for  9  pipea  nr  4  hogaheada. 

DfJieieneitH.—Tlxn  company  makx  good  the  following  duflclHiiclaa  from  whutever  cauae  arlting.  If 
the  caaka  are  of  oak  timber,  out  not  utherwiae  :  alio,  provided  tho  claim  be  inuda  within  6  monllii 
from  delivery,  vl/. : — 

Kiceuding  one  gitllon  each  caak,  for  any  period  not  exceeding  one  year. 

Two  gailona,  If  more  lliau  one  and  not  exceeding  two  yoiira,  and  In  like  proportion  for  each  auccced- 
Ing  year. 

i'a|fmaii<  o/ OAar;r<(.— Previnua  to  warranta  being  laaiied,  or  tho  transfer  or  delivery  of  ony  winei 
or  apirila  taking  place,  the  landing  and  houaing  rata  on  the  whole  of  the  mark  or  parcel  houted,  muat 
be  paid  :  the  rent  and  other  chargaa  on  the  quantity  delivered  ur  tranaferred. 

Winai  and  Splrita  In  caaei. 


Containing  6  duien. 

Conlaluing  3  Uoieo. 

quiHa. 

Pinle. 

Quarla. 

Pinla. 

1.  d. 

>.   d. 

>.   d. 

«.  if. 

Unlini  tiKl  iteliTiry  nte ;  inclu<lin| landlag,  wkarhiit,  lad  lotdlnf     ■ 

1  a 

0   9 

0   9 

0  8 

(irrinic.  Aiiil  firal  (ailinc     •                      ....>- 

3   8 

Jl   S 

1    9 

1    0 

RKaniiuiiiK  uiu(  cno|)friur    ,•.••••■ 

1    « 

0    9 

0   9, 

0    6 

Rpiii,  from  ihc  iliie  of  ihip  biwUiini  bulk,  ptr  week 

Wlurfafe  iiid  ihlnpinK,  in  addition  In  Itnllnn  and  delivan  nt* 

Bmhlnic  out  end  o|i«ulii(  for  lainplei,  or  Hcond  Uiliiif,  naUiog  down,  and 

0    3 

0   14 

0    1^ 

0    1 

0   6 

0   3 

0   3 

0   3 

retlowlnj   ...                      

0   « 

0    8 

0    8 

0    4 

l/ittinx  for  public  «1e          •                                            .           .          .          • 

0   2 

0   3 

0    2 

0    3 

I'otumtiiiK  and  loading         -                      ■                      •           .          •           • 

1    0 

0    6 

0    6 

0    4 

I'nhouiinf,  wliarfigo,  and  thtppin((           .•,..- 

1    ( 

0    9 

0    9 

0  a 

Diviilinx  6-dozen  caiea  inio  two  S-doien  caaea,  induJinf  new  enda,  unpacking, 
and  repackinir,  eacb  new  CAie  3«.  3d. 
Caaei  conUlning  quintlllei  nut  apeclAcd  above,  ue  chargeable  In  tha  like  pro- 

portion. 

Zjm'liDC  and  delirery  nle*  on  wlnet 
uid  spirits,  except  rum,  by  land 
cama;;e     .... 
Shippini;  frem  the  quiy.  ft(l<llllno:i1 
Quay  reu(,  after  14  <lavi,  per  wpt'k 

Ltsltnn,  ihrrry.  M.it.if^,  NUrixIa, 
Sp-tnuh  red,  Siciliiiii,  aii<l  other 
wioM,  in  vfctod  bnwiA  caaki;  and 
iherry  in  iron  ttnuml  cukt 

Dims  on  M.i.l.iM,  Cape,  Tfti«riffVf. 
r.inary,  M*rT.iIs,  ,Sicilian,  aitd 
olhrr  wiiiiH,  iu  iroo  bouud  ca^ki 

Ditto,  on  claret 

l)ittn,  on  ipiritt,  (eicept  nini) 

Canki  Itndetl  with  li«  ttmn  the 
I'audard  number  of  imn  liontw, 
My  in  addition,  for  each  hoop  de- 
ficient*     .... 

Delivry  from  the  vault,and  cooper 'a 
aMenianco        _     • 

If  Khi|>|>ed,  aJ'lilinnal 

Rent,  fmni  the  ship  breaking  bulk, 
per  V*  cvk  • 

Cooper'*  luperintrndenre  com* 
mencee  after  18  moothi,  at  per 
WMfc,  aitditioiul  • 

Unaita> 

able 

Caika 

perju. 

310  galla. 

Plpa^ 

Hbdfc 

Thl.-'. 

<Jr. 
Caaka. 

HalfQr. 
CaUa. 

Aumi. 

Double. 

Single. 

Half. 

1.   d. 

1   0 
I    4 
1    0 

20   0 

16    0 
18    0 

A    0 
1    4 

0  10 
0    2 

t.  d. 

3    8 

0    S 
0    8 

10    0 

9    0 
9   o' 

0   41-3 

2    8 
0    8 

0    S 
0    1 

f.  d. 

3  1 

0    6 

0    31-3 

8    0 

4  10 

5  0 
S    5 

0  41-2 

1  8 
0    6 

0    3 

0    01-1 

t.  d. 

1    9 
0    6 
0    31-3 

4   3 

3  8 

4  0 

3  10 

0  4I-3 

1  3 
0    6 

0   21-3 
0    01-3 

1.   d. 

1    4 

0    4 
0    31-3 

3   8 

3  10 
3    0 
3    3 

0  418 

1  1 

0    4 

0   2 

0    01-3 

>.   d. 

1  0 
0    3 
0    2 

2  10 

2    1 
2   6 

0   41-2 

0    9 
0   3 

0    11-2 
0  01-2 

>.  d. 

2    8 

0    6 
0    4 

6    6 

0  41-3 

1  9 
0    6 

0    3 
0    1 

f.  d. 

1  8 

0    4 
0   31-2 

2  9 

0  41-3 

1  2 
0   4 

0   2 
0   01-2 

1.   d. 

1  3 
0    3 

0   il.2 

2  0 

0   41-2 

0  10 
0    3 

0    11-3 
0   01-3 

•  Ttie  standard  number  of  iron  hnopi  is  wfoltovrs:  vfc.  port  and  Lisbon  plpei,  <«i;  sherry  butti^  eight;  SpanUb  red,  brandfj  and 
0«DevapUflcbdoni,iix;  auiiiSi  hugsheadi,  and  uu&ller  caaka,  itx. 


ri>nanlt<tatait  ml 

Hkii),  «tliir  \'tm 


CnnMilldate)!  nt 
I'nhimalnf,  wha 
KmiiI  (ti  toininen 

liiii'i,  i«r  ei 


Trlmtninffi  Inelu 

b(iti|hlnj(  otr 
DrlvitiK 

ritrlilii|(  Rn<l  liini 
nm.iklnKont  for 
|)ilti)  for  dflivrr 


l'i«i  for  iMioaili 
Ditto  in  rnnvaai 
Dtitn  and  raaet 

Kirklni  from  thl 

Ditto  ami  njuilrl 
Ditto  aii'l  new  et 
Ditto  and  new  ri 
'rriinnilnK  c»ak  r 
StHi|ilinK  In  (*ie 
plini  on  the  qi 
Tvlirif  In  atore, 
Ditto  at  puMioM 
hlnthiR  cnaks 
ISiiiiiii«  the  hew 
Rnrk  hiHi|Mi    • 
Iron  h'tnpa    • 
N*w  hr.via    • 
DvenlmwiiiKAiH 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


680 


•Mk 


Halt. 

«. 

d. 

1 

0 
0 

t 

3 
21.3 

a 

0 

0 

41-2 

0  10 
0    3 

0 

11.2 

0 

01.2 

CnMnllUlBl  rata 

CiNi|>«r'i  •uii«rliiifit<f«iH'nt  JItto 
.1  .liili 


lUnl,  tibir  It  wMk^  per  wwk 
CiNi|>«r'i  •uii«rliiifit<f«iH'nt  it'" 


OtIloM. 


:  d. 

10  0 


s  « 


■ultk 


•.  d. 


0   • 

0    I 


PuMi 


I.   d. 


0    4 
0    I 


Barnlk 


0    I  14 

0  oia 


Bottlliii. 


CnnMlMattil  n^t  ^lr  lioltllMi  per  dnl»n  •  • 

t'ntl'iutlliCi  Wh«if4<*,  in>l  ■hip|ilii|,  >lllt(l  • 

Httiil  ht  eniiimviirK  rhu  'hjr  ifirr  UMJIInf,  pvr  <laMn  pw  wwh 
IMKii,  ii«r  «u«  iif  a  (Invmi,  illiin  .... 


MifKiim- 

~  d. 
I  « 
0  4 
0    I 


Oinni. 


I.  d. 

I  0 

fl  3 

0  0  12 


PlnM. 

•.  </. 
0  10 
0    i 

0   f 


Vatting  Rum. 


Vtllint  mm,  Inrlu'llni  r>n»»la|  to  tlw  wtnhonH,  drawlnf  of,  nAIIInf ,  bunglaf  ip,  tha  um  of  Iht  «»t  lir  on*  Dliht, 

■uit  ili*llvnry  l)y  land  nr  wiUr        .•••...■•.■• 
|)ill*i,  |i>r  ^Mvariilit»iil  rniiirarla  .■•.....*..• 

liKin,  whan  limiiilil  mill  iha  liirli,  InrliiiHim  llw  fcn(alu(  opantlou,  uil  Ih*  privllifa  of  Ijrlof  In  lh«  wiraboim  4  dijri 
Waiar  fur  iwlurliiK  IhfiatrfiiRth,  )ifr  iiuiivhaon        .......... 

R<iiii>iiiiii4  III  Ilia  val  til*  MiniiiiJ  niifhl  .••■••••••• 

Iliilii,  liinni  thin  t'^nnlKhia,  par  niKht  .••..•••••. 

('>in(iarlii(  Air  fi|ifiHtlliin,  ou  ilalivary,  per  punchaoii         ...•.-■•• 
1)111(1,  pat  hiiKitialU      ...  ...*.....•• 

illil  Ihin  liiMipa .  .  .  ..••.... 

Survey*  itnd  CurtincBtei . 


iro 

Oalliina. 


I.  d. 


I'lilar  4  fuha 
•I  Abiira  S  caalia  uhI  unlrr  10 

tfOawl  itpwanla 


t    8 

B    0 
7    0 


ConpurnffOi  and  Extru 

Rate*  and  Chnrgei  on  Wingi  and  Hpirit*. 

PipN. 

HUa. 

Thlnla. 

Qr.  Cuki. 

Hiilf 
Qr.  Cwlli. 

Aiima. 

Doul.la. 
1.  d. 

Slnula. 

iiiir. 

1.  d. 

1.  d. 

:  d. 

•,   d. 

1.   d. 

..   d. 

t.   d. 

TrlmmlniT,  Includlni  wtwJ  hoopi,  or 

iKiii|hiiii(i)ir      •       •       • 

1    0 

1  a 

1    0 

0    9 

0    ', 

1    8 

1    0 

a  9 

llrlviin         .... 

0  10 

0  e 

0    8 

0   4 

0    Si 

0   8. 

0    4 

0    4 

IMrtiinK  %x\(\  tiiniltif            "          ■ 

0   S 

0  a 

0    11 
0   3* 

0    1 

0    1 

0  H 

0    It 

0    1 

Ilrit.tkliiK  cMii  Atr  f(Mii)«rlnt            • 
Dull)  fur  Hxllvitryi  IntiHtnlnn,  Mlp* 
|>liMl  nr  ncktiiK,  tiul  ft)  lii(  up  tpln 

riiiiiii  lip    ■       .       .       . 

0   8 

0    3J 

0  a 

0  a 

0   8 

0    3' 

0    2 

1    0 

0    7 

0   8 

0   4 

0    3 

0   9 

0    8 

0    4 

u 

0    3 

0   8 

0   3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    S 

0    3 

rill  i  (ir  iiiicMinc  •          • 

Dttln  irt  rniivtN        -           •          • 

Oil 

0   9 

0    8 

0    4 

1  a 

0   9 

0    8 

7    0 

A    0 

8   0 

4    0 

S    0 

S    8 

4    8 

3    0 

Diitn  iiitl  CUM         .           •          • 

l>   8 

la  0 

II    0 

7    8 

S    8 

14    0 

8   8 

S    6 

Hitt.liiK        .           .           •          • 

f    8 

1    8 

1    3 

1    0 

0   9 

1    9 

1  a 

0  10 

Kirklnff  fmin  tht  Imni          •          • 

a  8 

a  1 

1    9 

1    8 

t    0 

2    6 

1    9 

1    8 

thtltiRriil  niutlrlnirMlit     •           • 
Dilin  iiikI  naw  r«iEt  tn  iwnA           • 

IS  0 

11    8 

10   8 

9   0 

7    0 

12    6 

9    0 

6    0 

27    0 

IH    0 

18    8 

13   8 

10    8 

»    0 

14    0 

9    8 

Diltn  And  nt* w  rwki  nii  th«  (lURf    . 

24    0 

17    0 

IS    8 

la   8 

10    0 

ao  0 

13    6 

9    0 

Tnmnilnv  »ili  c%%m           -           . 

1    0 

0   « 

0   8 

0   4 

0   3 

S\m|>lli)K  In  Ihn  vmilt,  orMCnnd  Mm* 

I'linKiiii  ttivquky             -          • 

0   8 

0   8 

0   8 

0   8 

0   8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

T.v«tiiiK  In  itori,  Parh  tlm*  •           . 

0   8 

0  a 

0   2 

0  a 

0   9 

0    2 

0  a 

0    2 

Diiiiiiiiliuliliouto  •          ■          • 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0     1 

0    1 

Kilnlinvcuki          .           ■ 

4    0 

2    8 

a  8 

1    9 

1    0 

3    0 

a  0 

t    8 

rniiitliiK  llinltMUll    •           •        Mch 

1    0 

0    9 

0   9 

0   8 

0    8 

1    0 

0    9 

0   8 

Ihrk  b(Hi)M|    ■             ■             •            . 

i    9 

1    4 

1    4 

1    0 

0    9 

1    6 

1     4 

1    0 

Iron  hitopa    ■           •           .           . 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0   8 

0   s 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

Niw  hr«ti    .... 

3    8 

3    0 

a  9 

9   8 

a  3 

3    6 

3    0 

2    8 

nvtfnlmwIiiR  iml  bmndyliK,  or  flniov 

1    0 

0    9 

0   8 

0  e 

0    4 

0    9 

0    8 

0    8 

Tba. 


lUlM. 

Fackagcfl  landed  in  good  condition. 

200  Iba. 
Kmaaind 
upwarda. 

130  Iba. 

and  under 

200  Iba. 

Oroaa. 

80  Ilia. 

and  under 

130  Iba. 

Groaa. 

60  Iba. 

and  under 

80  Iba. 

Groaa. 

40  Iba. 

and  under 

60  Iba. 

Groaa, 

SO  Iba. 

and  under 

40  Iba. 

Gross, 

201be. 

and  under 

30  lbs, 

Grnaa. 

t'nder 
20  Ilia. 
Groaa, 

«,   d. 

0    3 
0    1 

0    4 

0  2 

1  n 

0     1 

0  ni'4 

Umllnii  mmprlaini  Umllnf,  wtnrf- 
ar,  walihlnf,  fiirnUhlni  lamlint 
wniilhli,  mill  Jallverjr  lijr  UihI  fnmi 
(haiiiujr     .... 

A'liliiliiiuil,  Ifahlppnl 

I.vi'liii^  anil  liimalnd  comprliini 
hii'linff,  wharfiKu,  wnlnhinv,  fu^ 
iil.hliif  lanllnv  welfhli,  liuuiliiK, 
«iiil  .liillviry  lir  Unil 

iililllliiiial,  irahlppol 

Mimcananti  miiiprlalnf  Inndlnir. 
wliiKtixi*,  walihlnv,  RiiiT  furnlahinir 
Unillm  wriihta,  homlnr,  nnllnnr)- 
iiieihtliir,  tirrltiff,  plarini^  nn  «tin\v, 
aitfA  warfhniiai,  HMmi.  Miil  attrmt. 
aura  wliilit  iin  ahnw,  liiltin«,  iiailliiv 
'li"Vn,  po  wnllttllin  ami  plllm  »w»)r, 
aiirl  iliillvi'py  lir  land          • 

A  llillnii  1,  If  alii'piial 

Brill,  (ler  .VMik 

..   d. 

I    0 

1    0 

7    8 
1     0 
0    1  l-l 

>.  d. 

1    9 

0  6 

1  8 
0  10 

S    6 

0    8 
0    1 

1.  d. 

1    0 

0  4 

1  2 
C    8 

3    8 
0    6 
0    01-2 

t.  d. 

0  1012 

0  31-2 

1  0 
0   7 

3    0 
0    S 
0    01-2 

1.  d. 

0   9 

0  3 

1  0 
0   8 

2  4 

0    4 
0    01-2 

1.    d, 

0    71-2 
0    21.2 

0  10 
0    S 

2    0 
0    3 
0    0  1.2 

t,   d. 

0    8 
0   a 

0    8 

0  4 

1  3 

0    2 
0    Ol'l 

Vol.  I.-.3  D 


il   ' 


^^^ 


590 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Consolidated  Rates  on 

Wood  Goodi 

— Tronsferrlng,  One  Penny  per  Load 

Oood<  Imported. 

Is* 

Rent  per  Quarter 

after  the  fint 

Quarter. 

Gflodi  Imported. 

ik 

1. 

Si 

1" 

««•<>•,                                        Pit 

».  d. 

t.  d. 

1.  d. 

Deck  deals                                 fcr 

1.  d. 

>.   d. 

r.  d 

:<uu.  America, 

3  in.  thick,  30  to  40  feet  long   each 

1     0 

0    6 

0   4 

pipi  -           .          •         .1,200 
h'<sliead        .           .          .    — 

24    0 

12    0 

S    0 

2  1-2   —     30  —  40     —           — 

0  10 

0    5 

0  3i 
0    3 

20    0 

10    0 

4    0 

2          _      30-4T      —            — 

0    8 

0    4 

•arrel  or  heading      .          -    — 

14    0 

7    0 

3    0 

3          —      20-30      —            — 

0    9 

0    S 

0    3 

barrt'l  Iog»       -           .           -    — 

88    0 

44    0 

14    8 

2  1.2   —      20  —  30      —            — 

0    7* 
0    6 

0    4 

0  21 
0   2 

douljle  barrel             -          .    — 

44    0 

22    0 

7    4 

a      —    20-30    —        - 

0    3 

from  (Juebec 

Dunnage  boarda    .           .          .120 

12    6 

6    3 

4    0 

pipe  Ings       .   3  to  4  In.  IMck  — 
doulile  pips       2  -  2  1-2  -    — 

120    0 

60    0      20    0 

Norway  limber  and  balka           .  laid 

6    0 

3    6 

3    0 

64    0 

32    0 

10    8 

Span  under  6  and  above  4  inchee     120 

40    0 

20    0 

13    4 

linKle             .     1  —  1  |.2    —    — 

36    0 

18    0 

6    0 

Ilickers,  under  4  inches,  and  24  feet 

haethead  1o^     3  —  4         —   — 

100    0 

50    0 

16    8 

long  and  upwards         .           •    — 

23    0 

12  e 

8    4 

doulile  hogshead  2—2  1-2   —   — 

Ml    0 

23    0 

8    4 

under  24  feet  long      .           .    — 

12    0 

6    0 

4    0 

lintle             .     1  —  1  1.2 

30    0 

13    0 

5    8 

Handspikes          .          •          .   — 

6    0 

3    0 

2    0 

barrel  hin     .3—4         —   — 

88    0 

44    0 

14    0 

rfei-s,  under  24  feet  long             .    — 

23    0 

12    6 

8    4 

double  barrel      8-2  1-2 

44    0 

22    0 

7    4 

from  24  to  32      —       .           .    — 

40    0 

20    0 

13    4 

iiucla              -     1  —  1  1-2   —   — 

2«    0 

13    0 

4    4 

32  feet  long  and  upwards         >    — 

6S    0 

33    0 

20    0 

he-ilin^  loifs  .3-4          —   — 

S.8    0 

44    0 

14    8 

SpirhoKz  and  10  ells  to  add  oue 

double  heading  2-2  1-2 

44    0 

22    0 

7    4 

third  to  the  rates  on  ufen. 

linitle            -    1  -  1  1  2 

26    0 

13    0 

4    4 

Oars  under  24  feet  long     -          .    — 

12    8 

6    3 

4    2 

front  llambro*  and  Dautzic, 

from  24  to  32    —         .           .    _ 

20    0 

10    0 

6    8 

hogihead        -          •          .    — 

40    0 

20    0 

15    0 

32  feet  long  and  upward!          .    — 

30    0 

IS    0 

16   0 

37    6 

18    9 

12    6 

r.ancewofld  spars  ■           *           .    -. 

30    0 

13    0 

9   0 

barrel              -            .           .    — 

33    6 

17    9 

10    0 

Gun  stocks            .           .           .    — 

8    0 

3    0 

2   0 

heailinf          •           •               — 

3t    0 

16    0 

10    0 

Litl.ivoiid  under  5  feet  long       fathom 

9    0 

4    6 

3   0 

Ihiu  pipe     1  to  1  1-2  in.  thick  — 

27    0 

13    6 

10    6 

from  5 10  8          —                .    — 

12    0 

6    0 

4    0 

hoffahead        •            —               — 

23    0 

12    6 

10    0 

Fir  staves             >           .            .    — 

1.3    0 

7    6 

3    0 

bafrtl  and  heading    —              — 

20    0 

10    0 

8    0 

Treenails,  large,  above  2  n.  long  1,200 

12    0 

6    0 

4    0 

•orting,  per  1,200       -           .  7». 

snuill,  under  2     —         — 

8    0 

4    0 

2    6 

Deals,              itanilard  hundred  of  120 

Wainscot  logs,  7  feel  long         .  each 

0    9 

0    5 

0    3 

Russia  and  Prussia  deals  and  deal  ends, 

14      -                ■    — 

2    0 

1    0 

0   8 

1  1-2  inch  thick  and  12  Ft.  long  — 

12   6 

8    3 

4    0 

Chpboarda       3     —              .    — 

0    3 

0    li 

0    1 

Swedish  deals  from  ports  iu  the 

6     - 

0    6 

0    3 

0   2 

Jlaltic, 

Oak  and  other  timber  charged  with 

2  1  2  and  3  in.  thick,  14  ft.  long  — 

20   0 

12    6 

7    0 

duty  by  the  load. 

1  1-2  and  2       —       14     —     — 

16    8 

8    4 

S    6 

square,  per  luai  of  50  ft.  > 

6   6 

4    0 

Queliec,   Norway,  and  Swedish 

round,  [wr  load  of  40  ft.  1 

1    0 

deals  from  ports  iu  the  North 

including  under  cover,  per   oad  . 

7    0 

I    6 

Sea, 

De.il  plank  and  boards      -           -    — 

7    0 

36 

2    6 

2  1-2  and  3  In.  thick. 

Firewood  •           •           •         fathom 

7    0 

3    6 

2    6 

10 and  l2reetlonr  — 

18    0 

8    0 

S    6 

Smkes,  American            -           •  1,200 
leakwood,  planks  of,  not  under 

20    0 

10    C 

4    0 

to  14     —       — 

19    0 

9    6 

6    8 

—  16      -       - 

22    0 

11    0 

7    6 

cover      ....  load 

7    0 

4    0 

1    6 

—  Id     —       - 

23    0 

12    6 

8    6 

onder  cover  .   — 

7    6 

2   0 

—  20     —       — 

28    0 

14    0 

9    6 

Battens  from  all  ports. 

Turning  to  measure  for  sale  at  land. 

a  1-2  and  3  in.  thick. 

ing,  oak  or  other  timber,  If.  per 

10  and  12  feel  long  — 

12    0 

6    0 

4    0 

load- 

to  14      —       — 

14    3 

7    0 

4    9 

—  16      -       — 

-18     —       — 

16    6 
18    S 

8  3 

9  0 

5  6 

6  3 

Sorting  ilavei  for  freight,  7i.  per 

-20      -       — 

21     0 

10    6 

1    0 

2  1-2  and  3  inch  half  deals        — 

9    0 

4    6 

3    0 

Marking  lots  on  timber  piled  in  tiera 

deal  enils         ■           •           — 

7    0 

3    6 

2    4 

4d.  per  <  jt. 

ballen  ends      •           .          — 

6    0 

2    6 

«    0 

paling  boards  ■           *          — 

6    0 

3    0 

2    6 

Rates  on  Goods  sent  to  the  London  Docks  for  Exportation. 

Which,  if  cleared,  may  be  shipped  on  board  until  sunset. 

If  goods  be  not  shipped  at  the  e.tpiratinn  of  3  weelis,  rent  is  charged  upon  them.    Goods  not  enu- 
merated in  the  following  Table,  are  charged  by  the  package,  see  post. 


Ooodi  for  Exportation. 

u 

Hent  afler  Three  Weeks. 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

1    S 

Rent  after  Thiea  Weeks. 

jS  M  U. 

Per 
Week. 

Quantities,  Ac. 

Per 
Wetk. 

f.  d. 

Qiiantitice,  Ac. 

Per 

).  d. 

».  d. 

Prr 

Per   I.  rf. 

Ptr 

Acids       .    middling  c.ve 

3    0 

0    9 

middling  casa 

Ranging,  about  2  qra-,  ndl 

0    2 

2    6 

100  Mils 

small  case 

2    0 

0    8 

small  case 

Bark           -           •  chest 

1     0 

0    3 

rhcst 

Almonds,  in  serons       ton 

3    4 

0    8 

ton 

half  chest  or  semn 

0    8 

0    2 

1.2  chest  or  seron 

in  boxes  or  bai-rela  cwt. 

0    4 

4    0 

100 

Barley       .           •  lierie 

1     0 

0    3 

tieire 

2    0 

100  half  ditto 

small  cask 

0    8 

0     1  12 

iiuM  C3sk 

0    3 

J  barrel  al)out2cwt. 
j     2qrs. 

sack 

0    6 

n   1 

B'lCk 

f 

0    2 

0   s 

0    1 

1-2  nr  1-4  barrel 

Jug  or  barrel  < 

to 

to 

score 

shell       •          •   ewL 

0    6 

0    4 

lari?e  bale 

0    4 

0  10 

0    3 

small  ditto 

Birrowa                •  each 

0    2 

0   s 

score 

0    2 

S  1  -2  bale  from  Sqrs. 
(     to  1  cwt.  2  qra. 

Bedsteads,  aecortling  toS 
sire       .           •  each) 

0    6 
to 

0    1 

10 

>e.ich 

Ahm         •          •     ton 

2    6 

0    6 

loB 

I    6 

0    3 

) 

Anchors  or  grapnels,    ton 

3    4 

0    3 

ton 

Beef  and  pork          tierce 

0    6 

8    0 

lOntiercca 

Anchovies,  case  containinfT 

barrel 

0    4 

6    0 

100  barrels 

8  barrels 

0    8 

0    1 

casa 

Beer   *          ■  kilderkin 

fl    4 

0    1 

kilderkin 

double  barrel 

0    2 

?0  5 

barrel 

0    4 

0    1  1-2 

barrel 

keg  nr  single  barret 

0     1 

hogshead 

0    8 

0    2 

hogshead 

Aniseed      .           .  chesi 

0    9 

0     1 

chest 

butt  or  puncheon 
bottled,  in  casks,  dozen 

1     4 

0    4 

bult  or  puncheon 

half  chest 

0    6 

0    1  1-2 

1-2  chest 

Annntio     .   small  basket 

0    4 
0    6 

0     1 
0    1 

small  basket 

hollies 
In  ca(*a,  bottles, or  hani- 

0    1 

0    01-4 

dozen  botllea 

Aale  trees           ■    each^ 

to 

to 

each 

pera    •    dozen  bottles 
Boea'  wax,  in  casks      Ion 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

diiien  botllea 

1    6 

0    2 

3    4 

0  10 

Ion 

Tlacoa       .            -      bale 

0    6 

0    1 

tala 

6  10  6  cwt-  bale 

1    4 

0    4 

tola 

side 

0    2 

0    OM 

side 

about  4  cwt.  bale 

t    0 

0    3 

bals 

0    8 

0    1 

) 

( 

0    8 

0    2 

) 

Baggage    •       package        In 

to 

ptekai* 

Bellowa,  i..iilhi'     pair< 

to 

to 

Uiit 

, 

2    0      1 

0   6 

) 

t 

2    6 

0   « 

i 

)N). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


691 


1  per  Load. 


4    0 


cm.    Goods  not  cnn- 


Rent  aflcr  Three  Weclu, 


Per 

I'eek. 

6 

3 

2 

3 

I  12 

I 


Qimnti1ic9,  hz. 


P>r 

100  ro!li 

chpit 

1-2  chrstorseroD 

ticiTe 

s'lck 


0 
I 

I  1-2 
2 
4 

OM 

0  1-2 

0 

4 

3 

2 


I  \  icnre 

•con 

>each 

lOniiercM 
100  barritli 
kilclerkla 
barrel 

butt  or  puDclieon 

doxen  bottles 

diiwn  bottln 

(on 

liais 

bala 

(tir 


Ooodj  for  Eiportation. 

u 

Rent  after  Three  Weeks. 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

¥i 

1    Rent  after  Three  Weeks.    | 

Per 

Per 
Week. 

t  s 

Week. 

Quantities,  fee. 

Quantities,  fte. 

Prr 

f.    d. 

».  A 

Per 

Pa 

4.  d. 

f.  d. 

ftr 

' 

2    6 

0    6 

) 

Colours,  in  casks    •     ton 

3   4 

0    8 

too 

BilliarJ  lablM        each. 

to 

to 

>e«rh 

Copper,  in  casks,  4  to  8 

S    0 

1    0 

cwt,         -           •      ton 

3   4 

0   4 

Ion 

Blacking    •          •  flrkin 

0    4 

0    03-4 

firkin 

In  cases,  S  to  7  cwt.  case 

1   1    4 

barrel 

0    6 

0    I 

barrel 

7  to  8  cwt.  case 

1  2    0 

Joe 

ton 

•mall  cajk 

0   8 

0    1  1-2 

small  caak 

9  10  10  cwt.  case 

!  2    6 

) 

from  S  to  7  cwt.  cnik 

1    0 

0    2 

cask 

bottoms,   1  cwt-  bottom 

0    4 

1    0 

ton 

about  Hcwt,  caak 

I    2 

0    2  1-2 

cask 

2  cwt.  bottom 

0    8 

I    0 

ton 

9cwt.  cask 

1    4 

0    3 

cask 

bolls         2  cwt.  bundle 

0    8 

0    1 

bundle 

from  10  to  16  cwt.  cask 

1    6 

0    3  1-2 

cask 

sheets,  loose       -      ton 

4    0 

1    0 

ton 

15&unJer20cwt.  tank 

2    8 

0    4 

cask 

cakes      •          -     ton 

3    4 

including  welfMng 

about  20  cwt.  cask 

3    0 

0    6 

cask 

Coppers,  about   14   cwt 

Mottles,  empty  glass,  con- 

eacn 

S    0 

1    0 

Ion 

taining  from  15  to  20 

Cordage     •          •     ton 

3    4 

0    8 

ton 

dozen       -           •  crate 

0    8 

0    2 

crate 

Cork          •          •      ton 

4    0 

1    0 

ton 

from  21  to29doz.  crate 

1    0 

0    2  1-2 

crate 

( 

0    2 

0    1 

) 

30  to  44  doz.  crate 

1    4 

0    3 

crate 

Corks      •  bag  or  cask-? 

to 

to 

f  bag  or  cask 

45  to  50  doz.  crate 

2    0 

0    4 

crate 

\ 

0    8 

0    2 

J 

C     0    1 

) 

Com,  in  sacks        •  each 

0    6 

0    1 

each 

imall  basket  or  box  \ 

to 

[OOM 

small  basket  or  boi 

Cotton,  East  India      bale 

0   s 

0    1  1-2 

bale 

\ 

0    2 

i 

1-2  bale 

0    4 

0    1 

1-2  bale 

Bnn           •         •  Mck 

0    4 

0    1 

sack 

American           -     bale 

1    0 

0    2 

bale 

Bre-id           •           •    l'.W 

0    4 

0   01-2 

hag 

twist,  under  2  cwt-  2qr8. 

Bricks          •          •  1,200 

7    « 

0    6 

l,?00 

l?ale 

0    8 

0    2 

bale 

if  shipped  byorew  1,200 

2    6 

0   6 

1,200 

presses,  wooden      each 

10    0 

1    0 

each 

Bmobu,    birch,    1  dozen 

iron      -           -  each 

20    0 

1    6 

each 

bundle 

0    I 

0   01-4 

bundle 

Cows,  shipped  by  machine 

2  dozen  bundle 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

bundle 

each 

8    6 

hair  or  house       bundle 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

bundle 

Cowries      -          •     ton 

3    4 

0    8 

ton 

Bnllion    •    large  package 

1    0 

Currants     •          •    butt 

2    0 

0    8 

butt 

amall  packagi- 

0    8 

pipe 

1    6 

0    3 

pipe 

Butter       •    tub  or  firkin 

0    2 

3   0 

100  firkins  or  hib 

carotel 

1    0 

0    2 

arotel 

1-4  cask 

0    4 

6    0 

100  quarter  casks 

f 

0    4 

?.,» 

Cililcs,  hemp        •     ton 

3    4 

0    8 

ton 

Dampers,  iron        each< 

to 

i03 

ton 

chain       •          •      ton 

3    4 

0    3 

ton 

( 

0    8 

) 

Caniplinr    -          •  chest 
Caudles  lew  tt»n  28  lbs. 

0    8 

0    1  1-2 

chest 

Dogs            -          •  each 

0    6 

Drips  and  pots        .1,000 
Drags,  uO'ier  2  cwt.  2qrs. 

10    0 

1    6 

1,000 

boi 

0    2 

0    01-2 

boi 

23  Ibi.  to  1  cwt.  boJ 

0    3 

0    1 

lox 

chest 

0   8 

0   2 

chest 

aljove  1  cwt.  boz 

0    4 

0    1  1-2 

box 

2  cwt.  2  qrs.  to  5  cwt. 

Canec,  common  rattan. 

ctiest 

1    0 

0   3 

rhest 

1,0(10 

1    0 

0    3 

1,000 

0    6 

0    2 

) 

Cannons,  imder2ton9,each 

3    0 

0    4 

Earthenware      •  crate  i 

to 

to 

t  crate 

under  4  tons*         each 

6    0 

0    6 

each 

( 

1    4 

0    3 

5 

•  l-arger  in  proportion. 

r 

S    0 

0    6 

) 

Canvass         •           •  bolt 

0    I 

1    3 

too  bolts 

Engines,  fire       •  each. 

to 

to 

^each 

Carts,  according  to  iize,  ( 
a*ch1 

2    0 

to 
5    0 

0    3 

to 
0    6 

^each 

garden   •          •    each 

10  0 

2    6 

0    8 

0    9 
0    3 
0    2 

each 
) 

f 

0    4 

0    t 

' 

Felt           •           -  balej 

to 

to 

Vbals 

Cart  wheels     •     pair-J 

to 

to 

pair 

\ 

1    0 

0    3 

) 

( 

T    0 

0    2 

Fire-arms       .  large  chwt 

1    4 

0    3 

large  chest 

Casks,  empty    sugar  Iihd. 

0    6 

0    I  t-2 

sugar  hogahead 

f 

0    8 

0    2 

) 

butt  or  puncheon 

0    4 

0    1 

butt  or  puncheon 

case  or  chest  I 

to 

to 

Vcase  or  chest 

hogshead 
barrel 

0    2 

0    01-2 

hogbliead 

( 

1    0 

0    3 

) 

0    1 

U    3 

score 

Fire  or  flagstones         ton 

3    4 

0    3 

ton 

Cassia         •          •  chest 

0    8 

0    2       1  chest 

Fish,  loose  <           •     ton 

S    0 

0    8 

ton 

under  1  cwt-     1-2  chest 

0    4 

0    1       11-2  cheat 

( 

0    3 

0    01-2 

) 

Cement     •          •  barrel 

0    6 

0    1       (barrel 

barrel  or  box  < 

to 

to 

>.banelorboz 

12  barrel 

0    4 

0    03-4  l-2b.irrel 

\ 

0    4 

0    1 

) 

ChalTcutten,  acconling  i 
to  size    -          -  each  i 

1    8 
to 

0    2        ) 
to          >.each 

Fhz          -          •     ton 
I  cwt.  2  qrs.  bag 

3    0 
0    4 

0    8 
0    03-1 

ton 
bag 

2   6 

0   0       i 

Flints,  under  1  cwt-     kee 
Flour       .           .  barret 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

keg 

Chairs,  single  or  mahoga- 

0   4 

0  10 

score  tnrrels 

ny            -          •  each 

0   2 

0    012  each 

Furniture    in    paclcagea. 

common,   bundle   con- 

-.,1 

according  to  size. 

laininsS     - 

0   4 

0    012  bundle 

other  bnndlea  in    pro- 

Ginger       ■           •     ton 

5    0 

1    0 

ton 

portion. 

Glau       -  box  or  1-2  tiox 

0    4 

0    1 

box  or  1-2  box 

Chaises  with   4   wheels. 

crate 

0    8 

0    2 

crate 

each 

6   0 

0  10 

each 

1-4  crate 

0    8 

0    1 

1-4  crate 

2  wheels,  each 

S    0 

0  a 

each 

butt  or  hogshead 

1    6 

0    4 

butt  or  hogshead 

Chalk,  in  casks      -      ton 

2    6 

0    6 

ton 

pipu  or  puncheon 

1    2 

0    3 

pipe  or  puiicheo* 

Chariots      -          •  each 

8    6 

1    0       each 

tierce 

1    0 

0    3 

tierce 

Clieete,  loose         •    cwt 

0    3 

0    0  1-2  cwt. 

( 

0    4 

0    1 

) 

hamper 
about  I  cwt.  basket 

0    4 

0    1        hamper 

small  cask^ 

to 

to 

S  small  auk 

0    4 

0    1        baidiet 

\ 

0    8 

0    2 

) 

2  lira,  basket 

0    2 

0    0  1-2  basket 

plate       •      small  case 

0    8 

0    2 

small  case 

Cider          •          •  pipe 
hogshead 

1    6 

0    4        pipe 

middling  case 

1     4 

0    4 

middling  case 

0    9 

0    2 

hogshead 

Urge  case 

2    0 

0    6 

large  caso 

Ciuuamon    •    sinzle  bale 

0    8 

0    2 

single  liale 

/ 

0    6 

0    2 

'each 

dout>le  bale 

1    0 

0    3 

double  hale 

Gntet.  and  stoves    each^ 

to 

to 

3  or  4  hnlts,  package 

1    6 

0    4 

parkage 

1    0 

0  3 

\ 

6  liolts,  package 

2    6 

0    8 

[>ackage 

Grindstones,  for  every  six 

case  or  chest 

I    4 

0    3 

caiie  (I'r  rhesf 

inches  in  diameter     • 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

1-2  chest 

0    8 

0    2 

12  cheat 

Gritts         '           ■  iirkin 

0    2 

0    6 

ton 

Clocks  in  cases,  accord-  J 
ing  to  size        >  each  > 

1  0 
to 

2  0 

0    2 

to 
0    4 

ieach 

Cum          -          •   seron 
chest 
Guns.    See  i'lre-amif . 

0  6 

1  0 

0    1 
0    3 

semn 
chest 

Clovw        -       small  bai 

0    4 

0    1 

small  bag 

great.    See  C'aniioii*. 

about  2  cwt.  bag 

0    8 

0    2 

b.ag 

Gypsum          •  hogshead 

1    8 

C   4 

hogshead 

6  or  (J  cwt  cabk 

2    0 

0    6 

cask 

puncheon 

1    2 

0   2 

puncheon 

Coaches,  s'age        -  each 

19    0 

1    6 

each 

Hams,  loose           •    each 

0    1 

0   5 

score 

priva'e     ..          .  each 

10    0 

1    0 

each 

C 

0    6 

0    1 

) 

Coa^s           .       hogshead 

1    6 

0    3 

hogshead 

In  casks          •    caak< 

to 

to 

^cask 

Colfee         .          .     bag 

0    4 

^ 

\ 

1    6 

0    4 

5 

small  bale 

0   6 

Hard nm re, R toScwI.  cask 

1    0 

n    21-2 

cask 

3  cwt.  2  on,  to  4  cwt. 

10 

ton 

8  tn  9  cwt.  cask 

1    4 

0    3 

cask 

bale 

0    8 

9  to  12  cwt.  cask 

1    6 

0    4 

cask 

6  cwt.  bale 

1    0 

12  to  15  cwt.  cask 

2    0 

0    5 

cask 

C 

3    0 

0  s 

) 

IS  to  17  cwt.  cask 

2    6 

0    6 

cask 

fans       ■         ■  each^ 

to 
6    0 

to 

0  s 

eech 

Harps  or  harpsichords.} 

2    6 

to 

0   6 
to 

.each 
eaco 

I.  ..       C 

2    8 

0    6 

accordiugtosize,  each  1 

5    0 

0    9 

engines   or   diellers) 
each) 

la 

In 

each 

Harrows      -          •  pair 

2    0 

0    4 

>air 

A   0 

0    8 

) 

Hats             >          •  case 

1    0 

0   3 

case 

Coke        -        chaldron 

4   0 

1    0 

cbeldrao 

Hat  boxes    ■         .  eanh 

0  2 

!    ! 


1    i\,l 


^^  mi 


502 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Ckxxli  for  Eiportttion. 

111 

Rent  after  Three  Weeks. 

Rent  after  lliiee  Weeka 

Per 
Week. 

Quantities,  fee. 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

Per 
Week. 

Quantities,  kc. 

^f 

t.  d. 

ITd. 

eer 

Per 

t.  rf. 

».  d.      i        Per 

Hay   •   md  of  36  truiMt 

4    0 

Paper          •          -  bale 

0    8 

0   2        bale 

bale  of  3  trussirf 

0    4 

0  3 

sconlruMM 

unalt  bile 

0    8 

0    1 1-2  small  bale 

IruM 

0    8 

Pearl  barley,  1  cwt,  barrel 

1 

Hemp         -           •     ton 

3    0 

0   8 

ton 

or  keg 

0    4 

0   1       barrel  or  keg 

BCiewi     .           .  each 

0    4 

0    1 

each 

( 

0    4 

0   03-4  )              ^ 

Derringl      >             barrel 

0    4 

0    01-2 

barrel 

Pepper     •         •  bag-J 

to 

to          (bag 

Uidia  or  ikim,  Gut  India, 

( 

0    6 

0    1      l5 

5  to  7  lbs.            .     100 

8    0 

0    8 

100 

Ferry        •          •     butt 

1    8 

0    4       jSult 

10  to  12  Ihfc         .  each 

0    0  1-8 

0    8 

too 

Piano-fortes,  grand,    each 

4    0 

1    0       each 

ox  and  coir         •     100 

6    0 

1    6 

100 

cabinet  •           -    each 

3    0 

0    9       each 

Hoopi,  wood       •  bundle 

0    1 

0    9 

score  bundles 

square    -           •    each 

2    0 

0    8       each 

truM     .           .  bundle 

0    3 

0    6 

ecoT«  buodlw 

Fickica   •    large  package 

1    0 

0    2       large  package 
0    1        middling  package 
0    0  12  small  packaie 

Hope        •           •       bag 

0    8 

0    8 

bag 

middling  package 
small  package 

0    8 

pocket 

0    « 

0    1 

pocket 
hogshead 

0    3 

Hom,tlpiuid  platei,  hhd. 

1    4 

0    4 

Figs                       -  each 

0    8 

Honea         •           -  each 

10    0 

Fil«c1ay,  loose       -     ton 

3    4 

0   3      'ton 

o)b  or  pony        -  each 
Indian  rubber          barrel 

5    6 

hogshead 

1    8 

0   2  1-8  hogshead 

0    6 

0    112 

barrel 

puncheon 

1    2 

0   8       puncheon 

Indigo        •           .  teron 

0    6 

0    11-2 

seioa 

( 

0    4 

0    1         1 

aboutSqit.  t-3  cheat  or 

amaUcask^ 

to 

to          Ssmallcaak 

boi 

0    8 

0    11.2 

1-2  chert  or  box 

0    8 

0    1  1-2  S 

cheat 

0    8 

0  a 

chest 

Pipes,  empty          ■  each 

0    4 

0    1 

each 

Iron,  ban  and  unmanu- 

Pitch                   •  barrel 

0    4 

8   0 

100  barrels 

faclured          •     ton 

1    6 

0   3 

ton 

Plants,  about  S  cwt.  pack- 

hooi'-       1  cwt.  bnn.lle 

0    4 

) 

age 

1    6 

0   4 

package 

3  qn.  bnndlo 

0    3 

Jo  8 

toa 

middling  package 
small  package 

1    0 

0    3 

middling  package 

8  on.  bundle 

0    2 

J 

0    8 

0   2 

pott        .          -100 

4    0 
0    8 

0   9 
) 

100 

Ploughs       -          ■  each 
Potatoes,   about    1    cwt. 

1    0 

0   3 

each 

lire        •        bundle. 

to 

0  01-8 

bundla 

baskei 

0    3 

0   01-2 

baaket 

{ 

0    4 

3  bushels,  sick 

0    6 

0    1 

sack 

heavy  manufactured  ma- 

ton 

3    0 

0   4 

ton 

chinery,    mill  work, 

Qulcksilrer,      iron  bottle 

0    8 

0    01-2 

each 

ftc.  tc,  piecea  above 

Kagi            •     3  cwt  lag 

0    4 

0    1 

bag 

1  ton    -           -     ton 

6    0 

0    6 

ton 

Rice           •          .     bag 

0    3 

0    4 

toj 

under  1  ton      ■     ton 

S    0 

0    8 

Ion 

Rigging      •          •  cwl. 
Brain          -             barrel 

0    4 

0    03-4 

cwt 

•  Krap,  looM     •      Ion 

4    0 

0    8 

ton 

0    4 

6   0 

too  barrels 

in  bagi            .      ton 

3    0 

0    8 

Ion 

Safflnwer,  under  8  cwt. 

hurdles    •           -   each 

0    1 

0    S 

score 

2  qrs-    -           •    bale 

0    8 

0    2 

bale 

*  Weighmg  \».  6d.  per 

above  2  cwt  2  qn.  bale 

1    0 

0   3 

bale 

Ion. 

Sago,  io  boxes  about  1  cwt. 

Ivory          .           .    cwl. 

0   3 

0    1 

cwt 

box 

0    4 

0    1 

box 

Knives,  Malay,  tinall  cask 

0    8 

0    8 

■mall  cask 

SaiUlolh     -          .  bolt 

0    1 

0   3 

score 

l*ic  dye           3  cwt  chest 

1    0 

0    2 

cheat 

Saltpetre,  rough,  in  bags, 

about  I  cwt  2  ors.  cheat 

0    8 

0    1  1-3 

chest 

ton 

3    0 

0    8 

ton 

C 

0    9 

0    4 

) 

refined,      1  cwt.  barrel 

U    4 

0    0  1-2 

barrel 

lAce        •        package.? 

to 

to 

packaga 

above  1  lo2cwt  catk 

0    8 

0    1 

cask 

< 

1    6 

0    9 

) 

10  cwt            .  cask 

1    2 

0    3 

cask 

[iSths       •          -  bundle 

0    1 

1    8 

100  bundle) 

Saws       -           -   bundle 

0   8 

0  10 

score  bunoies 

Load,  in  pin          -      Ion 

8    0 

0    3 

Ion 

Seed,  clover  or  other  bale 

0   8 

0    11-2 

bale 

black        -    40  lbs.  cask 

0  a 

0    0  1-2 

cask 

Seed  lac,  2  cwt.  to  2  qrs. 

shot  ban,  or  rolls,    Inn 

3    4 

0    3 

Ion 

Sheep          •          .  each 
Shellae,  in  bags  orbnndles, 

0   8 

0    2 

hag 

Ume  •          •  puncheon 
liogshead 

1    2 

0    3 

puncheon 
hogshead 

0  6 

1    6 

0    4 

<                                     f 

0    4 

0    I 

ton 

5   0 

1    0 

ton 

small  cask.{ 

to 

to 

amaUeaik 

Skins     18  to  20  cwt.  cask 

3   0 

0    7 

cask 

\ 

0    8 

0    3 

15  cwt  cask 

3   8 

0    8 

cask 

Logvrood     •            .      Ion 

2    3 

0    8 

ton 

va* 

6 

0    8 

vat 

Mace  and  nutmeit,  small 

hogsv  .,. 

0    4 

hogshead 

cask 

0    8 

0    8 

small  cuk 

kierre 

.    i 

0   3 

tieree 

Mani;les      .           -  each 

3    0 

0    8 

each 

goat    and     \i<igador«, 
about  ;    'Wt    2   qrs. 

■ 

Manure,  about  1  tou   cask 

2    8 

0    4 

cask 

I 

Melting  pots           -     ton 

3    0 

0    6 

ton 

bale 

r  4 

0    11-3 

bale 

r 

1    0 

0    3 

large  bale 

0   » 

0  8 

large  bale 

Mill  cases            .  e«ch^ 

to 

Io 

each 

Slates              -  hogsheatl 

a  I 

>    4 

hogshead 

2    0 

0    4 

, 

puncheon 

1   t 

t    3 

puncheon 

gu'lgft^ns  ■          •  each 

1    0 

0    3 

each 

loap,  56  the    and  under. 

stones,  a)x>ut  1  Ion  e.ach 

4    0 

0    6 

each 

small  boi 

0  t 

t       V8 

small  box 

Mineral  brown  (in  turpen* 

57andnndei  Il2lbs.b.i> 

0    4 

0     . 

box 

liuf?  cisks)  3  cwt  barrel 

0   8 

0   6 

An 

I  and  under  'owl.  chest 

0    6 

0    i    3 

chest 

Mohsst's       •     puncheon 

1    2 

0    3 

Duncheoo 

8  and  under  3  -iv|.  chest 

0    8 

P    8 

chest 

Mothero'-pearl  shells.  Ion 

3   0 

0    8 

toa 

3  to  6  cwt.             <ihest 

1    0 

0    3 

iheal 

Mulas         .           .  each 

2    8 

( 

1    0 

0   .s 

\ 

Murk          ■           .    bot 

0    8 

0    2 

box 

Sofaa       •          •    <arh< 

Io 

to 

'aach 

Mustard       •           •    keit 

0    4 

0    I 

"K 

\ 

1    6 

0   4 

) 

n<ileaceed>ng28lbs  kei; 

0    2 

0    Oil 

'ofkegi 

Spades     •     1  dot.  bniKlle 

0    4 

0    1 

buiK  'a 

Nails           ■      2  qrs.  he); 

0    2 

3    0 

2dox,buo.lln 

0    « 

0    < 

buiia>  ' 

1  cwt  2  qrs.  keg 

0    4 

0    03-4 

kog 

Spelter       -          -     tnii 

!    1 

0    4 

tOk 

1  cwt  8  qn.  to  2  cwl. 

Spirits,  see  fTtmt. 

cask 

0    6 

0    1 

cask 

Starch         •      1  cwt  box 

'  II 

0    1 

boa 

ton 

5    0 

0    6 

qu 

under  1  cwt.  box 

>    ( 

J    1 

boa 

Nankeens,  not  ftxcaeding 

Slavea,    wine    hogshead. 

I  cwt.  case  or  chesi 

0    8 

0    tl-2 

case  or  chest 

pack 

0   1 

i>  012 

pack 

1    0 

0   3 

luncheon 

^'E^-gsiST'  T  "^i 

Nutria  skins    4  cwl.  bale 

0    8 

0    2 

0   4 

J  012 

i:s* 

S  cwt  bale 

1    0 

0    3 

lale 

steel,  in  bars         -      ton 

3    4 

>    i 

Oakum         2  uti.  bun.lle 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

bundla 

in    bundles,     1     cwL 

Uilcake      ■           •      ton 

3    6 

0    8 

on 

bundle 

0   4 

<   < 

ton 

honhe.ad 

1    8 

0    4 

logshead 

■ 

0   8 

>    1 

^each 

puncheon 

1    2 

0    S 

puncheon 

Storea  and  grates    each  i 

to 

'a 

Oil  •           •           -      tun 

3    8 

0    8 

Fun 

1    0 

0    t 

) 

under3gslloiu,  jug 

0    8 

) 

Straw         •          -  truss 

0    1 

0    .1 

score  trusses 

3  to  7  gallons,  .'Ug 

0    4 

0  01-4 

Sallon 

Sugar         -    mat  or  bag 

0    4 

0   0    i  mat  or  bag              { 

8  In  10  g-illons,  jug 

0    8 

4  or  6  cwt  mat  nr 

11  to  12  gallons,  jug 

0    8 

0    01-4 

gallon 

basket,  0   8 

0    1 

mil  V  itukal 

cbfsl 

0    8 

0    012 

chest 

boxes  or  chests       ton,  3   4 

0    i 

••m 

1-8  cheat 

0    4 

0    0  1-4 

1-2  cheat 

tnslard,   not  exceeding 

2 cwt 2 qrs.    barrel,  0   5 

( 

2    0 

0    6 

) 

0    1 

bs-m» 

Organs               •  each< 

to 
5    0 

to 
1    0 

Wh 

under  8  cwt      tiercel  0    9 
12  and  under  14  cwt. 

0  a 

1 

tB>V» 

Osnahurghs,  loose,     piece 
Ox  t>owsur  Tdkes,  1  ilozen 

0    1 

0    01-4 

piece 

cask    1    6 

to  5 

ton 

14  cwt.  sod  upward!, 

buii'lle 

0    3 

0    01-8 

bundla 

raikj  2   0 

J 

Oxen                      •  each 

10    0 

refined       •     hogshe.a<l:  1    3 
l2SunJ.  14cwi.  cask,  1    8 

0    3 

hogshead 

Hitil,  in  sniali  ke^,     ton    8    0       1 
io  calks  mnluQing  do.,               I 

t    0 

ton 

0    4 

cask 

14     —    18  cwt  cask    2    0 

0    8 

cask 

tOB 

3   4      1 

0    ( 

ton 

18    -    24owt.caak 

8   6      I 

0    1 

cask 

N). 


Rent  ultn  Thnt  Weeki 


P«r 

W»k. 


QuaniiUa,  it. 


Ptr 


I.  d. 

0   2        balo 

0    I  1-2  Willi  Uls 


I        barrel  or  kn 
03-4  ^ 


r 

ib>ill 
ieach 

each 

cacb 
jlarKepackai^ 

middling  packan 
1-2  Biuall  pauagtt 


0   3      !ton 
0    2  1-2  hothead 
0    2      jpuncheoa 
0    1       \) 
to  SanuJl  cMk 

0    ll.2|j  ^' 

0    1        each 
0       100  barrel! 


a  4 

0  3 

9  2 

9  3 


01-2 

I 

4 

01-2 

I 

4 

034 

0 


)    2 
)    3 


I    1 
I   3 


I  « 
I  0  1.2 
I  I 
I  3 
I  10 
11-2 


package 

middling  package 
imall  packajre 
each  ^ 

baaket 

sack 

Ion 

each 

bag 

ton 

cwt. 

too  berrelt 

bale 
bale 

box 
•core 

Ion 

barrel 

caik 

caak 

acore  bunaies 

bale 

bag 


'on 

caik 

calk 

vat 

hogshead 

tierce 


lt-2 
2 

4 
3 


bale 

large  bale 
hogshead 
puncheon 

small  box 

box 
cheat 
chest 
iheit 

> 

Jsach 
buiK  *e 

bUMi  ' 
lOB 

baa 
boa 

pack 

>aek 


ton 

MCh 


score  truaan 
I  mat  or  bag 


m<l  ir  baaket 


4 
I 
it 

4 

I 
I 

012 

JI2 


bf-m* 

l.'ftrt* 


hoxshead 
cask 


cask 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


593 


Qooda  (or  Exportation. 

hi 

Rent  after  Three  Weeks.   1 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

111 

Rent  after  Three  Weeka.   | 

Far 
Week. 

Per 
Week. 

Quantities,  ke. 

1    1 

Qnanlilics,ke. 

1.   d. 

>.    rf. 

Per 

I.    d. 

«.   <<. 

Pw 

Sunr— conlmuarf. 

For  vat. 

( 

7    < 

1    0 

KeBned,  packed  in  hogs- 
heads   or    vati,   to    oe 

Per 

hhd. 

16  cwt. 
and  up- 

, 

Wagona        •        eachj 

to 
10   0 

to 
1    6 

each 

hnuied  for  eipofUtion. 

warda. 

Whalebone      6cwLbale 
loo 

Wheels,    according   to) 
aixe       -          •  pair 

1    0 
6    0 

0  4 

1  0 

Sale 
ipalr 

Homing            •                  0    6 
WeifbiDg  or  re-welghing    0   6 

1    0 
1    0 

0    4 
to 

0    1 
lo 

Unhaiuing,  wharfage,  and 

1    0 

0   3 

, 

shipping         •                  1    8 

3   0 

Wheelbarrows     •     eae  i 

0    2 

0   01-4 

each 

Rent    •           •  perweeki  0    3 

0  6 

Wine,  botUed,  in  casks, 

doxen  bottles 

in  cases      dozen  boltles 

0    1 
0    2 

0   01-4 
0    012 

doxen  botllee 
dozen  bottles 

Wharfg. 

Rent 

and 

^esk. 
(.    d. 

Spirits,  pipe,  puncheon. 

Pir 

Shipping 
f.    d. 

Per 

or  butt 
bogahead 

2   0 
1    0 

0   6 
0  3 

pipe,  pun.  or  butt 

Tallow       •          •     Ion 

2    6 

0   6 

Ion 

No  charge  la  made  fur 

Tar            •           barrel:  0   4 

6   0 

100  barrels 

wharfage  of  wiiea  and 

Ta           •          •  cheat 

1    0 

0   3 

chest 

apirils    landed    at    the 
docka,  and  carted  to  the 

1-2  chest 

0    8 

0   2 

1-2  cheat 

1-4  cheat 

0    6 

0    11-2 

1-4  chest 

export  quay,  except  for 

imall  box 
Tiles,  Welch,  about  1  foot 

0    4 

0    1 

small  box 

"atriking    and     ship- 
ping," vix. 

square      •          -    100 

a  0 

0   6 

100 

pipe,  butt,  aod  pun- 

Tin -                    •   box 

0    4 

0   01-2 

box 

cheon          •     M. 

barrel 

0    6 

0    1 

barrel 

hogshead         •     id. 
Wire,  iron,  1  cwt  8  qn. 

block 

0    2 

0   6 

acor* 

Tombstonea            •  each 

6    0 

0   6 

each 

^            bu^le 

0    « 

0   1 

bundle 

Tripe          •          •   keg 

0    8 

0    01-2 

0   014 
) 

keg 

Wood        .          -     tor 
When  not  cleared  the 

2    S 

0  3 

ton 

Turmeric  •          •  bag. 

to 
0    2 

j.O 

ton 

same  day  as  •t.ut  down, 
piling  is  charged. 
Wood  hoopa     •     bundle 

0   6 

0   1 

' 

0    1 

0  3 

score  bundle! 

Turpentine         caiboy 

to 
1    0 

to 
0  S 

carbof 

truss  buudia 
Wool,  Engliah,  3  cwt.  to 

0   8 

0   5 

score  bundles 

Vaniiih     .          •  bsriel 

0    « 

0    1 

barrel 

3  cwl.  2  qra.        bale 

0    9 

0  234 

bale 

Vermilion,   2   to  3  cwt. 

3  cwt  2  qra.  to  S  cwt 

cheat  or  package 

2   0 

0   4 

cheat  or  package 

^           bale 

1    0 

0   3 

bale 

Vinegar      -      puncheon 
hogsheid 

1    4 

0   4 

puncheon 
Roaheod 

Spaniah     -    1  cwt.  bag 

0    6 

0    1 

bag 

0   8 

0   8 

2  cwt  bag 

0    8 

0   8 

b4 

barrel  or  1-8  hogshead 

0    8 

0    1  1-2  barrel  or  1-8  hhd. 

2  cwt  2  qra.  bag 

0   9 

0   2H 

bag 

evilriol,  carboTa     gallon 

0    4 

0    1 

gallon 

German,  under  4  cwt. 

middlinacaae   3    0 
aniallcaae   2    0 

0   9 

middling  case 

bag 

0   8 

0    2 

bag 

0   8 

amall  case 

4  to  6  cwt  bag 

1    0 

0    3 

bat 

6cwt  kupwarda,bag 

1    4 

|0    4 

bi«                        1 

•  N.  B.—"  hrsons  sending  to  the  dock,  for  shipment,  aquafortis,  oil  of  vitriol,  or  other  goods  of  a  dangerous  quality,  and  neglecting  to 
dlitincily  mark,  or  state,  the  naluro  of  such  goods  on  the  outside  of  the  package, or  otherwiae  give  due  notice  thereof  to  theauperintendeni, 
are  subject  to  a  peoaily  of  ZOL"— (See  act  9  Geo.  4.  c  116.  §  132.) 

When  chahoed  by  the  Paok&oe. 


Goods  for  Exportation. 

M 

Rent  after  Three  Weeks.     1 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

111 

Rent  after  Three  Weeka.    1 

Per 
Week. 

Par 

Wuek. 

1  s 

Quantilies,te. 

»    1 

<)uantitiei,  ke. 

Ptr 

>.    d. 

<■   d. 

Ptr 

Ptr 

«.    <t 

t.   d. 

Ptr 

Hsfs,  small             -    each 

0    4 

0    1 

each 

CtMm—amHnutd. 

Dales,  small          •   each 
middling            •  each 

0    8 

0   2 

each 

extra  large,  7  to  8  cwt 

1    0 

0   3 

each 

each 

2   0 

0  01.3 

large,  S  and  under  T  cwt 

9  to  13  cwt.     •   each 

2    6 

cwt. 

each 

1    4 

0  3 

each 

above  12  cwl,  •   each 

3    0 

7  and  under  8  cwl. 

Casks,  butts           •  each 

1    6 

0   4 

each 

each 

1   6 

hogshead             -    each 

i    2 

0   3 

each 

8  and  under  12  cwt 

pipe  or  puncheon   each 
tierceorwinehlid.  each 

1    4 

0   4 

each 

each 

2   0 

0    8 

0   3 

each 

12  and  under  14  cwt 

f 

0    4 

0    I 

) 

each 

3   6 

OOI-S 

cwt 

small   •         •  each< 

to 

to 

Seach 

14  and  under  16  cwt 

\ 

0   8 

0    11-3 

) 

each 

3   0 

Chests,  small        •   each 
middling           -  each 

0    8 

0    3 

nch 

16  cwt.  and  upwards 

1    0 

0    3 

each 

each 

4   0 

large       .          .   each 
Hogsheads,  not  exceeding 

1    4 

0    4 

each 

E.  I.  roods,  single,  each 
double .          -   each 

0   8 

0  8 

each 

1    4 

0  3 

each 

8  or  9  cwt         •   each 

1    3 

0    3 

each 

half  balea  repacked. 

Jars,  see  Botttu. 

each 

0   6 

0    11-2 

each 

t 

0  a 

0  013 

) 

Barrels       -           .    each 

0   6 

0    11-2 

each 

Kegs      .         .  each. 

to 

to 

each 

Raikets,  small        •    each 

0    3 

0   012 

each 

0   4 

0    1 

niidaliog  <           •    each 

0    4 

0    1 

each 

0   9 

0    1 

> 

large      .          .    Mch 

0    6 

0    114 

each 

Packs,  vali^  te.  •  bale 

to 

lo 

bale 

Gonlei  or  Jars,  1  lo  3  gal- 

1    0 

0   2 

Ions     .          -   each 

0   2 

^ 

Pipei         •          •   each 

1    4 

0    4 

each 

4  lo  7  gallons      •    each 
7  to  10  gal  Ions    .   each 

0    4 

0  e 

0  01-4 

gallon 

size        •          •   eac 

0   « 

0    11-3 

each 

lltol2gallonB  •   euh 

0    8 

Other    sizes   will  be 

(03 

0   01-2 

>      , 

charged  in  proportion 

Boxes     •          •    each        to 

to 

>aach 

and  rent  one  fourth  ol 

0    8 

0    8 

J 

the  rale   for  wharfage 

Bundles,  large        •   each    1    0 

0    3 

each 

and  shipping. 

mi'Mliog             -    each    0    9 

0    21-4 

each 

Puncheons         ■       each 

1    4 

0    4 

each 

■mall       ■           .    each'  0    6 

0    1  1-2 

each 

0    8 

0    2 

Cam,  small           .    each    0    8 
middling            .    each    1    0 

0    2 

each 

Tierces  •          •   each' 

to 

to 

■  each 

0    3 

each 

1    0 

0    3 

large,  5  to  6  cwt    each    1    4 

0    3 

each 

Trunks   •          •      r,c 

0    6 

0    1  1-2 

each 

«to7cwt       -   each,  1    6 

0    0  1-2 

cwt. 

0    6 

0    6 

Trjssei  -              each' 

to 

to 

each 

1 

1  a 

0    11-2 

Goods  not  Included  in  the  foregoing  IVbles  pay  in  proportion  to  the  ra.*es  tbereio  contained,  according  to  weight  or  size. 

3.  Emf.  Jndia  Docks, — These  docks,  situated  at  Blackwall,  wore  originally  intended  for 
tile  accommodation  of  ships  employed  by  the  East  India  Company,  or  in  the  East  Indian 
trade ;  but  they  are  now  open  to  vessels  from  alt  parts.    There  are  2  docks ;  1  for  shii^  ua< 
3s  2  75 


:  III 


1 

I 

1 

i 

w 

\ 

,';<■!  11 


I'H 


ir.  • 


';:i  m 


jii 


''  I 


M   ,1 


!   t:li 


III' 


;viii:i 


i,i.        I 


594      DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (ST.  KATHERINE'S). 

loading  inwards,  and  1  <br  those  loading  outwards.  Tiie  Import  Dock  contains  about  18 
acres,  and  the  Export  Dock  about  9  acres.  Tlio  entrance  bauin,  which  connects  the  docks 
with  the  river,  contains  about  2|  acres :  the  length  of  the  entrance  lock  is  210  feet,  the 
width  of  the  gates  48  feet  clear.  The  deptli  of  water  b  the  East  India  Docks  is  never  less 
than  23  feet ;  so  that  they  can  accommodate  ships  of  greater  burden  than  any  other  esta- 
blishment on  the  river.  There  is  attached  to  (hem  a  splendid  quay  fronting  the  river,  nearly 
700  feet  in  length,  with  water  sullicient  at  all  times  of  the  tide  to  float  the  largest  steam 
■hips ;  and  the  Export  Dock  is  furnished  with  a  machine  for  masting  and  dismasting  the 
largest  ships.  The  Company  hove,  also,  since  the  termination  of  the  East  India  Company's 
trade,  purchased  9  of  the  bonded  warehouses  belonging  to  that  body,  situated  in  the  heart 
of  the  city,  in  which  they  warehouse  and  show  tea  and  other  goods,  on  the  same  terms  as  at 
the  London  or  St.  Catiicrine's  Docks. — (See  Rates  below.) 

The  discharging  of  ships  in  the  Import  Dock  is  wholly  performed  by  the  servants  of 
the  Company,  and  tho  regulations  aa  to  fire,  cooking,  &g.  are  similar  to  those  in  the  other 
docks. 

The  docks  are  distant  3^  miles  from  the  Royal  Exchange,  and  coaches  run  every  half 
hour  between  those  places,  at  the  moderate  charge  of  Qd.  Should  the  projected  railway  to 
Blackwall  be  completed,  the  journey  to  the  docks,  or  from  them  to  the  Exchange,  will  be 
accomplished  in  less  than  10  minutes.  Were  this  effected,  no  steamers,  or  at  least  none 
above  100  tons  burden,  should  be  allowed  to  come  higher  up  than  Blackwall.  It  will,  we 
apprehend,  be  found  to  be  quite  impossible,  so  long  aa  they  are  allowed  to  come  further  up 
than  this,  to  regulate  their  speed,  or  to  prevent  tho  perpetual  recurrence  of  accidents. 

The  company's  capital,  including  the  cost  of  the  city  warehouses,  is  623,000/.  The  pre> 
sent  dividend  is  6  per  cent;  and  tho  stock  is  now  (December  1836)  worth  from  116/.  to 
117/.     The  management  is  committed  to  12  directors,  each  holding  2,000/^  stock. 

Kate^i  of  Charge. — Tho  charges  on  goods  exported  are  the  same  as  at  the  other  docks. 
Inwards  they  are,  aa  before  stated,  the  same  as  at  the  other  docks,  when  tlie  goods  art 
brought  up  to  the  cifi/  warehouses  ,•  but  if  kept  down  at  tho  docks,  or  while  they  are  there, 
the  charges  and  rent  are  considerably  lower. 

Tonnag*  Rates,  Ij^c,  on  Shiovinir.  t 


VttHh  haoardi.  i 

Fnr  dlscharfin^  earcwi,  tnd  for  Ihe  me  of  the  dock  for 
t»fiity.«i<ht  (Injs  from  the  date  of  finni  discharge,  with 
litieny  to  load  for  any  port,  per  register  ton  •  • 

A'.  £— Ship  eoopenffe,  when  incurred,  will  be 
char^l ;  and  refwla  discharging  the  vvhiilp,  or  greater 
part  of  their  cargiiM  into  lighten,  tvill  be  subject  to 
luch  lerms  as  sha!l  be  a^reett  upon  between  the  ship- 
owners and  the  Dock  Company. 


Rent,  alter  Iha  eipintion  of  Iwenty^iicht  dajn  from  the 
^  time  of  fin.-il  discfurge,  |)er  pegisler  ton  per  week 


-    0    I 


Tessols  of  600  Ions  and  upwards  (havint  lauded  the  i^reater 
pcirt  of  their  import  cargoes  in  the  But  India  Dock)  when 
lying  up,  per  register  ton  per  week  •  •  •    "    J 

I'atlt  Outviardi. 

Entering  tn  load,  that  have  not  discharged  their  {uaport 
cargoes  in  the  docks,  fur  any  perio*!  not  exceeding  twenly- 
eieht  days  fmoi  the  date  of  entrance,  per  register  ton       -    0   6 

Ren',  after  tlie  upiratioa  of  tweuty-ei^ht  days,  per  register 
tun  per  week  •  •  •  •  .01 

yiiMit  lyitig  up. 

Light  vessels  (other  than  steam  vessels)  entering  the  dock  to 
fie  tip  for  any  perio<l  not  eaceeding  twenty.eight  dayi^  per 
register  trn-  •  •  •  •  •  -06 

Rent,  af;er  the  ekpUmlion  ot  twentf  .eight  days,  per  register 
ton  per  week  •  •  -  •  .  -01 

Steam  ViinU. 
Rent,  from  the  date  of  entrancr,  per  register  Ion  per  week       0    I 
The  charge  for  gelling  cut  and  landiiM^,  liftinf,  or  shipping 
b(ilrraand  heavy  maebiuery  (iacludin$  the  use  of  gear) 
is,  per  ton      >  -  •  •  •  •  -    6    0 

Vm  of  wharf  (br  ditto,  per  Ion  per  week       -  .04 

Cotaitn  and  Crap. 

Oiber  than  lighten,  with  caitpi  for  outward  bound  sbipi,  with 

libeny  In  remain  for  one  week,  per  register  Ion     • 
Otlwr  tfi-in  lighters  loading  fmin  the  Import  Warrhousee, 

with  the  like  privilege,  on  the  groes  weight  they  lake  on 

Ixiahl,  per  tun 
In  eitlier  rase,  rent,  after  the  expiration  of  one  week,  per 

register  ton   .  -  •  •  .  •  , 

Wattr, 

Supplied  from  the  reatfToir,  per  Inn  • 
rillered  wa 


0   6 


ft-aier,  do. 


I    0 
S   0 


flipping. 
Clmrgtt  far  Moiling  or  DitmaUing  at  Iht  MattBuOding, 


Main 

Fore 

Miien 

Bow. 

Ships  of 

Mast. 

Mast. 

Mast. 

sprit. 

L.  1.  if. 

L.I.   d. 

L.  1.   d. 

L.I.  d. 

1,000  to  1.600  tone 

»    0    0 

8    i    0 

3  12    0 

4  10  0 

801) -1,000  — 

6  IS    0 

6    6    0 

3    3    0 

3  til   0 

6H)—    800  — 

4    0    0 

3  12    0 

2    0    0 

2    0   0 

600—    650  - 

3    4    0 

2  16    0 

1  12    0 

1  12   0 

SOO—    iOO  - 

2  12    6 

a  s  0 

1    6   3 

1    6   3 

under  300  — 

1  17    6     1  IS    9 

1    2    6 

I    2   6 

For  putting  m  or  taking  off  Topi. 


For  Ships  of 

t.nuo  to  1,500  tons 

800  —  1,000  — 

600-     800  — 

under  500  — 


Main. 


L.  I.   d. 

0  1.5   0 

0  10    0 

0    7    6 
in  proportion* 


Fore. 


L.  I. 

0  IS 
0  10 
0    7 


Miien. 


L,  I.  d, 

0  10  0 

0    5  0 

0    5  0 


The  prices  of  the  above  Tables  are  for  each  operation,  which  io. 
dudes  the  use  of  masting  fall  and  slings. 

N,  il.— Owners  of  slii|)s  may  purchase  not  Irss  than  half  a  fall,  at 
25  per  cent,  under  the  ready  money  coat  price. 

Rata  on  Ooocfs  in  vptovm  Warthoutu. 


Tea,  In  peckagn  of 
20O  lb.  grose,  and  upwards 
ISO  and  under  200 
80—130 
60       —         80          - 
40       —         60           . 
30       —         40           ■ 
20       —         M          - 
under  20 
Silk,  Bengal,  per  bale, 
150  lbs.  and  upn-ards 
104  10  150 
under  U'4 
China,  per  bale, 
104  IN.  and  upward*   ■ 
under  104 

Landing 

and 
Housing. 

Manage. 

nient. 

Rent  per 
Week. 

:  d. 
2    0 
1    8 
1    2 
1    0 

1  0 
0  10 
0    B 

0  4 

2  8 

2  0 

1  6 

3  0 
1    6 

«.    d. 

7    6 

6  6 
3    8 
3    0 
2    4 
2    0 
1    3 
1    0 

9    8-1  _ 

7  a   Sg' 

1 1\^^ 

«.  d. 
0    11-] 
0    1 

0    012 
0    012 
0    01-2 
0    0  12 
0    014 
0    014 

0    11-2 
0    1  1-3 
0    11-3 

0    11-2 
0    112 

4.  Sf.  Katharine's  Docks. — Tho  Company  for  the  construction  of  these  docks  was  incor- 
porated by  the  act  6  Goo.  4.  c.  105.  (local),  and  they  were  partially  opened  on  the  25th  of 
October,  1828.  They  are  situated  immediately  below  the  Tower,  and  are  consequently  tho 
mo!!t  contiguous  of  any  to  the  city,  the  Custom-house,  and  other  places  where  business  is 
transacted.  The  capital  raised  by  shares  amounts  to  1,352,800/. ;  but  an  additionnl  sum  of 
800,000/.  has  been  borrowed,  on  the  security  of  tho  rates,  for  the  completion  of  the  works, 


IINE'S). 

k  contains  about  18 
connects  the  docks 
lock  is  210  feet,  the 
I  Docks  is  never  less 
ihan  any  other  eata* 
ing  the  river,  nearly 
}at  the  largest  steam 
f  and  dismasting  the 
ist  India  Company's 
lituated  in  the  heart 
the  same  terms  as  at 

by  the  servants  of 
to  those  in  the  other 

;he8  run  every  half 
projected  railway  to 
e  Exchange,  will  be 
lers,  or  at  least  none 
ickwall.  It  will,  we 
1  to  come  further  up 
of  accidents. 
523,000/.  The  pre- 
worth  from  1 16/.  to 
)0L  stock. 

B  at  the  other  docks. 
uhen  tfie  goods  ore 
vhile  they  are  there, 


ng at llu  Ma^BuOding, 


Pore 

Miun 

Bow. 

Mail. 

Mut. 

iprit. 

<.   d. 

L.  M.  d. 

L.  ..  d. 

i    0 

3  12   0 

4  10  0 

6    0 

3    3    0 

3  12   0 

12    0 

2    0    0 

2    0   0 

16    0 

1  12    0 

1  12   0 

S    0 

1    6    3 

1    «   3 

IS    9 

1    2    G 

1   2   6 

tnf  off  Topt. 


Ton. 

MiUD. 

L.t.   d. 
0  15   0 

oin  0 

0   7   6 

an. 

L.I.  d. 
0  10   0 
0    6   0 
0   6   0 

tor  each  opention,  which  in- 

ue  not  Ins  than  half  &  fall,  it 
«t  price. 

ini  tVarthoUia. 


MUBJU- 

nient. 

Rent  per 
Wwli. 

L 

».   d. 

f.  d. 

1 

7    8 

0    IM 

1 

»   6 

0    1 

1 

3    8 

0    01-2 

1 

3    0 

0    012 

> 

2   4 

0   01-2 

) 

2    0 

0    0  1-2 

1 

1    3 

0    014 

< 

1    0 

0   01-4 

1 

8    61  _ 

0    11-2 

1 

7    6    S  S'     0    1  1.2 
6    6M|i    0    112 

1 

r?s-i 

7    8    "lil    0    lt-2 

;6  6j  '"I  0  iij 

le  docks  was  incor- 
ed  on  the  25th  of 
e  consequently  the 
I  where  business  is 
additionul  sum  of 
ition  of  tho  works, 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (ST.  KATHERINE'S).      595 

snd  the  purchase  of  a  freehold  property  posscsmng  river  frontage  from  the  Tower  to  tha 
corner  of  Lower  East  Smithtield,  of  the  value  of  upwards  of  lOU^OUO/.,  but  not  required  for 
the  immediate  purpose  of  the  act  A  portion  of  this  property  has  been  appropriated  as  a 
steam  packet  wharf,  where  passengers  embark  and  land  without  the  aid  or  risk  of  boat  con- 
Tpyance.  The  purchase  of  tho  numerous  houses  that  stood  upon  the  ground  occupied  by 
the  docks  proved,  as  in  the  case  of  the  London  Docks,  a  heavy  item  of  expense.  The  space 
included  within  the  outer  wall  is  about  24  acres,  nearly  11  of  which  are  water.  There  are 
2  docks,  communicating  by  a  basin.  The  lock  leading  from  the  river  is  180  feet  long,  and 
45  broad :  it  is  so  constructed,  that  ships  of  upwards  of  600  tons  burden  may  pass  in  and 
out  3  hours  before  high  water,  so  that  outward-bound  ships  have  tho  opportunity  of  reach- 
ing Blackwall  before  the  tide  begins  to  recede.  Ships  of  upwards  of  800  tons  register  are 
docked  and  undocked  without  difficulty,  and  the  dept'i  of  water  at  the  entrance  exceeds  that 
of  any  other  wet  dock  in  the  port  of  London.  Vessels  are  also  docked  and  undocked  by 
night  as  well  as  by  day, — an  advantage  peculiar  to  this  establishment  A  clear  channel  of 
not  less  than  300  feet  in  width  is  at  all  times  to  be  kept  in  the  pool ;  and  vessels  drawing 
18  feet  water  may  lie  afloat  at  low  water  at  the  principal  buoy  off  the  dock  entrance.  Tho 
warehouees  and  vaults  are  upon  a  very  large  scale ;  far  more  so  than  one  might  be  disposed 
to  infer  from  the  extent  of  water.  The  warehouses  are  exceedingly  well  contrived  and  com- 
modious ;  and,  owing  to  their  being  built  partly  on  pillars  (within  which  what  is  called  the 
quay  work  of  the  other  docks  is  transacted,  close  to  the  water's  edge,  goods  are  hoisted 
direct  from  the  hold  of  the  vessel,  without  its  being  necessary,  as  in  the  West  India  and 
London  Docks,  to  land  them  on  quays ;  so  that  there  is  in  this  way  a  great  saving  both 
of  room,  time,  and  labour.  The  whole  establiBhment  is  exceedingly  complete,  and  reflects 
the  greatest  credit  on  the  public  spirit,  enterprise,  and  skill,  of  those  by  whom  it  was  pro- 
jected and  executed. 

Tho  regulations  to  be  observed  by  vessels  using  tho  St.  Katharine's  Docks  are  similar  to 
those  enforced  in  the  West  India  Docks,  to  which,  as  in  tho  case  of  the  London  Docks,  we 
beg  to  refer. 

Talilt!  of  Tonnajre  Rates  chargeable  on  Vessels  entering  the  St.  Katherine  Bocks  and  also  of  the 
Ratcij  for  diHchargin;?  Cargoes  landed  by  the  Company,  subject  to  such  Revision,  from  Time  to 
Time,  as  shaU  be  found  expedient. 


yiuttli  Tnvjardi. 


Ou  VeHeli  ladea,      Per  Ton 
arriving  from         Register. 


firtt  Clttt9.  —  Any 
mrt  of  the  Unilud 
Kin^nin,  Isle  of 
Mm,  JttrteVt  Guern- 
lev.  AlJcniey,  Sark, 
or  oiht-r  Kumcean 
ptirttouteilethe  RtN 
lie,  Iwtiveeii  the 
North  Capo  and 
Uituat 


Utrond    C/ofi.— Aitv 
other  port    - 


*.   d.^ 


a  6 


0    9 


Privilego. 


t^ttidt  whote  cargoa  art  du- 
eharsed  by  lAc  Dock  Compantf, 

Uttenf^itie  tMcks  to  vetitielsaiTiving 
from  Hainhro',  or  from  any  port 
in  \ha  Mt;Jilerraiiean,  for  6 
weeks  from  the  date  nf  entrance; 
if  arriviog  from  auy  other  port, 
4  weeks  irom  Ihc  date  of  final 
diacharse,  with  liberty  to  load 
outvv.ipis  for  any  port  or  phce, 
and  to  quit  the  docks  for  repnirs, 
ani  re-t*iiter ;  the  period  of  ah* 
■ear«  from  dock  for  such  pur- 
posvt  not  to  affect  the  privilege. 

Fauda  whole  carf^oa  axt  dU- 
charged  by  their  cmos. 

The  like  privilege,  but  to  com. 
mence  from  the  date  of  en- 
trance. 


Per  Ton 

Register. 


Rent,  in  each  case,  after  the  eipiralion  of  the  pri* 

vilPi?!-.  ptT  Wl-Ck  .  .  ..  • 

For  |iiitial  rcniistinna  ui'l  excmptiona  on  ve»- 
kIs  partly  laden,  or  arriving  from  Spain  or 
Portu^l,  wool  or  cork  laden,  or  veueU  with 

cum.  see  annexed  Table. 

Ralet  /(T  dixharging  Cargoa  Inf  Iht  Company. 

Larf^ofR.  comittin?,  in  the  whole  or  in  part,  of 
BUfrar  in  tiopheads  or  tferce^f  including  ihip 
cooperaije  .  .  .  .  - 

Cirgoefl,  cousisting  of  sugar  in  ches's  of  5  cwt. 
anil  upwards,  includlni^ship  eoonerage 

Carjjoci,  cnnsistinn  of  su;<ar  in  bag%  mat«,  or 
cheilf  underScwt  ,oroiher  goods  (ool  bein? 
iifiinj),  tilhnv,  ashes,  wood  roods,  com,  pitch, 
tar,  nay,  nr  straw),  contained  in  catki,  bales, 
■emno,  chevts,  casen,  bags,  bukets,  or  similar 
pack^^f^s;  alxo  speller,  or  iiielal  in  pigs,  ban, 
nuls,  plates,  *c.  .  -  •  •  • 

Cir):nf»,  consisting  nf  hemp  only,  or  merchaadlM 
iu  bulk,  wholly  or  in  part 

tallow  only 


(hemp 
I  of<  tallow 


t.  d. 
I    31 

0    6) 


Mixed  eirgoes 

(  aihei 
Blue  ^im  wood,  or  Urge  (Imher,  add! 

tiniul  for  every  load  dclitRred  -06 

No  charge  upon  excess  lai)d(!<l  beyond  a  ship's 

register  lonna;<e. 
Oil,  additinoal  for  every  tui  delivered 
intocran  '  0  6, 


i.  d. 
0    1 


I    9 
t    3 


0   9 


I    0 
0    6 


Per  ton  of 
gtiods,  chargu 
in  no  case  to 
exceed  the  re- 
gis I  er  tonnire 
nf  the  vessel. 


KcJiflj  Outwardt 
entering  the  Docks  without  Cargoes. 


lyi^ding  for  atiy^ 
port  enumerated 
111     the     Import  y 
table    in    fint 
class  j 

Do.  do.  2d.  do. 

Vessels  luadin^  in' 
part,  on  quantity 
taken  ou  board 
according  to 
their  port  of  des- 
tination, u  above 
ctassi/ied.  ) 


Per  Ton 

Register. 


9.  d. 

0   6 

0   9 


Frivil^e. 


Use  of  dock  to' 
load  4  weeks 
fnim  date  of 
entrance     • 


Use  of  dock  to 
load  1  week 
from  entrance' 


Rent  after  ex- 
piration of  the 
privilege,  Id. 
per  ton  regis- 
ter per  week. 


Taltli  oftpteial  Rigvlationt,  RemittimUt  and  Exemptiontt  and 
MiKcilaneout  Chnrgts  apTplicahU.  to  VuitU  inwardty  not  being 
jfxtllyUuUnt  or  ladtn  with  the  4rticUi  etiumeratid,  or  tutoring 
the  Docks  light,  ^c. 

No  tonnage  rate  will  be  charged  on  vessels  wholly  com  laden, 
whose  caifoes  %\\W\  be  landed  in  the  ducks ;  but  a  chat^e  will  in 
such  caw  Be  made  for  docking  and  undocking,  as  under: 

L.  t.  d. 
Vessels  nf  100  Ions  and  upwards  -  -  •    I     1     0 

Viflse's  un.Ier  100  tons      •  •  •    0  10    6 

with  liberty  to  remain  in  di>ck  without  furlher  charge  for  24 
hours  after  nnal  landing.  Rent,  after  expiration  of  Ihat  period, 
Id.  per  ton  register  per  ^veek.  Should  tlie  vessel  Inid  outwards. 
the  UMial  toonatfe  rates,  accordiiti;  to  tlie  port  of  destination,  will 
be  charge-l,  insieau  of  ihe  ra'e  for  dockin;  and  unilockin|[.  Th0 
Dock  Company  reserve  the  power  of  refusing  ihe  admission  of 
ships  laden  entirely  with  cm. 

Other  vessels,  not  being  fully  laden  at  the  time  of  entering  the 
(locks,  will  be  charged  tonnage  rate  only,  on  the  proporti«^n  of 
cu-ir-i  brougtit  in;  the  amo-iut  of  rate  to  be  determined  by  the 

fiori  froiii  whence  Ihe  vessel  liab  arrive  i ;  and  if  discharged  hy 
he  Company,  rates  for  unloading  in  addition,  acconling  to  Ihe 

description  of  the  cargo,  »nd  quautiivso  discliargel.    Rent,  after 

1  werK,  Iff.  per  ton  r.  <;isler  per  week. 
Vessels  laden  wiih  cork  or  wool  from  Spain  or  Portugil  will  be 

charged  only  6rf,  per  ton  re.^ister.    Retit,  after  3  weeks  from  date 

of  entrance,  Id.  |)er  ton  regular  per  week. 

L,  $,  d. 
Light  veraels  entering  the  dock  to  lie  up,  will  be 

charged,  for  auy  perio-I  not  exceeding  4  weeks,  per 

ton  register  -  •  ■  -006 

Rent  per  week,  after  the  expiration  of  the  4  weeks,  on 

the  re,<ister  tonnage,  per  Ion  •  •  •  -001 

Vessels  two  thirds  laleo  with  com  will  be  charged  tonnage  rate 

only  on  thn  proportion  which  the  other  part  of  the  cargo  bean  to 

tbureiijter 'onnage. 
Vessels  chiefly  laden  with  wood  goods,  pitch,  tar,  hay,  straw,  or  in- 

tenling  indiscbargu  the  wholenf  their  cargoes  into lirhters,  will  • 

only  be  permiHet  to  ente.r  or  depart  Ihe  docks,  subject  '^  such 

terms  as  shall  bo  ftnil  mutually  agreed  upou  between  the  owntri 

and  the  Dock  Company. 


lil 


:i  i; 


,  :«li 


id' I 


( 


506 


DOCKS  (LONDON  PORT  DUES). 

Table  of  Tonnife  Ratei,  he,—ttnthnM4, 


MifBanmu  CJtorfM, 

Far  labmitwi  kind  of  th*  CampmiT,  lo  work  oa  bmrd, 
•nl  whn ibtll  ba  undtr  llw  "  """ 

of  ciptf.im  or  oivnen  of  vi 


t.  d. 


■nd  whii  ibmli  ba  undtr  tha  direetioni  tnd  r«poiuibililT 

cIl  both  or  aiUKir  (which 

rule  appMoi  In  til  over-botrd  deliveries),  a  charge  will 


be  made  for  each  man  per  day,  of      ■  -  >       S   6 

Thamea  water  supplied  to  reauis  by  the  CoDiptnjr,  per 

tun  •  -  •  •  .10 

For  an  abt'nct  of  a  ship's  carfo  inwards,  and  wtlfhts  IberMf.  for 


tha  purpoae  o(  nuklof  up  fr«i|bl  aMSaBls,  Uit  hllowlof  chain 
will  be  made  I— 

I.  A 
l(UM|OodahanilOaurks,nrand«r      •    I   0 
II  niarliilolORMrks    •   1   8 
11  Burks  and  upwards*  0   1  sash  mark  or 
IMrcrl. 
W,  A— Tin  diMk^uae,  twit,  ke,  of  most  srtlclas  landed,  wsr» 
houaad,  or  shipped  at  the  dllkrtnl  dMks,  haInK,  In  lenemi,  Msilgt 
Identical,  tha  reader  Is  refanad  for  an  aooottnl  vl  lbs  asoia  lo  the 
I  Table  under  tha  bead  Loiidon  Bodu, 


6.  Commercial  Docks. — ^Excluuvo  of  the  previously  mentioned  doclci,  which  are  all  on 
the  north  aide  of  the  river,  there  are  on  the  aouth  aide  the  Commercial  Ihtckn,  oppoiito  to 
the  weat  end  of  the  Weat  India  Docka.  The  docka  are  of  large  extent ;  the  apace  included 
within  the  outer  wall  being  about  49  acrea,  of  which  nearly  88  acres  are  water.  They 
are  principally  intended  fur  the  reception  of  vessels  with  timber,  corn,  and  other  bulky  com- 
moditiea.  They  have  but  little  accommodation  for  warehousing ;  and  their  establisbmenU 
are  not  constructed  so  as  to  entitle  them  to  bond  all  goods.  The  Surrey  Canal  Company 
alao  admit  vessels  to  be  docked  in  the  basin  of  their  canal. 

6.   London  Port  Duea,-  Charges  on' Account  of  Lighti,  Pilotage,  4«>  in  the  Thamtti 

Shipping,  4«>  0/ London. 

It  is  highly  desirable  that  expert  pilots,  brilliant  lights,  and  every  other  means  that  it  ii 
possible  to  devise,  should  be  afforded  to  render  navigation  safe  and  uxpediiinus.  But  to 
secure  these  advantages,  it  is  indispensable  that  the  charges  on  their  account  should  be  mo- 
derate. If  they  be  otherwioe,  navigators  are  not  unfrequcntly  tempted  to  resort  to  what  are 
less  expensive,  though  less  secure,  channels.  This  principle  has  not,  however  olivioiiH,  been 
always  kept  sufficiently  in  view  either  in  this  or  in  other  countries.  During  the  latter  years 
of  the  war,  and  down  to  1826,  the  charges  on  account  of  docks,  lights,  pilotage,  &c,  on  ships, 
in  the  Thames,  and  most  other  British  ports,  were  exceedingly  heavy ;  and  would  np  .Inubt, 
had  they  been  maintained,  have  materially  injured  our  commerce.  Instead,  also,  of  encou- 
raging the  resort  of  foreign  ships  to  our  ports,  a  contrary  policy  waa  adopted ;  tlio  charges 
hid  on  them  being  usually  about  double  those  laid  on  British  ahips.  This  regulation  wu 
intended  to  promote  the  employment  of  the  latter ;  but,  aa  it  led  to  reprisals  in  other  coun- 
tries, its  real  influence  is  believed  to  have  been  quite  different ;  while  by  driving  away 
foreigners,  it  injured  the  trade  of  the  country,  and  prevented  our  ports  from  liccotning,  what 
they  are  so  well  fitted  to  be,  the  emporiums  of  the  world.  We  are  glad,  however,  to  have  to 
state  that  the  circumstances  now  alluded  to  have  been  materially  changed  within  the  last 
dozen  years.  In  182S,  the  various  dock  monopolies  expired;  and  a  very  great  reduction 
has  been  made  in  the  charges  on  account  of  the  docks,  which,  aa  already  seen,  are  now  very 
moderate  indeed. 

Exclusive  of  the  dock  duties,  certain  part  or  tonntif*  duliu  wars  Impoi ed  on  ships  (VtqnentlnR  thg 
port  of  London,  by  itie  acts  39  Geo.  3.  c.  69.,  43  Geo.  f,  c.  I'it.,  tee.,  partly  lo  puy  the  iinrlioiir  iniiHtfri, 
provide  moorinf  ctiains,  tec,  and  partly  to  create  a  fund  for  tlie  iniprovumtint  of  the  port,  nnil  In  par- 
ticular for  defraying  tbe  cost  of  making  a  navigable  canal  acrosi  tite  Isle  of  Dors.  Hut  this  canal 
having  been  sold  (anti  p.  SA9.)  for  1SO,00(U.  to  the  West  India  Dock  Company,  under  the  10  Ciro.  4.  c. 
130.,  and  the  sums  advanced  by  the  public  for  the  improvement  of  the  port  having  burn  r>3|mld,  It  was 
Judiciously  resolved  to  reduce  the  port  duties  to  the  lowest  rates  capable  of  defraying  the  ni'ccsiiary 
expenses.  This  was  elTected  by  tbe  4  &  S  Will.  4.  c.  33.,  which  imposes  the  followhig  lonnago  duties 
on  veasuls  in  the  port  :— 

hr  Tea. 

i. 
Idl  Cla$t.—ToT  every  ship  or  other  vessel  trading  coastwise  between  the  port  of  London  and  any 

Sort  or  place  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  the  Orkneys,  Bhetlund,  or  the  Wsstern  Islands  of 
cotland,  there  shall  be  paid  for  every  voyage  in  and  out  of  the  snid  |Hirt         -  •  •   } 

Sd  Clast.— For  every  ship,  4tc.  entering  inwards  or  clearing  outwards  from  or  to  Denmark,  Nor- 
way, or  Lapland  (on  this  side  of  the  North  Cape),  or  fVom  Ilolstein,  Hamburgh,  Urenien,  or 
any  other  part  of  Germany  bordering  on  or  near  the  Germanic  Oo»nn,  or  IVoni  or  to  Holland  or 
any  other  of  the  United  Provinces,  or  Brabant,  Antwerp,  riiiiidxrs,  or  any  other  iinrt  of  the 
Netherlands,  or  from  or  to  France  (within  Usbant),  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Aldoruoy,  Bark,  or  the 
Isle  of  Man,  there  shall  be  paid  for  every,  4cc.,  as  above  -  •  -  -  -    4 

id  Clast.— Tot  every  ship,  &c.  entering  inwards  or  clearing  outwards  (torn  or  to  Lapland  (beyond 
the  North  Caiie),  Finland,  Russia  (without  or  within  the  Baltic  Hon),  Livonia,  (}ourmnd, 
Poland,  Prussia,  Sweden,  or  any  other  country  or  place  within  the  Uiilllo  Sua,  tliure  shall  bo 
paid  for  every,  &c.  as  above  .........J 

itk  CUua.— For  every  ship,  &c.  entering  inwards  or  clearing  outwards  from  or  to  Franre  (between 
Uxhant  and  Spain),  Portugal,  Spain  (without  the  Mediterranean),  or  any  of  the  A/oros,  Ma- 
deir.i,  or  Canary  Islands,  or  any  of  the  United  States  of  America,  or  of  the  Urillah  colonies  or 
provinces  in  North  America  or  Florida,  there  shall  be  paid  for  every,  fcc,  as  above    •  -    ( 

M  Clati.— For  every  ship,  &c.  entering  inwards  or  clearing  outwards  from  or  to  Greenland, 

Gibraltar,  France,  or  Spain  (within  the  Mediterranean),  or  any  country,  Island,  port,  or  place 

k"    -within  or  bordering  on  or  near  the  Mediterranean  or  Adriatic  Hea,  or  from  Ihu  Wnst  Inilles, 

lAiuisiana,  Mexico,  South  \merica,  Africa,  East  India,  China,  or  any  other  country,  Island, 

C)rt  or  place  within  or  boi-dering  on  or  near  the  Pacific  Ocean,  or  Irnni  any  otliur  rounlry, 
land,  port,  or  piiice  whatsoever  to  the  southward  of  33  degrees  of  north  luiliudu,  tbors 
sliaU  be  paid,  &c.  as  abovs  .........| 


'vt 


iNMDU,  tht  Mlowlnf  clai|i 


irlii 


1  Mch  mirk  or 
.  ntrnl. 

of  BMW*  «r(lcl«i  landnl,  win. 
locki,  bolnx,  In  nninl,  imrl. 
•n  uoaunl  ul  ibo  laaia  lo  Uw 


xiki,  which  are  all  on 
rial  Ducks,  oppo«ito  to 
It ;  tlio  ipace  included 
roi  are  water.  They 
and  other  bulky  com- 
J  their  eatablithmenta 
urrey  Canal  Compiny 


4<.  in  the  T%ameit 

other  moana  that  it  ii 

oxpeditinui.    But  to 

uicount  ahoutd  be  mo- 

I  to  reaorl  to  what  are 

lowevcr  obvloiw,  been 

>uriris  the  latter  yean 

pilotage,  &c.  on  shipa, 

and  would  np  .Inubt, 

fiatead,  alito,  of  encou- 

adopted ;  tlio  charge* 

Thi*  regulation  wag 

priaala  in  other  coun- 

bile  by  drivini^  away 

Ifrom  liccoining,  what 

,  however,  to  have  to 

anged  within  the  last 

very  great  reduction 

wen,  are  now  ve^ 


■hlpa  firtquentlnR  tha 
,  lh«  Imrboiir  iimiitcrt, 
at  thn  |M)rl,  and  tn  par- 
"HoRi.  Hiillhiicanai 
under  the  10  (Jen.  4.  c. 
Ins  been  r.;|iald,  It  wm 
elrayliiu  (he  necciwiiry 
llowiiig  lonimgo  dutiM 

hr  Tci. 

if  I.nndon  and  any 
i^HitHrn  lilandi  of 


lo  Uanmark,  Nor. 
Iiurfh,  lire  men,  or 
ni  or  lo  Holland  or 
other  part  of  the 
riiny,  Sark,  or  the 

I.apland  (bnyond 
.Ivonlii,  t.'oiirlniul, 
lua,  thure  ihull  bo 


France  (between 
r  the  Axoret,  Ma- 
IrilUh  C(ilonli')  or 
I  above  - 
or  lo  Greenland, 
nd,  piirt,  or  phce 
tliu  Wimt  Itiillea, 
r  country,  Intiind, 
ny  otinir  coiiniry, 
h  luiliudu,  there 


I 


-   ♦ 


DOCKS  (LONDON  PORT  DUES). 


007 


gx»mplioiu.—SMp»  of  war,  and  ihipe  the  property  ofhli  Mnjeaty,  or  any  ofthe  royal  fhmlly.— Any 
veiiael  coining  to  or  going  coastwise  friiin  the  port  of  London,  or  to  any  part  of  Great  Britain,  unlesa 
such  vessel  should  exceed  45  tons.— Any  vessel  bringing  corn  couslwlse,  the  prini'ipiil  part  of  whosa 
cargo  shall  constat  of  cum. — Any  flahing  smacks,  lohater  and  oyster  boats,  or  vessels  for  passengers.— 
Any  vessel  or  crall  naviftating  the  Thames  above  and  below  Loudon  Bridge,  an  far  as  Uravesend  only. 
—Any  vessel  enlering  inwards  or  outwards  in  ballaat. 

A*.  B.— The  port  or  tunnagt  dutiu  paid  by  ships  in  the  port  of  London,  aa  stated  In  the  accounta 
below,  were  those  payable  previous  to  the  act  4  &  S  Will.  4.  e.  33.,  wh>r!h  only  took  effect  on  the  35lli 
of  July,  1834;  and  were,  at  an  average,  from  4  to  6  times  as  high  as  at  present. 

Owing  to  the  diatance  of  London  from  the  8e«,  and  the  rather  intricate  navigation  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  the  chargea  on  account  of  lighta  and  pilotage  muat  neceaaarily  be  pretty 
heavy.  They  have,  however,  been  very  materially  reduced  of  late  yeara.  The  charges  on 
account  of  the  lights  under  the  management  of  the  Trinity  House  have  been  diminished,  in 
almost  every  instance,  at  least  one  third  ;  and  in  many  instances  aa  much  as  a  half,  and 
wmetimea  even  more,  aince  1823. — (See  Liokt-hocses.)  The  illiberal  and  impolitic  prac* 
tice  of  impoaing  discriminating  light  and  pilotage  dues  on  foreign  vcssala  is  still  kept  up ; 
but  owing  to  the  general  establishment  of  reciprocity  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  the  griev* 
ance  thence  arising  has  become  rather  nominal  than  real,  and  at  present  alfecta  very  few  of 
the  foreign  vessels  coming  to  our  porta. 

The  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  125,  made  a  reduction  of  8  per  cent  in  the  charge  authorised  to  be 
demanded  by  the  pilots  licensed  by  the  Trinity  House  for  the  port  of  London ;  and  foreign 
vesaels,  privileged  as  British  vessels,  have  been  relieved  from  the  additional  or  surplus  rate 
of  26  per  cent,  payable  to  the  Trinity  pilots,  aa  well  as  to  those  licensed  by  the  Lord  Warden 
ofthe  Cinque  Ports. — (See  Photaoe.) 

The  oppressive  and  troublesome  chargea  in  the  port  of  London,  imposed  on  alien  gooda 
under  the  names  of  package,  scavage,  &c. — (see  Packaoe) — were  put  an  end  to  during 
last  session  (1833).  At  present,  therefore,  we  believe  we  are  warranted  in  affirming  that, 
considering  its  diatance  from  the  sea,  the  public  charges  on  shipping  in  the  port  of  London 
are  quite  aa  reasonable  as  in  any  other  port  of  the  empire,  or  of  the  world.  But  we  are 
inclined  to  think  that  further  reductions  may  still  be  effected,  particularly  in  the  article 
pilotage. 

The  following  accounts  show  the  nature  and  amount  of  the  various  chargea  that  are  at 
present  incurred  by  vessels  in  the  port  of  London  :— 

Pro  forma  Account  of  Charge*  on  a  Ship  of  about  480  Tons,  entering  and  departing  the  Port  of  London, 
laden  both  Ways,  supposing  every  thing  to  be  conducted  with  strict  Economy,  and  excluding  any 
Cliarge  on  account  of  extraordinary  Despatch  or  superior  Accommodation. 

Reporting  the  ship  and  appointment      ... 
Piiotaire  from  the  Downs  .... 

Boarding  the  pilot  at  sea  .... 

Waterman,  boat,  and  kedge,  from  Gravesend 
London  port  dues  inwards,  id.  per  ton 
Do.         do.       outwards,       do.        - 
A",  fi.— This  duty  is  of  a  temporary  character,  and  will  cease  in  about  5  years. 
Trinity  dues  and  lights  inwards  ... 

Dock  dues,  in  and  out,  Oil.  per  ton  ... 

Trinity  dues  and  lights  outwards  ... 

Dungeness  light  in  and  out  .... 

Clearing  outwards,  and  victualling  bill 
8team-boat  to  Blackwall,  optional  ... 

Pilotago  to  the  Downs      ..... 
Putting  the  pilot  on  shore,  unless  landed  in  the  ship's  boat 


£  >. 

d 

1  1 

0 

14  n 

4 

2  0 

0 

1 11 

d 

10  0 

0 

10  0 

0 

n  0 

0 

12*  0 

0 

8  18 

e 

3  i 

0 

3  13 

0 

10  0 

0 

12  8 

6 

0  10 

0 

£98    7    4 


Charges  on  a  British  Vessel  of  285  Tons,  entering  and  departing  the  Port  of  London,  laden  both  Ways, 

Reporting,  appointing,  &c.  ....... 

Tonnage  duty  inwards  (with  cargo)       ...... 

Do.  outu.irds        (do.)  ...... 

Putting  pilot  on  board  at  Deal     ...-..- 

Pilotage,  Downs  to  London,  draft  15  feet  6  inches        .  .  .  • 

Do.      outwards,  draft  about  14  feet  ..... 

Boat  and  men  up  and  down,  3  guineas  each      ..... 

Trinity  lights,  inwards     ..-.-..- 
Do.  outwards  ....... 

Private  do.  in  and  out      ........ 

Dungeness  do.       ......... 

Dock  duty,  9d.  per  ton      .  .  -  .  -  -  -  -  -    10  13    9 

Clearing  outwards  -  -  •  -  -  -  •  •  -370 

J     :  '  .  £85    6    6 


•  If  discharged  by  the  Dock  Company,  there  would  be  an  additional  charge  of  HI.  on  that  account. 


£   ». 

d. 

2  10 

6 

5  18 

6 

5  18 

6 

2  10 

0 

18  8 

7 

9  15 

0 

6  « 

0 

8  l.S 

a 

5  6 

6 

9  10 

0 

1  9 

0 

:  -I'i 


m 

f 


m 


;;:  r 


'V 


•i 


m^ 


608 


DOCKS  (LONDON  PORT  DUES).     , 


Ohargei  aetunlljr  paid  on  the  Preildant,  American  Parkct  flhip  of  from  470  to  400  Tonf ,  in  the  Rlvtr 

Thamei,  In  October,  IBSS. 

Repnrtlnir  and  nppnlnllng  .  .  •  •  • 

Tunnaffe  duty  liiwarda,  and  entry  .  .  •  • 

Uci.  niitwnrd*  .  .  .  .  • 

Trinity  llghti  and  pilninire  Inward*       .  .         •  • 

Do,  do.  oiitwardi      •  »  •  • 

Trlvnln  iind  For«lnnd,  In  and  out  .  .  «  . 

Pilot  friini  DiingfliirMn  ...•>• 
H<iat  and  mm  up  and  down        •         •  •         •  ■ 

Dock  cliorgui  ....••• 
ricnring  mid  vli'tnnlllng  hill        .  .  .  •  • 

Printing  Itlllii  and  riirdi  .  .  •  .  • 

Adverttaenienta  In  bllti  of  entry  •  •  •  • 


£  «. 

d 

9  10 

1) 

10    0 

0 

10  10 

n 

IS  la 

0 

!»  10 

0 

S  IN 

0 

15  I'i 

0 

0    0 

0 

SI  a 

0 

it  13 

6 

3  13 

n 

0  10 

6 

£133  18    0 


In  thia  caae,  the  plt<.tnff(!  Inward*  and  nntwardo,  llihti,  ke.  are  charged  from  Rowes,  in  that  a  con> 
•iderahln  purllim  ofthose  Itoini  cnnnot  be  coniidored  aa  an  expenae  peculiar  to  the  TImniea.  A  part 
aftliu  dock  churgea  nilgUl  uUo  have  bouu  uvuldud,  by  employ  lug  the  crewi  the  luit  two  ituma  are  not 
proporly  port  cliargea. 

Amount  of  Shipping,  S(c.  Idimging  to  tfte  Port  of  London, — According  to  the  official 
accounts,  there  belonged  to  tliia  |)ort,  in  1833,  besides  boats  and  other  vessels  not  registered, 
8,GG9  ships,  of  the  burden  of  665,174  tons,  manned  by  38,786  men  and  boys.  In  1819, 
the  gross  customs'  duty  collected  in  the  port  of  London  amounted  to  7,749,463/.,  the  ex- 
jHinscs  of  collection  bemot  277,913/.,  or  at  the  rate  of  3/.  ll.<.  S^d.  per  cent.  In  1832,  the 
gross  duty  had  risen  to  9,434,894/.,  while  the  expenses  of  collection  had  sunk  to  243,678/., 
being  at  the  rate  of  oidy  2/.  1 1*.  7i(L  per  cent— (Far/.  Paper,  No.  414.  Sess.  1833.)  So 
vaet  an  amount  of  shipping  and  commerce  was  never  previously  concentrated  in  any  single 
)iort  London  may  be  truly  said  to  be  univerai  orbis  lerrarum  emporium.  May  her  pros- 
perity be  as  lusting  as  it  is  gpreat  I 

The  following  tabular  statement  will  nerve  to  illustrate  the  progress  of  the  foreirn  trade 
and  navigation  of  London.  •  t 

Number  and  Tonnage  of  Veaseli  entering  the  Fort  of  London  flrom  Foreign  Parts,  distinguishing 

between  iTrlllah  and  Foreign  Hhlpa. 


T»n. 

Brililh. 

rorel(a.               | 

Teiri. 

BrllLh.- 

Fonlin.              1 

1700 

'% 

Tbni. 
80.040 

^4§S 

Tvtu, 
76.99* 

I8S0 

S/upt. 

63^239 

'^'ISi 

TVfU. 
122,619 

I7M 

l,49» 

I98,0a 

184 

36,:146 

INI 

3,000 

»l!6,994 

671 

«),II73 

I7B0 

a,4>4 

43I,^■J0 

i.iia 

I49,WS 

i8lM 

3,230 

603,167 

»97 

106,089 

1791 

2,lg« 

419.074 

l,2-l« 

149,033 

1823 

3,011 

611,461 

8«j 

161,705 

17»2 

S,4«9 

4«I,I88 

I,I8S 

|->l,243 

18  !4 

3,132 

9U7,I08 

),»l3 

264,098 

ITin 

2,M>I 

478,106 

1,193 

177,019 

IW6   ■ 

3,!i»9 

78i,6«i 

1,743 

102.192 

W«r. 

1926 

3,495 

675,016 

1,^86 

919,254 

1814 

969,834 

1827 

4,0li 

76.9,163 

l,i»4 

221,008 

1816 

176,375 

1828 

4,684 

767,919 

1,303 

195.929 

tMI« 

ii6,4ni 

1819 

4,I0H 

784,070 

1,300 

!l6,«)i 

IHI7 

131,647 

itao 

S,9I0 

744,229 

1,968 

9ll7,^ 

1818 

!72,6r.8 

1831 

4,140 

780,988 

1,667 

9U9,l6a 

1819 

|-i8.Ma 

1832 

3,268 

639,840 

884 

154,142 

N.  B.— The  tempiirary  fulling  olf  In  1833  is  to  be  eicribed  to  the  prevalence  of  cholera,  and  the  un- 
fortunate inisiinderstanding  with  Holland. 

Account  of  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  he  Rhipa  that  hnve  entered  the  Port  of  London,  with  Car- 
f!i)ea  from  Koreisn  I'nrts,  diatingiiishiiig  the  Counlriea  whence  they  came,  during  the  Years  lt>.a, 
1834,  and  1835.— (Paper*  publuhed  by  th*  Board  of  Trade,  part  v.,  p.  39.) 


OointrtA 

1833. 

1<04. 

1835. 

Briliib. 

Foreifn. 

Britii  . 

Foreign. 

British. 

Foreign. 

Shi  pi. 

Ton*. 

Shipe. 

Tom. 

Ship. 

Tons. 

8hipi. 

ToDl, 

Ships. 

To». 

Ships. 

Tons. 

RuMim 

Smilen 

Norway        • 

lletimtrk       •           • 

PruniA 

Grmiin  Stttei           • 

Nellierludi  ■ 

^.^8 
19 

~I0 

46 

243 

3(19 
188 

76,167 
2,686 

iisTO 

6,621 
43,0>* 
41,301 
21.476 

47 
61 
102 

70 
130 

48 
177 
197 

17,160 
16,698 
3I,8'9 

6,309 
31,486 

6,173 
93,706 
12,480 

39H 
22 
16 
22 
36 
217 
466 
213 

87,203 
3,-148 
2.137 

ifm 

6,839 
44,263 

67.291 
24.163 

71 
76 
121 
207 
123 
122 
240 
178 

24,978 
K.f49 
38.328 
18,349 
50,621 
1231 
2lv34l 

"•111 

SI3 
22 

~I9 
35 

190 
463 
245 

67,193 

3,520 

2^469 

6,4->6 

44.362 

72,794 

24,220 

64 
67 
87 
136 
107 
81 
226 
l2-> 

19,657 

!^,^s^ 

28,103 
13,697 
26,372 

7,2',6 
21,123 

9,636 

Fiirtutil,  Axim,  aail  Madeira 
Sp»iiiiind  CanariM 

377 
ISO 
124 

37,331 
3.1..399 
I8,3'<a 

4 

44 

8 

'394 
4,5M 
1,808 

3<W 
239 
107 

3».3(V1 
27,302 
I6,*a 

4 
27 
19 

3,272 
4,903 

210 
118 

23.371 
16,948 

22 
6 

2,617 
1,538 

InuiaD  lilanlc 

33 

4,464 

*. 

— 

25 

a,637 

^ 

~* 

Turkrjr    and     Contin'iital 

(irei-ce 
Mnnsa  and  Oteek  klanda     . 

68 
9 

g,4Sl 
1,330 

~ 

- 

69 
14 

9.638 
2,026 
736 
3,4.18 
2,323 
28,11)9 

_ 

— 

75 
12 

11,034 

1,T5« 

r.<ypt 

Tripoli, Bartwry.  and  Morocco 

FortiKu  poMrvioaa  in  Asia  • 

(,hiiia 

I'nitcdStitoinf  America      ■ 

131 
18.6 

99i?r2 
96,086 

"l 

"290 

28 
6 

27 

~3 

"936 

21 

47 

2,347 
3.963 
28.918 

4 

1,647 

18 

6,I2C 

44 

18,463 

24 

7,116 

61 

20.0.3 

14 
19 

4130 
3,303 

68 
2 

2S,C9S 
389 

Forcicn  Weit  Indies 

35 

6,963 

7 

2,073 

29 

5,648 

1,367 

Foreign  ContiaenUl  Coloniea 
la  America 

Totali    . 

73 

14,394 

1 

258 

85 

i6,r,- 

« 

738 

90 

16,061 

3 

976 

2,491 

44S479 

1,031 

171,731 

2,123 

398,967 

1,254 

212,634 

2,289 

374,281 

1,008 

181,116 

to  480  Tom,  in  the  River 


£  *. 

9  10 
10  0 
10  10 
13  19 
%  10 

S  IH 
IS  la 

e  0 

SI    u 

Si  19 
3  13 
0  10 


£\n  18    0 

n  Rowes,  go  that  a  con. 
0  the  Tlianiei.  A  part 
e  luit  (wo  Ituiui  are  not 

:ording  to  the  official 
irewcU  not  regietered, 
and  boyfl.    In  1819, 

0  7,749,463/,,  tlw  ex- 
cent.     In  1832,  the 

Ekd  sunk  to  243,678/., 
4.  Sew.  1833.)  8o 
ntrated  in  any  aingle 
'am.    May  her  proe- 

1  of  the  foreirn  trade 
1  Parte,  diitinguiihlng 


ronldi. 

Mi'u. 

Tma. 

«66 

I2J,6I9 

671 

«),II73 

m 

1(16,089 

863 

le  1,705 

I,ftl3 

8M,0»S 

l.7«l 

102.IM 

l,AM 

215,2,54 

1,6.14 

221,008 

1,309 

lgj.929 

1,300 

!I>.U)5 

\^m 

2l)7,'iOO 

1,557 

«B»,i6a 

884 

154,141 

Cholera,  and  the  uq< 


nf  London,  with  Car. 
uring  the  Years  1S33, 


1833. 


ritidl. 


Tou. 


S7,I93 
3,520 

2i469 

6.4'ie 

44.962 
72,794 
24,220 
38,M0 
23.371 
16,948 
3,700 

11,034 

1,762 

2,347 
3.963 
18.918 
4130 
3,303 

tS,06l 


Foreijo. 


Shipi. 


64 

67 

87 

136 

107 

81 

2:6 

I2i 

SO 

22 

6 


Tom. 


18,657 
!»,f69 
28,10^ 
13,697 
26,372 
7,2i,6 
21.125 
9,6-,6 
2,131 
2,617 
l,5J8 


1,647 

28,MS 
389 


374,281  I  1,008  I  181,116 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 

II.  LiVRRPooL  Dock*,  Siiippiiro,  xto. 


mf^ 


A 


TIte  (Imt  wet  dock  in  the  Urititih  empire  was  constructed  at  Livorjiool,  in  pursuance  of 
an  act  of  pariiaraunt  obtained  in  1708.  At  this  |)oriod  Liverpool  wuh  but  an  inc^onsideralil* 
town  ',  and  tiio  accommodation  she  has  derived  fr**^  ^'^rdot^ks  is  one  of  the  circumstance! 
tliat  has  done  most  to  promote  licr  extraordii  . ,  ui'Tcase  in  commerce,  population,  and 
wenlih.  A  secimd  wet  dock  was  opened  about  the  middle  of  last  century  ;  and  since  that 
period  many  more  have  been  constructed,  some  of  them  on  a  very  mugniflcctit  scale,  and 
furniiihed  with  all  sort*  of  conveniences.  When  those  now  in  progress  are  compU-tcd,  the 
total  area  of  water  in  the  docks  will  exceed  00  acres. 

The  entrance  to  the  port  of  Liverpool  is  a  good  deal  incommoded  with  sand  banks ; 
through  which,  however,  there  are  several  chamiels  which,  when  the  proper  precuutiunt 
are  observed,  allbrd  an  easy  and  safe  acco»s  to  the  port 

In  spring  tides,  the  wnt<-r  riHts  in  the  Mersey  about  thirty  fret,  and  in  neap  tides 
about  fifteen;  but  the  height  depends  much  on  the  state  of  the  winds,  and  other  cir- 
cumstances. 

The  following  Table  gives  the  annual  amount  of  the  Liverpool  dock  duties  since  1 757, 
the  number  of  vessels  entering  the  docks  since  that  period,  and  the  tonnage  of  the  same 
since  1800.    It  exhibits  an  increase  of  commerce  unequalled  in  any  other  port. 


Amount  of  Dock  Duties  at  the  Port  of  Liverpool,  from  the  Year  17S7,  ending  the  31th  of  June 

each  Year. 

IVar. 

^0.  of  nuiu. 

1,371 

L.       1.     d. 

Kmr. 

JVo.  of  faitU. 

2,374 

/..      I.     d. 

1767 

336    IS      0 

1779 

4.957    17     10 

17M 

1,453 

1.403      6      a 

1780 

8,:26l 

3528      7      9 

1759 

1,281 

9.372    12     2 

1781 

2,511 

3,(116      4      1 

I7G0 

1,245 

8,330      6      7 

1782 

8,496 

4,249      <      S 

1761 

1,319 

2,382      0     9 

1783 

2.KI6 

4.840      8      3 

ira 

1,307 

8,626    19     6 

1784 

3,099 

6,597     II       1 

1763 

l,7-« 

S,I4I      1      6 

1785 

3,429 

8,411    5    a 

1764 

1,625 

2,7KO     3     4 

1786 

8,228 

7,508      0      1 

176S 

I,!f30 

3,455      8     4 

1787 

9.567 

9,199     19      9 

i7(ia 

l,90S 

9.6.3    19     3 

1789 

3.677 

9,206    13    10 

1767 

1,704 

3,616      9     S 

1769 

3,619 

8.901     10    10 

1768 

1,808 

S,596    14     9 

1790 

4,223 

10,037     6     9| 

1768 

2,054 

4,004      6     0 

1791 

4,045 

11.646      6      6* 

1770 

2,073 

1  142    17     1 

1792 

4,4S3 

13,243    17      8l 

1771 

2,(W7 

4,203    19    10 

I7C3 

4,129 

12.480      6      6 

1778 

2,259 

4,662      5      4 

1794 

4,265 

10.678     7      0 

177J 

8,214 

4,786      1    II 

1795 

9.948 

9.368    16      4 

1774 

2,258 

4,580     5     6 

1796 

4,738 

12,377      7      7 

1775 

2,i!9l 

6,3'4      4     9 

1797 

4,629 

13.319    13     8 

I77« 

9,219 

5,064    10    10 

1798 

4,478 

12,057     18      3 

1777 

2.361 

4,6>0     4     9 

1799 

4,318 

11,049    IS     4 

1778 

2,292 

4,649     7     7 

Frar. 

So,  Df  Kmrit. 
4,746 

Tmna^ 

L.      t.     d. 

rear. 

ffo.  of  fnieU. 

Tonna^. 

L.       1.     d. 

1800 

4"i«.0'fl 

23,379    13     6 

1806 

4.070 

607,825 

41,560     7      3 

1801 

6,060 

459,719 

28.363      8      21 

1807 

5.791 

662.309 

62,-31      6    10 

1802 

4.781 

glO.WI 

2S.192     9    lo' 

1S03 

6.225 

616.836 

40,638    10      4 

1803 

4,791 

49-1. -,21 

28.027    13      7 

1809 

6.023 

594,601 

47.590    19      3 

1SC4 

4,291 

44cl,76l 

80,157     0    l» 

1810 

6,T29 

734.391 

66,782      1      0 

1110:5 

4,618 

463.4'<2 

33,361    13      1 

1811 

5,616 

611,190 

64,752     18      6 

Firt'. 

Wo.  0/  rtmli. 

Tonnagt, 
446,71% 

£.       >.  d. 

L.       1.  d. 

1812 

Dutia  on  goods 

80.260    3    6 
24.143    4    6 

44,403    7  11 

1813 

»,34l 

647,426 

Duties  OD  sooda 

• 

84.134  18    8 
26.042  14    6 

60,177  l»    2 

1SI4 

6,7II( 

648,957 

Dulin  on  |oodt 

88,630  It     3 
31.110  11     1 

59,741    a   4 

I91S 

«,440 

709,849 

Dutict  on  good! 

36.310    1     9 
40.605    6  11 

: 

76,915   S   8 

ISIS 

«,SW 

774,243 

Dutia  on  gaoit 

43,765    6    3 
40.881     4    8 

82,646  10   » 

1817 

6,079 

653,426 

Duties  on  goodi 

35.186    8    0 
40,7(a    8    4 

75,889  18    4 

1818 

6,779 

764.690 

DuliM  on  good! 

43.f>42  16    6 
64.695  II     9 

98,538    8    S 

1619 

7,849 

867,319 

Duties  on  go^ids       • 

60.012    7    8 
e0.0f4  14    0 

110,127    i    8 

\m 

7,276 

805,(»3 

Duties  on  goods 

44.717  17  10 
49.694  14    0 

94,413  11  10 

1821 

7,810 

839,848 

Duties  sn  goods 

43.131     6    2 
51.425    2  II 

94,666   9    t 

1822 

8,136 

892,902 

Duties  on  goods 

47.229  10    4 
55.IT4    7    0 

102,403  17    4 

1823 

8,91« 

1,010,819 

Duties  on  goods      • 

62,«37    5    6 
62.946  16    1 

II5,7ta    1    • 

1824 

10,001 

1,180,914 

Duties  on  goods 

60.87S    9    7 
70.033     1  11 

130,911  11    8 

1825 

10,837 

1,223,820 

Duties  on  goods 

59.446    7    8 
69,245  12    0 

128,691  19    8 

1826 

9,601 

1,228,318 

Duties  on  icouds 

60,411     9  11 
70,^89    9    1 

131,000  19   0 

van 

9,592 

1 

«5/iia 

Di 

ties  on  goods      • 

61.6 

72  S 

01    0 
71  13 

6 
9 

[ 

134,472  14   3         1 

11 1 
I'  '^ 

I  I  \ 

1:'  i 

'1  ' 

lit.  I 


) 


'-^i.' 


if  I 


,  1  h. 


rf 


!1 


Wf^ 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 

Amount  of  Dnck  Dutlui  nl  Ills  I'ort  of  Liverpool.— <«ii(iiiH(J. 


IIM 

lan 
wo 
ini 
im 
ina 
iaa4 
I  tat 

I  KM 
I83T 
IS» 


ATii,  of  faiHli. 
I0,7(» 


1,311,111 


II,3M 

i,aw,»j7 

11,114 

1,41  l,9M 

ll,S» 

1,'.9J,43« 

i2,na 

1,M0.057 

ll,IK4 

l,W0,«6l 

11,444 

1,6«,«0 

IS,»4I 

I,T<I8,42« 

is,on 

l,BM,M4 

!«,» 

S,0]S,1M 

Dulln  hb  lonlt 
DutiM  on  loodi 
DuliM  M  (noli 
DuIIm  OS  looila 
IXiIIm  on  foodi 
Dullw  on  (oodf 
DuUm  on  (oodn 
DutiM  on  gnoilt 
Dulln  on  (ooda 
DutlM  on  food* 
DuIIm  on  (ootla 


L.       1.  d. 

M,9r,»    7  10 

7i<,4liO    7    B 

«tl,li<l  IH  10 

■I,IW    t    1 

«<,9U    •  11 

iu,un  7  II 

ai.ouii  II 

l(M,4lft  It    4 

74,>30    4  11 

M.AI7    a   0 

VifiM    3  II 

I03,UI  IJ    6 

84,001  U  II 

107,6m     I     « 

•7,»44  14    6 

uo,wa  4  4 

t4,M6  II    1 

«l,f*  l»    0 

76,9  J 1  II     1 

W,8W  li  ID 

L.       t.   4. 

l4l,aN  IS   T 

I47,3i7  4  11 
131,329  17  10 
IB3,4U  4  a 
170^047  6  II 
I(l,ltl0  l«    4 

iii,7ra  17  I 

XWfKt  18    t 

I73,8U  10  I 
I4«,W0    3  II 


A  Btntcinent  of  Dock  and  Liglit  Dutlos  received  from  the  35lh  fleptemhor,  183S  (from  which  dnta 
the  Dock  Dutloi  were  reduced),  to  the  34th  June,  1837 }  and  front  the  33th  Sept.  1837,  to  the  tlltli 
June,  1838. 


Tear.          DuIIm  on  Tonntia. 

Diitin  on  Otmdi. 

LIthlhottM  Dutln. 

Flotlinf  IJglil  Dutln. 

Total. 

IK)7 

L.      <.   d. 

U,tnt  II    0 
67,W>  4    8 

/,.      f.  rf. 
iinm  11  4 

UrliO     1     2 

L.      1.   d. 

»<m  t  t 

*,M  13    1 

L.    ,,  d. 

I,l»]    0    8 
1,873    0  10 

/..       f.  d, 
114.401     6    « 
ll7,iM    6    8 

locreuit.    - 

1,319  15    8 

l,^m  8  10 

tat  15  7 

41    0   a 

3,l3t    0    3 

Dock  Dues. — The  following  dues  aro  payable  by  order  of  the  6th  of  September  183(5, 
upon  all  vesHeU  eiitoring  inwards,  or  clearing  outwards,  at  tho  port  of  Liverpool,  for  dock 
rates  and  harbour  lights  :— 


d. 


From  between  tho  Mull  of  Oalloway  and  St.  David's  Ilend,  Ii<Ie»  of  Man  and  Angloaea,  the  ton 

From  hptweeii  tin-  Mull  of  (•allnwiiy  ahd  DiincniiHliy  Ilt-nd,  Orkney  NIch,  and  iiilunds  on  Ihu 
weKtcrn  caittit  of  Hcntlitml ;  belwt'uii  St.  Uiiviil'i*  lliiad  and  tli«  Land'H  Knd,  the  Hcllly  Islnnils, 
and  the  tniiil  coust  of  Irvlund,  from  Capo  Clear  to  Mnllln  Head,  tho  ton  -  -  -    0    3| 

Frnni  theeaatand  southern  coast  of  (ircat  Britain,  between  Duncan's  liny  Head  and  Iho  Land's 
Knd,  the  islands  of  Shuilnnd,  the  west  coast  of  Ireland,  from  Cape  Clear  to  Mulling  Head, 
Including  the  Islands  on  that  roast,  the  ton  -  •  -  •  -  ■  -OJi 

From  Europe,  north  of  Cape  Kinialiirre,  and  westward  of  Ihe  North  Cape,  and  without  tho 
Cattegat  and  Ualtic  Sea,  the  islands  of  Uuernscy,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Hurk,  the  Faro  lalands, 
and  Ireland,  Ihe  ton  -  -  -  -  •  -  -  -  -  -09 

From  within  the  Catleftat  and  Baltic,  the  wholo  of  Sweden,  the  White  Sea,  eastward  of  the 
North  Cape,  Europe,  south  of  Cape  Finlsterre,  without  the  Mediterranean,  Newfoundland, 
(irennland,  Davis's  fUritils,  Canaries,  Western  Islands,  Madeira,  and  Azores,  Ihe  ton  -    1    0 

From  the  east  cnant  of  North  America,  the  Wext  Indies,  east  coast  of  l^oiiih  America,  north  of 
Kio  Plata,  Ihe  West  coast  of  Africa,  and  islands  north  of  the  Capo  of  (]ood  Hope,  all  pans 
within  the  Mediterranean,  includioK  Iho  Adriatic,  the  Black  Sea,  and  Archipelago,  the  islands 
of  St.  Helena,  Ascension,  and  Cupe  de  Verd  Islands,  the  ton     -  -  -  -  -    I    6 

From  South  America,  south  of  Rio  Plata,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Africa  and  Asia,  eastward  of  the 
Cape  of  Unod  Hope,  Ihe  ton  -  -  -  •  -  -  -  -  -33 

Aofc— Vessels  remaining  longer  than  6  monthi  In  dock,  to  pay  in  addition  to  the  above  rates, 
per  month     -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -03 

All  vessels  arriving  at  or  clearing  from  the  said  port,  are  to  pay  the  Ri>id  rntns  from  or  for  the  mont 
distant  port  or  place  from  or  for  which  they  shall  trade  ;  but  vessels  arriving  from  any  parts  in  bal- 
last do  not  pay  dockage  on  entering  inwards ;  and  should  such  vessels  proceed  to  sou  again  in 
ballast,  then  only  one  half  of  the  dock  rales  are  due,  with  the  whole  of  the  lights;  but  taking  a  cargo 
outwards  subjects  such  vessels  to  full  dock  does. 

A*.  B.— New  vessels  built  in  Liverpool  are  subject  only  to  half  of  the  above  rates  on  the  first  outward 
clearance. 
Floating  Light,  at  tkt  Entrance  of  the  Rieer  Mertey. — Towards  this  light,  the  following  rates  are 

payable: — 
All  vessels  sailing  to  or  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  between  Duncan's  Hay  Head  and  the 

Land's  End,  on  the  west  side  of  Great  Britain,  and  between  Mulling  Head  and  Cape  Clear  on  tlie  ea»t 

tide  of  Ireland,  Id.  per  ton. 
All  vessels  sailing  to  or  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  between  Duncan's  Day  Head  and  the 

Land's  End,  on  the  east  and  southern  coast  of  Creut  Britain,  and  between  Mailing  Head  and  Cape 

Clear  on  the  west  coast  of  Ireland,  id.  per  ton. 
All  vessels  sailing  to  or  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  not  being  witliin  the  United  Kingdom 

of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  the  adjacent  islands  to  the  northward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 

the  northward  of  Cape  Horn,  id.  per  Ion. 
Ail  vessels  sailing  to  and  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  to  the  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good 

Hope,  and  the  westward  of  Cape  Horn,  Id.  per  ton. 
ii>  In  Ihe  day  lime,  frimi  suntise  to  sunset,  a  blue  flag,  with  Ihe  letters  N.  W.  in  white,  will  he 

hoisted  at  the  mainmast  head,  and  in  thick  and  fopgy  weather,  either  by  niglit  or  day,  a  bell  will  be 

kept  constantly  ringing,  to  prevent  vessels  from  running  foul  of  the  llglit-vesBel. 
Duck  Regulations.    Extracts  from  ^cle  of  Parliament. — Any  owner,  or  master,  or  any  person  having 

the  command,  agency,  or  consignment  of  any  vessel  chargeable  with  dock  dutlos,  refusing  to  pay  llie 

same,  is  liable  to  have  such  vessel  or  goods  seized. 
Any  person  throwing  any  ballast  or  rubbish  from  out  of  any  vessel  upon  any  of  the  quays,  kc.  shall 

Immediately  cnrt  or  carry  away  the  same  :  penalty  iOs. 
Evnry  ship  shiiil,  before  slie  comes  within  any  of  the  piers,  lake  down  all  her  sails :  penalty  Si. 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


601 


ui,ae(is  y 

uifln  4  11 

I3I,32>  17  10 

1M,«M    4    g 

i'^047    «  II 

IU,*W  l(   4 

I»I,T«9I7    1 

in,ai7l8    9 

I73,8U  10    1 

L 

IM^   3  II 

n  the  first  outward 
following  rates  are 


the  Cape  of  Guod 


Any  person  having  the  eh«r|a  nfiinv  vemel  In  any  nfthe  dneki,  refuslns  to  rfmnve  the  snme,  afttr 
Mhourj'  niitlco  In  wrlllnf,  shall  fiirfeU  SIM.,  anil  pay  Ihe  esiiensesorreinnval  by  the  wnter  bulllir. 

Any  pitrsnn  hHvIng  Ihe  i-ominand  or  any  vessel  moored  In  the  river,  refuslni  to  roiiiuvo  the  same, 
whiMi  iirilered  by  iIih  wuler  lialliir,  shiill  rnrfelt  UO/. 

Till-  niiiKicr,  or  mhi-r  pnraon  liiivinK  ilm  coniinnnd  of  any  vessel  from  which  any  cannon  or  gun  shall 
be  tired  wlillst  In  the  |Mirl,  shall  rorfelt  10/. 

Any  iieraon  maklni  pnyinuni  of  dock  duties,  who  renisos  to  answer  such  questions  as  shall  be  put 
in  him  liy  the  collectur,  or  give  a  false  or  untrue  answer,  shall  fiirfe it  in{. 

Any  niH«ier,&c.  evading  piiynient  of  the  duties,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  double  the  duties  evaded;  and 
by  .VI  (li'o.  3.  n  sum  ofWl.  in  nililltlnn  thereto. 

Whunever  It  sliiili  lie  necessary,  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  or  repairing  the  docks,  lo  remove  tha 
TstsHla  lying  therein,  the  master,  male,  or  other  person  taking  the  command  of  such  vessel,  shall, 
within  3  days  after  notice  given,  remove  such  ship  from  such  dock,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  I0{. 

Any  muster,  ttc.  rufiiriing  to  inonr  and  remove  the  siuiie  In  docks,  according  to  the  direction  of  tha 
dock  niiiiiler,  will  fiirfeit  M.,  together  with  llie  costs  of  removal  by  Ihe  dock  master. 
Any  maiiter,  lie.  acting  contrary  to  the  direction  of  the  dock  master,  will  forfeit  9fl(, 
Any  master,  itc.  entering  and  giving  Ihlse  information  of  the  draught  of  water  of  any  ship  to  anv 
of  the  dock  masters,  will  forfeit  Wl. 

Any  master,  &c.  bringing  the  same  Into  the  entrance  basins,  when  a  signal  Is  hointcd  on  the  pier, at 
Ihe  entrance  of  such  hnsin,  signifying  thut  such  dock  is  full  of  vessels,  will  forfeit  20/. 

Any  miHier,  &.c.  bringing  his  vessel  into  any  of  the  docks,  contrary  to  tbu  dircctloni  of  the  dock 
niDHler,  will  forfeit  SIM. 

Every  master,  or  other  person,  damaging  any  of  the  dock  gates,  bridges,  piers,  quays,  lie.  Is  tiabia 
lo  have  the  ship  seized,  and  sold  to  compensate  for  damage  done. 

Any  person  opening  or  sliuitlng  any  of  the  duck  gates,  sluices,  or  clows,  li  liable  to  forfeit  100/.  t  or 
opening  or  shutting  any  drawliriilgii,  '301. 

Any  iitvner,  &c.  leaving  gunpowder,  pitch,  tar,  ike,,  or  combustible  matter  of  any  kind,  on  the  qunya 
of  the  ducks,  &.C.,  or  \\\mn  Ihe  deck  of  any  vessel  lying  In  any  of  the  docks,  for  above  48  hours  after 
pasHing  the  Ciititoui-house  officers.  Is  liable  to  a  penalty  of  i;  an  hour ;  on  neglecting  to  watch  such 
goods  in  the  night  time,  to  a  penally  of  3<. 

Any  nniHter,  or  other  person,  having  the  command  of  any  ship,  suffering  any  flre,  candles,  or  lamp 
to  In  lighted  nnd  burning  on  board  :  penalty  10/. 

Any  ownur,  &c.,  landing,  or  causing  to  be  landed  nnd  laid,  any  pumps,  boats,  anchors,  cables,  lime- 
itnnes,  Ice,  or  other  tilings  whatsoever,  upon  any  of  the  dock  qnayH,  sholl  within  48  hours  wholly 
remove  the  same  from  olfsuch  quay,  or  shall  fi^rfvlt  5«.  per  hour  above  the  46. 

Any  person  wilfully  cutting,  damaging,  or  destroying  any  cables,  Slc,  by  which  any  vessel  In  th* 
river  or  In  any  of  the  ducks  shall  be  fastened:  penalty  S0{. 
Any  person  damauing  or  breaking  any  lamp,  Stc.  set  up  near  the  docks:  penalty  for  each  lamp,  SI. 
Any  master,  or  other  person,  having  the  command  of  any  vessel  about  which  any  offence  shall  hava 
been  cominitlud.  In  relation  to  any  of  the  docks,  &c..  Is  liable  to  the  penalty  Imposed  for  such  offence. 
Any  owner  or  master  of  nny  ship  or  vessel  giving  or  offering  a  bribe  to  any  officer  employed  In  pur- 
suance of  the  dock  acts  ;  penalty  20/. 

Any  owner,  consignee,  or  master  of  any  vessel  arriving  and  departing  In  ballast  without  payment 
of  dock  duties,  Is  liable  ..  a  sum  equal  to  double  the  amount  of  dock  duty  which  should  have  been  paid, 
and  the  master  liable  to  U\e  penalty  of '.20/.  In  addition. 

Every  master,  &c.  wiiriilly  throwing,  casting,  or  putting  any  earth,  stones,  rubbish,  kc.  out  of  any 
•hip,  Itc,  Into  any  part  of  the  port :  penalty  50/. 

Any  owner,  ftc.  of  ony  vessel  laid  up  for  sale,  or  which  shall  not  be  actually  employed  for  two 
months,  not  removing  ilie  same  within  34  hours'  notice  In  writing  from  the  harbour  master,  or  left  on 
board :  penalty  5{.  and  costs  of  removal. 

Any  person  discharging  timber  in  any  dock  without  having  obtained  the  consent  In  writing  of  tha 
chairman  or  deputy  chairmen  of  the  dock  committee,  or  of  some  Justice  of  the  pence ;  penalty  10{. 

Any  person  having  consent,  not  removing  the  same  therefrom  within  34  hours,  liuble  to  a  fine  of  9«. 
in  hour. 

Any  person  damaging  any  ship,  Ice.  in  any  of  the  docks,  &c.,  or  in  the  river,  and  refusing  to  mak« 
compensation,  liable  to  have  his  goods,  or  the  tackle  of  the  ship,  &c.  doing  the  damage,  seized. 

Any  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of  Chester  or  borough  of  Liverpool,  upon  complaint  made  to 
Iheni,  may  summon  persons  to  arjiear  before  him,  and  may  fi.t  the  amount  to  be  paid  to  boatmen,  and 
persons  finding  and  taking  poss'jssion  of  anchors,  Itc.  in  any  part  of  the  port  of  Liverpool. 

Any  person  throwing,  casting,  or  emptying  any  bnilnst,  ashes,  ftc.  out  of  any  ship,  Ilc.  into  tha 
river  Mersey,  the  Rock  or  Horse  Channel,  or  Formby  Channel,  to  the  eastward  of  the  Floating  Light, 
or  from  any  of  the  piers  Into  the  docks  or  basins,  or  into  the  river  Mersey:  penalty  lU/. 

That  every  vessel  laden  with  a  cargo  consisting  solely  of  limestones,  paving-stones,  flintstonef, 
grave,  and  chalk,  shall  be  charged  tonnage  rates,  as  if  coming  In  liullast. 

Every  owner  or  master,  tic.  of  any  vessel  arriving  at  or  departing  from  the  said  port,  shall  product 
tn  tile  ciilluctor,  upon  demand,  at  the  time  of  making  entry,  all  books,  accounts,  &c.  in  relation  to  such 
V.  4Bul,  or  which  show  the  weights  and  quantities  of  the  goods,  &c.  In  case  of  dispute,  such  owner, 
kc.  shall  produce  a  statement  In  writing,  to  be  verified  by  oath,  nnd  showing  the  actual  weights  and 
qiianlll'es  of  such  goods.  Sec,  or  the  accuracy  of  the  suid  books,  &c. 

In  r.iHu  the  master,  &c.  of  any  vessel  from  which  rubbish,  ballast,  dirt,  or  other  refuse  of  any  kind 
shall  be  landed,  shall  permit  or  suffer  the  same  to  be  so  landed,  or  laid  within  3  yards  from  the  margin 
of  liny  such  dock  or  basin,  or  of  the  river  Mersey,  and  shall  not  cause  such  rubbish,  A.C.  to  be  wholly 
removed  from  off  such  quays,  &c.  within  34  hours  after  the  same  shall  be  so  landed  or  laid:  pe- 
nalty 52. 

Any  owner,  &c.  of  any  boat  or  vessel,  permitting  gunpowder,  e.Tceedlng  10  pounds  In  weight,  to  b« 
hrniight  into  any  ofthe  docks  or  basins,  or  any  vessel  or  boat  lying  therein,  without  the  previous  cou- 
sent  in  writing  of  a  justice  ofthe  peace  nfthe  borough  of  Liverpool:  penalty  100/. 

That  upon  due  prnof,  on  oath,  to  the  satisfaction  of  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  borough  of  Liver- 
imnl,  or  rnunly  of  Lancaster,  that  any  de.i'er  in  marine  stores,  within  the  said  borough,  or  Toxteth 
Park,  shall  have  been  guilty  of  receiving  stolen  goods,  or  purchasing,  or  receiving,  Sic.  every  such 
pumoii  sliall  forfeit  30/.  for  the  first  oflfence,  30/.  for  the  second  offence ;  and  after  conviction  for  such 
letond  offence,  shall  not  carry  on  business  as  such  dealer  in  marine  stores  within  200  yards  from  tha 
mnrgin  or  side  of  any  dock  or  basin  (e.Ycliisive  of  40  yards  prohibited  by  a  former  act)  on  pain  of  for- 
feiting the  sum  of  10/.  for  every  day  he,  she,  or  they  shall  carry  on  such  trade  or  business. 

In  case  any  person  or  persons  giving  or  accepting  any  bribe  to  or  from  any  water  bailifT,  harbour 
master,  &c.  give  information  thereof,  he  or  she  shall  be  excused  from  the  penalty  of  20/.  imposed  by 
the  51  Geo.  3.  for  such  offence,  provided  such  information  be  given  before  nny  proceeding  for  punisb- 
hig  the  said  offence  sliail  have  commenced,  or  any  information  laid  before  any  Justice  of  the  peaca 
aguiiist  such  person  in  respect  of  the  same. 
Justices  of  th»  peace  may,  upon  complaint  made,  summon  parties  a^d  ascertain  and  award  tha 
Vol.  1—3  E  76 


3l]   J 


■    i:1 


i     f„ 


hill 


60S 


DOCKS  (IJVERPOOL). 


*innuiil  nf  r'rnmponrr,  fhr  any  icrvlrf ■  rumlrrpil  hy  bnalrnvn,  &e.  Co  ytMiilt  In  |ti«  tiilil  dorkior 
biinliii,  Rtiil,  In  rims  nrnoii-pnymi'iil,  iiiiiy  lovy  tli«  ■uiii  lu  kwnrdttl  by  dlilrmi. 

Hfi-ltiift  I.  Tliiil  lh«  inmtlnr.  Ar.  wtm  xlmll  |t«rinlt  or  miffiir  uny  pllfh  iir  tnr,  nr  iiny  otiior  com- 
hiimil.lH  iiiiiitnr,  In  lii<  hnllinl  nr  licsiiiil  I'lir  lliv  lui-  nraiirh  •lilpnr  v^hkI,  ciihrr  nii  li(inri(  nriiirh  v«i. 
•I'l,  nr »%  liliih  S  jiirilii  nrnii'  piinii',  <ihnll  fnriVIt  Wf.  flir  fVfry  nffcncn. 

3.  'I'linl  lli<>  iniiatir,  &c.  illmhiirulnR  nr  Inriitlng  iiiiy  mllnn  nr  oilixr  rninliiiilllili*  fnnt\»  nn  nr  fmni  nny 
of  llii'  i|iri)K,  wlio  iihiill  pi'rnilt  nr  iiitrr  itiiy  in-mnn  nr  |H<r«ntiii  In  ■niokn  or  liiirn  Inliiu'ici,  >|iii||  fur 
rucli  ntlt'iu'ii  rnifuil  'itli.i  lititl  iiiiy  ntlii'r  iwranii  nr  pi'mniK  wlin  ■hnll  hum  nr  ■tiinkc  lolincrn,  nr  miy 
oilier  tlilnv,  iininnnrti  rntinii  nr  nny  othi-r  ciiiiiImiiiIIIiId  (noiln,  lylni  iind  being  on  lliu  iiimyii,  >hiill  fur 
ca<  li  nH'i'ini'  fxrrKll  lliti  liki!  pi'iiitlty  nl'ttOit. 

S.  'I'lial  ir  llin  MiHaliir,  fcr.  mlinll  lirlu|  tlin  *Bin<>  Into  nny  nf  (ho  tlorkf ,  bnalnn,  or  onlrniirra,  wlih 
Iniiili'il  I'liniioii  nr  RiiiK,  will)  uunpnwilnr  nn  bonril,  nr,  whnn  ilrlvi*n  In  by  ilrioa  nl' wi'itthrr,  nhall  nHf. 
It'll  iiiiiiiiMlliitnlv  In  ilUrhiiritu  lliii  ininAiOrwho  •hull  Inka  giin|iowder  un  bnard,  iiiilll  ilnitr  of  lli* 
dni'kN  iiimI  iiliir-hi'iiiU,  ibull  I'nrfi'lt  it. 

A  Thai  iliti  iiiiiKii>r,  4i.c.  nriiiiy  vcmixl,  ornny  othfr  pnmnnnr  pirintii  whninnoiivrr,  whixlinil  |H>rnilt 
nr  milliir  nny  rniw  frnm  •ucl>  vciacl  In  bo  nmdr  flml  to  any  rnitlii-itnol  nr  qiiny-lVndor,  nr  nny  rniir, 
rh'iin,  nr  larkln  nf  nny  iluiirriiilinii,  In  bf  ninrio  OinIIm  any  oflhe  nlllnri  ofnny  Irnn  nr  nlhi-r  •Inul  nn 
•  iiy  nt'lliv  i|iiiiyi,  nr  to  tliu  rnnrnr  nny  nllitir  |iiirl  nl'micli  umiil,  xtiiiil  fnr  tivi-ry  nflt'iicx  Cnrftiii  Uu. 

fi.  Thai  ilii<  iiiniiifr,  &.r.  nfnny  vcani'l  lylnit  wllhln  or  up  to  nny  oClhi)  dnrka,  bailni,  &.r.,  who  nhiill 
aiiiri'r  liny  bulLml,  ttc.  Vt  bu  inki'n  nn  liniird  anrh  vcaarl,  nr  (lirnwn,  diarhnrctiil,  nr  rnrrli-d  ont  n|'  th« 
•anil',  wilhiiiil  liiivInK  n  rniivnaa  nnlli'd  to  Ibn  ahip'a  aldt>,  nr  aninn  nthrr  aufuguiird  I'mni  fulling  liitn 
any  ainli  ilnika  or  liii>lni,  ahull  I'nr  rvcry  oH'imrii  ('orfiili  tht>  aiini  oT'ldii. 

li.  Thill  Hip  inaatcr,  tir.  nf  nny  ahip  nr  vvaai'l  lying  In  any  nf  the  anid  dnrka  or  bnalna,  nr  the 
rutraiima  lo  llm  aiiinv,  who  ainill  anlU'r  nny  rrpnira  In  Im  dnno  in  thn  nnlaldi-a  nf  aiich  voaaria,  wilhnnt 
haviiiK  n  iMiivni*  nr  anino  olhrr  aiil'c'Kiinrd  aociiroil  from  the  aldii  nf  aiirh  vraacl,  uiiil  plnrnd  or  llxi'il  lo 
aa  In  |ir<iv(<iit  any  t'liipa  or  plurra  of  wnnd  frnni  billing  liilo  iho  lalil  dncki  nr  bnalna  during  ihu  wlinlo 
nr>iii'li  work  or  ri'pnira,  ahull  fnr  uverv  otn<nro  fhrfi'lt  404. 

7.  That  thi>  innuti'r,  &c.  of  nny  voaavl  lying  or  bi'lng  within  any  of  thn  dncka,4rr.  who  ahull  not  rnua* 
nil  lialhi!!!,  ki\  dim  luirRoil  finni  nr  tn  be  Inilen  on  hnnrd  ofuny  vfani'l,  in  b«  thrown  nt  Icnat  Afm'i  front 
tliti  (idiif  nl'llii'  i|UHy,  or  on  Iliu  oiilalilea  nf  Ihu  carl  nr  i'huiii-|Kiali  of  the  auhl  (|iiay,  and  takiin  uway 
iiniiii'illnlrly,  ahall  fnr  nvnry  olfimre  fnrfiilt  -lO*. 

H.  That  liiu  iiiuiii'r,  lie.  or  niliur  pcraoii  linvliig  Ihu  rhnrgp  nr  rnniinnnd  nf  evrry  vnaarllylnirwlibln 
any  of  iIih  ilocka  nr  bnalna,  alinll  hiivii  n  ahlp-kvopor  nn  dnrk  In  nttnnd  thn  vi'HacI  (ivpry  tlilii,  nt  luuit 
9  hiinra  hcfnri'  llm  llnin  nf  high  wnlfr,  nnil  I  hour  nniir  high  water,  under  thn  pennlly  of  I0«, 

tt.  Thiit  thu  niuHler,  &c.  nf  uny  voaael,  whnn  Imulliig  Into  or  out  of  Ihu  dor.ka  or  Imalna,  ki\,  abnll 
(pucepi  when  nny  aiitli  veaael  be  ilrlvtMi  by  atrnaa  nf  wenthrr)  have  IhH  ynrda  a-penk,  nmi  lh«  aiirlt- 
*all  yurd  fnre  unil  aft,  and  the  Jib-boDiii  run  In,  within  3  fiint  from  thn  cnp.  If  pructlenblw  |  unil,  alUr 
luiy  aurh  veaael  ahall  bu  brniiglil  Into  nny  dock  nr  baain,  ahull  hnvn  the  nnchnra  got  In  on  llie  I'nie- 
rnalle  nr  deck,  niid  ahiill  have  thi;  alfcrlng-aull  boonia  nnd  Irona  taken  off  frnni  thn  yarila,  nndvhi  II 
liavejthii  iiiuin  ur  inUun  boonia,  and  the  alum  or  (lunrtur  davlla  rlggod  in,  within  84  houra,  under  lli« 
I>enully  of  4()». 

ID.  That  ihit  ninater  or  ntli«r  pcraon  hnving  the  command  nfnny  vnaael,  who  ahall,  by  npillgcnre  nr 
othRrwIae,  leave  un  anchor  in  tUe  entrance  to  nny  nf  the  docka,  or  upon  tlip  atrand  of  thu  river,  with- 
out u  biiny,  I'nr  u  lnn|!er  period  i  hun  ono  tide,  ahall  fnr  every  olfenee  forfeit  il. 

II.  Thiil  Ilia  owner,  Lc.  uf  .my  veanul  who  ahnll  refliae  tn  alrlkn  tho  tnp-gnllunt  maata  and  ynrili 
of  every  aueli  voaael  untering  any  of  Ihu  repairing  nr  graving  docka,  ahall  forfult  fit. 

I'X  That  (he  owner  or  driver  uf  uny  curl,  Slc,  or  nny  other  nuraon  or  peraona  who  ahnll  druw,  or 
caiiMe,  nr  purniit,  nr  autfer  In  bu  drawn  upon  or  over  any  of  the  dock  brldgei,  any  aiichori,  bulka,  lie, 
■hnll  fnr  every  ofTencM  forfeit  4().v. 

Kvery  dny,  two  hour*  l«fore  high  wntcr,  a  bell  will  be  rung  for  I  minute  at  each  dock,  whan  every 
(hi|i-k»r|ier  ia  to  make  hia  up|ienrikiice  on  thu  deck  of  bla  veaael,  or  Incur  tho  penalty  ('f  4(l«. 

All  nierchunia  and  nthur  ownura  or  agenta  of  ahlna  and  veaaela  trading  to  the  port  of  l.lverpnni,  will 
be  re(|uireii  to  enter  the  iiuniea  nf  aurh  vea^ela,  their  drnuiht  nf  wntur,  nnd  (he  dutn  of  (heir  nrrivni  ul 
(he  |Mirl  of  Liverpool,  tnguthur  with  (he  nuinu  nfihe  dnik  into  which  (hey  are  Intended  to  be  lirnuglil, 
in  u  bonk  kept  for  that  purpoae,  In  the  office  nf  the  harbour  innaier  In  Treiithain  Htree(.  And  nil  vea- 
(eU  will  (liertiul\er  be  uduiitted  into  the  laid  docki  or  bnalna  In  the  order  only  In  which  they  ahall  be 
■o  entered. 

rivKKi-ooi.  Dock  RATca.— The  following  ia  •  Table  nf  (ha  Dock  Duties  (ha(  may  be  charged  on 
irnnda  iin|>orled,  e.tpor(ed,  or  brouglK  couotwisu  Into  the  port  of  Mvurpnol ;  but  the  cnllucinr  or 
receiver  nf  dock  diilica  ia  directed,  by  order  of  the  dock  cnmniittuo  nf  the  (1th  of  Hepteinbcr,  IN.Ifi,  lo 
charire  only  «/ri<  Ihirdt  of  the  under  uiontioneil  dutlea;  and  nil  gooda  lm|H>rted  rnuHlwiao  into  Liver- 
pool from  plucea  In  (he  U.  K.  were,  at  the  same  time,  exemp(ed  from  oil  cliurgo  un  account  of  duck 
duiiua. 

O  The  Dutie*  Outward*  are  for  Foreign,  British,  or  Irlah  Goodi,  except  those  marked  thus  (*)  which 

are  for  Britlah  or  Irish  Goods  only. 


Inw 

inia. 

Inwarda. 

Arllclaa. 

Out- 
mrda. 

AH\dm. 

(lul- 
warJi. 

ro. 

Coaat- 

ro- 

Coaat- 

laiiu. 

wiae. 

reign. 

wUa. 

1. 

d. 

a.    rf. 

..    i. 

(. 

d. 

a.    d. 

TiT" 

Aeiiriu          -           •    toB  (40  but.) 

I 

0 

1    0 

0   g 

Dann            •          •         •       ton 

2 

0 

1    0 

0  u 

AUbjiiirr                 •          •       ton 

1 

0 

0    6 

0    4 

Ranini          •           •          •    piece 

0 

01-2 

0   OU 

0    01.2 

Alt,  Ixer,  tad  rorlar        ton  nlloni 

n 

i 

0    4 

0   « 

lUllaat  of  pavinc  and  other  ilouea 

b(«<ha.J 

0 

6 

0    6 

0   { 

th.it  may  be  uaed  for  Biakiug  nt 

boltlail,  Iha  punch,  ur  caak 

0 

* 

0    * 

0    4 

repairing  roada       -          •       ton 

0 

t 

0    1 

0    1 

lUrcr 

0 

3 

0    3 

0    3 

Bark,  anfiiatura,  eleulherili,  Jaauita', 
ctacariila,  or  Winleranua        cwl. 

barrel 

0 

1  12 

0     1  1.2 

0    11-2 

0 

6 

0    3 

0   2 

h»ii|)cr 

n 

U     1 

0    1 

oak,  coik  tree,  bircb,  and  Urch, 

Atkinft  root,  amber,  anj  aioea  cwt. 

0 

3 

0    11-2 

0    1 

Ion 

1 

e 

0    0 

0   6 

Aliiioiiils        •          -          •       ton 

■i 

0 

1    0 

0    il 

quercltroa         -          •       — 

2 

0 

1    0 

0    8 

.4lum.  rtiche  •                      •       -~ 

1 

0 

0  e 

0    4 

aamifraa            •          •     c»l.   0 

3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

Anchnr  p^lnia             ■           >        — 

0 

0   • 

0    8 

Baakelrada    -          •         -bumlle,  0 

0  1-2 

0    OM 

0    012 

AnchntiM,«n<«lic«,aiiilannoltocwl. 

0 

3 

0    1  t-2 

0    1 

''•^2 

» 

0    212 

0    2  1.2 

Auiii^nti,  actiuio«y    -          •       — 

0 

3 

0    1  l-i 

0    1 

Baia  mala       •          •         .      120.  0 

3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

Ai>(>Im          .          •          -  bushfl 

0 

1 

0    012    0    01-2 

Bail  rop«       .           •          •       tool  1 

U 

0    6 

0    4 

A;juiff,riii,  and  anenic         '     cwt. 

0 

3 

0    1  l-il  0    1 

Bnforpork            •         hogaheadi  1 

0 

0    8 

0    5 

A>r.ii  ■          •          •         •       trm 

i 

0 

1    0 

U    8 

puncheon    0 

8 

0    4 

0    4 

Arraw  rml  and  poK'der        •     cwl. 

0 

3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

tierce    0 

4 

0    2 

0    1  1.2 

Aillea^barilli             *           ■        Inn 

1 

e 

0    0 

0    6 

barrel    0 

3 

0    I  1-2 

0    1       1 

[tr.iri  ami  pot             •        — 
•Aibca-I.l  irk.  0  la  weed  k  wood  — 

i 

0 

1    0 

0    » 

1-2  barrel  and  uialierpackace,  0 
Beer,  ipruco            •          3^gallolia    0 

11-2 

0    0  3.4 

0    01.3 

1 

0 

0    « 

0    4 

6 

0    2  1.2    0    1  l-JI 

blr«.Mlinc     ■            •         *- 

g 

0 

1    0 

0    8 

Bun-  w»i,  or  bell  ineUl       •     cwt. '  0 

2 

0  1       n  1 

comniua  iriab        •       — 

0   6 

Beltowi,  amiibi'        •         •    aacb 

■ 

• 

0   9 

0    1      1 

DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


003 


I  In  lilt  iitlil  diirkior 

tnr,  nr  iinv  nilinr  enm- 
nil  honrif  iiriiirh  v«i. 

0  |imi<|it  nn  or  frnm  miy 
liiirii  tDliiicrci,  uliiill  (iit 
•liiiiki*  lolinrni,  nr  niijf 
iin  llio  i|iu)'ii,  liliull  fur 

Inn,  or  niitrtiiircn,  with 
III' Willi hur,  nlMll  linn, 
nan),  iliilll  iliiiir  iif  llit 

Hivrr,  whimliiilltK-rniU 
ly-l'riiilKr,  nr  miy  rii|m, 
y  Iriiii  or  iitliHr  hIumI  iiii 
iiirriirn  torftiU  MU. 
bailiia,  tcf.,  wild  utiiill 
,  nr  rnrrti'il  oiit  ni'  ih« 
lUHril  rrmii  fulling  liitu 

wMn  nr  linKlim,  nr  Ihii 
ifniich  veaai-lii,  wilhiiiil 
,  mill  plRri'il  or  llxi'il  tn 
anliit  (liirliiK  Ihu  whnlo 

cr.  wlin  ihiill  mil  iniiiit 
iwii  Rt  li'iiat  A  rui'i  I'rom 
quay,  ami  tnkuii  uway 

rery  vnaael  lylnK  wllliln 
lai'l  iivrry  llilv,  nt  leunt 
idiinlly  of  ion. 
ika  or  liualna,  &r.,  ahnll 

1  a-penk,  ami  th«  aiirli- 
liriirlii'nlilii )  iiml.  iihiir 
inra  K<<t  l»  "<>  II"'  !'»('- 
Ill  lliti  yiirila,  anitvlii  II 
itii  S4  hiiura,  uiiilur  llie 

■hall,  by  npiilii|iinr«  or 
rand  ofthu  rivrr,  wltli- 

illniit  maati  anil  yarili 

tM. 

ma  who  alinll  driiw,  or 

ny  auchuri,  biilka,  &c. 

noil  dock,  whon  every 
inally  c>f  "tUn. 
port  of  l.lvprpnol,  will 
date  of  llielr  urrivnl  ut 
ntniidud  tu  lie  brnuKlit, 
I  HIreet.  And  all  vea- 
in  which  they  ahall  b« 

It  may  be  chnrgcd  on 
but  the  collecior  or 
I"  Hepti'inber,  ISM,  lo 
couatwiao  Into  I.ivi'r- 

rgo  on  account  of  duck 

larked  thua  (♦)  whitb 


Out- 

To- 

Coul- 

r<i|D. 

WiM. 

>.    d. 

>.    d. 

>.  d. 

i    0 

1    0 

0  a 

0    01-2 

0   OU 

0    01.2 

0   2 

0    1 

0    1 

0   6 

0   3 

0   2 

1    « 

0    9 

0    6 

a  0 

1    0 

0    8 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

DOM 

0    012 

0  s 

0    8  12 

0    2  1.2 

0    3 

0    11-2 

0    1 

1    u 

0    6 

0    4 

1    0 

0    8 

0    5 

0  a 

0    4 

0    4 

0   4 

0    2 

0    1  Ui 

0   3 

0    1  1.2:  0    1 

0    11-2 

0    03.4    0    Ol-S 

0    6 

0    2  1.21  0    1  \-i 

0    3 

0   1      1  n   1 

0    3 

0    1 

AillrlN. 

Ia«i 

rii. 

nia. 

('na,|. 

wjriia. 

Arilclaa. 

Inwanla. 

•  a 
w.nla. 

F»- 

(nail. 

rtlan. 

wlia,    1 

reiaa. 

wiia. 

1     d. 

a.  a. 

1,    d. 

>.    ~ 

TT' 

•     A 

lirrtlM,  har,  Jaaliw,  »»lln»       t"n 

2    0 

1    0 

0    I 

rnral  ....     awl. 

0    8 

0  » 

0    8 

liuokiiif         ■                   h'HUliM.l 

• 

0    i 

0    « 

(i.rt    ....        Uin 

2    0 

1    u 

0    • 

lilliu-llatin  iir  t-4ili 

a          . 

n  4 

0    4 

rnik«                                           .        Nia 

0    4 

0    8 

0    1 

liffi. 

, 

II  » 

0    3 

Corn  -|larl«».  Iiara,  awl  liln  baana, 

Mrt.l 

. 

0    1  11    0     1  l-2| 

Inilian,  iH.ia,  nr  ryn        •   nuar  rr 
MmI,  bat  lay  lural  or  rmi  niril, 

0    3 

0    1  '-1 

0    1 

inttllnr  IMfktKt 

■ 

0    1 

0    1 

ni  M^f*  tmiUliilai  Uf<l,  he.     Mrli 

.          • 

• 

0    0  1-4 

Ion 

2    0 

1     0 

0    8 

llhiik>.  ji'i'l   •          ■          •    rn« 
Uit    •          •          •    1,0110 

^          , 

u 

Mall,  alao  wbiial     .    nnarif  r 
lUla  ■           .           •         - 

0    4 
0    2 

II    2 
0     1 

0     1 
0     1 

•iii|i  •        •        •     ion 

1    0 

0  e 

0  s 

Wlinal  8nur                       awl 

0    1 

0  0  fi-i  0  0  i-i 

niiiMifr         •          •          .Inn 

1   a 

0  * 

0   • 

Cnnnnmil                           .     builwl 

0     1 

0    012    0    0121 

liiiin  •            *          •          farhun 

0    3 

0    1  14 

0    1 

lwi«l,lbrral,an<l  yira     cwl. 

0    4 

U    i 

»mk                              •             •      Mfh 

1    0 

0    8 

0  • 

waalii,     alan     iiilliiii      wnol, 

IKil.MnI           •            •            .      roll 

0   8 

0  4 

inn  Ilia. 

0    3 

n    1  M 

0     1 

lloiii  'lu>l  anil  laiiia*  n(  eilllf,  and 

rnllona,  minnrArliinnl           iMckairn 

1     0 

u  a 

0    .1 

l<i>ii           •           •          -Inn 

1    n 

0    8 

0    4 

rra.ini  iif  mrlar,  alan  rurtnnia       tun 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

h'k'                                    |i*rll>«* 

0    4 

0    2 

0    3 

Crvltal            .            >            fiackii^ii 

0    3 

0   1 12 

II     1 

HiiriR  r»r  liiiml          >           •     rwt. 

0  I 

0    112 

0    1 

(•iilm              •           •           •        Umi 

0    4 

0  a 

0    t 

•  Iliiiilii         •                     •    «r»l» 

■     • 

0    I 

Curinaitlaa,  luluml  or  arliArial, 

Iff  tiri*i\  (tr  I'diiinMin  (laai, 

p.irkaKa 

0    8 

0   3 

0    t 

itiil  tm  iImii  pinia     frtw« 

0    3 

0    1  l-l 

0  s 

l)rii|irry,  linun  nr  w<Nillrn         imm-ii 
Karlli,  black,  bniwn,  rr<l  nr  rrflnw. 

.     > 

0    V  l-J 

0    01-2 

IVi'il'l 'r  aliiiipa          •          •       Inn 

0   • 

0    4 

1)  i 

MiMiliiir  witt>l           •          -  ifna*>ii 

0    0  14 

0  012 

bin 

2    0 

1   0 

ll'inif.jroillla          •          .     - 

> 

0    0  1.2 

0   0  |.2 

fullera'            .           .        - 

1    0 

0    8 

liftM            •          •          •    ewl. 

0    1 

0     1 

0   1 

Earttwnwara  crala  or  ollur  |«ck  i«i. 

0    4 

0    2 

0    1 

nM       .          ■          -Inn 

1     K 

0  10 

0  « 

Inal 

.1    0 

1     8 

1     0 

llm.1            •          •          '     cwl 

0   1 

0     1 

0   1 

r.tf    ■            ■           •            •    li*" 

0    8 

0    3 

0  a 

liu  nr  ail  k 

• 

0    0  1-2 

Kiriary  alnnaa              .            ■     rwl. 

0     1 

0    0  12 

0    0  12 

llrl.li<,lii«ran,an<llllKa      •    1,200 

1   o' 

0   8 

0    4 

Kiiipty  lii,^,  liaakala,  eratat,  bam- 

llri>ll.i           •           ■           •     r«l. 

0  a 

0   :l 

0    I 

pvn,  anil  «trka                    >    acnrr 
lurn-la                         .        — 

0    2 

0     1 

0    1 

Hnmiii  aiitl  liruili  liuiiltM        blliKlli' 

• 

0    012 

0    0  12 

0  10 

0    8 

0  10 

l.nno 

0  u 

l'2lMrrEUaii<l  aniallar  park- 

Rmnml          •                      •   tln<i<n 

o'  0  1  .J 

0  on 

0    01.4 

aura           .          .       — 

0    It 

0    2I.; 

0    8 

hullllliuiiillni 

1     0 

boxea            .          *     cicli 

0    1112 

0    0  14 

0    OU 

llniwii  p<iw  trr             •               •         llHI 

t  o' 

1     0 

Inail 

2    0 

1     0 

Mniili  liuAtU  aifl  aliirki         ■      Imc 
I,(nA 

0     1 

U    0  1.,! 

0    0  1-2 

craira            .          .     raih 

0   2 

0    1 

0    1 

.      • 

0    1) 

raw*.    rhn*n,    half    anarlnr 
craica,  llcrcm,  and  frit'' 

niuihfa        •          •    bunillaorlmi 

0   0 

n  3 

0  a 

cn<k 

. 

. 

0  4 

,,        1    1 

0    0  12 

0    01.2 

RurkrU  n(  wnnd       •           *   dnann 

• 

0  012 

0    0  1-2 

fcalhiira        •                   •     cwi. 

0    8 

0    3 

0  a 

lliirili'              ■            •            •        Ini) 
BiiillMn                    .          jiarkttr 
Hiillruih*               liidl  (03  liuwllpa) 

1    0 

1    0 

0    8 

oalrlrJi         •           100  Ilia. 

2   0 

1     « 

0    8 

0    0 

0    3 

n  t 

Fi-ll    .          .          .         packaa* 

0    2 

1   n 

0    8 

0  4 

Fiai    •            -            •            .        Inn 

2   0' 

1     0 

0    8 

Hiirr  iitHiai               •          •       100 

1    0 

0    8 

0  4 

Fillarlnff  almiaa          *           .     aarb 

0    I 

0    0  1  J 

0    1 

Hutlvr             •              ra<k  nr  (Irklii 

0    1 

0    0  12 

0  01.2 

Flab,  'Iry  aalliNl           *           •        Inn 

1     0 

0    8 

0   4 

I4llikiiiurliii| 

0    0|.2 

0  0  1.4 

0  01.2 

berrliiaa,  frrah              -     I,2fi0 

picklnl  nriil  aaltrd  of  all  ilr- 

acripMnna      •           -  liarrrt 

0   3 

0    1  17 

Cillnnr  cr>rliica                 ■       Inn 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

''..l|ri.  liri»Mi>l  (»r  ra|ii»            .        .- 

1     0 

0    • 

0    4 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

Cttunili'-,  (:(UlitllilirlaU|ill  ■        — 

0    6 

0    3 

0    2 

trkin,  |.2b.iml,nr  kil 

0    1 

0    0  1  .• 

0  0  i-a 

r.iiiili'10         •           .           •    pUrt 

U    i 

0    0  I'i 

0    0  1.2 

piiw,  pilliehmii,  r.nk 

0    4 

0    2 

0  a 

Cimi'iuir,  I'liifllii'ill,,!          .     ewl. 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

lioicalii'^'l 

0    8 

0    3 

n  3 

*r.tii>llu«,  mill  rdiiillrwlak    •       — 

0    S 

0    1 

lirrri- 

U    3 

0     1  W 

0   1 

•'".•"JC 

•     • 

0    01-2 

Brlllihcurad       •    •bnjphi.vt 

- 

0    8 

(JUTM'li        •                .                .      I,A11 

o'  «' 

0   1 

0    2 

•iiiincliaon 
•licrce 

. 

0    4 

CaiilliiriilM,  aumlcliuc,  aiij  capcn, 

0  1  I-a 

cwl. 

0    3 

0    IM 

0    1 

tlrtrrrl 

• 

0   1 

Cirnrla     Ht*  irunflrni, 

*|.2  brl.  and  imaller  pack^K" 

• 

0   0  1-8 

l'«rriA|N,  cm.  nml  rmU      •    aach 

• 

1    0 

1    0 

riajratnaea,  alan  frecatun*     .       ton 
ri.11,  rniiffh    •           •           .       — 

n"  o" 

0    3 

0    3 

fiir  auiiR    .           •       — 

■     • 

0   3 

0    3 

2    0 

1     0 

0    8 

li  iiHli'arta  •          ■       — 

.     ■ 

0    8 

0    < 

Flint,  around  or  driad           ■       Ion 

0    M 

0    4 

0    4 

('akiIa  ItlliU     *             •             >      cwl, 

0   6 

0    3 

0  a 

atooRB   •           -           -       — . 

0    4 

0    2 

0    2 

n<lul»  anil  lliiiM       •       — 
Ci'lli.,  Miti'iKnil  iiiuli'i,  btilU,  rnwi, 

0    3 

0    1  12 

0  1 

Floor  cinlh  (conUinln|  1  ndl),  bni, 

b.i(,  or  nial 

• 

0    1 

0    1 

wlonu     •                     ■    aacli 

0   II 

0    3 

0  e 

1    0 

0    6 

1    0» 

CjlVfl               •             •        — 

0   3 

0    1 

0    3 

ap.ifka<r 

0    3 

0    0 

0  1  I-a 

hiiniit            .          •       — 

1    0 

0    8 

1  0 

box,  bun^'ln,  mil,  or  airti^t 

. 

■ 

0  a 

Uinlifl,  ilieep,  ami  i«  Ilia    — 

0    1 

0    0  1.2 

0  1 

ciw,  chi  al,  or  trunk 

. 

. 

0   6 

Ovinm          •           .           .       Inn 
(■'imiiil                    .          .       ~ 

11    0 
1    0 

1    8 

0    8 

1  0 

Ralanpil,  gulbanuni,  gaila,  |aniboi;i-, 
cwt. 

0   3 

0    1  12 

0  1 

Chilli            .          ,          .       _ 

0   4 

0    2 

Orntian  root,  nnella  (oichincal  rr- 

riurciHil       .          .         .      » 

1    4 

0    8 

fiiac)            -           •           .     cwt. 

0  a 

0    1 

0  1 

•Chrtia        .          ,          .      — 

t    0 

0    8 

0    4 

0(0    .           .           -           .     eacb 

> 

1    0 

liamp«r 

•           • 

•     ■ 

0   012 

Ginger,  Olaubrr  mlH,  or  (;lua       Inn 

2    0 

1    0 

0  8 

tioi  nr  nihar   parkata,    not 

preaervad       •           .     cwt. 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

llKWilbKl        •              ■ 

.         a 

■ 

0    1 

Olnaenf          •           .           .Ion 

3    0 

1    8 

1  0 

If  liwua,  f  wl. 

, 

• 

0    014 

Glaaa              *           *           ■     cwt. 

0    1 

0    0  l-H 

nii»wbiianl«          .          .    ila«aii 

.         . 

0    0  1.2 

0    0  1-2 

broken  *          •         .       — 

0    013 

0    014 

Clinnull       •           •           •    buhrl 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0    0  1-2 

cmwo    .           >           pack^^r 

Alui     .       .       :     — 

. 

• 

0    ia 

C'liln«,    H«i  BiirtAoiuwrt, 

. 

> 

0   3a 

I'liirt  iloivi   >          •          •ton 

0    8 

0   4 

0    S 

Graprt                       •           •       — 

0    1 

0    012 

0    0  1-2 

nrlliili  nr  Irlill  •       - 

. 

0    2 

Gmur  nr  greavea      -                 tiin 

1    0 

0    6 

0    4 

rimpil.iiii  tnil  cncua  |n»if     •     f  wl. 

o'  3" 

0  11.3 

0    1 

aoroata         -          •          *  barrr 

. 

0  1  la 

<'i<l>r           •          lun  (i.M  nallnm) 

2    4 

1    2 

0    9 

CKk 

> 

• 

"  ■•  „ 

I'inniliar        •          •          •     cwl, 

0    6 

0    3 

0  a 

Jar  nr  jut 

lieri'r 

• 

• 

0  01.3 

Cinn.inintl        •            .             •        — 

1    0 

0    8 

0    4 

. 

> 

0    3 

**'*ntli,  iirrwrvinl        .            .        — 

0    8 

0    3 

0   2 

Grinding  atnnaa          •           .      rarh 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

0    0  14 

(Niy,  r'n  .  Iiriit  iinil  iilpi*       •        Ion 

0    8 

0    3 

Gum.     Ainnionlac,  anlml,  Amtiic 

1  liliii,  .iiiiiii,  ami  nmlirlck    — 

0    8 

0    4 

oaihew-,   roiwl,   rlrmi,  |uiiaculn 
Seni-inl,  ana  tragaraalh             ton 

•llOckl               .                  .                  .         C«K- 

• 

> 

0    8 

3    0 

1    6 

1    0 

<'l'iv<'«,  rnliali,  iMdihiril      •     ewl, 
■liiala      <\ViiiolitntciriiiMa)  dial. 

1    0 

0   8 

0    4 

Gunpowdar   •          -          ■     cwl 

1    0 

0    6 

0    4 

•birrrll     -    • 

- 

0    11-2 

Inn 

n"  4' 

0'  2' 

•I2l,arr<.|l     -    ■ 

. 

0    1 

Cocfii,  cnfllir,  cnik    .           •        Inn 

2  0 

1    0 

0    R 

■  14  barrel  and  k>v 

• 

0    01-3 

('"fiti  nn'a      .           .           -100 

0  3 

0    1  1.2 

0    1 

IfahenlaaherT            -          pa^'ltaKe 

r  d 

0   8 

0    3 

ruloiirinit  fur  linrtiTi  Ac,  100  KMllnua 

0  » 

0    4 

0    » 

Hair,  bull,  cow,  and  01,  gnata'  an 

•('iiMiln           .            .            li.iikaiti 

0   6 

0  a 

hoiaa          .           •           •     cwt 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

Cii|ipt'r,  nrlliili  nr  Mill   *Ui>  nr  liil 

.    . 

• 

0  2 

H.iirpowder  -           .           packa;f 

0    3 

0     1  1-2 

0    1 

•oaMi 

,    . 

• 

0  s 

llininiocka     •           •           -   doacn!  0    2 

0     1 

0    1 

•raik 

,    , 

• 

0    4 

Kami              -           ■           •       Inni  2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

ailiroi 

, 

■ 

0    3 

llmlcoopi      .           .          .       100    0    1 

0    0  1-2 

•liarra 

. 

■ 

0     1  1-2 

Hardena         .          .          pieknac!  1    0 
looaa            .          .    piece  1    •     • 

0    6 

0    3 

li                              (bai  ur  kri 

, 

•     • 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

0   0  1.2 

1"' 

2  0 

1    0 

0    8 

Hardware      •          •          •  bundle;  0   2 

0    1 

0    Ol-I 

oM    .                   .      - 

1   a 

0  10 

0    8 

bi'C,  0   2 

0    1 

0    1 

ora    •                     •      — 

0   6 

0    3 

0    2 

all  other  pack&aea'  0   6 

0    3 

0    1 

ilnita  anil  ala*                — 
Copparu       . 

0  4 

1  0 

0    2 

0    8 

0    3 
0    4 

Himwa,  alao  hala    -          -     aaci 
Hay   .          .                     .       toi 

•  0    6 
1  0    8 

0    3 
0    3 

0    3 
3    I 

.1     L*l 


ill  I 


■I !:, 


■'  f  ;I 


I  1 


.f  ! 


M4 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


I 


ArHdo. 


Ilajr  nkm      •  •         •    domi 

Heoip,  rough  *  -       ton 

lliJo,  drjr      •  -  •     cwl. 

Wft       - 

pioctf  of,  or  kIu«  pieces     too 

Honey  ■         •    cwl. 

Ho<|i<,  null,  and  IruM         •      120 

ul 

wood   .  •  •     1,200 

Hoofi  of  cattle  -  •       Ion 

Hops  -  -  -     ewt. 

ba(  or  pocket 

Horu  and  horn  tipt  •  ■     1,200 

bofihead 

tierce 

lhavtnKt,  alio  tlugi     •       ton 

Hurdln  ccoutainiag  one  doien)  mil 

jArllscrewa     ■  •  •      pair 

ejara  antl  Jiigi  conlaininic   hnrley, 

oafoieAl,  ftra-its,  peas,  or  other  ar* 

liclet  nf  Brilitn  or  Irith  Krnwth, 

prxlure,  nr  mauufacturei  not  other, 

wile  ratwl,  -  •  •    each 

Irelimt  nioss,nr  lichen  blan<Iicu»,c\vt. 

Indi/o  •  •  •       — 

Ipwiruaaha  root       ■  •       — 

Iron,  via.  Itar,  bolt,  or  rod     -       ton 

bn>ken  or  old    ■  •       — 

call,  or  pii(       -  -       — 

honpe  and  aheet  -       — 

*plale  and  iheet  >      boa 

naili      •  •  packa^ 

ore        ■  ■  >       ton 

wire,  or  wrorxht 

•cai.k 

Iiinfflaai        .  -  .     cwt. 

Jdicf,  lemon,  lime,  and  orange    tun 
Jutik  •  -  ■  •       ton 

Ivory  .  -  .     cwt. 

Kelp  •  -  •  -ton 

(,ac,  gum,  Btick,  leed,  and  tbcll,  cwt, 
',ace'  •  •  package 

Lampblack,  latton  black,  &  lard,  ton 
Laths  •  •  bundle 

Lead,  and  lead  ore     •  •       ton 

black,  reil,  white,  k  powder  — 
Leather  (tanned)        •  •     cwt. 

wrouthl       •  package 

I,ecchei 

Leototii         -  >    case  or  cheat 

box  or  ottier  pickage 

Lime  -  •        hogshead 

•kei 

'puncheon  or  cask 

*lierce 


Inwardl. 


Fo. 
reign. 


LinifstoufS 
Lineu  doth 


package 
>  ton 
package 

piece 

-  crate 

-  cwt. 
package 

ton 
'•wt. 


•nga  . 
thread  yam 
emanufactnred 
Liquorice  )iaste,  alio  lith^'ge 
Maccarooi 
Mace  .  .  .       _ 

eMachlnea,  birk   milli,  binnaclea, 
brewing,  coffee  fanncn,  and  cook- 
ing appara'is  •  •     each 
copying  -  •       — 
corn,  alao  filtering      — 
fire  engines         •       — 
gins,     linaefrl     cribbles, 
malt    milts,   manglea. 
packing  pressts,  psper 
moulds,  sawing,  seilans, 
and  shower  baths,  each 
ioap  cutters         •       — 
straw  onttera,alu>  tin  — 
turning  la'hea     -       — 
turning  drills       •        — 
all  other  packages  of  ma- 
rhiiiery            •       — 
^farliincry  (loose)      •           -ton 
Mad.ler           -            •           .        — 
rrvits  •  •        — 
Mingaucse,  also  marble        •       — 
Mtniire           •            .           .        ^ 
.M<-trtjle,  sculptufvd,  loose  pieces   — 
packan 
Mlrmilado      •           •           •     cwt. 
M.i»i  id),  A  mother-of-pearl  shell   — 
Ma'rhcts        •           •  package 
Milll«virds      •            ■  -120 
stnnea     •           •  •     each 
Mineral  watera          -          package 
Ml  1  .nei        •           •  ton 
cask  or  puncheon 
Mum             .                      -tun 
Muritte  of  time,  potash,  and  soda,  ton 
Musical  inslrunienll  ■          p.ackage 
eMu^kets       •           -    cafe  or  cheat 


Coaat- 

wise. 


Mustard 

Vatron,  alio  niion  sal 
Nftits  of  truuka 
.Nulinegi  • 

Null- 


cwt. 

package 
ton 
>  each 
•  cwt. 
-  bushel 


d. 

oi-s 

0 

I  i-a 

03.« 
0 

1 

41-2 


0  9 
0  6 
0    I 

o'  e" 


0  6 
0  I 
0   3 


OuN 
wards. 


d, 

0  1-2 

8 

112 

OU 

< 


11-2 

6 

I  1-2 

8 

4  1.2 

3 

9 


0  2 

1  0 


I  1-2 
2 


0  « 

0    3 

0 

0 

n 

I 

0 

0 

I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


I  1-2 

8 

0 

01-2 

8 

0 

11-2 

8 

3 

1  1-2 

8 
01-2 


1  12 
I 
8 
01-2 


0   2 


0  8 

0  2 

0  8 

0  » 


0  8 

0  3 

0  6 

0  3 

0  2 


8 
0 
0 
9 
6 
I 
3 
8 
8 
1  12 


2 
6 
8 

l' 

o" 

8 
01-2 


0  01-2* 

0  8 

0  4 

0  I 

0  I 

0  4 

0  6 

0  a 


Articles 


0  3 

0  8 

0  2 

0  4 


0  8 

•  3 

0  8 

0  3 

0  2 

0  8 

0  8 

0  8 

0  6 

0  4 


0  4 
0  I 
0    3* 


oia 
I 

4 

I 

8 

4 

8 

8 

01-2 

I 

2 

8* 

4 


4 

2 

4 

1 

3 

8 

01.2 

8 

8 

I 

3 

2 

1 

3 

0  1-2 

3 

3 

I 

1 

3 

0  12 

3 


0   S 


0 
0 

0  s 

0    4 
0    I 


2» 


Oakum  -  ■  .ton 

Oatmeal  ihudes,  or  duit        •       — 
Ochre,  or  okvr  -  •       — 

Oil,  cutor      •  •  •     cwt. 

cod         •  ■  ■       tun. 

dubbing,  Umeed,  slaoolltre     — 
In  fisilu  -    cheati 

boior  1-3  chest 
palm,  seal,  train,  or  whale  tun 
rape,  also  spermaceti  >  .- 
of  vitriol  .  .       — 

•Oils  of  all  kinds  boiled  or  manU' 
lectured  since  Uieir  imrortation 

DUtt  or  pipe 

puncheon  or  cask 

faocshead 

uarrel 

bottle.  Jar,  Jug,  or  can 

Onions  >  .  package 

loose  -  -         -  bushel 

Opium,  slao  orange  peel       >     cwt. 

Oranges  •  .    ease  or  chest 

box  or  other  package 

Orrhella  weed  -  -       ton 

Orriceroot     •  .  •     cwt. 

Packing  boards         -  -  doaen 

Faint  and  painters*  colours  and  ma 

terials        -  .ton 

case,  chest,  or  hogshead 

tierce 

cask  or  puncheon 

barrel 

box  or  bundle 

jar  or  jug 

Paper  •  hale,  case,  chest 

1.2  bale,  bundle,  box 

nsam 

raving  stones  •  -       ton 

Pearl  and   shelled   barley,   pepper, 

white  or  black,  pewter,or  pimento 

ton 

Pears,  pistachio  nuls  •  bushel 

Pickles         •  •  ■   gallon 

*box,  cue,  nr  ch:.-sl 

•barrel 

•keg,  jar,  or  Jug 

Fink  reel       •  .  •     cvt. 

Pilch  •        lut  of  12  barrels 

Fluler  of  Paris         ■  ■       Ion 

Plate  and  plated  wan  package 

llooghl         -  -       loose,  each 

Potaloca         .  -  -Ion 

exported  in  packages    barrel 

hamper 

Preserved  ginger      •  -     cwt. 

Preserves 


Fo- 
reign. 


d. 
0 

0 
3 
9 
4 
8 
3 
8 
4 
0 


Coast. 

wise. 


<.  d. 

0  6 

0  2 

1  0 

0  I  1.2 

0  10 

1  2 
0  3 


Out. 
wanli. 


Printers'  liquor 

-      100  gallons 

Prints  or  picturee 

•    case  or  box 

Prunelloes      • 

-     cwt. 

Prunre 

too 

Pumice  stone 

.          ■       — 

(  iiern  stones  - 
(uicksilver    • 

•     each 

package 

(  uills 

-    1,200 

?"«       .      • 

ton 

Raisins,  also  mck  t 
Rhubarb         -  •  >     cwt, 

Rico  .  •  •  -Ion 

Riddles         •  •  bundle 

Rosin  •  .  -       ton 

barrel 

Rushes  •         load  (83  bundles) 

Safnnwer,Mil  ammoniac,  or  gem,  ton 
Saffron  -  -  package 

Sa:;o,  sanguis  diaconls,  salcp,   also 
landers  wood,  white  and  yellow, 
cwt. 
Sailcloth         •  •  package 


.Siils 

Saltpetre        -  • 

Salt,  mck 

while     - 
Sand   for  ironfoundera  and 
blowers 

silversmiths 


earh 

ton 

firkin 

ton 


Sarsanarilla,  also  sausages 
tra 


glsss- 

tnn 

casks 

cwt. 

.Saaufnis        .  -  .ton 

Scainmony     •  -  .     cwl. 

Scythe  stones  •  •  doren 

Scythes  •  -  bundle 

Seeds,  viz.  aniseeds,  caraway,  clover, 

or  trefoil      -  -  -     cwt. 

Canary  -  -       ton 

coriander  and  garden       cwt. 

£.ix   or   linaeed,   hemp    and 

rape  -  quarter 

fijrre    -  -       100  bushels 

mustard  -  -       ton 

rye  grass  -      100  bushels 

Senna  -  ■  -       Ion 

Shaddocks      -  -  package 

Shakes    .     hhl.  puncheon,  or  lierre 

barrel,  l*/ barrvl,  or  1-4  cask 

Shesthiog      f  -  »       Ion 


2   0 


8 
4 

01.2 
2 


0 
1 
01-2 


0    3 


0    < 


1  8 

r  o" 

2  0 
0    8 


2 
8 
0 
0  1.2 


3 

0 
3 

3 

0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
1 

0  1.2 
0 


>.  d. 

0  4 

0  8 

0  I 

0  7 
0 
0 


11-3   0  1 

0  8 

0  9 

1  0 


1 

01-2 
1  1-2 
1  1-2 

8 
I  12 

0  1-4 

0 

6 

8 

4 

2 

2 

0  1-2 

01-2 

4 

2 

OM 

1 


1    0 
0    0  1.2 
0    01-4 


1  1-2 

9 

8 


I  1-2 
2 

3  1-2 
3 
1 
0 
8 

4  1-2 
3 

0  12 

8 
0 

1  12 

0 


0   9 


1  1-2 


0  I  1-2 

1  0 
0    1  1-2 


I  1-2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11-2 

I 

0  1-2 

« 


8 
4 

2 

11-2 

01-2 

1 

1 


S 
3 
4 

I  1-2 
2 

01.2 
012 


OM 
1 


0   I 

0   01-2 


3 

0  1-2 
UI-2 
1 


4 
3 

2e 

3 

is 
001-2S 
0    I 


31-2 

3 

1 

8 

4 

3 

2 


3» 
4 
8 
1 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

001  2» 

0 

0  1 1-2» 

0    4 

0    8 

0    2 


1 
3 
2 

6 

0  1-2 
3 
4 


0  I 
0  6 
0    4 

0    012 
0  0  1-2* 


0  0  l-2» 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL) 


605 


Inwanli. 


3 
3 

It 
0 
3 
01-2 


g 
4 

i   01-2 

I   2 

I  0 
I  I 
I    01-2 


0  10 

1  2 


3 
11-3 


0  I 

n  01-2 

0  I  1-2 

0  I  1-2 

0  I 

1  a 

0  I  1-2 

0  0  1-4 


0 

6 

6 

4 

2 

2 

0  1-2 

0  1-2 

4 

2 

0  1-4 

1 


I  0 
0  0 
0    0 


0 
0  1-2 


3 
0 
3 

3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
1 

0I-; 
0 


1-2 


Out- 
W4nli. 


1.  d. 

0  4 

0  8 

U  I 

0  7 

0  9 


« 
4 

2 
I  1-2 

01-2 
I 


5 

3 

4 

11-2 

2 

01-2 

01-2 


OM 
I 


8 

a,\■^ 

3 

0  1-2 
Ul-2 
1 


I  1-2 

2 

31 

3 

I 

0 

6 

41 

3 

01 


4 
3 

2» 

3 

1» 
0  0l.2» 
0    1 


12 


I  1-2 


0  I  1-2 

1  0 

0    1  1-2 


I  1-2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1  1-2 
1 
0  1-2 


31-2 

3 

1 

8 

4 

3 

2 


I 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  1  2» 

0 

0  1 1-2* 

0    4 

0    8 

0    2 


01-2 

3 

4 


0  1 

0  6 

0  4 

0  012 
0  0  \-i* 

0  1 

0  8 

0  I 


1 

1» 
00  1-2* 


lawtrda. 

Out- 
ward!. 

Aiticlah 

lawarda. 

Out. 
warda. 

ArUdM. 

To- 

Coaai. 

Fo- 

Coaat- 

reiga 

wiaa. 

raiin. 

wiae. 

«.    A 

>.    <(. 

t.    d. 

t.    d. 

t,   d. 

t.   d. 

Shovela  or  ipula      •          •  bnndla 

0    1 

0   01-2 

Wood,  «!■.  anchor  itocka      •    aaeh 

0    3 

0    112 

0    1 

Shuuiu         •          .          .       ton 

r  6* 

0    » 

0  8 

^ajtebandlea    -          •      120 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

Sieva            ■          •          •  <lo»m 

0    1 

0   01-2 

0   014 

balleni,  via.  8  It.  to  21  ft  lone 

bilk,  raw  or  tbnwn  •          •     cwL 

1    < 

0    t 

0   « 

1    0 

0   8 

0   4 

wMte     ■          •          •       — 

0    « 

0    4  11 

0   3 

above  21  fL  long  — 

1    8 

0  9 

0   4  1-2 

niaiiufactureil    •          |»c)mj(q 

1    0 

0    8 

0   3 

batten  end!     •          •       - 

0    8 

0   21-2 

0   2 

Skini,  kip  »n(l  CiUf,  dry         •     cwU 

0    3 

0    11-2 

0    1 

bai'chpolea    -          ■     load 

1    0 

0   8 

u   4 

wet        •      — 

0    1 

■t    0    084 

0   01-2 

board!,  via  beach,  birch,  pine, 

001-4* 

and  poplar  •      12U 

2    0 

1    0 

0   8 

btdgnr,  bear,  beaver,  deer,  elk, 

elap     •          .      - 

1    0 

0   6 

0   4 

erniine,  Aaher,  ftia,  lenpnrJ, 

oak,  above  15  ft     — 

3    0 

1    8 

1    0 

lion,  marten,  oner,  |iaaiher, 

uitilerdo.        -. 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

■eal,  (fur),  tiger      -   tcore 

0   6 

0  S 

0  < 

wainscjt,  above  do,  — 

3    0 

1    8 

1    0 

cal,  cliliicbilli,  huMe,  mink, 
ncoou,  leal  (hair)   •       120 

under  do.  — 

S    0 

1    0 

0    8 

0   « 

0   1 

0  a 

coal  pit  propa            •    load 
crate  and  crop  wood  >       — 

0    6 

foai,  lilch,  kid,  lamb,  nitu- 

•           • 

0    3 

quuti,  nutria,  theep,  awan. 

daala,vll.under21ft.       12U 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

0   8 

0    II-2 

0    1 

eiceediog  do.    •      — 

3    0 

1    6 

1    0 

eoney,  hire,  mola       •       — 

0    1 

0   01-2 

0   01-1 

deal  enda       -          -       — 

1    0 

0    8 

0    4 

Skates,  atao  aUle  iicncilf       package 
Slate  and  alale  alalia   •           ■       ton 

0   6 

0   S 

0  s 

fir  quarlera  or  balks,  vi& 

0   6 

0   S 

0    > 

under  8  in,  aquara          — 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

Slatea                    puncheon  or  eaak 

■     « 

0   4» 

8  inclics  and  above      lo.id 

0    9 

0    4  1-2 

0    3 

writing  •          •          package 

■         ■ 

.     . 

0   3» 

fire  wood       -            fathom 

0    4 

0    2 

Slime .          •         •          •       ton 

■ 

0    I 

lath  wood      -          ■       - 

0    8 

0    3 

0    2 

SnuliB           •                    •     cwt. 

0    t 

0    1 

0    1 

maats,  via.  8  in.  and  under 

Suiarl  aticka                          ■    1,200 

1     6 

0    » 

0   8 

8  in.          •     each 

0    3 

0    11-2 

0    1 

Snuir  -                                 •       Ion 

2    0 

1    0 

0   8 

8  in.  and  under  12  in.  — 

0    8 

0    3 

0    2 

Soap    -                      .... 

2   0 

1    0 

0    8 

oak  kncea,  via.  under  8  in. 

package 

. 

. 

001-2* 

aquare  ■           -       12(1 

2    8 

1    3 

0  10 

Soder,  or  anlder,  or  spelter    •       ton 

3    0 

I    0 

0    8 

8  In.aquare  h  upwarde,  load 

1    0 

0   8 

0    4 

Siiermaceti     •          •          •     cwt. 

0    8 

0    1  1-4 

0    1 

oar  rafters  and  oan   .      120 

1    0 

0    6 

0    4 

Splunel          •          •          •    baica 

0    9 

U    11-2 

0    1 

old  wood        -          •     load 

0   8 

0    3 

0    2 

Spiriia           •         •      lOOgallona 

0  10 

0    6 

planka,  via.  beech,  birch, 
oak,  and  poplar      load 

pipe 
puncheon 
lingihead 

- 

- 

0   8 

1    S 

0    71-2 

0    8 

■ 

. 

0    4 

pine          -           -       120 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

• 

• 

0   8 

apaii,  viz.  under  22  ft.  lon<  — 

1    0 

0   6 

0    4 

Splrileofialli           -           •    buttle 

"  ! 

0    1 

0    1 

22  ft.  long  *  upwanls  — 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

Sponge           •          ■           •     civl. 

0   6 

0   3 

0   1 

appice  knees,  viz.  under  8  in. 

Spra!i             -          -           -    I,0«0 

- 

0    Ot-2 

120 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

Spruce  beer              •       32  galloua 
Siiuilla           ■         ■          •     cwt. 

0    « 
0  s 

0    3 
0    1  1-2 

0   2 

0    1 

8  in.  and  upwards,  load 
llavea,  above  1  1-2  in.  thick, 

0   9 

0    41-2 

0    3 

starch            •          •          .Ion 

2    0 

1    0 

0   8 

not  eiceeding  38  in.  lone, 

•Stationery    ■          •          package 

0    4 

0    2 

0    3 

120 

0   1 

0   11-2 

0    I 

Steel,  atao  aulphur  vivum     -       tun 

1    « 

0    8 

0   8 

exceeding  38  In,  and  under 

Straw  and  atraw  plait           package 

0    6 

0    3 

0   2 

60           -          -      120 

0    8 

0  8 

0   2 

Sturgeon          •           "           •        — 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0  01-2 

exceeding  80  in.  long     — 
Bot  above  1  1-2  in.  thick,  not 

0   9 

0  41-2 

0   1 

Succadca  and  aweclineala       -     cwt 

1    0 

0    < 

0   4 

Sugar            •          ■          .Ion 

2    0 

1    0 

0   8 

exceeding  38  in.  long    120 

0    1 

0  012 

0  012 

refined            .        bogaheaJ 

• 

• 

n 

exceeding  36  in,  and  under 

tierce 

♦:  ■ 

•     . 

60             -           •       120 

0  1 

0    t 

0    1 

barrel 

.     . 

0    I1-2 

exceeding  60  in.  long     — 

0    8 

0   11-2 

0    1 

puncheon 

- 

• 

0   4 

timber,  viz.  fir          .     load 

0   9 

0   414 

0   8 

candy  •          .          •     cwt. 

0    2 

0    1 

leak  or  oiik          -       — 

1    0 

0  8 

0    4 

Talc,  tamarinda,  or  tapioca  -       — 
Taltow,  alaotinof  all  kinda        ton 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

1 

pine,  k  all  other  timber  — 

0   9 

0    4  14 

0  s 

2    0 

1    0 

0   8 

ufcra,  vii.  under  24rt  long  120 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

Tanner*'  ivaile          .           •       — 

0    4 

0  a 

24  ft.  long  or  upwarda  — 

3    0 

1    8 

1    0 

Tapca,  Briliah             .           package 
Tar     .           .          Int  (Wbarrefi) 

0    « 

0    3 

1    8 

0   9 

0    8 

2    0 

1    0 

0    1 

wadgee          .           -    I  "00 

1    8 

0   9 

0    8 

water      •                    •  barrel 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

British  or  Iriah      - 

0    3 

Tarraa            -          *i         •  bushel 

0    0 

■2   0    01-4 

wheel  spokes  and  fell  lea    — 

i'b" 

o'  9' 

0    8 

Tn     ■                      •           package 

0  e 

0    S 

0   1 

Britiih  or  Irish  — 

0    3 

Thread,  linen,  twiat,  cotton,  or  yarn. 

barwood  or  boxwood        ton 

1*8" 

0"  9" 

0   6 

cwt 

0    4 

0   S 

Brazil  and  Biazilelto,  or  cam- 

Thnima        .           -           -      bag 

0    3 

0    11-2 

'    '    « 

wood          -          -       ton 

2  0 

1    0 

0    8 

Tin  plali*      -                      •      bol 

. 

. 

0   012 

pipe  boards.    See  Stava. 

Tobacco  k  atalka,  alao  turmeric  cwt 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0    01-2 

masts,  12  in.  and  upwards. 

Tolaccoplpea           .           -      boa 

■ 

■           > 

0    2 

See  Fir  TimUr. 

Tomuee         •          •           package 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0   01.2 

cedar   wood,   ebony,   fustic. 

rortoiae^hcU           •          -     cwt 

0    6 

0    3 

0   2 

Guinea  wood,  lignum  vitae, 
logwood,  ma.  jjany,  or  red 

Tow   ....       ton 

1    0 

0    8 

0   4 

Toya  -          •                      packaji! 
Treenail!        .          .           -1,200 

0    6 

0   S 

0   8 

aandert                  -       ton 

I    6 

0  9 

0   6 

0   6 

0    3 

0   8 

Nicaragua  wood,  aapan,  or 

Trucka          •         •          •    each 

0    4 

0    2 

0    2 

roaewood    -          -       ton 

2    0 

I    0 

0   8 

Trufflet          .           .           •     cwt 

1    0 

0    8 

0    4 

HToollena       •          .          package 

1    0 

Turnipe         •          -          .too 

. 

0    S 

0    3* 

Vami  -          .          .          package 

0   8 

0    11-2 

0    1 

Turpentine    •          -          •       — 

1    8 

0    9 

0   8 

Yam,  bay      .          •          -     cwt 
cotton  or  twist  -          -      — 

0   2 

0    1 

0    1 

Twine           ...     cwt. 

0    2 

0    1 

0   4 

0   2 

Typei           -          •          -      boi 

0    4 

0    1 

0   t 

grogram,  alao  wonted         — 

0    2 

0    1 

Valerian         •          •          •     cwt. 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    4 

0   2 

Valotiia,  alao  vamah           •       ton 

1    8 

0   9 

0   8 

Teaat             .          -"          packagii 

1    0 

0    8 

0   2 

Vanelloea        .           •           •     cwt 

1    0 

0   8 

0   4 

Zaffre(aspae:iaofcaljali;    -    cwt 

0  4 

0   2 

0  1 

Venice  turpeoti'ie      -          •       — 

0   9 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

Venllgria        -           •           -       ton 
Verniicelli,  alaovoiiiiiioB   •     cwt 

2    0 
0    8 

1    0 
0    3 

0    8 
0    t 

Vinwu  and  verjuice            ■       ton 

1   4 

1    2 

0   9 

pipe 

« 

> 

0    6* 

JMdanet  ntid,  tut  fopoy  ot/t 

)Oou» 

eaak 

0    4* 

hogahead 

. 

.     , 

0    2* 

Invranh,  vli.  Carpet!  aa  woollena;  china  u  i 
bottled,  aa  ale ;  cordlala  aa  apii  ita,  dan-.mon  as 

arlhenwa 

"81  ctder, 

1,  foreifn. 

printen' 

1-2  hophead 

. 

• 

0    1* 

■oain;  coi 

Vitriol,  white           .          -       tun 

2    0 

1    0 

0    8 

aa  bullion ;   hosiery  as  haberdaahery,  iron 

liquor  u 

oil  of 

■      _ 

2    8 

1   s 

0  10 

liquor,  iron  tn  pickagn  aa  hardware,  milline 
ufad  oil  aa  nlive  in  flaakft,  pomenanatce  ae 

ry  u  habe 

nluiiery, 

Whalebone  finf 

.     cwt 

0  a 

0    1 

0    1 

orangeaj 

uddlery. 
unets  aod 

Wheelbarrow! 

-    ach 

0    4 

0   2 

0    2 

wrouj^ht  leather  slops,  see  HaUrdatlury ; 

straw  bo 

Whetatonea     - 

■     caik 

1    0 

0    8 

0    4 

weinng  apparel  aa  halwrdashery. 

Whlp-a'icka    . 
Whiting 

boudle 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0    01-2 

Outwarda,  viz.  Bacon,  hania,  lard,  and  tripe. 

aabeefa 

nd  pork; 

.       ton 

1    0 

0    6 

0    4 

iron,  in  packagta,  aa  hardware;  linen  aa  ci 

itton,  mac 

hinerjr  u 

Wine 

tun 

2    4 

1    2 

0    9 

wrought  iron,  paper  aa  stationery,  pewter  an 

1  tinaaco 

Dper,  pre. 

battled 

.  barrel 

0    112 

serves  aa  pickles ;  soda  w  ater  as  pickles, tapes 

or  linen,  a 

Qd  twine, 

boa 

, 

0    2 

thread,  twist,  as  cottons. 

caae 

. 

0    2 

Painters' colours,  in  packagra,  outwards,  indudn 

■  aaheabn 

awnpow  . 

cask 

, 

0    4 

der.  cement,  chalk,  charcoal,  chroniate  nf  lea 

J,  or  Iran, 
lack,  lead 

coppenii 

hogahead 

. 

0    8 

cudbear,  earths,  blue,  grease  or  greaves,  lamp  b 

.liUiarje, 

puncheon 

. 

0    4 

maoiaaeae,  ochre,  aluch,  and  whiting. 

f    ,                      Uetce 

0    3 

3x2 


i  I 


600 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


Ijvebpooi.  Town  D«Es.>-BpRl(lfi«  the  flock  rnteii,  town  diieii  are  levied  on  Roodi  inwards  and  out- 
w»rilD,  ul  n  certiiiii  rate  pt^r  |mc.ku|{0.  Tin;  iinnuni  amount  <il'  theHO  diilioa,  aiiivu  IM'i,  i»  ubown  in  u 
praviiiiu  Tublo,  andwu  now  nultjoinan  account  of  the  rutu  at  which  they  aru  chiirgud. 


Articlra. 

Inwards. 

Outirania, 

Articles, 

fnwards. 

'  Outwards 

:  d. 

1.  (U 

f.  d. 

f.  d. 

Ahlavtrr,  the  Ion         -          •          • 

0   il 

0    2 

Nutt,  the  barrvl 

0   3 

0    1 

A'lin  of  forii,  tlis  100  buiheli  • 

1    4 

0    8 

the  bag    • 

0    1 

0    1 

R.icon,  tlif  litn   •           •           <          • 

1    0 

0    S 

Oak  birk,  (lie  Inn 

0   8 

0    8 

Bripki,  llw  1,000 

0    1 

tinihiT,  (he  ton 

0   8 

0    8 

Hulter,  (hn  (on  •           -          •           . 

i  0  ' 

0    B 

plauki,  the  130      - 

1    0 

0    6 

rntnlliliie,  tllti  ton          - 

0    3 

0    3 

Oil,  vix.  fliti  or  train,  tho  ton 

0   8 

0    g 

Candles,  ihc  tmx 

0    1 

0    OM 

Paper,  the  nack 

0   2 

0    2 

Cht-Mf,  dm  ton 

0  e 

0    8 

IVi  ry  or  cider,  the  hoifstiead 

0  a 

0    2 

Clay  fr>r  iKiil,  r»,  (he  ton 

0   3 

0    3 

I'otatoes,  Iho  too  blisluds 

1    0 

1    0 

On|i|H.T,  ihe  ton 

0    6 

0    3 

Pols  of  iron,  the  Ion     - 

0   8 

0    3 

Colton,  Ihebajc  •          •                      • 

0    1 

0    1 

Raisins,  the  100  baikela 
Salt,  white,  the  101)  busheb 

1    0 

0    8 

Onili,  the  chahlton  (Winchnter  inra- 

2    0 

sure)  -          .          .          .          . 

0    23.4 

0    23  4 

roast  wiso    • 

• 

1    0 

the  ton    -          .          -          . 

0    3 

0    2 

rock,  the  lOO  busheli 

. 

1    4 

Cotr  ihaiiln,  Iho  1,000  • 

0    2 

0    1 

coastwise,  do. 

■         • 

0    8 

IxMiii,  Ihr  KX) 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

!<«eila,  pnlen,  the  sack 

0    1 

0    01-2 

Cork  woo  1,  the  ton 

1    0 

0    8 

Slates,  (lie  Ion   - 

0   3 

0    2 

('orti,  of  atl  M>rt*,  ttio  lOO  l)Uthc'lt 

1    4 

0    N 

Soap,  the  box   • 

0    1 

0    01.2 

Ourniili  ihf  liult 

0    8 

0    4 

Spirit-*,  the  niincheon    • 
tlie  hoftsheail    - 

0    8 

0    4 

Drill,  tha  I'iU    .... 

1    0 

0    8 

0    8 

0    3 

I>ccr  skins,  low,  Iho  100 

0    3 

0     I  1.2 

drawn  from  com,  the  puncheon 

0    2 

0    2 

iltwiud,  tlie  hoi^iticad 

0    4 

0    2 

Staves,  hradini,    and    ham  spites,    tha 

Dyt^ioX  "'^o  '•  of  cvtTV  kind,  tli«  toD    - 

0    8 

0    3 

1,000 

0    8 

0   3 

Barllionw.ue,  Ihr  i-ratu 

0    2 

Starch,  the  chest 

0    2 

0    2 

llir  I'jrrllo 

• 

0    1 

Sugar,  the  hnj^sliead 

0    4 

0    2 

hmjf,  the  load  (60  piecM) 

■        • 

0    4 

the  tierce 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

Ebony,  the  ton 

0   « 

0   3 

the  barrel 

0    2 

0    I 

EtepiaiilsMteth,  thr  ton 
Fi->ihi'.r«,  llie  Iwd  or  baj 

1    0 

0    8 

Tallow,  the  cwt. 

0    1 

0    1 

0    3 

0    3 

'I'ar  and  pitch,  the  barret 

0    3 

0    1 

riah,  saltnl,  or  itoi  kStli,  the  Ion 

1    0 

0    8 

•limber  (llr,  (tc),  the  load 

0    8 

0    3 

<iin,;t'r,  tilt' K-i^              •            ■            • 

0    1 

0   0  1-2 

Toharco,  the  hofrsheid 

0    4 

0    ] 

Glass  tmltlra,  ine  ICO  dozrn 

1    0 

0    6 

Turiientlne,  the  bariel 

1    2 

0    1 

Unieerifs,  cmstvTisr,  tlin  hofnifaead 

0  a 

0    2 

Wainsctit  l>oa^ls,  the  120 

■    0 

0    8 

the  Hrkia 

0  oi-a 

0    0  1-2 

Wine,  Iho  |ii|)« 

1    0 

0    8 

fJum  SenfjOl,  the  ton    • 

1    0 

0    8 

the  Itoxshead     - 

0    8 

0    3 

OiiH(io«"ilfi,  ilic  turret             •          • 

0    1 

0  ni'2 

coastwise,  the  pip« 

1    0 

0    8 

Heiiipor  (lax,  the  ton    • 

1    0 

0    6 

Window  glass,  the  side 

0    1 

0    1 

licrrlntcs,  thf  twrrf  1 

0    1 

0    I 

the  box 

0    0  12 

0    01-2 

Hides  of  cows  and  oxen,  earli 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

Wool,  the  haj  • 

0    4 

0    4 

iuiported  from  the  But 
liidii-a,  the  dozen    • 

Varui,  linen,  the  Irtiai  . 

0    6 

0    3 

0    I 

0   0  1-2 

the  pork  • 
foieijn,  thcfa'.t 

0    4 

0    8 

of  horsM,  e.irh    * 

0    01.4 

0    0  1-4 

0    8 

0   '4 

Hope,  the  pocket 

0    2 

0    2 

bay, the  pack 

0    4 

0   2 

In>n,  in  Inrt,  the  ton      • 

1    0 

0    8 

Try  goodi,  not  before  dBcribed.  the 

in  pits,  or  cast,  the  ton    • 

0    6 

0    3 

package,  viz 

ore,  tile  ton           •           -           . 

0    3 

0    3 

bale 

0    4 

0   2 

Kelp,  the  imi      .... 

0    6 

U    3 

0          barrel 

box            •  ^ 
bundle       .  ' 

0    2 

0    1 

I/cad,  lia.l  ore,  or  ropjier  ore^  the  ton 

Idthwno,!,  the  fathom  • 

0    6 
0   > 

0    8 
0    1 

0    2 
0    1 

0    1 
0    01-2 

Linen,  of  all  sorts,  the  pack     - 

0    4 

0    2 

case 

0    4 

0    2 

a  hiti  or  bundle 

0  a 

0    1 

cask 

0    4 

0    2 

tcmoiis  or  oran^s,  (he  etieat    > 

0   2 

0    1 

cheat 

0    4 

0    2 

tlie  box     . 

0    1 

0    0  1-1 

ciate 

0    2 

0    2 

I.i»mini  vitr,  thn  ton    . 

0   6 

0    3 

1-2  crate     . 

0    1 

0    1 

Malm^DV,  thi!  ton 

0    6 

0    8 

hamper      . 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

Malts,  aljive  12  inchat  diamettr 

0   3 

0    3 

hnfTshead     . 

0    4 

0    2 

8  iotlies  and  under  12   inchn 

puncheon  • 

0    8 

0    3 

diameter 

0  a 

0    3 

lierco 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

6   iiiihes    and    under   8  inchei 

tnink 

0    2 

0    2 

(haiiieter 

0    1 

0    I 

tnus 

0    2 

0    1 

Mi*al  of  aats,  \n.  the  ton 

0  « 

0    8 

keg 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

M'-lasscs.  ihr  hogshead 

0    2 

0    2 

Kr-  The  above  dniioa  are  not  due  on  poods,  the  property  of,  and  to  be  sold  Rolcly  on  account  of,  ppr- 
lons  free  of  Liverpool,  Bristol,  London,  Wnlcrford,  or  Wexford;  nor  on  the  exportation  of  goods, 
whli  It  m:iy  have  been  imported,  or  brought  coiietwiae,  provitleu  they  are,  at  tlie  time  of  exportation, 
the  suDii'  property  as  whun  so  imported,  or  brought  coastwise. 

The  Liverpool  Doclts  are  all  constriicteil  upoti  tho  estate  of  the  corporation,  and  are  ma- 
nntred  )>y  commissioners  ajipointoil  by  parliament.  The  warehouses  belong  to  individuals, 
and  are  private  property.  None  of  them  belong  to  the  Dork  estate.  Most  of  them  are,  of 
course,  situated  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  docks.  The  discharging  and  loading  of 
vessels  in  Liverfwol  is  ctfecfed  by  a  class  of  men  cjtlled  lumpers.  Individuals  who  follow 
this  business  engage  to  discharge  a  ship  for  a  specific,  or  lump  sum,  from  2  guineas,  perhaps, 
up  to  20,  according  to  the  size  and  description  of  cargo,  having  the  requisite  number  of  com- 
mon labourers  (chiefly  Irishmen)  to  do  tho  work ;  the  lumper  lieing  master  and  superin- 
tendent: these  labourers  are  generally  paid  day  wages,  but  sometimes  the  jab  is  a  joint  con- 
cern among  the  whole. 

A  West  India  ship  of  500  tons  would  he  discharged  by  lumpers  for  from  15/.  to  20/. ;  a 
cotton  ship  of  the  same  burden  for  4/.  to  6/.  By  discharging  is  merely  meant  putting  out 
the  cargo  on  the  quay ;  tho  proprietors  of  the  goods  employ  their  own  porters  to  weigh, 
load,  and  warehouse  the  property  :  they  likewise  employ  their  own  coopers,  where  cooper- 
age is  rciiuired. 

It  will  be  seen  that  tho  system  of  managing  business  of  this  sort  in  Liverpool  is  entirely 
difTercnt  from  the  plan  followed  in  London,  at  least  in  the  East  India  Docks,  where  all  these 
operations  arc  performed  by  the  Dock  Company. 

The  expense  of  loading  a  West  India  ship  of  500  tons  onlwards  would  not  be  half  as 
much  08  that  of  discharging  inwards,  because  they  very  seldom  take  a  full  cargo  oulwarda, 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


607 


Dodi  inwards  and  out- 
ic*)  IM'i,  ia  uliowii  in  a 
liiirgud. 


Inwarili. 

OulBarJi. 

■ 

1.   d. 

1.  d. 

0   2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0   8 

g  6 

0    8 

0  g 

1    0 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    i 

0   2 

0  a 

0   2 

1    0 

1    0 

0   8 

0    3 

1    0 

0    8 
2    0 

• 

1    0 

•         • 

1    4 

•         • 

0    8 

0    1 

0    012 

0   3 

0    2 

0    1 

0    01.2 

0   8 

0    4 

0    6 

0    3 

n 

0    !i 

0    2 

0   6 

0    3 

0    2 

0    2 

0    4 

0    2 

0    3 

0    1  1-2 

0    8 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    2 

0    1 

0    8 

0    3 

0    4 

0    I 

1    i 

0    1 

1    0 

0    8 

1    0 

0    G 

0    6 

0    3 

1    0 

0    8 

0    1 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

0  01.3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    8 

0    3 

0    4 

0    8 

0    8 

0    4 

h* 

0    4 

0    2 

0    4 

0    8 

0    2 

0    1 

0    2 

0    1 

n  1 

0    0|.2 

0    4 

0    2 

0    4 

0    2 

0    4 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

0    4 

0    2 

0    8 

0    3 

0    3 

0    11-! 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

U    1 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

ly  on  ncROunt  of,  per- 

xporlnlion  of  goods, 

L>  time  uf  exporiatinn, 


ralion,  anil  are  niR' 
nng  to  individuals, 
tost,  of  til  em  are,  of 
n(?  and  loadins;  of 
•idiials  who  follow 
2  guineas,  perhaps, 
site  number  of  com- 
iniistrr  and  supcrin- 
c  j  ih  is  a  joint  con- 

rem  15/.  to  20/.;  a 
meant  putting  out 
n  porters  to  weigh, 
pers,  where  cooper- 

■jiverpool  is  entirely 
icks,  where  all  these 

nld  not  be  half  as 
ill  cargo  outwards. 


The  average  does  not,  perhaps,  exceed  a  third.    Hence  the  total  expense  of  a  Went  India 
thip  of  fiOO  tons,  coming  into  and  going  out  of  the  port  of  Liverpool,  may  be  estimated  »s 

follows : — 


L.  1. 

'd. 

.    8  II 

0 

•    0  10 

n 

-  17  10 

0 

.    S  10 

0 

Pilotage  ontwardi 
Boat  hire  aisUting  out 


L.  I.  d. 

•    3    8  0 

.    0  10  e 

/..  37    0  0 


Pilntngo  Inwards  • 

Bout  l)lri!,  wnrping,  tie. 
Lumpers'  discharging     - 
I.nbnurers'  hire  for  loading 

Besides  these,  there  is  the  charge  for  the  various  light-houses  in  St.  George's  Channel 
which  cannot  be  called  an  expense  peculiar  to  Liverpool. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1836,  there  belonged  to  Liverpool  066  registered  vessels,  of  the 
burden  of  2U7,833  tons,  manned  by  11,611  men  and  boys.    The  gross  customs  dutyc 
iected  in  the  port  during  the  year  1 837  amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  4,35 1 ,406/. ! ' 

Iinporls  of  the  priiiclpnl  Articles  of  Fast  and  Wcit  Indian,  Ai!ierlcnn,&c.  Produce  i  .ivorpool, 
(luring  each  of  tlio  ftris  Vcari  ending  with  1838,  with  the  Storks  on  Hand  on  the  3"  ol  V  -nvbi  t 
each  Yeur. — (Kroni  the  Circular  Statement  of  Metirs.  Jee,  Urolhera,  and  Co.,  Slut  D  '■urn''  JS.) 


r 
1 
1 

TackaKPS  and 

lin  porta. 

Slocki 

on  Hand,  3Ut  oi  i  ectmber. 

Arlicla. 

(tuanlilicii. 

1834. 

183S. 

1838. 

1837. 

1833. 

1834 

1839. 

1836. 

1837.    lesa 

A1I1M,  AmeriuD    • 

bamdi. 

6,580 

13,M0 

17,5(X) 

14,800 

15,700 

(  pot.  2,150 
I  prl.  2,100 

3,500 
1,000 

8,700 1      4,600      7,500 
2,400 1      2,500      2,500 

RriniBtoDfl   • 

tont 

0,780 

11,900 

14,900 

14,500 

16,900 

2;r.oo 

2,900 

7,500 

7,410     11,000 

0)001 

bill.  an<l  bap 

3,0lt0 

i,6/>a 

8,500 

5,500 

2,3(K) 

1,930 

620 

5,000 

6,200,      1,600 

Coir™,  Wet  lD(li»  • 

ca>k» 

8,0l0 

7,'iflO 

7,600 

8,5(K) 

8,100 

■) 

1 

ililln   - 

brti  and  ban 

5,170 

6,900 

5,000 

5,0GO 

6,800 

Mont    SOU 

1,990 

1,600 

950,     1,630 

Kut  India,  ftc 

do. 

9,9:10 

8,  MX) 

6,900 

15,700 

)-,420 

' 

folinn 

bap,  &c. 

83!),2»5 

9(i9,J7!) 

1,022,871 

tfiMfidU 

1,330,4311 

145,300 

184,700 

204,590 ;  170,820  248J40| 

Uj-ewoo'i,  fiiitic     ' 

Inni 

11,770 

8,.'>0U 

3,700 

3,100 

3,150 

4,200 

4,410 

3,2001      1,-00        ^-lO 

li>i;wiH)(l 

do. 

\o,m 

8,900 

«,DUO 

9,000 

8,800 

3,800 

3,100 

2,300 

1,500         350 

Ni.iripia  wood 

do. 

3,4(10 

4A«> 

3,700 

1,7.50 

900 

l,K.^ 

3,500 

4,800 

4,800      4,1.00 

CatiiwouJ 

do. 

6M 

4K0 

3,0 

650 

250 

200 

100 

too 

200           50 

birwoftd 

do. 

l,fiOO 

2,20U 

1,00(1 

1,200 

640 

1,100 

760 

950 

1,700      1,0C« 

Flour,  Allieririn     • 

birrt-lf 

21,tW 

3,S(;0 

2,1-Ofl 

440 

16,20» 

163,500 

100,000 

69,1 00:    62,060    20,l'0() 

(iinjtr,  W«l  Iiicli.i 

brii.  and  bap 

2,o;o 

2,350 

2,(i(X) 

2,4.^0 

2,000 

bap    2,3C0 

4,600 

S      6(10,      1,509      2,700 
I  7,(X<J  tor.i300toni460 

K.isl  India,  Ac. 

pocketa 

IU,(MO 

I.'»,I00 

28,000 

22,1011 

28,000 

Ilidfi,    foreign,    cow 

1 

and  or     • 

otimb-r 

469,400 

323,«)0 

264,600 

295,000 

350,000 

211,700 

91,000 

71,000!   20,000    44,420 

Hail  India      - 

do. 

203,200 

39(>,00O 

3ti4,«10 

275,00(1 

171,000 

27,000 

100,000 

60,0(O|   24,000    21,400 

horeo 

■'■> 

38,100 

72,000 

28,20(1 

39,000 

6^,00') 

9,100 

30,000 

11,(00      lj,000      3,800 

Indim 

1,         ,,„  II 

I,4ti0 

920 

U'JO 

2,700 

1,810 

140 

170 

81 0,         ICO!          40 

Eut  India 

■*i*. 

2,0411 

1,380 

2,a-.o 

760 

l,:)30 

250 

3i!0 

4001        2501        340 

MnlMiw 

pu.    ■  :■<■■'•: 

I8,i<f>0 

12,800 

li,700 

11,2.)0 

10,100 

7,4jfl 

5,1100 

l,8(;0l        300      2,5a) 

Olive  nil      -           • 

7,400 

2.300 

i;m 

6,500 

8,000 

tuna      1,500 

.500 

l,l(;Ol     1,300       1,050 

I'llm  oil 

iona 

10,81)0 

9,0(10 

10,8(10 

8,300 

9,1100 

tou       6,000 

2,200 

l.UOo!      1,1-00      2,CC0 

IVpilLT 

ban  &  pckti. 
brffl.  and  bap 

I9,V>0 

14,300 

2>),70fl 

23,400 

13,000 

6,000 

9,500 

25,350 ;   27.,10O    29,000 

Pinirnto 

1,910 

3,1-00 

4,200 

3,350 

1,1611 

6,650 

4,200 

8,200;     8,000      6,000 

(Jtiercitron  hark 

bug>he.-i<ll 

KM 

l,(XIO 

l,7tjU 

1,5'JO 

1,600 

600 

900 

700{        460,        260 

hicr,  American 

cukj 

900 

4.W 

4-10 

160 

26 

none 

none 

none   1   none   ;   none 

ni.l.ly 

Br.izil.  African 

busheli 

83,0-10 

99,200 

113,700 

203,400 

109,008 

uiicert. 

uncert. 

uncert.    uncert. 

uncert. 

ba;ra 

KI-iO 

1,100 

none 

none 

none 

none 

n.'>no 

none       none 

n(,ne 

Eail  India      ■ 

do! 

61,310 

6,.'HX) 

24,100 

10i,K10 

66,000 

17,300 

36,000 

6,00( 

30,000 

12,000 

Rum 

pun.  fe  hhdi. 

I0,8W 

12,160 

12,150 

11,030 

9,100 

11,090 

9,550 

8,h«0 

8,200 

0,460 

Salipii™      • 
Seed,  ftix    • 

bafrsfte. 

64,8(10 

64,1)00 

63,8,0 

72,500 

6(1,700 

22,150 

20,M» 

35,000 

37,000 

28,000 

QUartert 

18,210 

26.000 

34'.00 

39,500 

23,000 

5,000 

5,000 

2.211(1 

1,000 

1,500 

Shumac 

ba^ 

48,800 

53,000 

54,000 

33.400 

68,.'60 

8,440 

10,000 

8,500 

6,500 

12,000 

Sugar,  llriliih  plant. 

lihda.  .'iiid  tea, 

01,360 

55,0-.0 

66,500 

47,800 

47,01K) 

9,,550 

12,600 

17.000 

7,800 

14,000 

Ilavannah     - 

bona 

6H) 

Dom) 

840 

620 

l,.50(i 

Dons 

-    . 

6.50 

none 

nnzil 

cam 

2~80 

3,900 

5,500 

2,300 

3.820 

550 

350 

1,900 

1,0(0       l,300| 

M.inril.  %  F..  I. 

liap  and  hia. 

I33,6-.0 

ll;l,(X)0 

102,3110 

113,0(50 

155,700 

JI.SOO 

22,000 

44,000 

47,0(!0    92,600^ 

Manilla,  Ac. 

I>ap  and  brla. 

12,070 

16,000 

14,100 

42.000 

26,200 

I5,.500 

3,000 

12,000 

19,600 

13,500 

Tar,  Anieriran 

barrels 

19,180 

16,iH)0 

19,000 

12,000 

12,000 

500 

none 

1,200 

300 

2,500 

Stockholm,  fcc. 

do. 

41,700 

41200 

17,500 

19,800 

44,670 

10,600 

15,000      6,000 

4,000 

18,500 

raliow       .          .| 

caaka 

">^ 

25,600 

21,900 

18,4;I0 

24,000 

6,500 

8,560      3,500 

2,000 

3,000 

lerDna 

321) 

l,0«0 

l(X) 

1,300 

400 

Tohaceo 

bni;iheada 

9,800 

9,200 

9,793 

8,100 

8,100 

8,300 

8,800     10,283 

6,050 

5,280 

Turpen'ine 

barrel! 

87,970 

iF,iO0 

104,00(1 

104,300 

122,000 

13,000 

4,600     25.01J0 

24,000     5(),0W)| 

Port  of  Liverpool  from 

Foreign  Po  '.a,  dlstin^ulshi 

ig  British 

from  Foreign,  since 

1820. 

Years. 

Dritish. 

Foreign. 

Yi-ara. 

Rriliah. 

Forcisn.                 1 

H/npt. 

Totti. 

Sh'pt. 

Ton*. 

.^Wj)i. 

TV/ii. 

S/l,pi. 

Tmn. 

mo 

l.Mfi 

228,233 

633 

106,821 

1827 

1,428 

306,369 

810 

231,863 

1821 

1   1,IK8 

242,382 

8»2 

149,151 

1*28 

1,658 

344,644 

660 

179,514 

I8'22 

l,8t)3 

2t)l,lir7 

6»» 

174,607 

1829 

1,487 

.320,311 

811 

810,713  . 

1823 

l,!.™ 

896,710 

798 

109,866 

1830 

1,6.')5 

368,268 

1,055 

872.463 

1824 

1,.M4 

.327,198 

708 

174,593 

1831 

1,808 

413,928 

978 

265,037 

182.1 

i,Kn 

315.115 

863 

222,187 

1832 

1,719 

397,933 

828 

227,087 

1826 

1,387 

8'.UI,037 

680 

181,907 

Th(>  fulling  otf  in  18.32  is  ngcribalils  partly  to  the  cholera  then  pruvailing ;  but  more  to  the  rupture 
>vi*h  the  Dutch  towards  the  end  of  tbo  year. 

/risA  Trade.— 'Tho  trade  between  Liverpool  and  Ireland  has  always  been  of  considera- 
lilo  value  and  importance ;  but  since  the  cstatilishmcnt  of  regular  steam-packets  to  Dublin, 
Belfast,  &c.,  it  has  increased  prodigiously.  The  imports  from  Ireland  into  Liverpool  may, 
at  present,  be  estimated  at  about  4,500,000/.  a  year.  They  consist  principally  of  articles  of 
provision,  which  meet  a  ready  and  advantageous  market  ih  Manchester,  and  the  surround- 
ing manufactuiing  towns.  The  benefits  resulting  to  Ireland  from  this  intercourse  are  quita 
e(|ual  to  those  it  confers  on  England ;  and  the  influence  of  the  wealth  arising  from  it  is  «uf 


Vlr 


:'■■  i 


I 


i.- 


'il 


III 


DOCKS  (BRISTOL). 

flciently  apparent  in  the  improved  aapect  of  all  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Muntry.  We  sub- 
join  an  account,  which,  though  not  oificial,  may  be  depended  upon  aa  being  auflicientty  ac 
curate  for  all  pr"  .^tical  purpogea,  of 

Th«  Quantity  and  Value  of  the  varloui  Artlclea  of  Irlih  raw  Produce  im|iortod  Into  Liverpool  In  1831. 


Arllcli*. 

QiuintillM. 

Af.  Prict. 

Ainnunt, 

Aillelm. 

Qiunlilln. 

Av.Prlto. 

Amount. 

£    ». 

£         t. 

£    «. 

£          «. 

Cowi    - 

00,715 

10    0 

907,150    0 

Butter  - 

358,087  flrks. 

8  10 

ftt.%817  10 

Ilorief  - 

390 

30    0 

5,930    0 

Uo. 

19,317  i  Arks. 

1    3 

31,031     S 

Shenp  - 

131,703 

1    5 

33.'),83S  10 

E«g8      • 

Wheat  - 

3,596  crates 

30    0 

50,120    0 

,^''^lc» 

343 

15    0 

3,645    0 

977,060  qrs. 

3    0 

831,183    0 

-■ 

15«,0<H 

a  IS 

585,003  15 

Oats      - 

380,679  — 

1  13 

633,950  13 

Cai 

1.1 -T 

3  10 

3,990    0 

Barley  - 

91,338  — 

1  15 

37,.134    0 

l.nniii 

,'•^5 

1    0 

3.'i,735    0 

Rye      - 

613  — 

1  10 

919  10 

llncun   - 

,099  bales 

5    0 

65,494    0 

Beans   - 

8,458  — 

3    0 

16,001    0 

PorK     - 

V%54  bria. 

3    0 

43,il6a    0 

Peas     - 

1,784  — 

8    4 

3,448    0 

1)0.         - 

936 1  brls. 

1  15 

1,038    0 

Malt     ■ 

6,850  - 

3  10 

17,125    0 

lliimi  and 

Meal     . 

140,816  loads 

1    5 

187,270    6 

tongues 

690  hbds. 

SO    0 

11,800    0 

Flour    - 

33,154  sacks 

8    5 

309,596  10 

Deef      - 
Uo. 

0,301  tcs. 
1,180  brls. 

4    5 

37,171  IS 
3,567    4 

3    0 

Thus  making  the  gross  vnlue") 

I.nrd     • 

465  tcs. 

8    0 

3,730    0 

of  Irish  produce  Imported  In-  > 

4,497,708    0 

1)0. 

4,543  flrks. 

1  10 

6,813    0 

to  Liverpool  in  1831        .        J 

Butter  - 

5,754  cools 

3    0 

11,508    0 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Salted  Beef,  Pork,  and  Bntter,  imported  into  Liverpool  from  Ireland 
during  the  Twelve  Years  ending  with  1833. 


Tar. 

BmT. 

Pork. 

Butler. 

Tirrat. 

Samlt. 

JIantU. 

Hat/  BamU. 

/'irAint. 

Half  Firkiiu. 

1891 

0,383 

8,444 

85,303 

3,090 

333,048 

13,.MS5 

1833 

5,387 

9,713 

13,323 

1,433 

100,305 

14,629 

1833 

9,936 

8,137 

17.403 

L4te 

970,531 

19,205 

1834 

7,114 

1,743 

16,389 

1,050 

99l>,504 

15,064 

1835 

7,371 

1,696 

14,434 

1,006 

327,143 

13,711 

1836 

6,358 

778 

11,351 

844 

9.10,047 

12,257 

1837 

0,301 

997 

15,540 

3,437 

303,915 

80,249 

1838 

0,853 

1,538 

8,978 

1,109 

330,003 

21,402 

1839 

5,170 

1,536 

14,453 

1,494 

280,740 

15,rt03 

1830 

7,105 

838 

19,380 

8,458 

850,385 

17,070 

IS.-)! 

6,391 

1,189 

14,554 

930 

358,087 

19,217 

1833 

6,887 

1,173 

11,919 

1,397 

893,293 

15,880 

III.  Bristol  Docks,  Sbippino,  ktc. 

The  Bristol  Docks  were  formed  in  pursuance  of  the  act  43  Geo.  3.  c.  142.,  by  changing 
the  coutee  of  the  rivers  Avon  and  Frome,  and  placing  gates  or  locks  at  each  extremity  of 
the  old  channel.  The  accommodation  thus  obtained  ia  very  extensive.  The  worehouacs  at 
Bristol,  as  at  Liverpool,  are  not  in  any  way  connected  with  the  docks:  they  all  belong  to 
private  individuals. 

Bristol,  aa  a  port,  used  to  be  inferior  only  to  London ;  but  now  she  ranks  far  below 
Liverpool,  and  probably  is  second  to  Hull.  However,  she  still  enjoys  a  very  extensive  trade, 
particularly  with  the  West  Indies  and  Ireland.  The  custom  duties  collected  in  Briuloi 
amounted  in  1831,  to  1,161,976/L  In  1832,  there  belonged  to  the  port  296  registered  ves- 
sels, of  the  burden  of  46,567  tons. 

The  produce  of  the  dock  duties  on  tonnage  and  goods,  since  1820,  has  been  as  fol* 
lows  .•— 


Van. 

Tantiife  lUtm. 

Ram  OD  Ooodt. 

Yttra. 

Tonnig*  Halo. 

Rata  on  Goodi. 

1831 
1833 
1893 
1834 
1835 

£.      «.   d. 
10,409  19    6 
10,530  11    a 
10,747  19    8 
13,395    6    4 
13,434    4  10 

£     1.    d. 
7,337    7    6 
8,063    5    3 
7,746    7    7 
7,990    7    a 
9,409  11    0 

1890 
1837 
1888 
1830 
1830 

£       t.   d. 

14,863  10     0 
13,034    1    8 
15,293    0    3 
15,833    4    6 
15,998  13    e 

£      1.    d. 
0.438  14    3 
7;773  18    0 
8,306  16    3 
8,871  13    0 
8,087    1    0 

The  charges  on  ships  entering  Bristol  are  very  heavy.    They  are  as  follow  : — 

For  every  vessel  on  entering  into  the  port  of  Brintnl,  except  barges  or  other  vessels  passing  or  gning 
to  or  from  the  Bath  River  NnviKatiun,  ur  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal,  or  ru-shipping  or  dischari^ing  their 
cargoes  to  be  again  laden,  and  pass  or  go  up  the  said  navigation  or  caniii,  but  not  discharKing  an; 
part  of  their  cargoes  at  the  quays  of  Bristol  for  sale,  the  several  rates  or  duties,  according  to  ibe 

legister  tonnage  of  such  vessels  following,  viz.— 

Per  Ton. 
£  I.  d. 
Firit  Cliu*.— For  every  vesrel  trading  from  Africa,  Honduras,  Surinam,  and  other  ports  In 
South  America,  the  United  States  of  America,  the  ICiist  and  West  Indies,  all  tlie  purls 
within  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  the  Siinthern  WImlo  Fisliery      -  -  -  -030 

Second  Cla^f.—fni  evnrv  vessel  iradins  from  tile  British  Colonies,  Portugal,  Prussia,  Russia, 
Spain  without  the  Straits,  and  Sweden  •  •  -  •  •  -O30 


■ountry.    Wc  sub. 

aing  BuiTicientky  ao> 

nto  Liverpool  In  1831. 

.Price. 

Amount. 

E    *. 

£        ,. 

3  10 

043,817  10 

1    s 

31,021     5 

0    0 

50,130    0 

3    0 

831,183    0 

1  13 

633,020  13 

I  IS 

37,331    0 

1  10 

UIU  10 

3    0 

16,001    0 

3    4 

3,44H    0 

2  lU 

17,135    0 

1    5 

187,270    6 

2    S 

Sfl0,5»0  10 

iIur'> 

,„.} 

4,407,708    0 

verpool  from  Ireland 

Butter, 

a<itr  rirtiiu. 

»                  13,.1S5 

5                  14,039 

19,265 

15,684 

13,711 

13,357 

9 

80,349 

3 

81,403 

iU 

15,808 

O 

17,070 

n 

19,217 

« 

15,886 

c.  148.,  by  changing 

It  each  extremity  of 

The  warehouocs  at 

they  all  belong  to 

he  ranks  far  below 

very  extensive  trade, 

collected  in  Brii^tol 

296  registered  ves- 

9,  has  been  as  fol- 


Rate*  OD  Goods. 

£     t.   d. 

0.438  14    3 

7,773  13    0 

8,306  Iti    2 

8,871  13    0 

8,087     I    0 

bilow : — 

•BSfils  pttsBlng  or  going 

\g  or  digcharitin);  their 

lint  (tischnrKitiR  oiiy 

utles,  according  to  iba 

Per  Ton. 
£  s.  i. 
liter  porta  in 
ill  the  ports 

-  -030 

IB8iB,RUBliA, 

^        .  .020 


DOCKS  (HULL). 


'T 


609 


Tliiri  Clait.- 


PrrToii 
-For  every  veisol  trndlnc  rrom  Flanders,  France  without  the  Straits,  Germany,  £  §.  d. 


(iiii'rnsoy,  Ilollnnil,  Jp'Mcy,  Norway,  Poianil,  and /eiilanil     -  •  -  -  -010 

Fourth  Claim.— Vot  uvi-ry  vhhiiuI  trading  rrinii  Ireland,  the  IkIh  of  IVIan,  and  Hcotland  -    0    0    S 

Fifih  t'Jaiii.— For  every  venHt-l  employed  as  a  coaster,  uxcept  as  ufiirewild,  not  Including 
viinaels  froiu  Cardltf,  Now[iort,  and  other  iiorts  tu  the  eastward  of  the  Holmes,  at  each 
ciiloriiig  into  the  said  port  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -008 

Fur  vi'mhuIh  t'roiii  Caritiir,  Newport,  and  other  porta  to  the  eastward  of  the  Holmes  (except 
u*  at'iiresald),  lietiig  market  boats  or  vcsHeU,  having  one  third  part  at  least  of  the  lading 
ciiiisistiiig  of  coal,  pcriilT,  tin,  iron,  tin  piutes,  grain,  copper,  bricks,  stones,  coal,  tar,  state, 
bark,  liiiilior,  or  wood,  and  not  exceeding  75  tons  burden,  each  voyugo        -  -  -090 

. if  exceudliig  75  tuns  Inirdon,  each  voyage  -  -  -  -  -  -076 

|''(ir  nil  olltur  veHseU  from  (^ardifT,  Newport,  and  other  ports  to  the  eastward  of  the  Holmes 
(except  as  aforesaid),  if  under  40  tons  burden,  each  voyage  •  -  -  •  -070 

• if  of  lO  tiiiiH  and  under  75  tons  burden,  each  voyage        -  -  -  -  -0  13    0 

if  75  tons  and  under  100  I  ns  burden,  each  voyage  -  •  -  -  -    0  16    U 

if  100  tons  burden  or  upwards,  each  voyage         -  -  -  •  -  -110 

The  following  is  nn  estimate  of  the  various  expenses  incurred  by  a  West  India  ship  of 
SOO  tons,  enti^ring  and  discharging  at  Bristol : — 

/iiwiir(<».— Anchorage,  moorage,  and  lights,  about  6<(.  per  ton.— Dock  dues,  3s.  per  do.— Pilotage, 
15/  to  3j/.— Warner,  \l  U.— .Mnyor  and  oiiay  wardens'  fees,  'U.  5«.— Cranage  about  301. — Labour  dis- 
charging, Wt  to  4IU.— (.'oopnrs'  cimrges,  Iroiii  ^0{.  tu  100/.  The  two  last  Items  depend  greatly  on  the 
coitdiiiiin  the  cargo  is  In. 

Uutwurt/s.— Lights,  about  id.  per  ton.— Pilotage,  15/.  to  30/. 

Account  of  the  Number  of  Rhlps  and  their  Tonnage,  dlstingu'ihlng  between  British  and  Foreign, 
which  have  entered  Inwards  at  Bristol  since  1820, 


Yran. 

Rriliili. 

Foreisa. 

Vnn. 

E 

riliih. 

Tmigtt. 

Shipt. 

Tom. 

•'5r 

Tmi. 

ATl.fM. 

T.ni. 

SAipi. 

Tmi. 

Ifi20 

311 

5:t,9l9 

5,ti58 

1837 

413 

75,916 

72 

8,368 

IS2I 

2fifi 

40.811 

92 

7,350 

1828 

.1,57 

06,558 

61 

8,508 

1822 

891 

53,8(18 

58 

8,165 

1839 

371 

73,139 

63 

8,.')61 

1823 

.105 

.17,186 

39 

7,131 

I8.S0 

357 

60,479 

60 

7,818 

IH24 

3!)8 

05,878 

04 

10,177 

1831 

404 

70,807 

97 

13,387 

I82S 

359 

73,709 

68 

11,333 

1833 

340 

40,871 

39 

4,353 

1820 

331 

65,087 

60 

6,931 

IV.   HuLi.  Docks,  SnippiNO,  p.tc,  ■     ' 

There  are  three  considerable  docks  in  Hull ;  occupying,  inclusive  of  their  basins,  an  area 
of  26  acres.  They  are  capable  of  afTonling  accommodation  for  about  312  ships  of  the 
average  size  of  those  that  frequent  the  port.  Hull  is  the  next  port  in  the  empire,  after  Bris- 
tol, or  perhaps  Liverpool ;  for,  although  the  customs  duty  collected  in  Hull  be  inferior  to 
that  of  Bristol,  it  having  amounted,  in  1831,  to  only  689,116/.,  she  has  a  larger  amount  of 
xliipping.  In  18.32,  there  belonged  to  this  port  557  registered  vessels,  of  the  aggregate 
bunlen  of  68,892  tons. 
The  produce  of  the  Hull  dock  duties,  since  1824,  has  been  as  follows : — 


Year*. 


1821 
1825 

18J6 


AmnuDt. 


£       I.  d. 

18,776    6  3 

35,861  16  0 

19,089  16  0 


Yean. 


1827 
1838 
1389 


Amount. 


£  t.  d. 

23,381  9  9 

I8,.546  18  9 

19,009  9  4 


Yeire. 


1830 
1831 
I8:<2 


Amount. 


£     $.  d. 

18,544  19  4 

33,:M0  18  9 

16,797    9  2 


Tlio  decline  in  the  last  year  was  owing  to  the  temporary  falling  off  in  the  trade  of  the 
port,  ouca-sioncd  by  the  cholera,  and  the  interruption  of  the  intercourse  with  Holland. 

The  rcguliitioii.s  to  lie  observed  by  ships  using  the  Hull  Docks  are  similar  to  those  in  the 
Thames  ;  but  the  dues  on  most  articles  are  higher. 

The  dock  and  harbour  dues  on  ships  are  as  follow  :-— 

Per  Ton. 

t.d. 

From  within  the  Baltic  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  .  -13 

Ueniairk,  Sweden,  Norway  below  Eisinore,  or  any  place  in  Germany,  Holland,  Flanders, 
Prance,  to  the  eastward  of  Ushant,  Ireland,  Guernsey,  and  Jersey        -  -  -  -    0  10 

Westward  of  Ushant,  without  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar         -  -  -  -  -  -13 

Weal  Indies,  North  and  South  America,  Africa,  Greenland,  eastward  of  the  north  cape  of 
Norway,  within  the  Htraits  of  Gibraltar     -  -  •  -  -  -  -  -19 

Nunihnr  of  Vessels,  with  the  Amount  of  their  Tonnage,  entering  inwards  from  Foreign  Parts,  at  the 
Port  of  Hull,  each  Year  from  1820,  separating  British  from  Foreign.— (rur/.  Paper,  No.  650. 
Huns.  lo33.) 


1    Vnr,. 

f 

'ilhh. 

Fopeign. 

Snr\ 

British. 

Forei<n.               1 

Ships. 

Tuns. 

Ships. 

7'«n,». 

Shiva, 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

1820 

637 

117,43^1 

117 

15,111 

1827 

9^2 

191,304 

800 

73,338 

1821 

.578 

113,133 

105 

13,820 

182.8 

881 

1.16,i'2J 

671 

60,082 

1S22 

672 

131,999 

103 

14,011 

1829 

883 

185,791 

603 

58,854 

1823 

778 

153,313 

303 

80,103 

1830 

897 

103,6,57 

650 

51,013 

h2l 

-TO 

142,615 

510 

58,003 

1831 

971 

187,.16l 

725 

73,547 

188,') 

1,171 

827,3u3 

1,000 

100,773 

1832 

703 

140,788 

454 

43,481 

1S2S 

717 

130,674 

854 

70,137 

H 


•      '.. 


iiih  ( 


77 


610 


DOCKS  (OOOLE,  LEITH),  DOO. 


Th6  port  nf  Oooln  tins  tnttnrly  drnwn  oflT  iome  portion  of  the  trnitn  of  Hull.  A  liirjo  prnporlinn  of 
vhe  fnrniitn  vubscIb  fri!(|iiaiitiiig  the  purt  are  of  siiiull  liurdon,  and  aru  I'livituvil  In  lliu  liii|)urtutl<iii  of 
boiiea,  rugii,  rupRauod,  ice. 

V,  GiioLK  Docks,  Shifpino,  KTt\ 
The  port  of  Goole,  situatcJ  on  the  0 use,  a  little  nbovo  itii  junction  with  |1io  Ilumhpr, 
about  23  miles  more  inland  than  Hull,  promises  to  prove  a  Airiniilulile  rival  to  tlio  latter. 
'JVn  or  12  years  ago,  Goolc  was  but  an  insignificant  hnmlct.  It  ooniniutilrntCH  by  uuiuis 
of  canals  vv'ith  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Leeds,  Wakefield,  &c.  'I'houRh  so  remote  ironi  tlio 
sea,  vessels  dravviii);  15  or  l(i  firt  of  water  reach  Goole  in  Bufety.  It  hnit  2  wel  docks  and  a 
basin.  'I'lie  first,  or  s/ilji  (hmk,  is  800  feet  long  by  200  in  breadth,  'i'he  iccond,  or  4»;;jrj 
rffw/f,  is  !)00  feet  loii'^  by  150  wide,  and  is  intended  for  the  accommmlation  of  the  snmll  craft 
which  ply  upon  the  canals  and  rivers.  The  warchousog  at  Goolo  are  extensive  and  convtv 
venirnt ;  and  it  lias  been  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  a  bonding  port.  'J'hero  belonged  to 
it,  in  1832,  119  registered  ships,  of  the  burden  of  8,5'15  ton*. 

VL  Lkitii  Docks,  Shippino,  ktc.  ' 

Leith  has  2  wet  docks,  constructed  in  tho  very  best  manner,  rontaiiiin;;  more  than  10 
acres  of  water  room,  and  cajiable  of  accommodating  150  such  tilii[m  un  frequent  the  jiort. 
'J'hero  are  also  3  dry  d.icks  contiguous  to  tho  wet  docks. 

The  total  expense  of  tiicse  docks  seems  to  have  amounted  to  SRn.IOR/.  steriinfr.  Exten> 
Bive  improvemuntu  are  at  present  going  forward  at  tho  harbour  of  Leith  j  but  tho  money  for 
this  purpose  has  not  been  furnished  by  individuals,  but  by  govoriununt,  and  there  is  nmch 
reason  to  doubt  whether  the  expenditure  will  be  profitable. 

The  customs  duty  collected  at  Leith  in  1831  amounted  to  431,H2I/, ;  llio  number  of 
registered  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  is  316,  and  their  burden  >5,<i2U  tons. 

Dock  Hates  at  Leith  are  as  follow  : —  ,      . , 


Tor  every  ship  or  ves^H,  frniii  any  port  tt.'twecn  Riiclinnnciis  and  Kycinoiitli,  Incliidliig  tlio 

prcat  caiml  iiiid  tlie  river  Cly.!-,  as  fur  down  as  Ori!Hnock,  coiiiliiB  liylliii  cuniil, 
from  niiy  mlier  pnrt  in  firc.il  liritain  and  Iniland    -.-... 

fiDiii  NorwHy,  Sweden,  Itonniiirk,  Holstein,  Iliinihiirpli,  nrctiicii,  IIolliinil,ntid  I'landnrs, 

that  i^,  wiilixiit  llip  I!;ilti(',  anil  ni<  t'tirilicr  siiiitli  tlian  Diinlurk  -  .  .  .  . 

frmn  lii '  Itallir,  all  ab^no  llie  Soiuid,  Oiicca,  Ar(linii|iol,  Jerni'y  <ir  niH'riiKey,  l'iirln|!nl, 

France,  and  Spain,  willniut  llie  rttraits  of  (.'ibraluir,  NowfuiMnlliliid,  Madi'Irii,  nr  Wenteiii 
Islands  ............ 

fioni  wiihin  the  Strnils  of  Gilir.iltar,  or  from  America        -  .  .  .  . 

from  the  West  Indies,  Asia,  Africa,  or  the  Cape  de  Verd  iHliindu 

from  Oreenldid  nr  Davis's  Strniin    ---..... 

Itnt  if  audi  sliip  or  vessel  shall  make  u  second  voyage,  she  thull  l)o  rredlted  In  the 

charae  fur  such  voyage     ----..... 

Tor  oil  ships  and  vissols  ipxceplin!:  those  from  Greenland  or  Davis's  Riralln)  renintnlng  In  the 


P«r  To«. 
i.d. 

0    4 

0    8 

'  0  101 


dock  above  3  calendar  mnr'hs,  for  each  nf^er-montli,  or  any  pari  thereof 
For  all  fiireign  vessels  from  any  of  tho  befure-uicnlionud  potts  or  places,  the  uforoinid  re 

spcclivc  rales,  and  one  half  more. 
For  all  loaded  vessels  not  breaking  bulk,  and  for  nil  vessels  In  bnllant  whlrh  do  not  take  In 

poods,  coming  into  the  present  harbour,  provided  they  do  not  n.nko  use  of  iiny  of  the  dnrku, 

nor  remain  in  the  harbour  above  4  weeks,  one  half  of  the  nfnreHald  rales  or  dnlies. 
For  every  ship  or  veFsel  poine  from  the  port  of  I.cilli  lo  any  olber  port  In  Ihu  I'rilll  of  Fiirlli, 

to  take  ill  n  part  of  a  cargo,  and  return  to  I.clth,  upon  her  return  •  .  ■  •03 

No  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  subjected  in  payment  of  the  aforenuld  rates  and  diitloi  for  more  than  8 
voyages  ia  any  1  year. 

flag,  or  Light.  Dues. — Every  vessel,  of  whatever  burden,  from  foreliin  ports 

—  of  10 tons  burden  and  upwards,  to  pay  fur  eiuhcoiiHtlng  voyugu 

Hoacon  and  anchorage,  per  ton  ..--..... 

This  duty  is  only  charged  wpnn  four-fifths  of  the  register  tonnage 

DOG  (Fr.  Chirn  ;  Ger.  [fund,-  It.  Ca7ie  ,•  Jjut.  CnTthfimtHtiris),  Of  this  qimdruprO, 
rmphatically  styled  "  the  friend  and  companion  of  man,"  there  is  a  vast  variety  of  sjireieH, 
But  to  attempt  to  give  any  description  of  an  animal  so  well  known,  woidd  be  ipiite  out 
of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind  ;  and  we  mention  it  for  the  purpose  princ)|ially  of  laying  the 
following  account  before  our  readers,  with  a  remark  or  two  with  resjiect  lo  Asiatic  dogs. 

An  Account  of  ihc  Number  uf  Does  enterei',  and  for  which  Duty  was  paid  In  (irent  tirilain,  In  the 
Year  Ih.'tl);  distinguishing  llie  Number  of  Packs  of  Hounds,  and  tho  Niinibiir  of  each  Deacrljilion 
of  Dog,  the  Kate  of  Duly  on  each,  and  the  aggregate  Amount  paid. 


».  rf. 
2  fi 
9  fi 
0    II 


Dwrripiiiin  of  Vina, 


Greyhounds     .-..-. 

Pointers,  hounds,  sotting  dogs,  spaniels,  terriers, 
lurchers,  or  any  other  dogs,  where  persons  keep 
two  or  more  dogs     -  .  -  -  - 

Other  dogs ;  persons  keepings  one  only 

Total,  exclusive  of  packs  of  hounds 
Pucks  of  hounds        ----- 


Ritemr  nuly. 
£   ».   rf. 
1    0    0 

0  14 

0    U 

0 
0 

SO    0    0 


Tolil  MiiinhiT, 
1M,I|IU 

Ii3,:in7 
uiu.nin 

OS 

Am'-iinldf  tlii'y. 

ie,iua  0  0 

70,nil  18    0 
H7,(i(»    4    0 

m,m  'f'o 

^11,41:*    0    0 

"  Many  does  are  exempted,  cither  as  belonging  to  poor  persons,  or  as  slienp  iIors  on  sniiill  farmii. 
"From  Ihe  miinber  of  persons  compounding  for  their  taxes,  it  is  Imposslhln  to  nscartttln  thu  nuinbei 
of  (logs  kept  i  Ibe  account  is,  therefore,  made  out  of  the  number  assessed," 


DOWN— DRAWBACK. 


ftil 


,  liirirn  propnrtinn  of 
I  llio  Inipuilttltuii  of 


with  Iho  Jlunilior, 
rival  tu  the  latter, 
utilontcH  by  iiu'iiim 
10  rcniolK  i'runi  tlio 
1  2  wet  (locks  Hiid  a 
10  •ccond,  or  liiiiift 
in  of  thn  Hiiiull  craft 
Ktrnnlvo  mill  conviv 
Tluno  bulongod  to 


iiing  more  than  10 
I  i'ruiiucnt  tlio  port. 

?/.  RtprlinR.  Extpn. 
;  livit  tlui  inoiioy  for 
t,  und  thuru  in  much 

I/,;  tho  numhcr  of 
toii». 

rer  T(i«. 
I.d. 

Ii,  IncliiiUng  tlin 
III.         -  -    0   4 

.    0    8 
il.niidl'lftiKtnrR, . 

riiHi'V,  riirtni:iil, 
Iru,  or  Wuniurn 
*  "  •    I    If 

.    1    4 

-  1    8 

-  3    0 
rredlli'd  In  tlio 

-  0    'I 
mnliiliiK  In  Hio 

-  0    Si 
|ui  ttforoiHUl  re- 
do nnt  ti\l(i>  In 

[liy  (if  tlio  dnrkd, 

lIUllc'K. 

,  iilili  of  I'lirlli, 

-  0   3 

diiilut  fur  more  limn  8 

5.  rf. 

.    2   « 

IrimBlliig  viiyuRo    5   f' 

Of  tli'w  qimdruptvl, 

Ut  vnrii'ty  of  nprrica. 

Ii,  would 'liti  iiuit'-  ""' 

ju'ipulty  of  laying  tlie 

:t  to  An'mtlc  dogs. 

Ilii  (fri'nl  llilliiln,  In  H'O 
luir  of  until  UcKcniHion 


!iiinl»r. 
IIIU 

— jr  >■  .'■ 

18,1W    0    0 

w 

nin 

Ma  ■■" 

Id 

70,nil  IB    0 
87,(105    4    0. 

iloriiiia  a"o 
i^u,4ia  0  0 

dncit  01 
to  UVCQI 

1  Hiunll  fiirnm. 
tnlii  tliu  iminbei 

Cuvier,  the  ffreat  French  naturalist,  says,  "  The  dog  is  the  moat  complete,  the  most  re- 
markable, and  the  most  useful  conqucHt  ever  made  by  man :  every  spt'cies  has  become  our 
jiroprrty  ;  each  individual  is  alto;;eth(:r  devoted  to  his  master,  asaumcs  his  maiinrra,  knows 
und  defends  his  goods,  and  remains  attached  to  him  until  death  ;  and  all  this  proceeds  nei- 
ther from  want  nor  constraint,  but  solely  from  true  gratitude  and  real  friendship.  The  swift- 
ness, the  strength,  and  tho  scent  of  tho  dog  have  created  for  man  n  powerful  ally  against 
other  animals,  and  were,  perhaps,  necessary  to  the  establishment  of  society.  He  is  tho 
only  animal  which  has  followed  man  through  every  region  of  the  earth." 

It  is  tiingul.ir,  however,  that  neither  Cuvier,  nor  any  one  of  those  by  whom  his  statements 
Imve  been  cojned,  should  have  mentioned  that  this  account  is  applicable  only  to  Europe. 
All  Mahommedan  nations  regard  the  dog  as  impure,  and  will  not  touch  it  without  asi  ubiu- 
lion.  The  same  is  also  tho  case  with  the  Hindoos.  From  the  Hclles|iont  to  the  confines 
of  C'oehin-China,  dogs  are  unappropriated,  and  have  no  master.  They  prowl  about  the  towns 
and  villages ;  and  though  they  are  naturally  more  fniniliar,  they  arc  in  no  respect  more  do- 
nii'sticiitcd,  than  ihe  carrion  crows,  kites,  vultures,  &;c.  which  aiisist  them  in  performing  tho 
fuiicliiins  of  sravcn!;ers.  In  China  ar>d  Cor''  '.'liina,  tho  dog  is  eaten  as  food ;  its  llosh 
lii'ing,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  1'  -    ig  ost  common  in  their  inarke; 

The  unnecessary  multiplication  o?  i,  parr  'ly  in  large  cities,  is  a  vei_  ^.eai  nui- 
sance ;  coining,  as  they  ofttn  do,  into  the  possession  of  tiioso  who  are  without  the  means  of 
proviJing  f  )r  them,  they  are  freijucntly  left  to  wander  about  in  the  streets ;  and  from  ill 
iis,ige,  want  of  food  and  of  proper  attention,  are  apt,  during  hot  weather,  to  become  rabid.  In 
Rcvcral  districts  of  the  metropolis  the  nuisance  has  attained  to  a  formidable  height;  and  it  is 
singular,  considering  tho  numerous  fatal  occurrences  that  have  taken  place,  that  no  cflTort 
should  have  been  made  to  have  it  abated.  It  has  grown  to  its  present  excess,  partly  from 
too  many  exemptions  being  granted  from  the  duty,  and  jiartly  from  a  want  of  care  in  its 
collection  ;  but  be.-ides  lessening  the  number  of  the  f.jrm(!r,  and  more  rigidly  enforcing  the 
latter,  it  would  be  pr.iper  to  enact  that  all  dogs  found  wandering  in  the  streets  without  mas^ 
tcrs  nhould  be  destroyed. 

DOWN  {ilex.  Dnnen,  Flaumfedern !  Tia.Dnns;  Fr.  Duvet  ,•  It.  Penna  malta,  I'iu- 
nini ;  Sp,  VIojcl,  Phimnzn  ,-  Rus.  Purh  ,•  Lat.  P/unise).  the  fine  feathers  from  the  breasts 
of  several  birds,  particularly  those  of  the  duck  kind.  That  of  the  cider  duck  is  the  most 
valuable.  These  birds  pluck  it  from  their  breasts  and  line  their  nests  with  it.  Mr.  Pennant 
says  tliat  it  is  so  very  clastic,  that  a  quantity  of  it  weighing  only  ^  of  an  ounce,  fills  a  larger 
K|i;u'e  than  the  crown  of  the  greatest  hat.  That  found  in  the  nest  is  most  valued,  and  termed 
lire  diwn  ;  it  is  much  more  clastic  than  that  plucked  from  the  dead  bird,  which  is  com- 
]iaralivc!y  little  esleonicd.  Tho  eider  duck  is  fjund  on  the  western  islands  of  Scotland,  but 
tlic  d.iwn  is  princip:illy  imported  from  Norway  and  Iceland. 

UKAfiONW  ULOOD.     See  Balsah. 

DllAWBACK,  a  term  used  in  commerce  to  signify  the  remitting  or  paying  back  of  the 
duties  previously  paid  on  a  commodity  on  its  being  exported. 

A  drawback  is  a  device  resorted  to  for  enabling  a  commodity  alTccted  by  taxes  to  l)e  ex- 
ported and  sold  in  the  foreign  market  on  the  same  terms  as  if  it  had  not  been  taxed  at  all. 
Itdifl'ers  in  this  from  a  bounty, — that  the  latter  enables  a  commodity  to  be  sold  abroad  for 
/•■«'  than  its  natural  cost,  whereas  a  drawback  enables  it  to  be  snld  exactly  at  its  natural  cost. 
Drawbacks,  as  Dr.  Smith  his  observed,  "  do  not  occasion  the  exportation  of  a  greater  quan- 
tity of  goods  than  would  have  been  exported  had  no  duty  been  imposed.  They  do  not  tend 
to  turn  towards  any  particular  employment  a  greater  share  of  the  capital  of  the  country 
tlian  would  go  to  that  employment  of  its  own  accord,  but  only  to  hinder  the  duty  from  driv- 
ing  away  any  part  of  that  share  to  other  employments.  They  (end  not  to  overturn  that  balance 
which  naturally  establishes  itself  among  all  the  various  employments  of  the  society;  but  to 
hinJer  it  fro'.n  being  overturned  by  tho  duty.  They  tend  not  to  destroy,  but  to  preserve, 
what  it  is  in  most  cases  advantageous  to  preserve — the  natural  division  and  distributiju  of 
l;»hour  in  the  society."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  3,53.) 

Were  it  not  for  the  system  of  drawbacks,  it  would  be  impossible,  unle.'ss  when  a  country 
onjoyi'd  some  very  peculiar  facilities  of  production,  to  export  any  commodity  that  was  heavier 
taxed  at  home  than  abroad.  But  the  drawback  obviates  this  difTicnlty,  and  enables  iner- 
(hants  to  export  commodities  loaded  at  home  with  heavy  duties,  and  to  sell  them  in  tho 
foreign  market  on  the  same  terms  as  those  fetched  from  countries  where  they  arc  not 
taxed. 

Most  foreign  articles  imported  into  this  country  may  be  warehoused  for  subsequent  exporta- 
tion. In  this  case  they  pay  no  duties  on  being  imported:  and,  of  course,  get  no  drawback 
on  their  subsequent  exportation. 

Sometimes  a  drawback  exceeds  the  duty  or  duties  laid  on  the  article  ;  and  in  such  cases 
the  fxcens  forms  a  real  bounty  of  that  amount,  and  should  be  so  considered. 

Il  Is  onacled  by  the  art  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  lliat  no  drawliark  nr  Imiiiity  pliall  lie  allowetl  ii)Kin  Itio 
(i|>nrlatioii  froai  the  United  Kingdmii  of  any  {.'oods,  unless  saili  ^'ooils  tliull  liiivv  bueii  entered  in  the 
name  of  llie  person  who  was  the  real  owner  tliurcor  at  the  time  of  entry  and  sliljiping,  or  ol'  the  per- 


«l. 


1  '  ( 


ill 


'    U\ 


Mf:! 


li,   .' 


|i  ; 


613 


DUBBER— EARTHENWARE. 


i 


•on  who  had  actually  ptirehaioil  ami  iliipprd  the  lanm,  in  lila  nwn  nama  anil  at  hti  own  llabnity  iml 
rlik,  nn  rnniiniiiiilnn,  acrnrillnR  lit  llio  prnctlce  of  inorrhauti,  anil  whu  wni  iiiiil  nhnll  liiivu  ciiiitlniioi) 
to  bii  rnlitliiil  In  lili  owu  right  to  lucti  drawback  or  bounty,  except  In  the  ranvi  hKreiii-iiflcr  pruvliiiid 
fiir.-J  HO. 

Nil  drawback  ihnll  lip  olhiwoil  iipnn  the  vxportallon  of  any  Riiodit,  iinlonN  inch  Kiimlit  be  iihl|i|ii.M| 
wilhln  !l  yiMim  afti'r  thii  piiyiiiiint  uf  thiMliilina  Inwiirdn  thi'rrcm.  And  iiii  di-ln'iitiirr  fur  any  ilmw. 
Imrk  iir  lioiiiity  upon  the  vx|iiirtatliin  of  any  Kondi,  Nhull  bo  paid  after  thn  )'i|ilrnlliin  uf  'i  ypiirn  frniii 
Ihti  alilpiiiHiit  of  mii'li  RoiiiU  i  and  no  driivvbnck  nhall  Im  allowed  iiiion  any  umiila  whirh,  by  ritiiHim  i>( 
dHniia'i'  or  drray,  nhiill  hitV(t  bi'iiiiiin  of  Ivan  viiliic  for  huiiiii  iiki'  llMn  tlii'  iiiiirnuit  of  mirh  driiwliiii'k; 
anil  nil  Ronda  an  daiiiUKiMl  wblrh  ahnll  hi>  ili'iiri'd  fur  drawbark  nhall  bit  fiirfolli'il ;  mid  the  pi'raun  wlm 
rniiai'd  aiiih  Kcuda  to  bii  ao  cli'ari'd  aball  forfeit  UOU<,,  or  treble  the  aninunt  uf  the  drawback,  »i  thu 
iiptluii  of  iliu  coininlaali>ni>ra  of  ciialoina.— }  IKi, 

No  ilrawbiii'k  or  boiinly  aball  bv  nllowfd  upon  gnnda  eiiportcd  and  rli'arrd  aa  bulng  prpaa-pnrkiMJ, 
unloaa  ib»  i|uanlltli'a  himI  i|iialllli'a  of  ihn  aaino  bi>  vrrlflrd  by  oalh  of  Ihu  inaatrr  packer  tbcruur,  or, 
in  caaii  uf  bin  unnvoidabli'  abaiincv,  by  nalli  of  lila  fori'inan.—  j  V3. 

No  iii'oda  cloariMl  for  driiwltack  ur  boiinly,  or  from  any  warchiMiiva,  aliall  hi!  carried  tn  bn  put  on 
boiiril  ablji  for  expurlation,  excepl  by  n  poraon  anthurlai'd  for  that  piirpoiu  by  llccnco  uf  the  cnmiiiia' 
•loni'ra  uf  cualonia,— ^  VI.--(Mi'a  Impoiitation  and  BxroaTATioN.) 

[All  giwulu,  wares,  niul  nicrcliaiulino,  which  wero  ciititlPil  to  ilulienture  on  the  0th  of 
Jiinuary,  I8"U,  or  whirh  Hhuil  have  bcpii  importotl  into  the  Uniloil  Htatca  Hutianquciitly  to 
that  (latr,  niny  he  exportnl  with  tiio  hcncflt  of  druwhuclc,  and  witliotit  any  ilcduction  from 
the  duty  on  the  sninr,  at  any  time  within  throo  years  from  the  date  when  the  same  diall 
have  bvvn  imjiorted. 

For  ihr  rrgidutinnR  rnnrrrning  drawback,  the  reador  is  rcfcrreJ  to  the  article  Imfoiita< 
Tiox  ANT  Exi'oirrATioN. — Am.  /?</.] 

DUnBEK,  u  leathern  veasel,  IkiHIc,  or  jar,  used  in  India  to  hold  oil,  ghee,  &c.  Darrela, 
us  already  observed — {sni  Dahhki.h), — are  entirely  a  European  invention.  LiquidH,  in 
Eastern  countries,  are  for  the  most  part  packed  for  tixportation  in  luutherii  vessels.  Uuli- 
bvx»  arc  mode  of  thin  untinned  goat  skins ;  and  are  of  all  sizes,  from  a  quart  up  to  nearly 
B  linrrol. 

I)riVNA(iE,  in  commercial  navigation,  loose  wood,  consisting  of  pieces  of  timber, 
houghs  of  tree.",  fagirots,  A.i;,  laid  in  the  bottom  and  against  sides  of  the  ship's  hold,  eitlicr, 
iKt,  by  raising  the  cargo  when  slio  is  loaded  with  heavy  goods,  to  prevent  her  from  bcciim- 
mg  too  stiir — (see  Ballaht);  or,  2d,  to  prevent  the  cargo,  should  it  be  susceptiblu  of 
damage  by  water,  from  being  injured  in  the  event  of  her  becoming  leaky.  A  ship  is  not 
reckiuied  seaworthy  unless  she  lie  provided  with  pro{)er  and  sulFicient  dunnage. — {Falconry s 
^Murine  Dictionary  ;  ALbolt  {Lord  Tcnterden)  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  iii,  c.  3.) 


E. 


E.\RNEST,  in  commercial  law,  is  the  sum  advanced  by  the  buyer  of  goods  in  order  to 
bind  the  seller  to  the  teiins  of  the  agreement.  It  is  enacted  by  the  17th  section  of  the  fa> 
mous  ii^tatutc  of  Frauds,  29  Cha.  II.  c.  3.,  that  "  no  contract  for  the  sale  of  any  goods,  warea, 
and  merchandises,  fur  the  prices  of  10/.  sterling  or  upwards,  shall  b«  allowed  to  bo  good, 
except  the  buyer  shall  accept  part  of  the  gooils  so  sold,  and  actually  receive  the  same,  or 
give  something  in  earnrat  to  bind  the  bargain,  or  in  part  payment,  or  that  some  note  or 
memorandutn  in  writing  of  the  said  bargain  be  made  and  signed  by  lliu  parties  to  be  charged 
by  such  contnict,  or  their  agents  thereunto  lawfully  authorised." 

As  to  what  amounts  to  suincient  earnest,  Ulackstone  lays  it  down,  that  "  if  any  part  of 
the  price  is  paid  down,  if  it  is  but  a  penny,  or  any  portion  of  the  goods  is  delivered  by  way 
of  e.irnest,  it  is  biniling."  To  constitute  earnest,  the  thing  must  bo  given  as  a  token  of 
ralificatian  of  the  contract,  and  it  should  bo  expressly  stated  so  by  the  giver. — {Chilly'a 
Coinmerctul  Law,  vol,  iii.  p.  289.) 

EARTHENWARE  {Uer.  Irdcne  Waaren  ;  Da.  Aardegoed ;  Fr.  Vaisselk  de  terre, 
Poterie ;  It.  Sloviglie,  Terrafjlia  ,•  Sp.  Loza  de  barro  ,•  Rtis.  Gorschelschiie  possodii  ,•  Pol. 
Clinianai  naczyniu),  or  crockery,  as  it  is  sometimes  termed,  comprises  every  sort  of  house- 
hold utensil  made  of  clay  hardened  in  tho  flro.  Its  manufacture  is,  in  England,  of  very  con- 
siderable importance ;  and  the  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  it  since  the  middle  of 
last  century  have  contributed  powerfully  to  its  extension,  and  have  added  greatly  to  the 
comfort  and  convenience  of  all  classes. 

"  There  is  scarcely,"  it  has  been  well  observed,  "  any  manufacture  which  is  so  interesting 
to  contemplate  in  its  gradual  improvement  and  extension  as  that  of  earthenware,  presenting, 
as  it  does,  so  Iteautiful  a  union  of  science  and  art,  in  furnishing  us  with  the  comforts  aiitl 
ornaments  of  civilised  life.  Chemistry  administers  her  part,  by  investigating  the  severnl 
species  of  earths,  and  ascertaining  as  well  thoir  most  appropriate  combmations,  as  tlie  respect- 
ive degrees  of  heat  which  tho  several  compositions  require.  Art  has  studied  tho  designs  of 
antiquity,  and  produced  from  them  vessels  even  more  exquisite  in  form  than  the  models  by 
which  they  have  been  suggested.  The  ware  has  been  provided  in  such  gradations  of  quality 
ss  to  suit  every  station  from  the  high«»t  to  the  lowest.  It  is  to  be  seen  in  every  counli^,  ouii 


It  hli  own  liability  iml 

I  liiirelii-iiftcr  pruvlilud 

■iirh  K'xxl*  t>o  'lilpiwd 
lii'iitiiri!  for  nny  ilraw- 
Iriilliiii  of  'i  ypiirit  frdiii 
iIn  wlilrh,  liy  ri^iiHiiiiot' 
lint  <)('  Hitch  (Iriiwlmck  ; 
il ;  mill  III*  piTMiin  wlm 
r  the  (Iruwbnck,  lit  Uiu 

an  bvlliR  prriiK-pitrkiMl, 
Hicr  pnrkt'r  lliiroof, nr, 

III!  rnrrled  In  bn  put  nn 
llei'iico  of  the  coiniiiU' 

itiire  on  tho  fith  of 
itali'8  Kul)8i<quciitly  to 
it  liny  iloduction  from 
wlion  the  same  hIiuII 

tho  article  Impoiita> 


,  ghee,  ice.  Barrels, 
mention,  LiiiuidD,  in 
itliern  vcsdoIs,  UiiIi- 
I  a  quart  up  to  neatly 

of  pieces  of  timber, 
ho  Bliip's  hold,  eilliur, 
vent  her  from  bcconi- 
it  be  BURCcptiblu  of 
leaky.  A  sltip  is  not 
uiningo. — ( t'alamer'a 
itig,  part  iii.  c.  3.) 


r  of  goods  in  order  to 
7th  section  of  tho  fa- 
of  any  good^,  v/am, 
allowed  to  bo  good, 
receive  the  same,  or 
or  that  some  nolo  or 
parties  tu  be  charged 

,  that "  if  any  part  of 

U  is  delivered  by  way 

given  as  a  token  of 

ho  giver. — {Cliilly's 

,.  Vaisstlk  de  terre, 
tschiie  possudii  i  Pol. 
every  sort  of  house- 
England,  of  very  coii- 
it  since  the  middle  of 
added  greatly  to  the 

hich  is  so  interesting 
tlienvvore,  presenting, 
irith  the  comforts  sniJ 
stigating  the  several 
ations,  as  tlie  respect. 
tudicd  tho  designs  of 
n  than  the  models  by 
gradations  of  quality 
in  every  country,  and 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


6ia 


nlinnst  in  every  house,  tlinuigh  the  whohi  extent  of  Amerira,  in  mnny  parts  of  Asia,  and  in 
inoHt  of  the  coiinlricH  of  Kiirojip,  At  home  il  has  superseded  the  less  rienrily  vossrls  of 
pewter  ond  of  wooil,  und,  by  its  cheapness,  hss  been  hrouKht  within  the  means  of  our  poorest 
iiiiuNi'kee|i<!rs.  Fonnrd  from  suliMliiiices  origiriully  of  no  value,  the  fubricnlion  has  iiuliiced 
libimr  of  such  viirinus  elikHscs,  and  created  skill  of  surh  various  degrees,  that  nearly  the  wholo 
vubic  of  the  annual  prixlucii  tiiiiy  bo  considered  as  an  addilinn  niiidi!  to  the  mass  of  national 
wi'<:lth.  The  rilMiiiibiiice  of  tho  ware  exhibited  in  every  dwelling-house  is  sunioient  evi- 
dence of  the  viiHt  aiigineiitution  of  the  manufacture,  which  is  iitso  demonstrated  by  tho 
rapiil  increase  of  tho  population  in  tho  districts  where  the  potteries  have  been  established." 
— ( (juwtfr/i/  Uni'icw.) 

I''or  the  i;reat  and  rapid  extension  of  the  mjnnfiicture  wo  are  chiefly  indehtod  to  the  late 
Mr.  Josiuh  Wedgwooil ;  whose  original  and  inventive  genius  cnubleil  him  to  make  many 
most  iinp)rtunt  diHrovcries  in  the  art;  and  who  was  equally  HUccesHful  in  bringing  his  in- 
ventions into  use.  The  principal  seat  of  the  manufacture  is  in  St:ifli»rdshire,  where  there  is 
B  dihtrict  denominated  the  Potteries,  comprising  a  number  of  villiigi's,  and  a  population, 
which  is  supposed  to  amount,  at  this  moiniml  to  above  (10,000,  by  far  the  groa'.er  proportion 
of  which  is  fiigagi-d  in  the  manufacture.  'I'here  are  no  authentic  accounts  of  the  pnjiula- 
tion  of  this  iliHti'ict  in  I7I>0,  when  Mr.  Wedgwood  liegan  his  discoveries;  but  the  general 
o|)inion  is  that  it  did  not  at  that  time  exceed  SO,OOI).  Tho  village  of  Elruriu,  in  the  Potte* 
ries,  was  built  by  Mr.  Wedgwood,  'i'ho  manufacture  has  been  curried  on  nt  Uurslein,  in 
the  sumo  district,  for  several  centuries, 

'J'ho  canals  by  which  Stalliinlshire  is  intersected,  have  done  much  to  accelerate  the  pro- 
gress of  the  ninmifiiclure.  Pipe-clay  from  Dorsetshire  and  Devonshire,  and  Hints  from  Kent, 
are  conveyed  by  water  carriage  to  the  places  where  the  clay  and  coni  abound ;  und  the  fmished 
goods  are  conveyed  by  the  same  means  to  tho  great  shipping  ports,  whence  they  are  dia« 
tribuled  over  most  |>arts  of  tho  glolie. 

It  is  estimated  that  tho  value  of  the  various  sorts  of  earthenware  produced  at  the  Potterieg 
may  amount  to  about  1,500,000/.  a  year;  and  that  the  earthenware  produced  at  Worcester, 
Derby,  und  other  parts  of  tho  country,  may  amount  to  about  750,000/.  more ;  making  the 
whole  value  of  the  nmnufacturo  8,250,000/,  a  year.  The  consumption  of  gold  at  the  Pot- 
teries is  about  fi50/.  a  week,  and  of  coal  about  8,000  Ions  a  week. 

The  earthenware  manufacture  has  increased  considerably  since  1814,  but  it  is  not  po83j» 
Me  tu  state  the  exact  ratio.  It  has  been  estimated  ut  g  for  the  porcelain,  ^  for  the  best  earth- 
enware, and  i  or  ',  for  the  common  or  cream-coloured  wore.  'J'he  prices  of  the  dilferent 
ports  of  earthenware  are  said  to  have  fallen  20  per  cent,  during  the  last  15  years.  Wages 
have  not  fallen  in  the  same  proportion  ;  but  we  are  assured  that  a  workman  can,  ol  the  pre- 
sent day,  produce  about  fiiiir  times  the  quantity  he  did  in  171)0. — (This  ortide  has  been 
]irepared  from  iiifurination  obtained  at  the  Potteries,  obligingly  communicated  by  James 
Lodi,  Esq.  M.  P.) 

The  real  value  of  the  eorthenwarc  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  foreig'-,  countries, 
during  the  C  years  cnditig  with  183'^  according  to  tho  declarations  of  tmi  exporters,  was  as 
follows  :— 


1827 

DiiO 


£ 

.    437.812 

-    401,710 


1H3I     . 


5  7  I  ibn 


£ 

t. 

d. 

.    43!l,,'jOfl 

11) 

3 

-     45h,n05 

II 

It 

-    481»,0b0 

17 

7 

The  foreign  demand  for  earthenware  hos  increased  considerably  since  1815.  The  ex- 
ports to  South  America,  Cuba,  and  other  ci-devant  Spanish  colonies,  have  been  largely  in- 
creased. But  notwithstanding  this  increase,  the  United  States  continues  to  bo  by  far  the 
best  market  fir  British  earthenware.  Of  the  entire  value  exported  in  IS.Il,  amounting  to 
4.J8,Ufii)/.,  iheexpurls  to  the  United  States  amounted  to  no  less  than  255,159/.  The  markets 
next  in  iinportiince  nre  Brazil,  the  British  North  American  and  West  Indian  colonies, 
Cuba,  (Jermany,  tho  Nclherlaiids,  &c.  We  have  been  assured  that  it  is  necessary  to  add  ^ 
to  tlie  doeliircd  value  of  tlie  exports,  to  get  their  true  value. 

[Tlie  average  nnnual  value  of  British  earthenware  imported  into  the  United  State'^,  during 
the  live  years  eliding  Si'i)teniber  30t!i,  18.18,  was  §l,fi02,000  ;  that  of  the  earthenware  of 
every  other  di'scriptiim  imported  amounting  to  no  more  than  §1 1,5G0. — Am.  Ed.] 

EAST  INDIA  COMPANY,  a  famous  association,  originally  established  for  prosecuting 
the  trade  between  England  and  India,  which  they  acquired  a  rii:ht  to  carry  on  exclusively. 
Since  the  middle  of  last  century,  however,  the  Company's  political  have  become  of  more 
Lnporlance  than  their  commercial  concerns. 

East  In  oiks,  a  popular  geographical  term  not  very  well  defined,  but  generally  'nidenstood 
to  signify  the  continents  and  islands  to  the  cast  and  south  of  the  river  Indus,  as  far  as  the 
borders  of  China,  including  Timor  and  the  Moluccas,  but  excluding  the  Philippine  Islands, 
New  Guinea,  and  New  Holland.  China  and  the  Philippine  Islands  were,  however,  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  peculiar  privileges. 

Vol.  I.— 3  F 


■    'f 


V 

1 , 


i?i; 


i-.i.  i   ,?.     i  (a, 

;       ,  ;  'i  \ 

,1        •    -'\ 


;i[-   ♦    :M- 


■h   '!. 


I  ^  ;  1 ; 


014 


EAST  INI)I\  COMPANY. 


I.  Kaut  I.Hiii*  CoiHi'ANif  (IIinToiiir*!.  Hkhtih  nr).  '  1 1^    i,    * 

II.  I'l  kHT  lllllV   ('inil'ANr    (('li:«HI'ITirTIIIM  oc). 

III.  KkHT  lMi>it:-<  (Si'Ai'K  UK  H4)('iKr¥  iNiUiiiiwiNu  Dkmano  roH  Emulinii  Oooiii. 

'I'HAIIl'.,  CkI.KNIHATHIN,  KTl'.). 

IV.  I'lANI'  IxDIKH    (KxYliMr,    I'uVt'tATIUIf,   MiLITikHT    FullI'M,   KtVKJIUJt,    tXV,  Of 

Ulll  IIHIl). 


r.  V.Ktr  IsitiA  CoMi'ANi  (IfisTonirAi,  Skktcii  or). 

Tlio  |i(>ri«'%Vriiii{  rlliirlM  of  iho  riirtu«iicn»)  to  ilistfovcr  a  rouUi  t«>  lixliii,  l>y  tiailin/f  romul 
Al'rica,  NS'cru  rrowiinl  witli  muci'i'mi  iu  N!'?.  And  it  iiiiiv  u|>|ii'iir  hiiiKiilur,  tlitit,  luitwiili. 
»t!>iiiliiii(  tin*  cxii^iKOJiitcil  m't'iiiiiitH  tliiit  liiul  lu'i'ii  pri'viilciit  in  |'}ili'ii|if,  Iroiii  llii>  rrinulot 
Biilii|iiity>  ^^  illi  r«'M|'(<i't  lo  tlut  wi'iillh  oC  liicliik,  aiitl  llic  ijnpoilinicn  tii  wliirli  tllo  I'tntiiiii'ni' 
Willi  it  liail  niisctl  liic  I'lui'iiiciaiiH  iiiiil  i)L{y|i(i>iiiH  in  iuiii<|iiiiy,  lliu  Vi'ni'liuiiit  in  llio  luidill,- 
Ui;i'H,  aiul  wliicli  it  was  tin  n  xfr:,  u>  itiiiti  r  un  tin'  I'orluuiuM',  tini  latter  bliiitilil  liuv«  hi'm 
niji'wi'il  to  iiioiiii|ii>lis(t  it  till'  Ileal  ly  <i  eentiny  after  it  liiiil  Ijeiii  tiirni'd  into  a  eliiiniiel  iktch- 
iiliio  111  every  imliiin.  Kiit  tlie  iireJiulit'eH  l>y  wl'ii  li  tin'  |'(m|'Ii'  of  iiu'hI  r.uro)>i>iiii  htali:i 
were  arluated  in  the  Kivlci'iitli  lenliuy,  uiiil  tint  |>eeiiliar  eimniiHlaineH  niiilii  wlileli  ihiy 
Weld  plaeeil,  liiiiileivil  tiieiii  froiii  einliaikini^  willi  that  al.it'iity  anil  iinloiir  tliut  niiulit  tiavii 
lieeii  e\|ieete<l  in  ihi.'*  new  loiiiiiu'u  lal  caui  i.  t^non  alter  the  I'oitiiuiieMi  lieKnn  to  iirnru- 
riit>'  tiieir  iliHeoveiies  ali>ii.i<  the  loa^t  of  .Al'iicu,  they  a|'|>lii  il  to  llie  (lope  for  a  Imll,  Keetiiiiii; 
to  liu'in  the  e.velusive  riulil  to  aikl  jiosi^eKsion  of  all  countries  oi'eii|iie(l  liy  inlidt'lji,  lliry  eitiur 
liud  di^eovered,  or  iiiiuhl  ili«eo\er,  to  the  soiilli  of  Cujie  Noll,  on  tliu  webl  eoast  of  .\liieii,  iu 
S7^  T)!'  north  hitiliiile:  and  the  ponliir,  dr.^iroui  to  dH|ilay,  mid  at  the  tiaiiio  liinu  to  extend, 
hit  lower,  ininndialelv  sued  a  Imll  to  this  « iKil.  Nor,  i>ie|iosieroui4  ai*  ik  proeeediiiK  of 
this  aoit  would  now  a|>|iear,  did  any  oiiii  then  duuhl  that  the  |io|iU  had  it  ri|4hl  to  iMsue  t-iiclia 
bull,  and  that  all  Ktalcs  and  ein|iii'eH  were  lioniid  to  oliey  il.  In  eoiihrqiience,  the  I'orttn^ut^u 
weie,  for  a  leiiKlheiud  I'l'iioil,  allowed  to  laoheenlo  their  eoniini)sli4  in  India  wilhont  the  in. 
terti  reiue  of  any  other  l^uii'iieaii  power.  And  it  wan  not  till  u  eiriiBiderahlo  period  after  tin) 
lM};iiiiiiin;  of  the  war,  v\hich  the  hiiiid  and  hrntal  hijutiy  of  Thilip  II.  kindled  in  tlio  Luw 
H'oniitiiivi,  that  the  J)nteh  navii{atorH  \n'p,\\i\  to  display  their  llag  ua  tho  Eastern  Ocean,  and 
laid  the  found. ition>  of  their  Indian  empire. 

The  deniie  t>)  coiiiply  with  the  iiiiuiietimw  in  tlie  pope's  hull,  and  to  aviiid  comln;!;  into 
roilisiini,  lii'ht  w  ilh  the  t'orlnitnese,  and  suhfeiinenlly  w ilh  the  Spuniards,  who  had  eoiii|iii'n'il 
I'oiliiKal  in  l&(iO,  xeenis  to  have  heen  the  prinei|>ul  eainu'  that  led  the  I)[i;;liHh  to  iiiuku 
re;e,ileil  all!  in|'ls,  in  the  rei;;ns  of  lleiiiy  VIII.  and  I'dward  \  I.,  mul  the  eaily  p.irl.  of  tlie 
reinii  of  Kli/..iluth,  to  discover  a  routi-  to  India  hy  u  north-west  or  i.oith-cn^t  panMine ;  chiin- 
iicl>  from  which  tlie  I'ortiinneso  would  have  had  no  prelince  for  eichidiiiij  ihcin.  Duttlii-u 
atliinplM  haviiii;  proved  unsueeeHnfiil,  and  iho  pope's  hull  Inf.  ini;,' censed  to  he  of  any  ellict 
in  this  country,  tho  liin;li>h  nicrchaiiis  uiid  navinatorH  resolved  to  ho  no  loiiRcr  deterred  hy 
the  inia^iiMiy  riijhls  "f  the  I'ortiifiucse  I'rnin  directly  c,n  'linn  up'U  what  was  then  reckoi.ed 
hy  tar  ihiMiiost  lucra'i  e  and  ad\aiita|?eons  hmin  li  uf  loinincicp.  Captain  Steplicns,  win) 
jHrforined  the  voyage  n  l.'iS'J,  was  the  lirst  Knuli^hnmn  wh  )  siiled  to  India  liy  the  (.'ape  of 
(u>i)d  Hope.  The  voyage  of  the  fnnoiis  Sir  Francis  Drake  "onlrilnitcd  greatly  to  dill'iise  ii 
sfiiiit  of  naval  cntcr|irise,  and  to  render  the  Kni-lish  hetlrr  !ic(|naintid  with  the  newly  opcnnl 
n>iite  to  India,  lint  tho  voyat;e  of  the  celchrated  Mr.  Thomas  l.'aveiulish  was,  in  the  latter 
res|  ect,  the  most  important.  Cavendish  sailed  from  Kii^rhnii!  in  n  little  si^uadron,  lilted  oct 
ut  his  own  expense,  in  .Inly,  l.')SG ;  and  havinjr  exploicd  the  Rreater  part  of  tho  Indian 
Dccan,  as  far  ii'*  the  I'hiliiipine  Islands,  and  carefully  oh.-iervcd  lliti  most  important  and  cha- 
racteri.-tie  features  of  the  people  and  countries  which  ho  visited,  r'tnrnod  to  En(}!ai.d,  altera 
jsrosperons  navigation,  in  Sejiteinlier,  I.OHS.  Perhaps,  howiver,  nothing  contrihuted  so  much 
to  inspire  the  English  with  a  desire  to  cmlunii  in  the  Indian  trade,  as  tho  cajituros  that  werii 
in  i.!e,  aliont  this  perioti,  from  tlu!  .Spaniards.  A  I'ortiiKin'so  Ea.sl  India  ship,  or  carraik, 
captured  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  durini;  his  ex^ieii'tion  to  the.  coast  of  Spain,  inflamed  tlifl 
cupidity  of  the  merchants  by  the  richness  of  her  car;.().  at  the  same  time  that  the  papers  found 
on  hoaul  i^avo  specific  information  respecting  tlio  tratlic  in  which  slio  had  been  eiigaucd.  A 
slill  more  important  capture,  of  the  same  sort,  wa-.  made  in  ITiDi!.  An  armament,  fitted  out 
for  li  e  Fast  Itnlies  by  Sir  Waller  Kaiii;;!),  and  ei  luiiiunclid  by  Sir  ,lohii  Uorroufilis,  fcil  in, 
near  the  Azores,  with  the  lari^cst  of  all  tho  J'orluguese  tarracks,  a  ship  of  1,G()0  tons  burden, 
carry  in,'  700  men  and  o(j  luass  cannon;  and,  after  an  obstinate  conilict,  carried  her  into 
iJaitnioiilh.  She  was  tho  largest  vessel  that  had  been  seen  in  England;  and  her  cargo, 
consit.iin'j;of  guid,  spices,  calicoes,  silks,  pearls,  drugs,  porcelain,  ivory,  &c.,  excited  tho  ar^ 
dour  of  ilio  English  to  engage  in  so  opulent  a  coinnierco. 

In  con  jtiiuence  of  these  and  other  concurring  causes,  an  ussociation  was  formed  in  Lon- 
don, 111  l;')!';),  for  prosecuting  the  trade  to  India.  The  adventurers  applied  to  the  queen  for 
a  charter  uf  inoorporalioii,  and  also  for  power  to  cxcUiJo  all  other  Eiijlish  subjects,  who  had 


Bit  E.VULIHII  GoODI, 

KicvE5iujc,  (TV.  or 


)• 

<liu,  by  i.ailiniT  rmiiiil 
iKtilur,  lliiit,  iii>t\viih> 
If,  iVoiii  Iho  rrmolol 
,vliirh  Ihd  riiiiiriicri'o 
lu'liuim  ill  lilt'  iiiiildli- 
IT  bhillllll   \ui\ii  Im'iii 

into  II  I'Imniii'l  iiiTcrt- 
u'«t  I'lirojii'iiii  hialiH 
H  iiikIii  wlilcli  lliiy 
iloiir  thiit  iniulil  Imvd 
iichd  iii'Knii  to  |>r»>.e- 
)t>  liir  n  liiill,  Ki'i'urin^ 
ly  iiiliilfU,  thry  cillu  r 

I'Ht  COIINt  ul'  Allien,  ill 
MUIIIO  lllllC  to  I'Xllilll, 

I  iiM  Ik  [iroa'Ciliiii;  III' 
I  ri^lit  to  iMHuo  hiicli  a 
ii'iico,  llii^  I'orlvmui'Mi 
tiiliik  willioiit  tl»'  ill- 
ralilu  iK'i'iod  iil'trr  tliii 
I.  kiiiiili.'i.l  ill  thu  Luw 
)  EutitiTii  Ot'i'aii,  anil 

to  avoid  coming  into 

,  who  lind  roiKnuTiil 

iho  l)ri;^liHli  to  iiiaiio 

t'liily  p.iil  lit'  the 

•in-t  l)il(^^.ll);,(^ ;  cliim- 

iii^  tlii'iii.    Uiil  tlii'O 

il  to  1)0  of  any  t'lVn't 

10  loiisor  di'ternd  liy 

I  was  llii'ii  rcckoiunl 

jitaiii  l^ti'iiliciis,  will) 

iidiu  liy  tlic  (.'ape  ol' 

f;n'utly  to  dilVusi'  ii 

illi  till-  iirwiy  opi'iiril 

ish  wus,  ill  the  lallrr 

piiuadron,  t'llli'd  out 

jiai't  of  tho  Indian 

t  iiiiportiiiit  iuul  cha- 

to  Entjlai.d,  iil'U'r  n 

ontiiliuli'd  so  iiiuih 

;  iMjitures  that  worii 

iiu  whip,  or  caiiark, 

i^paiii,  iiidaiiu'd  llifl 

lul  the  pii|'rrs  found 

,1  born  Oiigaued.     A 

aniianiciit,  t'lttod  out 

ii  Uorroughrt,  foil  in, 

if  1,600  tons  burden, 

liii  t,  curried  her  into 

;id  ;  and   her  cargo, 

&c.,  excited  tho  ar- 

was  formed  in  Loii- 
lied  to  the  quoin  for 
h  bubjectb,  who  had 


E\ST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


61S 


not  ob'iilnnil  ii  lirniro  from  them,  from  nirryiii;;  on  niiy  HpcoioH  of  tralTii'  beyond  iJic  Oajic  of 
iJiod  Mope  or  the  Mtriiilii  of  Mii'^ellan.  Ah  erclii  .ive  rompuiiieH  were  thin  very  generally 
looki'il  lipi'ii  iiH  iho  bi'rit  ill  'l>'lliMiMil4  for  priiMceiiliii'i  mo.  t  InaiirlieM  of  roiniiii'rce  and  iiidil»> 
try.  Iho  iid.eiitiiri'rM  Hreui  to  tinve  hnd  lillle  ilillii'idly  in  obtiMiiiri'' thri.' iliarlcr,  whii  li  WiH 
ilaldltb"  ;U>'lof  I). ceinher,  1(1(10.  'I'tie  eorporalimi  w:ii  I'l'.itled,  "TIki  (loverinr  Hol 
laiMiiMiiy  of  M.Tilioitd  of  I.ondun  trudiiitf  into  tho  UnH  Iiidieii:"  tlio  firHt.  «  'vortior  (Thif 
nn-i  ■'■'ill'  till",  Hhi|.  )  u;i(l  •.'tilirecioin  wer  I  noniinaled  in  tli"  iliarinr;  but  power  wiH  ijiveii  I  > 
till'  t  'iiiii|iiiiiv  to  e'i'il  1  dop'tty  (governor,  nnd,  ill  future,  to  elect  Ihrir  Roveriior  tiiid  direetorH, 
fllld  mieh  other  oOl.'e-beiirerH  iM  Ihey  liii'^lil  lliilik  fit  to  Appoint,  They  Wi:.e  e.npoweii'd  In 
make  liy-lawH ;  to  inllirt  pnnii'ihnieiil^,  eiilu  r  eorpond  or  permiinry,  providid  nutlt  puiii:di- 
ini'iiN  well'  ill  nei'onl  |iire  wilh  the  l,iwn  of  I'lri'laiid;  ti.'  export  all  so-fx  of  ^codf  freo  of 
duly  for  '1  yearH  ;  uiiil  to  export  foieijii  C'liii,  or  bullion,  to  the  iiiiiounl  of  ;I0,()0()/.  n  yeiir, 
ti.OdO/,  of  the  Maine  Ik  in,'  previoiiMly  eoineil  at  the  mint;  but  tliey  wire  oblie.ed  to  iiTiporl, 
williin  (I  inoiitlm  nfle,'  ihe  iMinjiletioii  of  every  voyiii,'i',  except  tin-  lirnt,  tile  Hiiine  (piaiilily  of 
KJlver.  i;o!d,  mid  foreli^n  eoiii  ih  il  they  had  e\|iiiileil.  The  diiri.li.iii  of  the  •'hiirlor  wax  liiiiil' 
I'll  til  a  poiidd  of  1.')  yearn  ;  but  wilh  iind  under  the  eondiliini  lliiit,  if  it  Wire  nut  found  for 
llie  nii'ilie  advftiila'je  it  iiii^'ht  h<'  e:iiieelled  lit  any  lime  iip^'n  U  jeiirn'  iiotiee  beiii'^  ^iven. 
^'lleh  wild  the  origin  of  the  llriti-i||  I'JaMt  liidiii  (Jompmiy, — tlui  mo  .t  eelebrnli'il  eom;ntriial 
iliMoii  ilioii  eilln  r  ol' aiirieiil  or  moileril  tl'neH,  and  whirh  ha.s  now  cxtoiidod  itil  HWiiy  over 
the  whole  of  the  .Mivfiij  empire. 

It  iiiinht  have  beni  evpeited  thnt,  iiflcr  the  rlmrter  Wis  i  !ila!iied,  eonniderah!o  prmernemi 
would  have  been  miiiiill"^(ed  to  enifai^e  in  (he  trade,  Diit  hii.Ii  wa  .  ii.it  the  ease.  NnlwitJi- 
Hlaniliie;  tlie  cariiot  oiilU  mid  threats  of  the  direct  ini,  many  of  tin'  aiKi'iiturers  could  not  bo 
iliiliii'i'd  to  come  foi ward  to  pi>y  their  piopoilioii  of  Ihe  ehai;;:'H  ineiili'iil  to  the  lilting  out  of 
the  lirnt  expi'dilion.  And  an  the  direi'torrt  Moem  eillier  to  h  ive  wniiled  power  to  eiiforri  their 
resi'liiti'ilH,  or  llioii-rlii  it  better  nil  to  exenise  it,  ihi  y  ''oniied  a  nii'ioiiliiial.'  ;n-.oriatioii,ci)osint- 
iin;  of  Hiich  membirrt  of  the  t'oiiipiiny  ih  were  reall;,  •villiii'.?  to  ilrfr  ly  the  c(l^l  of  the  voyajje, 
and  '  I  bear  all  the  ri.-k^  nnd  |onxe<  aitendiiifj;  it,  on  eondition  of  their  haviinf  the  exilu-iivn 
ritflii  to  whatever  prolilH  mi'j;lit  arimi  from  it.  And  it  waK  1  y  such  siibori'iiinle  a-isoeiutioim 
that  ;hn  trade  wan  eimduit"il  ilmiii;j(  the  lirst  l:i  year^  of  the  '  'oitpaiiy'H  existence. 

Tiie  first  expiililioii  to  Inili.i,  the  eoht  of  whicli  anioiintid.  shipi  and  car.;och  included,  to 
6'J,I)!)1/.,  coiiHi,-.|('il  of  ."j  Mhips,  the  largest  beiii  •  (100  aii^l  the  srinller  l:iO  tons  liunlen.  'J'ho 
Hoiids  put  on  board  were  prin('i|inlly  bullion  iron,  tin,  broad  cloths,  cutlery,  t;l  iss,  (tc.  Tho 
chief  command  was  iiilrusted  to  (,'aptain  .liiiiies  Laiic.ister,  wlio  had  already  been  in  India. 
'I'liey  set  nail  from  'I'orbay  on  the  llilli  of  l''ebriiiiiy.  lOOl.  Hein;r  very  imperfi'dly  aC'piaint- 
fd  wilh  the  Hoa»  nnd  countries  they  were  to  vi>-it,  liicy  did  mil  arrive  at  their  desliiiatioii, 
Acheeii  in  Sumatrn,  till  Ihe  .Ith  of , lime,  l(!()'J.  JJiil  though  tcdi  ills,  the  viiya<e  was,  on  tho 
whele,  iiiii'oiiinionly  iirosperoiis.  Iiaiiciixter  entered  into  commen  ial  treaties  with  ih.'  kimja 
ofAchceii  and  Hiinlam  ;  and  huviiiif  taken  on  bnard  a  vahiabliM'ar;,'o  .  f  pepper  and  other 
proihice,  he  was  f.irtunalo  eiioii>!;h,  in  his  way  liome,  to  fill  in  wilh  and  capture,  in  concert 
with  a  Dutch  vessel,  a  I'ortiiuiiese  cnrruck  of  900  tins  burden,  richly  laden.  Iiancuster  re- 
turned to  the  Down*  on  the  I  llh  of  September,  lOO:). —  (Maff.-ni  lliirrr'iol  Wftori/,  vol.  X. 
p,  Ul. ;  M,iriili:rniii's  ('iiimni'rrf  nfllie.  EnriipKiii  I'liirim  ici//i  ImL'.i,  p.  HI.') 

Hut  iiotwithstaniliiiot  the  f.ivoiirabie  result  of  this  voyage,  the  exiiediilons  fitted  out  in  the 
yearH  immndiately  following,  though  sometimes  coiisi.sliii'r  of  lar^jiT  !;!iips,  were  nut,  at  aa 
avera','e,  materially  increased.  In  1012,  (Captain  IJest  obtained  frmn  the  c.)iirtat  Delhi  seve- 
ral considerablo  |irivilepr(>s ;  and,  ninoiif;st  others,  tb.at  ot  establishiivif  a  f  iirtory  at  Surat; 
which  city  was,  henceforth,  looked  upon  as  the  priiicin.d  Uritinh  station  in  tli;;  we.it  of  India, 
till  tho  acquisition  of  liombay. 

In  establishiiii?  factories  in  India,  the  Enq;lish  only  followed  the  example  of  the  Portu- 
C[Ues:i  and  Dutch.  It  was  contended,  that  they  were  necessary  t,)  servo  as  dpols  for  tl'.o 
goods  collected  in  the  country  for  exportation  to  Europe,  as  well  as  for  those  i' .ported  iiiti 
India,  in  tho  event  of  their  not  meeting  with  a  ready  iiiark'l  on  llie  arrival  of  the  ship*-. 
Sii I'll  eslahlishinents,  it  was  admitted,  are  not  required  in  civilised  coiintrios  ;  but  the  peculiar 
and  unseltlod  stale  of  India  was  said  to  render  (hem  indispensable  there.  Whatever  wei>;Iit 
liny  be  attaehod  to  this  statement,  it  is  obvious  that  factories  formed  for  such  piir|)oses  eoiil.I 
hardly  fail  of  sju'eddy  dci^eneratinii  into  a  species  of  f)rts.  The  security  of  tlie  valuablo 
properly  deposited  in  them,  furnished  a  specious  pretest  f.ir  pultinir  them  in  a  condition  tii 
withstand  an  attack,  while  tho  aireiits,  clerks,  warehousemen,  &-e.  frrine.l  a  sort  of  ifarrison. 
I'osscHsiiiK  such  Ktroiipj  holds,  the  Europeans  were  early  emboldened  to  act  in  a  manner 
quite  inconsistent  with  their  character  as  merchaiitn ;  and  but  a  very  sliort  lime  i.-lapaed  be- 
liire  they  lieajan  to  form  uchemos  for  monopolising  tho  commerce  of  particular  districts,  and 
acijuirin;^  territorial  dominion. 

'i'lioiia;h  the  (Company  met  with  several  heavy  losses  durin!»  tho  earlier  part  of  their  traffic 
wilh  India,  from  shipwrecks  and  other  unforeseen  accidents,  and  .^till  more  from  the  hostility 
of  the  Dutch,  yel,  on  the  whole,  the  trade  was  decidedly  prolitable.  There  can,  however,  bf 
little  doubt,  that  their  gains,  at  this  early  period,  have  been  very  much  ex ag;i;e rated.    During 


" 


;i, 


l;      i\ 


11 

V 

,i 

i|i 

)l 


:)ii.  , 


61A 


EAST  INDU  COMPANY. 


\ 


' 


the  flritt  1.1  yrnn,  tliny  arc  h.\'h\  to  luivo  aiiiounUHl  to  Xdi  |«r  cent.  Dut  ihfn  it  ulioiilt]  h« 
Iwrno  ill  iiiiiui,  nn  Mr.  (Snint  Iiun  jii«lly  Ktnti-il,  timt  tlio  voynnt'H  wt-ro  witliun  Arri)iii|ili  .lied  in 
lc«a  Ihnn  '10  niontim,  iirxl  nonirliiiir*  oxifiiilcd  to  3  or  4  ycur*:  uiiil  it  kImiiiIiI  I'urll.t'r  'v  rv- 
iiiurkctl,  tlmt  on  tlie  urriviil  of  tlio  uliip*  ut  hoiiiK,  tlio  carrot'*  wcru  (Iik|mim<'iI  nf  nt  lonif  I'lcililit 
iif  IH  niDiitiiM  or  U  yi'iim;  ariil  tiiut  it  wm  fr(i(|iiriitly  rvrn  fl  or  7  ycnrH  lu-Core  tho  eoiifiTim 
of  n  )iiiiKl*i  v(i_\««o  wi<ri'  linullv  •iljimtt-ii. — (<S'At/c/t  n/l/ie  lliilnri/  nf  l/ir  ('iim/Mni/,  p,  i;),) 
VN'licii  lliput'  I'iri-uiiiHliiiii'i'ii  arfl  tiil«-ri  into  viuw,  ii  will  iiiimoilinti'ly  bti  it'cn  tlmi  tiic  Com- 

{iniiy'a  profitf  wi>iii  not,  rraily,  liy  uiiy  incniiH  lo  gruut  a*  ban  Ih><<m  roprritriitcd.  It  iiiny  nut, 
m\v('vt>r,  tie  iiiiiimtructivo  to  rviiiiirli/tliat  thu  priiK'ipai  coinpliiiiit  thut  wim  tliiMi  iimiln  iii;iiiniit 
lli)i  Coropany  diil  not  procffd  ao  iiiucli  on  tho  rircuinntaiirv  of  ita  charti'r  mrludniir  tiic  public 
from  any  almrc  in  an  advuntiiKroua  trallic,  an  in  itM  uuthoriiini;  tliH  (^oinpuny  (o  rxpoit  K<i|ii 
nnd  oilvur  nf  tho  value  of  UU.OOO/.  a  yvar.  It  iH  true  that  thn  rhiirtcr  •tipiilnled  tlmt  tliiM^om- 
|>nny  ahoiild  ini[)nrt  an  rcpml  (piiuitity  of  gnid  nnd  lilvcr  within  fi  inui<<lii  of  t)i«  tprniiiinti'in 
iifuvi'ry  vojajn;  but  tho  cni-niii'a  of  t!ui  Company  rontcndt'd  lliut  tliit  coniliiion  wiihnot 
I'oniplied  with  ;  nnd  it  wax,  iM-nidra,  hij-hly  iiijurioua  to  the  piil)lir  inlercntN  hm<I  rimlrnrij  h 
hII  pritififtic,  to  allow  Kold  and  yilvcr  to  Iwi  *i>nt  out  of  thn  kiiif^doin.  The  niiirchiintM  and 
DthcfH  intcrr^ti'd  in  the  HUppoil  of  Iho  ('ompnny  could  not  rontrovi-rt  thu  rvuxoninj;  of  their 
opponcntM,  without  openly  iinpniining  tho  out'ii'ut  |M>licy  of  iibaohiti  ly  pruvctitiiiK  tite  exporta- 
tion of  tho  prcoioua  niclulit.  'I'liev  did  not,  howevi-r,  venture  to  contend,  if  tho  idea  rrully 
orcnrri'd  to  them,  tlmt  the  cxportutinn  of  hnliioi)  to  Iho  Eust  wua  ndvKiitiiijrou't,  on  the  broad 
);itiinid  of  ihi)  comniixlilicn  purrhoHcd  by  it  lieinir  of  ({rrutcr  value  in  i'lnglnnd.  liut  thry 
contendc<l  that  (he  exportation  of  bnllion  to  India  w»it  udvaiitiigeoUrf  iMM'niiito  the  coiitinodi. 
tioM  thence  iniiiorleil  were  chiedy  re-oxjiorted  to  oth^-r  countries  from  which  a  nnich  Rreulcr 
iiunntity  of  bullinn  wnx  obtained  than  hud  been  reijuired  tu  pay  for  them  in  Indiu.  Mr. 'I'liu. 
null  Mun,  a  direi-torof  the  Uiiiit  India  ('onipnny,  nnd  the  ableitt  of  itN  early  advocatex,  mgt'. 
IiioUHly  conipiircH  the  operutiona  of  the  nicrohant  in  conduCinna  trndo  carried  on  by  thn 
exportation  of  tjolil  nnd  nilver  to  the  seed  time  and  hiirvc.Ht  of  iii(riculturo.  ''If  we  only  Ih'- 
hold,"  aaya  he,  "  the  actionH  of  the  huibundinan  in  tho  seed  time,  when  he  caHteth  uw.iy 
nineh  good  corn  into  the  ground,  we  sliiill  nccount  him  rather  a  niudniiMi  Ihnn  a  \\uA>a  id- 
man.  Dot  when  we  coiiHider  Im  Inbourn  in  thu  hnrvent,  which  in  the  end  of  lils  endeavours, 
we  find  the  worth  and  plentiful  iucrearie  of  hi*  actiotts," — {Tit<uurc  by  Foreign  Trade,  p. 
50.  cd.  1C<M.) 

We  niiiy  here  rrmork,  that  what  hnx  Iwen  called  the  tnerrniiUle  ni/ntrm  of  politicnl  eco- 
nomy, or  that  HyHtem  which  nvraKurea  the  progrenH  of  a  country  in  tho  career  of  wealth  by 
tho  Hupposed  baliincu  of  pnymeiitx  in  its  favour,  or  by  thn  estiumted  excewi  of  the  value  of 
ita  exports  over  that  of  its  iuiportrt,  uppeura  to  linve  oriu;innteil  in  the  exciiNea  now  set  U|i  for 
the  exportation  of  bullion,  I'reviously  to  this  epoch,  the  policy  of  prohibilinij  the  exporta- 
tion of  bullion  had  been  universally  ndinitled ;  but  it  now  l^cnuu  to  be  pretty  f»eneiiilly  nl- 
lowed,  that  lU  exportation  iiii^^ht  be  productive  of  advuntni^e  provided  it  occasioned  the  sidi- 
srqnent  exportation  of  aurealer  amount  of  raw  or  manufactured  procluclK  to  countries  wheni'o 
bullion  was  obtiiined  fur  them.  'J'his,  when  compared  with  the  previounly  existini?  preni- 
dice — for  it  hardly  deserves  the  name  of  system — which  wholly  interdicted  tho  exportation 
of  Ri'ld  and  silver,  must  be  allowed  to  bo  a  considerable  atep  in  the  proarcHs  to  sounder 
o|)iiiions.  The  nnxini,  ce  »/V.v/  r/ue  k  premier  pas  ijiii  coute,  was  Htrikinp;ly  verilied  on 
this  occasion.  Tho  advocated  of  the  East  Indiu  Company  be)>;an  gradually  to  assume  a 
higher  tone,  and,  at  liiiglh,  boldly  contended  that  bullion  was  nothing  but  a  commodity,  and 
that  its  exportation  ought  to  be  rendered  ns  free  as  that  of  any  thing  else.  Nor  were  lliesn 
opinions  conlnicd  to  the  partners  of  the  East  India  Company.  Tl'.ey  were  gradually  coin- 
nnndcateil  to  olliers;  and  many  emiiu'Mt  nier<'hanls  were  taught  to  look  with  8\ispicioii  on 
Kcveral  of  the  previously  received  iloijinas  with  respect  to  conmjerce,  nnd  were,  in  ciiukc- 
ipieoce,  led  to  accpiirc  more  correct  ami  comprehensive  views.  Tlie  new  ideas  ultimately 
maile  their  way  into  the  House  of  Conimon-i;  and,  in  UitiS,  the  Rlatutea  prohibiting  the 
exportation  of  foreiun  coin  and  bullion  were  repealed,  and  full  liberty  given  to  the  East  India 
('ompany  nnd  to  private  traders  to  export  tlium  in  unlimited  (luantities. 

lint  the  objiction  to  the  East  India  Coni| any,  or  rather  the  East  India  trade,  on  the 
promid  of  \U  causing  the  exportation  of  gold  and  silver,  admitted  of  n  more  direct  and  con- 
clusive, if  not  a  more  ingenious  rejily.  How  comjiendious  soever  the  ancient  intercourse 
with  Indiu  by  the  Ked  5»ea  and  the  Mediterranean,  it  was  unavoidably  attended  with  o  good 
<!eal  of  expense.  'J'he  productiiuis  of  the  remote  pnrts  of  Asia,  brought  to  Ceylon,  oi  the 
ports  on  the  Malabar  coast,  by  the  natives,  were  there  put  on  board  t!ie  ships  which  arrived 
from  the  Arabic  gulf.  At  Berenice  they  were  landed,  and  carried  by  camels  2.50  miles  to 
the  banks  of  the  Nile.  They  were  llicro  again  embarke<l,  and  conveyetl  down  the  river  to 
Alexandria,  whence  they  were  despatched  to  difliTcut  tiiarkcts.  'I'hc  addition  to  the  price 
of  goods  by  such  a  multiplicity  of  operations  must  have  been  considerable;  more  especially 
as  the  price  charged  on  each  operation  was  fixed  by  monopolists,  gubjcct  to  no  competition 
or  control.  I'hny  says,  that  the  cost  of  tho  Arabian  and  Indian  products  brought  to  Koine 
when  he  flourished  (A.  D.  70,),  was  increased  a  hundred  fold  by  tlio  expenses  of  transit 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


617 


Out  Ihun  It  ■lioiili]  U 
iloiii  «rrnni|ili  .)iiil  in 
■tioiild  I'lirll.i'r  \v  re- 
•iM'il  (if  «l  loiincn'iliu 
iM'I'ure  thii  ciiiiri'riu 
ir  CimifKini/,  p,  \:],\ 

0  acvn  lliut  till'  Com. 
mnliil.     If.  iiiuy  iKit, 

nil  lIllMI  IIIHllll  »L;llinil| 

rxrludiiiur  fill'  public 
mm\y  tiifX|i<ii'tH(i|i| 
itiliiivd  timt  lho(!i)in- 
1)1  iiftlKt  trriiiiimli  III 
n  rdiulitiiiii  Milk  not 
•i'hIh  Hiiii  riiiilniri)  l„ 
'J'lie  niorchuntM  and 
liu  re«H()iiin({  of  thiit 
jvciiliiiR  tl»ccx|)i)rttt. 
lul,  if  tlio  idi'Q  nattily 
iiyoou^,  on  tliu  liioad 
I'tliKlniid.  Dut  tiiry 
'••nusMi  llir  coiiiiniMli- 
liich  a  iiitirh  Rri'uttif 

1  in  Iiidiu.  Mr.  Tiiu. 
arly  udvooali^K,  iiijf,-. 
lu  ciirrird  on  liy  llm 
ro.  "]f  w«  only  In'- 
L'ti  lio  riiHttali  uw.iy 
null  tliiiii  a  husVu  id- 
id  of  1 1  is  fiidciivours, 
/  t'weiu;n  Trade,  p. 

i/rw  of  politiriil  ootv 

cnrriT  of  wfitlth  l>y 

I'l'Ks  of  tlie  vuluf  of 

■iiHCM  now  not  ii|i  for 

I'illnij  the  «X[j4irta- 

pri-tly  fjfiifinlly  III. 

OCCHNioilOll  till'  sill). 

to  (-ounlrii!*  whi-iuu 
•usiy  oxiHtiiifit  prciii- 
Icd  the  C'xportatiuii 
proj^rrHB  to  soundor 
rikiiigly  viTilied  on 
ually  to  nHsuiiio  a 
t  a  roninioility,  hmJ 
IVor  wi're  liu'sn 
ere  KriuUiiiJIy  coin- 
with  siMpicioii  on 
lid  were,  in  coiihi-. 
V  idrnit  nItiiiiiiU'lv 
•■«  proliil)iiiii|>  the 
n  to  the  V,i»i  India 

ndia  trade,  on   tlic 

ore  dirt'i't  iind  coii. 

ni'icnt  intercourse 

nidod  witli  a  ijnod 

to  Ceylon,  oi  the 

hips  which  anivod 

imrls  250  milrs  to 

lown  till'  river  to 

Idition  to  the  price 

;  more  especially 

to  no  conipi'tition 

brouglit  to  Koine 

penscii  of  traiiiit 


—(Hitl.  ffiit,  lib.  vi.  r.  3.1.);  but  th^ni  can  be  little  or  no  i  i<ubt  that  thia  in  to  lie  rrKorJeil 
ID  a  rhi'tuririil  exuitKcriillnn. — (Nee  ante,  |i.  Ul.)  There  are  kihuI  Krouiulii  for  thiiikiiii(  that 
llie  liiM  bulky  aorta  of  KuMtern  product*,  tnwU  w*  ailk,  uptcvM,  hulmiiiia,  preeiuuM  Ntonen,  &,e., 
whith  woro  iIunw  prinripuily  iniidi)  um  of  at  Itonio,  iiiiKbt,  auppoHiiiK  there  Mere  no  politi* 
cul  oliNtuclua  in  thn  way,  Imi  convryrd  from  moat  piirla  of  India  to  iho  porta  on  the  Mediter* 
raneaii  by  way  of  KKyi't,  at  a  decidedly  cheaper  rate  tlian  tliuy  could  be  conveyed  to  thcin 
oy  the  (iapo  of  (IocnI  llo|ie. 

Hut  at  the  iieriod  when  tlie  latter  route  to  India  bcftan  to  lie  frcipientod,  Ryria,  Ijuyi'ti  &c« 
wore  ot^rupieii  liy  'I'urka  and  Maniclukea;  barbariana  who  deapiacd  coniiiutrco  anil  iiaviga* 
tiiin,  and  were,  at  the  aanie  time,  extremely  jealoua  of  atranKura,  capccialiy  of  ('hriittiana  or 
Infldeiri,  The  price  of  the  cotniiUHlitieii  olitained  through  the  intervention  of  audi  iteraona 
waa  neeraaarily  very  inuuh  enhanced  ;  and  Iho  diacovery  of  the  route  by  the  ('upe  uf  (iood 
llo|ie  waa,  conaeipinntly,  of  the  utiiioat  importance,  for,  by  puttiiiR  an  end  to  the  monopoly 
enjoyed  by  the  'I'urka  and  Manieiiikea,  it  introduced,  for  the  lirat  time,  aoinelhliiK  like  coin* 
tNililion  into  the  Indian  trade,  and  enabled  the  wcatern  parta  uf  Europe  to  obtain  HU|iplieH  of 
Indian  proilucia  for  aUiut  ■  third  part  of  what  they  had  prcvioualy  coat.  Mr.  Mun,  in  a 
tract  publlNhr<l  in  lli'JI,  eatimatea  the  quantity  uf  Iiidiun  coiiiinuditica imported  into  £uro|je, 
and  their  cuat  when  bounht  in  Alnjipo  and  in  India,  aa  (ullowa : 

Ciiat  nf  liiillan  cunimiiilltlei  eonauiiied  In  Cunipe  whun  lioiiglit  In  Alupiio  (or  AtKxnnihlii). 

£  ».  d, 

e,non,(NH)llm.  |i«|i|i(<r  roM,  wlthchnrgfia,  jic.  at  Alfipno.a*.  per  lb.           ...    (    i.iKlO  0  0 

IMMKKIIIin.  iloven,  iil'la.  tU I.,N^.^  10  0 

\M,m)  iiiM.  niiicr,  nt  it.  M.        ........    st.tian    n  o 

4(IO,lilMlllm.  iiiitiiiMVK,  nt'ix.  Id.      ........     •m,lif'ill     9    4 

.1^0.1100  lliN.  Iiiill(<i,  at  it.  4rf.  ........      7a,N:il      t)    8 

i,UUU,UOU  Iba.  I'tiralan  raw  allk,  at  Ilia.        •  •  •  -  •  •  -    i>0(i,ii!iii     i)    0 


£l,t03,./liO    iU    0 


Hat  thn  anmn  qimntUlea  uf  the  lania  cowmuilitloi  coal,  when  bought  In  the  Cant  IikIIuk,  'iccorilln 


III  Mr.  Man,  iia  flillowa  : 

O.Oflfl.nOfl  Ihi.  pt-pner,  nt  3>i(.  por  lb. 
4,10,0(1)1  llm,  rliivea,  at  \)U.    - 
I.V),(M)0  Iha.  nmro,  nl  Hii.     . 
4(HI,(HH)  Ilia.  lillliiieK"'l»4<'- 
3.'<0.INIO  Ida.  IimIIko,  at  If.U 

l,OU<),(HIU  Iba.  raw  ailK,  nt  Hi. 


.e 

BO,.'ino 

10.N75 

6,0(10 

n,0(!H 

90,110 

400,01)0 


jEill.ISS      5    8 


Which  Inting  deducted  from  the  former,  leaves  a  balance  of  95.1,.542/.  \3.i,  id.  And  siippou- 
inK  that  the  Hlutetnenta  made  by  Mr.  Mun  arc  correct,  and  that  allowance  ia  niaile  fur  the 
diir«renco  between  the  freight  from  Aleppo  ond  India,  the  result  would  indicate  the  suvingr 
which  the  diaeovory  of  the  route  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  occasioned  in  the  jiurdiaso  of 
the  aliiive-incntiuned  articles. — (A  Discourse  nf  Trade  from  Eiiffland  to  the  East  Indies, 
by  T.  M.,  original  od.  p.  10.  Thia  tract,  which  is  very  scarce,  is  reprinted  in  I'urchas'a 
I'ilxriins.) 

In  the  same  publication  (p.  37.),  Mr.  Mun  informs  us  that,  from  the  lieglnninf;  of  the 
Cuinpany'a  trade  to  July,  1G20,  they  had  sent  79  Hhips  to  India ;  of  whii^h  34  had  coi.  e  home 
•afely  and  richly  ludcn,  4  had  been  worn  out  by  long  service  in  India,  2  had  been  lost  in 
rnri'eiiinf;,  6  had  been  lost  by  the  perils  of  the  sen,  and  12  had  been  captured  by  the  Uutch. 
Mr.  Mun  further  states,  that  the  exports  to  India,  since  the  formation  uf  :'  .  'Company,  had 
uinuiinted  to  340,370/.;  that  the  produce  brought  from  India  had  co;U  C  i  '^>Sl,,  uiiil  had 
produced  here  the  enormous  sum  of  1,914,000/.;  that  the  quarrels  with  tln^  i^utch  had  oc- 
caNiuned  a  Iohm  of  84,0H8/;  and  that  the  stuck  uf  the  Company,  in  Bhips,  goods  in  India, 
&c.,  ninnunted  to  400,000/. 

The  hoxlilily  of  the  Dutch,  to  which  Mr.  Mun  has  here  alluded,  w ;  ■  long  a  very  formida- 
ble uliatucle  to  the  Cuinpany'a  success.  The  Dutch  early  endeavoured  to  obtain  the  exclu- 
sive posHOHHion  of  the  spice  trade,  and  were  not  at  all  ^crupu'  nr.  ai<out  the  meauH  by  which 
tlii'y  alteiiiplcd  to  bring  about  this  their  favourite  object.  The  English,  on  their  part,  natu- 
rally exerted  themselves  to  obtain  a  share  of  so  valuable  a  commerce  ;  and  as  ncitlicr  party 
was  disposed  to  abandon  its  views  and  pretension'!,  the  most  violent  aniraositics  grew  up  be- 
tween them.  In  this  state  of  things,  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  sujiposu  that  uiijuKtillablo 
nets  were  nut  committed  by  the  one  party  as  well  as  the  other ;  though  the  worst  act  of  the 
EnKlish  U|i|H!ars  venial,  when  compared  with  the  conduct  of  the  Dutch  in  the  nias^^acru  at 
Amboyna,  in  1022.  While,  however,  the  Dutch  Comjiany  was  vi;;orously  supported  by 
the  government  at  home,  tho  English  Company  met  with  no  cfllcient  as^iistaiice  from  the 
fuuble  and  vacillating  poliity  of  James  and  Charles.  The  Dutch  either  despised  their  rc< 
moiistranceH,  or  defeated  them  by  an  apparent  compliance ;  so  that  no  real  repanition  was 
obtained  for  the  outrages  they  h.id  committed.  During  the  civil  war,  Indian  affairs  were 
necoasurily  lust  sight  uf ;  and  the  Dutch  continued,  until  the  ascendancy  of  the  reiiublicau 

78  'dt'i 


k 


m 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


party  had  been  cstabliahcd,  to  reign  triumiilmnt  in  the  East,  where  the  English  commerca 
was  nraily  annihilated. 

But  nntwilhstaiuling  their  depressed  condition,  the  Company's  servants  in  India  laid  the 
foundation,  during  the  period  in  question,  of  the  scttlemcntH  at  Madras  and  in  Bengal.  Per- 
mission  to  build  Fort  St.  (Jenrgc  was  obtained  from  the  native  authorities  in  1640.  In  1058, 
Madras  was  raised  to  the  station  of  a  presideney.  In  164.'),  the  Company  began  to  e.stai)lish 
fuet'iries  in  Boi^gal ;  the  principal  of  which  was  at  Ilooghly.  These  were,  for  a  lengthened 
period,  subordinate  to  the  j)residency  at  Madras. 

No  sooner,  however,  had  the  civil  wars  terminated,  than  the  arms  and  councils  of  Crom- 
well retrieved  tlio  situation  of  our  altiiirs  in  India.  The  war  which  broke  out  between  tlia 
lona:  parliament  and  the  Dutch,  in  1653,  was  eminently  injurious  to  the  l-itter.  In  the  treaty 
of  peace,  concluded  in  16!54,  it  was  stipulated  that  indemnification  should  be  made  liy  the 
Dutch  for  the  losses  and  injuries  sustained  by  the  English  merchants  and  factories  in  India. 
The  27th  article  bears,  "  that  the  Lords,  the  states-general  of  the  United  Provinces,  shall  take 
care  that  justice  be  done  upon  those  who  were  partakers  or  acconijilices  m  the  massacre  of 
the  Engli.-h  at  Amboyna,  as  the  republic  of  England  is  pleased  to  term  that  fact,  provided  any 
of  them  be  living."  A  conunission  was  at  the  same  time  appointed,  conformably  to  another 
article  of  the  treaty,  to  in(|uire  into  the  reciprocal  claims  which  the  subjects  of  the  contract- 
ing paities  had  upon  each  other  fur  losses  sustained  in  India,  Brazil.  iJLc. ;  and,  iipi^n  iheir 
decision,  tlie  Dutch  paid  the  sum  of  ,'^.'),000/.  to  the  East  India  Company,  and  ;J,C15/.  to  the 
heirs  or  executors  of  the  suderers  at  Aniboyna. — (liruce's  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  48!).) 

The  charter  under  which  the  East  India  Company  prosecuted  their  exclusive  trade  to 
India,  being  merely  a  grant  from  the  Crown,  and  not  ratified  by  any  act  of  parliament,  was 
undeistood  by  the  merchants  to  be  at  an  end  when  Charles  I.  was  de[)oscd.  They  were 
conlirnied  in  this  view  of  the  matter,  from  the  circumstance  of  Charles  having  himself  grant- 
ed, in  1635,  a  charier  to  Sir  William  Courlen  and  others,  authorising  them  to  trade  with 
those  parts  of  India  with  which  the  Company  had  not  established  any  regular  intercourse. 
Tlio  reasons  alleged  in  justification  of  this  mc'  -.re,  by  the  Crown,  were,  that"  the  East  India 
Company  had  neglected  to  establish  fortitied  tiictories,  or  seats  of  trade,  to  which  the  king's 
subjects  could  resort  with  safety  ;  tliat  they  had  consulted  their  own  interests  only,  without 
any  regard  to  ihc  king's  revenue;  and,  in  general,  that  they  had  broken  the  condition  on 
which  their  charter  and  exclusive  privileges  had  been  granted  to  them." — (A'y/«.  Fcedera, 
Vol.  XX.  p.  146.) 

Cuurleu's  association,  for  the  foundation  of  which  such  satisfactory  reasons  had  been  as- 
signed, continued  to  trade  with  India  during  the  remainder  of  Charles's  nign ;  and  no 
sooner  had  the  arms  of  the  Commonwealth  forced  the  Dutch  to  desist  from  their  de[)ieda- 
tions,  and  to  make  reparation  for  the  injuries  they  had  inflicted  on  the  English  in  India,  than 
private  adventurers  engaged  in  great  numbers  in  the  Indian  trade,  and  carried  on  with  a  zeal, 
economy,  and  success,  that  monopoly  can  never  expect  to  rival.  It  is  stated  in  a  little  work, 
entitled  lirittninia  Lan^iiens,  publioihed  in  1680,  the  author  of  which  has  evidently  been  a 
well-intl>rmed  and  intelligent  person,  that  during  the  years  1653,  1654,  165.5,  and  1656, 
win  n  the  trade  to  India  was  open,  the  private  traders  imported  East  India  commodities  in 
such  large  quantities,  and  sold  them  at  sneh  reduced  prices,  that  they  not  only  fully  supplied 
the  British  markets,  but  hud  even  come  into  successful  competition  with  the  Dutch  in  iho 
market  of  .\msterdam,  "and  very  much  sunk  the  actiims  (shares)  of  the  Dutch  East  India 
Company." — (p.  i:)-.)  This  circumstan<-c  naturally  excited  the  greatest  aiiprchensions  on 
the  pait  of  the  Dutch  Company;  for,  besides  the  danger  that  they  now  ran  of  being  de- 
prived, by  the  active  comprtiti  .n  of  the  English  merchants,  of  a  considerable  part  of  the 
trade  whiih  they  had  previously  enjoyed,  they  could  hardly  expect  that,  if  the  trade  were 
thrown  (ijien  in  England,  tlie  monopoly  would  lie  allowed  to  continue  in  Holland.  A  strik- 
ing jjroof  uf  what  is  now  stated  is  to  be  found  in  a  letter  in  the  third  volume  of  T/nirkw's 
Stale  /'(/yirrv,  dated  at  tl>e  Hague,  the  15th  of  .January,  1654,  where  it  is  said,  that  "  the 
merchaMts  of  .Vmsterdani  have  advice  that  the  Lord  Protector  intends  to  dissolve  the  East 
India  (-'ompany  at  London,  anil  to  declare  the  navigation  and  commerce  of  the  East  Indies 
free  and  open  ;  wliioh  di ih  cause  great  jealousy  at  Amsterdam,  as  a  thin}^  (hut  uill  vtry 
nmc'i  jinjudicc  Ihc  KasI  India  Cumpaiii/  in  Ilolfand." 

Feeling  that  it  was  impossible  to  contend  with  the  private  adventurers  under  a  system  of 
fair  conijietition,  the  moment  the  treaty  with  the  Dutch  had  been  concluded,  the  Company 
began  to  solicit  a  renewal  of  their  charter;  but  in  this  they  were  not  only  opposed  by 
the  tree  trad,  rs,  but  by  a  pait  of  themselves.  To  understand  how  this  happened,  it  may  b< 
pr.)|H'f  to  mention  that  Courten's  association,  the  origin  of  which  has  been  already  noticed, 
bad  begmi,  in  161f,  to  found  a  colony  at  Assuila,  an  island  near  Madagascar.  The  Com- 
pany, alarnitd  at  this  Jirojict,  appli_i(l  to  the  council  of  state  to  prevent  its  ' -eing  carried  into 
elltrt ;  and  tlie  .  oinieil,  without  etitcring  on  tl\e  (piestion  of  either  parly's  rights,  recouinieiiJ- 
ed  to  thcai  to  form  a  union  ;  which  wa*  accordingly  elll'cted  in  16  lU.  But  the  union  was, 
for  a  consiileralile  ti;ne,  ralher  nominal  than  real;  and  when  the  Dutch  war  had  been  |iut  an 
end  to,  niosi  of  those  holders  of  the  Company's  stock  who  had  belonged  to  Courten's  uncocia- 


3  English  commerco 

Us  in  India  luid  tho 
inJ  in  Bengal.  Tcr- 
i  in  1640.  In  1058, 
y  began  to  establish 
ire,  for  a  lengthened 

d  councils  of  Crom- 
jke  out  between  tlia 
'itter.  In  the  treaty 
uld  be  made  liy  the 
d  factories  in  India, 
Provinces,  idiall  lake 
i  in  the  niiissacre  of 
at  fact,  provided  any 
iformably  to  another 
ccts  of  the  contract- 
.c. ;  and,  upon  llieir 
f,  and  !1,G15/.  to  tho 
i.  p.  480.) 
r  exclusive  trade  to 
t  of  parliament,  was 
•[joscd.  Tiiey  were 
living  himself  graut- 
theni  to  trade  with 
regular  intercourse, 
that"  the  East  India 
to  which  the  King's 
.crests  oTdy,  witl'.cut 
•a  the  condition  on 
" — (A'yi.  Fadera, 

easons  had  been  as- 
les's  n  igii ;  and  no 
from  their  depreda- 
iglish  in  India,  than 
rietl  on  with  a  zeal, 
ted  in  n  little  work, 
as  evidently  been  a 
i4,  166.5,  and  165G, 
idia  commodities  in 
only  fully  supplied 
th  the  Dutch  in  the 
e  Dutch  Eaut  India 
it  ap])rehensions  on 
V  ran  of  being  dc- 
Icrnble  part  of  the 

if  the  trade  were 
Holland.  A  slrik- 
nnie  of  T/iurlcw's 

is  said,  that  "  tlio 
o  dis.solve  the  East 
of  the  East  Indies 
'ii7ig  Ihut  will  viry 

under  a  systeni  of 
ded,  the  Company 
only  opposed  by 
jppened,  it  may  be 
II  already  noticed, 
;ascar.  The  Com- 
'  eiiig  curried  into 
l^;lit8,  recoiiiuund- 
it  ihu  union  was, 
ir  had  been  |iut  an 
Courten's  uaiueia- 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


610 


tion  joined  in  petitioning  tiie  council  of  state  that  the  trade  might  in  future  be  carried  on,  not 
by  a  joint  stock,  but  by  a  regulated  company  ;  so  that  each  individual  engaj;ing  in  it  might 
be  allowed  to  employ  his  own  stock,  seivants,  and  shipping,  in  whatever  way  ho  might  con- 
ceive most  for  his  own  advantage. — {Petition  of  Adventurers,  nihoii^ov.lGod;  Bruce'a 
Annnh:,  vol.  i.  p.  518.) 

This  proposal  was  obviously  most  reasonable.  The  Company  had  always  founded  their 
claim  to  a  monopoly  of  tho  trade  on  the  alleged  ground  of  its  being  necessary  to  maintain 
f  )rls,  factories,  and  ships  of  war  in  India ;  and  that  as  this  was  not  done  by  government,  it 
could  only  bo  done  by  a  Company.  But,  by  forming  the  traders  with  India  into  a  regulated 
company,  tlioy  might  have  been  subjected  to  whatever  rules  were  considered  most  advisable  ; 
mv\  such  special  duties  might  have  been  loid  on  the  commodities  they  exported  and  imported, 
as  would  have  sulliced  to  defray  the  public  expenses  requiied  for  carrying  on  tho  trade,  at 
the  same  time  that  the  ineslunable  advantages  of  free  competition  would  have  been  secured  ; 
each  individual  trader  being  left  at  liberty  to  conduct  his  enterprises,  subject  only  to  a  few 
general  regulations,  in  his  own  way  and  for  his  own  advantage. — (See  Compamks.) 

Hut  notwithstanding  the  efforts  of  the  petitioners,  and  the  success  that  was  cicaiiy  proved 
to  have  attonded  the  operations  of  the  private  traders,  the  Company  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing a  renewal  of  their  charter  from  Cromwell  in  1657.  Charles  II.  confirmed  this  charter 
in  1661 ;  and  at  tho  same  time  conferred  on  them  the  power  of  making  peace  or  war  with 
any  power  or  people  )io^  of  the  Chrintian  religion  ,•  of  establishing  fortilii'aiions,  garrisons, 
and  colonies;  of  exporting  ammunition  and  stores  to  their  settlements  duly  fice  ;  of  seizing 
and  sending  to  Englanil  such  Britisii  subjects  as  should  be  found  trading  to  India  without 
their  leave  ;  and  of  exercising  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  in  their  seltlements,  according 
to  the  laws  of  England.  Still,  however,  as  this  charter  was  not  fully  confirmed  by  any  act 
of  parliament,  it  did  not  prevent  traders,  or  interlopers  us  they  were  termed,  from  ap[)earing 
within  the  limits  of  the  Company's  territories,  Tho  energy  of  private  commerce,  which,  to 
use  the  words  of  Mr,  Ormo,  "sees  its  drift  with  eagles'  eyes,"  formed  asso.'iations  at  the  risk 
of  trying  tho  consequence  at  law,  being  safe  at  the  outset,  and  during  the  voyage,  since  tho 
Coini)any  were  not  authorised  to  stop  or  seize  the  sliifja  of  those  who  thus  attempted  to  como 
into  competition  with  them.  Hence  their  monopoly  was  by  no  means  complete ;  and  if  v  as 
not  till  after  the  Uuvolution,  and  when  a  free  system  of  govorumcnt  had  been  established  at 
home,  that,  by  a  singular  contradiction,  the  authority  of  parliament  was  interposed  to  enable 
tlie  Company  wholly  to  engross  the  trade  with  the  East. 

In  addition  to  the  losses  arising  from  this  source,  the  Company's  trade  sufTered  severely, 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  If.,  from  tho  hostilities  that  were  then  wag::d  with  the  Datch, 
and  from  tho  confusion  and  disorders  caused  by  contests  among  the  native  princes ;  but  in 
1668,  the  Company  obtained  a  very  valuable  acquisition  in  tho  island  of  Bojnbay.  Cliarles 
II.  acquired  this  i^^land  as  a  part  of  the  marriage  portion  of  his  wife,  Catliarine  of  Portugal ; 
and  it  was  now  made  over  to  the  Company,  on  condition  of  their  not  selling  or  a/ienating  it 
to  any  persons  whatever,  except  such  as  wcio  subjects  of  tho  British  crown.  'I'lioy  were 
allowetl  to  Ifgislate  for  their  new  possession  ;  but  it  was  enjoined  that  their  laws  .should  be 
consjuant  to  reason,  and  "  as  near  as  might  be''  agreealile  to  the  practice  of  England.  'I'liey 
were  authorised  to  maintain  their  dr  minion  by  tbree  of  arms;  and  the  natives  of  Bombay 
were  declared  to  have  tile  same  liberties  as  natural  born  sulijects.  The  Company's  western 
presidency  was  soon  after  transferred  from  Surat  to  Bombay. 

Ill  166 1,  tho  French  East  India  Company  was  formed ;  and  10  years  afterwards  they  laid 
the  '"jundation  of  their  settlement  at  Pondicherry. 

But  tiio  reign  of  Charles  H.  is  cliiolly  memorable  in  the  Company's  annals,  from  its  bc'ng 
the  era  of  the  commencement  of  the  tea  trade.  The  first  notice  of  tea  in  tlio  Company's 
reconis  is  found  in  a  desiiatch,  addressed  to  their  agent  at  Bantam,  dated  3llh  of  January, 
1607-8,  in  which  he  is  desired  to  send  home  100  Ibsi  of  tea, "  the  best  he  can  get." — {Unices 
Annulx,  vol.  ii.  p.  210.)  Such  was  tho  late  and  feeble  beginning  of  tho  tea  trade;  a 
branch  of  commerce  that  has  ion  •:  been  of  vast  imp;)rtance  to  tho  British  nation  ;  and  with- 
out which,  it  is  more  than  prob.ilie  that  tlie  East  India  Company  would  long  since  have 
ceased  to  exist,  at  least  as  a  mLTcantile  body. 

In  16/7,  the  Company  obtained  a  frc-li  renewal  of  their  charter;  receiving  at  tho  sama 
time  an  indemnity  for  all  past  misuse  of  their  privileges,  and  authority  to  establish  a  mint  at 
Bombay. 

Daring  the  greater  part  of  t'lo  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  the  Company's  atlair;) 
at  home  vi'ore  princi[Mlly  manaifed  by  the  celebrated  Sir  Josiah  Child,  the  ablest  commercial 
writer  o(  the  time;  and  in  India,  by  his  biother,  Sir  John  Child.  In  1681,  Sir  Jiisiah  pub- 
lished an  apology  for  tho  Company,  under  tho  signature  of  'biKcrar^ic,  "A  Treatise  wherein 
is  demonstrated  that  tlic  East  India  Trade  is  the  most  National  of  all  foreign  Trades:"  in 
which,  besides  endeavouring  to  vindicate  tho  Company  from  tho  objections  that  had  been 
made  against  it,  he  gives  an  account  of  its  state  at  the  time.  From  tiiis  account  it  appears 
that  the  Company  consisted  of  ."iSG  partners;  that  they  had  from  35  to  'M  ships,  of  tVoiu 
"i'ij  to  1000  tons,  employed  in  tho  trade  between  England  and  India,  and  iVom  port  to  port 


\% 


il»l.1^ 


1'' 


m 


'if; 


'iS    4 


I 

,..       . 
il 

■in 

li 

> 

:: 

620 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


^f 


in  India — (p.  23.)  ;  that  the  custom  duties  upon  the  trade  amounted  to  ahout  60,000/.  a 
yrar;  and  that  the  value  of  the. exports,  "in  lead,  tin,  cloth,  and  sluirs,  and  other  commodi- 
tirs  of  the  production  and  manufacture  of  England,"  amounted  to  about  60,000/.  or  70,000/. 
a  year.  Sir  Joaiah  acems  to  have  been  struck,  as  he  well  might,  by  the  inconsiderable 
amount  of  tlic  trade ;  and  he  thiTcforo  dwells  on  the  advantages  of  which  it  was  in  directly 
|)r»ductive,  in  enabling  us  to  obtain  supplies  of  raw  silk,  pepper,  &c.  at  a  much  lower  price 
than  they  would  otherwise  have  fetched.  But  this,  though  true,  proved  nothing  in  favuui 
of  tlie  Company ;  it  l^eing  an  admitted  fact,  that  those  articles  were  furnished  at  a  still  low- 
er price  by  the  interlopers  or  private  traders. 

8ir  Joeiah  Child  was  one  of  the  first  who  projected  the  formation  of  a  territorial  cm])ire  in 
India.  Uut  the  expedition  tilted  out  in  1686,  in  the  view  of  accomplishing  this  purpose, 
proved  unsuccessful ;  and  the  Company  were  glad  to  accept  peace  on  the  terms  oiri:red  by 
the  Mogul.  Sir  John  Child,  having  died  during  the  course  of  these  transactions,  was  suc- 
ceeded in  tlie  principnl  mana<!;cmpnt  of  the  Company's  atfairs  in  India  by  Mr.  Vaux.  On 
the  appointment  of  the  latter,  Sir  Josiah  Child,  to  whom  he  owed  his  advancement,  exhorted 
him  to  act  with  vigour,  and  to  carry  whatever  instructions  he  might  receive  from  home  into 
imnictliaie  cllbct.  Mr.  Vaux  returned  for  answer  that  he  should  endeavour  to  acquit  him- 
self witJi  integrity  and  justice,  and  that  he  would  make  the  laws  of  his  country  the  rule  of 
his  conduct.  Sir  .losiah  Child's  answer  to  this  letter  is  curious: — "He  told  Mr.  Vaux 
roundly  that  ho  expected  his  orders  were  to  be  his  rules,  and  not  the  laws  of  England,  which 
were  a  heap  of  nonsense,  compiled  by  a  few  ignorant  country  gentlemen,  who  hardly  knew 
how  to  make  laws  lor  the  good  government  of  their  own  private  families,  much  less  for  >.he 
regulating  of  companies  and  foreign  commerce." — {Hamilton's  New  Account  of  the  East 
hulicfi,  vol.  i.  p.  832.) 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  11.,  and  that  of  his  successor,  the  number 
of  private  adventurers,  or  interlopers,  in  the  Indian  trade,  increased  in  an  unusual  degree. 
The  Company  vigorously  exerted  themselves  in  defence  of  what  they  conceived  to  be  their 
rights ;  and  the  question  with  respect  to  the  validity  of  the  powers  conferred  on  them  by 
their  charter  was  at  length  brought  to  issue,  by  a  prosecution  carried  on  at  their  instance 
against  Mr.  Thomas  Sandys,  for  trading  to  tlie  East  Indies  without  their  licence.  Judg- 
ment was  given  in  favour  of  the  Company  in  1685.  But  this  decision  was  ascribed  to  cor- 
rupt influence ;  and,  instead  of  allaying,  only  served  to  increase  the  clamour  against  them, 
'i'he  meeting  of  the  Convention  Parliament  gave  the  Company's  opponents  hopes  of  a  suc- 
cessful issue  to  their  cftbrts ;  and  had  they  been  united,  they  might  probably  have  succeeded. 
Their  opinions  were,  however,  divided — part  being  for  throwing  the  trade  open,  and  part  for 
the  formation  of  a  new  company  on  a  more  liberal  footing.  The  latter  being  formed  into  a 
body,  and  acting  in  unison,  the  struggle  against  the  Company  was  chiefly  carried  on  by 
them.  The  proceedings  that  took  place  on  this  occasion  are  amongst  the  most  disgraceful  in 
the  history  of  the  country.  The  most  open  and  unblushing  corruption  was  practised  by  all 
parties. — ''  It  wtu,  in  fact,  a  trial  which  side  should  bribe  the  highcfit  ,•  public  (iiilhorili/ 
inclining  to  one  or  other  as  the  irresistible  force  ofgolddirected" — {Modern  Universal  J  li^ory, 
vol.  X.  p.  127.)  Government  appears,  on  the  whole,  to  have  been  favourable  to  the  Company ; 
and  they  obtaine^l  a  fresh  charter  from  the  Crown  in  1093.  But  in  the  following  year  the 
trade  was  virtually  laid  open  by  a  vote  of  the  House  of  Commons,  "  that  all  the  subjects  of 
England  had  an  equal  right  to  trade  with  the  East  Indies,  unless  prohibited  by  act  of  parlia- 
ment." Matters  continued  on  this  footing  till  1 098.  The  pecuniary  difficulties  in  which 
gitvcrnment  was  then  involved,  induced  them  to  apply  to  the  Company  for  a  loan  of 
a,('00,000/.  for  which  they  offered  8  per  cent,  interest.  The  Company  otfered  to  advance 
700,000/.  at  4  per  cent. ;  but  the  credit  of  government  was  at  the  time  so  low,  that  tluy  pre- 
ferred accepting  an  offer  from  the  associated  merchants,  who  had  previously  opposed  the 
Company,  of  the  2,000,000/.  at  8  per  cent.,  on  condition  of  their  being  formed  into  a  new 
and  exclusive  company.  While  this  project  was  in  agitation,  the  advocates  of  free  trade 
were  not  idle,  but  exerte  '  tliemselves  to  show  that,  instead  of  esUiblishing  a  new  Company, 
tiie  old  (me  ought  to  be  abolished.  But  however  conclusive  and  unanswerable,  their  argu- 
ments, having  no  adventitious  recommendations  in  their  favour,  failed  of  making  any  im- 
jircssion.  The  new  Company  was  established  by  authority  of  the  legislature ;  and  as 
tiie  charter  of  the  old  Company  was  not  yet  expired,  the  novel  si)ectaclc  was  exhibited 
of  two  legally  constituted  bodies,  each  claiming  an  exclusive  right  to  the  trade  of  the  same 
|K)sses)iiiins ! 

Notwithstanding  all  the  pretensions  set  up  by  those  who  had  obtained  the  new  charter 
during  their  struggles  with  the  old  Company,  it  was  immediately  seen  that  they  were  as 
anxious  as  the  latter  to  suppress  every  thing  like  free  trade.  They  had  not,  it  was  obvious, 
Deen  actuated  by  any  enlarged  views,  but  merely  by  a  wish  to  grasp  at  the  monopoly,  which 
they  believed  would  redound  to  their  own  individual  interest,  'i'he  public,  in  consequence, 
became  equally  disgusted  with  bath  parties ;  or  if  there  were  any  diflerenci;,  it  is  j)robable 
that  the  new  Company  was  looked  upon  with  the  greatest  aversion,  inasmuch  as  wo  are 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


naturally  more  exasperated  by  what  we  conceive  to  be  duplicity  and  bad  faith,  than  by  fair 
undiiiguised  hostility. 

At  first  thb  mutual  hatred  of  the  rival  associations  knew  no  boundii.  But  they  were  not 
long  in  [lerceiving  that  such  conduct  would  infallibly  end  in  their  ruin ;  and  that  while  ono 
viii  luliouring  to  destroy  the  other,  the  friends  of  free  trade  might  step  in  and  procure  the 
lUssulution  of  both.  In  consequence,  they  became  gradually  reconciled ;  and  in  1702,  hav- 
ing adjusted  their  differences,  they  resolved  to  form  themselves  into  one  company,  entitled, 
Thr.  Untied  Company  of  Merchants  ofEne^land  tradinff  to  the  Eaat  Indies. 

The  authority  of  parliament  was  soon  after  interposed  to  give  ciTect  to  this  agreement. 

The  United  Company  engaged  to  advance  1 .200,000/.  to  government  without  intercut, 
which  as  a  previous  advance  had  been  made  of  2,000,000/.  at  8  per  cent,  made  the  total 
sum  due  to  them  by  the  public  3,200,000/.,  bearing  interest  at  5  per  cent. ;  and  government 
agreed  to  ratify  the  terms  of  their  agreement,  and  to  extend  the  charter  to  the  2.5th  of  March, 
1726,  with  3  yearn'  notice. 

While  those  important  matters  were  transacting  at  home,  the  Company  had  acquired 
some  additional  pngeersions  in  India.  In  1692,  the  Bengal  agency  was  trauKt'erred  from 
Hooghly  to  Calcutta.  In  1698,  the  CoMpany  acquired  a  grant  from  ono  of  the  grandsons 
of  Aureng7«be,  of  Calcutta  and  2  adjoinin^r  villages ;  with  leave  to  exercise  judiciary  powers 
over  the  inhabitants,  and  to  erect  fortifications.  These  were  soon  after  constructed,  and  re- 
ceived, in  compliment  to  William  III.,  then  king  of  England,  the  name  of  Fort  William. 
The  agency  at  Bengal  which  had  hitherto  been  subsidiary  only,  was  now  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  presidency. 

The  vigorous  competition  that  had  been  carried  on  for  some  years  before  the  conlition  of 
the  old  and  new  Companies,  between  them  and  the  private  traders,  had  occasioned  a  great 
additional  importation  of  Indian  silks,  piece  goods,  and  other  products,  and  a  great  reduction 
of  their  price.  These  circumstances  occasioned  the  most  vehement  complaints  amongst  the 
home  manufacturers,  who  resorted  to  the  arguments  invariably  made  use  of  on  such  occa- 
sions by  those  who  wish  to  exclude  foreign  competition  ;  nflirming  that  manufactured  India 
goods  had  been  largely  substituted  for  those  of  England  ;  that  the  English  manufacturers  had 
been  reduced  to  the  cruel  necessity  either  of  selling  nothing,  or  of  selling  their  commodities 
at  such  a  price  as  left  them  no  piuut;  that  great  numbers  of  their  workmen  had  been  thrown 
out  of  employment ;  and  last  of  all,  that  Indian  goods  were  not  bought  by  British  goods, 
but  by  gold  and  silver,  the  exportation  of  which  had  caused  the  general  impoverishment  of 
the  kingdom  !  The  merchants  and  others  interested  in  the  India  trade  could  not,  as  had 
previously  happened  to  them  in  the  controversy  with  respect  to  the  exportation  of  bullion, 
meet  these  statements  without  attacking  the  principles  on  which  they  rested,  and  maintain- 
ing, in  opposition  to  them,  that  it  was  for  the  advantage  of  every  peo[)le  to  buy  the  products 
they  wanted  in  the  cheapest  market.  This  just  and  sound  principle  was,  in  consequence, 
enforced  in  several  petitions  presented  to  ])arliament  by  the  importers  of  Indian  goods ;  and 
it  was  also  enforced  in  several  able  publications  that  appeared  at  the  time.  But  these  argu- 
ments, how  unanswerable  soever  they  may  now  appear,  had  then  but  little  influence ;  and  in 
1701, an  act  was  passed,  prohibiting  the  importation  of  Indian  manufactured  goods  forborne 
consumption. 

For  some  years  after  the  re-establishment  of  the  Company,  it  continued  to  prosecute  its 
efforts  to  consolidate  and  extend  its  commerce.  But  the  unsettled  state  of  the  Mogul  empire, 
coupled  with  the  determination  of  the  Company  to  establish  factories  in  every  convenient 
situation,  exposed  their  affairs  to  perpetual  vicissitudes.  In  1715,  it  was  resolved  to  send  an 
embassy  to  Delhi,  to  solicit  from  Furucksur,  an  unworthy  descendant  of  Aurengzebe,  an 
extension  and  confirmation  of  the  Company's  territory  and  privileges.  Address,  accident, 
and  the  proper  application  of  presents,  conspired  to  ensure  the  success  of  the  embassy.  The 
grants  or  patents  solicited  by  the  Company  were  issued  in  1717.  They  were  in  all  34.  The 
substance  of  the  privileges  they  conferred  was,  that  English  vessels  wrecked  on  the  coasts 
of  the  empire  should  be  exempt  from  plunder ;  that  the  annual  payment  of  a  stipulated  sum 
to  the  government  of  Sural  should  free  the  English  trade  at  that  port  from  all  duties  and  ex- 
actions ;  that  those  villages  contiguous  to  Madras  formerly  granted  and  afterwards  refused 
by  the  government  of  Arcott,  should  be  restored  to  the  Company ;  that  the  island  of  Diu, 
near  the  port  of  Masulipatam,  should  belong  to  the  Company,  paying  for  it  a  fixed  rent ; 
that  in  Bengal,  all  persons,  whether  European  or  native,  indebted  or  accountable  to  tho 
Company,  should  be  delivered  up  to  the  presidency  on  demand ;  that  goods  of  export  or 
imptirt,  belonging  to  the  English,  might,  under  a  dustuck  or  passport  from  the  president  of 
Calcutta,  be  conveyed  duty  free  through  the  Bengal  provinces  ;  and  that  the  English  should 
be  at  lil'crty  to  purchase  the  lordship  of  37  towns  contiguous  to  Calcutta,  and  in  fact  com- 
manding both  banks  of  the  river  for  10  miles  south  of  that  city. — {Grant's  Sketch  of  the 
Hist,  of  the  East  India  Company,  p.  128.) 

The  important  privileges  thus  granted,  were  long  regarded  as  constituting  the  great  char- 
ter of  the  English  in  India.  Home  of  them,  however,  were  not  fully  conceilcd ;  but  were 
withheld  or  modified  by  the  influence  of  tlio  emperor's  lieutenants,  or  soubahdara. 


,1  I 


i  I  i  ii 


5:;.lf!l  i     1 


?'  J 


PfSi! 


'1'  1 


022 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


i' 


■ 


■/) 


IS 


In  1717,  tho  Company  found  Ihcmsclves  in  danger  from  a  new  coinpetilor.  In  Uib  course 
pf  tlml  year  Hoinc  sliips  B|ipdirod  in  India  fitted  out  l)y  private  ndvciitiirors  from  Osteiul, 
Their  isucccrs  cnoourHgcd  others  to  engage  in  the  Ranio  line  ;  and  in  1732,  Iho  adventurers 
were  forinetl  into  a  company  under  n  eiiarter  from  his  Iinpcriai  Majesty,  'J'ho  Dutch  and 
English  Companies,  who  liad  so  long  been  hostile  to  each  other,  nt  once  laid  aside  their 
animosities,  and  joined  heartily  in  an  attempt  to  crusli  their  new  competitors.  Uemonstrancefi 
being  found  ineirectuni,  fi.>rce  was  resorted  to ;  and  tho  vessels  of  the  Ostend  Company 
were  captured,  under  the  most  frivolous  pretences,  in  the  o[)cn  seas  on  tho  coasts  of  llrazil, 
'i'lie  Uritiiih  and  Dutch  governments  abetted  tlio  selfish  spirit  of  hostility  displayed  liy 
their  respective  Conipuiiies.  And  the  emperor  was,  in  the  end,  glad  to  purchase  the  sup- 
])ort  of  (ireat  liritaiii  und  Holland  to  the  pragmatic  sanction,  by  the  sacrifice  of  the  Com- 
pany at  Ostend. 

'I'hough  the  Company's  trade  had  increased,  it  was  still  inconsiderable ;  and  it  is  very 
ditllcult.  indeed,  when  one  examines  the  accounts  that  have  from  time  to  time  been  pulilished 
of  the  (/ompnny's  mercantile,  afliiirs,  to  imagine  how  the  idea  ever  caino  to  be  entertained 
that  their  commerce  was  of  any  convideralile,  much  loss  paramount,  importance.  At  an 
uvcrage  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1724,  the  total  value  of  the  Urilish  manufactures  and 
other  [iroducts  annually  eitported  to  India  amounted  to  only  92,410/.  12s.  Vul.  'I'ho  average 
value  of  the  bullion  annuilly  exported  during  the  same  period,  amounted  10.518,102/,  ll.s.  Orf.; 
making  the  total  annual  average  exports  01 7,.')  13/.  3a  10(/.  ;  a  truly  pitiful  sum,  when  we 
consider  the  wealth,  population,  and  industry  of  the  countries  between  whi«h  the  Company's 
commerce  was  carried  on  ;  and  air)rding  by  its  smallness  a  strong  presumptive  proof  of  the 
cfleet  of  the  monopoly  in  preventing  the  growth  of  the  trade. 

In  1730.  though  there  were  3  years  still  unexpired  of  the  Company's  charter,  a  vigorous 
ellbrt  was  made  by  the  merchants  of  London,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool,  to  prevent  its  renewal. 
It  has  Imh'ii  said  that  the  gains  of  the  Conijiany,  had  they  been  exactly  known,  would  not 
have  excited  any  very  envious  feelings  on  the  part  of  the  merchants;  liut  being  conceakMl, 
ihey  were  exaegenitod  ;  and  the  boasts  of  the  Company  as  to  the  imiiortancc  of  tlieir  trade 
contributed  to  spreatl  the  belief  that  their  profits  were  enormous,  and  conse<pienlly  stimu- 
lated the  exertions  of  their  opponents.  Supi)osing,  however,  that  tho  real  state  of  the  fa.ie 
had  been  known,  there  was  still  enough  to  justify  the  utmost  exertions  on  the  part  of  the 
merchants :  for  the  limited  profits  made  by  the  Comj'any,  notwithstanding  their  moiiojioly, 
were  entirely  owing  to  the  misconduct  of  their  agents,  which  they  had  vainly  endeavoured 
to  restrain ;  and  to  the  waste  inseparable  from  such  unwieldy  establi.sbments. 

Tho  merchants,  on  this  occasion,  followed  tho  examjile  that  hftd  been  set  by  the  petition- 
ers for  free  trade  in  ICSfi.  'i'hey  ollered,  in  the  first  place,  to  advance  the  3,200,000/. 
lent  by  the  Company  to  the  pulilic,  on  more  favourable  terms.  And  in  the  second  |>lace, 
tliey  pro|)osed  that  tho  subscribers  to  this  loan  should  be  formed  into  a  rcfrulalcd  company, 
for  opening  the  trade,  under  the  most  favourablo  circumstances,  to  all  classes  of  their 
countrymen. 

It  was  not  intended  that  the  Company  should  trade  upon  n  joint  stoc^k,  and  in  their  cor- 
porate capacity,  but  that  every  individual  who  pleased  should  trade  in  the  way  of  private 
adxenture.  The  Company  wen;  to  have  the  charge  of  erecting  nnd  maintaining  the  forts 
and  establishments  abroad  ;  and  for  this,  and  for  other  expenses  attending  wliat  was  called 
the  enlargement  and  jireservation  of  the  trade,  it  was  pr<iposcd  that  they  should  receive  a 
duty  of  1  per  cent,  upon  all  exports  to  India,  and  of  .5  per  cent,  upon  all  imports  from  it. 
For  ensuring  obedience  to  this  and  other  regulations,  it  was  to  be  enacted,  that  no  one 
should  trade  to  India  without  licence  from  the  Cimipany.  And  it  w.is  proposed  that  31 
years,  witu  3  years'  notice,  should  lie  granted  as  the  duration  of  their  peculiar  privilege. 

"  It  appears  from  this,"  says  Mr.  Mill,  "that  the  end  which  was  proposed  to  be  answered, 
by  iniorporating  such  a  company,  was  the  preservation  and  erection  of  the  forts,  buildings, 
and  other  lixed  establishments,  recjuired  for  tho  trade  of  India.  This  (Company  promised  to 
supply  that  demand  which  has  always  been  held  forth  as  peculiar  to  the  India  trade,  as  the 
grand  exigency  which,  distinguishing  the  trallic  with  India  from  all  other  branches  of  trade, 
rendered  monopoly  advantageous  in  tliat  peculiar  case,  how  much  s(K'ver  it  might  be  inju- 
lious  in  othert!,  While  it  provided  for  this  real  or  pretended  want,  it  left  the  trade  open  to 
all  the  advantages  of  private  enterprise,  jirivate  vigilance,  private  skill,  and  private  economy, 
— the  virtues  by  which  individuals  thrive  and  nations  prosper.  And  it  gave  the  proposed 
company  at,  mtorest  in  the  careful  discharge  of  its  duty,  by  making  it«  profits  incrca.ie  in 
exact  proportion  with  the  increase  of  the  trade,  and,  of  course,  with  the  facilities  and  Accom- 
modation by  which  the  trade  was  promoted. 

"Three  petitions  were  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  behalf  of  the  proposed 
Company,  by  the  merchants  of  London,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool.  It  was  urged,  that  the  pro- 
jmsed  company  would,  through  the  com|)etition  of  which  it  would  be  protluctive,  cause  a 
great  extension  of  the  trade  ;  that  it  would  produce  a  larger  exportation  of  our  own  produce 
and  manufactures  to  India,  and  reduce  the  price  of  all  Indian  commodities  to  the  people  at 
home ;  that  new  channels  of  trallic  would  be  opened  in  Asia  and  America,  as  well  as  in 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


023 


itor.  In  the  course 
irors  from  Osteiul. 
22,  the  U(l  venturers 
'J'ho  Dut.h  ami 
iK-e  \m\  nside  their 
rH.  UiMiiDiiHtrancea 
1  Ostenil  ComiPiiny 
10  consts  of  Drazil, 
lility  disfiliiyed  liy 
>  puri'liaKt;  tlio  sup. 
irilicc  of  Iho  Com- 

iblo ;  nnd  it  is  very 
imoborn  |iulilislicd 
0  to  be  cntcrtiiiiicd 
nporliince.  At  aa 
monuAic-tiiri's  and 
(id.  'i'lio  nvcTuge 
518,10a/,  ll.s.Or/.; 
ifiil  sum,  when  we 
ioh  tlic  Company's 
nptivo  proof  of  tlio 

cbnrtrr,  a  vigorous 
ircvc'iit  its  ronowal. 
known,  would  not 
t  being  conccal(ul, 
aricc  of  tlu'ir  trade 
)nsc(iuen(Iy  stimu- 
al  stiitc  of  ilio  ta.ic 
on  the  part  of  the 
g  ibeir  monopoly, 
ainly  endeavoured 
nts. 
:ct  by  the  petition- 

Iho  a,200,000/. 
the  second  |)laee, 
iila/cd  company, 

classes  of  their 


and  in  their  cor- 

llic  way  of  private 

itaining  the  forts 

g  what  was  called 

should  receive  a 

II  imports  from  it. 

acted,  tli.it  no  one 

proposed  that  31 

liar  [irivilege. 

d  to  lie  answered, 

e  forts,  buildings, 

paiiy  promised  to 

idiu  trade,  as  the 

)ranclics  of  trade, 

it  might  be  inju- 

the  trade  open  to 

private  economy, 

avo  the  proposed 

irolits  increase  in 

ililics  and  ftccom- 

f  of  the  proposed 
;cd,  that  the  pro- 
xluctive,  cHUse  a 
jur  own  produce 
to  the  people  at 
ica,  UB  well  as  in 


Rurope ;  that  tho  duties  of  customs  and  excise  would  be  increased ;  and  that  the  waste 
Hid  extravagance  caused  by  the  monopoly  would  be  entirely  avoided," — (^Mill's  India,  vol. 
iii.  p.  :>/.) 

Hut  these  arguments  did  not  prevail.  The  Company  magnified  the  importance  of  thc?r 
trade ;  and  contended,  that  it  would  bo  unwiijo  to  risk  advantagtis  already  realised  for  the 
fiaki'.  of  those  that  were  prospective  and  contingent.  They  alleged  that,  if  the  trade  to  India 
were  thrown  open,  tho  price  of  goods  in  India  would  be  so  much  enhanced  by  the  compo- 
tiiion  of  dillerent  traders,  and  their  price  in  England  so  much  diminished,  that  the  freedom 
of  the  trade  would  certainly  end  in  the  ruin  of  all  who  hud  been  foolish  enough  to  adven- 
ture in  it.  To  enlarge  on  the  fallacy  of  these  statements  would  Iw  worse  than  superfluous. 
It  is  obvious  that  nothing  whatever  could  have  been  risked,  and  that  a  great  deal  would 
have  been  gained,  by  opening  the  trade  in  the  way  that  was  proposed.  And  if  it  were 
really  true  that  the  trade  to  India  ought  to  be  subjected  to  a  monopoly,  lest  the  tradiirs  by 
their  comi)etition  should  ruin  each  other,  it  would  follow  that  tiie  trade  to  America — and  not 
that  only,  but  every  branch  both  of  the  foreign  and  homo  trade  of  tho  empire — shoul<l  be 
Burrendored  to  exclusive  companies.  But  such  as  tho  Company's  arguments  were,  they 
Reomed  8.Uisfactory  to  parliament,  'i'hey,  however,  consented  to  reduce  the  interest  on  tho 
debt  duo  to  them  by  tho  public  from  5  to  4  per  cent,  and  contributed  a  sum  of 'J00,000/.  for 
the  public  service.  On  those  conditions  it  was  agreed  to  extend  their  exclusive  privileges  to 
Lady-day,  170G,  with  the  customary  additiim  of  three  years'  notice. 

For  about  15  years  from  this  period,  tho  Company's  affairs  went  on  without  any  very 
prominent  changes.  But  notwithstanding  the  increased  importation  of  tea,  tho  consumption 
of  which  now  began  rapidly  to  evtend,  their  trade  continued  to  he  comparatively  insig- 
nificant. At  an  average  of  the  8  y(Mr8  ending  with  17H,  the  vidue  of  tho  British  goods 
and  products  of  all  sorts,  exported  by  tho  Company  to  India  and  China,  amounted  to  only 
ir)?,9'l'i/.  4s.  7d,  a  year  !  And  during  the  7  years  ending  with  1748,  they  amounted  to  only 
188,170/.  IGs.  4(7.  And  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  these  exports  included  the  military 
elorcs  of  all  sorts,  forwarded  to  the  Comjiany's  settlements  in  India  and  at  St.  Helena,  tho 
aniiunit  of  which  wa?,  at  all  limes,  very  considerable,  it  does  appear  exceedingly  doubtful 
wlu'tlier  the  (Joni|)any  really  exported,  during  the  entire  period  from  1730  to  1748,  1.50,000,'. 
worth  of  British  produce  as  a  legitimato  mercantile  adventure  !  Their  trade,  such  as  it  was, 
was  entirely  carried  on  by  shipments  of  bullion ;  and  even  its  animal  average  export,  dur- 
ing the  7  years  ending  with  1748,  only  amounted  to  548,711/.  Uh,  2f/.  It  would  seem, 
indeed,  that  the  Coiapany  had  derived  no  perceptible  advantage  from  the  important  conces- 
sions obtained  from  ihc  Mogul  emperor,  in  1717.  But  the  true  conclusion  is,  not  that  these 
concessiiins  were  of  little  value,  but  that  the  deadening  influence  of  monojmly  had  so  para- 
lysed the  Company,  that  they  were  unable  to  turn  them  to  account;  and  that,  though  with- 
out competitors,  and  with  opulent  kingdoms  for  their  customers,  their  commerce  was  hardly 
greater  than  that  carried  on  by  some  single  merchants. 

In  1733,  the  Company  were  obliged  to  reduce  their  dividend  from  8  to  7  per  cent.,  at 
which  rate  it  continued  till  1744. 

'J'he  opposition  the  Company  had  experienced  from  tho  merchants,  when  the  question  aa 
to  the  renewal  of  their  charier  was  agitated,  in  1730,  made  them  very  desirous  to  obtain  the 
next  renewal  in  as  quiet  a  manner  as  possible.  They  therefore  proposed,  in  1743,  when  23 
years  of  tiieir  charter  were  yet  unexpired,  to  lend  1,000,000/.  to  government,  at  3  per  cent., 
provided  their  exclusive  privileges  were  extended  to  1780,  with  the  usual  notice.  And  as 
none  were  expecting  suoh  an  application,  or  prepared  to  oppose  it,  the  consent  of  govern- 
ment was  obtained  without  difficulty. 

But  the  period  was  now  come,  when  tho  mercantile  character  of  the  East  India  Company ; 
if,  indeed,  it  could  with  propriety,  be,  at  ony  time,  said  to  belong  to  them, — was  to  bo  eclipsed 
by  their  achievements  as  u  military  ])ower,  and  the  magnitude  of  their  conquests.    For  about 
two  centuries  after  the  European  powers  Iwgan  their  intercourse  with  India,  the  Mogul 
jiriiices  were  regai'dcd  as  amongst  the  most  opulent  and  powerful  of  monarchs.   Though  of  a 
foreign  lineage — being  descended  from  tho  famous  Tamerlane,  or  Timur  Bee,  who  overran 
India  in  1400— and  of  a  dilforent  religion  from  the  great  body  of  their  subjects,  their  domi- 
nion was  firmly  established  in  every  part  of  their  extensive  empire.     The  administralii)n  of 
lie  dillerent  provinces  was  committed  to  ollieers  denominated  soubahdars,  or  nabobs,  intrusted 
vith  powers,  in  their  respective  governments,  similar  to  those  enjoyed  by  the  Roman  praetors, 
io  long  as  the  emi>erors  retained  any  considerable  portion  of  the  vigour  and  bravery  of  their 
lardy  ancestors,  the  different  parts  of  the  government  were  held  in  due  subordination,  and 
he  soubahdars  yielded  a  ready  obedience  to  the  orders  from  Delhi.     But  tho  emperors  were 
iradually  debauched  by  the  a|iparently  prosperous  condition  of  their  atiairs.     Instead  of 
loing  educated  in  the  council  or  the  camp,  the  heirs  of  almost  unbounded  power  were  biought 
ip  in  the  slothful  luxury  of  tho  seraglio;  ignorant  of  public  affairs;  lienumbed  by  indo- 
vnce  ;  depraved  by  tho  flattery  of  women,  of  eunuchs,  and  of  slaves;  their  minds  contracted 
with  their  enjoyments ;  their  inclinations  were  vilified  by  their  habits ;  and  their  govern- 
ment grew  as  vicious,  as  corrupt,  and  as  worthless  as  themselves.    When  tiic  famous  KouU 


! 


I"    !l 


!4  m 


!ii' 


I      'if!   !' 


i 


624 


EAST  INDIA  COMl'ANY. 


a. 


Khan,  tlie  usurper  of  the  Pereian  throne,  invadeil  India,  the  nflcininnto  nicrniRor  of  Tamn<* 
lane  and  Aurcngzolto  was  too  unprepared  to  oppose,  and  too  daHtiirdly  (o  think  of  uvt'nitin; 
the  attack.  This  was  the  signal  for  the  diamcinlierment  of  the  nionnrchy.  No  Moonrr  hud 
the  invader  withdrawn,  than  the  soubahdan  either  oiienly  thri<w  olfthrir  nilrqinnoo  to  the 
emiHTor,  or  paid  only  a  siMscics  of  nominal  of  mork  deferenre  to  hii«  ordiTH,  'I'lto  ini1c> 
pcndence  of  the  soubahdars  was  very  soon  followed  by  wan  nmonitNt  thcniHclvitn ;  luul,  ho- 
in^  well  aware  of  the  superiority  of  European  troops  and  tactirH,  tlioy  atixinudly  rourtcil  tho 
uliiunco  and  support  of  tho  Trench  and  English  East  India  ( lomponics,  Thnse  Ixxlics, 
having  cspouHcd  dilTcront  sides,  according  as  their  interests  or  prcjiKlicos  diclntcd,  Ix'i^nn 
very  Hoon  to  turn  the  quarn-ls  of  tho  soubahdars  to  their  o  .'n  account.  IiiHtcml  of  lioirig 
contented,  as  hitherto,  with  the  posscsaion  of  factories  and  Iraiiiitg  towiin,  they  avpircd  to  tho 
dominion  of  provinces;  and  the  struggle  soon  came  to  he,  not  which  of  tlie  native  princn 
dhould  prevail,  but  whether  the  English  or  the  French  should  become  the  uinplrrs  of  Indin. 

lint  these  transactions  are  altogether  foreign  to  the  subject  of  thi"  work  ;  nor  could  Hny 
intelligible  account  of  them  bo  given  without  entering  into  lengthened  Mtatemeiits.  We 
shall  only,  therefore,  observe  that  the  afl'airs  of  the  French  were  ably  conilticled  by  La  Hour* 
donnnis,  Dupleix,  and  Lally,  ollicers  of  distinguished  merit,  and  not  less  celeliniti  d  for  their 
great  actions  Ihun  for  the  base  ingratitude  of  which  they  were  the  victiins.  Hut  though  vic- 
tory Nceiiied  at  (irst  to  incline  to  the  French  and  their  allies,  the  Knglish  afl'airs  were  ctfcct- 
ually  rctrieviHl  by  tho  extraordinary  talents  and  address  of  a  single  individual; — (Colonel 
(afterwards  Lord)  Clive  was  equally  brave,  cautious,  and  onterpriiing ;  nut  fccrupulous  in 
the  use  of  means ;  fertile  in  expedients;  endowed  with  wonderful  sagacity  and  resolution; 
and  capnl)le  of  turning  ev-n  the  most  apparently  adverse  circunistunccH  to  adviintngc.  llav- 
ing  succeeded  in  humbling  the  French  power  in  the  vicinity  of  Mudrns,  (Mivc  landed  at 
Calcutta  in  1737,  in  order  to  chastise  tho  soubahdar,  Surajnh  ul  Dowlnh,  who  had  n  Khort 
while  liefore  attackixl  the  English  ftclory  at  that  place  and  iidiunmiily  shut  up  MB  English- 
men in  a  prison,  where,  owing  to  the  excessive  heat  and  want  of  witter,  \'i',)  perished  in  n 
single  night.  Clive  had  only  7U0  European  troops  and  1,401)  Hepoys  with  him  when  ho 
lauded  ;  but  with  these,  and  570  sailors  furnished  by  the  fleet,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  atlnclt 
the  immense  army  commanded  by  tho  soubahdar,  and  totally  defeated  him  in  the  faihoas 
buttle  of  i'lassey.  This  victory  threw  the  whole  provinces  of  Uengnl,  llalmr,  and  Orissa, 
into  our  hands;  and  they  were  finally  confirmed  to  us  by  the  treaty  negotiated  In  17(15. 

Opinion  has  been  long  divided  as  to  the  policy  of  our  military  operiitioi\s  in  India;  and  it 
has  been  strenuously  contended,  that  we  ought  never  to  have  extended  our  Ci)n(|uests  beyond 
the  limits  of  Bengal.  The  legislature  seems  to  have  taken  this  view  of  the  matter ;  tho 
House  of  Commons  having  resolved,  in  1782,  "that  to  pursue  sehenu*  of  conquest  and 
extent  of  dominion  in  India  are  measures  repugiiant  to  the  wish,  the  honour,  and  the  policy 
of  this  nation."  But  others  have  argued,  and  apparently  on  pretty  good  grounds,  that,  hav- 
ing gone  thus  far,  we  were  comjielled  to  advance.  The  native  powers,  trembling  nt  the 
increase  of  British  dominion,  endeavoured  when  loo  late  to  make  head  ugniiist  the  growing 
evil.  In  this  view  they  entered  into  combinations  and  wars  against  the  Knglish ;  and  the 
latter  paving  been  uniformly  victorious,  their  empire  necessarily  went  on  increasing,  till  all 
the  native  powers  have  been  swallowed  up  in  its  vast  extent 

The  magnitude  of  the  acquisitions  made  by  Lord  Clive  powerfidly  excite*!  the  attention 
of  the  British  public  Their  value  was  prodigiously  exaggerated;  and  it  was  generally  ad- 
mitted that  the  ('onipany  had  no  legal  claim  to  enjoy,  during  the  whole  period  of  their 
charter,  all  the  advantages  resulting  from  conquests,  to  which  the  fleets  and  armies  of  tha 
state  had  largely  contributed.  In  1707,  tho  subject  was  taken  up  by  the  House  of  (Commons ; 
and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  whole  circumHtances  of  the  case,  and  to 
calculato  tho  entire  expenditure  incurred  by  the  public  on  the  Company's  account.  During 
the  agitation  of  this  matter,  the  right  of  the  Company  to  the  new  conquest  was  totally  denied 
by  several  members.  In  the  end,  however,  the  question  was  compromised  by  the  ("ompany 
agreeing  to  pay  400,000/.  a  year  for  2  years;  and  in  1700,  this  agreement,  including  tho 
yearly  payment,  was  further  extended  for  5  years  more,  'i'he  Company,  at  the  same  time, 
increased  their  dividend,  which  had  been  fixed  by  the  former  agnteinont  at  10,  to  13^  pft 
cent. 

But  the  Company's  anticipations  of  increasetl  revenue  proved  entirely  visionary.  Tho 
rapiility  of  their  conquests  in  India,  the  distance  of  tho  controlling  authority  at  homo,  and 
the  abuses  in  the  government  of  the  native  princes,  to  whom  the  Company  had  succeeded, 
conspired  to  foster  a  strong  spirit  of  ])eculation  among  their  servants.  Abuses  of  every  sort 
were  multiplied  to  a  frightful  extent.  The  English,  having  obtained,  or  riithnr  enforced,  an 
exemption  from  those  heavy  transit  duties  to  which  tho  native  traders  were  subject,  engrossed 
the  whole  internal  trade  of  the  country.  They  oven  went  so  far  as  to  decide  what  quantity 
of  goods  each  manufacturer  should  deliver,  and  what  he  should  receive  fur  thnin.  It  is  due 
to  the  directors  to  say,  that  they  exertc<l  themselves  to  repress  these  ahnsos,  lint  their  reso- 
lutions were  neither  carried  into  eflfect  by  their  servants  in  India,  nor  sanctioniMl  by  the  |)ro- 
priutors  at  home ;  so  that  the  abuses,  instead  of  being  reprewod,  went  on  aciiuiring  fresh 


mcrrnKor  of  Tamnw 

0  think  of  uvotiffinij 
y.  No  Hoonrr  Imd 
oir  nlN'ijiiinoo  to  the 
oriliT*.  'I'ho  imle. 
KMiiHi'lvnx ;  luul,  ho- 
iiiounly  courted  tho 
lifn.  Thnw  UxJicn, 
icco  i1i<'lntc(l,  Ik'kbh 
.  IiiHti'iiil  of  lining 
,  thoy  impiml  to  tho 
r  tho  niitivn  nriiirri 
111  iiinpirra  of  India, 
ork  ;  nor  could  any 
d  Mtiitoniiniti).  We 
dnctf'd  l>y  I,B  Hour- 

1  wlolmitrd  for  llipir 
H,  Hut  though  vie- 
I  Hflhim  were  etrcct- 
ilividuiil ; — (/olonol 
;  not  hcrupuloua  in 
ify  Hnd  ri'nohilion; 
o  nilviiiitni^c.  IIiiv- 
M,  ('live  inndcd  at 
til,  who  had  It  Hhort 
nt  np  140  Kni^lish. 
r,  1 23  pcriBhcd  in  a 

with  him  whrn  ho 
()t  himitutn  to  iillnck 
him  in  thn  fiiiAom 
Hnhnr,  nnd  OrinHa, 
tliitti'din  1705. 
)nr«  in  Tndin ;  nnd  it 
r  rampu'iilii  lioynnd 
of  tho  mntlcr ;  tho 
w  of  ronqupst  nnd 

tr,  und  tiiP  policy 
Kcound*.  that,  huv> 

trcmliling  nt  the 

iriiitiHt  tho  growinof 

KriRliHh ;  nnd  the 

increasing,  till  all 

;citi>d  the  attention 

wiiH  gonornlly  ad- 

ilo  period  of  their 

nnd  arniieH  of  tho 

Miiw  of  Commons; 

if  tho  esse,  nnd  to 

account,    During 

wa*  lotiilly  denied 

I  hy  tho  (company 

mt,  including  tho 

at  thn  Rnmo  time, 

at  10,  to  13^  pt'( 

viiionnry.  Tho 
rity  at  homo,  and 
ly  hnd  Huceeeded, 
mm  of  every  sort 
ithor  enlorecd,  no 
inhject,  engrossed 
Jo  whnt  quantity 

thnm.  It  is  duo 
liut  their  rcHO- 
oned  hy  tho  pro- 
uciiuiring  frcsti 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


025 


487 

325 

1,346 

95 

£         s. 

1,018,398  19 

890,940  17 

634,404     1 

50,226     0 

d. 
11 
0 
8 
0 

2,153 

£2,594,029   18 

7 

strength  and  vinilonce.  The  resource*  of  the  country  were  rapidly  impaired ;  and  while 
many  of  the  Company's  servants  returned  to  Euro|>e  with  immense  fortunes,  tho  Company 
itself  was  involved  in  dcht  and  difficulties ;  and  so  far  from  heing  able  to  pay  the  HtipuluteJ 
sum  of  400,000/.  a  year  to  government,  was  compelled  to  apply,  iu  1772,  to  the  Treasury 
for  a  loan  t 

In  this  crisis  of  their  affnirs,  government  interposed,  and  a  considerable  change  was  made 
in  tho  contttitutiim  of  the  Company.  The  dividend  was  restricted  to  6  per  cent,  till  tho , 
sum  of  1,400,000/.,  advanced  to  them  by  tho  public,  should  t)e  paid.  It  was  further  enacted, 
that  the  court  of  directors  should  be  elected  for  4  years,  6  meinliers  annually,  but  none  to 
hold  their  seats  for  more  than  4  years  at  a  time  ;  that  no  person  was  to  vote  at  the  courts 
of  proprietors  who  had  not  possessed  his  stock  for  12  months ;  and  that  tho  amount  of  stock 
required  to  qualify  for  a  vote  should  be  increased  from  600/.  to  1 ,000/.  The  jurisdiction  of 
the  Mayor's  Court  at  Calcutta  wiis  in  future  coniinod  to  small  mercantile  coses;  and,  in  lieu 
uf  it,  a  new  court  was  appointed,  consisting  of  a  chief  justice  and  3  principal  judges  appointed 
by  the  Crown.  A  superiority  was  also  given  to  Bengal  over  the  other  presidencies,  Mr. 
Warren  Hastings  being  named  in  the  act  as  governor-generfil  of  India.  Tho  governor- 
general,  councillors,  and  judges  were  prohibited  from  having  any  concern  whatever  in  trade ; 
and  no  person  residing  in  the  Company's  settlements  was  allowed  to  take  more  than  1 2  per 
cent,  per  annum  fur  money.  Though  strenuously  opposed,  these  measures  were  carried  by 
a  large  majority. 

At  this  period  (1773)  the  total  number  of  proprietors  of  East  India  stock,  with  their  quali- 
fications as  they  stood  in  the  Company's  book,  were  as  follows : — 

,  rroprlctorg.  Stocks. 

Englishmen,  possessing  1 ,000/.  stock  and  upwards 
Foreigners,  possessing  1 ,000/.  stock  and  upwards 
Englishmen,  possessing  600/.  stock  and  upwards 
Foreigners,  possessing  600/.  stock  and  upwards 

Totol        .... 

Notwithstanding  tho  vast  extension  of  the  Company's  territories,  their  trode  continued  to 
he  apparently  insignificant  During  the  3  years  ending  with  1 773,  the  value  of  the  entire 
exports  of  British  produce  and  manufactures,  including  military  stores  exported  by  the  Com* 
pany  to  India  and  China,  amounted  to  1,409,41 1/.,  being  at  the  rate  of  489,803/.  a  year ;  the 
annual  exports  of  bullion  during  the  same  period  being  only  84,933/. !  During  the  same  3 
years,  23  ships  sailed  annually  for  India.  The  truth,  indeed,  seems  to  be,  that,  but  for  the 
increased  consumption  of  tea  in  Greet  Britain,  the  Company  would  have  entirely  ceased  to 
carry  on  any  branch  of  tiado  with  the  East ;  and  tho  monopoly  would  have  excluded  us  as 
etfectually  from  the  markets  of  India  and  China  as  if  the  trade  had  reverted  to  its  ancient 
channels,  and  tho  route  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  been  relinquished. 

In  1781,  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Company  wore  extended  to  1791,  with  3  years' 
notice ;  the  dividend  on  the  Company's  stock  was  fixed  at  8  per  cent. ;  three  fourths  of  their 
surplus  revenues,  after  paying  tho  dividend,  and  tho  sum  of  400,000/.  payable  to  govern- 
ment, was  to  be  applied  to  the  public  service,  and  tho  remaining  fourth  to  tho  Company's 
own  u<!e. 

In  1780,  the  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  exported  by  the  Company  to 
India  and  China  amounted  to  only  386,162/. ;  the  bullion  exported  during  the  same  year 
was  16,014/.  Tho  total  value  of  tho  exports  during  the  same  year  was  13,648,616/. ;  show- 
ing  that  the  East  India  trade  formed  only  one  thirty-second  part  of  the  entire  foreign  trade  of 
the  empire ! 

The  administration  of  Mr.  Hastings  was  one  continued  scene  of  war,  negotiation,  and 
intrigue.  Tho  state  of  the  countiy,  instead  of  being  improved,  became  worse ;  so  much  so, 
that  in  a  council  minute  by  Marquis  ComwaUis,  dated  the  18th  of  September,  1789,  it  is 
distinctly  stated,  "  that  one  third  of  the  Company's  territory  Is  now  ajungkfur  wild  beasts" 
Some  abuses  in  the  conduct  of  their  servants  were,  indeed,  rectified ;  but,  notwithstanding, 
the  nett  revenue  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  Orissa,  which,  in  1772,  had  amounted  to  2,126,766/., 
declined,  in  1785,  to  2,072,963/.  This  exhaustion  of  the  country,  and  tho  expenses  incurred 
in  the  war  with  Hyder  Ally  and  France,  involved  the  Company  in  fresh  difficulties.  And 
being  unable  to  meet  them,  they  were  obliged,  in  1783,  to  present  a  petition  to  parliament, 
setting  forth  their  inability  to  pay  tho  stipulated  sum  of  400,000/.  a  year  to  the  public,  and 
praying  to  lie  excused  from  that  payment,  and  to  be  supported  by  a  loan  of  900,000/. 

All  parlies  seemed  now  to  be  convinced  that  some  further  changes  in  the  constitution  of 
the  Company  had  become  indispensable.  In  this  crisis  Mr.  Fox  brought  forward  his  famous 
India  Bill ;  the  grand  object  of  which  was  to  abolish  the  courts  of  directors  and  proprietors, 
and  to  vest  the  government  of  India  in  the  hands  of  7  commissioners  appointed  by  parlia. 
ment    The  coalition  between  Lord  North  and  Mr.  Fox  had  rendered  the  minbtry  exceed- 

Vol,.  I.— 3  G  79 


I  ;.; 


:!|.i, 


M6 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


ingly  unpopular ;  and  advantnge  was  takpn  of  the  circuinRtance  to  ra'M  an  extranrdinary 
clamour  nii^niiiHl  thn  bill.  The  East  India  Company  stignintiiied  it  as  an  invBHioii  of  their 
chartered  rights ;  though  it  i«  obvioufl,  that,  from  their  inability  to  carry  into  oiloct  tlio  Hiipu- 
lationg  under  which  thone  rights  were  conceded  to  them,  they  neceBBarily  reverted  to  the 
pul)!ic ;  and  it  was  na  open  to  parliament  to  legisluto  upon  them  as  upon  any  other  question. 
The  political  opponents  of  the  government  represented  the  proposal  for  vesting  the  nomina- 
tion of  commissioners  in  the  legislature,  as  a  daring  invasion  of  the  prerogative  of  the  Crown, 
Olid  an  insidious  attempt  of  the  minister  to  render  himself  all-powerful,  by  adding  the  patron- 
ace  of  Indi»  to  that  already  in  his  possession.  The  bill  was,  however,  carried  through  tlin 
House  of  Commons;  but,  in  consequence  of  the  ferment  it  had  exciteil,  and  the  avowed  op- 
position of  his  Majesty,  it  was  thrown  out  in  the  House  of  Lords.  This  event  proved  fatal 
to  the  coalition  ministry.  A  new  one  was  formed,  with  Mr.  Pitt  at  its  head ;  and  pnrlla- 
ment  being  soon  aft'T  dissolved,  the  new  minister  acquired  a  deoiaivo  majority  in  both  Houses. 
When  thus  secure  of  parliamentary  support,  Mr.  Pitt  brought  forwaid  his  India  IJill,  wliicli 
was  surcessfully  carrieil  through  all  its  stages.  Uy  this  bill  a  Ooard  of  Control  was  erected, 
consisting  ot'ii  meuibers  of  the  privy  council,  who  were  "to  check,  superintend,  and  control 
all  acts,  operations,  and  c^neorns,  which  in  anywise  relate  to  the  civil  or  military  government, 
or  revenues,  of  the  territories  and  possessions  of  the  East  India  Company."  All  connnniii- 
cations  to  or  from  India,  toueliing  any  of  the  abovo  matters,  were  to  be  submitted  to  this 
Board;  the  directors  being  ordered  to  yield  obedience  to  its  commands,  and  to  alter  or  amend 
all  instructions  sent  to  India  as  directed  by  it,  A  secret  commltteo  of  3  directors  was  formed, 
with  which  the  Board  of  Control  might  transact  any  bubincss  it  did  not  choose  to  submit  to 
the  court  of  directors.  Persons  returning  from  India  were  to  be  obliged,  under  very  sev(-ro 
penalties,  to  declare  the  amount  of  their  fortunes;  and  a  tribunal  was  appointed  for  tiio  trial 
of  all  individuals  acrused  of  misconduct  in  India,  consisting  of  a  judge  from  each  of  the 
Courts  of  King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas,  and  Exchequer ;  b  members  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  and  7  members  of  the  House  of  Commons ;  the  last  being  chosen  by  lot  at  the  com- 
mencement of  each  session.  'I'hc  superintendence  of  all  commercial  matters  continued,  as 
formerly,  in  the  hands  of  the  directors. 

During  the  administration  of  Marquis  Cornwallis,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Hastings,  Tippno 
Saib,  the  son  of  Hyder  Ally,  was  stripped  of  nearly  half  his  dominions ;  the  Company's 
territorial  revenue  was,  in  consequence,  greatly  increased ;  at  the  same  time  that  the  pernin- 
neiit  settlement  was  carried  into  ell'ect  in  Bengal,  and  other  important  changes  accomplished. 
Opinion  has  [teen  long  divided  as  to  the  influence  of  these  changes.  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, we  are  inclined  to  think  that  they  have  been  decidedly  advantageous.  Lord  Cornvvallig 
was,  beyond  all  quc.'ttion,  a  sincere  friend  to  the  people  of  India;  and  laboured  earnestly,  if 
not  always  successfully,  to  promote  their  interests,  which  he  well  knew  were  identified  willi 
those  of  the  British  nation. 

During  the  3  years  ending  with  1793,  the  value  of  the  Company's  exports  of  British 
produce  and  manufactures  tluctuated  from  938,783/.  to  1,031, 2G3iL  But  this  increase  is 
wholly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  tea  in  1784,  and  the  vast  increase  that, 
consequently,  took  place  in  its  consumption. — (See  article  Tka.)  Had  the  consumption  of 
tea  continued  stationary,  there  appear  no  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  Company's  exports 
in  1793  would  have  been  greater  than  in  1780 ;  unless  an  increase  had  taken  place  in  the 
quantity  of  military  stores  exported. 

In  1793,  the  Company's  charter  was  prolonged  till  the  1st  of  March,  18*4.  In  the  act 
for  this  purpose,  a  species  of  provision  was  made  for  opening  the  trade  to  India  to  private 
individuals.  All  his  Majesty's  subjects,  residing  in  any  part  of  his  European  dominions, 
were  allowed  to  export  to  India  any  article  of  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  BritLsii 
'dominions,  except  military  stores,  ammunition,  masts,  spars,  cordage,  pitch,  tar,  and  cojiper; 
and  the  Company's  civil  servants  in  India,  and  the  free  merchants  resident  there,  were  allow- 
ed to  ship,  on  their  own  account  and  risk,  all  kinds  of  Indian  goods,  except  calicoes,  dimities, 
muslins,  and  other  piece  goods.  But  neither  the  merchants  in  England,  nor  the  Company's 
servants  or  merchants  in  India,  were  allowed  to  export  or  import  except  in  Company's  ships. 
And  in  order  to  insure  such  conveyance,  it  was  enacted,  that  the  Company  should  annually 
appropriate  3,000  tons  of  shipping  for  the  use  of  private  traders  ;  it  being  stipulated  that 
they  were  to  pay,  in  time  of  peace,  51.  outwards,  and  15/.  homewards,  for  every  ton  occupied 
by  them  in  the  Company's  ships ;  and  that  this  freight  might  be  raised  in  time  of  war,  with 
the  approbation  of  the  Board  of  Control. 

It  might  have  been,  and,  indeed,  most  probably  was  foreseen  that  very  few  British  mer- 
chants or  manufactufrs  would  be  inclined  to  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege  of  sending  out 
goods  in  Company's  ships ;  or  of  engaging  in  a  trade  fettered  on  all  sides  by  the  jealousy  of 
powerful  monopolists,  and  where,  con8c<]ucntly,  their  superior  judgment  and  economy  woulJ 
have  availed  almost  nothing.  As  far,  therefore,  as  tliey  were  concerned,  the  relaxation  vva$ 
mure  apparent  than  real,  and  did  not  produce  any  useful  results.*     It  was,  however,  niad« 

•  III  hi«  Icttnr  tn  the  East  Indin  Compsny,  dated  the  Slst  of  MJiroh,  1812,  Lord  Melville  Bays;  "  It 
nil!  not  be  denied  tUat  thp  racilities  granted  by  that  act  (tlio  act  of  17'J3)  have  not  been  satisfactory 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY 


087 


M)  an  extranrdinary 
n  iiivaMion  of  their 

IllO  cllL'ft  tlio  Rlipu- 

irily  revcrleil  to  tho 
any  other  question, 
vt'Hting  the  noinina- 
[iitive  of  tho  Crown, 
'  adding  tho  piitroii- 
;arried  tltrough  thn 
and  the  avowed  op- 
is  event  proved  fiital 
a  head  ;  and  pnriia- 
)rity  in  both  Houses. 
ii8  India  Dill,  which 
Jontrol  was  erected, 
rititend,  and  control 
iiiiitary  government, 
ly."  All  coninniiii- 
e  submitted  to  thiii 
id  to  alter  or  amciij 
lirecturs  was  formed, 
choose  to  submit  to 
1,  under  very  wevere 
)pointed  for  tlie  trial 
:o  from  each  of  tlio 
ra  of  the  Hoime  of 
m  liy  lot  at  tlie  coni- 
nattcrs  continued,  an 

[r.  Hastings,  Ti|>pno 
ns ;  tho  Company's 
.imo  that  the  pernin- 
langes  accomplitthod. 
On  the  whole,  how- 
is.  Lord  Cornvvallij 
iboured  earneHlly,  if 
were  identified  witli 

exports  of  British 
But  thiii  increase  is 

vast  increase  that, 
the  consumption  of 
Company's  exports 

taken  place  in  the 

18:4.  In  the  act 
to  India  to  private 
uropean  dominions, 
jcture  of  the  British 
ch,  tar,  and  cojiper; 
It  there,  were  allow- 
pt  calicoes,  dimities, 
nor  the  Company's 
in  Company's  ships, 
ny  should  annually 
cing  stipulated  that 
every  ton  occupied 
in  time  of  war,  with 

!ry  few  British  mcr- 
'ilege  of  sending  out 
8  by  the  jealousy  of 
and  economy  would 
,  the  relaxation  was 
was,  however,  mad« 

.1  Melville  says :  "  It 
uot  been  gatisfacloi]) 


use  of  to  a  consid;'ntMc  extent  by  private  merchants  in  India;  and  also  by  the  Company's 
sorvantd  returning  from  India,  many  of  whom  invested  a  part,  and  sumo  tho  whole,  of  Atuir 
fortune,  in  produce  fit  for  tho  European  markets. 

The  financial  ditficulties  of  the  East  India  Company  led  to  the  revolution  wliich  look 
place  in  its  government  in  1784.  But,  notwithstanding  the  supcrintendeiice  of  the  Board 
of  Control,.it8  finances  have  continued  nearly  in  the  same  unprosperous  state  as  before.  Wu 
have  been  favoured,  from  time  to  time,  with  the  most  dazzling  accounts  of  revenue  tl^at  was 
to  be  immediately  derived  from  India ;  and  numberless  acts  of  parliament  have  been  posi^ed 
for  the  appropriation  of  surpluses  that  never  had  any  cxistcnco  except  in  the  imagination  of 
their  friuncrs.  The  proceedings  that  took  place  at  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  in  1703,  allbrd 
a  striking  example  of  this.  Lord  Comwallis  had  then  concluded  the  war  with  Tippoo  8aib, 
which  had  stripped  him  of  half  his  dominiims :  the  perpetual  settlement,  from  which  so 
many  benefits  were  expected  to  be  derived,  had  been  adopted  in  Bengal ;  and  the  Com[)any's 
receipts  had  been  increased,  in  cun8e(jucnco  of  accessions  to  thiur  territory,  and  subsidies 
from  native  princes,  i&c,  to  upwards  of  eight  millions  sterling  a  year,  which,  it  was  calcu- 
lated, would  aflbrd  a  future  annual  surplus,  after  every  description  of  charge  had  been  de- 
ducted, of  1,240,000/.  .Mr.  Uundas  (afterwards  Lord  Melville),  ihiMi  president  of  the  Board 
of  Control,  availed  himself  of  these  favourable  appearances,  to  give  the  most  flattering  repre- 
sentation of  the  Company's  aflfairs.  There  could,  he  said,  bo  no  question  as  to  tho  perma- 
nent and  regular  inrrease  of  the  Company's  surplus  revenue :  he  assured  tho  House  that 
the  estimates  had  all  been  framed  with  the  greatest  caro ;  that  tho  Company's  possessions 
were  in  a  state  of  pros[>erity  till  then  unknown  in  India;  that  tho  abuses,  which  had  formerly 
insinuated  themselves  into  some  departments  of  tho  government,  had  been  rooted  out ;  and 
that  the  period  was  at  length  arrived,  when  India  was  to  pour  her  golden  treasures  into  tho 
lap  of  England  !  Parliament  participated  in  these  brilliant  anticipations,  and  in  the  act  pro- 
longing the  charter  it  was  enacted,  Ist,  That  500,000/.  a  year  of  the  surplus  revenue  should 
be  sot  aside  for  reducing  tho  Company's  debt  in  India  to  3,000,000/. ;  2dly,  'I'hat  500,000/. 
a  year  should  be  paid  into  the  exchequer,  to  bo  appropriated  for  tho  public  rorvico  as  parlia- 
ment should  think  fit  to  order;  3dly,  When  tho  India  debt  was  reduced  to  2,000,000/.,  and 
the  bond  debt  to  1,500,000/.,  one  sixth  part  of  the  surplus  was  to  be  apjilicd  to  augment  tho 
dividends,  and  the  other  Jive  aixths  were  to  bo  paid  into  the  Bank,  in  the  name  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  national  debt,  to  be  accumulated  as  st  guarantee  fund,  until  it  amounted 
10  12,000,000/.;  and  when  it  reached  that  sum,  tho  dividends  upon  it  were  to  be  a|)plied  to 
imike  up  the  dividends  on  the  capital  stock  of  the  Company  to  10  per  cent.,  if,  at  any  time, 
the  funds  appropriated  to  that  purpose  should  prove  deficient,  &c. 

Not  one  of  these  anticipations  has  been  realized !  Instead  of  being  diminished,  tho  Com- 
pany's debts  began  immediately  to  increase.  J>i  1795,  they  were  authorised  to  add  to  the 
amount  of  their  fioating  debt.  In  1796,  a  :jc-w  device  to  obtain  money  was  fallen  upon. 
Mr.  Dundas  represented  that  as  all  competition  had  been  destroyed  in  consequence  of  the 
war,  the  Company's  commerce  had  been  greatly  increased,  and  that  their  mercantile  capital 
had  become  insutficient  for  tlie  extent  of  their  transactions.  In  consequence  of  this  repre- 
sentation, leave  was  given  to  the  Company  to  add  two  millions  to  their  capital  stock  by  creat- 
ing 20,000  new  shares;  but  as  these  shares  sold  ut  the  rate  of  173/.  each,  they  produced 
SidtiOjOOO/.  In  1797,  the  Company  issued  additional  bonds  to  the  extent  of  1,417,000/.; 
and.  notwithstanding  all  this,  Mr.  Dundas  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on  the  1 3th  of 
March,  1799,  that  there  had  been  a  deficit  in  the  previous  year  of  1,319,000/. 

During  the  administration  of  the  Marquis  Welleslry,  which  began  in  1 797-8  and  terminated 
ill  1805-G,  the  British  empire  in  India  was  augmented  by  the  conquest  of  Seringapatam  and 
tlic  whole  territories  of  Tippoo  Saib,  the  cession  of  large  tracts  by  tho  Mahratta  chiefs,  the 
capture  of  Delhi,  the  ancient  seat  of  tho  Mogul  empire,  and  various  other  important  acquisi- 
tions; so  that  the  revenue,  which  had  amounted  to  8,059,000/.  in  1797,  was  increased  to 
15,403,000/.  in  1805.  But  the  expenses  of  government,  and  the  interest  of  the  debt,  in- 
crea.-i'd  in  a  still  greater  proportion  than  the  revenue;  having  amounted,  in  1805,  to  17,- 
672,000/.,  leaving  a  deficit  of  2,269,000/.  In  the  following  year  the  revenue  fell  off  nearly 
1,000,000/.,  while  the  expenses  continued  nearly  the  same.  And  there  was,  at  an  average, 
a  continued  excess  of  expenditure,  including  commercial  charges,  and  a  contraction  of  fresh 
del)l,  down  to  1811-12. 

Nutwilhstandinir  the  vast  additions  made  to  their  territories,  the  Company's  commerce 
with  lliem  contini  '  to  be  very  inconsiderable.  During  the  5  years  ending  with  1811,  tho 
exports  to  India  by  'he  Company,  exclusive  of  those  made  on  account  of  individuals  in  their 
ships,  were  as  under: — 


1807 
1808 
1S09 


£ 

-    952,416 

1810 

-    919,544 

1811 

-    8ti6,l53 

£ 

.    1,010,815 
-    1,033,310 


i    t 


::i;iiii'i 


'H   ..a 


iriiFl  i 


1  ;..■  i  I 


nt  least  to  the  mRrchnnts  either  of  this  country  or  of  India.  They  have  been  tho  source  of  constant 
dispute,  and  lliey  have  even  entailed  a  heuvy  exjinnse  upon  tlie  Company  without  ntfording  to  tho 
puljlic  any  adequate  beneflt  from  such  a  sacriiice."— (./'upers  puOlinlieil  by  H.  I.  Comp,  1813,  p.  84  ) 


'fiilif 


(.  il 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


The  export!  by  the  priviitn  trnile,  and  the  privi/effe  trade,  that  \»,  the  commander*  and 
ofncers  of  the  Company 'a  ship*,  during  the  above-mentioned  yearn,  were  about  an  largo. 
During  the  Syeara  ending  with  18U7-8,  the  annual  arerage  import*  into  India  hv  British 
private  trader*,  only,  amounted  to  306,406/. — (Papert  published  by  the  E(ut  India  Cum- 
pant/  in  1813,  4to.'p.  B6.) 

The  Com|)nny'H  eiport*  incliMle  the  value  of  the  military  atore*  lent  from  Great  Britnin  to 
India.  The  ahipii  employed  in  the  traile  to  India  and  CAtna,  during  the  aamo  0  years,  varied 
from  44  to  S3,  iind  their  burden  from  36,fi71  to  4A,342  ton*. 

For  aome  yearn  previously  to  the  termination  of  the  Company'*  charter  in  18K),  the  con- 
viction hnd  been  (gaining  ground  among  all  daaac*,  that  the  tradv  to  the  Eaat  waa  capable 
of  Iwing  very  Rroatly  extended ;  and  that  it  was  solely  owing  to  the  want  of  enterprige  and 
coin|)etition,  ocru.'iioned  by  its  being  sul\jected  to  a  monopoly,  that  it  wan  confined  within 
such  narrow  limits.  Very  great  efforts  were,  consequently,  made  by  the  manufacturing  and 
commercial  interests  to  have  the  monopoly  set  aside,  and  the  trade  to  the  East  thrciwn  open, 
Thn  Company  vigorously  resiRt,>d  these  pretensions;  ynd  had  interest  enough  to  procure  a 
prolongation  of  the  privilege  of  carrying  on  an  exclusive  trade  to  China  to  the  10th  of  April, 
1831,  with  3  years'  notice;  the  government  of  India  being  continued  in  their  hands  for  the 
same  perio«I.  Fortunately,  however,  the  trade  to  India  was  opened,  under  certain  conditions, 
to  the  public.  The  principal  of  these  conditions  were,  that  private  individuals  should  trade, 
directly  only,  with  the  presidencies  of  Calcutta,  Madras,  and  Bombay,  and  the  port  of  Pcnong ; 
that  the  vessels  fitted  out  by  them  should  not  be  under  350  tons  burden ;  and  that  they 
should  aljsiain,  unlesis  permitted  by  the  Company,  or  the  Board  of  Control,  from  engaging 
in  the  carrying  trade  of  India,  or  in  the  trade  between  India  and  China.  And  yet,  in  dcRpite 
of  these  disadvantages,  such  is  the  energy  of  individual  enterprise  as  compared  with  mono- 
poly, that  the  private  traders  gained  an  almost  immediate  ascendancy  over  the  East  India 
Company,  and  in  a  very  abort  time  more  than  trebled  our  trade  with  India ! 

In  the  Report  of  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country, 
printed  In  May,  1821,  it  is  stated,  that  "  the  greatly  increased  consumption  of  British  goods 
in  the  East,  since  the  commencement  of  the  free  trade,  cannot  be  accounted  for  by  the  de- 
mand of  Euro[>ean  residents,  the  number  of  whom  does  not  moterially  vary  ;  and  it  apjirars 
to  have  been  much  the  greatest  in  articles  calculated  for  the  general  use  of  the  natives.  Ti,  t 
of  the  cotton  manufactures  of  this  country  alone  is  stated,  since  the  first  opening  of  the  trade, 
to  have  been  augmented  from/nur  Uifive  fold  (it  is  now  augmented  Uom  fifty  to  sixty  fold). 
The  value  of  the  merchandise  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  India,  which  amounted,  in 
1814,  to  870,177/.,  amounted,*  in  1819,  to  3,052,741/.;  and  although  the  market  appears 
then  to  have  been  so  far  overstocked  as  to  occasion  a  diminution  of  neariy  one  half  in  the 
exports  of  the  following  year,  that  diminution  appears  to  have  taken  place  more  in  the  arti- 
cles intended  for  the  consumption  of  Europeans  than  of  native* ;  and  the  trade  is  now  stated 
to  the  committee,  by  the  best  informed  persons,  to  \ie  reviving.  When  the  amount  of  popu- 
lation, and  the  extent  of  the  country  over  which  the  consumption  of  these  articles  is  B|)read, 
are  considered,  it  is  obvious  that  any  facility  which  can,  consintently  with  the  political  in- 
terests and  se'urity  of  the  Company'*  dominions,  be  given  to  the  private  trader,  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  \\\n  exports,  by  incroa.-<ing  the  number  of  ports  at  which  he  may  have  the  option 
of  touchiti"  ill  pursuit  of  a  market,  cannot  fail  to  promote  a  more  ready  and  extensive  de- 
mand." 

besides  the  restraints  imposed  by  the  act  of  1813,  on  the  proceedings  of  the  free  traders,| 
they  frequently  experienced  very  great  loss  and  inconvenience  from  the  commercial  specula- 
tion* of  the  East  India  Company.  The  latter  have  had  commercial  residents,  with  large  es- 
tablishments of  servants,  some  of  them  intended  for  coercive  purposes,  stationed  in  all  the  con- 
siderable towns ;  and  the  Marquis  Wellesley  has  stated,  "  that  the  intimation  of  a  wish  from 
the  Company's  resident  is  always  received  as  a  command  by  the  native  manufacturers  and 
producers."  It  was  obviously  impossible  for  a  private  trader  to  come  fairly  into  competition 
with  i)erson8  possessing  such  authority,  and  who  were  often  instructed  to  make  their  pur- 
chases on  any  terms.  Mr.  Tucker,  now  deputy  chairman  of  the  Company,  states,  in  his 
useful  work  on  Indiau  finance,  that  the  Company's  investment*  (purchases)  in  India  during 
the  last  10  years  may  in  some  instances  bo  said  to  have  been  forced ;  meaning  by  this,  that 
the  goods  exported  by  them  from  India  have  sometimes  been  compulsorily  obtained  from  the 
natives,  and  sometimes  bought  at  a  higher  price  than  they  would  have  brought  in  a  market 
frequented  only  by  regular  merchants.  But  the  truth  is,  tliat  it  wa*  not  in  the  nature  of 
thin^  that  the  Company's  purchases  could  be  fairly  made ;  the  natives  could  not  deal  with 
their  servants  as  they  would  have  dealt  with  private  individuals ;  and  it  would  be  absurd  to 
suppose  that  agents  authorised  to  buy  on  account  of  government,  and  to  draw  on  the  public 
treasury  for  the  means  of  payment,  should  generally  evince  the  prudence  and  discretion  of  in- 
dividuals directly  responsible  in  their  own  private  fortunes  for  their  transactions.    The  inter- 

•  Tills  it  tlie  nmniint  of  Itie  Company's  exports  only,  anrt  the  sum  Is  not  quite  accuriite,  sec  pn.'f. 
t  Tlieae  rRttrninta  «v<'re  :i  j^ond  deal  mndifled  by  the  8  Geo.  4.  c.  00.,  paiaed  in  puriuancu  of  t)ie 
.  recouBieiida|luB  of  the  coumiilteu  quoted  above. 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


620 


0  commAndeni  nnd 
ere  about  br  largo, 
o  India  by  British 
E(ut  India  Cim- 

om  Oreat  Britnin  to 
lame  0  ycara,  varied 

irin  1813,  the  con- 
n  East  wan  capable 
t  of  enterprise  and 
iras  confined  within 
nmnufncturing  and 
East  thrown  open, 
nnngh  to  procure  a 
o  tho  10th  of  April, 
their  hondu  for  the 
r  certain  condition*, 
idnals  should  trade, 
theportof  Pcnnn^; 
Icn;  and  that  they 
trol,  from  engaging 
And  yet,  in  despite 
Tipnred  with  mono- 
iver  tho  East  India 
ia! 

rnde  of  the  country, 
ion  of  British  goods 
nted  for  by  tho  de- 
ary ;  and  it  apjirars 
f  the  natives.  Ti.  \ 
jpening  of  the  trade, 
Jifh/  to  sixty  fold). 

t^hich  amounted,  in 
he  market  appars 
rly  one  half  in  the 
more  in  tho  arti- 
trade  is  now  stated 
he  amount  of  popu- 
ie  articles  is  spread, 
th  the  political  in- 
trader,  for  the  dis- 
lay  have  the  option 
and  extensive  de- 

of  the  free  traders,^ 
:ommercial  specula- 
cnts,  with  large  es- 
ioned  in  all  the  con- 
ition  of  a  wish  from 
manufacturers  and 
•ly  into  competition 
to  make  their  pur- 
pany,  states,  in  his 
es)  in  India  during 
rnning  by  this,  that 
obtained  from  the 
rought  in  a  market 
t  in  the  nature  of 
ould  not  deal  with 
voutd  be  absurd  to 
3raw  on  the  public 
;nd  discretion  of  in- 
ctions.    The  inter- 

accnriite,  sec  pout. 
In  pursuance  of  the 


fereuce  of  such  persons  would,  under  any  circumstann-s,  have  rendered  the  East  India  traJe 
peculiarly  hazardous.  But  their  influence  in  this  reHpeit  wait  materially  aggravated  by  the 
irregularity  of  their  appearances.  No  individual,  imi  'longing  to  the  court  of  directors, 
could  foresee  wluther  the  Company's  age'^t  would  be  in  the  market  at  all ;  or,  if  there,  to 
what  extent  they  would  either  purchaHe  or  mII.  8o  capricious  were  their  proceolings,  that 
in  some  years  they  have  laid  out  700,000/.  on  indigo,  while  in  others  they  have  not  luid  out 
a  single  shilling ;  and  so  with  other  things.  A  fluctuating  demand  of  this  sort  necessarily 
occasioned  great  iiiid  sudden  variations  of  price,  and  was  injurious  alike  to  the  producers  and 
tlio  private  raerclianbi.  Mr.  Maekonxie,  late  secretary  to  tlie  government  of  Bengal,  set  the 
mischievous  influence  of  the  circumstances  now  alluded  to  in  the  clearest  point  of  view,  in 
his  masterly  evidence  before  the  select  committee  of  1839  on  the  atTiurs  of  India;  and  he 
further  showed,  that  it  was  not  possible,  by  any  sort  of  contrivance,  to  obviate  tho  incon- 
veniences complained  of,  and  that  they  would  unavoidably  continue  till  the  Company  ceased 
to  have  any  thing  to  do  with  commerce. 

But  besides  being  injurious  to  the  priv.ite  trader,  and  to  tho  public  generally,  both  in  India 
and  EnglamI,  this  trade  was  of  no  advantage  to  the  East  India  Company.  How,  indeed, 
could  it  be  otherwise  I  A  company  that  maintained  armies  and  retailed  (>  a,  that  carried  m 
sword  in  tho  ono  hond  and  a  ledger  in  the  other,  was  a  contrailiction ;  aii  Imd  she  traded 
with  success,  would  have  been  a  protiigy.  It  was  impossible  for  her  to  pay  that  attention 
to  details  that  is  indispensable  to  the  carrying  on  of  commerce  with  advantage.  She  may 
have  gained  something  by  her  monopoly  of  the  Ua  trade,  though  even  that  is  very  questiDn- 
alilo;  but  it  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  she  has  lost  heavily  by  her  trade  to  India.* 
When,  therefore,  the  question  as  to  the  renewal  of  the  charter  came  to  be  discussed  in  1833 
and  1833,  the  Company  had  no  reasonable  objection  to  urge  against  their  being  deprived  of 
the  privilege  of  trading.  And  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  85.,  for  continuing  the  charter  till  18.54, 
has  tennituited  the  Company' a  commercial  character,-  by  enacting,  that  the  Company's  trado 
to  China  is  to  cease  on  the  22d  of  April,  1834f ,  and  that  the  Company  is,  as  soon  a^  pos»i< 
bio  after  that  date,  to  dispose  of  their  stocks  on  hand,  and  close  their  commercial  busiiic><s. 

Wo  congratulate  our  readers  on  this  consummation.  The  trade  to  India,  China,  and  the 
East  generally,  is  now,  for  tho  first  time,  opened  to  free  ond  unfettered  mercantile  entorprisc. 
What  has  l)een  eti'ccted  since  tho  opening  of  tho  trade  to  India  in  1814,  notwithstanding  the 
many  drawbacks  under  which  it  has  laboured,  is  an  earnest  of  what  may  be  anticipated  from 
the  new  arrangements.  We  have  no  doubt  that  it  will  be  found  that  the  commerce  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  worlds  is  as  yet  only  in  its  infancy ;  and  that  it  is  destined,  now 
that  the  incubus  of  monopoly  is  wholly  removei!,  to  attain  to  a  magnitude  and  importance 
of  which  we  can  form  no  definite  idea. 

II.  East  India  Compaitt  (Cohstitutiow  of).  '  '' 

Under  the  new  act,  the  functions  of  the  East  India  Company  are  wholly  political.  She 
is  to  continue  to  govern  India,  with  the  concurrence  and  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board 
of  Control,  nearly  on  the  plan  laid  down  in  Mr.  Pitt's  act,  till  the  30th  of  April,  1854.  All 
tlie  real  and  personal  property  belonging  to  tho  Company  on  the  '^'^d  of  April,  1834,  is  vested 
in  the  Crown,  and  is  to  be  held  or  managed  by  tho  Company  in  trust  for  tho  same,  suliject 
of  course  to  all  claims,  debts,  contracts,  &c.,  already  in  existence,  or  that  may  hereafler  be 
brought  into  existence  by  competent  authority.  The  Company's  debts  and  liabilities  are  all 
chaiTjed  on  India.  The  dividend,  which  is  to  continue  at  10^  per  cent.,  is  to  be  paid  in 
England  out  of  the  revenues  of  India;  and  provision  is  made  for  the  establishment  of  a  se- 
curity fund  for  its  discharge.  The  dividend  niuy  be  redeemed  by  parliament,  on  payment 
of  2U0/.  for  100/.  stock,  any  time  after  April,  1874  ;  but  it  is  provided,  in  the  event  of  the 
Company  beintj  deprived  of  the  government  of  India  in  1864,  that  they  may  claim  redemp- 
tion of  the  dividend  any  time  thereafter  upon  3  years'  notice. — (3  &  4  Will,  4.  c.  8j.) 

Compavy'a  Sfneft— forma  a  capital  of  0,000.000/.,  into  wtiirli  nil  persons,  natives  or  forelsfrnTs,  innlos 
or  fi'iimles,  liiiilies  politic  or  corporate  (tlie  Governor  nnd  Coin|miiy  of  the  Uank  of  Enitlaiiii  only  ex- 
cepled),  arc  ul  liberty  to  purchase,  witliout  limitation  ofaiaoiuit.  Bince  ITUJ,  tlio  dividetidn  have 
bii.u  lOJ  per  cent.,  to  which  they  are  limited  by  the  l;ite  act. 

General  Cuiirls. — The  proprietors  in  general  court  nssembled  are  empowered  to  enact  by-laws, and 
ill  oilier  respects  arc  competent  to  the  compline  iiivestigiition,  regnlation,  and  ciintrol  of  every  branch 
of  the  C'ompuMy's  concerns  ;  but,  for  the  more  prompt  despatch  of  business,  thu  executive  detail  is 
vested  ill  a  court  of  directors.  A  general  court  is  re(|uired  lo  be  held  oiico  in  the  months  of  March, 
June,  .September,  and  Uecembcr,  in  each  year.  No  one  can  bo  present  &t  a  general  court  unless  pos- 
se.-iiied  of  3(H)<.  stock  ;  nor  can  any  person  vote  upon  the  determination  of  any  question,  who  lins  not 
been  in  possession  of  l,000{.  slock  for  the  preceding  13  months,  unless  such  stock  have  been  obtainoil 


♦  It  is  needless  now  to  enter  upon  the  controversy  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Company's  debt.— (See 
fiirmtr  eilition  of  this  work,  p.  507.)  It  is  probable  that  those  who  contend  that  this  debt  is  whully 
alfribuliible  to  tho  Company's  commercial  operations,  may  have  somewhat  exaggerated  their  injurioui 
influence.  Hut  wo  do  not  think  that  there  is  any  room  fir  doul>lliig,  notwilhstamling  the  enormoni 
prires  charged  on  tea,  that  for  these  many  years  past,  the  Company's  trade  lias  been,  on  the  whole 
productive  of  nothing  but  loss. 

t  For  the  new  regulutluns  as  to  the  China  trade,  see  Canton.  • 

3  o  '^ 


;  n 


i     I 


■y-  ;■' 


ono 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  Ac). 


i 


hv  hrniiciit  nr  ninrrlRjiv  PiTnoni  iinmi-MPil  of  1,000/  nlork  i>r«i  rnipowprnl  In  ^li"  •  -ii^'Vj  ynl.i  | 
I.IMMU.  iiru  n  iiiiiililWiilliMi  for  iwii  vmrai  i\,mu.  lur  lliri>n  voIi'h)  niiil  lU.MHiJ.  aiil  \t\i\.  "h  tnt  I'nur 
vnti'i.  'riinrii  wetf 'iJKKI  |irii|irU'liira  on  tlir  rii|ii|iiiliy'i<  liniikN  In  IU'Wi  of  lhi'»«  I,  i  ,  ■■  mir'..  :i 
Idjlv,' pIidiIii  \iiii>«  i  aifJ,  iwii  Villi'*  1  ro,  ilirmi  villi'*  t  mill  !(*,  fiiiir  vi'li'«.  Ji|iniinny«,.  rrrjiion, 
U|iriiprli>tiir«,  iliily  iintihlli'il  liy  lh«  piiMi'Mlun  of  I.IKNK.  (imk,  tuny,  hy  n  rriiiilillliin  In  \".ltliik  in  Ilia 
niiirl  iif  illri'cliira,  rnll  n  KBinr^il  imirl  (  w  lili'li  llii-  illrtiilcit*  iiri'  ri'iiulitiil  lo  miiiinioii  m  lllilii  III  iluya, 


nr,  In  ill  laiilt,  ilii>  |iri>|irl>'iiirii  limy  mil  •mil  ciniil  li>  iiniliii  iill'ui'il  iipuii  tlic  Knyiil  Kxilinniiu.  In  ii|| 
piirli  nuiriH  llii>  i|iir«tl"ii<  lire  iliililiil  hy  u  niiijnrlly  of  vnlci'ii  i  In  fn»«  iif  nn  riiiinllly,llii'  ilrli'milnii- 
lliiii  iiiiiiil  III'  hy  III*  tri'imnifr  ilrnwlni  n  Inl.     Nino  priiprluiorii  iiiny,  hy  n  rpi|iiliillhin  In  wrllliiit,  iIr. 


iiiiiiiil  II  hiilliil  npnii  uny  i)UUHtliin,  wlilrli  «liall  iml  lio  lakuii  w  Itlilii  'i-t  lioun  nUer  tliu  hruukliiK  up  ul' 
till'  ui'ni'riil  I'linrl. 

I'niiri  nf  Dirtrlnm-'Thp  foiirl  iifillriTldrii  li"  rnnipiiiii'il  of  91  niiMnlii'ra,  rhonpn  flroiii  nnKinu  llic  prn. 
prli'lMm.  riiili  iilwlii'iii  iiiual  tin  piiaiii'iiKril  ill'  9,IHI01.  iiliK'k  |  linr  inn  itiiy  illri'Clnr,  uftvt  ImIiik  iliiMi-n, 
ni'l  IdniiiT  lliiin  w  lulu  liii  rnnlltiiii'a  In  linlil  aliirk.  1)1'  llii'an,  0  nrti  I'linauii  on  lliu  aiMiiiiiJ  WtMliii'^ilay 
ill  April  in  iMili  yi'iir,  to  ai-rvr  fur  1  yrnra,  In  tliu  rmiai  of  H  who  hitv«  ciiiiipliMi'il  aiirli  ai'ivlro.  AHir 
nn  iiili'rvnl  of  I'i  tnoiilhii,  llioac  wliii  hml  koih'  mil  hy  rolrillon  iirj  dlifi'ili'  lo  hi-  ri'-i'li>rlf(l  for  Ihf  cti. 
iiilntf  I  jrnra.  Korinrrly,  no  iM'raoii  who  hml  hi'i'n  in  tin'  I'oniinny'a  I'ivil  or  nillilary  ai-rvlfi-  In  Inilln 
WiiM  I'llKihlii  to  hi>  I'li-rlt'il  a  iliri'ilor  iiiilil  hv  hml  Ihtii  n  rcahlulil  In  llnihinil  9  yunra  h(\v\  i\iiIiiiiiu  llin 
aiTviri':  hill  Ihia  I'oiiiliiion  no  loii^i'i  I'tlau  ;  nml  nil  ilvll  or  nilllliiry  arrvniili  of  lliii  ronipiiny  In 
liiilln,  mippoaliis  ilicy  nri'  othcrwlai*  )'lltflhli',  iiiny  Ini  rhoacn  illrcrtor*  liiiniDilliiti'ly  nn  Ihi'lr  ri'liirn  In 
Knuliinil,  proviiTi'il  ll'uy  Imvi-  no  iiiikiiIIIiiI  ni'i^onnla  with  Ihv  l'iiin|Hinv  t  If  an,  Iliiiy  nro  hii'lixlhli'  I'm 
2  yvntH  iifli'r  lln'ir  rmiirii,  nnli'an  their  nrroiinlii  Iw  aoom-r  ai'lth'il— (Sk  4  Hill.  1.  r.  Na,  <.  V^.)  'I'hii 
din  I'lora  chooNi'  nnniinlly,  from  mnonpal  llii'iiiai'lvi'x,  u  rlniiriiuiii  iiiiil  n  ili'iiiity  rhiiltiniin.    'I'lipy  iiru 

ri'uniri'.l  hv  liy-hiwa  to  i I  oiire  In  every  week  iit  lent  i  hnl  lliey  freiiiiently  meet  ol"ieMer,  nt  m in- 

aion  ri'i|iiireH.  Not  leati  limn  !.'<  lUii  form  n  court.  Their  ilelermliiiillona  nre  iiiilileil  hy  a  iiiiijnrlty : 
in  I'iiHe  of  nil  e'piiililv,  Hie  iiiii'mIIoii  nimit  he  ihi  hleil  hy  the  ilrnwIiiK  of  n  lot  hy  the  treaaiirer ;  upon 
nil  i|m'HtioiiH  of  impiirtnnie,  the  aeiiae  of  the  eiiiirt  la  ink'  ii  hy  linllot.  Tliu  I'ompiiny'a  ollUv'rH,  hull) 
nt  home  nnil  nhroiul,  reeelve  their  ii|i|ioIiiIiihmiI»  Imninilinlely  from  the  tniirl ;  to  whom  they  nrii 
reapoiiailile  for  llie  line  niiil  IHIIhl'nl  iliMitinrite  of  the  triial  repoaeil  in  Iheiii,  The  piilroiiU|{u  la,  iiuvi'r- 
llii'le«i<,  HO  iirrnii|ipil,  n»  ihiit  em  li  mi'iiilier  iif  lliu  lonrt  ae(Miiii|i'ly  purlicipnteM  tliHrein. 

Sicift  Commitl.'t.  ■  Tlie  principal  powera  of  tliu  cuiirt  ul  ilJreclora  lire  venteil  In  a  aerrel  romnilllee, 
fliriiilnir  n  aort  of  raliiiiel  or  (irivy  roiiiii  11.  All  I'liinmiiiilinllona  of  n  cniillilenlhil  nr  ilellcate  iialiirH 
helween  the  Ihiaril  <il'  Conlrol  nml  Hie  rnmpniiy  nre  aiilimllieil,  In  the  flrat  Inalnnve  nt  iennl,  lo  the 
•  oiiai'leration  of  Ihii  coinmilleu  ;  iliiil  Ihe  iliieerioiia  of  the  llonr(l,nato  poliliial  all'alrfiiimy  he  Irniia- 
inilieil  illrei't  to  Imlla,  lhriiii|i)l  the  conimlltee,  without  ht'liiK  aeen  hy  the  other  ilireitora,  Thu  autrcl 
comiiillleu  la  uppiilntvil  by  iho  court  of  direutura,  and  Ita  nii'inbi'ri  ure  awurn  lo  lecrvay. 

III.  East  I.muks    (SrA-rs  or  Suciktt  in,  nnowiiiit   Drmand  ron  Enulibii  GprnR, 

TllAIIK,    CoLOMHATION,    KTC). 

1.  Distlnetloi}  of  Caslfx  in  India,  Jnnemracy  of  Ihe  KrprfKnlatinm  an  to  the  Inhahit- 
ant.t  beiiiff  unalteralily  attached  lo  ancient  Custom»  and  I'tac.tices. — Wo  have  taken  occa- 
Hion,  ill  thfl  prccddiiiK  nkrtch  ufthn  hintury  of  tlip  EokI  India  Comimny,  repeatedly  to  notieo 
the  8mall  extent  of  tliu  trude  carried  nn  liy  ita  oRenry,  It  ban  been  contended,  liowever,  that 
tliJH  Ik  to  be  aurrilied,  not  to  the  deadening  influence  of  monopoly,  but  to  the  pcrulinr  Htato 
nf  tlie  ]ii'ople  of  India.  A  notion  has  loop;  been  prevalent  in  this  cpiarter  of  the  world,  that 
the  HiiidiiiiH  nre  a  nice  un.stisceptiiiie  of  change  or  iniprovcnient  of  any  nort;  that  every  man 
is  brouq;lit  up  to  the  profession  of  his  father,  and  can  cnitacie  in  none  eUe;  and  that,  ovvint; 
to  the  Hiinjilicily  and  iinnltcrnlilencHH  of  iheir  habitx,  they  never  ran  bo  consuinrra,  at  lentil  (o 
any  conaiileralile  extent,  of  foreign  conitno<iilies.  "  What  in  now  in  India,  haa  alwiiVN  been 
there,  and  i«  likely  Hiill  to  continue." — (Jitilierlmin's  Dhipiinition,  p.  20?.)  The  HindooD 
of  this  day  are  soid  to  be  the  gnmo  an  the  Hindoos  of  the  nge  of  Alexander  the  Great.  Tho 
description  of  Ihem  Riven  by  Arrian  has  hos  been  quoted  as  applying  to  their  octiinl  slum- 
tion.  It  is  allirmed  that  they  have  neither  improved  nor  retroprnded;  and  we  are  referred  to 
India  os  to  a  country  in  which  the  int^titutions  and  manners  that  prevoiled  3,000  years  ago 
niiiy  still  lie  found  in  their  pristine  purity !  'i'hc  President  do  Oonuet  lays  it  down  dintinctly, 
in  his  learned  and  invaluable  work  on  the  origin  of  laws,  arts,  and  sciences,  that  in  India 
"every  trade  is  confined  to  a  particular  caste,  and  can  bo  exercised  only  by  those  whose 
parents  professed  it." — (Origin  I'f  Laws,  ^c,  Eng.  trans,  vol.  iii.  p.  24.)  Dr.  Robertson 
snys,  that  "  Ihe  /ilntlon  oferery  Hlndnn  is  unalleralily  Jixid;  hindtstinyis  irrevorahlr ;  and 
the  walk  of  life  is  marked  out,  from  which  he  must  never  deviate." — (Disnuisiliun  on  India, 
ji,  199.)  The  game  opinions  are  maintained  by  later  authorities.  Dr.  'lennant  says,  that 
"the  whole  Indian  community  is  divided  into  4  great  classes;  and  each  class  is  stationed 
between  certain  walls  of  separotion,  which  arc  impassable  by  tho  purest  virtue,  and  moat 
conspicuous  merit." — ((Quoted  by  Mr,  Ri'ckards,  p.  G.)  'J'hi.s  unalterable  destiny  of  indi'^ 
viikuiU  has  liecn  repeatedly  assumed  in  the  despati'hes  and  ollicial  pa|icr8  put  forth  by  tho 
Eiist  Iiiilia  ('ompany  ;  and  has  been  referred  to  on  all  occasions  by  them  and  their  servants, 
OS  a  proof  that  the  depressed  and  miserable  condition  of  the  natives  is  not  owing  to  min- 
govornnieiit,  or  to  the  weight  of  the  burdens  laid  upon  them  ;  and  that  it  is  in  vain  to  think 
of  mnterially  improving  their  condition,  or  of  making  them  ac()uainted  with  new  arts,  or 
giving  them  new  habits,  so  long  as  the  institution  of  castes,  and  the  prejudices  to  which  it 
has  given  ri.«e,  pre8»>rve  their  oscondancy  unimpaired. 

But  notwithstanding  the  universal  cun-ency  which  the  opinions  now  referred  to  have 
obtained,  and  the  high  authority  by  which  they  are  supported,  they  are,  in  all  the  most 
essential  resjiecty,  entirely  without  foundation  !  The  books  and  codes  of  tho  Hindoos  them- 
selves, and  the  minute  and  careful  observations  that  have  recently  been  made  on  Indian 
society,  have  shown  that  the  iiitlueiice  ascribed  to  llio  inutitulion  of  custcH  by  the  ancicuts, 


EtcoLigii  Gprng, 


EAST  INDIUS,  (SociKTv  in,  Tbadk,  Sic). 


031 


•nil  by  llin  nmro  rurly  niiNlorn  truvrllrrii,  hn«  ln'on  prrxliinmiMly  cxniiifrniti'il.  In  thn  dril 
|inrt  of  liift  cKci'llntU  work  on  India,  Mr.  Kii'linnU  liai«  oHlaliliiilit'il,  jmrily  tty  ri'lcriMireN  to  tha 
■iitlinriliitivit  liiHikii  of  tlifl  HindcMM,  nml  |iiirlly  \>y  hi*  own  otiHurvulionN,  iiinl  Ihixn  of  Mr. 
Oiiliilinioli,  Ur,  llnlN'r,  mil  other  hixli  aulhoriiirM,  thnt  tlio  vuxt  imijority  of  tlu<  llimloi)  [>o|iii* 
liilioii  niiiy,  iinil,  in  fm't,  ilot'K  cmtnifn  in  nil  mirtii  of  (•in|ili>yiiioiili,  Mr,  UiritnnlM  hut  fnrthor 
tihown,  Hint  tlipru  i«  nothing  in  tlm  Mtructura  of  Iniiiun  uncivty  to  oppoNi*  nny  st'rioiu  ulialiu'jo 
III  thii  inti'iMJiu'tiiin  of  new  ntU,  or  th«  Hprcml  of  iinprovunicnti  urn!  thnt  tlio  ruuNtm  of  Iho 
p.ivcrty  itiiil  ini>*ory  orthn  pi<oplo  muit  bo  miUKht  for  in  othctr  circuiniluticc*  tiiiin  thn  in<iitu« 
lion  of  cumIiin,  nnii  tho  imturo  of  lliniioo  luporMtilion. 

Thucnrly  liivirtion  of  tiiu  populittion  into  thp4  iiri>at  cImhcx  of  prinitii  (nrahiiiitii<),R()lilipri 
(OttliHtrynii),  hniiliAnilnu'ii  iiml  artilkori  (Vni'<yni),  anil  hIiivi'h  (NiiiirnH),  wn«  ninintJtinrd 
only  for  u  very  ■Imtt  |N<rio<l.  'I'hn  Hindoo  trmliiioini  record  that  ii  pnrtini  inti-rniixturu  of  tlicxe 
rlm«i'i  liiiik  plni'o  iit  n  vi>r>  I'rnolo  epoch;  and  tho  mixed  hroixl  tlienrc  iirininn  wero  iliviilrd 
into  It  viiMt  variety  of  now  irilioH,  or  castuM,  to  whom,  niiuukiiiK  generully,  no  rinploymi'att 
urn  forliidditii. 

"  'I'leii'iiiiiliiyiiienl","  any*  Mr.  Illi'knri1»,  "nllowt-il  Inthme  iiilxnil  nnil  Impure  rnncn,  niiiy  he  unld 
III  li  •  itvery  (li"<i'rl|ill>iii  ii(  li  uiilicriin,  iiiel  i>i'ni|iitlliiii,  Inr  wlilrli  lli<-  wiiiilo  ol'  liiiiiiMii  mn  liiy  liavii 
rriiili'il  II  iliHiiiiiiil,  'riiiiiiuli  iiiniiv  himiiii  U)  tiikn  llnlr  iiiiinei  rroiii  llhir  nriliiiiiry  Iraili'  nr  iiriiCi'KKiiiii, 
mill  «Miii>i  li  IV  I  iliilli'ii  luxluhi'il  lliiini  till)  Inw,  mill  illritfiiiilinK,  Tnr  iiny  nlherii  In  iii'rrnrin,  hut  Iriiiii  ili« 
illri'Nt  iiiin'tHlly  i  yel  nil  iini|iliiyiiieiit,  tieiienilly  HiieiikiiiH.  I»  Corliiilili'ii  to  lliii  iiiIm'iI  iiiiil  liii|iiirv 
Irilie'i  ei|i'i>|illiig  ihreu  nC  llm  (iri'mrllii'il  (Iiuli5ii  nl' the  mii'iTilntikl  rlit-iHt  Vi/..  ti-iuliliiu  IIim  t'lilin, 
iilholiilltiK  lit  II  i<iii'rll)i:u,  mill  ri.'tulviiiK  (iri'Muiitv  rniiii  n  imru-liiiiiduil  giver}  vvliioli  tlireu  uni  e.\i:lii- 
•Iviily  UralimlHinil." 

Mr,  Coliilirook,  who  ix  aeknowledi^cd  on  nil  haiidH  to  bo  otio  of  tho  very  hiifheHt  nulhnri* 
tiiM,  m  til  nil  lh:kt  rvH|iocti<  Indian  DlIiiirH,  hits  a  papor  in  the  fifth  voliiinu  of  the  A^iiitic  He- 
iftirclii'.t,  on  tho  ■ulijecl  of  riiHtci,  Itl  thiH  pnper,  Mr.  (lolebrook  Hl.itex  that  t!io  Julimilu,  a 
Hindoo  work,  GniiinerntoR  forlji-two  mixod  cliirtNeH  Hprinijin)}  from  the  intereourKe  oi'ii  iiiim 
iifinf'orior  (diwa  witlin  woninn  of  u  NU|H<riorclaHH,  or  in  the  ini<«/-w  order  of  thuclaHncH.  .Now, 
if  wo  111I4  to  theiiu  tho  nuinlirr  that  munt  hiivo  sprung  from  iiitorinixture  in  the  direct  order 
uf  thu  r.llimtei),  and  tliu  ho«tii  furthur  ariHing  from  the  continued  intermixture  of  thu  uiixihI 
triliiM  uriiiinK'<t  theiiiitnlvoit,  wu  mIiuII  not  r^rtainly  lie  diH|Miiied  to  dissent  from  Mr.  Cnluliniuk'ii 
vonehiNioii,  "  thitt  tho  aubdivlHioiis  uf  IheHo  ciauiiot)  havu  further  nudtiplied  di^^tinctionB  to  an 
tniUi.li  vurirlfi," 

Mr.  (Jululirook  haa  given  the  following  distinct  and  occurnto  account  of  the  profefisiona 
niid  oniployinunta  of  tiiu  uuveral  elosHeR  at  tho  (ireHetit  day.  It  formx  a  ctirioun  nonminntary 
on  thu  "irrovo^ulilo  de;Uiiiy"  of  iJr.  Uobortuon,  and  the  "iiniiansablii  walln"  of  Dr.  Teiiiiaiit. 

"  A  Briilimitii,  iiniililo  tn  oiilinlat  by  lii«  itiltlun,  iiiiiy  live  liy  the  iluty  of  u  mililier  i  if  hu  eaniiot  got  a 
■iiIikIiiIi'Iihi  liy  elihir  nl'  Illume  einiiliiyiiieiitM,  lie  iiiiiy  apply  In  tillimo  'mil  niteiiilaiicu  on  iMttli>,  nr  Kiiin 

II  rniiipi'ionri'  liy  Iralllc,  nviililini'  ciirtnlii  conimiiililieH.  \  Cnhninjn  in  ilintrHiif),  iiiny  hiiIihIiiI  liy  nil 
llliiHii  iiieniiN  t  liiit  III!  iiiiint  iiol  linvc  roroiiriin  to  tliii  lilitlieai  fiinctloiia.  In  iiuamiim  <it°  iliHlreHX,  :i  Tiir- 
llier  liilltililii  In  Kiveli,  'I'lie  |irai'.tice  of  iiiiiiUcine,  iiiid  ullior  luiinied  prnrrgsiniiM,  puliiting,  anil  iitlier 
iiriN,  wnrk  I'nr  wiigeH,  iiii  iii.il  xcrvicu,  iilin!<,  iiiiil  iimiry,  iiru  aiiiniig  thu  iiKiileii  of  siiliHirileiici!  allnwi.-il 
liiilli  til  the  /(cii/iiniin  mill  Cahitlriia.  A  yaimjn,  iiimhlu  to  hiiIikIhI  hy  liix  own  iliiliuH,  iiiiiy  ilnHceiiil  to 
lliii  nervilu  urtH  nf  a  Siii/i-ii;  and  11  S»i{ni,  not  tinilinif  RiiipleyniHiit  hy  waiting  iin  men  of  thn  liiglier 
rliiHiii<«,  limy  iiiibi«iiit  hy  liandlirafta ;  priiulpally  fnllnwing  thusu  nieclianlcal  operaiiiiiiH,  an  Joinery 
mill  iiiiiiioiiry,  and  firar.liral  artH,  uh  pulntiiig  and  writing,  hy  whiih  lie  may  serve  men  nf  Biiperinr 
I'liinHiii  I  uiiil  altliKiiuh  a  nmn  of  n  Imver  elasn  In  in  general  reHtricteil  from  the  acl8  of  a  higher  class, 
thn  .S'uiJi'u  In  expruHKly  pHriiiittud  to  heconic  a  trailer,  or  n  hiiHliandiiian. 

"  lleiilili'd  tliii  piirtiriiliir  01  riipallnn  aBnigiied  In  each  of  the  mixed  ciniisrs,  they  have  the  alterim- 
tlve  of  fnllnwltig  Ihllt  prnl'i'HKiiiii,  wlilrh  regularly  iieliinuH  to  the  rlnnii  from  which  they  derive  their 
nrlglii  on  the  nnillier'i)  Hide;  tlenie  at  least  have  ruirli  an  <.|ilinii,  wliu  are  horn  in  the  direct  iiriliir  nf 
the  I'lamiei,  'llie  miird  cUnnti  are  alto  iieniiitted  In  ivhui.st  by  nnij  i<f  the  dtttien  of  a  *'ui/ru,  thai  if,  hii 
vwnUl  tieri'let,  by  hiiiiilirnifli,  hij  commerce,  and  auricullure.  Hence  it  appears,  that  almost  i:vkhv 
oeeiii'ATION,  Tiloinii  iikohi.ahi.v  it  be  thk  piiiirKssioN  or  a  i"AHTlfi-LAn  class,  is  ofkn  to  most 
nriiKU  (M.ASHK*  1  mill  that  the  llmitatiniig,  far  from  licing  rigorous,  do  It:  fact  renervo  only  the  pccu- 
lliir  profnKilon  of  thu  Hrahman,  which  consists  ui  luaching  thu  yeda,  and  olllclatiiig  at  religious  ecru- 
inoales." 

"  Wii  h  ivo  thiin,"  says  Mr.  Ricknrds,  liy  whom  this  pnsaago  has  heon  iiuntnd,  "  tho  highest  exist- 
ing aiitliorlly  fur  iillerly  rejecting  the  doctrine  of  the  whole  Hindoo  comniiinlty  '  being  divided  into 
foiir  castes  ['  and  of  their  peculiar  prerogatives  being  guarded  inviolate  by  'iinpassahle  walls  of 
roparatlon,'     It  Is  also  clear  that  the  iiilermixtiire  of  castes  had  taken  place,  to  an  indellnitc  extent, 

III  Ihii  time  when  the  Phrnna  Saitru  was  composed,  which  Sir  William  J.mes  computes  to  bo  iibout 
SSI  years  II,  V.  \  fur  the  mixed  clasios  are  speiiliert  in  this  work,  and  it  al,,ii  refers,  in  many  places,  to 
li.'ist  times,  mid  to  events  which  a  coiirto  ol  tjne  only  could  have  bri)iii,lit  about.  The  origin  of  tha 
iiili'riiiUliiie  Is  therefore  Inst  III  the  rerriotest  and  ohscrest  aiiliiiuily  ;  and  having  been  carried  on 
through  a  Inng  course  of  ages,  a  heterogeneous  mass  is  every  whore  presented  to  us,  in  tliese  latter 
tinies,  witlioiif  a  single  example  in  iiiiy  particular  siate,  or  kiiiRdoiii,  or  eeparaie  portion  of  the  liiii. 
duo  lommuiilly,  of  that  quadruple  division  of  castes,  which  has  been  so  coniideiillv  insisted  upon. 

"  I  have  myself  seen  carpenters  of  live  or  six  dilfereiit  castes,  and  as  many  ilillerent  bricklayers 
cinplnyn.l  iin'lhe  Slime  bnililing.  The  saiiiu  diversity  of  castes  may  be  observed  among  the  crafts- 
men III  dockyards,  and  all  othor  groat  works ;  and  tlioso,  who  have  resided  for  any  time  In  the  prin 
ripil  comiiiefclal  cities  of  India,  iii'lsl  be  sensible,  that  every  increasing  deinaml  for  labniir,  in  all  Uf 
illd'ereiil  branches  and  varieties  of  old  and  new  arts,  haa  been  speedily  and  effectually  supplied,  ii. 
hiiiie  of  the  treiiiendiHis  Institution  of  castes  ;  which  we  are  taught  to  believe  forma  so  uupasaubleac 
(ibstructloii  til  the  ailvaiicemeiit  of  Indian  industry." 

8.  nrnwim;  Demnnd  for  English  Gnorf.i. — It  is  diflicult  to  supposfl  that  the  directors  of 
tlie  i'iusl  India  Comiiaiiy  should Hot  have  been  early  aware  of  the  fallacy  of  the  opinions  m 


1     1      1 

'       i 

1 

! 

1    ,; 

■  ^l' 

1     ' 

■ 

II 

r-\\\ 


>! 


^ 


CSS 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


vm 


m.i   I 


> 


I 


.Ik 


to  the  fixedness  of  Indinn  habits.  So  far,  however,  as  we  know,  they  have  not,  in  this  in< 
stance,  evinced  any  acquaintance  with  the  discoveries  of  their  eervants.  On  the  contrary,  in 
all  the  discussions  that  tooli  place  with  respect  to  the  opening  of  the  trade  in  1814,  the  Com- 
pany invariably  contended  that  no  increase  of  trade  to  India  could  be  expected.  In  a  letter 
of  the  chairman  and  deputy  chairman  to  the  Right  Honourable  Robert  Dundas,  dated  13th 
of  January,  1809,  it  is  stated,  that  the  small  demand  for  foreign  commodities  in  India  "re- 
sults from  the  nature  of  the  Indian  people,  their  climate,  and  their  usages.  The  articles  of 
first  necessity  their  own  country  furnishes  more  abundantly  and  more  cheaply  than  it  is 
possible  for  Europe  to  supply  them.  The  labour  of  the  great  body  of  the  common  people 
only  enables  them  to  subsist  on  rice,  and  to  wear  a  slight  covering  of  cotton  cloth ;  thf>y, 
therefoie,  can  purchase  none  of  the  auperfluitiea  we  offer  them.  The  comparatively  few,  in 
better  circumstances,  restricted,  like  the  rest,  by  numerous  religious  and  civil  customs,  of 
which  all  are  remarkably  tenacious,  find  few  of  our  commodities  to  their  taste ;  and  their 
climate,  so  disimilar  to  ours,  renders  many  of  them  unsuitable  to  their  use ;  so  that  a  com- 
merce Ijctween  them  and  us  cannot  proceed  far  upon  the  principle  of  supiilying  mutual  wants. 
Hence,  except  woollens,  in  a  vei-y  limited  degree,  for  mantles  in  the  cold  season,  and  metals, 
on  a  scale  also  very  limited,  to  be  worked  up  by  their  own  artisans  for  the  few  utensils  they 
need,  hardly  any  of  our  staple  commodities  find  a  vent  among  the  Indians ;  the  other  exports 
which  Europe  sends  to  India  being  chiefly  consumed  by  the  European  population  there,  and 
some  of  the  descendants  of  the  early  Portuguese  settlers,  all  of  whom,  taken  collectively,  form 
but  a  small  body,  in  view  to  any  question  of  national  commerce." — (Papers  published  by 
authimty  of  the  East  India  Company,  1813,  p.  81.) 

The  volume  from  which  we  have  made  this  extract  contains  a  variety  of  passages  to  the 
same  edbct.  So  confident,  indeed,  were  the  Company  that  they  had  carried  the  trade  to 
India  to  the  utmost  extent  of  which  it  was  capable,  that  it  is  expressly  stated,  in  resolutions 
passed  in  a  general  court  held  at  the  India  House,  on  the  26th  of  January,  1813,  "  that  no 
lar;i;u  or  sudden  addition  can  be  made  to  the  amount  of  British  exports  to  India  or  Chinn;" 
that  the  Company  had  suffered  a  loss  in  attempting  to  extend  this  branch  of  tl0r  trade; 
that  the  warehouses  at  home  were  glutted  with  Indian  commodities  for  which  there  was  no 
demand ;  and  that  to  open  the  outports  to  the  trade  would  be  no  other  than  "  a  ruinous 
transfer  of  it  into  new  channels,  to  the  destruction  of  immense  and  costly  establishments,  and 
tlio  l)rggary  of  many  thousands  of  industrious  individuals." 

Luckily,  however,  these  representations  were  unable  to  prevent  the  opening  of  the  trade, 
and  the  result  has  sufficiently  demonstrated  their  fallacy.  The  enterprise  and  exertion  of 
individuals  has  vastly  increased  our  exports  to  India — to  that  very  country  which  the  Com- 
pany had  so  confidently  pronounced  was,  and  would  necessarily  continue  to  be,  incapable 
of  affording  any  additional  outlet  for  our  peculiar  products  ! 

The  commercial  accounts  for  1812  and  1813  were  unfortunately  destroyed  by  the  fire  at 
the  Custom-house.  The  trade  to  India  was  opened  on  the  10th  of  April.  1814;  and  in 
that  year  the  declared  or  real  value  of  the  products  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  the  coun- 
tries eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  excepting  China,  by  the  East  India  Company, 
was  826,558/.,  and  by  the  private  traders,  1,048,132/.  In  1817,  the  Company's  exports  had 
declined  to  638,382/.,  while  those  of  the  private  traders  had  increased  to  2,750,333/. ;  and 
in  1828,  the  former  had  sunk  to  only  488,601/.,  while  the  latter  had  increa.sed  to  3,979,072/., 
being  more  than  double  the  total  exports  to  India,  as  well  by  the  Company  as  by  private 
traders,  in  1814 ! 

'i'he  Company  have  stated,  and  no  doubt  truly,  that  they  have  lost  a  very  large  sum  in 
attempting  to  extend  the  demand  for  British  woollens  in  India  and  China,  which,  notwith- 
standing,  continues  very  litnitod.  But  in  their  efforts  to  force  the  sale  of  woollens,  they 
seem  to  have  entirely  forgotten  that  we  had  attained  to  great  excellency  in  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  stuffs,  the  article  principally  made  use  of  as  clothing  in  Hindostan;  and  that,  not- 
withstanding the  cheapness  of  labour  in  India,  the  advantage  we  derived  from  our  superior 
machinery  might  enalile  us  to  oiler  cotton  stuU's  to  the  nitives  at  a  li)wer  price  than  they 
could  ali'ord  to  manufacture  them  for.  No  sooner,  however,  had  the  trade  been  opened  to 
private  adventurers,  than  this  channel  of  enterprise  was  explored  ;  and  tiie  result  has  been, 
that,  instead  of  bringing  cottons  t'roni  India  to  England,  the  former  has  become  une  nf  the 
htat  and  most  extensive  markets  for  the  cutlons  if  thn  lutler.  We  question,  indeed,  whether, 
in  the  whole  history  of  commerce,  another  equally  striking  example  can  bo  produced  of  the 
powerful  intluence  of  competition  in  opening  new  and  almost  boundless  fields  for  the  suc- 
cessful prosecution  of  commercial  enterprise. 

In  1814,  the  first  year  of  tho  free  trade  to  India,  the  exports  of  cotton  amounted  to 
817,000  yards,  of  which  only  about  170,000  yards,  valued  at  17,778/.,  were  exported  by 
tlie  Company  !     The  piogress  of  the  trade  will  be  seen  in  the  following  statemonl :— 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


683 


Account  specifying  tSie  Qimntitles  of  the  printed  and  plain  Cotton  StuffH,  tho  declared  Value  of  all 
Bona  of  irinnufnctured  Cotton  Goods,  tlio  Quantity  of  Cotton  Twist  or  Yarn,  and  the  declared 
Value  of  the  suinu,  exported  ftoin  the  United  Kingdom,  to  all  Parts  of  the  East,  except  China,  each 
Year  from  181 1,  "^  ' 


Cotton  M  inutacturef. 

Colton  Twill.                         1 

Ton. 

Frinlad. 

PliiD. 

Decland  Valtw.* 

Twirt. 

Declared  Value. 

Vardi. 

rarii. 

L, 

LU. 

t. 

1814 

604,800 

213,408 

109,480 

8 

7 

1815 

806,077 

489,399 

142,410 

1816 

991,147 

714,611 

160,534 

624 

190 

1817 

2,848,705 

2,468,024 

422,814 

2,704 

SOS 

1818 

2,227,6«5 

4,614,381 

700,898 

1,861 

455 

1819 

3,713,601 

3,414,060 

461,268 

971 

138 

1820 

7,509,000 

6,484,258 

834,118 

224 

24 

1821 

9,715,374 

9,423,352 

1,084,440 

6,865 

805 

1822 

9,029,204 

11,712,639 

1,145,057 

22,200 

2,335 

1823 

9,431,700 

13,047,717 

1,128,468 

121,500 

16,993 

1824 

9,611,880 

14,858,515 

1,113.477 

105,350 

13,011 

1825 

8,826,715 

14,201,400 

1,036,071 

233,360 

35,315 

I82S 

9,7S0,076 

15,218,781 

994,019 

018,587 

100,804 

1827 

I4,9P4,704 

97,20;,,286 

1,614,517 

3,003,668 

274,002 

1828 

12,4i0,220 

30,411,857 

1,621,500 

4,558,185 

388,888 

1829 

11,215,743 

32,893,931 

1,453,404 

2,927,476 

200,552 

1830 

13,595,074 

43,481,156 

1,760,552 

4,689,570 

321,955 

1S.11 

14,560,583 

35,012,953 

1,419,995 

6,541,853 

48.1,702 

1832 

18,291,650 

39,276,511 

1,531,393 

4,295,427 

3011,719 

The  East  India  Company  CO  itributed  nothing  whatever  to  this  extraordinary  increase  of  the  cot- 
ton trade  ;  their  exports  not  hhving  been  so  large  in  any  one  year  as  in  1814,  when  they  only  amounted 
10  the  inconsiderable  sum  already  mentioned. 

The  demand  for  several  other  articles  of  British  manufacture  has  recently  increased, 
though  not  in  the  same  unprecedented  manner  as  cotton,  with  considerable  rapidity.  Not- 
withstanding all  that  has  been  said  as  to  the  immutability  of  Hindoo  habits,  the  fact  is  not  to 
lie  denied,  that  a  taste  for  European  products  and  customs  is  rapidly  spreading  itself  over 
India.  And  the  fair  presumption  is,  that  it  will  continue  to  gain  ground  according  as  edu- 
cation is  more  diffused,  and  r  i  the  natives  become  better  acquainted  with  our  language,  arts, 
and  habits.  The  authenticity  of  Dr.  Heber's  statements  cannot  be  called  in  question ;  and 
there  are  many  passages  in  different  parts  of  his  Journal  that  might  be  quoted  in  corrobora- 
tion of  what  has  now  been  stated.  Our  limits,  however,  will  only  permit  us  to  make  a  very 
few  extracts. 

"  Nor  have  tho  religions  prejudices,  and  the  unchnngeaMcnnss  of  the  Hindoo  habits,  been  less 
fxn((i;i'rated.  Some  of  the  best  informed  of  their  nation,  with  whom  I  liavo  conversed,  assure  me, 
that  half  their  most  remarkable  customs  of  civil  and  domestic  life  are  borrowed  from  their  Mohani- 
ineilaii  conquerors  ;  and  at  present  there  is  an  obciuna  and  increasing  diiijwsilibn  to  imitate  the  Kngliak 
in  event  thing,  which  has  already  led  to  veir  remarkable  changes,  and  will,  probably,  to  still  more 
Important.  The  wealthy  natives  now  all  allect  to  have  their  houses  decorated  with  Corinthian  pil- 
lars, and  tilled  with  English  furniture ;  they  drive  the  best  horses  and  the  most  dasliing  carriages  in 
Calcutta  ;  many  of  them  speak  English  fluently,  and  are  tolerably  read  in  English  literature  :  and 
the  children  of  one  of  our  friends  1  saw  one  day  dressed  in  jackets  and  trowsers,  with  round  hats, 
shoes,  and  8to^kings.  In  the  Bengalee  newspapers,  of  whicii  there  are  two  or  three,  politics  are  can- 
va>!!<ed  witli  a  bias,  as  I  am  told,  inclined  to  Whiggism  ;  and  one  of  their  leading  men  gave  a  great 
dinner,  not  long  since,  in  honour  of  the  Spanisli  revolution  :  among  the  lower  orders  the  same  feel- 
ing shows  itself  more  beneficially  in  a  growing  neglect  of  caste."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  306.) 

"To say  that  the  Hindoos  or  Mussulmans  are  deficient  in  any  essential  feature  of  a  civilised  peo- 
ple, is  an  assertion  which  I  can  scarcely  suppose  to  be  made  by  any  who  have  lived  with  them  j  their 
manners  are  at  least  as  pleasing  and  courteous  as  those  in  the  cornspondiiig  stations  of  life  among 
oumelves ;  their  houses  are  larger,  and,  according  to  their  wants  ui.d  cli.iiate,  to  the  full  as  crnveni- 
ent  as  ours  ;  their  architecture  is  at  least  us  elegant ;  nor  is  it  true  that  in  the  mechanic  arts  they  »ro 
inferior  to  the  general  run  of  European  nations.  VVhere  they  full  short  of  us,  (which  is  chietly  in 
ncrlcultural  implements,  and  the  mechanics  of  conunon  life,)  they  are  not,  so  fur  as  I  have  under- 
slnod  of  Italy  and  the  south  of  France,  surpassed  in  any  degree  by  the  people  of  those  countries. 
Tlieir  eoldsmiths  and  weavers  produce  as  beautil'ul  fabrics  as  our  own;  and  it  is  so  fur  from  true 
that  they  are  obstinately  wedded  to  their  old  patterns,  that  they  show  an  anxiety  to  imitate  our 
models,  and  do  imitate  tlieni  very  successfully.  The  ships  built  by  native  artists  at  Bombay  are  no- 
toriiHisly  as  good  as  any  which  sail  from  London  or  Liverpool.  The  carriages  and  gigs  wliicii  they 
supply  at  Calcutta  are  us  handsome,  though  not  as  diiralile,  as  those  of  Lung  Acre.  In  tlic  little 
town  of  Alonghyr,  300  miles  from  Calcutta,  I  had  pistols,  duuble-lHirrelled  guns,  ami  ditVercnt  iiieces 
of  cabinet  work,  brought  down  to  my  boat  for  sale,  which  in  nulwurd  form  (fur  1  know  no  further) 

nohi  dy  l)Ut  perhaps  Mr. could  detect  to  be  of  Hindoo  origin  ;  and  at  Delhi,  in  the  simp  of  a 

wealthy  nativ!  jeweller,  I  found  brooches,  ear-rings,  snulf-boxe.'",  &c.  of  tile  latest  models  vsu  fur  as 
lam  a  judge),  and  ornamented  with  French  device!  and  mottos." — (Vol.  ii.  p. 382.) 

As  Bishop  Hebcr  penetrated  into  the  interior  i^f  India,  he  found  the  same  taste  as  in  Cal- 
cuttit,  for  European  articles  and  for  luxuries,  to  pi<ivail  every  where  among  the  natives.  Of 
Deiiarcs,  he  writes  as  lollows  : — 

'•  lint  what  surprised  me  still  more,  as  I  penetrated  further  into  it,  were  the  large,  lofty,  and  hand- 
snuKMlwelling-houscs,  the  bounty  and  apparent  ricliness  of  tlie  good- exposiul  in  tlie  bazaars,  and 
tliu  evident  litihi  of  business.  Benares  is  in  fact  a  very  industrious  and  wi^althy,  as  well  as  a  veiy 
boly  city.  It  is  tlie  meat  mart  where  the  shawls  of  the  norlii,  the  diamonds  of  tlie  south,  and  tliq 
niMslifis  of  i)acca  ami  tliu  eastern  provinces  centre  ;  and  it  has  very  considerable  silk,  cotton,  nntl 


'!! 


ii  r 


h 


.1  i 


*  Including  luce,  hosiery,  and  small  wares. 
80 


634 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Tiiade,  Ac). 


i^: 


flno  woollrn  mnnnnictnrinH  nf  lU  own  ;  wlillo  Eiiuliiili  Imrilwnro,  swords,  tiliiclds,  nml  spcnrn,  from 
l.lK'kiliiw  iinil  MonKliyr,  iiiid  thone  Miirn/iran  liiriinm  ami  Wci'ii iicir «  irhirh  arc  ilaily  litioiiiiii;.'  niiirr  }w. 
fular  in  India,  cirriiliilt)  rroiii  liciico  tliroiiuli  IIiumIIimuiiiI,  Cnrruokiiixir,  Nujiaiil,  ami  otlii^r  triicls 
whirl!  lire  removed  I'roin  llin  niuln  iirlery  iif  tlu!  (iaiigos."— (Vol.  i.  p  2SU.) 

Procootling  slill  furthrr  into  tho  itiU-rior  of  tlio  country,  and  when  nt  Nuftnnflralmtl,  ilistnnl 
nbovo  1,000  inilos  from  Cnlcutta,  tho  bishop  coiUiiiuos  liis  Journal  in  tho  saino  Btruiii ;  viz. 

"  Kiirnpeiin  nrlicli's  lire,  nl  Nusseernlmd,*  ns  m\\i\\t  he  expected,  very  denr  i  llie  nhops  nre  kepi  hy  n 
Cri'ck  and  iwo  I'iukim-s  I'roiii  ll<iiiili:iy  ;  Ihey  lind  in  their  li»l  nil  tlin  ticiial  iteius  of  ii  Ciileiittii  ware- 
hdiHe.  Miiclisli  rnitiiii  rl.itlifi,  liiilli  \%'hit«  mid  printed,  nrtj  to  be  iiint  Willi  coniinniily  in  wear  aiiiniiK 
the  peiifde  nl'  the  roiintry,  and  may,  I  Icnriieil  to  my  HiirpriHO,  liu  honidit  lieHt  linil  ohenpci^l,  n»  well  iih 
nil  kinds  of  liardwnrc,  crockery,  wriliiiR-deHkH,  &.C.,  at  I'lillo,  ii  larue  town  unil  celehralod  mart  in 
Marwar.  on  tlii,  edge  of  the  desert,  several  days'  loiirnoy  wont  of  Joiidpoor,  where,  till  very  liileiy, 
no  lliiropcan  was  known  to  have  peiuitratcd."— (Vol.  II,  p.  30.) 

Aa  to  tho  I'huractcr  of  tho  Hindoos,  thoir  ciipaeity,  ond  even  anxious  doniro  for  improve- 
nu'ut,  tho  bishop^!  testimony  is  c(|ually  clear  and  decided ;  and  as  this  is  ii  point  of  pro-cini- 
iioiit  iinportiince,  tho  reader's  attention  is  rcipiested  to  the  following  ctateineiits : — 

"  In  the  nchciols  which  have  heun  lately  eslahlislied  in  lliis  part  of  the  empire,  nf  which  there  aro 
nt  preHeiit  '.I  esialilislied  liy  the  (;hiircli  Missionary,  and  II  hy  Ihn  CliriHtian  Knowledge  .Siicii;iir:«, 
fome  very  iinexpecliMl  facts  have  orcnrred.  Ah  nil  direct  attempts  to  convert  tho  childri^n  are  din- 
rlaiined.  the  parents  send  them  without  scrtiph^  Iliil  it  i^  no  less  Hlranue  than  trn(-,  lliiit  there  is  no 
olijection  made  to  Ihe  use  of  tliu  Old  and  New  'restament  ns  a  class-hook  ;  that  so  loiii;  iim  Hie 
teachers  do  not  iiriie  llieni  In  eat  what  will  niaki'  them  lose  their  cusle,  or  to  he  baptised,  or  In  ( iiii:o 
their  country's  pods,  they  readily  consent  to  every  thinK  else  :  and  not  only  MnHsiilniaiis,  lint  Ihali- 
miiis,  stand  by  with  perfect  coolness,  nnd  listen  snineliines  with  appnreiit  intirest  anil  pleasure, 
while  the  scholars,  by  the  roud  s'u\i:,  nro  rending  liie  stories  of  the  creation  and  of  Jesus  (Jlirlst."— 
(V(d.  ii.  p.  SHO.) 

"  llearinjj  nil  I  bad  heard  of  the  prejudices  of  the  Hindoos  nnd  Miii-'siilmans.  I  certainly  did  not  at 
nil  expect  io  find  that  the  rommoii  people  would,  not  only  without  olijection,  lint  with  tiiir  greatest 
lliaiikrnlncss,  penil  their  children  to  schools  on  l!<'ll°..>  system  ;  and  they  seem  to  be  I'lilly  seiiKlide  of 
the  advantatfeK  conferred  by  writine,  arilhmetic,  aiiil.'aliove  all,  by  a  knowledge  of  lliiii'lisli.  'I'liiii) 
nre  now  in  L'alcnna,  nnd  Hie  siirronndiiiL'  villages,  '.20  boys'  sclinofs,  cnntainiiig  ''I'  to  I'iU  each  ;  and 
2.1  itirls',  earh  of  2.i  or  ,10."— (Vid   ii.  p.  IldO.) 

"In  the  same  holy  city  (Ilennres)  I  visited  •.■.r,.iiner  rolleRn,  founded  lately  bj  .  'vealtliy  Ilind.io 
banker,  nnd  intrusted  by  him  to  the  inanaKeinent  of  the  Chnrch  Missionary  l^nciet\ .  in  wbirh,  be- 
sides a  Kraminatical  knowled!'!-  of  the  Hiiidooslanee  lanjriiage,  as  well  ns  Persian  and  Araliic,  the 
senior  boys  cniibl  pass  a  (,'ond  examination  In  I'.nalisli  (jraminar,  in  Iliinie's  llislnry  of  lOniilaiul, 
Joyce's  Scientific  DinloRiies,  the  use  of  the  (.'bdies,  ami  llie  principal  facts  and  moral  prei  i  pts  of  ilio 
(lospel ;  most  of  lliem  writinp  beantifnlly  in  tin-  Persian,  and  very  tolerably  In  the  KiiL'li.>i|i  charac- 
ter, and  exielling  niost  boys  1  have  met  with  In  the  uccurncy  and  readiness  of  their  ariilimelic."'— 
(Vol.  II.  p.  :iHS.) 

"'I'he  ditl'ereiU  nations  which  I  have  seen  in  India,  (for  it  is  a  Rrent  misialie  In  suppose  that  all 
India  is  peopleitby  a  single  race,  or  that  there  is  not  as  preat  a  disparity  between  Ihe  inhiibiinnts  of 
Cii/.erat,  Helical,  the  Uooah,  nnd  Ihe  Deccan.  Iioili  in  laiiKUiiKe,  manners,  and  physiognomy,  as  be- 
tween any  four  nations  in  Fairope,)  have,  of  c<inr8e,  in  n  (iri'ater  ox  U'-"-  decree, the  vices  which  imi>t 
be  expected  to  attend  on  arbitrary  poveinment.  a  demoralisinL'  and  nbsiinl  religion,  and  (in  ail  the 
indepe;i.lent  elates,  nnd  in  some  of  the  districts  which  are  parlinlly  subject  to  the  Uritish^  a  la.xily  of 
law,  and  an  alaiost  universal  prevalence  of  inlesliiii'  feuds  and  habits  (.1  plunder.  The  general  cha- 
racter, however,  has  much  »  liicli  is  extremely  plea-oij;  to  me  ;  they  are  brave,  cnurteons,  inlellipent, 
and  miisl  eapcr  after  knowledite  and  iinprovenuiit.  with  n  remarkablo  talent  for  the  scieiires  of 
peomelry,  aslronoiny,  fcc,  ns  well  as  for  Hie  arts  of  paintinc  and  sciilplnrc.  In  nil  tliesi-  points  tiiey 
iiave  bad  treat  dillicuitii'S  to  striitfgle  with,  both  from  Ihe  want  of  models,  instruments,  nnd  eieinem- 
ary  instruction  :  the  indisposition,  or  rather  the  horror,  enierlaiiieil,  till  Intely,  by  many  ninoiiK  their 
Duropean  masters,  for  giving  them  instruction  of  any  kind  ;  nnd  now  from  the  real  diil'iculty  wliirh 
exists  of  translating  works  of  science  into  languages  which  have  no  corresponding  tefiiis."— (Vol.  ii, 
p.  WX) 

Even  if  our  space  permitted,  H  would  be  unnecessary  to  add  to  these  extracts.  Tho  facts 
nnd  cii-i-umstiince.s  now  mentioned,  iiiiist,  we  think,  .satisfy  every  otu-  that  there  is  nothing  in 
the  nature  of  Iiidiiin  society,  in  the  institution  of  castes  a.s  at  pi'e.sent  existing,  or  in  the  habits 
ami  customs  of  the  natives,  to  hinder  tliein  from  advancing  in  the  career  of  civilisation,  coiii- 
incrce,  nnd  wealth,  "  It  may  safely  bo  assorted,"  says  Mr.  ilamillon,  "  that  with  so  vast  an 
evlent  of  li-riiie  soil,  jieopled  by  so  many  millions  of  tractable  and  industrious  iidiubitaiits, 
lliiidostan  is  capable  of  supplying  the  whole  world  with  any  species  of  tropical  merchandise; 
the  production,  in  fact,  being  only  limited  by  the  demand." 

;i.  Trade  with  Inrlin. — Tiie  principal  obstacle  in  tho  way  of  extending  the  commerce  with 
India  does  not  consist  in  any  inih.spoaitiiMi  on  the  part  of  the  natives  to  purchase  our  com- 
mnditic;",  but  in  the  <lilVicully  under  which  they  are  placed  of  furnishing  eipiivaleiils  for  them. 
This,  however,  is  rather  a  factitious  Ihan  a  real  diiricully.  It  results  more  from  tho  discriini- 
nnling  duties  laid  on  several  articles  of  Indian  produce,  than  from  th  ir  being,  in  any  respect, 
UMsuit,i'iile  for  our  markets.  Instead  of  admitting  all  tho  articles  rai.sed  it'  the  dillercnt  dc- 
p-ndencies  of  the  eii\pirc  for  home  consuin|)tion  on  tlic  same  terms,  wo  have  been  accustonieJ 
to  give  a  marked  preference  to  those  raised  in  tho  West  Indies.  We  confess,  however,  that 
wc  are  wholly  unabli-  to  discover  any  grounds  on  which  to  vindicate  such  preference.  'J"hc 
protection  which  every  just  government  is  bound  to  atford  to  all  classes  of  its  subjects,  cannot 
vary  with  the  varying  degrees  of  laliludo  and  loiigiludo  under  which  they  happen  to  live. 
,\ik1  as  no  one  denies  that  the  inhabitants  of  Uengul  are,  us  well  u..'  those  of  Demerara  or 
Jamaica,  liege  subject.^  of  the  British  crown,  it  do'  s  seem  (juitc  at  variance  with  every  fair 


Nusseerabnd,  near  Ajmcre,  in  the  heart  uf  the  R.ijepout  country. 


I'ldfl,  aiiil  spcnrs,  from 
{ily  imoiiiiii;,'  morr  pn- 
Kiiil,  ailtl  (ilhrr  tiuci!) 

Vusnnoralind,  distmU 
c  Haino  Htritiii ;  viz, 

lie  Bliops  nri"  ki'|ii  by  a 
fl  lit'  11  Ciilriilta  wans 
iiiiiiily  ill  vvtsir  iiiiiiiiik 
ill  i'lirli(ii!st,  iiH  well  114 
ml  ruloliriilcit  iiiiirt  In 
iVliurv,  till  vuiy  liitvly, 

i]e.sire  for  imjirovp. 
I  a  point  of  prc-cmi- 
LMiiciits : — 

ire,  nf  \v)ili-li  tlwri'  aro 
KikiwIimIki!  SdcliMirs, 
tlin  cliililri'ii  nil'  iIIh- 
i\  (rii(>,  lliat  lliiri'  is  nii 
;  lliat  f'l  limit  a>i  tlie 
i(!  liapliHril.  nr  III  riirso 
Inssiiliiians,  Inn  liiali- 
iiitiTi'St  anil  pli-asari', 
(I  111'  Ji!siis  (Jlirlm."— 

:,  1  rrrtaiiily  iliil  not  at 
liiil  Willi  liii'  (jrt'aiist 
III  lie  fully  snisililc  i\( 
L'l"  iif  l''ii>i;liM!i.  'I'lii'ii! 
g  ''■{'•  to  1'20  eai-.h  ;  and 

/  li;  .  'veallliy  Hindoo 
Siif  iol) ,  ill  wliicli,  bi'. 
rsian  and  Araliir,  ilii> 
8  llislnry  id'  l',«!;land, 
moral  prci  cpts  nl"  llio 
In  tin:  Kiiuli!-li  cliarai;- 
>(  their  arilliiiielio.''— 

lUe  to  suppouc  that  all 

I'rn  iliH  iiihiiliilaiitH  uf 

phyHiiisiioiiiy,  as  he- 

,tlii'  vii'iw  wliirh  must 

liKinn,  and  (in  all  llii> 

le  Itritislil  a  laxity  nf 

The  (.'rmral  ( lia- 

oiirti'onK,  iiitidliKciil, 

for  the  Kiiiiiren  of 

all  these  pniiitH  they 

liienls,  niid  eleimiii- 

hy  many  amime  their 

real  difliuiilty  wliirh 

liiil}  tefiiis." — (.Vol.  ii. 

tructs.     Tlin  farts 

there  is  nothiiip;  in 
ling,  or  ill  the  habits 

if  civilisaliiiii,  coiu- 
hat  witli  so  vast  an 

liious  inliahitalits, 
ipii'ul  merchandise; 

tlic  coininerrp  with 
purrhiiw!  iiiir  com- 
inivaU^ils  fur  tlier.i, 
from  till!  disciiini- 
inp:,  in  any  res|iiYt, 
I'  tile  dilKrrnt  de- 
ve  liien  act'UslomeJ 
fcsx,  however,  that 
1  preferenee.  'J'iic 
its  (Hihjei'tB,  eannot 
ey  happen  to  live, 
ise  of  l)eineiara  or 
ice  witli  every  fair 

dry. 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Tuade,  &c.). 


635 


principle,  to  treat  them  worse  tlian  tiio  Woat  Indiann,  by  imposing  higher  duties  on  their  pro- 
duee  when  hroiiglit  to  our  iniirlicts. 

'I'lie  following  'I'ableH  give  u  rouiprolienHivo  view  of  tiio  trade  with  India  mnco  the  relaxa- 
tion of  the  monopoly  in  1  rt  1 4,  and  pat  Jcularly  during  the  3  years  ending  witli  1 838  : — 

An  Arroiint  of  the  'Value  of  the  Imports  niid  Kxports  lietwoen  Oreat  Hritain  and  nil  the  Place* 
I'.aHlward  of  the  Cape  of  (•'ood  Mope  (rxcepliiij;  China);  diHtinsnisliiii};  iIik  I'rivale  'l'rad>'  I'roiii 
(hat  of  the  ilium  India  (Juni|iuny,  in  uacli  Vuur,  t'rum  1S14  tu  the  lalcMt  l'«riod  to  whiclitlu:  HUine  can 
be  inadu  up. 


yom. 

V.llilu  nf  Inipnrtn   into  Great  IlriUiit 
KiHtwurl  of  Dm  I'^pfifif  Ofinil  Mfi| 
.irrnnliiiK  to  llii^  rni-un  ;lt  lliit  K.itl 
H.iIlb  in  tin  ruiiectlvr  Vu.id. 

from  all  PlacM 

m  (iiri|,l  China), 
tn>lia  Coinjiaiiy't 

Vdlun  of  Klportfi  frim  Greal  Hrlliln  lo  all  I'lacM  Bait- 
H.iril  of  tlm  Cilic  r,f  (io..!  Hv<pe  (i'X''"|,t  CIn.  ij,  ac- 
(i-r-linu  to  llii!  Dcctanilioiw  of  tlie  La|)oi1,ti'i. 

Hy  Iho  KmI 
IikIli  Unitipiiiy. 

nw^'t  TfKio. 

Tol.ll  Impcirln, 

Ily  llio  Enst 
luilia  (jomijany. 

P.ivaloTnile. 

Tntil  Eiporta. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

/; 

£ 

I8M 

4,2IIH,07!) 

4,13.SI!W 

8,013,275 

^0,558 

1,(I4m,|32 

1,874,000 

1N15 

3,llll>,.'>riO 

5,IHI,r,ll 

8,l30,lli7 

',)!I(1,2I8 

1,.%',I,513 

2,5(i.-),7(il 

idlf) 

a,(i,:7,7r3 

4,in-2,i)s'j 

0,42!),78,') 

03;(,JU> 

],l»jr),<.MI'J 

2,,')hU,4.'),i 

lhl7 

s,:!'23.(;;in 

'i,.'>)i,i).')(> 

(1,8I1,^„',m0 

03^,3m2 

2,7.'iU,;i33 

3,3*8,715 

IHH 

a,:iu5,i)()3 

(,U()1,114 

(1,2(10,117 

5j3,;«r) 

3,(I1^^,77'J 

3,.'.T2,I01 

IHIO 

l,'.>:i2,ioi 

J,(iK,1,,"lt)7 

0,015,708 

700,D08 

l,.W0,r)75 

2,ni7,o;-3 

ISilt 

l,7:J7,i:i7 

4,':(ii,:w) 

6,!ir)8,,'i20 

!t71,0iMl 

2,iir,,ni5 

2.li:i7,llll 

IHM 

i,7i;(,7;u 

3,(ni,iin 

4,77.'),1 10 

W7,01!) 

2.rt,-.(i,770 

3,.')  1  l,3'J5 

l.s.ii 

1  ,(i',w,;i'i'j 

2,(iUI,.'t31 

3,71.3,1-03 

0(10,(18!) 

2,^,;M.3.^I 

3,111.113 

lM',!:i 

1,587,078 

4,31l,il73 

5,932,0:.l 

45S,0f,O 

2,!)'j7,70j 

3,1I0,'!.')5 

18-21 

1,1!M,7,'.3 

4,'ll(),,147 

6,'j(l.-i,10') 

0.V1,783 

2,MI,-!l.) 

3,.lll(l,.''.78 

ivil 

i,i(i-j,n'.ii 

4,7ir,,{Ki 

0,I78,77.'J 

.')(w,r)'j3 

2,;i7  l.liC.O 

3,173,213 

IMiti 

l,.V2!t,()bO 

5,2U),«''(i 

(),730,y20 

!)'.«l,!Klt 

2,lt-(),.','-N 

3,47I,.'J.',3 

1N127 

),lil'^,tM) 

4,hti8,rj37 

6,081,017 

W)'.,OIO 

3,h;i(i,.'i^() 

4.«3i'>,l«0 

ISUS 

i.ynii.Kr/ 

.%  130,073 

7.«0.'),180 

4'<8,(',0I 

3,!)7'»,ii72 

4,K'.7,073 

In-W 

I,«);t,ii2 

4,ll'2l,bli 

0,21^,281 

43  l,MO 

3,(1('),"i,(p78 

4.1(10,204 

iM:m 

l,.')!);i,5(iH 

4,()8:>,i05 

5,0711,071 

ll).'i,;t!H 

3,81)1,(11 ; 

4.II,''7.3I1 

ih:u 

I,i:ii,.i7a 

4,'2()5,13H 

5,72«,h!0 

1!0,IS() 

3,I8S,.',V1 

3,035,051 

Wii 

1,107,787 

5,'«U,3W 

6,3»7,0«9 

149,li)3 

2,601.01)3 

3,TriO,28rt 

An  Account  of  Iho  Import"  into  Creat  Britniii  from  all  riarns  Eastward  of  the  ('iiji' of  (;ond  Hope 
(e.\ieptiiii,'  China),  ilifilin);aiHliiinr  between  lleiHe  made  by  the  K.ast  India  (,'ciiiipan)  and  thoKe  niada 
bv  private  Traders  durinir  the  Three  Veara  ending  with  18W.— (From  I'arl.  I'a 

1833.) 


laii) 
I'uiier, 


No.  425.  civHa. 


Arlicles. 


171,523 

47,538 


620,333 


AloM   •  ■  •      h». 

Ai.il'u:li.ll         ■  •      — 

rA-nj.miiil         •  •      — 

lluix  ■  ■  •      — 

C.iiiii'liirr,  UiirpririiHt         — 
C;m..t,     vix.     raiuiil     J'l'tt 

(trouiiil)        •  uiuiil). 

Colfre  •  •      lli"- 

Cnlloii    piece    ((oi»1«,  wlale 

calicouH  ainl  luohliiia,  [ts. 
Culton  piecu  K'""'",  ''y*'** 
I  cotton  .V  Krau  cluIlK,  |>l's. 
Nilioiiii  rlollii  •      — 

|(. I,  ■'„;..«,>      .  -      ll.>. 

ICvii.*  I'li'l^      •  ■     ~ 

K'.issii  llldlCl     •  •         — 

iCiiiiiaiiiou        •  *      — 

'Cio\iM  •  *      — 

C'.tlou  w.iol     -  •      — 

JJyit  an(  li:ir'(  )elj»ny,     (oiis 

woolly,  vl/   )  roi  sautlcin, 
Kliii.haiiU' ti-i-lh  -   cvvl. 

(i;,ll.i    -  •  •      — 

(linjiT  ■  •      — 

Ouni,  aniini  anj  copal,    ItM. 
Aral.ic  ■  •   cwl. 

I.1C  ilyc,  he  I.4I10,  ikI  calie 

I,,'  .  .      lbs. 

Slii'li  1.1c  nnJ  «eeJ  lao    — 
Mi.'kUc       •  •     — 

lIlTup  •  •    c»(. 

Nillnu'.l  •  ■      IbH. 

III.  I'JMnr  •  •        — 

C'C'ii  i.ot     •  -    cwl. 

ol  III  o'L'  ^  nudiiega,  lbs  oz 

01  Inn ■  •    cwl. 

IVjiptr,  of  ;ill  iorta      ■      II13.1     • 
llilis,  unlaouul  -    Cwl,      • 

li>l;«o  •  ■     Va,'    2,154,311 

M.1,T.    .  •  .       _  I      .  . 

Ml  M.r  rnl    •  -   cwl. 

M  >'iiiif  0'  pearl  lllBrs,  rh.Iba. 
Mii>!!  •  •      oz. 

Illiiilnrh  .  -      ll:i. 

Hut,  not  in  llni  busk,     cwl. 
to  the  husk  •  '  liiitli. 

Sullimcr         -  -   c«t, 

Sai;o     •  •  •       — 

MliiiHre         -  •     —  44,9i8j 

■...  ni  -  .     Ibi 

s.lii,  rii>-, '.vwlCiSillim,    —      l,oao,%3| 


1830. 


rant 

Imaa 

('onipany. 


IViiali: 
'i'raJc. 


5l,n(i5 

b.Ti" 

I27,.12>i 

2,41'.,'(ii 
7,(tii,7a<J 


2(»,02,-. 

673..->«l 

4l,«r, 

8li,7.'>ii 

Ml,2''i; 

44i),ui« 

3,111.'* 

ll,8W,'.'ili 

1,301 

II 

l,Wi 

l,l!»l 

M.li-l 
l,Ulii 

4S.1.269 

64.1.1 :« 

37,  ,9. 

14.1  «i 

4Vi-a' 

441,.'::; 

6.1-4 

Wi  I  I 

4,l»<l 

5. 1 04 
6,T7A.1lii 

mi 

46'i.V)l 
3,320 
l.iT.ill 
livl^7 
2I,"I» 
2,170' 

9^7T^ 
I7i>..'i;i 


1831. 


E.iit 

li.dia     I 
Company,  j 


Trivaln 
'I'raile. 


6l,l/«', 

b,722 

27,421- 

m.b-l' 

873,liU 

l,UiJ,TM 
17l,?23 

2J2,:>(i3 

673,.,->l 

41,0  r. 

Wi,7.'i-i 

WI,2M(i 

44!i,(i'>(i 

3,l!l» 

1'2,5I2,«»'J 

1,301 

14 

1,6.  ;2 

l,5lil| 

l.ili'J! 

65,(iili 

l,!W2 

4i<-),2(IO 

e4!),o3e 

»7,J9''> 

14,131 

43,0.,a 

441,27:-. 

e.4H4 

46(i,i'), 

4,l''li 

«,74J,22l 

6,IU4 

7,926,8i7 

12.1102 

■Jili 

46--,MM 

3.320 

li7,Jll 

2 1,9  IS 

2.170 

2,(jjl 

143,7  '2 

n(i.',t3 

l,7j(),iJi 


ToWl. 


1,407 
32,107 


i,(no,4i;i 

i,7«l,97H 


20,30', 
S!t2 

I^VIl 
lOU.SIVU 

3,ftli«.42! 
",tJjli,3SH)I 

1-.,9(X) 


136,731 
ai4.li7l 
72.^0U 
171,720 
!».!.T-.'I 
1(2^,1W1 
12I,()(I7 
446,930  23,3li0,lil3 
111 
(li 
2.17.) 
1,0.11 
HV) 
100.  .'74 
2,4111, 

7,732,2' 
1,14*;,  1>; 
I4'<,lll 
ll,V3il 
1(0,0311 
1143,373 

3,r.a 

6.^1,14 

761 

6,0r>7,77G 

3,37a' 

6,223.2(,H, 

4U.U.lli 

2. -.7 1 1 

510,1112, 

3,147 

1.13,  tli2 

I3;l,>^'>7t 

»3.,VW; 

2,4)6 

2,2-,;i| 
14i,i«i; 

■    I       20fl,'<'.«' 
l,08?,in3        t)3U,077' 


20,,Kli 

F3,-7il 
IM.24i 
106,S,-Sl 

3,9ft«,42 1 

7,(>i«,3<-, 

n.lXiT 
I,  «>3K 

171,720 
3'1!,7,!.' 
222,91)1 
124.607 
25,S13,'.7'I 


i8sa. 


Kail 

lii'ba 

C'oinpany. 


Total. 


2,.WC,415 


1.1)31 

b-.0 

1W.274 

2,189 


2S,8I8; 


7.'i3.2-,2 

I.UIi.l^" 

1 111,114 

ll,71'> 

I10,(«l^l 

* 

3l:),J7.! 

3.>:i-. 

Ml. 14 

7>ii 

• 

fl,12,2f') 

3,170 

7,'X)>.2lii 

1,731,^ 

40.21 

2. -.71 

61,v::<2 

3,117 

13.1, 1||2 

I3I.S-7 

Ii3,ii3 

2,4111 

2.2  <J 

no,-,22 

49,r. 

2(k>,li<IO 

I,-2j,ImO 

727,' 

216,1001 

16:.  .0; 

67,2  IS 

7',  1 7,) 

91'ii,iii» 

2i,7.'l' 

224,614 

32,(aj,0>9 

70 

Ml) 

i,.i:."' 

fi.7 

2,409 

16,-,,2<)ll 
2,093 

4.')n,379 

1,071!, 2ol 

319,:Til 

6 1,1!  I'll 

223,120 

2i7,3,-7 

IO,r.H) 

2M,lii 

3,30(1 

4,63(1.474 

10,7391 

4,47'I,!!(ITI 

72,022 

331 

72l,rj27 

8,129 

lir,,237l 

171, -.60 1 

19,741] 

fi.--i-|6 

3,377 

1lj(l.i2« 

461,1117 

1,')S7,6I1 


79,090 

237,220 

lli5,W>7 

67.2 1« 

7->,173 

990,.10S 

2\7.I8 

i'^l.lJll 

3j,2l9,:yi4 

70 

149 

1,010 

M.7 

2,.-,l)9 

I:-,..2J0 

2,093 

4.i!>,379 

l,070.2iil 

3|n,J7.1 

(il.'l-lfl 

223.121) 

2i7,3.--7 

in.lj'.O 

21  1,10 

3,3i.« 

4.C30,47,i 

10,-  ■ , 

C,2ll,-9.'> 

"2,r22 

3;4 

72:,M7 

H.I29 

11.1,2.17 

171,M0 

l!l,:44 

B.1=i(< 

3.3-7 

22'1,.>3» 

41,1,1117 

liS-UitH.'! 


I 


I 


a! 


! 


!  $ 


636 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


ImportB — eontiitued. 


ii 


i 


I 


hi 


fn 


,!.', 


u 


Articles 

1830. 

1831. 

1833. 

Coiiipany.      ""•• 

Total. 

East 

India 
Company. 

rilvata 
Trade. 

Total. 

Elut 

India 

Coniiiaoy. 

Privaie 
Tndt. 

Total 

flUkf  manufioturod,  v\t. 

Btttdaiui       haodkei-chieft 

ud  roniala           piucm 

Cra|)r,  ill  piires            — 

Crajw  Bliawlv,  irarf,  and 

gown-pipccs  ami  hand- 

fcerrtiiela         •    Dumb. 

TalTafieA,  ukI  other  ailka, 

in  piecea           •    piwes 

Soap    •           •           -   cwt. 

Spirit?,  via.  arrack,  imp.gall. 

Su<ar,  uorvhiifld         •   cwU 

Tin                 •           •      — 

TorloiHtahell,  rougti  •     Iba. 

Turmeric        -            •      — 

Wrmilion       •           •      — 

Uitier  ariiclea          value  /.. 

68,524 

6,173 
118,359 

2,813 

66,762 
613 

23,71! 

2,36« 

11 

41,419 

6«),72» 

14,674 

32,189 

1,867,764 

200,020 

124,278 
613 

23,711 

8,529 

11 

41,419 

779,087 

14,574 

32,1)19 

l,807,7&t 

208,833 

62,087 

4,2g2 

102,476 

■        '■ 
■ 

2,181 

121,401 
032 

17,740 

S,086 

7,911 

047,972 

.1,472 

30,1X12 

l,292;02S 

10,92a 

301,279 

184,308 
832 

17,740 

7,  ■•.:_ 

7,91 ! 

750,449 

5,472 

30,902 

l,292,a2l< 

10,923 

303,460 

63,647 

■                 ■ 

2,206 
'  56,060 

148,340 

11,469 

2,319 

20,891 
647,077 
26,612 
39.0U4 
1,004,043 
1,920 
208,719 

211,^: 

11,46) 

4,626 

20,5ill 
7li;l,l37 
iUMi 
3e.l<|.l 

l,oo-i,04:. 

I,!l26 
208,719 

Toiil  Value  of  Imptmi,    L. 

1,699,506,    4,083,6031    6,679,071      1,434,372 

4,295,438 

6,729,810 

1,107,787 

6,22»,31l|     e,33:,ISI8| 

An  Account  of  the  ftiinnlitips  nnd  declared  Values  of  the  various  ArtUlfs  exported  from  (ireat  Rri- 
Inin  to  oil  riuces  Kastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (except  China),  distinguishing  between 
those  made  by  the  East  India  Company,  and  those  made  by  private  Traders,  during  the  Three 
Yearti  ending  with  1832.— tFroin  the  Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Bess.  1833.) 


Article*. 

13.10.                   1 

1!!31. 

1832. 

Kast 
India 
Comp. 

Private 
TraJe. 

Tout. 

E.ut 
India 

CODI)). 

Private 
Tcide. 

Total. 

Ejjt 

iBdIa 
Cimp. 

Privale 
Trade. 

Toial. 

Apothecary  wares 

Declared  value  L. 

10/)8S 

9.G42 

20,230 

6,582 

6,169 

12,751 

6,967 

0,77^ 

16,745 

Apiwnl    .           ■           "           • 

4,35i 

2!-,224 

32,576 

1,895 

27,3b2 

2!i.2-.7 

9,271 

23,477 

32,7l,f 

tter  auJ  ale          •           -       tuns 

3,473 

3,473 

2li 

3,144 

3,170 

. 

4,737 

4,737 

Declared  value  L. 

. 

71,304 

71,364 

390 

60,4(B 

60,71)5 

. 

t-7,600 

87,t<j8 

Bot)k«,  printed                  •       cwt. 

40 

703 

743 

6 

«2;> 

829 

ir. 

1,032 

!,Oli 

Declared  value  L, 

1,U3 

19,5M 

20,647 

2)9 

23,010 

23,275 

237 

27,189 

2-,.U'(, 

Braaa         •                              cut. 

10 

232 

242 

5 

164 

169 

45 

1J4 

Ibt) 

Declared  value  I.. 

90 

2,146 

2,236 

40 

1,244 

1,284 

393 

l,0Ui 

1,398 

Cabinet  anJ  upholstery  ware* 

Declared  v  l«jr  £. 

. 

3,526 

3,523 

, 

2,019 

2,019 

47 

3,098 

3,145 

Carriagea                        -  nuwrfjer 

. 

133 

1S3 

, 

137 

137 

.    ■ 

80 

M 

Declared  value  L. 

ll.tO'i 

n.soa 

. 

9,3i.2 

9.3n 

.    . 

6  430 

6,430 

CoiU         -        „•          .*       '""• 

"  1.877 

2,l(iC 

4,043 

2,013 

3,043 

6,0-i6 

1,9>6 

4,547 

tltrj 

Declared  value  L. 

2,53H 

1,(63 

3,i9l 

2,314 

2,555 

4,8I>9 

1,870 

3,898 

6,7(,g 

Cochineal  .           -           -        lbs. 

. 

44,3JJ 

44,329 

34,076 

31,676 

. 

29,5sa 

2!),388 

Declared  value  /,. 

.     . 

21,0j6 

21,066 

. 

13,870 

13,870 

. 

11,095 

11,095 

Colours  for  painters 

Declare"!  value  L. 

679 

14,434 

16,113 

891 

8,573 

9,464 

1,150 

11,951 

13,101 

Copper,  uiiwrought,  in  bricks  and 

pigs        .            •            -        cwi. 

. 

4(i,B07 

46,807 

. 

49,359 

49,359 

2,S39 

4.1,710 

46,319 

Declared  value  L. 

. 

2(Xi,0=,0 

200.050 

. 

9*1,936 

204,ffil6 

11, IH- 

I7f<,l0(; 

189,216 

wrought,  of  all  ^orts  cwt. 
Declared  value  /.. 

1,02S 

43,15^8 

44,214 

714 

35,216 

33.930 

i 

40,.'..1>' 

40,-91 

6,0')!- 

I9j,i'98 

200,156 

3,500 

1W,.534 

157,034 

I.  Ji 

173,87li 

175,10» 

Corda««    •           ■                  cwt. 

411 

911 

l,3;,2 

1,405 

1,595 

3,0i-0 

285 

6,751 

6,036 

Declired  value  L. 

1,101 

2,187 

3,2t9 

3,270 

3,615 

6,915 

60J 

10,324 

11,121J 

Cotton  nianuriclureii  (British) 

C&Iicot»,  diC,  white  or  plain 

yanls 

7,500 

37,rKV.,687 

37,5«3,IS7 

10,410 

29,639,667 

2S,649,<)77 

6,414 

3-1,077,510 

34,084,^4 

Declared  value  L 

240 

l,00il,!'65 

1,009,105 

320 

726,381. 

726,706 

268 

818,921 

819,1^9 

Ditto,  printed,  cheeked,  alained, 

orojed          •           ■      y:irtla 

2,600 

13,426,203 

13,42SI,t03 

890 

13,971,220 

13,972.110 

17,^07,08!- 

17,907,C«s 

Declircil  value  L. 

m 

636,901 

63^,111 

71 

471,617 

471, OSS 

631,054 

631,604 

Muslini,  Ac,  whife  or  plain, 

yards 

. 

6,917,969 

6,9IT.'.>S9 

6,362,970 

6,362,976 

5,192.287 

5,I92,2S7 

Declared  value  /,. 

• 

lb5,»40 

lt5,M0 

•     . 

179,662 

179,862 

143,140 

143,140 

Ditto,  printed,  checked,  ilairitti, 

or  dyed         -           -        yants 

160,271 

166,271 

• 

K''.473 

597,473 

. 

38.1,502 

384,562 

Declared  value  /.. 

7,662 

7,662 

,     . 

22.579 

«2,67» 

14,161- 

14,11,8 

Hoiiery,  and  uoiaM  »var(*i 

Dedartdv.lu.'/.. 

149 

21,685 

2I,S3S 

90 

18,280 

19,370 

23,242 

23,242 

A(riTP«ate  tilue  of  Hritiih  coi- 

ton  luanutictures 

Declared  value  f.. 

6-1  ?1 

1,760,003 

I,7VI,,W2 

4«l 

1,419,614 

l,l»19,995 

<541,8',3 

288 

I„531,I26 

i^.S 

Cotton  tw  iat  and  yarn      •         lbs. 
Deelireil  value  /.. 

38 

4,«!>9,!i32 

4,ei9,570 

6,541,853 

169 

4,2!>5.25.'< 

1 

324,964 

J2 1,955 

, 

463,762 

4X1,762 

12 

309,719 

3i«,731 

Cotton  manuficture*  {forpi^n) 

Mpiarc  yards 

- 

2,885 

2,l>«5 

. 

7.806 

7,806 

\alue  I. 

, 

114 

114 

, 

1 

1 

. 

091 

Ml 

Declared  value  /,. 

. 

25S 

2.* 

, 

327 

,127 

901 

!■,,  1  ! 

Kirthcnwaru  of  all  m  rts        iii.ees 

42,000 

1,245.800 

I,287.«10 

27,000 

1,253,525 

1,2»>1.32=. 

'6,900 

2,087  'l-iS 

2,09l,i,Mi 

Dcclare.l  \'aliie  A. 

42'> 

2(1,072 

'2!i,.'iOI 

312 

17,-209 

I7,jj| 

82 

i".  '14 

.;7,0W 

(tiais          •          iJecl-ired  value  /,. 

1.746 

102,870 

I04,6l» 

2,.1M 

100,069 

102,423 

I.OKl 

101,,.'' 

101,117 

UuiiB  ai>d  pistols    -            •  rtiiiid't-r 

2,30(1 

1,400 

3,7(« 

),420 

478 

1,8!)- 

'820 

8. -a 

9,('39 

Dichrcii  vilu'-  L. 

4,2*4 

6,100 

9,384 

I,«B 

8,640 

6,22; 

1,416 

ii;tm 

I2,tf;3 

Haberdwheryand  nullinerv 

Declared  value  L. 

112 

25,367 

26,479 

20 

20,«S2 

20,8^J 

» 

.9,643 

29,r«» 

Ibrdvt'ares  and  cutlrry 

, 

UrUred  value  /.. 

9,030 

72,013 

81,043 

10,3«a 

60.690 

ei,04; 

11,264 

■'  ,096 

82,2S9 

Hats  of  all  aorfii    -           •    dusetis 

\,m 

2,au 

3,454 

:         9S0 

2.014 

2.'*i 

1,001 

J/;oi 

3.7921 

Declared  value  L. 

1,84- 

13,510 

15,3S7 

;     '.471 

',376 

l«>47 

1,60-1 

n'.vto 

14.364: 

Iron,  tax  ar.d  UA<             •       t-ns 

43 

12,290 

12.339 

'            93 

r,755 

Il.t*- 

30 

r,ji,'0 

17,430, 

n*':lare<!  value  /,. 

370 

><tJ.93'< 

>7,314 

980 

79,258 

80.a> 

2T2 

h.3  7h6 

104.037, 

cast  anc"  wroutfht     ■       cwt, 

B,9Mi 

60,616 

^■;m 

;    ia402 

75,987 

K6>- 

2,4B:'> 

.■',!''-l 

61,3431 

DecUred  value  /. 

7,341 

60,231 

*r,jT2 

l£,&24 

60,628 

a,4ii 

2,740 

37,910 

40,656' 

iACt  f.nJ  thread  of  (jold  aiti.   sil- 

1 

ver          ■           •                   Ibn. 

1P3 

657 

no 

96 

212 

30- 

187 

474 

66ll 

r.?-la.t,i  value  i. 

I,4.V. 

4,6«' 

6.116 

7Ni 

1,677 

2.4«3 

1,485 

2,944 

4,4(19' 

Lemd  and  shot       -                   totis 

■M 

!,«« 

1,2a 

52 

I.2J0 

1..132 

«1 

l.'.ii-, 

\.l'i<i 

Declared  value  /,. 

4h: 

le,'.": 

10,1104 

-.19 

16,432 

17,151 

827 

18,980 

19,81.1 

Laatber  ai:d  uddlery 

Declared  value  L 

1,345 

29,051 

30,3M 

3,971 

18,367 

22,039 

1,503 

22,709 

24,214 

■'.■^"  '*C-~  T 


1833. 

y- 

PrWiie 
Tnde. 

Total 

47 

106 
«0 

148,340 

11,489 

2,319 

20,,tgi 
«7,077 
86,612 
38,004 
1,004,04J 
I,9J8 
208,719 

11,463 

t,m 

80,591 
711.1,137 
26,1,42 
38,I<M 

i,cio.j,im:, 

\M26 
20S,-Iil 

87 

b^,3ll 

ti,33:,lil8 

rted  fVom  Oreat  Uri- 
tingiiifliin^  between 
»,  duiiiiy  tlio  Three 


1832. 


9,77f- 
i»,477 

4,737 
fc7,600 

1,032 

27,189 

121 

l,OU: 

3,098 
80 
E430 
4,647 
3,898 
29,588 
11,093 

11,991 

4.1,710 
17S,I13(; 

4(l,.'.-l 

173,H7li 

6,7r,l 

10,524 


3.|,077,8I0 
818,921 

17,T07,fiPf< 
631,054 

6,192.2S7 
I|J,U0 

3?.|,562 
I4,ltit< 

23,212 


1,531,125 

4,2' '^Ji,* 
309,719 


991 

991 

2,087  -119 

i'.-«i4 
lUi,l.^ 

ll,i->Tj 


,0?5l 


".Jim 


J7,l(i<Jl 

474' 
2,944 

IH.US'O 

23,709 


I6,7i: 

32,"4!j 
4,73- 

67,Uia 
!,IM:> 

2;.li(, 

PK! 

1,39s 

3,145 

>0 
6,43u 
6,4:3 
6,708 
2i),5»8 
11,095 

13,101 

46,(1.19 
1^9,2I6 

40,-.  91 

175, 10> 

6,036 

11,126 


34,084,:<4 
8l9,l!U 

17,907,W 
631,054 

5,lM,2y 
143,140 

3P4,5e! 
14,I6« 

23,242 


1,51'  JM 
4,2V    127 


Ml 

c;u| 

2,09l,2ilMl 

,;7,0(jtii 

101,117 

9,l'39 

12,8:3; 

S9,;V» 

82,2*9! 
3.792! 
14.364: 
17,430, 
104,0.17 
61,340^ 
40,656i 

661I 
4,.III9' 
l,i:''i 
I9,H,) 

24,2141 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.)« 


637 


Exporti.— «ont(ii««iL 


Aitlclei. 

1830. 

1831. 

1632.                 1 

East 

India 
Cnnip. 

Print* 
Trade. 

Total. 

Eut 

Indi* 
Comp. 

Priot* 

Trada. 

Total. 

Eut 

India 
Comp. 

Prlrati 
Trade. 

Total. 

Uaeii  Diaaufactur<« 

Dec  r  4  red  value  L. 
Machinery  and  niill-.w-rk 

Declared  vatae  L. 

2,077 

21,211 

23,298 

1,611 

23,724 

26,335 

6,341 

43,713 

40,066 

7,894 

11,105 

28,489 

8,092 

10,340 

l3,4iU 

3,661 

11,623 

16,174 

Militarv    a(ore»     not     othcrwiM 
described 

Declared  value  L. 

6,083 

494 

t;38T 

1,081 

221 

1,302 

128 

115 

243 

Muiical  inatrumentH 

Ueclared  ralue  L. 

204 

12,060 

12,3  %4 

240 

f'*^ 

0,194 

262 

•.,ow. 

7,337 

Opium      •          ■          ■        n* 
Declared  value  L. 

. 

2l,r9U 

21,890 

■     • 

6,483 

6,483 

. 

16,418 

16,418 

■ 

4,624 

4,524 

Urdoancef  of  brnu  nod  iron     tons 

223 

116 

339 

224 

6 

229 

34 

23 

67 

Declared  value  L, 

8,140 

730 

8,870 

3,286 

140 

3,426 

616 

IW 

946 

Plate,  phled  vrare,  jewellery  and 
watchw 

Dfiplared  value  L, 

10,023 

44,370 

64,395 

2,333 

38,208 

40,541 

.     . 

88,778 

33,778 

PrnvisioDS,         Duclared  value  L, 

ijm 

21,317 

29.230 

7,931 

16,161 

24,082 

10,992 

21,4,'.; 

.12,446 

Quickulver         •                  IIn> 

1.53,948 

163,948 

85,702 

96,702 

36,;43 

36,743 

Declared  value  L* 

■ 

14,112 

14,112 

- 

8,972 

8,972 

-    ■ 

3,521 

3,521 

Silk  manufacturcn 

Dt-'clarcd  i-alue  £. 

■ 

9,873 

9,673 

1,083 

8,015 

9,099 

45 

r  . .. 

23,201 

3oap  and  candlci  •                  cwl. 

619 

866 

1,485 

405 

8.10 

1.23J 

2 

l,S44 

\,M' 

Dcchred  value  /,,, 

1,845 

3,Sr9 

5,734 

1,318 

3,6.57 

4,973 

4 

6,207 

6".,1 

Speller,  forei^    •           -       cwi. 

.     . 

62,376 

62,376 

, 

49,964 

49,964 

37,480 

.',,499 

Declared  value  L. 

. 

32,747 

32,747 

■          • 

27,480 

27.480 

21,093 

■:i,093 

Spirit!,  Briliah      •           •   ifaltnna 

• 

3,632 

3,832 

, 

6,001 

6,001 

6,289 

6,289 

Declared  value.  L. 

■     . 

1,780 

1,780 

■ 

2,121 

2,121 

2,362 

2,362 

j^pirits,  foreign      •           •   f^lloni 

•     . 

99,453 

99,453 

• 

128,174 

128,174 

208,581 

208,681 

Dclirod  vrAue  I., 

. 

12,072 

12,072 

■ 

19,310 

10,310 

.12,032 

32,032 

Stationery,           Declarc'l  value  L, 

13,175 

33.064 

46.238 

20,t(G3 

27,298 

47,861 

23,924 

26,252 

60,176 

Steel,  uiiwrnugltt             •       cwt. 

10  881 

10,881 

21,651 

21,051 

20 

14,446 

14,466 

UecUred  value  /.. 

•     . 

11,163 

11,153 

• 

24,439 

24,439 

40 

16,106 

15,146 

Sjgar,  reflucd      •           •       cwt. 

44 

853 

897 

■ 

783 

7f3 

31 

778 

809 

D  clare-i  value  L. 

89 

1,890 

1,979 

. 

1,792 

1,792 

67 

1,951 

2,008 

Svfordi     -           -           -  number 
Declared  VAiiie  L. 

1,700 

90 

1,790 

750 

181 

911 

1,160 

00 

1,240 

l,63.j 

140 

1,775 

484 

139 

623 

1,052 

101 

1,163 

Tin,  unwrou^ht  •           -        cwt. 

5 

6 

• 

41 

41 

0 

129 

I3S 

Declared  value  t. 

. 

16 

16 

• 

166 

1G3 

20 

496 

616 

Tin  and    powt.T  warrs.  and   tin 

phtcs,             Declarod  value  L. 

Wiriei          -            -    Imii.  pjallntiH 

711 

10,138 

10,869 

704 

9,658 

9,262 

673 

6,K2 

7,396 

1,332 

239,259 

240,591 

lie 

205,717 

205,893 

900 

838,635 

339,435 

Decl.ired  \alueL. 

459 

104,945 

105,404 

61 

92,530 

92,681 

308 

149,949 

160,267 

Woollen  manufactiin-s  inriti-di) 

Ct'itlis  of  all  sorts           •  pieces 
Declared  value  L, 

u,n2i 

47,719 

83,748 

2.959 

61,7121 

54,6714 

3,,507 

30,198 

33,693 

60,663 

211,171 

27l,:34 

31,470 

195,136 

226,606 

34,108 

141,366 

176,473 

Stuffs,  viz.  camlets,  wt^,  he. 

pieces 
Declared  value  L, 

91 

20,149 

20,242 

251 

14,767 

15,018 

66 

18,909  J. 

18,966j 

302 

49,129 

49,431 

332 

40,7.57 

41,109 

84 

42,«)1 

42,885 

Other  woollens.  Declared  vnl.  L. 

4,127 

19,106 

23,233 

2,236 

ll,4n7 

13,723 

3,609 

15,542 

19,161 

Aet(rei;-ite  value  ofllritish  woot- 

Ikiis,               Deciired  value  L. 

64,902 

279,4U« 

344,398 

34,048 

247,390 

281,438 

37,801 

199,708 

237,509 

Woollen  manufactures  (foreign) 

pieces 
valu*-  /« 

. 

2 

2 

. 

372 

372 

• 

483 

483 

. 

40 

40 

4M 

404 

■     > 

400 

400 

Declared  value  L. 

. 

68 

58 

. 

3,560 

3„^60 

•     • 

4,605 

4,606 

All  other  articles  - 
Total  value  of  exports       •    t. 

■6,215 

147,218 

163,433 

14,661 

122,656 

1  ;7,3I7 

8,709 

162,236 

170,945 

3,891,917 

4,067,311 

146,480 

3,488,571 

3,615,051 

149,193 

3,061,093 

3,750,286 

The  preference  in  favour  of  West  Indian  commodities  was  within  these  5  years  much 
greater  than  at  present ;  but  the  following  statement  allows  that  it  is  still  very  considerable : — 

An  Arroiint  of  Artirlps  importpfl  from  BritUli  PoaFcssiona  Kas!  of  the  Cnpc  of  Good  Hope,  on  which 
a  higher  Custoiiiti  ])Mty  is  rhnrged  on  Import  into  ttiH  lliiKcd  Kingdom,  than  is  charged  on  the  same 
Articles  imported  fr'>m  British  Possessions  in  any  other  Parts  of  the  World :  showing,  in  Three 
p:ira1Ii'l  Columns,  th»'  DitlVrent  Rates  and  the  Excess  o\  Duty  on  each  Article;  also,  the  Amount 
of  Duty  levied  on  each  of  these  Articles  in  the  Year  1832,  and  the  Quantity  on  which  the  same 
was  levied. 


Coffee 


Supir. 
■^inri'p 
rolia.HT 


Rales  of  Duty  charged. 


On  Importa< 
ti>)n«from 
Brit.  Pn64ea 
aions  ivitfiintlie 
Limits  of  the 
E.  I.  Co.'s 
Charter,  ex* 

cept  the 
Mauritius. 


On  Tmportatione 

froni  otlt^T 

British  pouenions. 


!kf.  per  lb. 

.\2».  per  cwt. 
I5».  p"r^il, 
3f.  tier  lb. 


f  6rf.  per  lb.,  if  the  pro- 
I     >.1uceofan<1  iaiporte<l 


from  the  Mauritius 
or  any  nritish  pivi 
senion  inAmtTica  ■ 
24t.  per  cwt.,  if  do, 


0».  per  fra! 
2t.  9ff. 


per  It). 


Excess  of 

Dtity  charged 

on  hnpoi^- 

ations  within 

the  limitii 

of  the  E.  F. 

Co.'s  Charter. 


\Zd.  per  lb. 


S*.  p«r  cwt. 
6«.  per  irnl. 
W.  per  It*. 


Quantity  charged  with  Duty 
in  the  Year  IS32. 


Imported 
fmin  British 

rnsseasioDS 
withiri  the 
Liniiifi  of  the 
E-  I  Co.'b 
Cbarter. 


1,953,744 


Imported 

from  til  her 

Briliih  Fnases* 

sions,  and 

charf^oti  with 

a  lower  rate 

of  Duty. 


i.^t. 

20,996,837 


Cwt    or.  lb.       not.   nr.lh. 

79.C08    2    6  i  4,33i,«!4  2  21 

•       I  3  513,2-JO  ^ai. 


Amount  of  Duty  received 
in  the  Year  1&32. 


On  Import 
atifxisfroni  Bri- 
tish Posses* 
siun^  within 
the  Limits  of 
the  Company's 
Charier. 


£.     «.  d. 

73,227  18    0 


On  Import* 

ittions  {h)m 

other  firilish 

Possession.*, 

and  cb&r^ed 

with  a  lower 

Rate  of 

Duty. 


I      ».   rf. 
624,920  19    tf 


127,373  13    6  6,226.977  12    C 
•      |I,080,962  10    0 


Tfnder  the  new  reguUitions  as  to  residence  in  India  (ace  post),  Englishmen  will  be  allowed 
to  employ  themselves  in  the  raising  of  sugar,  as  they  have  hitherto  been  allowed  to  employ 
themselves  in  the  raising  of  indigo;  but,  uiile^s  the  duty  be  e(iualised,  this  concession  will  be 
of  little  importance,  at  least  in  so  far  as  respects  sugar,  /.n  equilisatjon  is,  however,  impe* 
ri  lusly  required,  as  well  injustice  to  India  as  in  the  view  of  promoting  the  interests  of  the 


Vol. 


•  Quantity  of  tobacco  brouffhl  from  the  East  loo  trifling  to  deserve  mention. 
I.— 3H 


i 


i' 

■V    > 

] 

s 

1    ;■ 

\   \' 

; 

?  !': 

i   ■ 

.  ■  ' 

. 

■i  1 

ii     i' 

; 

''        I 

1     I 

' 

" 

'i 


m 


Uh 


638 


EAST  1XD1E.S  (Society  in,  Tiiadb,  &c.). 


Dritisli  puWii-;  mid  should  it  take  plnre,  we  havo  little  doubt  thnt  Iho  growth  of  HUgnr  in  In- 
dia will  be  very  greutlv  exttiiduJ,  niid  that  it  will  buconiu  iin  urticio  of  tfruut  coiiiiiicrcial 
value. 

The  regulations  as  to  the  importntion  of  coflce  from  India  nro  ax  olijiH'tionnbln  nn  cnn  well 
lie  imagined.  Why  Hhould  the  coflbe  of  Malabar  and  Ceylon  pny  'ill,  per  III.  more  duty  than 
that  of  the  MauritiuBl  A  distinction  of  thia  sort  is  an  outrago  upon  common  mnne,  and  un 
insult  to  India.  Foreign  coffee  may  be  imported  from  any  port  of  Dritihli  India  ot  \)il.  per  lb.; 
but  if  it  be  imported  from  a  foreign  port  it  poys  \s.  Hence,  if  o  Uritinh  Hliip  take  on  boiird 
coffee  ot  Mocha,  Manilla,  or  Java,  she  ia  obliged  to  call  in  hor  way  homo  at  Itomlmy  or  Sin- 
gapore; and  must  there  unload  and  then  reload  hor  cargo  I  Such  n  rei(uliition  requires  no 
lengthened  commentary ;  it  ia  enough  to  remark  that  ita  oxiatonco  i«  a  dingracu  to  u  luviliacd 
nation. 

Besides  being  unfairly  asnessed,  the  duties  on  several  most  important  articles  of  Ea8t  In- 
dia produce  are  signally  oppressive  in  their  amount.  Arrack,  for  example,  which  may  be 
bought  in  bond  here  for  about  39.  a  gallon,  is  loaded  with  a  duty  of  Ifm,  It  is  almost  unne- 
cessary to  add  that  this  duty  is  perfectly  unproductive  ;  its  only  (ilfuct  is  to  exclude  a  volua- 
ble  article  from  the  market ;  to  deprive  the  public  of  a  gratillcalion  tin  y  might  othcrwiHo 
enjoy,  and  the  government  of  a  considerable  amount  of  revenue.  The  duty  on  pepper  is  aUo 
most  extravagantly  high ;  being  no  less  than  Is.  on  an  arliclo  that  sells  from  about  '.id.  to  '1  Jrf 
Considering  the  degree  in  which  the  demand  for  pepper  is  checked  by  this  nnl«-con«umptioii 
impost,  we  believe  we  may  safely  alHrm  that  its  reduction  to  Qil,  or  id.  would  bo  productive 
of  an  increase  of  revenue. 

However,  it  is  but  fair  to  add  that  a  very  material  deduction  i'^ui  been  mndo  from  the  du- 
ties charged  on  several  articles  of  E.ist  India  produce  since  t!ii>  piililiculion  of  the  foruicr 
edition  of  this  work.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  good  elU'ctn  oi  which  iIicho  reiluctions  can- 
not fiiil  to  bo  protluclive  may  siK-edily  lead  to  others.  The  following  iiccouni  will  no  doubt 
receive  the  attentive  consideration  of  the  reader : — 


:i  I 


l!^    • 


m «; ' 


Acruiint  slinwing  the  Prii'Rs  in  Bonn  in  London  of  tlin  (llflToront  Articles  of  Eiint  Iiiilla  rrnrtuce,  mi 
the  l»t  <vf  Noveni'.ier,  ISM  ;  the  present  Duly  on  amh  Ariichiii,  nnil  the  lliilii  per  Cent,  ol  Itie  Duty 
on  the  I'riec.    A  Coliunn  is  added,  shitwing  the  Diitios  in  IWIl  that  liiivii  i'ii^uii  liiten  iniiditlod' 


1 

Prices,  Ist  of  Noveint'cr, 

Ihity. 

1 

'      I8J3. 

for 

nntloa,  !iil  of 

n ilo  jmr  Cent. 

nulirs,  Ist  ot 

Ciwds.                         ! 

j 

NovfinliiT, 

ls;kl. 

rmm 

To 

January,  IS3I. 

Fmm 

To 

/,.    r.   d. 

L.     I.    d. 

1.  il.     vtr 

/..   *.    rf.  JT* 

AInn            .          .           .          • 

2    0    0 

li    0    0 

cwt. 

0   2  Ih. 

7 

46 

0    1    3   lb. 

Aialu-tiJa     .           .            ■           • 

1  10    0 

3    0    • 
40    »    «■ 

— 

6    0  cnt. 

10 

till 

4  13    4  cwt. 

fleiijaiuiu,  Ut  sort    • 

. 

— 

)•       »• 

11  ,1 

10    0    0 

20    0    0 

«^ 

t    4    0  - 

1 

11     4    0    — 

3,1  —      • 

4  10    0 

7  10    0 

_ 

)•        •        • 

t^^ 

Barilla          .... 

. 

6    0    0 

ton 

40   0  ton 

. 

40 

Uonx,  rfflne.1           ... 

4    0    0 

4    6    0 

c«l. 

10    0  cwt. 

13 

12.5 

S  10   n  — 

uiirvtined 

4    0    0 

4    0    0 

— . 

4    0    - 

46 

.5 

1     S     II     _ 

Camphor      .           .           ■          • 

. 

7    6    0 

— 

1     11    — 

• 

07 

0   ;i   4   — 

Clrlviions.  Ceylon 

0     1    G 

0    1     8 

lb. 

1     0    ih. 

60 
26 

Ud 

0    2    0  lb. 

Miljbar 

0    3    6 

0    3    9 

.- 

1     0    - 

30 

0    2    0- 

Cauia  hulls  .          .          ■          ■ 

. 

4    0    0 

cwt. 

1     0    — 

• 

140 

lijinea             ... 

3    S    0 

4    .1    0 

— 

0    6    — 

a 

N6 

Cinmniim    .           «           .          • 

0    4    6 

0    9    6 

Ih. 

0    6    — 

» 

11 

Cl»rn,  Bourlon 

0    1    0 

0     1    2 

— 

io- 

170 

2110 

AiiilMiyrta     ... 

0    1    3 

0     1    8 

— ' 

ta... 

\M 

IMI 

Cofculus  Ihilicua      . 

0  IS    0 

cwt. 

2    6- 

• 

IKOO 

CoctiiiiLal      .... 

0    1    0 

"o   I  a" 

lb. 

0    2- 

13 

10 

0    0    4- 

Cortec,  Mnelia 

3  to    0 

6    6    0 

cwt.  ! 

(1    fl     - 

till 

1211 

other  sor^i    . 

2  10  e 

3    0    0 

-  ! 

fima  llniiah  |Hirta 

|.|U 

lUH 

Cotton,  Iteneal 

MaJra*        ... 

0    0    « 

0    0    7 

!ll( 

. 

tl'\ 

116 

0    0    6|.J 

0    0    8 

0    4  cwt, 

tl-l 

07 

Sunt 

0   0   st-z 

0    0    7 

-  s 

. 

(l'5 

08 

Cuhchs         .... 

2  1.5    0 

S    S    0 

o^vt. 

•)    6  Ih. 

H) 

IIHI 

0    2    0    -. 

Dinion's ! '  -oj 

5  10    0 

»h    0    U 

— 

4    0  ;'W|. 

0!< 

:'7 

n    8    H  cwl. 

Eh'ii.y«ooJ 

Galls              .... 

6  10    0 

-  10    0 

'itn 

:l    0  kmi 

2 

2  3 

0  li    0  Ion 

3  10    0 

4    5    0 

H-I. 

•i    flcist. 

2 

n 

0    5    0  cnl. 

Ciaiiibof;e      .... 

9    0    0 

1*    0    0 

— 

4    11    — 

11 

ti 

9    6    8- 

Giiiz^',  Pctiifal 

1  ir.   0 

1   ll<    0 

— 

II     0    - 

19 

31 

0  II     0    - 

Guiii  itiDiiiOLiac 

a  10  0 

6    0    0 

— 

11    0    - 

8 

M 

7    0    0- 

aoiiiii   .... 

.     0    0 

10    0    0 

— 

II    0    - 

|!1 

A 

2  I'l    0    - 

Ariljic  .... 

■,   10    0 

2  15    0 

— 

6    0- 

II 

U 

1 

Gulu  lat,  l.ir  (Ire  fine  1)1.    . 
o'lu'r  sorti 

1  « 

'    0    9 

0    2    3 
0     1     3 

lb 

li    0    — 
8    0- 

4 

"^1 

T)  per  crnl. 

(iKillac    • 

.■:  5  0 

7  15    0 

..:■  ' 

6    0- 

.17 

4 '7 

20        - 

Ilimp           .... 
HiI^c^  bufTalo  aaJ  o«  |  '^"J,"          ' 

. 

23    0    0 

•:.. 

1    H  Ion 

• 

0,1 

free 

..    0    s 
1,    0    3 

0    0    9  1-2 

0    0    5 

ID. 

2    4  cwt. 
1    2    — 

«:i 

■.'■5 

6 
4 

tnJi|:o,  fine  .... 

;■    6  9 

OSS 

— 

J. 

il 

87 

(fixxl  aiiij  middling  - 

0-13 

one 

^ 

>     0    3   lb. 

\ 

II 

orlinary 

0    3    6 

U    4    0 

— . 

5       •     . 

62 

7 

Mirr             .... 

0    4    0 

0    «    6 

— 

3    6- 

(in 

M 

Motlier.o'-ncarl  •hell*,  Bomhay 

MauilU       ■ 

1    a   0 

3  1.".    0 

2    0    0 
4    0    0 

cwt. 

1     6  |)(«r  cent. 

•      • 

6 

Miwk             .... 

0  1)    0 

1     8    0 

ox. 

0        II    Of. 

1'7 

33 

0    6    0  o». 

Myrrh           .... 
Ni.  in"«*       .... 

4    0    0 

14    0    0 

cwt. 

6    0  cwt. 

2 

75 

9    6    8  cwU 

0    3    6 

0    6    6 

lb. 

■i    ti    lb. 

OH 

71 

yui  voniim 

0  1.5    0 

. 

cwt. 

«    «    - 

• 

liW 

^^l\  of  aniseed 

0    0    6W 

. 

oa. 

1     4     — 

15 

0    4    0   lb. 

camia              ... 

0    U    6  |.l! 

0    0    7 

_ 

1     4      - 

14 

H 

0  Ifl    0    - 

cinQ.-.n.Ok 

OSS 

. 

_ 

1     4     — 

I'.l 

0  10    0    - 

c*..--^             ... 

0    0    9 

0    0  10 

— 

14    0     - 

105' 

110 

1   12    0    - 

•Mr*    .... 

0    0   il 

0    0    4 

. 

1    4     - 

J.5 

fiO 

2    0    0- 

»s.ii.«9i 

i     0  0  m 

0     1     3 

— 

1     4     — 

0'7 

10 

2    0    0- 

CMiiaiii  1      .         -          -         . 

,        2    0    0 

,        3  15    0 

cwt. 

6    0  cwt. 

« 

1         15 

2    0    Ocwi. 

EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.).      . 


639 


ivlh  of  mignr  in  In- 
f  grLMit  coiiiincrcial 

ioimbln  nN  cnii  well 
II).  nioru  duty  thnii 
imon  Heniio,  aiitl  un 
[nilia  at  Od,  por  lb. ; 
ihi|)  tnko  oil  boiinl 
It  Dumbay  or  8in- 
liiition  requires  no 
igracu  to  a  (uvilUcd 

ortii-lcN  of  East  In- 
pld,  which  may  be 
It  in  nlinost  unnc- 
tii  oxriiule  n  vnliiu> 
ey  might  otherwJHo 
ty  on  iieiiper  ia  a\m 
in  abuiit  -ill.  to  '1  ^d 
Ih  unii-conKumption 
vuuld  bo  productive 

mndo  from  the  du- 
iilimi  of  ilio  laviniT 
eno  ri'ductioiifi  cnii- 
:ouni  will  no  doubt 


it  Iiiiliii  Prnduce,  nil 
per  Cfiit.cit  ll¥i  Duly 
I  Imvii  modlilud. 


Illy. 

mr  Cent. 

llullr.,  Ill  of 

— 

Jaiiu.iry,  IKll. 

To 

A.  ».    A  ;t- 

4U 

0     1    ,1    ill. 

IJII 

4  13    4  ml. 

(l',i 

II     4    (1    — 

411 

11!  1) 

I  Hi   n  _ 

(1 

1     S    II    — 

07 

n   !i  4  — 

IM 

0   1  n  Ih, 

M 

U    It    0   — 

140 

:      *» 

II 

mm 

■  Ml 

IdW) 

10 

0    0    4- 

iiiii 

IDH 

11(1 

(M 

II  a 

IIKI 

0    2    0- 

;'7 

n  0  8  cwt. 

It!) 

n  li    0  i,.n 

n 

0    .1    0  c«l. 

Si! 

0    U    8    — 

.11 

0  118- 

li 

7    0    0- 

n 

li  III    0    - 

ij 

I;! 

r>  prr  cent. 

80        - 

on 

freo 

4 

:i>7 

li 

" 

t<7 

A 

H3 

0    iS    0  nf . 

7'f. 

0    (i    8  cwl. 

IHW 

n 

0    4    0    II). 

11 

0  Ifi    n    - 

1  J 

0  10    0    - 

lie 

1   12    0    - 

m 

2    0    0- 

III 

11    0    0    - 

I'l 

i    0    0  cwt. 

■  1      t      ' . .'     r  '■' 

1 .  •  '-J 

Tablu— ton^niieJ. 

,1    -■    \  '    - 

» 

i:     '  ''   .     1  ' 

rricei,  III  n 

Nuveiiibar. 

Duly. 

Ooodi. 

1C33. 

Per 

niillri,  laloT 
Muviinilwr, 

Rale  |ifr  Cent. 

niltiel,  lit  of 
January,  1831. 

From 

To 

I8:I3. 

rnmi 

To 

L.  1.   A 

/,.  ..   d. 

».  d.  far 

1    0  lb. 

L.  1.  d.fir 

Pepper,  Mirk 

0    0    33-4 

0    0    4  1-2 

lb. 

n 

320 

wliiifl          ■           • 

0    0    4 

0    0    S 

1    0    — 

300 

Rhubarb,  i-<!inmon    - 

0     1  10 

0    2    4 

_ 

1    0    — 

43 

28) 

O'i   (  lb. 

flim  Dutch,  IpimmeJ 

0    3    6 

0    A    0 

^ 

1    0    — 

20 

Rice  frrni  Britiuh  {lotMieeiuiil 

0  12    0 

1    0    0 

cwt. 

1     0  cwt. 

3 

g 

hpirltH,  iirracll 

0    3    0 

• 

rii. 

15    0  (al. 

. 

600 

S-illlnwrr      .           -           •           . 

«    fi    0 

8  10    0 

cwt 

1     0  twL 

06 

1 

0   a  8  cwt. 

Bagii,  cnnimon 

0  10    0 

. 

1    0    — 

10 

pearl               .           •           • 

0  IS    0 

2  0   0 

.M 

I    0    — 

'  ar,' 

6-7 

0  10   0  cwt. 

S.il  aininnniac 

3    0    0 

— . 

1    0    — 

17 

18   0- 

.Sillpelre       .... 

1  K    0 

"2    0    o' 

— 

0    6- 

'  i-a' 

14 

Sap:in  wood  .           .           .           - 

8    0    0 

17    0    0 

too 

1    0  toa 

0-3 

06 

P  IS    0  ton 

Snuli'len'  wiwl,  r«I 

13    0    0 

16    0    0 

1    0    - 

03 

04 

0  12   0    — 

Sceih,  aiilH«(l,  liar 

S    5    0 

, 

cwt. 

8    0  cwt. 

1-!i 

1  10   0  cwt. 

Mlk,  Iltiisnl  ami  Clilnll 

0  16    0 

1    3   0 

lb. 

0     1    lb. 

'  0  M 

O-l^ 

!)U$Br,  llengal,  while 

1    4    0 

1  II    0 

cwl. 

32    0  cwt. 

103 

13.1 

yolIovT 

I     1    0 

1    3    0 

32    0    — 

139 

ir.2 

Maurllltia,  yellnw     . 
brown     • 

1    6    0 

1  14    0 

■_ 

21    0    - 

70 

92 

t    2    0 

1    (i    0 

_ 

21    0    - 

02 

109 

Teeili.  elephaiils*     . 

10    0    0 

2S    0    0 

_ 

20    0    — 

3S 

S2 

Tiin  j.ip.niica 

3  M,    0 

4    0    0 



1     0    - 

12 

1-3 

0    3   0  cwl. 

'rorlniw!  ttirll 

1  10    0 

2  15    0 

lb. 

0    1    lb. 

01 

0-3 

0    0   0  lb. 

Turnieric,  llenjal    . 

0  16    0 

0  18    0 

cwt.) 

13 

ir> 

Java 

1    0    0 

1    3    0 

-  J 

2    4  I  wl. 

lU 

ll'4 

China      • 

1    0    0 

1    6    0 

-  ) 

fmni  Briti'h  ixirta 

9 

114 

Vcnnillon     .... 

0    2  10 

• 

lb. 

0    6    lb. 

J :_ 

17-2 

0    1    0   - 

JV.  B.—We  are  indebted  for  this  valuable  Table  to  Mr.  Dcgbie,  secretary  to  the  East  India  Asso- 
ciation. 

There  is  another  grievancs  afiecting  the  East  India  trade,  which  calls  loudly  for  redress* 
Goods  from  America,  the  West  Indies,  or  any  where  except  the  East  Indies,  may  be  con- 
veyed from  one  warehousing  port  to  another  without  payment  of  the  duties.  But  with  East 
India  goods  a  different  rule  has  been  established.  There  are  only  about  a  dozen  ports  in 
the  empire  in  which  East  India  goods  may  be  received  and  warehousexl ;  and  whenever  it 
becomes  necessary  to  remove  those  goods  to  any  other  place,  not  privileged  to  receive  India 
gnods,  the  whole  duties  have  to  bo  paid  ;  so  that  if  a  merchant  found  it  expedient  to  ship 
1000/.  worth  of  popper  from  London,  Hull,  or  any  other  privileged  port,  to  Newcastle,  Ply- 
mouth,  Aberdeen,  or  any  non-privileged  port,  ho  would,  before  he  could  make  such  ship- 
ment, have  to  advance  about  4,000/.  of  duty  !  This  is  a  most  oppressive  regulation.  There 
is  not,  and  there  never  was,  any  good  rca,s"n  for  prohibiting  East  India  goods  from  being 
removed,  under  bond,  from  one  port  to  another  where  other  goods  are  allowed  to  be  bonded. 
Many  ronsiderable  advantages  would  result  from  permitting  this  to  be  done.  It  would  dis- 
tribute East  India  goods  more  equally  over  the  country ;  and  country  dealers  would  be  able 
to  lay  in  and  keep  up  sufficient  stocks  with  a  far  less  outlay  of  capital  than  at  present.  Such 
a  measure,  coupled,  ra  it  ought  to  be,  with  an  adequate  reduction  of  the  duties,  would  ma- 
terially extend  the  comforts  of  all  classes  at  home. 

4.  Cdhnizatwn  of  India, — Hitherto  very  considerable  obstacles  have  been  thrown  in  tho 
way  of  Europeans  establishing  themselves  in  India,  and  particularly  of  their  acquiring  or 
holding  land.  This  policy  was  dictated  by  various  considerations ;  partly  by  a  wish  to 
prevent  the  extrusion  of  the  natives  from  the  soil,  which  it  was  supposed  would  be  eagerly 
hought  up  by  Europeans,  and  partly  by  the  fear  lest  the  latter,  when  scattered  over  the  coun- 
try, and  released  from  any  effectual  control,  should  offend  tho  prejudices  of  the  natives,  and 
get  embroiled  with  them.  Now,  however,  it  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  of  those  best 
acquainted  with  India  that  but  little  danger  is  to  be  apiirehended  from  those  circumstances; 
tliat  the  few  Europeans  established  in  it  as  indigo  planters,  &c.  have  contributed  very  mate- 
rially to  its  improvement ;  ami  that  the  increase  and  dirtu.sion  of  the  English  population,  and 
their  permanent  settlement  in  the  country,  are  at  once  the  most  likely  means  of  spreading  a 
knowledge  of  cur  arts  and  sciences,  and  of  widening  and  strciigtlioning  \\\c  foundations  of 
our  ascondarr;  .  It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  the  darition  of  our  power  in  India  must  depend 
on  a  very  ".ncortain  tenure,  unless  we  tnke  root,  as  it  were,  in  the  soil,  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  population  be  attached  to  us  by  the  ties  of  kindred,  ai.d  of  common  interests 
mid  sympathies.  In  this  respect  we  ought  to  imitate  the  Rmirian  in  preference  to  the  Lace- 
ieinoniaii  or  Athenian  policy.  Quid  aliud  exitio  LMCtdicimmiis  At/ieniemibus  fuit, 
^unnquam  armis  ■polkrenf.  nini  quod  v'c/is  pru  alieni^rds  urccbant  ?  Looking,  however, 
It  tho  density  of  population  in  India,  the  low  rate  of  wagrs,  the  nature  of  the  climate,  and 
♦ther  similar  circumstances,  it  seems  very  doubtful  whether  it  will  ever  bcoome  the  rewjrt  of 
my  considerable  number  of  English  settlers  ;  at  least  of  such  a  uimbe.-  as  world  Iw  sufli- 
eitnt,  within  cny  reasonable  period,  to  form  any  thing  like  a  pow»T^i4  native  English  intr- 
ivA.  But  to  whatever  extent  it  may  be  carried,  it  p  mises  to  U  higUiy  advnn'^cous. 
"  Wo  need  not,  I  imagine,"  says  the  present  Gnvt'rnor-Geiicral  of  India.  Lof<!  Willuxi^  Ben- 
liiick,  "  us»>  any  laboured  argument  to  prove  that  it  would  bo  infimMttf  atitwitageous  for 
India  to  borrow  largely  in  arts  tinil  knowledge  from  P'ti'j;land.  ".\\c  \egim0imr«  fcar  expressly 
declared  tho  trutli;  its  acknowledgment  has  been  implied  in  the  daily  acts  and  profeosionB 


:'F 


' 


• '  \ 


<i!- 


'     1 


t.-'l-, 


MO 


EAST  INDIES  (Socxetv  in,  Tradb,  Ac). 


■i*3      !l 


of  government,  anil  in  all  the  eflbrt*  of  humane  individunl*  and  sociotiea  for  the  eduration 
of  the  ))eoplo.  Nor  will  it,  I  conceive,  bo  doubted,  thnt  the  ditfuiion  of  uonful  knowledge, 
and  its  npplicution  to  the  arts  and  buniriem  of  life,  nmat  he  comparatively  tardy.  unlcHg  we 
add  to  precept  the  example  of  Europeans,  mingling  familiarly  with  the  natives  in  the  course 
of  their  profession,  and  practically  demonstrating,  l)y  daily  recurring  evidence,  the  nature 
and  the  value  of  the  principles  we  desire  to  inculcate,  and  of  tlie  plans  wo  seek  to  have 
adopt4Ml,  It  seems  to  l>o  almost  equally  plain,  thnt  independently  of  their  influencing  the 
native  conmiunity  in  this  way,  various  and  important  national  advantages  will  result  from 
there  being  a  considerable  body  of  our  countrymen,  and  tlioir  descendants,  settled  in  the 
country.  To  question  it,  is  to  deny  the  superiority  which  has  gained  us  the  dominion  of 
India :  it  is  to  doubt  whether  national  character  has  any  eflect  on  national  wealth,  strength, 
nnd  g(HHl  government :  it  is  to  shut  our  eyes  to  ell  the  perils  and  difltculties  uf  our  situation : 
it  is  to  hold  as  nolliing  community  of  language,  sentiment  and  mterest,  between  the  govern- 
ment and  the  governed :  it  is  to  disregard  the  evidence  afit)rded  by  every  corner  of  the 
f>lolie  in  which  the  British  flag  is  hoisted :  it  is  to  toll  our  merchants  and  our  manufacturers, 
that  the  habits  of  a  people  go  for  nothing  in  creating  a  market,  and  that  enterpriHe,  skill, 
and  capital,  and  the  credit  which  creates  capital,  are  of  no  avail  in  the  production  of  com- 
modities." 

The  existing  regulations  as  to  the  residence  of  Englishmen  in  India  are  embodied  in  the 
act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  86.,  and  are  as  follows:— 

Jiulhority  for  hit  Majfily'ii  Subject*  to  rtnide  in  certain  Partt  of  India.— ll  shall  l>0  lawOil  for  nny 
nntiiriU-bdVii  aiibjci'tg  of  hia  Miijuiily  to  prncouil  l)y  Hea  to  uiiy  port  or  pinre  haviiiK  a  ('ualoni-liouHO 
(Sill III laliineiil  within  (lie  sniiip,  iind  to  r«fil<l(!  tlinri'nt,  or  to  prorvrd  to  reiildu  in  or  piisa  tliroiiKli  imy 
pnrl  ol'  ancli  of  tliu  aald  territnries  as  wore  undur  the  govornniunt  of  thu  enid  (y'onipnny  on  thu  Ihi  diiy 
or  January,  ItlOO,  and  In  any  part  of  tlio  countries  ended  liv  the  niiboh  of  the  C'srimtlc,  of  iliu  pro- 
vince of  Piitinck,  and  of  tlie  acttlementa  of  Singapore  and  Mulaccn,  without  uny  liccncu  wliutevcrj 
provided  thnt  all  aulijerts  of  Ills  MsJeKly  not  nnlivon  of  the  snid  terrltoriea  hIiiiII,  ou  their  arrlviil  in 
any  pnr*  of  the  aiinie  from  uny  (tort  or  pincn  not  wilhln  inid  turritorlei,  niahe  known  in  writinft  their 
names,  places  of  deatinution,  uiid  olijerts  of  pursuit  in  Indin,  to  tlie  chief  olficer  of  the  cuswoina  ur 
oilier  nmccr  nulhuriaed  for  thnt  purpose  at  aiich  port  or  place  aa  nforeanid.— }  Kl, 

Sukjecm  of  Ilia  Mnjenty  not  to  reside  in  certain  Parts  of  India  trithout  Licence. — It  shnll  not  bo  lawful 
for  any  Rulijerl  of  his  Nliijesty,  except  ihe  servants  of  the  said  Company  nnd  others  now  lawflilly 
aiithnrised  to  reaide  in  Ihe  anid  tcrrltorica,  to  enter  iho  mine  by  hind,  or  to  proceed  to  or  ruoiilu  In 
such  pans  of  the  anid  territories  as  are  not  herein-before  in  that  liohiilf  ineiitliinKd,  without  licence 
lirat  obtained  from  the  coniinissloncrs  of  the  board  of  control,  or  the  court  of  directors,  or  the  go- 
vernor-iienornl,  or  a  governor  of  any  of  the  anid  presidencies :  provided,  that  no  licence  Riven  to  nny 
nnturai-horn  aubject  of  his  Miijesly  to  reside  in  pnrta  of  tlie  territories  not  open  to  all  such  snbjocis 
shall  be  determined  or  revoked  uiiloas  in  uccordnnco  with  the  terms  of  some  express  clause  of  ruvo- 
caiion  or  determination  in  auch  licence  contained. — i  SI, 

Tlie  Oovtrnor-  Oeneral  kUH  previous  Content  of  Directors,  mi  y  declare  other  Places  op«n.— It  shall  he 
lawful  for  the  friivci'iior-gcncral  in  council,  with  the  prcviom  tonsent  nnd  approbation  of  tlie  anid 
court  of  dlri'Clors,  to  declare  uny  place  or  plnccs  whatever  w  thin  the  said  lerrliories  open  to  all  hii 
Msjcaiy's  nntiiral-born  subjects,  and  it  shall  be  thenceforth  I  iwful  for  nny  of  hia  Majesty's  nnlurnl 
born  subject*  lo  proci-ed  to,  or  reside  in,  or  pass  thrcugh  any  ilace  or  places  declared  upon  wiilioui 
any  Ikciu-e  wlinlevcr.— }  S3 

Aaicn  against  ilticil  Reyidenre  to  he  marfs.— The  governor-gene -al  shall  and  la  required  lo  ninkc  law  s 
or  regulations  providing  lor  liie  prcvcntinn  or  punishment  of  the  illicit  entrance  into  or  residence  .a 
the  said  territories  of  persona  not  autlioriaed  to  enter  or  reside  tl  ereiu.— {  84. 

Laws  and  Regulations  lo  be  made  for  Protection  of  JVn/iiiM. — Aivl  whereas  the  removal  of  restric- 
tiniiB  on  the  inturcourae  of  Europeans  with  the  snid  territories  will  render  It  neccaanry  to  provide 
agoinat  nny  miacbiefa  or  dangers  thnt  niny  ariae  itiorefroot,  it  la  e>\acted,  that  the  governor-general 
•hull  and  is  required,  by  laws  or  regulaliona,  to  provide  with  all  convenient  apeed  for  the  protection 
of  the  natives  of  the  anid  territories  from  insult  and  outrage  In  tlieU  persons,  religions,  or  opinions. 
— )65. 

Lands  leirAis  the  Indian  Territories  may  he  purchased.— \X  shall  be  lawful  for  nny  nalurnl-liorn  sub> 
Ject  of  his  Mnjesty  authorised  lo  reside  in  the  snid  territories  to  acquire  and  hold  liinda,  or  any  right, 
interest,  or  profit  in  or  out  of  lands,  for  any  term  of  years,  in  suchpnrt  or  parts  of  ihcsaid  terriloriej 
ns  he  shall  he  so  authorised  to  reside  in  :  provided  always,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be 
taken  to  prevent  the  governor-general  in  council  from  enabling,  by  any  laws  or  regulations,  or  other- 
wise, any  subject  of  his  Majesty  to  acquire  or  hold  any  lands,  or  rights,  interests,  or  profits  in  or  out 
of  lands.  In  nny  part  of  Ihe  said  territories,  and  for  any  estates  or  terms  whatever.—}  Sfi. 

Atf  Oisabilities  in  respect  of  Reliffion,  Colour,  or  Place  of  Birth. — No  native  of  the  said  territories, 
nor  any  natural-horn  subject  of  his  Majesty  resident  therein,  shall,  by  reason  only  of  his  religion, 
place  of  birth,  descent,  colour,  or  any  of  theui,  be  disabled  from  holding  any  place,  otiice,  or  employ- 
ment under  the  said  Company. — i  87, 

IV.  East  Indies,  (Extent,  Population,  Militibt  Fobck,  Retenue,  etc  of  Britibii). 

1.  Extent,  Poptilation.SfC  of  BriltshDominiom  in  Hindostan,  and  of  the  Trihutaryand 
Independent  Slafci. — We  copy  the  following  Table  from  the  second  edition  of  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton's Gazetteer,  It  must,  however,  be  regarded  as  an  approximation  only,  inasmuch  as  no 
means  exist  of  coming  at  correct  conclusions ;  but  the  talents  of  the  writer,  ond  his  perfect 
Rcquaiiitance  with  tiic  Hubject,  warrant  the  belief  that  it  is  as  accurate  as  it  can  be  made  with 
Uio  prestnt  imperfect  means  of  information. 


?.»  for  tho  Gilucntion 
f  uiipful  knowlnlgfl, 
I'ly  tardy,  utiles*  W6 
nulivpg  in  tho  rourra 
ovidcnco,  the  naturo 
118  wo  seek  to  have 
hoir  influencing  tho 
iRPa  will  reHult  from 
juntfl,  settled  in  the 

11*  the  duniinion  of 
lal  wealth,  atrength, 
tic8  uf  our  situation : 
between  the  govern- 

every  corner  of  tho 
1  our  mnnufncturcrs, 
hat  ontcrpriiie,  skill, 
I  prodnctioD  of  coro- 

aro  embodied  in  tho 

hall  bo  Inwftil  for  nny 
vitiK  a  Cumdin-liouHO 
I  or  piiaa  tlirniigli  imy 
oiiipnny  on  tho  l»l(luy 
I  C'arimtic,  of  ilio  pro- 
liy  llconco  wliuliiviT; 
III),  nil  lliulrnrrlval  in 
nown  In  writiii);  ilieir 
I'ur  of  the  cuaEoiiii  ur 

■It  shall  not  bo  lawful 
I  others  now  lawrtilly 
•ocemi  to  or  riwldu  in 
ioiinil,  without  licence 
f  diructnrs,  or  thu  go- 
o  licence  Riven  to  nny 
n  to  all  such  milijpcta 
xprcss  clause  of  ruvo- 

j/ocM  op«n.— It  shall  lid 

iiroliution  of  the  snlii 

()ri<>8  open  to  all  hii 

Ills  Mnjeaty's  natural 
dared  upon  witlinut 

eqnircrt  to  ninkc  laws 
Into  or  residence  .n 

removal  of  rcstrlc- 

neci'ssary  to  provide 

the  pDvernnr-xeneral 

!(l  f(ir  the  proluction 

iiigions,  or  upinionti. 

ny  natnrnl-liorn  sub- 
'  liinda,  nrany  rijiht, 
'  the  said  terriiorica 
n  contained  shall  be 
regulations,  or  other- 
Is,  or  proflta  in  or  out 
T.— J  8ft. 

the  said  territories, 
only  of  his  religion, 
cc,  oDice,  or  einpluy- 


ETC.  OP  BritISD). 

the  Tributary  and 

ion  of  Mr.  Hamil- 

inasmuch  as  no 

ter,  and  his  perfect 

can  be  made  with 


EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Population,  Ac.  or  British).     641 

Table  of  tho  relative  Area  nnil  Topulatlon  of  the  Modern  fltntes  of  Ilindostan. 


Ilnnvnl,  Dnhnr,  and  Rennres       •.-... 
Additions  in  ifliidoatan  slnro  A,  I).  1705           .... 
liiirwal,  Kiiinoon,  and  the  tract  between  tho  Butulejo  and  Jumna    • 

'I'olnl  under  th>)  Dengnl  Presidency    -           .          -           - 
ITndor  tho  Madras  rrealrinncy     ...... 

Under  the  lliinibay  Presidency    ...... 

Terriliiries  in  thu  Deccnn,  Ice.,  ncqiilred  since  1815,  conslslinK  of  the 

Pelahwa's  doniiiiluns.  Sic,  and  since  mostly  attached  to  the  Bom. 

buy  Presidency           ....... 

Total  under  the  Drltlsh  government  .... 

British  Mliet  and  Tributaries. 

The  NiMin            ........ 

'I'ho  Niigpoor  Unja          ....... 

T lin  King  of  Oudu            ....... 

Tilt!  nulcowur       ........ 

Kiitnh,  0,500  1  linondce,  3,500 ;  Ili)paul,  5,000    .... 

'I'ho  Mysore  liajii              ....... 

Tiiu  Haliira  Itnjn  ........ 

'I'mvaTii'iire,  fl,000  ;  Cochin,  3,000           ..... 

tinder  Iho  Kajasof  Joiidpour,  Jeypoor,  Odeypoor,  Itlcanccre,  Jessel. 
mere,  and  other  Unjnoot  chiefs,  Holcar,  Ameer  Khan,  the  Udw  of 
riiKh,  llliiirtpoor,  Machi-rry,  and  numerous  other  petty  chiefs, 
Keikf<,  Oiinds,  llheels,  Coolies,  and  Catties,  all  comprehended 
within  the  line  of  British  protection             .... 

Total  under  the  Drltish  government  and  its  allies    • 

Iniapendenl  Statea. 
The  Nepaul  Raja              -            .           -           ^           .           .           . 
The  Lahore  Hajii  (nunject  Singh)          ..... 

'I'lie  Ameers  of  Siiiile      ....... 

Thu  dominions  of  Hliidhi             ...... 

The  Cabul  sovereign  east  of  the  Indus              .... 

Grand  total  of  Ilindostan        ..... 

nniiih 

Sfliuire  fttilM. 

rcipultllon. 

IA3,(M)0 

im.ooo 

1H,(h)0 

30  000,000 

lH,;i(M»,(K)0 

0()O,(M)O 

3!N,000 

151,000 

11,000 

67,500,000 

l.'i,0(M),(M)0 

3,500,000 

8,000,000 

553,000 

00,000 
70,000 
80,000 
IH,0(K> 
11,000 
37,(100 
11,000 

u.ooo 

3*i3,n00 

!*3,000,000 

10,000,000 
3,(H)0,000 
3,000,(HI0 
3,000,(MK) 
l,.5(MI,000 
3,000,000 
1,500,000 
1,000,000 

15,000,000 

1,103,(100 

8S,000 
50,(M)0 
•Zi,000 
40,000 
10,000 

133,000,000 

3,000,000 
3,0(10,000 
1,0(10.000 
4,000,000 
1,000,000 

1,580,000     1    134,000,000 

Indbi  beyond  the  Ganges.— Dritlsh  Acquisitions  in  1834  and  1833. 


Conntrica  south  of  Rangoon,  consisting  of  half  the  province  of  Mar- 
talian,  and  thu  provinces  of  Tuvoy,  Ye,  Tcnaaseriin,  and  the  Mer- 
giil  Isles              ........ 

The  province  of  Arracan             ...... 

Countries  from  which  tho  Durmese  have  been  e.Tpelled,  consisting  of 
Assam  and  thu  adjacent  petty  stales,  occupying  a  space  of  about 

Total           .... 

Brlli>h 
flquniti  Miln. 

ropulatlon. 

13,000 
11,000 

54,000 

51,000 
100,000 

150,000 

77,000 

301,000 

In  1R05,  according  to  official  returns  transmitted,  the  total  number  of  British-bom  subjects 
in  Hiiidnstiin  was  3 1 ,000.  Of  these,  22,000  were  in  the  army  as  otficers  and  privates ;  the  civil 
oini.'crs  of  government  of  all  descriptions  were  about  2,000;  tho  free  merchants  and  mariner!) 
will)  resided  in  India  under  covenant,  about  6,000;  tho  officers  and  practitioners  in  the  courta 
of  justice,  :)00  ;  the  remaining  1,700  consisted  of  adventurers  r/ho  had  smuggled  themselves 
out  in  various  capacitie.i.  Since  the  date  above  mentioned,  no  Uetailed  reports  have  been 
published  :  but  tliero  is  reason  to  l)elieve  that  even  now  the  total  number  of  British  subjects 
in  HItidostan  does  not  exceed  40,000  ;  the  removal  of  the  restrictions  on  the  commercial 
intercourse  having,  contrary  to  expectation,  added  very  few  to  the  previous  number. 

The  army  required  for  the  protection  of  these  extensive  provinces,  and  for  the  retaining 
them  under  due  subordination,  although  it  ]>resents  a  formidable  grand  total,  probably  does 
not  amount  to  a  fifth  part  of  tho  number  maintained  by  the  Mogul  sovereigns  and  their  func- 
tionaries, when  their  empire  was  in  its  .'senith ;  yet,  even  under  the  ablest  of  the  emperors, 
commotions  in  some  quarter  of  their  ill-subdued  territories  were  unceasing.  The  British  sys- 
tem in  India  hos  always  been  to  keep  the  troops  in  a  constant  state  of  prep  iration  for  war  ; 
but  fiever  to  enter  into  uniirovoked  hostilities,  or  engage  in  any  contests  except  those  rendercil 
nect'ssary  by  the  jirinciple  of  self-defence.  At  present,  with  the  exception  of  the  Russian, 
tho  British  military  force  is  probably  the  largest  standing  army  in  the  world.  In  1796,  it 
amounted  to  5,'),000.  In  1830,  the  latest  period  for  which  we  have  a  detailed  statement,  it 
consisted  of  infantry  170,062,  cavalry  19,,539.  artillery  17,385,  engineers  1,084,  with 
pioneers,  invalids,  &c.,  making  a  grand  total  of  223,476  men.  Of  these,  187,068  were 
natives,  and  37,376  Europeans ;  the  hitler  being  divided  between  the  King's  and  the  Com- 
pany's services  in  the  propoition  of  20,292  to  the  former,  and  17,084  to  the  latter.  'I'ho 
total  expenditure  on  account  of  the  Indian  army  during  the  same  year  amounted  to 
9,46 1,9.53/.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  worth  while  remarking,  that  the  war  department  in  Prussi)!, 
3*2  81 


i   1 


■f'l 


!•  i  i 


"  t 


];'pl!i!'t 


Ul 


012     EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Population,  &c.  of  r>RnisH). 


^t     ™ 


whirh  Imn  one  of  thr  mnut  rfTiririit  nrmirii  in  Europe,  co«t,  in  IPSO,  22,1(15,000  rix-i!i)llrtr«, 
or  3,;}'J  1,0(10/.,  liiin  ;  litilp  moni  limn  tile  tiiiril  of  tlio  rout  of  tho  Hritisli  Imliitti  urtuy  !  lie- 
CPiitly,  i.iiwivcr,  vt  TV  RrriU  cU'Drls  Imvo  lun-ii  iiindo  to  (■coiiomiMP  in  tliiH  ilcpiirlnu'iif.  'J'lio 
arinv  Iki*  licen  reduced  to  iiliout  l'JO,0(M)  men,  and  Moinc  of  tho  former  ttllowttnciw  lujvc  been 
diHCunilnuctl. 

A  nond  drill  of  nilln'r  conflirtini;f  cvidrncfl  was  pivpn  before  the  Inte  ^rliTt  committoo  on 
tlic  htale  of  the  Iniliuii  iiriny.  On  llio  wliolo,  it  would  »coin  to  l)0  docidcdly  Buperinr,  in  re- 
spect of  di-c  'line  and  eil'icieiii'v,  to  any  nutive  army  ever  ornnnined  in ''mUi,  liutinany 
very  inl('l!i«i'i:i  offirers  donlit  whether  it  could  make  tiny  eflectunl  oppnMtirm  to  Euro[H\in 
tvo.ips,  t'- whom,  mnendly  npel^iting:,  tho  Hepoys  are  inferior  both  in  phy-ii  u  utrcnRth  and 
moral  enerKV.  ^omc  of  iho  witne-iHcs  neem  to  think  that  tho  Indian  army  i:a8  recently  been 
a  good  deal  del<>rioiate(l. 

Till'  army  i"  il'.'trilmted  throughout  Hindosfan  under  the  orders  of  tho  supreme  govern- 
ment, promuli;,ited  tliri)u.;h  its  politinil  assents.  Conmii'ncing  from  the  great  HtatiouH  in  tlio 
Diiah  of  ilic  (iimge.s,  at  Ajnieer  is  our  corps;  another  at  Neemutch  ;  a  third  at  Mow;  all 
HUpplied  from  llio  i)en;;al  army.  Tlii  are  sncceeded  h\  'lie  tlujerat  uhnidiary  forcen,  tho 
field  corps  at  Midligamn,  and  the  Poouiih  division,  fnrniKhi  d  eliiefly  liy  the  Bombay  army. 
Til'' circia  in  further  continued  liy  tlie  field  force  in  the  t^oulhern  Muhratta  counti-y ;  tho 
Hyderalind  mid  Nn^poor  pulisidiarieH,  eoinfiosed  of  Madras  troojis ;  and  tho  dctaohinenis 
from  the  Uen.;,il  esi.iliiishnient,  forming  itu'  .N>  rlindda  and  Saugur  diviHiona,  from  whence 
the  cordun  tt  rininates  in  UnndeKiind.  Such  the  general  outline,  liable,  of  course,  to  teiii- 
jiorary  inoditicalionH,  and  occasional  e1iani;e  in  ;he  selection  of  titalions.  At  present,  with 
the  exreptjiiii  of  a  tract  :!.')  miles  broad  on  each  side  of  Ase.rghur,  there  is  an  unbroken  lino 
of  coniMiii,     ation  throoirh  the  Hriti^^h  teniiory  Vom  Uombay  to  Calcutta. 

In  dirn  I  and  authoiitalive  control,  the  dmninion  of  the  Uritith  government  extends  much 
further  limn  (hat  possessed  by  any  prior  d}  nasty,  whether  Patau  or  Mogid;  yet  the  latter,  no 
bmg  as  they  abstained  from  persecution,  had  nothiii,^  to  apprehend  from  the  religion  of  the 
Hindoos;  and  liistory  proves  that  the  commotions  which  agitated  the  Mohammedan  monar- 
chies chioily  arose  from  their  own  internal  dissensions  and  national  disputes.  Neither  does 
it  appear  that  any  prior  con'juerors  ever  niiployed  disciplined  corps  of  their  own  countryi'icn 
in  defence  of  their  own  sovereignty,  althouL,di  lliey  had  to  contend  with  ono  very  numerous 
tribt — the  Ilindoi);  whil't  the  Uriiish,  mure  aiUantai;eoinly  situated,  have  two  to  pit  in 
motion  against  each  other,  and  in  |»roccss  (if  time  may  raise  up  a  third.  Each  foreign  in- 
vader certainly  favoured  lii:i  own  countrjinen  ;  but  it  was  by  bestowing  on  them  ])laces  and 
liie.h  uppoiulmenls,  which  eveited  envy,  without  essentially  strengthening  his  domination. 
Herides,  thercf  ire.  loii.l  nhsiioence  from  |iprseeution,  tlie  British  government,  in  a  powerful 
corps  entirely  Kur'_)iran.  and  totally  distinguished  from  the  natives  by  colour,  language,  and 
manners,  iiossess,s  a  sol:  lity  and  consisleiiee  much  beyond  any  of  the  prior  Mohammedou 
ilwi.i  lies, — (lidinit'i'ii's  Eii.'l  India  Guzellcer,  2d  ed.  vol.  i.  pp.  G.'iC — (359.) 

2.  Htctit'L-  ana  Exjjfndit,  r  if  (he.  East  Iiifliit  Vnmpnny. — The  far  greater  part  of  the 
reveuiie  ol' India  i  at  present,  and  has  always  been,  derived  from  the  soil.  The  land  has 
been  held  by  its  \  nmediato  cultivators  generally  in  small  jiortions,  with  a  perpetual  and 
transferable  title  •  but  they  have  been  under  tho  obligation  of  making  an  annual  jiaymcnt  to 
goveriimont  of  a  certain  portion  of  the  produce  of  their  farms,  which  might  be  increased  or 
diminished  at  the  jdeasurc  of  the  sovereign ;  atid  which  has  in  almost  all  cases,  been  so 
large,  as  seldori  to  leave  tho  cultivators  more  than  a  hare  subsistence.  Under  the  Moham- 
medan governieent,  the  irrnsn  jiroduce  of  the  soil  was  divided  into  eiiual  or  nearly  equal  shares, 
between  tho  ryotk,  or  cullivalors,  and  tho  government.  We  regret  we  are  not  able  to  say 
that  the  Biilish  government  has  made  any  material  deductions  from  this  enormous  assess- 
ment. Its  oppressiveness,  more  than  any  thing  else,  has  prevented  our  ascendancy  in  India; 
and  the  roMoisrative  tranquillity  and  good  order  we  have  introduced,  from  having  the  beiie- 
licial  elfecis  that  might  have  bee  i  anticipated.  The  cultivators  throughout  Hindostan  are 
proverbia'ly  poor ;  and  till  the  amount  of  the  assessment  they  are  at  present  subject  to  bo 
elfectual'v  reduced,  they  cannot  bo  otherwiw  than  wretched.  They  are  commonly  obliged 
to  borroM/  money  to  buy  their  seed  and  carry  on  their  operations,  at  a  high  interest,  on  a  spe- 
cies of  mortgage  over  the  ensuing  crop.  Their  only  object  is  to  get  subsistence — to  be  able 
to  exist  in  the  same  obscure  poverty  as  their  forefathers.  If  they  succeed  in  this,  they  are 
satisfied.  Mr.  Colclirooke,  whose  authority  on  all  that  relates  to  India  is  so  deservedly  high, 
mentioris  that  the  quantity  of  land  occupied  by  each  ryot,  or  cultivator,  in  Bengal  is  com- 
monly iibout  C  acres,  and  rarely  amounts  to  24  ;  and  it  is  obvious  that  the  abstraction  of  half 
the  [iroducc  raised  on  such  patches  can  leave  their  occupiers  nothing  more  than  the  barest 
subsistence  fur  themselves  and  their  families.  Indeed,  Mr.  Colebrooke  ti'lls  us  that  the  con- 
dition of  ryots  subject  to  this  tax  is  generally  inferior  to  that  of  a  hired  labourer,  who  receives 
the  miserable  pittance  of  'i  annas,  or  about  3  pence,  a  day  of  wages. 

Besides  the  land  revenue,*  a  considerable  revenue  is  derived  in  India  from  the  monopo- 

•  Fur  an  aremuit  of  itie  land  rfivcniii?  of  India,  of  tlie  various  modes  in  wliicli  it  is  assrssLMl,  and 
ItD  influence  on  tliccundiiiiin  uf  (iie  inlmbiiants,  we  be);  to  refcTtu  Mr.  Kiclturds's  worl(  on  India.   Tlie 


III). 


lOO  rix-ilollnw, 
II  iiriny  !  lli'- 
iirtint'ii'.  'J'lio 
ncfM  htt\e  bfcn 

("ciiiimiitci'  on 
U[H!rii>r,  ill  re- 
ii.     UutiniiMy 

I  to  Kuro[i«'iiii 
ii  strcngtli  urul 
a  recently  been 

iprrmc  govcrn- 
'.  Htntioim  ill  tin; 
(1  at  Mow;  all 
iary  forcru,  the 
Uiimbny  army. 

II  countiy ;  tlio 
10  ilctachmcnt!) 
1,  from  whence 

course,  to  tcm- 
t  present,  wiili 
1  unbrokun  line 

t  extends  much 

^el  the  latter,  m 

religion  of  the 

nniedan  monar- 

Neither  'iocs 

iwn  countiynrn 

very  numerous 

two  to  pit  in 

ich    fiirei;;!!  in- 

hein  |)laces  anil 

h'u  doniiiiatioii. 

in  a  powerful 

langiiiige,  iiiiJ 

Mohamincdoii 

iter  part  of  the 

The  land  has 

perpetual  and 

ual  jiayment  tn 

U!  increaHcd  or 

eases,  been  so 

T  the  Mnliani- 

ly  equal  shares, 

not  able  to  say 

lormous  asscss- 

ancy  in  Indii; 

ivinj^  the  bene- 

Hindostan  are 

subject  to  1)0 

imonly  obliged 

crest,  on  a  spc- 

icc — to  be  able 

this,  they  are 

pservedly  high, 

iengal  is  com- 

.ractioii  of  half 

than  the  barest 

that  the  con- 

r,  who  receives 

the  monopo- 

\a  asspFstMl,  anil 
:  on  India.    'I'ke 


EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Popitlation,  Ac.  of  British).      0<3 

lie*  of  salt  and  opium,  tlic  onle  of  npirituo«<t  iiquora,  land  and  ura  customs,  podt-ofTico,  Ac. 
Of  thene  inonopolies,  the  llrHt  \i,  in  all  reupccts,  decidedly  the  munt  objectionable.  Few  tliiiii{x, 
indeed,  would  do  iiiore  to  promote  the  improvement  of  India,  than  the  tutal  abolition  of  thi« 
moiiupoly.  An  open  trailc  in  cait,  with  nimlerafe  dutien,  would,  there  can  I*  no  d<iubl,  lie 
productive  of  ilie  greatoHt  adv.intago  to  the  public,  and  of  a  Inrno  increaMC  of  revenue  to 
t^uvernmeiit.  'i'he  opium  inonupoly,  thouKh  Icm!i  objectioimblu  timn  thu  laxt,  in,  notwith- 
tandini?,  very  (ippic-iive.  [t  interferes  with  the  industry  of  the  iiihiiliitants;  ihuso  who  are 
rnRH^'ed  ill  the  eultiv.ilion  of  opium  lM>ing  obliged  to  sell  iheir  produce  at  prices  arbitrarily 
fixed  by  the  Company's  ai^eiits.  It  would  be  worse  than  useless  to  waste  the  reader's  time, 
by  pointing  out  in  dutiiil  the  iniNi'hievous  rlTects  of  such  a  system  ;  they  are  too  ubviixis  not 
to  arrest  the  a'teiition  of  eviTy  one.  The  proiluee  of  these  and  the  other  branches  of  Indian 
ta.xati<in  is  specified  in  the  subjoined  Tabic,  which  wo  have  carefully  cumpiled  from  thu 
otlicial  accounts. 


Accnunt  of  tliu  Terrllnriul  Rcvenii 

c«  of  the  East  India  Compiiny  d 

iring  the  Oflicliil  Year  1827-88. 

nvicrlpliun. 

Ki'ii^i. 

M.iilrii. 

fioliil'iy,      Feiia'iir. 

M,-       ■       . 

Saint 
lUlrii.!. 

I/itid'm. 

ToUl. 

£ 

£ 

£        '     £ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

I.aiiil  rent 

8,25a,7W 

3,510,715 

1,005,093  21,893,                  W« 

'  i.lil 

. 

13,7^,0.18 

Liquors  (iielt) 

AHi,m 

257,038 

. 

m 

7 13,000 

Opium  (iiioiiiipuly)      - 

2,051,(120 

• 

- 

- 

- 

2,051,020 

'roliiu'co  ulci.)  - 

- 

85,482 

- 

« 

- 

. 

85.4S2 

Hull  (|iarllul  innnnpiily) 

a,380,con 

310,192 

10,930 

- 

. 

2.755,728 

Kariiis  and  llcences(ii<Ut) 

~ 

5«,2.52 

22.i,0.MI 

\ 

ii; 

• 

2.51, 068 

Mint     - 

38.  inn 

4,332'         .-.,4 10 

- 

. 

. 

47,911 

I'dsl-dlllco 

fii,N:i;i 

32,01,1        12,5S» 

. 

. 

- 

1,(0,100 

^lluiiips 

327,700 

50,201          5,161 

■ 

• 

. 

389.131 

Bunk,  Mndras,  (nctt) 

. 

9.182    - 

. 

. 

. 

9,102 

Custoins— sea  - 

. 

12ft,8.w:       6.'S,ft!l8       . 

. 

«,2ic 

. 

191,773 

Inland 

• 

439,870      100,200 

. 

- 

- 

• 

519  079 

di).  unspcclHud 

831,7,11 

219,7f4 

• 

• 

- 

. 

1,051,5181 

Mandrioi 

nevi^niie 

30^,3.1.5;     392,355;  - 

- 

- 

- 

- 

700,710 

11,777,200,  5,320,191,  2,fta-i,555  21.b93  4,KS1 

18,559 

3,346 

. 

82,780,034 

fjpnoral   board,   (repny- 

1                  1 

iiiriit  by) 

-      -          -       3,017 

. 

. 

. 

. 

3,017 

Marine  (iiilotaifc) 

3S,lSt) 

7,802!        18,383        307 

. 

. 

. 

_ 

05,03S 

Judicial  Uinesund  ffca) 
Total  civil  revenue 

100,287 

13,8151        17,NI0l    5,039 

1 

4,881 

- 

52 

- 

143,113 

ll,yjl,92 

5,317,838!  2,004,82^  30,910 

18,559 

3,398 

. 

22,992,402 

Mililarv  (repayments) 

- 

- 

373 

- 

• 

- 

373 

liuildlngs  (do  ) 

Till al  receipts 
Intcriist 

Gross   revenue  and 

- 

- 

-          -           ^''i     - 

- 

- 

- 

49 

11,021,9S2 

5,317,8,18' 2,001,823|  31,333 

4,881 

18,509 

3,3..8 

. 

22,992,821 

1                  1 

receipts  - 

M,02I,0S2   5,317,83^' 2,G01,S2'<  31,3.1S  1,891 

18,559 

3,398 

. 

22,092,821 

Nett     surplus    revenue 

over  e.vpenditare     - 

1,179,273 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Account  of  the  Territorial  Cliarges  of  tlie  East  India  Company  during  the  Offlclnl  Year  1827-28. 

l)escii)ition. 

Bengjl. 

MaJru. 

BomUiy. 

FtfiiauS- 

Ml-    '  Sln?a-  1    Siliil 
lacca.   1   pore,    {  Heleua. 

LoiiJnn. 

Total. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Land  rent  (cidlec- 

tion,     pension:). 

&c.)    - 

1,003.180      702,077'     642,551 

3.000 

;oo  1,500 

. 

2,958,708 

Liipiors  (cliargeso'  collection  not  specified.) 

1 

OpiiMii    (cost  and 

1 

1 

charKes)         ,- 

658,254 

. 

. 

. 

- 

658,2,541 

Tohucco       (lio.) 

. 

31,813    - 

. 

. 

. 

- 

. 

31,8 »3| 

Salt              (ilci.) 

808,322 

74,419    - 

. 

. 

. 

. 

- 

882,711' 

Farms  and  licenses  tcharses  of  colU'ctinn  not  gpiH- 

fied.) 

1 

Mint  (clian-'iis  on) 

51,786 

20,100          3,0.17 

. 

. 

. 

- 

- 

75,829' 

tl'osl-oliice  (do.) 

89,075 

29.339        18,818 

. 

.. 

- 

. 

- 

137,2fi2i 

Stamps        (do.) 

81,090 

9,437    - 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

91,1271 

Hank  (charpes  not  specilled.) 

Cuslonis— sea 

(iliiirijcs  of  col- 

ledioii) 

. 

23,145 

14,807 

, 

. 

. 

. 

. 

38,312 

inland     (do.) 

• 

28,587 

3,037 

. 

. 

. 

- 

- 

31,624 

(;eniTal  iiiispe- 

cilied 

126,808 

» 

25,00.5 

_ 

_ 

_ 

. 

. 

152,413' 

Sundries 

Charfte  under  re- 

140 849 

3fi3,8j4j      130,914 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

041,617 1 

1 

venue  board  - 

3,505,264 

1,284,007      845,489 

!     3,000 

600 

1,500 

- 

- 

5,099,760 

various  important  and  difllcult  qiiestinns  with  respect  to  Indian  taxation  are  there  treated  with  great 
learning  and  sagacity,  and  placed  in  the  luuui  luminous  point  of  view. 


■  *  r  j-s  ■   t  ,  v. 


> 


x^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


/L 


1.0 


I.I 


141  MM    |25 

150    *^^      hHH 

^  Bii    12.2 

!!?  BA  ■" 

IIS 

US 

u 


lis    12.0 


IL25  ii.4 


1^1 


1.6 


7] 


'^ 


/. 


/A 


%'^ 
^ 


'^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


I 


6^ 


044    EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Population,  &c.  or  British). 

Aeeount  of  the  Territorial  Chargei  of  the  East  India  Company— e«nHiiii«l. 


DeMrlplion. 

BmiiL 

Madru. 

Bomlar. 

Pcmng. 

Ma- 
lacca. 

Slnp- 
pore. 

Silnt 
Helena. 

Loodoa. 

TeUI. 

Brnugkt  orir 
Charges  under  ge- 
neral board    - 
Charges  under  ma- 
rine do. 
Charges  under  Ju- 
dicial do. 

Gross  amount  of 

civil  charges 
Do.  military  do, 
Uiiililings  both  ci- 
vil and  milita- 
ry do. 

Charge  in  India 
Interest  on  debt 
Upspecified 

Gross  charge    - 
Nettcharge,  or  ex- 
cess of  expendi- 
ture over  reve- 
1    nue     - 

£ 

3,565,364 

1,103,834 

117,745 

l,lS0,39l 

£              £ 
1,384,007      849,480 

353,659'     474,781 

18,781,    313,863 

371,7sr     305,446 

£ 
3,000 

100,014 

6,000 

13,000 

£ 

SCO 

13,835 
1,000 
3,000 

£ 
1,500 

36,637 

3,000 

6,000 

£ 

46,808 

£ 

£ 

9,699,760 

3,137,548 

359,388 

1,847,591 

9,936,337 
5,345,737 

548,491 

3,038,198'  1,838,578 
3,897,580  3,051,810 

81,8n      163,088 

1 
181,014  16,335 
49,355    8,030 

4,833    1,186 

47,137 
11,341 

4,606 

46.808 
75,178 

1,989 

- 

10,034,387 
11,338,805 

780,071 

11,730,456 
1,713,353 

6,007,595 
179,035 

4,033,476: 175,103  35,541 
37,330     8,024      - 

63,084  133,969 

3.060.141 

33,159,823 
1.930,532 
3,060.141 

13,443,709 

6,186,630 

638,783 

4,060,706  177,136 
1,395,881  145,788 

35,941  63,084 
30,660  44,585 

123,969 
180,571 

3,060,141 
3,060,141 

86,139,896 
3,147,975 

The  territorial  revenues  at  the  dispoaal  of  the  East  India  Company  have,  for  a  lengthened 
period,  equalled  those  of  the  most  powerful  monarchies.  At  present  they  are  greater  than 
those  of  either  Russia  or  Austria,  being  inferior  only  to  those  of  Great  Britain  and  France ! 
Htill,  however,  the  Company's  financial  situation  is  the  very  reverse  of  prosperous.  Vast 
as  their  revenue  has  been,  their  expenditure  appears,  in  most  instances,  to  have  been  still 
larger ;  and  at  this  moment  their  debts  exceed  60,000,000/1  The  Company  have  given  the 
following  statement  of  their  affairs,  which  is  applicable,  as  respects  India,  to  the  1st  of  May, 
1831 ;  and  as  respects  England,  to  the  Istof  May,  1832: — 


Total  territorial  and  political  debts  abroad  and  at  homo 
Ditto,  credits,  ditto  ..... 


Balance  deficient  in  the  territorial  and  political  branch  - 
Total  commercial  debts  abroad  and  at  home  ... 
Ulttu,  credits,  ditto  ...-.- 

Balance  in  favour  In  the  commercial  branch 

Balance  deficient       ...... 

Add  the  amount  of  the  Company's  home  bond  debt 

Total  balance  deficient,  includinf  the  home  bond  debt    - 


,            . 

£ 

61,197,783 
39,579,523 

£*1 ,938,494 
31,647,149 

31,618,359 
19,718,659 

.           . 

. 

11,899,604 
3,543,854 

- 

£ 

15,442,458 


Of  the  credits  placed  to  account  of  the  Company,  arrears  of  revenue,  &c.  form  an  impor- 
tant item  ;  but  of  these  it  is  most  probable  a  considerable  portion  will  never  be  realised.  In 
a  statement  laid  by  the  East  India  Company  before  parliament,  and  printed  in  a  former  edition 
of  this  work  (p.  5 1 1.),  intended  to  represent  the  situation  of  the  Company's  affairs  on  the  Ist 
of  January,  1831,  their  assets  were  said  to  exceed  their  debts  and  liabilities  by  about 
3,000,000/.  The  wide  difference  between  that  account  and  the  one  given  above,  is  princi- 
pally owing  to  the  Company  having  struck  out  of  the  latter  a  sum  of  10,870,000/.  expended 
by  them  on  account  of  fortifications,  buildings,  &c  erected  in  India,  which  they  took  credit 
for  in  the  former. 

The  statement  now  jiven  renders  it  abundantly  obvious,  that  the  recent  arrangements 
with  the  Company  have  been  quite  as  beneficial  to  it  as,  we  doubt  not,  they  will  prove  to  the 
public  All  the  territorial  and  other  property  made  over  to  the  Crown  will  certainly  be  far 
short  of  meeting  the  claims  upon  it 

The  following  account  shows  the  balance  between  the  revenue  lind  expenditure  of  OUT 
Indian -dominions,  from  1809-10  to  1830-31 :— 


HKlon. 

Total. 

£ 

£ 

5,699,760 

3,137,548 

359,388 

1,847,591 

• 

10,034,387 
11,338,665 

780,071 

100.141 

32,159,223 
1,930,533 
2,060.141 

160,141 
160,141 

30,139,896 
3,147,979 

for  a  lengthened 
are  greater  than 
lin  and  France ! 
ro8pe^ou^     Vast 

have  been  Btil 
y  have  given  the 

the  Ist  of  May, 


EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Populatiok,  &c.  or  British).     045 

An  Aeconnt  of  the  Total  annual  Revflnuoi  and  Chnriteii  of  tlie  Ilrltlih  Poiinimloni  In  India  nndcr  the 
East  India  Company,  from  IbOlf-lO  to  lH;i0-31  s  Hliowhig  also  tliti  Ni'it  Cliaruo  of  Uuncoolun,  I'rinca 
of  Wales  Island,  and  St.  Helena ;  the  Interest  paid  on  account  of  Unhts  In  India ;  and  the  Antonnt 
of  Territorial  CImrires  paid  in  England.— (Abstracted  from  the  Pari,  Paptrt,  No.  S3.  8css.  183U. 
and  No.  306.  Sess.  1833.)  '^     '  ' 


Vcua. 


1609-10 
1810-11 
1811-13 
1812-13 
1813-14 
1614-19 
1615-16 
1816-17 
1817-18 
)8I6-19 
181920 
1820-31 
1631-33 
1633-83 
1833-21 
1831-39 
1835-30 
1826-27 
182r-28 
1828-29 
1829-30 
Estimate. 
1830-31 


Total  Grm 

R«veuu«s  of 

luilia. 


£ 
16,404,391 
16.679,1  US 
l«i,603,(il6 
IH,  459,774 
17,828,711 
17,331,191 
17,168,195 
18,010,135 
18,305,265 
19,393,(103 
1»,172,50« 
21,292,036 
31,753,271 
33,130,934 
31,338,633 
80,705,153 
3l,0»t),<)60 
33,327,753 
32,81»,184 
22.692,711 
31,663,310 


Total 

ChirjieaiD 

livlia. 


£ 

13,775,577 

13,<l«»,9h3 
13,32(),U(i7 
13,659,439 
13,617,725 
14,182,454 
15,081,587 
15,I2!t,S,TO 
l.VSH.'Ifll 
17,558,1115 
17,010,818 
17,520,612 
17,5r)5,Wi8! 
18,083,4621 
18,902,511 
3(),410,929l 
32,346,3«5| 
31,424,894 
31,778,431 
19,298,022 
18,300,715 


Nen 

Cliante  of 
Itenconlen, 

Frint-e  of 

Wain 

lilan'l,  aii'l 

tit.  Hsicua. 


J22,366,926  |  18,075,488 


£ 

303,361 
199,663 
108,388 
201,349 
309,957 
301,350 
325,558 
205,373 
319,793 
210,824 
143,019 
220,043 
207,816 
154,761 
257,276 
279,377 
214,285 
207,973 
372,014 
250,794 
213,304 

86,044 


Inleml 

on  Uabla. 


£ 

3,l.t9,019 

2,196,691 

1,457,077 

1,491,870 

1,537,434 

1,503,817 

1,584,157 

1,719,170 

1,753,018 

1,665,928 

1,940,»2- 

1,902,.585 

1, 9,33,835 

1,691,731 

1,652,449 

1,460,4.13 

1,575,911 

1,749,066 

1,958,313 

2,121,165 

3,0I»7,693 

2,311,869 


Ttrrjiorial  Charia  paid  iii  CufiaiiJ. 


Cost  of 
h>llilcil 
btont. 


OihCT  Terrl. 
torial  I'ay. 

nunti 
rhargnaijlg 

on  the 

Revenue. 

(frntiom, 

»c.) 


£ 

190,188 
317,703 
154,998 
193,784 

6l,3W 
139,873 

61,903 
194,374 

81,941 
130,1621 
265,0:)5; 
228,058; 
808,735 
804,147 
395,376 
414,181 
740,728 
1,111,7931 
805,016 
449,603; 
893,873, 


Total. 


£ 

867,097 
901,688, 
983,770  j 
1,184,976 
1,118,158; 
1,064,2331 
1,199,952 
1,071,1761 
1,094,70! 
1,150,378 
1,150,391 
1,072,106 
1,175,149 
1,354,960 
758,590 
1,160,078 
1,070,504 
1,318,102 
l,2,'i5,12-. 
1,517,602 
1,454,867 


138,430  1,339,135  1,473,909 


£ 

l,0.97,3i1 
1,119,391 
1,077,708 
1,376,768 
1,313,413 
1,194,596 
1,881,685 
1,363,550 
1,176,613 
1,380,540 
1,415,446 
1, .-100,164 
1,377.684 
1,559,107 
1,15.3,866 
1,580.259 
1,817,3,18 
8,489,691 
2,060.141 
1,067,405 
1,748,740 


Geuni  Hnull. 


8ur|ilui 
Hevcuue. 


681,916 

691,188 
147,677 


348,632 

679,008 

1,528,853 


520,030 


Surjilua 
Chari*. 


£ 
730,701 
736,930 

371,034 


1,004,693 

310,090 

689,153 

1,383,305 

1,466,161 


727,479 
3,025,746 
4,856,857 
8,484,076 
3,850,715 
9l5,2-/5 
008,142 


However  much  this  account  of  the  financial  concerns  of  our  Eastern  empire  may  l>e  at 
variance  with  the  exaggerated  ideas  entertained  rvspccting  it,  as  well  hy  a  large  proportion  of 
the  people  of  England  as  by  foreigners,  it  will  excite  no  surprise  in  the  mind  ol  :iny  one  wlio 
has  ever  reflected  on  the  subject  It  is  due,  indeed,  to  the  directors,  to  state,  that  though  they 
have  occasionally  acted  on  erroneous  principles,  they  have  always  exerted  themsolvcs  to 
enforce  economy  in  every  branch  of  their  expenditure,  and  to  impose  and  collect  their  revenucti 
in  the  best  and  cheapest  manner.  But  though  they  have  succeeded  in  repressing  many 
abuses,  it  would  be  idle  to  suppose  that  they  should  ever  entirely  succeed  in  rooting  them 
out.  How  can  it  be  imagined,  that  strangers  sent  to  India,  conscious  that  they  are  armed 
with  all  the  strength  of  government,  placed  under  no  real  responsibility,  exempted  from  the 
salutary  influence  of  public  opinion,  fearing  no  exposure  through  the  medium  of  the  press, 
and  anxious  only  to  accumulate  a  fortune,  should  not  occasionully  abuse  their  authority  T  oc 
that  they  should  manage  the  complicated  and  difficult  affairs  of  a  vast  empire,  inhabited  by  a 
race  of  people  of  whose  language,  manners,  and  habits,  they  are  almost  wholly  ignorant,  with 
that  prudence,  economy,  and  vigilance,  without  which  it  were  idle  to  expect  that  any  great 
surplus  revenue  could  ever  be  realised  1 


arrangements 
vill  prove  to  the 
xrtainly  be  far 

nditure  of  oar 


(Abstract  View  of  the  Revenues  and  Cliarges  of  India  for  llie  Yean  183i  -33, 1833-33, 1833-31,  and 

(by  estimate)  1834-35. 


Benipl 
Affra     • 

Mtdnu 
Bombay 

Total  reveouei  of 
ludla 

D.>ficifnrjr  of  or- 
dinary revenue 

Revenue.                             1 

Renffll  • 
A^ra     • 

^t,1lI^w            • 
Btinibay 

Total  cliarmt  in 

India  • 
Cliari^e  on  account 

of  SI.  Ili'lem 
Ctiarae  on  account 

of  India  in  Enic- 

land  ■ 

Total  clnriee  of 

India 
SurpUiaof  ordina* 

ry  re\euue  • 

Cliarte. 

IS3I-32. 

/,. 

9,474,094 

3,2^.133 
1,401, 9 1« 

183^-33. 

L. 

9,487,778 

1,497,30!! 
13,933,642 

2<!4,  92 

IS33-34.   1    IS34-3J. 

C.               L. 

8,844,241     6,415,100 

.     1    3,ti-,7,>X)0 

3,233,233     3,3fll,9!<2 

I,(jOU,691      1,503,7t2 

I!i3l32. 

/., 

7,533,170 

3,239,  Jtil 

2,0«),499 

1832  33, 

1833-34.       183445. 

I. 

7,(j.>7,2a8 

3',174,347 
2,034,710 

7,o1flj,449 

a,M<>,995 
I,96li,0-I5 

6,749,203 

5»<i,sai> 

3,076,404 
1,903,7411 

14,198,13.3 
li07.3ft 

13,680,I6> 

13,908,764 

67?,.'W6 
14,487,100 

12,631,928 
94,132 

1,476,633 

14,403,736 

12,896,2>5 
05,653 

1,227,536 

12,245,489 
91,641 

l,»3,S37 

12,313,246 

I0,98i> 

2,162,863 

14,219,374 

1 
13,630,767.  14,417,100 

49,398' 

14,403,736 

14,219,374 

;  13,680,183 

14,403,7361  14,219,374 

,  13,680,165 

-LM'I'J?'! 

N.  B,  The  Conipany  realised  in  1834-35  the  sum  of  10,679,32.31. 
The  di'litB  of  the  Compnnv  In  India  on  the  SOili  of  April,  IKil,  a 
Interest  of  l,754,345i.  D  year.-(i'ui/.  Paper,  No.  380.  Seas.  1836.;- 


by  the  sole  of  coniinerfal  issrti 
niiiiiiKvd  to  35,463,183/.,  bvuriug  av 
-Snii.) 


I  I 


640 


EBONY— ELM. 


EBONY  (Ger.  Ebenhok/  Da.  Ebbenhout ;  Fr.  Ebine,-  ItEbanof  Umb.  Ebenowoe' 
derewo ,-  Lat.  Ebenus),  a  species  of  wood  brought  principally  from  the  East.  It  is  exceed* 
ingly  hard  and  heavy,  of  great  durability,  suacrptible  of  a  very  fine  politih,  and  on  that  ac- 
count used  in  mosaic  and  other  inlaid  work.  There  are  many  species  of  ebony.  The  best 
is  that  which  is  jet  black,  free  from  veins  and  rind,  very  compact,  astringent,  and  of  an  acrid 
pungent  taste.  This  sjiecies,  (denominated  by  botanists  Diospyrus  Ebewts),  is  found  prin- 
cipally in  Madagascar,  the  Mauritius,  and  Ceylon.  The  centre  only  of  the  tree  is  said  to  be 
valuable.  In  1820,  S,002,783  lbs.  of  ebony,  of  the  estimated  value  of  9,017/.  7s.  Qid.  wore 
exported  from  the  Mauritius.  Besides  the  black,  there  are  red,  green,  and  yellow  ebonies ; 
but  the  latter  are  not  so  much  esteemed  as  the  former.  Cabinet-makers  are  in  the  habit  of 
substituting  pear-tree  and  other  woods  dyed  black,  in  the  place  of  genuine  ebony ;  these, 
however,  want  its  polish  anil  lustre,  though  they  hold  glue  better.  The  price  of  ebony 
varies,  in  the  London  market,  from  51.  to  20/.  a  ton.  The  quantities  imported  are  but  in- 
considerable. 

EEL  (Anguilla  mttrsena  of  Linnieus),  a  fish,  the  appearance  of  which  is  too  well  known 
to  require  any  description.  It  is  a  native  of  almost  all  the  waters  of  Europe,  frequenting  not 
only  rivers  but  stagnant  pools.  Eels  are,  in  many  places,  extremely  abundant,  particularly 
in  Holland  and  Jutland.  Several  ponds  are  appropriated  in  England  to  the  raising  of  eels ; 
and  considerable  numbers  are  taken  in  the  Thames  and  other  rivers.  But  by  far  the  largest 
portion  of  tiie  eels  used  in  England  are  furnished  by  Holland.  Indeed,  very  few  except 
Dutch  eels  are  ever  seen  in  London  ;  and  even  Hampton  and  Richmond  are  principally  sup- 
plied by  them.  The  trade  is  carried  on  by  two  Dutch  companies,  who  employ  in  it  several 
small  vessels,  by  means  of  which  the  market  is  regularly  and  amply  provided  for.  A  cargo 
of  eels  ia  supposed  to  average  from  15,000  to  20,000  lbs.  weight,  and  is  charged  with  a  duty 
on  iinpoitation  of  13/.  1.^  3d.  In  1S32,  this  duty  produced  940/.  lOs.,  showing  that  72 
cargoes  had  been  impbrted  that  year. — (Report  on  Channel  Fisheries,  p.  93.  &c.) 

EGGS  (Fr.  CEk/v  ;  liat  Ova),  are  too  well  known  to  require  to  be  described.  They  differ 
in  size,  colour,  taste,  &c.  according  to  the  different  species  of  birds  that  lay  them.  The  eggs 
of  hens  are  thoiic  most  commonly  used  as  food ;  and  form  an  article  of  very  considerable  im- 
portance in  a  commercial  point  of  view.  Vast  quantities  are  brought  from  the  country  1 1 
London  and  other  great  towns.  Since  the  peace  they  have  also  been  very  largely  imported 
from  the  Continent.  At  this  moment,  indeed,  the  trade  in  eggs  forms  a  considerable  branch 
of  our  commerce  with  France,  and  affords  constant  employment  for  a  number  of  small 
vessels ! 

Account  of  the  Number  of  Eggs  imported  Binro  18%,  spticiryinK  iho  Countiies  whence  they  were 
brought,  and  thu  Keveruic  accruing  thereon. 


Coutitritft  from  which  foiported. 


;| 


Cfmianr     ,  .  .  . 

(jQitK.!  l^etherhndt 
France         .  .  .  . 

Isim  of  Guernsey,  Jerwjr,  Al<lerney, 

ao'I  iMin,  pmiltice  (duly  free) 
Liln  of  Gyerijs,  y,  Jentcy,  AUemey, 

.ind  .Mtu,  prvKluce  (foreij^o) 
All  otiiar  placM 


To>il  of  the  impfirtalioiu  into  tho  I 
L'ulted  Kiogilom  •  • ) 


Amount  of  July  reccivei]  • 
Fate  of  duly  cKiried 


KwnbtT. 
7,200 
2,934,410 

718,086 

493,9» 
9,047 


1827. 


Sumhtr. 

9,020 

3,0«9,6!18 

6a,l09,Gi<l 

426,802 

220,674 
1,220 


63,260,627 


C«,8fe,l32 


21,726  10    2  23,071 


I.   d. 
4    I 


1323. 


Numlitr. 

5,4I7,3';0 
60,C43,bJti 

609,330 

348,447 

5,090 


66,455,773 


L.     I.    d. 

»,920    8    3 


IS29. 


Numbtr, 

SO 

6,749,75!) 

5li,;t70,479 

671,435 

373,419 

300 


&i,16;,472 


is3a 


Kumhtr. 

3,600 

4,B2fi,748 

48,1126,006 

70S,7«) 

28l,«4 

400 


63,644,168 


L.     ».    d.\     L.     ».    d. 
22.IS9    2  10  I8,S06  14    8 


Number, 

'  7,557,146 
60,401,506 

732,898 

603,798 
240 


59,197,668 


L.     I.   d 


1132. 


NumUr. 

3,120 

5,704,960 

65,651,24.1 

655,223 

646,065 
1,200 


62,591,817 


d. 


20,372  15    9:21,537    2    0 


lOd,  per  120  during  the  whole  period. 


If  appears  from  this  official  statement,  that  the  eggs  imported  from  France  amount  to 
about  65,000,000  a  year ;  and  supposing  }hor>  to  cost,  at  an  average,  4d,  a  dozen,  it  follows 
that  the  people  of  the  metropolis  and  Brif,-  '  jr  it  is  into  them  that  they  arc  almost  all 

imported)  pay  the  French  about  76,388/,  n  'or  egg.s  ;  and  supposing  that  the  freight, 

importers'  and  retailers'  profit,  duty.  Sic.  nr...c  Uieir  price  to  the  consumer  to  lOd.  a  dozen, 
their  total  cost  will  bo  190,972/. 

EJOO.  See  Gomuti. 

ELEMI,  a  resin  oi>tained  from  tho  Amt/ris  elemifera,  a  tree  growing  in  different  parts  of 
America,  Turkey,  &c.  It  is  obtained  by  wounding  the  bark  in  dry  weather,  the  juice  being 
left  to  thicken  in  the  sun.  It  is  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  semi-transparent;  at  first  softish, 
but  it  hardens  by  keeping.  Its  taste  is  slightly  bitter  and  warm.  Its  smell,  which  is,  at  first, 
Blrong  and  fragrant,  gradually  diminishes.  It  used  to  be  imported  in  long  roundish  cakes, 
wrnppeJ  in  flag  leaves,  but  it  is  now  usually  imi>orted  in  mats  and  chests. — (Thomson's 
C/iemiKtri/.) 

ELEPHANTS'  TEETH.    See  Ivobt. 

ELM  (U/mwi),  a  forest  tree  common  in  Great  Britain,  of  which  there  are  several  vaiie- 
Jcs.  It  attains  to  a  great  size,  and  lives  to  a  great  age :  its  trunk  is  often  rugged  and 
crooked,  and  it  is  of  slow  growth.     Tho  colour  of  the  heart-wood  of  elm  is  generally  darker 


ELSINEUR. 


MT 


,•  Rus.  Ehmowoe' 
B8t.  It  ig  exceed- 
ti,  and  on  that  ao 
ebony.  The  best 
It,  and  of  an  acrid 
\ts),  is  found  prin- 
e  tree  is  said  to  be 
11.  7».  6Jrf.  wore 
I  yellow  ebonies; 
re  in  the  habit  of 
ne  ebony;  these, 
le  price  of  ebony 
iported  arc  but  in- 

is  too  well  known 
«,  frequenting  not 
dant,  particularly 
le  raising  of  eels ; 
;  by  far  the  largest 

very  few  except 
re  principally  sup- 
iploy  in  it  several 
led  for.  A  cargo 
arged  with  a  duty 
showing  that  72 
93.  «Scc.) 

bed.  They  differ 
them.  The  eggs 
r  considerable  im< 
»  the  country, t) 

largely  imported 
nsideruble  branch 
number  of  small 


whence  they  were 


■831. 

Sumter. 

7,557,  U6 
60,401,506 

732,998 

603,798 
240 

IK)2. 

Number, 

3,120 

5,7n4,9«) 

63,631,24.1 

653,229 

646,063 
1,200 

62,391,817 

)9, 197,688 

I.     t.   d 
372  IS    9 

L.     1.  d. 
21,537    3   0 

1 

ance  amount  to 
dozen,  it  follows 
arc  almost  all 
:hat  the  freight, 
to  10</.  a  dozen. 


lifferent  parts  of 
,  the  juice  being 

at  first  softish, 
which  is,  at  first, 

roundish  cakes, 
8, — {Thomson's 


e  several  varie- 
len  rugged  and 
;ciierally  darker 


than  that  of  oak,  and  of  a  redder  brown.  The  sapwood  is  of  a  yollawish  or  brownish  white, 
with  pores  inclined  to  red.  It  is  in  general  porous,  and  cross-grained,  sometimes  coarse- 
graii  cd,  and  has  no  large  septa.  It  has  a  peculiar  odour.  It  twists  and  warps  much  in 
drying,  and  shrinks  very  much  both  in  length  and  breadth.  It  is  ditficult  to  work,  but 
is  not  liable  to  split,  and  l>ears  the  driving  of  bolts  and  nails  better  than  any  other  timlior.  Iti 
Scotland,  chairs  and  other  articles  of  household  furniture  are  frequently  made  of  elm  wood  ; 
t>ut  ill  England,  where  the  wood  is  inferior,  it  is  chiefly  used  in. the  manufacture  ofcuflins,  caslis, 
pumjis,  pipes,  &c.  It  is  appropriated  to  these  purposes  because  of  its  great  durability  in  wa- 
ter, which  also  occasions  its  extensive  use  as  piles  and  planking  for  wet  foundations.  Tho 
naves  of  wheels  are  frequently  made  of  elm;  those  of  the  heavy  wagons  and  drays  of  London 
are  made  of  oak,  which  supports  a  heavier  weight,  but  does  not  hold  the  spokes  so  firmly. 
Elm  is  said  to  bear  transplanting  better  than  any  other  large  tree. — (Tredgold'a  Vrinciples 
of  Carpentry,  pp.  201—203.  &c.) 

ELSINEUR,  on  HELSINGOR,  a  town  in  Zealand  about  22  miles  north  of  Copenha- 
gen, in  laf.  56°  2'  17"  N.,  Ion.  12°  38'  2"  E.  Population  about  7,000.  Adjacent  to 
Elsineur  is  the  castle  of  Cronborg,  which  commands  the  entrance  to  the  Baltic  by  the 
Sound.  All  merchant  ships  passing  to  and  from  the  Baltic  are  obliged,  under  the  reserva- 
tions mentioned  below,  to  salute  Cronborg  Castle  by  lowering  their  sails  when  abreast  of  tho 
same ;  and  no  ("hip,  unless  she  belong  to  Sweden,  is  allowed  to  pass  the  Sound  without 
clearing  out  at  Elsineur,  and  paying  toll,  according  to  the  provisions  in  the  treaties  to  that 
effect  negotiated  with  Denmark  by  the  dilferent  European  powers.  The  first  treaty  with 
England  havhig  reference  to  this  subject  is  dated  in  14.50.  The  Sound  duties  had  their 
origin  in  an  agreement  lictween  the  King  of  Denmark  on  the  one  part,  and  the  Ilanse  Towns 
on  tho  other,  by  which  the  former  undertook  to  construct  light-houses,  landmarks,  &c.  along 
the  Cattegat,  and  the  latter  to  pay  duty  for  the  same.  Tho  duties  have  since  been  varied 
at  different  periods.  Ships  of  war  are  exempted  from  the  payment  of  duties.  Most  maritime 
nations  have  consuls  resident  at  Elsineur.  The  following  plan  of  the  Sound  is  taken  from 
tho  Admiralty  Chart,  compiled  from  Danish  authorities. — (See  following  page.) 

Ordinanre  respfctirtg  lowerwg  in  the  Sound.— This  ceremony  being  attended  with  much  inconveni- 
ence in  unfavonrable  weather,  his  Danish  Majesty  issued,  in  18-2y,  the  Ibilowing  urdiiiunce  : — 

1.  All  ships  sailing  thruugli  the  Sound,  whuther  tlicy  come  from  th")  north  or  south,  must  salute 
Cronliorg  Cnslle,  by  lowering  their  sails  so  soun  as  the  nnrthernmost  church  in  Elsineur  bc<!in8  to  be 
concealed  behind  the  cnstle.  The  lowering  must  not  commence  before  the  church  goes  in  l)ehind  tlie 
castle,  and  must  continue  till  the  church  opens  itself  without  tlie  castle  again,  or  for  the  full  space  nf 
5  minutes.  Cvery  person  neglecting  this  duty  must  expect  to  be  compelled,  by  cannon-shot,  to  the 
same,  and  to  lie  lined  for  contumacy. 

A*.  B. — When  a  ship  lowers  liur  sails  on  her  first  entrance  into  the  marks,  and  keeps  them  lowered 
5  minutes,  though  not  come  out  of  the  marivs,  it  is  considered  suflicient. 

2.  The  sails  to  be  lowered  are  as  fillow  :— Sliips  carrying  top-gnllant  sails,  standing  or  flying,  must 
lower  the  top-gallant  sails  entirely  down  on  the  cap:  ships  having  only  one  top-g;>llant  sail,  ami  at 
the  same  time,  the  fore-top-sail,  they  must  be  lowered  half-mast  down  :  ships  having  no  top-gnilnnl 
saiN  must  lower  both  the  top-sails  on  half-must:  all  other  ships,  be  they  galliots,  smacks,  ketches, 
brigantines,  or  of  what  decioiniiiation  soever,  carrying  only  flying  top-sails,  must  lower  the  top-sails 
entirely  down  ;  but  those  having  no  standing  or  flying  top-sails,  or  which  have  all  tlieir  reefs  in  their 
lop-tails,  are  exempt  from  lowering. 

3.  When  ships  cruize  through  the  Sound  with  a  contrary  wind,  or  when  (with  a  scant  wind  or 
small  bree/e)  the  current  is  so  strong  against  them  that  it  would  set  them  astern,  if  they  lowered 
their  sails,  then  it  shall  be  wade  known  to  thein,  hy  hoisting  the  colours  at  the  castle,  Ikut  no  nalute  is  re- 
giiirtd,  and  that  they  may  make  the  best  of  their  way  withvnt  striking-  thrir  sails. 

4.  When  any  vessel  has  been  tired  at,  then  the  master  or  mate,  with  two  of  the  ship's  crew,  must 
go  on  shore,  and  make  declaration,  on  oath,  before  the  (.'ourt  of  Inquest,  why  lliey  have  not  lowered 
in  the  time  or  in  the  manner  prescribed.  If  it  be  deposed  that  lowering  was  performed  in  due  time 
and  manner,  then  the  master  will  he  free  from  paying  for  the  shot  tired  at  him  ;  on  tiie  contrary,  liu 
must  then  pay  for  each  shot  fired  at  him  from  the  caslle,  5  rix  dollars  iiO  stivers  current;  and  1  ducat 
for  each  shot  from  the  guurd-ship's  boat  when  in  pursuit  of  the  sliip.  If  tho  master  of  a  vessel 
siiould  sail  oway  without  acquitting  himself,  when  it  is  proved  who  the  master  or  ship  was,  the  fine 
will  he  demanded  of  the  person  who  clears  him  at  the  C'listoin-h'tuse. 

In  stormy  weather,  when  a  ship  cannot  come  to  anchor  in  Elsineur  roads  without  danger,  or  if  ghn 
lie  leaky,  or  going  to  repair  or  deliver ;  in  such  cases,  going  to  Copenhagen  is  not  considered  a  fraud. 
But  it  is  in  all  cases  indispensable  that  the  ship's  papers  should  be  sent  to  Elsineur  as  soon  as  ^os.'ti- 
ble,  that  she  may  lie  cleared. 

Pilotage,  i^c— When  ships  come  into  Elsineur  roads^nr  lie  wind-bound  near  the  Lappen,  watermen 
come  on  board  to  inquire  If  the  master  will  be  carried  ashore  to  clear  ;  and  in  rough  weather  it  is 
always  best  to  make  use  of  their  services,  their  boats  being  generally  very  safe.  The  Danish  author- 
ities have  published  a  Table  of  rates,  being  the  highest  charge  that  can  be  made  by  the  boatmen 
upon  such  occasions  ;  but  captains  may  bargain  with  them  for  as  much  less  as  they  please.  Most 
ships  passing  the  Sound  lake  on  board  pilots,  the  signal  for  one  being  a  flag  at  the  fore-topmast-head 
Those  hound  for  tlie  Baltic  take  a  pilot  at  Elsineur,  who  either  carries  the  ship  to  Copcnliagen,  or 
Dragne,  a  snmll  town  on  the  south-east  extremhy  of  the  island  of  Auiack,  where  she  is  clear  of  the 
grounds.  Those  leaving  the  llaltic  take  a  pilot  from  Dragon,  who  rarries  the  ship  to  Elsineur. 
Sometimes,  wiien  the  wind  is  fresh  from  the  E.  and  8.  E.,  it  is  impossible  for  a  ship  bound  for  Co- 
penhagen or  the  Baltic  to  double  the  point  of  Cronborg ;  and  in  that  case  an  Elsineur  pilot  is  some- 
times employed  to  moor  the  ship  in  the  channel  towards  Kull  Point  on  the  Swedish  shore,  in  lat. 
50°  IH'  S"  N.,  Ion.  12°  86'  E.  This  contingency  is,  however,  less  likely  to  happen  in  future,  as  we  un- 
derstand the  Danish  government  have  recently  hired  a  steam  tug  for  the  special  purpose  of  bringing 
ships,  in  adverse  weather,  round  Cronborg  Point.  The  pilots  are  regui.Trly  licensed,  so  that,  by  em- 
ploying them,  the  captain's  responsibility  is  at  an  end.  Tlieir  charges  ure  fixed  by  authority,  and 
depend  on  the  ship's  draught  of  water.  We  suiijoin  a  copy  of  the  laritf  applicable  to  pilots  taken  on 
board  at  Elsineur  to  curry  ships  to  Dragoe,  Copcnliagen,  or  Kull  Point,  with  the  sums  both  in  silver 
and  in  Rig  bank  paper  dollars. 


.  1 


048 


ELSINEUR. 


Refertnee»  to  Wu«.— A,  Castle  and  liirht  of  Cronborg;  B,  Elslneur;  C,  HeIi>lnRhor(»  In  Sweden; 
i:,  the  bank  called  the  Lappen ;  E,  the  bank  called  the  Uislcun.    The  Boundings  are  in  fathunis. 


Pilotage  from  the  Ist  of  April  to  the  30th  of  September. 


llracnc 

C(jpcnh:i*en. 

KuU 

I'oint. 

1 

Ships  dnwing  water. 

Silver. 

P»per. 

Silver. 

Fa  per. 

Silver. 

P<l>er.       1 

Fit. 

R.b.  dr.       idu 

At.  dr.       »c*. 

R.b.  dr. 

tch. 

R.b.  dr. 

If*. 

Rb.  dr. 

tcA. 

R.b.  dr. 

Kh.  1 

Cnder    •         ■              8 

II             T8 

12             H 

9 

10 

9 

3S 

5 

T2 

6 

69    1 

Bttwwn  ■          •     8  ind  9 

IS             16 

13            66 

10 

6 

10 

36 

6 

63 

6 

83 

9-10 

14            60 

14            94 

II 

2 

II 

SS 

7 

6.1 

7 

76 

10-  II 

IS            84 

16            36 

II 

C4 

12 

.'14 

8 

44 

8 

m 

II  —  12 

IT             22 

IT            T4 

12 

91 

13 

33 

9 

ai 

9 

63    1 

12  —  13 

18              M 

19             16 

13 

87 

14 

32 

10 

i; 

10 

66 

'■'    '      13  -  M 

19            90 

20            64 

14 

83 

15 

.11 

II 

16 

11 

60     , 

14-15 

21              28 

21             92 

15 

78 

16 

!W 

12 

7 

12 

43 

f.                           13-18 
IS—  IT 

n             62 

23            .14 

16 

75 

17 

29 

12 

93 

13 

36 

24             65 

2^            43 

18 

66 

19 

16 

13 

84 

14 

3U 

IT  —  in 

28            68 

2T            62 

20 

87 

21 

2 

15 

44 

15 

90 

18—19 

23             Tl 

29          et 

22 

19 

22 

86 

IT 

3 

17 

64 

19  —  20 

30            T4 

31              T2 

24 

0 

24 

T2 

18 

69 

19 

19 

20  —  21 

32            7T 

33            80 

2j 

77 

26 

68 

20 

in 

20 

8U 

21  —  22 

34             M) 

35            89 

2r 

69 

2S 

46 

21 

74 

22 

43 

22  —  23 

36            83 

38                1 

29 

40 

30 

32 

(3 

34 

24 

28 

ELSINEUR. 


049 


iRhore  In  Swfideii ; 
kre  ill  ruthuins. 


ur. 

Paiicr. 

tM. 

R.b.  dr. 

Kh. 

72 

6 

m 

63 

6 

K) 

63 

7 

7« 

4i 

8 

ei 

a-. 

9 

«t 

2-| 

10 

M 

16 

II 

60     I 

7 

12 

43 

B3 

13 

m 

84 

14 

30 

44 

15 

DO 

3 

17 

64 

69 

19 

19 

IB 

20 

m 

74 

22 

43 

34 

24 

9B 

Pilotage  (Vom  the  lit  of  October 

to  the  30th  of  Harcb. 

Dilfo*- 

Co|)mlu(«n- 

Kull  FuiDt                 1 

Silvar.        1        Fipw. 

Silvtr. 

P.p.r. 

Sllter. 

P.PW.       1 

rat. 

J^.^(<r     Kh. 

a.b.  dr.      «A. 

A  I.  dr. 

Kh. 

R.b.  dr.       Kk. 

Jit.  dr. 

ir*. 

lL.b.dr. 

Kh. 

Dnder     • 

9 

14        n 

16            40 

II 

u 

II             70 

7 

63 

76 

B<lwMa- 

•    land* 

It            7S 

17            30 

12 

61 

13              9 

8 

73 

S 

t-  10 

18            M 

19            l« 

13 

88 

14           64 

* 

98 

96 

10-  II 

20            97 

il             1 

IS 

19 

IS           64 

II 

16 

SO 

II  —  12 

li           l» 

21        le 

16 

47 

17           - 

19 

88 

7a 

It-  13 

24            - 

94            72 

17 

73 

18        ao 

13 

6S 

13-  14 

as         77 

as            68 

19 

4 

i»        etc 

14 

7S 

M 

14-  it 

27           69 

a        46 

30 

29 

20           M* 

16 

S6 

48 

IS-  l« 

29           40 

30        gj 

21 

67 

81           26 

17 

17 

88 

l«-  17 

sa         la 

S3        la 

24 

24            72 

18 

87 

98 

17-  18 

34            so 

as        88 

86 

39 

27            83 

20 

48 

21 

14 

ID-  19 

37            62 

as            68 

28 

79 

9»            70 

23 

67 

23 

88 

19-20 

40            24 

41            411 

SI 

21 

33             19 

24 

69 

25 

46 

20-31 

4i             92 

44            28 

33 

CO 

34            6a 

26 

79 

27 

64 

21-22 

4S            64 

47              9 

36 

4 

31            18 

88 

88 

29 

78 

22-23 

48            36 

49            8S 

38 

43 

39           62 

SI 

3 

32 

0 

ff.  B.  Wlien  a  pilot  Is  talcen  on  board  at  Dragoe  to  carry  a  ship  to  Elaiiiour,  the  charge  is  the  same 
aa  that  given  under  the  first  bead  of  the  above  column.— (.AreAires  du  Commerce,  tome  iii.  p.  143.) 

The  Monies,  IVeiffhtt,  and  Meaiurei  of  Elsinenr  are  the  aame  as  those  of  Copenhagen  (which  see), 
except  that  the  rixdullur  is  divided  into  4  orti  Inatead  of  6  marcs :  thus,  84  sliUlings  malce  1  ort;  and  4 
oils  1  rixdollar. 

In  pnying  toll,  however,  at  the  passage  of  the  Sound,  the  monies  are  distinguished  into  three  differ- 
ent values  !  namely,  specie,  crown,  and  current. 

Specie  money  is  that  in  which  ihe  duties  of  the  Sound  were  fixed  in  1701. 

Crown  money  was  the  ancient  currency  of  Deninaric,  in  which  the  toll  is  sometimes  reckoned. 

Current  money  is  tlie  actual  currency  of  the  country. 

The  proportion  between  these  denominations  is  us  follows : — 

Eight  specie  rlxcioliars  =  9  crown  rixdollars ;  10  crown  rixdollars  ••  17  current  rixdollars :  therefore 
to  reduce  specie  money  into  crowu  money,  add  one  eighth ;  and  for  the  reverse  operation,  subtract  one 
ninth. 

To  reduce  erown  money  Into  current  money,  add  one  sixteenth ;  and  for  the  reverse  operation,  sub- 
stract  one  seventeenth. 

Ilonce,  also,  I*i8  apecle  rixdollars  are  worth  144  crown  rixdollars,  or  1S3  current  rixdollars  i  and 
thert'fore  specie  money  is  13^  per  cent,  better  than  crown  money,  and  ^^i-s  P^'  '^^■'t.  better  than  cur- 
rent money. 

Houses  in  the  Baltic  charge  the  Sound  duties  in  the  invoices,  and  have  their  own  agents  at  Elsineur 
to  clear  all  the  merchandise  shipped  by  them.  If  this  be  not  the  case,  the  merchants  at  Elsineur  then 
draw  upon  the  owners  or  agents  where  the  goods  are  directed  or  addressed. 

Weights.— K  Hhippound  from  the  Baltic,  of  10  stone,  is  calculated  aa 300  lbs.  Danish;  a  Russian  ber- 
knwitz,  as  300  lbs. ;  a  pud,  as  30  lbs.  Danish ;  a  centner  from  the  Baltic,  ai  110  lbs. ;  and  a  cwt.  En- 
glish, as  ll'i  lbs.  Danish. 

Com  Measure  of  diffetmt  Placet  reduced  to  Danish  Lasts,  for  paying  the  Sound  Dues. 


Ihrth 

Colber^  • 

DtfDimm  > 
KaKOiiwalda 
Sloipe 

Trentow  - 

Str.iliuod  • 

Wolgast  - 

16  Runhn  chctwcrO 


3  lash  will  be  reek- 
OTieU  in  the  Sound 
u4  lull. 


I  cent,  uf  2S  muidi  French  nil,  from  Rochella 

I  cenl.  from  Bordeaux 

13  ruitfti  from  Dunkirk       ■  •  • 


Qryniwalde 
Wiwutr  • 
Auclaiu    * 
Roalock,  6lutaror6. 
Stettin      • 
Warncmunde 
Winemunde 
Luback,  7  laid  for  8. 

Latlt. 

.  I 
13 
12 
I 


•  )4  U< 

•5  "• 


lull  nckoned  as 


) 


0  laiU  for  7. 


Riia  . 
K'migabarf 
Daolaie  ■ 
Killing  . 
Meniel  • 
Ret  el  • 
feterftbuneh 
Ooel      . 


10  muMi  rnin  Havre  ■  .         .  , 

7  moyni  from  Cadiz,  Lisbon,  &C.      • 
400  Dutch  marts  (measures)    -'         .  . 

1  English  chaldron,  2  weighs,  2  ton,  or  BO  biuheli 


The  nme  u 
the  Dutch 


ImU. 
■    12 

•  12 

•  7 

•  1 


Liquid  Measure.— X  tonneau  of  French  wine  is  considered  as  4  oxhofts,  or  S4  ankers. 
A  pipe  of  Spanish  or  Portuguese  wine,  as  2o.\hofts. 
30  Spanish  arrohas,  or  35  I'lirtuguese  almudes,  as  a  regular  pipe.     / 

30  Spanish  arrobas,  or  48  pots  gf  oil,  as  a  regular  both  (pipe) ;  a  hogshead  of  brandy,  aa  6  ankers; 
tierce,  as  4  ankers ;  an  anker,  S  veils,  or  40  Danish  pots. 


Duties  payable  at  the  Sound  on 

A'e  or  beer,  the  8  ho^iheidi,  at  4  1-2 

Aluioiida,  the  100  lbs.  •  •  • 

Alum,  the  shippound  .  •  • 

Aniseed,  the  100  lbs. 

Antimony,  the  shippound      .  -  •  - 

Anclior  and  locks,  tl»e  shock  of  60    - 

Applti*.  the  last  of  22  barrels 

Aimtbecaries^  drugs,  the  lls|)ound  valued  at  36  rU-dollan 

ArRolj  the  shippound  ,  .  .  - 

At«:mc  do.  -  .  •  • 

Asiiei,  weed,  the  last  of  12  barrels,  or  13  do. 


not,  the  last  of  12  do.,  or  12  do. 
Bacon,  the  shippound  -  -  •  • 

Baize,  the  single  piece  •  •  •  • 

the  double  do.  .  .  -  • 

Balks,  great,  of  oak,  the  niece         .  •  • 

fir,       4du. 
smalt,     do.      20  do.  -  •  • 

Biy,  berries,  the  200  llu.       - 
Ercf,  sailed,  the  last  of  12  barrels    • 
Biscuit,  or  bread  of  wheat,  4  barrels  ■  • 

rve,  4  do. 
Bimks,  printed,  the  IdO  Ibj.  valued  at  3S  rixdallan 
Brass,  or  brass  wire,  the  shippound 

wruu;bt,  the  100  llis.  v  ilued  at  36  rixdollait 
Brimstone,  the  last  of  12  shippound 
Brandy,  French  or  Spanish,  the  hOf^head    • 

corn,  the  barrel       .  •  .  - 

Rliciiisli,  the  ahm    - 
Brazil  waod  the  50(t  lbs.      •  • 

Vol.  L— 3  I 


the  principal  Article*  eommonly  paasinff  through 

RixJ.  St.  Rixd.  It 

BriitlM,  the  shlppoand,  valued  at  36  rixdollan      -  •  0     Ifl 

Butter,  the  iKirrel      •  -  •  -  •  •05 

Cables,  cordajru,  or  cable  yarn,  the  shippound        •  -  0 

CalicoM.  tbc  8  pieCM  -  -  •  •  •  0 

Capers,  the  pi(>e,  or  2  hojpfaeads      •  •  -  •  0 

CanJi,  Cor  p'aj^inK  or  for  wool,  the  !0  down  -  .  0 

Canlanionit.  citmamou,  clovoSf  or  cochiaeat,  the  100  lb*.  •  0 

Camlets,  tho  4  pieces  -  ■  -  •  •  0 

Canvass,  or  cambrics,  4  do.  ■  >  •  •  0 

Callimancoes,  the  S  do.         •  •  •  •  •  0 

Cninpeachy  wood,  the  500  Ibt,         •  •  -  -0 

Caraway  seids,  the  100  do.  >  ■  -  -  •  0 

Cavi.irc,  the  ihippound,  valued  at  36  riidcllart      •  •  0 

Cheese,  Ihe  ahipptiund  -  ■  •  •  *  0 

Chesnuts,  the  36  sacks  >  •  ■  -  -  0 

Cider,  the  hni^slit.iii  -  •  .  >  >  •  0 

Clock-work,  Ihe  100  lbs.  valued  at  36  riidollars    -  •  0 

CloUi  of  silk,  the  piece  -  -  •  -  -  0 

fine  or  short  cloths,  or  double  dozens ,  the  3  piecet  •  0 

cnane,  or  loof  cloths,  or  duzt  ns,  the  4  do.     -  -  0 

Coffee,  the  200  lbs.    - 0 

Copper,  the  shippound  -  •  -  ■  •  0 

wmuKt.t,  Ihe  100  Ibi.  valued  at  32  rizdoUan  •  0 

Cork,  the  SO  bundles Q 

Copperas,  calamine,  or  cmm  of  tartar,  the  shippound  •  0 

Cotton  wool,  Iho  100  lbs 0 

Corn,  barley,  the  last  of  20  barrels  -  -  -  -  0 

beans,  peas,  oats,  or  buckwheat,  tlte  last  of  12  do.  ■  0 

malt,  the  last  of  12  do.  •  •  •  0 

rye,  the  last  of  20  do.  •  «  0 

82 


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6B3 


ELSINEUR. 


Ornti  whMl,  the  Ust  of  ao  twiTfU 
Cnrlati ' 


Rixd.  It. 


,      atiddr  Kn>l  cu'miU,  Uw  200  lbs. 
Daiuuki  of  iitk,  ih*-  picco     • 

linrt),  tliL*  4  pircri  « 

MfMillcn,  tlMH<lo. 
Deali  of  oak  ur  fir,  nlH.vf  20  feet,  the  ihnrk 
Carl^haiii,  uuilflr  20  (met 

l*r;iMnii 

^.  coiniiioi.,  10  to  14  feet,  the  1,000 

Piaiwr  or  drilliivf,  the  iO  jHBcet 
Dnwit.  tlic  shlj|)|initn(t  ■  ■ 

DruiFTfti,  the  2  pifcet 
>Eolt.  ^hflutcr  Ubarreli    . 
£l6(ih.iiiti'  (feth,  I  Mh 
FMilicn,  rhe  ahlpiiou'iil       ■  « 

F«niaiuliuco  wnim),  1,000  Iba. 
Fl<t.  thn  IH  bunk' t*.  8<X)  do.  • 

Fifeb,  cihI,  Ih«  tut,  tJ  lixrrrli 

itork,  the  t-mt,  12  nhippoand,  or  1,000  fiah 
Mlmnn,tlio  barrel 
uht^il  herritiip,  Un.       • 
re-1  tierriti4>,  the  bit  nf  80  itniciL  or  20,000 
Fhnnt-li,  tin  R  iiirm  •if  25  elU  each 
FiiX,  (tr«*p(l.  the  shippnufKi 

un(lrt«M>.l,  u  Felenbiirrh,  Ntm,  19  hofiheadt} 

AUrifiibur^h.  all  tine  aorta  podilla,  rackelxor,  UM 

lutcriKxIer,  the  4  do.  .  .  .  . 

eonne,  half  clean,  Farken,  lUueti,  Memeli,  and 

^  Marjpnbunf,  the  6  do.  -  . 

tow,  the  5  do,    - 

FlounJtn,  drv,  the  20.000     . 

Flour  of  wheal,  the  2U0  It)!.  . 

bnrley  or  rye,  ttw  Itut  of  \2  barrela 
Friese,  the  prcoo        •  ■  .  . 

Oillmnririim.  tlie200lt>i.     . 
GLaia  fur  windowa.  EuglUh,  French,  Lub«ck,  uul  Dutxic^ 
the  S  chffa  .... 
Venire,  drliikii<{f[  do.,  the  cheat 
bottles,  the  ton,  •!  hofpheada  and  90  ichocka 

lho2plnei 
qiiirt  bottloi,  100  ^lozen,  50  rii.lollirt 
Olorea,  Russia,  or  Cnurland.  the  2W  pair    - 
li'iiher,  the  iIozbd,  value  2  rixilollara 
Oaapowder,  the  lOO  Ibi.       • 
Hit»erlibherT  ware,  thi;  100  llw.  valued  at  36  rlidollan 
Hair,  caiiieU'nrrnripya',  tbeSOIU.  • 
Huidinikei,  the  VK>  . 

Ha  a,  felt,  the  eaik     -  .  •  • 

beaver.  Ifie  dosen,  value  49  rlidoUart 
cattnr,  (he  dozen,  do.  ■ 

Hemp,  (he  shippnutid  ... 

t'W,  the  10  do. 
Hi'Jea,  elks'.  h.irt»',  burkV,  or  RumU,  the  decker 
lali'id,  i(ka',  harti',  bucks',  or  Ruaaia,  (!■», 
dry,  elki',  Iisfa',  bucka',  or  Rubsia,  tbe  6  do. 
Runia,  the  shippouod 
Honey,  the  hii<she.id 
Hops  (he  <hip[H)uiid  -  • 

Hnrtei,  the  n.iir         •  •  • 

lmlii{0,  the  100  lbs.    - 
trun  wire,  or  rtana,  do.         •  • 

■tovea,  pfatea  or  pott,  the  thippouiH) 
bara,  bata,  bolts,  tioopa,  anchors,  and  mirs,  do. 
wrnurhl,  the  UK)  tha,  vMued  at  24  rildoUan 
old,  the  ihipi>nuod        ■  >  . 

Oitermumiii,  ito.  ... 

hirwlasfl,  the  100  Ihs.  ... 

Jtiuipt;r  berries,  the  200  do. 
Keiwys  the  8  pieces  ... 

Lace,  aitk,  or  ferret,  the  4  Iba. 

thread,  wool,  cot'nn,  or  hair,  tha  10  do. 
gold  >nd  silver,  the  lb. 
I^mofts,  the  J  2  cIhsIs,  nr  3ii,000     - 

pickled,  the  pipe  or  honhead       • 
Lead,  fodder,  the  ton,  or  6  afaippouad         • 
shot,  the  lOO  lbs. 

red  or  white,  do.       ... 
Leather,  Russia  or  Scotch,  the  decker 

Spauish,  Cor  tovan,  Turkey,  and  balT,  do. 
Sprns,  the  10  iht,      • 
Bisanoa,  th';  10  do.  >  • 

tanned  or  sole,  the  lOOIbs.  • 

ahtmed  or  white,  the  500  piecei    - 
Mjcnom  viiae,  the  100  lt>s.     • 
l.iitai'cd,  Ihr  la^i  of  24  barrela         •  > 

, Linen,  calicoes,  the  16  piecM 
flax,  (he  20  do.  • 

Holt ind,  SilMia,  and  Westphalia,  the  4  do. 
henip,  blai-k  low,  the  80  do. 
i  ■  canvass,  the  8  do.      ■  •  . 

damask,  the  12  do.     .  -  • 

drilling,  the  20  do.,  nrSOOarsheena 
frrjin  Petf rsbiirijh,  alt  aorta,  the  40  do.,  or  2,000  da 
Lo^  ood,  the  HU  Iba. 
Mac**,  the  M  ibs.       • 

Alaa'a,  15  [alina  and  upwards,  the  piece     • 
small  .... 

for  boat!",  the  scliock  .  •  • 

Mats  from  Pclenliuri^h,  Ib«  1,000     • 
M'lhtir.  ihe50ltjs.    •  .  .  • 

MiifltanI  sci-t,  the  last  nf  12  barreli  • 

N.iils,  Holliiitl  nr  Lubeck,  the  centner        • 

tree  nails  for  aliipa,  the  40,000 
Ku'mer>,  do.  .  .  -  • 

Nuts,  the  \*s\  nf  20  barrels  or  aacJu  • 

Oani,  great,  the  acbock 

muall.  do.  •  •  •  ■ 

Oil,  olive,  iT  rtfrville  or  Portiiril,  the  pine   • 

fapu,  linaerd,  hemp,  the  uit  of  8  anms 


1 

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36 

hundred  of  48 


Oil,  train,  the  laat  of  8  bogiheadr,  or  12  barrela 

Ulihamim,  the  ItX)  lbs. 

(Hive*,  (he  pipe,  or  2  lint«hrads 

OranKts,  the  12  chests,  or  3,600 

I'apcr,  ihe  R  biles,  or  80  reaius 

i'epper,  Ihe  1 00  Iba. 

Pewter,  the  shipnound  ■  • 

Pitch,  fcrrat  bana        -  •  • 

smnll     .  .  -  - 

Platea  of  tin,  the  4  ra^ks,  nr  thippouwl 
I'lai  llrif,  (he  1,000  ulls,  or  40  piecca 
Prunes,  I  ha  400  lbs.    - 
PruncltrMM,  Ibe  100  do. 
tiui( k-tilver,  thn  'lO do.  •  " 

Haui'veed,  Ihe  Unt  of  2\  barrels 
Kiisiua,  Ilie400l(.s..or36baaketa    - 
Resin,  the  shirpnuud  •  • 

Ribands  of  silk,  or  ferreta,  the  4  Ibt. 
antit  or  ailvcr,  tbe  3  do. 
Rl«-,  the  2W)  do. 
Satfroi),  the  2  dn.        • 
Salt.  Stmniab,  French,  and  Scotch,  the  lut  of  18  barrela,  or 
8l)t!)thi-ls     .... 
Lunenburc,  the  taatof  12  Luabcia 
Saltpetre,  the  i>liip|Miund        -  • 

Says,  double,  the  2  pieces 

single,  or  En^li'h,  the  4  do. 
Sailcloth.  Ihe  8  do.     • 
Snreaparilla,  dn.         -  -  • 

Shuuiac,  the  400  lbs. 

Silk,  sewinr,  ferret,  wrought  lace,  the  4  lo. 
raw,  the  100  do. 
atutib,  dn.  •  •  • 

with  fold  and  silver,  the  piece 
Sklos,  btawr,  (he  5  deckers  • 

otter,  the  piece 

Ruwia,  drv,  wolf  and  fos,  Uie  5  decken 

gnit,  the  20  do. 

calf,  thH  10  do. 

cat  and  iheep,  the  500  pieces 

black  rilihit,  nr  Iamb,  the  1,000  do. 

ffrey  nibl>it,  or  kid,  the  2,000 

marten,  Ihe  40 

hare,  (he  bale,  valued  at  G2  rixdollars 
Soap,  white,  the  100  lbs.       • 

Kreen,  the  t.-ut  of  12  barrela    • 
Sjiara,  freit,  the  i.)  piecea     - 

amati,  ttte  1,000  do.     - 
.Starch,  th«  300  ll».    • 
Sl.ives,  pipe,  hugshead,  and  barrel,  tlie  |reat 

shocks         .... 
Steel,  the  100  Iba.       • 
Stones,  Polan'f,  Ihe  1,000  feet  of  500  ella 
Stocklufs  of  ailk.  the  dozen,  or  12  Iba. 

kersey,  woolleo,  or  worsted,  (br  children,  tbe 

100  pair 
wnratml,  floret,  and  aayet,  the  50  do. 
wor)||en,  for  children,  Die  200  do. 
Sturgeon,  the  last  of  12  barrela 
Stufla,  woollen,  the  8  piecea 
Surcade,  the  M  lbs.    • 
Sugar  candy,  or  confectionary,  Ihe  100  do. 

IcAven,  pow-der,  or  Muacavado,  the  200  Ibn 
Sword  blades,  the  50 

hilts  do.  •  .  - 

SweetwoofJ,  the  100  lbs. 
Tallow,  the  shipnound 
Tarras,  the  laNt,  6shippound,  or  12  barrela 
Tar,  icre.it  Innd,  the  last  nf  12  barrels 

small  band,  (he  last  of  do. 
Thread,  white  and  c  loured,  the  60  lbs. 

rnld  aud  silver,  tbe  lb. 
Tin,  Ihe  snipp'^und    ■  .  • 

Tobacco,  the  100  Iba.  •  • 

Treacle,  the  pipe,  or  S  honheada     - 
Turpentine,  the  shippouiu    -  * 

Verdlpris,  the  100  Iba. 
Vermrlinn.  do.  •  •  • 

Velvet,  Ane,  the  piece  -  ■ 

with  Ihreiad,  tbe  2  pieces 
Vinegar  of  wine,  the  hothead 

beer,  ale,  nr  cider,  the  2  do. 
Wai,  the  shippound 
W.iinscnt  boards  Ihe  ichock  • 

WUie,  Ror!eaui,  (he  ton,  or  4  hofsbeads,  at  53  rixdollars 

Ficanlin,  Hoogland,  Muscat,  aud  Fronlignac,  tbe  3 
hoBfshiada    .  .  ■ 

Spinish  or  Portuguese,  the  pipe 

lt.-ili.in  and  I^evaiit     • 

Rlienivh,  the  ahm       •  • 

Wire,  iron,  or  brass,  (he  shippound 

steel,  the  tOO  lbs. 

^Id  and  silver,  the  lb.  • 

Wool,  beaver,  the  ^  lbs.       - 

Spanish,  or  fine,  the  4  ahippound 

coarse,  or  Sc:  ten,  (he  6  do.    * 

flotk,  or  culling  wofd,  (he  2  do, 

Scotch  sliirtH,  the  40  piecea    - 

shifti.  tbeSdo. 
Wood  shnveU,  the  10  schocks 

dialies  nr  trays,  the  6  do.         * 

plates,  iho  fi'do.  -  • 

nails,  the  20,000 
Tarn,  coifnn,  the  .W  lbs.        •  • 

line^  the  rhippound,  or  40  achocki 

tow,  the  4  do.  -  • 

sail,  tlie  shippound      -  • 

all  torts  of  woolleo,  the  SO  Iba. 


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/ 


ELSINEUR. 


651 


Rlid  It 


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0      l!j 

a                  a                   •                   ■ 

0      9 

lis  4  Jo. 

0    in 

0     ») 

a                   .                  a                   ■ 

0     li 

1                     a                  a                   • 

0      IS 

•                   •                  a                   • 

0    u 

.                   .                   a                  - 

0      6 

eidecken      • 

0     \i 

0     3S 

• 

0     12 

a                   • 

0      18 

OOdO.    a 

0     14 

•                 ■ 

U      IH 

• 

0     30 

iidollua 

0     36 

0       9 

a                  •                   a 

0     36 

a                   •                  a 

0     36 

a                   a 

■   0     IS 

> 

0      H 

ti»  gmX  hundred  of  41 

S 

0     30 

^ 

0       4 

1  elli     - 

■    0     30 

n. 

•    0     30 

ortted,  for  children}  tb 

B 

•                      a                      a 

■    0     30 

yet,  the  50  do. 

■    0     30 

Uw200do.       • 

•    0     30 

-    1      12 

a 

•    0     11 

- 

•    0     12 

100  do. 

•    0     H 

o,ttte2001bf.  • 

•    0     H 

•    0     12 

■                   a                  a 

•  0    la 

a                  a                  • 

•    0      9 

a                  a                  • 

•   0      6 

barreli 

■    0     36 

lis 

•    0     H 

•    0      9 

lbs.       a 

•    0     30 

•    0      5 

•    0     24 

•    0      1 

a                  a 

•   0     36 

a                  ■                   • 

-   0      6 

a                  u                  9 

•    0      9 

a                  •                  a 

•   0     3« 

a                  a                   • 

•    0      9 

•                  a 

■    0      9 

a                  a 

•   U     12 

do. 

•   0      9 

•    0     39 

. 

•    0     14 

hndt,  at  52  rizdollan 

1     36 

aud  FroDtiguc,  the 

•    1      9 

.ipe       . 

-    1     24 
•   2      0 

»          ,          • 

•   0     40 

•    0    2t 

•   0    24 

a                  a                  - 

•   0      5 

a 

•    1      0 

>UDd          a                   a 

•    0     36 

•   0     36 

do. 

•    0      9 

-    0     15 

,                  ,                  m 

.   0     lU 

a                •                • 

.    0      9 

■                 • 

.    0      9 

a                  a                  a 

.   0      f 

a                  a                  a 

.    0     1' 

a                  a                  • 

.   0     St 

:h(Kk( 

.   0     36 

.    0     36 

•         •         • 

.   0     36 

(,         •          . 

.   0     36 

Mmerandum  ruptctitg  t\t  Modi  of  pritenting  etrtnin  Ottrchargtt  of  Saimd  Dutiu  tn  Ooodt  ikipptd 

for  the  Baltic. 

There  have  been  many  eomplnintp  of  the  Sound  duty  being  overrated  on  gondii  which,  bk  thry  nr« 
not  noticed  In  the  tarllfi  are  chargonblu  ad  valorem,  (1  |ier.  cent.  In  the  cane  of  the  Enitlliih,  Dutcli,  and 
Swuiica ;  U  per  cent.  In  thu  caxu  ufutlier  nulloMN ;)  thia  clinrge  beini{  iiulely  roK»l>>led  by  the  value  ex- 
preaai'd  In  tho  rncket«,  the  only  ilncunicntii  by  which  the  Ciifdnni-hinmu  olHccry  at  the  Hound  are  go- 
verned. Till*  nrlichiatea  In  the  shippers  of  goodg  flndins  it  expeilknt  iiccHHloiinlly  to  give  n  iinniiiml  vnTue 
tumerclmniliie  nut  liubln  toun  e.\|iurt  duty  In  LInglund,  far  exceeding  the  real  value,  In  order  to  provide 
for  n  further  Hhlpnieiitofthc  sunie  iipecl«8  of  good,  in  the  lanie  vesiiel  i.whlch  entry  cnn  alone  be  cnn- 
ildered  n.  exprcRiive  of  the  Intention  In  ihip  goods  to  that  extent).  It  in,  therefore,  suggeKtcd  to  the 
■lilppora  of  nierchi\ndliie  for  the  Baltic,  that,  besideK  the  nbove-nientioned  nominal  vnltie,  they  should 
cau^u  the  real  rulutuf  the  guoda  actually  uhipped  to  be  Inserted  on  the  reversi>  of  the  cocket,  as  there  Is 
every  reason  to  believe  that  this  real  viiliie  will  then  bpcuino  the  criterion  by  which  lUu  Sound  duty 
will  be  calculated.    For  Instance,  supposing  a  cocket  to  run  thus  — 

"  Know  ye  that  rarkinion  and  Co.  have  entered  British  cottons,  value  10,000<,  sterling,  to  be  shipped 
per  tlic  Newland,  Francis  Hunter,  master,  fur  8t.  Pelersburgh  i" 
Tlie  Indorsement  should  be  — 

"P.  I.  a.  iO.  Ten  bales  cambrics,  value  4,794/.  S«.  sterling,  shipped  on  board  the  Newland,  Francli 
Hunter,  for  Petersburgh." 

(Slsncd  by)  ParkinhoN  and  Co. 

(Or  by  the  signing  Custom-house  oflicer)    N.  N. 
The  Sound  dutv  will  then  probably  be  charged  not  on  10,000{.,  but  on  4,Tg4{.  is.    Bhnuld,  however, 
the  latter  entry  be  wanting,  the  first  sum  will  be  the  only  criterion  by  which  to  cnlcnlute  the  Sound 
duty;  and  iu  case  of  overcharge,  no  restitution  need  be  hoped  for. — iUordam,  European  Commtrci.) 

Navioatiom  of  the  Baltic. 
This  Is  exhibited  In  the  following  Account  of  the  Number  of  Ships  that  have  passed  (going  and  re- 
turning) thu  Sound  ut  ditferent  Periods,  from  the  Year  1777  to  the  present  Time,  specifying  the 
Countries  to  which  they  belonged. 


Cnunlrlet.      1777. 

1780. 

1783. 

1785. 

1787.  1789. 

179a 

1792. 

ISI4. 
2,31(1 

1816. 

1820. 

1825. 

1827. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Briilili  Iilaoda 

2, -.'.2 

1,701 

2,862 

2,r,37  2,!«9  3,5(11 

3,771 

4,340 

I.S-IH 

3,597 

5,186 

6,009 

4,S05 

4,271 

4,-72 

3,330 

llollanl 

2,i«7 

'2,I).W 

SIO 

1, 57 11, 4,16  I.W4 

2.0U9 

2.ll'l 

Ml 

876 

853 

630 

814 

1,I0> 

1,227 

1,023 

1,413 

Sirwleu 

1,773 

I.SSO 

2,474 

2,136  2,3V5 

M 

430 

2,134 

2,751) 

2,U42 

1,619 

1,319 

1,389 

1,117 

I,1S> 

1,347 

1,005 

DeoDurk     - 

IIID 

1,341 

l,7<W 

1,787 

l,l!37 

1,343 

1,686 

1,362 

476 

787 

792 

803 

8,i0 

8&5 

744 

695 

835 

Trus^tia 

472 

071 

2,086 

IMf 

743 

043 

6li9 

737 

1.033 

1,014 

l,KA 

2,391 

3,038 

2,186 

2,253 

1,810 

1.763 

Ru.«ia 

47 

43 

137 

lU 

m 

. 

6 

65 

495 

390 

242 

335 

384 

387 

405 

424 

2,483 

linilal  Stain 

3 

20 

mi 

42 

44 

68 

168 

169 

230 

191 

180 

162 

179 

189 

rranr. 

21 

. 

8 

20 

Si 

III 

123 

2.S 

12 

16 

63 

72 

103 

180 

I9U 

72 

231 

Hunover 

10 

. 

7 

15 

10 

23 

32 

40 

22 

U 

. 

. 

. 

10 

8 

4 

4 

- 

> 

- 

. 

55 

263 

458 

413 

437 

602 

645 

451 

642 

Imp.  (Auilrift) 

ft 

3C 

933 

66 

61 

io7 

6 

40 

Ihiitzic 

231 

174 

202 

161 

200 

186 

248 

209 

Mcrklcnburith 

> 

> 

• 

3% 

547 

602 

655 

627 

a>4 

535 

694 

OMiriliurgli  • 

. 

. 

> 

2 

. 

24 

35 

IH 

29 

47 

34 

35 

44 

66 

63 

78 

LulMck 

7S 

82 

I2A 

7» 

66 

M 

K<l 

i-6 

28 

4i 

64 

121 

m 

104 

M) 

77 

77 

BrenieD 

ta 

I4« 

2«i 

176 

142 

IHI 

177 

188 

24S 

111 

69 

34 

53 

86 

79 

92 

60 

Himlrarjh 

22 

31 

61 

77 

62 

104 

83 

36 

36 

15 

31 

36 

46 

25 

41 

21 

Rnstoclc 

711 

104 

67 

101 

224 

33H 

338 

Paptnliunjll 

- 

61 

> 

IKI 

142 

Porlupl 

12 

21 

20 

2S 

16 

33 

28 

II 

42 

48 

2 

t 

II 

> 

■ 

2 

Courhad 

2 

7 

in 

25 

10 

A 

22 

21 

NiplM 

> 

1 

Venice 

2 

2 

4 

. 

2 

(It.)  6 

. 

9 

. 

• 

> 

2 

6 

12 

8 

Norway 

- 

. 

. 

. 

83 

794 

946 

951 

879 

1,161 

1,20-2 

1,357 

1,535 

Grwce 

Tolils    . 

tWM 

SI.MI 

• 

• 

9746 

8,823 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

13,212 

• 

2 

11,233  10,268 

9.742 

12,114 

8,186 

8,STI 

10.926 

13,160 

13,000 

13.486 

12946 

12,202 

The  statement  in  this  Table  for  the  years  1777,  1780, 1783,  and  1789,  are  taken  from  the  valuable 
work  entitled  Voyage  de  Denz  Fratifois  au  JVord  del'  Kiirvpe  ^lont.  1.  p  SCO.);  the  other  years  are 
taken  from  the  returnr  sent  by  the  British  consul  at  Elsineur,  printed  In  various  parliamentary  pa- 
pers. We  have  seen  nO'two  returns  of  the  shipping  tliut  pass  the  Sound  that  quite  a)!rec,  thou^ili  thn 
diflercnccs  are  not  very  material.  The  above  account,  though  in  many  respects  most  Interestine,  Is 
defective,  inasmuch  as  it  does  not  give  the  tonnage  us  well  as  the  number  of  the  s)';r<.  Since  1831, 
linwever,  the  British  consul  has  sent  returns  of  the  shipping;  end  it  is  not  linprobal'  ■  ;!i.  t  the  Danish 
niithorities  maybe  able  to  supply  this  desideratum  for  a  lengthened  period,  '.he  'ir.  •;,' off  in  tha 
ninnunt  of  British  shippinir  In  18;^  was  wholly  owing  to  the  alarm  caused  by  the  prcvulei :  e  of  cholera, 
and  other  evanescent  causes. — We  subjoin  an 

Accninii  of  the  Britlfih  Shipping  employed  in  the  Baltic  Trade  through  the  Sound  In  1832  ;  exhibiting 
the  Niimlier  of  Vessels  sent  out,  the  Number  of  Voyages  petfurmed  by  tliem,  and  their  Tonnage,  as 
ascertained  by  the  Consul  at  Elsineur. —  {Papers  published  by  Board  of  Trade,  vol.  ii.  p.  53.) 


To  wlMt  Forls  bclonKh)!. 

Number  of  Ships  sent  out. 

Tonn»se. 

Number  of  Vnyn^n  jicrformed. 

Aggreple  Tonnage. 

GiitUnil  and  \V.il<!S 
Scotland    - 
Ireland      • 
(Vneniwy  .md  Jersey 
The  Colonies 

Tolil       . 

679 

395 

16 

22 

3 

140,469 

60,694 

2,193 

3,556 

699 

I,MI 

1352 

3S 

43 

6 

403,597 

175,992 

5.232 

6,914 

1,398 

1,115                        1        197,611 

!<,330                        i              693.533            | 

There  were  Inst  In  the  Baltic,  in  1832,  14  British  ships,  of  the  burden  of  2,807  tons  ;  and  8  British 
ships,  of  the  burden  of  1,823  tons,  were  detained  in  it  by  the  frost  at  the  close  of  the  year,  and  obliged 
to  winter  In  its  various  ports. 

EMB.\RGO,  an  order  issued  by  the  government  of  a  country  to  prevent  the  Bailing  of 
Bhips, 

E.MERALD  (Fr.  Emiraudef  Ger.  Smamgd;  It.  Smera/do ,-  1M.  Smaragdus ,-  Sp 
Esmeralda),  a  precious  stone  in  high  estimation.  It  is  distinguished  from  all  other  gems  by 
its  peculiar  emerald  green  lustre,  varying  in  intensity  from  the  palest  possible  tinge  to  a  full 
tinJ  deep  colour,  than  which,  as  Pliny  has  truly  stated,  nothing  can  be  more  beautiful  and 


;  ii 


'I  I' 


603 


EMERY,  EMIGRANTS. 


jtlpaiinii  5  niilliun  cuhrin  n*pttlu»  jfienndior  eat.    It  rmulntra,  he  continues,  If  it  do  not  lur- 

fiiiM,  the  vorduro  uf  tlio  NprinK  ;  and  the  cyo,  Mtiutod  by  the  duzxIiiiK  glare  uf  tlie  more  l)ril< 
iuiit  Keina,  or  wearied  by  iiitonae  a|i|tiication,  ia  rvfroiihed  and  ■treiiKthoiied  liy  the  quiet  en- 
livening green  of  the  emerald.  In  I'liny'a  lime,  the  l>cat  came  from  Hrythia.  ThoMi  met 
with  in  modern  times  do  not  often  exceed  tlio  sise  of  a  walnut.  Hume  of  a  muuh  larger  kIu 
and  perfwt,  have  been  found,  but  they  are  extremely  rare.  Nero  used  one  as  an  oyv-glaN  in 
aurveying  the  cnmlmis  of  the  gladiators.  Hitherto  it  has  always  Iwen  found  cryitaliiwd, 
BpcciAc  gravity  from  8'0  to  2-77.— (P/in.  Hitt.  Nat.  lib.  xxxvii.  cap.  6.;  Thonuun'i 
Chtmutry.) 

"  For  the  Init  two  cKiitiirlnR  nnd  more,  the  only  country  known  to  yl<iltl  emnrnlili  In  Prru,  whrrt 
Ihey  occur  In  8iinli>  Vt,  unit  In  tliti  vnllny  of  Tunea,  Huvnrul  liiriin  •tonwi  hnvo  npiHiiiri'd  Iti  F.iiriipf. ; 
abiiul  3  yimm  aRO  I  rut  one,  «xc«<iilinir  tounrri  In  welKliI,  foi  llin  Knipi'tor  of  Mnrorr.ii,  hul  It  wiia  I'ldj 
of  lni|Mirriii-tlon«.  The  liirRi'iit  >|Mii'liiii*n  known  U  an  hcxiiKounl  crvntNl,  nearly  <«  jncliiiii  Iiuik,  unil 
uliovi'  4  III  illiiniiilcr.  TIiIn  ki'UIi  hiiwi'vnr  •iimll,  I*  lo  rnriily  unnti  |H>rt\ict,  llial  *an  vninrnlil  wlihoiit » 
lliiw '  lm»  paimtil  Inln  a  |iriivi.'rli.  A  t)n«  ntuiin  of  4  rarittK  niiiy  lie  viiluoil  at  4(U.  or  60/ ,  or  uvcri  iiKiro 
If  very  iHire,  Inn^rlur  utoiinii  of  1  or  9  ciirntii  aro  aold  at  from  4n.«.  to  7()/<.  imr  cnral  i  and  If  aiiiiilli>r  nnd 
ilpfi-ctlvo,  ut  lOa,  or  l)(,  per  cnral,  Klnu  cnii-riilili  nr«  riirp,  and  In  aucli  (luiiiand,  tlint  ii  piirtiruliir  mnt 
lm«  h<i«n  known  In  liavii  punand  Into  the  poaiiuMlun  of  a  inrloH  of  purrhaai'm,  and  lo  liiiva  inuUu  die 
lour  of  Kurnpu  In  thn  cuiimu  of  half  a  century, "—(,Maici(  vn  DiamoniU,  %\  ed.  p.  101.) 

EMKUY  rFr.  Emnil,  E merit  Oer.  Smirifcl ;  It.  Smerfflio,  Smeref^io,-  8p.  EimerHi 
Rus.  NitithdaJti  Lat.  Siniria),  n  mineral  brought  to  Britain  from  the  inle  of  Nnxoa,  where  it 
exioU  ill  largo  ()U»ntitiea.  It  occurs  also  in  Uormany,  Italy,  and  Hpnin.  It  ia  nlwHyn  in 
Kha|itilo8H  innMCM,  and  mixed  with  other  minerals.  Colour  iiitcrmodiato  between  grcyiah 
Mack  and  bluinh  grey.  R|)ccific  gravity  nliout  4.  Lustre  glistening  and  adaiimniini'. 
Emery  is  extonoively  used  in  the  |>oli«hini(  uf  hard  bodies.  Its  fine  powder  is  obtained  by 
trituration, — (  Thommm's  Chemintry.) 

(EMIGRANTS. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined  accounta,  that  the  number  nfrmigrnnts 
to  Canada  and  the  I'liited  States,  was  very  decidedly  greater  in  1831  and  1832  than  in  citiicr 
of  the  'i  prectHliiig  or  2  following  years.  The  falling  off  in  1833  seems  to  have  liuen  nininiy 
a  consequence  of  the  alarms  occasioned  by  the  breaking  out  of  cholera,  during  the  previous 
year,  in  a  very  aggravated  state,  in  some  of  thu  emigrant  ships,  and  at  ijueliec.  'I'his  cir- 
cumstance had  less  iiilluenco  in  1 834,  and  tho  emigration  for  that  year  woh  cotiiiitlorabjy 
greater ;  but  it  has  since  fidlon  oft',  particularly  to  Canada,  partly  because  of  the  iiicrca>iin  j 

i>roa|)crily  of  this  country,  and  partly  lircauso  a  higher  price  is  demanded  for  government 
and  in  Canada  than  for  public  land  in  tho  United  States. 

Account  of  the  Number  of  EiniKranln,  ipaclfVlngtho  Coun-  Account  of  tho  Number  of  F.inlRrnnli 
irlea  wh«ni-H  tliey  lanifl,  and  the  NuniberHtruin  each,  that  arrived  ai  Nuw-York  from  the 
arrived  at  Uueliec  dnrluK  tho  Seven  Years  ending  with  United  KlnRdoni.xepHratiiiRlietwcnn 
183J.— (I'liW.  Piiptr,  No.  76,  Sess,  ISUO,)  thoso  from  Knglnnrt,  Bcmliiiid,  iind 

Ireland,  during  thn  Seven  Yeiirii  cml. 

ing  with  1835,— (/'ar/.  I'aper, uttvp). 


Wbtnrrum.      |   IKtS, 

ISJO, 

1831, 

ll«2. 

IKI3. 

IM4. 

1839- 

KkkIuhIuiiI  Wain 

1rel»nJ      - 

Soiilaiiii     • 

HaiiitjurKh  and  Gib- 
mll.ir     . 

Niiv»  S«ili«,  Nfw. 
riHin'lUml,  W«l 
Iiuliei,  ftc  *c.  • 

3,MC, 
0.614 
ll,»U 

123 

e,7'i9 

IH,300 
11,460 

4)1 

io,:i4:i 

34,133 
4U 

17,4111 

»-,«)4 
6,MM 

15 

546 

iJ,ni3 

4,IW 
845 

ll,79» 
IS,/(K! 
4,5»l 

S39 

:i,0i,7 
7,108 
11,127 

225 

1-1,94) 

28,000 

r.0,2M 

51,746 

2I,7J1 

30,935 

li,5a7 

nrmml  Tnlal 

211,152 

VMr. 

IM29 

a 

Ira- 

Un'l. 

K;  T'*'. 

8,110 

2,443 

in 

ll,.'iOI 

IKIO 

I6,3i0 

3,407 

1,.'>84 

21,433 

1-31 

13. -OS 

6,721 

2,0-» 

am 

IKM 

18,947 

e,0iiO 

3,2M 

t».2X> 

IS33 

> 

. 

IIJ.IOO 

1834 

- 

• 

26,540 

■^ 

• 

• 

• 

16,749 

Gtind  ToW 

14.\2I3 

Return  of  the  Number  of  Emigrants  from  the  United  KIncdoin  In  li^.13, 1834,  and  1835,  ■peclfying  the 
Colonies  and  Countries  for  which  they  cleared  out,  and  the  Numbers  that  cleared  out  fur  each.— 
(Par/.  Paper,  ttt  lupn.) 


Enclanl    • 

Sni'Und     • 
Itrland      • 

Totjln       - 

Colonirt  in  North 
Auirr.ca. 

UniiKl  Slain  of 
America. 

Cap*  of  Good  Hopa. 

Auitraliao  Colonlel, 

1633. 

1834. 

183'.. 

3.66< 
i.frO 
9.4x8 

1833. 

22,3!t> 
1.953 
4,764 

1831, 

i5,98l 

2,vs) 
4,213 

1833. 

1833. 

1834. 

1815. 

1833. 

1834,       IM5. 

6,785 
17,431 

6,5J0 
4,954 
28,588 

22.046 
1,990 

»,6S4 

616 
1 

287 

1 

325 

3,317 

ii;>3 

83 

2,6U6      1,74(1 
134          114 

2,Klfl     t.'m 

28,808 

40,060       15,573 

il.lOS 

33,074 

211,720 

617 

2S8 

325 

4,093 

Total  Number  of  Emigrants,  In  1S33, 62,537— in  1831,70,323-In  1835,44,488, 

rasserifrer  Acts — Policy  of, — It  appears  from  the  above  statement  that,  dunng  1833, 
1834,  and  1835,  no  fewer  than  183,237  voluntary  emigrants  left  the  United  Kingdom; 
173,344  being  destined  for  America,  and  9,893  for  the  Australian  colonies  and  tho  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Such  being  the  extent  to  which  emigration  is  carried,  the  propriety,  or  rather 
necessity,  of  enacting  some  general  regulations,  with  respect  to  the  conveyance  of  cmigfants 
to  their  destination,  must  be  obvious  to  every  one  at  all  acquainted  with  the  subject.  The 
greater  number  of  emigrants  are  in  humble  life;  few  among  them  know  any  thing  of  ships, 
or  of  the  precautions  necessary  to  insure  a  safe  and  comfortable  voyage :  they  are,  also,  for  the 
most  part  poor,  and  exceedingly  anxious  to  economise,  so  that  they  seldom  hesitate  to  embark 


EMIGRANTS. 


6S3 


ntinuoi,  If  it  do  not  iun 
K  gittro  (if  the  more  liriN 
tlioiif'd  Ity  tho  i|uiot  en- 
I  Hrvthin.  ThoM  met 
le  of  a  much  lurRnr  »\u, 
ed  on«  u  an  vyc-itloM  in 
wen  found  cryitalliacd, 
ii.  cap.  6,;  Thonuun't 

t'incrnldf  U  Porn,  whrrg 
iiivii  ii|i|i<!iiri'(l  III  Kiiropn: 
if  MoriH'i'.ii,  hut  It  WHi  riilj 

iiparly  (t  liirhoii  timit,  iiml 
iHt  'nil  niiinriild  wlllKiiita 

40/,  or  Wl ,  iir  uviMi  niino 

riirni  t  iiiid  it  iiiiiiilli<r  iind 
iniitl,  tlinl  II  imrtlriiliiriiiiil 
^ri,  iiiiil  til  Imvo  uiudu  ilia 
I.  p.  101.) 

\fnifi(tf  8p.  Etmerili 
iulo  of  NnxoH,  where  it 
:)|min.  It  in  iilwnyH  in 
icdiuto  between  nrcyith 
ining  and  Bdainniitinv. 
powder  is  obtained  by 

the  number  of  cmlgrnntg 
and  1892  than  in  cither 
m«  to  havi)  Iwcn  niniiily 
ra,  during  the  prcviuu* 
at  Cjucliec.  'j'hig  cir- 
t  year  wbh  conitiilorably 
jcauiHi  of  tile  increasing 
landed  for  government 


ho  Niinilior  of  Rmleraiiti 
I  New -York  friirii  the 
|l{doiii,R«|mriillii|tli<!tw«f!n 
Kngliind,  Scoitiiiid,  tind 
liiK  the  Suvvii  Yoiira  ciiil- 
J5.— (/'uri.  Vaper,Ht»iip). 


r;?j: 

Ira- 

Unl. 

Sriil- 
Uiiil. 

Tdbl, 

8,110 

2,44» 

S4'4|  n,wi 

ifl,3-,n 

3,497 

l.r>84'    21,433 

n.^y 

6,7JI|     J.OH 

Si.W 

\»,'ji\ 

6,060 

3,«0 

UM 

• 

• 

l«,IOO 

• 

• 

8(i,W0 

• 

•      1       . 

16,149 

Or 

•nd  Tnti 

a     . 

143,113 

and  I83S,  ipectryinfi  th« 
tt  cleared  out  fur  each,— 


325~ 

Aintnllin  Culonln. 

1833. 

1*34,      IMS. 

9,606      l,74G 
134          114 

a,M)0      l.«60 

3,317 
23 

3U 

4,093 

1  1835,  44,488. 

nt  that,  dunng  1833, 
tho  United  Kingdom; 
oniea  and  tho  Cape  of 
he  propriety,  or  rather 
nveyance  of  ejnigfon's 
ith  the  Bubject.  The 
)w  any  tiling  of  ships, 
they  are,  also,  for  the 
lorn  hesitate  to  embark 


in  any  thlp,  howrvrr  unfit  fir  th«  conveyance  of  paMieng«ni,  or  inadiiquately  tuppliaJ  with 
proviiiona,  provided  it  ht  ehfap.  Unprincipled  maatem  and  owner*  have  not  been  alow  ti> 
take  advantage  of  thi«,  and  in  order  to  prevent  the  fraudt  that  have  been,  and  that  would  lie, 
practiacd  on  the  unwary,  it  haa  been  found  indivpenaalile  to  lay  down  aoino  general  regula* 
lions  aa  to  the  number  of  imaavngora  to  be  taken  on  board  ahip*  a«  compared  with  their  ton- 
nage, the  (|uantity  of  wati^r  and  proviiiona  aa  compared  with  the  paNMsngrr*,  <&e.  Uut  thia 
in  no  very  easy  taak.  If  the  liinitationa  lie  too  strict,  that  ia,  if  comparatively  few  pasaengers 
may  be  carried,  or  if  tho  stock  of  proviaiona  to  lie  put  on  lioard  be  either  iinnercsNnrily  large 
or  expensive,  tho  cost  of  emigration  ia  pro[iortionally  enhanced  ;  and  an  ortificiiil  and  serious 
ini|ieditnrnt  is  thrown  in  the  way  of  what  ought  to  lie  made  as  enny  ns  iMissilile,  cnnsiMtent 
with  security.  Uut,  on  the  other  hand,  if  too  many  [laiuwngers  bo  allowed,  their  health  ia 
liable  to  sutler  {  and  should  the  supply  of  provisions  bu  ina<le(|uate,  or  tho  tpiality  bod,  tho 
must  serious  coiise(|ucncea  may  ensue.  The  I'aasago  .Act  (0  U.  4.  c.  1  IB.)  obliged  loo  great 
I  quantity  of  oxpenNive  proviHiuns  to  lie  put  on  lioard,  and  was,  in  consequonco,  objocled  to 
by  emigrants  as  well  aa  shippers.  Tho  act,  9  G.  4.  c.  81.  (art  Passknukms)  avoided  thin 
error ;  but  it,  too,  was  defective,  inasmuch  aa  it  made  no  proviaion  with  respect  to  tho  sulHcioncy 
of  tho  ship,  tho  having  a  surgeon  or  other  properly  quuliflod  medical  person  on  board  aliips 
carrying  a  certain  number  of  passengora,  and  in  otitor  particulars. 

These  detkiencies  have  lioen  in  part  supplied  by  tho  act  of  183S  (ft  &  6  W.  4.  c.  fi3.),  of 
which  u  full  abstract  is  Nubjoined.  Uut  we  doubt  whether  even  it  will  completely  answer 
the  end  in  view.  During  1H34  no  fewer  than  17  ahipa,  with  [iMsengera  on  lioard,  bound 
fiirQucliec,  wero  wrecked  on  tho  pasnage;  Til  emigrants  loHing  their  lives  in  consequence, 
while  many  more  lout  rnovt  part  of  thoir  proiierty,  and  were  reduced  to  tho  greatest  diHicul- 
ties.  These  loaiea  principally  took  place  in  the  gulf  and  river  of  Ht.  Lawrence;  but  wo 
should  err  if  we  oscrilied  them  entirely,  or  principally  even,  to  the  didiculty  of  the  navigation. 
Emigrants  to  (juctiecare  mostly  taken  out  in  ships  engaged  in  tho  timlier  trade;  and  it  in 
well  known  thai,  speaking  generally,  these  arc  a  very  inferior  class ;  it  lieing  the  usual  prac- 
tice to  turn  worn-out  shi[iB,  unfit  to  carry  dry  cargoes,  into  this  department.  Most  part  of 
the  cutastrophiea  alluded  to  may,  we  are  assured,  bo  ascritied  to  this  circumstance,  and  to  tho 
misconduct  of  tho  masters  and  crews.  We  doubt  whether  the  cluuso  (7th)  in  the  present 
act  as  to  the  sea-worthiness  of  tho  ship  will  bo  sufliuient  to  obviate  the  diMasters  arising  from 
the  use  of  improper  vessels.  And  wo  incline  to  think  that,  in  addition  to  what  ia  staled  in 
the  act,  it  shoulil  bo  further  provided  that  all  British  ships,  not  standing  in  tho  class  A.  or  the 
class  M.  of  tho  new  register  (aeopost),  should  bo  prohibited  from  undertaking  to  carry  passen- 
gers ;  and  that  either  aome  similar  regulation  should  be  adopted  with  respect  to  foreign  ships, 
or  that  they  should  be  prohibited  from  clearing  out  with  passengers,  unless  reported  as  sea- 
worthy and  suitable  for  their  conveyance  by  government  surveyors  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose. There  can  lie  no  question  as  to  its  being  the  bounden  duty  of  government  to  tako 
every  rcasonablo  precaution  for  obviating  shipwreck.  And,  even  if  higher  considerations  did 
not  make  an  otrcctual  interference  imperative,  it  is  pretty  certain  that  tho  check  given  to 
emigration  to  Canada,  by  the  shipwrecks  and  destruction  of  life  that  have  recently  taken 
place,  ia  much  greater  than  any  that  could  bo  given  by  the  trifling  addition  that  tho  adoption 
of  some  such  plan  as  has  now  been  suggested  would  make  to  its  cost. 

The  subjecting  of  captains  of  ships  to  an  examination,  and  tho  exclusion  of  spirits  (see  arti- 
cle Ships,  Supplement),  would  go  far  to  obviate  the  other  causes  of  loss.  The  abso- 
lute prohibition  of  ardent  spirits  in  emigrant  ships,  except  as  a  medicine,  has  been  strongly 
recoinmonded  by  Mr.  Buchanan,  tho  agent  for  emigrants  in  Canada.  This  recommendation 
should,  wo  think,  bo  adopted.  It  is  partially,  indeed,  carried  into  eflcct  by  the  iOth  clause 
of  the  subjoined  act.  But  tho  better  way  would  be,  not  to  allow  any  spirits  of  any  sort  to  be 
taken  on  board  ahips  conveying  emigrants,  except  a  few  gallons  to  be  used  as  a  cordial  in 
case  it  should  bo  recommended  by  the  doctor.  If  more  than  this  be  allowed,  it  will  aflbrd 
facilities  for  the  clandestine  introduction  of  a  still  greater  quantity ;  and  cannot  be  otherwise 
than  injurious. 

The  new  act  does  not  make  it  imperative  on  ships  conveying  passengers  to  America  to 
have  a  surgeon  on  board ;  and,  perhaps,  when  bound  for  New  York,  he  may  not  be  required. 
But  tho  voyage  to  Quebec  is  oilen  very  tedious ;  and  much  sufTering  and  loss  of  life  have 
frequently  arisen  from  no  medical  officer  being  on  board  emigrant  ships  destined  for  that 
port. 

It  has  been  said,  that  if  we  lay  constrictions  on  the  conveyance  of  emigrants  to  Quebec,  it 
will  make  New  York  the  great  landing  port,  and  throw  the  business  of  their  conveyance 
entirely  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans.  But  the  regulations  enforced  in  tho  subjoined 
act,  and  those  we  have  suggested,  apply  equally  to  both  parties.  And  it  is,  besides,  true  that 
a  continuance  of  the  old  system,  attended  as  it,  no  doubt,  would  have  been  by  a  repetition  of 
the  most  appalling  disasters,  would  have  had  the  very  effect  falsely  ascribed  to  judicious 
regulations.  It  would  have  prevented  any  one  not  compelled  by  necessity — who  was 
not,  in  fact,  a  beggar — from  sailing  in  a  vessel  bound  for  Quebec.    Wo  subjoin  tho  new 


act:— 


3i3 


•t 


\9 


:■;» 


i\  'H  . 


■i  • 


l!i 


1 ' 

'  (■ 

i^ 

li 

■■; 

'm 

,j 

1 

■ 

i 

i! 

i 

'i' 

■  s 

.  -  i 

i 

i 

es4 


EMIC5RANTS. 


Krjinil,  ^c.-Thti  ««  9  0»o,  4.  r.  %},  dlrfrtoil  lo  h«  rrprnli'A.—i  I. 


Av  S/iip  1,1  mil  trtik  mnrilka»  '/"hrti  l'iirtuH»unliuanl/,ir  ixfr^  k'trt  Tunt.-  No  ihlprnrrylni  iinurn. 
|nri  Criiiii  iiiiy  |iiirl  i>r  iilaii'  In  llii'  II.  K.,<ir  in  (iiu'riiiii'v,  Jitki!),  Alili'mcy,  Hurk.iir  Man,  cm  imy  \„J. 
ngii  fur  JIM)' piirt  nr  pliiri'  mn  nf  ^',nr.l|•l<,  %m\  nol  witlilii  lhi>  M''illli'rriini'nn,  kIiiiII  (iriirciMl  mi  h'r 
voyiijp  with  niiim  limn  :i  prri'iin*  i>n  himrrt  IVir  vwty  ft  (imn  »(  llic  rnf  uii-ri'il  Inirilrn  oC  anrh  uliip,  iiin 
iniininr  iinci  crtiw  IidIiik  liK'Inilcd  ln,unil  I'nrnilnit  |iiirl  (if,  •iirli  nrntrrlliuil  ninnhuri  nnil  nn  aliiii,  li;i'tnii 
innni  lliiin  iin«  ili'ik,  xliiill  curry  Hiiy  |iiii»«>iiKi'ri<  iiiinn  iiiiy  uniii  vnviiiin,  wnl<  ••  uliu  lir  of  thu  hiinlii  \<( 
A)  iV'ri  M  liMHi  h(<iwr-rn  iliM'kii  j  iiiiil  nn  xlilii,  linvlnii  nnly  one  ilii'li,  tliiill  rnrry  iiny  piiHainui'ia  iipni, 
nny  nui  h  vnynKi',  iinli'nit  ii  pliill'<irni  tin  lulil  honniith  unvli  ilnrk,  •(>  Ma  In  ntl'iiril  ii  ■|Niri<  iif  iIh'  Ih'IkIii  cif 
■I  i'liiii  ftt  ti'i'l,  iinil  nil  uliip  aliiill  iMvo  nmrii  lliiui  '.lllf'rii  nl'lii^riliii  i  iinil  nnnlilp  liuvintU  IiitkiiI  hiiilia 
•hull  iiirry  iinv  paaaciiiirTa,  nn  aii)  miiiIi  viiyaui'.  niiliHM  llicro  lii'  un  InliTVal  oC  Ii  Inilim,  at  ha-l,  he.' 
IwriMi  lln>  lick  i>r  platrnrrn  nml  Un'  ll«iir  iil'thi'  lnwi'r  tier,  tliriinuliniit  ilix  wliii|i<  oii'hl  llii'ri'iii'i  |irii. 
vliled,  Ihnl  whnli-vnr  In-  tlir  |Mnni(|(Hiif  lint  ahip,  no  iirHiilnruiinilivr  nt'iN-raniia  nlmll  hn  tHkcniiM  IniiiriJ 
Ra  pnaaiMiHora,  llinn  aliall  liii  aHcr  Ihc  rnlc  nrunc  pirrion  liir  iivi'ry  IOaii|M  rlltliil  I'mci  iil'ini'  lnuir  iliik 
•ir  pl.iHiinii  Miiiirrnpii'il  liy  K«i>ila  or  atnrra,  mil  lii'Inu  llw  pi'rainial  InjiiiiiKii  of  anrli  pcraoiiH,  ii  ainli 
»hip  aliall  nol  Imvr  In  iiiaa  llic  llni'  on  liiir  voyiiirii,  or  aftitr  tlio  rale  of  ono  aiirh  p^raon  fur  I'vrry  15 
vltMir  anpiTlli-lnl  fi'Pt,  Ifani'li  ahip  linve  In  paaa  llin  lino.— j  % 

tiiiHiilitii  ,if  liiiirr  iiiiit  /'(■orniiin*  In  bf  ritrrini  hu  fnmrlf  uilk  raMCKjrrra.—Nd  alilpt  arryinii  piiaacn- 

Imll  hii  rlciirrilonl  for        '  ^  .  .    ..     .»   . 


f;i'i«  on  liny  Voyiin-,  iia  Mi'orcaalil, 
II  ilii>  iHlatiili  of  (;iii'rna)>y,  Ji'raoy,  Ar.,  niilcaa  Ihi-rx  hn  ni'lmilly  inili>n  nml  nn'hoHril  inch  alilp  iiiiiii'j 


r  ani-h  voyago  Irnni  nny  port  In  thi'  if.  K.,(ir 
ni'Iniilly  inili'n  nml  on  honril  aurh  ahip  iiiiiiij 
Mini  wlioli-HioMK  provlHlona  for  Ilic  nap  ami  I'onannipllon  of  tliitaaiil  paaaiiiiKi'ra,  uvrr  nml  nliovc  llm 
vli'liiiillliiK  of  lli<>  rnuv,  lo  Ihn  nnionnlor  In  lhi<  projiorllon  foliowinvi  vl/..  u  aiipply  of  llvu  yalloiia  „( 
iMin-  wilier  lo  (<vrry  wuck  of  llm  lompiili'il  voyaRi'  for  evi'ry  naaai'iiiicr  on  hoanlaiiili  alilp,  aiirh  wiiht 
hi'itiit  riirrli'il  in  lanka  or  swcnt  rnaka,  nml  n  anpply  of  7  Ilia.  wi'IkIiI  of  hrnnil.  Iilarnll,  oalnii'.il.nr 
JiriMil  ainrta,  to  i-vi'ry  wi'ck  of  ili«  conipiitiiil  voynm'  for  fvrry  pHaatMiKi-r  i  provliifil,  Ihul  In  ilni  cxliiil 
(if  nun  tliinl  of  hiii  li  anpply,  Jiml  no  mom,  7  Iha.  w  cliilit  of  poiatoca  may  hti  hitlil  to  hu  I'linlvalini  tu  | 
III.  wciiflit  of  lircnil,  hiaciiil,  oalincnl,  or  hrrnil  alnll'a,  in  tin-  anpply  of  nny  alilp  lionml  lo  iinv  pliirc  in 
North  Anirrlrn  ;  provMcil,  thnt  whi-n  nny  ahIp  ahnll  hit  di-aliiicii  lo inll  nl  n  port  or  plnio  In  I'hn  conrai! 
of  lirr  voyaiti>,  for  thi<  piirpoHi-  of  llllliiii  up  li«r  wali'r,  n  anpply  of  \vnli>r,  at  tini  rulH  hcforii  iiiaiiliniii'il, 
for  i-vitry  \vi>i>k  of  tin*  compnloil  voyniiii  to  aui'h  port  or  plui.u  of  callliiK.  ahull  Ihi  ilt't'iniil  to  Im  n  coiio 
pllnnri!  with  the  provlsloiia  of  thia  lut-  i  S. 

A*«m*cr  ii/  lyffkii  rrqnifil*  for  r.ij/djff  «/  Kcwf/.— Thn  nnniher  of  wpcka  (Inpninil  lo  hn  m-rpannry  for 
till'  voyaiin  of  nny  aiitli  ahip.  ucroriliiiH  lo  liiir  liuatliiuliuii,  ahull  bu  Uutiirniini'U  hy  thu  fulluwing  rule 
uf  cinnpnialitin ;  vl/,. 

l-'or  n  voyngit  to  North  Anwrhii,  10  weeka. 

—  Honth  Ann-rlcK,  on  thi)  Atlnntlr  Ocoan,  or  to  the  Weal  C'giit  of  AMcb,  IS  weeki. 

—  till!  Capo  of  (iooti  ilopo,  !.'■  wcuka.  „ 

—  totho  Maiirltina,  l.H  wfika.  '  .      '    ' 
Any  olhor  vnymto,  Vt  wooka.-  J  I 

Offleen  luframiiif  I'mviKioim  uml  IValtr  hrfore  liepartiire  of  /'mkc^— llof  ire  nny  aiicli  a1il|)  ^hali  lie 
cloaroil  out,  ilii;  ollUora  of  iiialonia  ahall  Hiirvoy,  or  runso  to  bo  anrvnyiil  hy  aoniii  coniprtoin  poraon, 
the  provialona  nml  wali'r  hoforo  ro(|ulri'(t  for  Iho  coiianniplion  of  tho  paaaongora,  nml  aaccrluin  lliiit 
thit  aaino  nro  awoot  nml  Knod,  and  ahall  alao  naoortnln  thnt,  nvor  nnd  aliii\  o  tho  •anio,  tlioro  la  on  lioanl  nn 
ampin  an|iply  of  wnlor  and  atoroa  for  tho  vli'tiinlllnR  of  thn  crow  of  tho  ahIp;  und  aiii'h  otUrnra  shall 
niao  aarortain  tlial  thu  diroclioiia  horuin  cuiilaiiiod,  in  ruti|ic'ct  of  thu  aitnutioiia  of  tiuriha,  luvu  lioca 
iiiinplloil  with,  —  }  S. 

TiiMfiifthe  I'rirnof  Prorlnionn  M  he  told  nnhnard. — Thoninatornf  evory  anch  ahip  ahnll  rniiaon  lalile 
lo  ho  drawn  upof  tho  prh-oa  nt  whirh  nny  proviaiona  or  atoroa,tohB  aold  bynny  poraon  on  hoard totlie 
paaai'iiKora,  diiriiif  the  voyuKo,  nro  lo  ho  anpplii'd  ;  and  a  I'opy  uf  tho  anino,  printod  or  wrllti'ii  In  u 
fair  nnd  loitlMo  manner,  ahnll  \ni  ainxcd  In  aonio  ronvoiiioni  nnd  ronaplnmna  pl.iro  on  hoard  i-aiil  nhip, 
nnd  tho  annip  ahall  bo  mnintnliiod  for  contiiinni  rolHroncp,  na  woll  diirlnir  llin  porhid  in  whiili  |iaai>en- 
fft»  ahnll  Ih!  oii|(ugod,n8  dnrinx  Iho  wholoof  tlin  voyaRo  ;  nml  no  lilchor  priceatlian  nro  atatod  in  Kiich 
tnblu  ahnll  In  any  cnao  ho  rhar|{od  fur  audi  proviaiona  or  atori'H  ilnrliiR  tho  voyngo  :  hut  iiothliiK  lirrilii 
inninliiod  ahull  ho  rnnstriiod  na  roiiuirlng  tho  ninator  ofnny  ahip  to  provido  proviaiona  or  atoioa  fur  the 
pur|ioae  of  anlo  tn  pnaaongora  who  huvn  conlrnrtod  in  viclniil  Ihoinaolvca  dnrlnR  the  voynuo.— {  II. 

Sciiworlliintiis  uf  Ike  Ship  may  be  ascertained  by  Siirrey.~l(  douhta  arlau  whothur  any  alilp  aliout  ta 
proceed  with  pnasoneora,  un  nforomild,  la  aonworthy,  or  (U  for  lior  intended  voyuKo,  and  aurh  donbu 
are  not  removed  to  the  aallafnctlnn  of  Ihc  colloclnr  nnd  coinptrollor  of  riiatoma  nt  tho  pnri  from  which 
(iirh  voaael  Is  to  he  clonrod  nut.  It  ahnll  lie  lawful  for  audi  colloctor  nnd  comptroller  tiicuu8i!  aiichahlp 
to  Ih!  anrvoyed  by  3  competent  |H.'raoiiH  ;  uml  if  It  he  reporlod  hy  thoin.  Hint  audi  ahip  Ih  not,  in  llii'ir 
npliiion,  seaworthy,  with  roforencc  to  mikIi  voyui;o,  amii  ahip  ahull  not  ho  don  red  out,  nnleaa  thocnn- 
lonta  of  auch  report  ho  diaprnved  tn  tho  anliafnctiun  nf  the  cnninilsaioners  of  cualnnia,  or  until  tho  ahip 
be  rendered  aeaworthy. — }  7. 

Cupin  or  MslnuU  of  Ikit  jiet  lo  be  kfpt  on  board.— Two  copioa  of  this  net,  or  nbatracts  of  tho  aaine, 

firovidod  nml  laauod  hy  the  coiniiiiaiiiom'rH  of  cn.'<tonia,  nnd  authonlicntod  hy  the  aiffiiatiire  of  the  cnl- 
erinr  or  comptroller  nf  cnatnina  nt  Iho  port  of  cionrunce,  shall  ho  dolivorod  tothn  mnator,  nn  demand, 
hy  the  rnlloclnr  nrcoinplrollcr  ut  the  time  of  clearance,  nnd  ahnll  hu  kept  on  bonrd  every  ahip  proceed- 
inz  Willi  pasaengcrH  ua  aforesaid,  and  one  of  auch  copiita  or  uhatracta  hIiuII,  upon  ruiiueat  inado  to  the 
nimler  of  Iho  ahip,  h'  produced  lo  nny  pnsacniior  for  hia  poriianl.— }  S. 

.4  Mrdiral  Praeiitioner  to  sail  teitk  every  skif  tarrying  UK)  PaMengrra. — No  ship  carrying  pnaaeitgcri 
to  any  port  or  place  ns  aforesaid,  except  in  North  Amorirn,  if  the  iinnilior  of  paH^ongirs  amount  lo  or 
exceed  lUO,  shall  dear  out  from  nny  port  in  the  II.  K.,  or  in  the  islamlH  of  (iuornsoy,  Joraoy,  &c.,  un- 
less there  he  rnted,  nnd  actually  serving  nn  lio.ird  auch  ahip.  some  person  duly  nutfiori/od  to  practise 
na  a  physician,  surgeon,  or  apothecary,  and  no  auch  ship  shall  put  to  son,  or  proceed  on  auch  voyage, 
unloaa  sudi  medical  prnclitioner  be  therein,  and  tuna  fide  proceed  on  such  voyage.  Inking  with  hiiu  a 
ini'diciuo  cheat,  and  n  proper  supply  of  inediciiiea,  instrunienta,  nnd  other  things  auitahle  to  the  in- 
tended voyage  ;  nml  no  ship  carrying  pnasengers  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  dear  nut  for 
any  voyuge  us  nforesald,  unless  there  ho  uctiially  laden  und  on  hoard  such  ship  medicines  and  otiiei 
tilings  necossnry  for  the  medical  treatment  of  the  pnssoni;ers  on  hoard,  during  such  intended  voyaKC, 
nnd  available  tor  thnt  purpose,  nor  unless  auch  medicines  nnd  other  thinga  shall  be  ndoiiuate,  in 
ninonnt  nnd  kind,  to  the  probable  exigencies  of  any  audi  voynge  ;  and,  together  with  sncli  medicines 
nnd  things,  shall  also  he  put  nn  board  every  such  ship  previously  to  her  clearing  out  for  audi  voyage, 
u  ccrtilicnte  under  tho  hands  of  3  or  uiorc  medical  practitioners,  to  tlic  elTtict  that  such  medicines  and 
things  have  been  inspected  by  thcni,  and  arc,  in  their  Judgment,  ade(|uate  to  meet  any  auch  probable 
exigencies. — }  9. 

Skipi  earryinf  Paesengere  prohibited  from  nporting  Spirits,  4'C.— No  ship  cnrrying  pnssoiigers  ai 
aforesaid  shall  be  cleared  out  if  there  be  laden  on  bonrd  her,  hy  wny  of  atores,  nvor  nnd  above  the 
ttores  proper  for  the  crew,  nny  (luuntity  of  spirits  or  strong  wnlors  beyond  one  tenth  partof  suth 
'luantity  as  would,  except  for  this  restriction,  be  allowed  by  the  olficeri  of  cuatoms  upon  the  victual* 


~No  ihlp  ciirryinf  pnnni. 
Hiirk.iir  Man,  on  imy  vny. 
ii'iiii,  nhiill  ^irui'i'i'il  on  hir 
•il  liiiriirn  nl  (iKli  hIiI|i,  Ihn 
iiiliuri  mill  III!  «lii|i.  Iiii\iiii 

<  ••  ntlu  III!  llf  lllU  lll'l||llt  dP 

'nrry  iiny  imimriiKi'iii  ii|ii>ii 
nl  u  ipiini  llf  llii'  lii'lulii  (jf 
lil|i  liiiviiiir'i  tiiTNiil  lii'iilit, 
III  III'  li  liK'llri',  Ml  li'ii-l,  he. 
ivliiilc  I'^h'iil  llu'ri'iH':  prii. 
iiin  ■(mil  hn  liiKim  ii<i  liniird, 
IW'liii  I'lii'l  III' nil'  liiwir  ilrik 
(I  (if  Kiirli  iivrKiiiiH,  11  miiji 
0  mirh  |i<!riiiii  fur  I'vi'ry  I) 

—  NonlilpuirryliiijiiiiHiiin- 
iii  liny  pnrt  In  lliv  if.  K.,  iir 
lion  hnHril  •mil  uliip  unml 
tiilli'rui  iivi'r  Hiiil  nliiivi'  llm 
tt  mipply  I'f  llvo  K.'illiiiii  111' 
iiiiirilHiii'li uliip.  mil  II  wiiiir 
liriiilil,  lilariill,  niitinr'il.iir 
|iriiviili-il,  lliul  III  till'  I'xlint 

II  lllllll  III  llU  ll(|lllVllll'lll  (11  I 

ulilp  liiiiinil  III  any  jiliire  Iti 
port  or  pliiri'  In  llm  iiniriii! 
Ilin  rulH  lirl'iirii  iniiiitHMiril, 
(ill  Ihi  lll't'lllt'il  to  lit)  II  Cnlll- 

(InpniKil  to  III!  nnrPBunry  fur 
iiinuil  by  lilt)  fulluwiiig  rule 


Coiit  of  Africa,  U  wecki. 


'fire  nny  micli  uMp  <\n\\\  lie 
liy  Doiiiti  coinpi'liMit  jiiTHon, 
ii'nitnrii,  niiil  iiiti'iTlaiii  tliiil 
i>  aiiiiii',  tlit^rp  Ih  on  liminl  nn 
lilp;  anil  hiiiIi  ulllnirH  shall 
iitloiiii  of  hurtlii),  liavu  liotiii 

inch  Hhlpnlmll  rniiiip  n  lAhle 
iny  purHon  on  boanltolhe 
,  printi'il  or  wrlllcn  in  n 
.J  pi  cirn  nn  lioaril  i-aiil  Klnp, 
in  ptiriiid  In  wlinli  paKnen- 
'  'es  tintn  nro  Hlatcd  in  such 
.lyngti :  hut  nutliliiu  liiTi'lii 
provlitlonit  or  nort'H  fiir  llm 
irini!  Ilie  vuyJiitn.— {  II. 
wlietlivr  any  ulilp  ahoiit  to 
I  viiy;iKit|  anil  mii'li  itimhUl 
iniH  at  tho  port  from  wlili'h 
iptri.ller  tociiiifio  Biichwhlp 
It  Hiii'.li  ship  i*  not,  in  ilii'ir 
li'nri'il  nut,  iinli'ns  llii'cnn- 
riiHtoniR,  or  until  the  ihip 

,  or  nbHtrnclB  of  iho  name, 
till!  nij(nutiir«  of  thn  col- 

totliR  niiiRlitr,  on  ileinumt, 
board  every  »Uip  pmceeil- 
iipiiii  rui{UL'iit  iiiadu  to  the 

■hip  carrying  pasm-nijere 
f  paBS'iMiiS'T.-t  anioiint  to  or 
liicrnaiiy,  Jfrm-y,  tc,  im- 
nlyaiithori/.i'd  to  priiiiisB 

proceed  on  niuh  voyage, 
HiyaKu,  takloK  with  him  a 

tliingrt  suitable  to  Hir  in- 
IhiK  net  shall  dear  nut  for 
Klilp  niedicinuH  ami  olher 
ing  gncli  Inlciidt^d  voynire, 
Inics  Khali  be  ndciiuute,  in 
sther  with  inch  nii'ditines 
irlnK  out  for  audi  voyaije, 
t  that  such  niudicini'H  and 

0  meet  any  siicli  probable 

Ip  carrying  pneFOiigerB  ai 
ores,  over  and  ahuve  the 
id  one  tenth  part  of  such 
uatoms  upon  the  victual* 


J; 


F.MIORVNTS.     I 


68B 


llRI  tilll  nf  itieh  ship  Ibr  the  nntward  vnynra  only,  Hcrnrdlni  tn  lh<^  number  of  pennni  rnlnR  lh«  vojr ' 

Mui'ttr  In  ihUi'tr  l.lnl  of  Vinnttierrf  lit  Ciillfrliir  of  Cimlum'.  'Ihe  nianli'r  of  tiviry  oliip  rarryliigpilt.  • 
nfiiiji'rii  nhull,  hrfiire  rliiiirilig  mit  hiM  ililp,  ilillvi'r  In  llic  rolli'clnr'ir  ollii-r  jirlMiipiil  nllliir  of  <  ini.inm, 
III  aiiib  iHirt  or  pliirn,  h  Hal  In  wrilinf,  toei'lhi*r  wllh  n  Uiiplli'ile  of  Ihx  an  inn,  a|Mii'if>ln«,  Ma  mriimti-ljr 
IH  may  iie,  lliu  name,  ■(«,  profiuxiun,  or  oci  iipntion  of  evi'ry  iiiiaariiier  on  iHiiird  auili  ahip,  wllh  lh« 
niiiiiit  of  till'  port  or  pliiie  ut  mIiIiIi  Iiii  liiilli  iiiiilrai  tril  to  liinil  I'nrli  piimtiMiKur  |  and  aliili  i.dli.'ilot  or 
iiihir  iiffli'i-r  >hnll  Mipreiipon  di'livcr  lo  Ibt  anid  tim'trr  n  roiinti<r|inri  of  aiirli  ll'l  alirned  by  hlin  i  iiiiil 
Ihi'  inaali'r  aball  eilillilt  thia  roiinlerpurl  of  lila  said  Mat  lo  the  rnlliirior  or  othi-r  clibf  oltit'er  of  cu*« 
Ionia  Hi  liny  port  or  plnin  In  ||,  M.'a  pnaricaalona,  or  to  II.  M.'aninaiil  ut  nny  fnrrlKn  puil,  ut  u  lib  h  Iht 
Mill  paaai'licrra,  or  nny  of  thiiiil,  ailitll  he  laiidud,  anil  aliall  ib'|iiii'll  tin'  hhiiiii  »  ith  ailch  ciilliiclor  ur 
rhli'f  Klflrer  of  nialoiiij4,or  aiirh  ronaiil,  nt  hi*  llniil  port  of 'li'<rlinr|{>'  In  aiirli  poaaraalona.-   i  II. 

.Vailtr  nut  in  limit  t'lmmiijiert  m  I'liuf  not  tonirnriril  fnr.—  'Ww  iiinaler  of  n  alip  rnrrylnv  pnaaen- 
lira  UK  iif"re-aiil  aliiill  not,  n  lllioiit  hla  or  her  pri'Viiiiia  loiiaelil,  land  or  put  on  aliuri'  nny  pHnaitiigiir  a| 
Hiiv  port  or  idiii'ii  iillier  lliiin  Hint  nl  w  lili  ii  Iw  runlrurliMl  lo  landi'r  liiit  aiiili  paaai'Hiii'riai  almre.  -iI  I'J, 

)l,iir  (.Vii.'/ri'ii  nvr  II,  lir  e.impulnl  \'«r  lli.i  pur|i'iae  and  williln  llie  nirniiing  of  liiia  ml,  3  ibildrrn, 
rnrli  lii'inR  under  Hie  nge  nf  II  yeiira,  hut  ahove  llie  nirnof  7  yenri>.  or  !l  rliililri'n.fni'h  bi'lny  nniler  tho 
nili'  of  T  yeara,  ahull  in  uil  luaea  be  conipuled  ua  one  pnraon  uiilyt  und  tlilldri'ii  under  the  nge  of  111 
iMiiiilIm  Hliiill  nol  III'  liii'liiiled  In  llie  niinihertif  perKuiia.-  H  \3. 

fiiim  tn  iiiKC  of  l>f>rniiiiii.-  If  nny  alilp  ahnll  nol  arluiilly  put  to  aen  nnd  prorred  upon  any  irilendeil 
vnynieiiii  Hie  ilnv  npiiolnted  for  IhnI  piirpoae  by  any  ronlrnit  iiiadi'  by  the  owner,  iiinaler,  orrhiirioror 
el'  aiirli  aliiji,  or  by  their  iiKi'iit,  with  any  pn^aeiiiier  who  hIiuII  on  llnil  day  be  on  board  the  anine,  or 
rrnily  to  iiroreed  on  hiii'Ii  Intended  voyaiie,  llii'ti,  In  every  niii'Ii  I'lae,  Iho  iiiaiiler  of  Hit'  ahip  aliall  pay 
loeaili  nnd  every  p.-iaaeiiiter  na  ••liall  have  ronlrailed  lo  vlrliml  lilinai-lf,  n  line  nt  the  rnle  of  N.  for 
I'ltcli  day  ditrlnii  which  be  or  alie  ahull  be  detnined  prevbiualy  lo  llie  netiial  t'lenrliiK  mil  and  llnni  de. 
purliire  of  the  ahlji  on  the  viiyaKe,<'inil  Ihu  aaini^  may  bu  recovered  dully  i  uiiil  lliu  innatur  of  aiich  ihl|i 
ihnil  vicliml  enrh  nnd  every  paaai'n|r''r  na  ahull  have  rontrai'leil  to  bn  vii'liiulbd  by  the  aliip  owner  on 
nnd  from  the  dny  an  appolnti'd  :  provided  Hint  no  aiich  flue  ahnll  hti  pnyabli.'  In  reaped  of  uny  doteiithm 
llf  llin  veaael  hy  alreaa  of  weather  or  iillier  uiinvoidubli'  ciiuae. —  i  1 1, 

I'liKurnifri-t  lu  be  iiniiiiliiineJ  fur  IH  Jluiim  after  Ihrir  ^rriral.—.Kt  the  rloae  of  any  voynKO  every  per* 
fon  arriving  na  n  pnaaenger  ut  uny  port  or  idace  ahull,  diirinK  llie  apai'e  nf  IM  linura  nfler  urrlvul,  ba 
ciitllleil  lo  t'ontlnue  on  board  aurh  Nhip,  nnd  to  be  providi'd  for  and  mulnlaliied  on  board  In  the  antnn 
iiianner  na  during  the  voynire,  iinleaa  It  have  been  einreanly  atlmilateil  between  aiich  paaaeniier  nnit 
ihi.'  niualer  of  aiieli  alii|i.  Hint  aiu:li  piHai.'iiver  kIiuII  not  be  eiillllnii  lo  aiiili  inuintenaniu  iluring  Hie  auiil 
'pi  lionra,  or  unlraa,  in  Iho  ulterior  proaeciiiion  of  her  voyage,  the  aiiip  (iiiit  auch  part  or  jdacu  withia 
llie  aaid  IS  houra.- J  I."*. 

I'timtlUn  IN  cii««  of  Infringiment  of  Ihe  jirteeiling  Kiiartmenlt.—}(  nny  ship  cnrrying  puaaengeri  on 
nny  voyage  from  the  IT  K.,  or  Ihu  lalanda  of  (Juernaey,  Jeraey,  &.C.,  to  or  lor  uny  port  or  placu  out  of 
Kurope,  anil  not  In  Hie  .Mediterranean,  fhall  carry  any  nuiolier  of  pnaaengera  e.xci'cding  by  more  thun 
I  nrraon  in  SO  Hie  proporlliui  unlhorlaeil  nnd  allowed  by  tlii'<  preaent  net  ;  or  If  aurh  ahip  Himll  nnt  ho 
lit  the  height  belween  decks  beforn  reqiiired  i  <ir  Ifancii  a  plutl'orin  uh  bel'oru  direett-d  ahull  not  belaid 
nnd  I'oniiniii'd  llirou|.'hont  the  wiiolu  ilnralion  of  aiich  voyage,  in  the  innniier  bi'loru  reijiiired  :  or  ir 
lliere  be  more  Hian  'i  Hers  of  herlha  ;  or  if  llieri'  be  not  llirniiHliinit  llie  whole  diiralion  of  Hinh  voynge 
fui'h  an  Interval,  na  la  before  preacribod,  hel  ween  the  deck  nnd  the  Moor  of  the  lower  tier  of  Imrlha  | 
iir  il'aiich  ahip  ahull  clear  out  und  put  to  aea,  not  having  on  boiird  audi  wntor  and  proviHions  aa  al'oro« 
mill,  for  the  uaeunil  eonauinplbiii  of  Hie  paaaviigi'ra,ol'tlie  kind,  and  to  ilie  Hmoiint,niid  in  the  j^opor- 
linn,  before  required  •  or  If  u  table  of  Hie  prices  of  prnvlHiona  or  atores  be  not  e^ihibiti'd  ua  before  re- 
■inired  ;  or  If  any  higliar  prices  Ihnn  are  named  In  audi  tnble  slinll  be  chnrged  i  or  If  there  ho  not  nn 
iiunrd  such  vvfae'l  snrli  inudicul  pnictil inner  uh  al'oreaaid,or  such  medicines  und  other  tilings  nnci'ssnry 
III  llie  medical  Ireati  .i  '.itof  the  paKDungerK,  ua  is  bel'oru  ri'i|iilredi  or  if  such  sliipsiiail  be  cleared  out  be- 
f.ire  such  list  of  jiai'fengers  na  before  nienlioiied  linve  been  delivered  in  manner  nnil  form  aforesaid  to 
mich  nttlrer  ns  uforeauid  :  or  if  nny  such  lltt  hn  wilfully  false ;  or  If  the  copy  or  ahstrnct  nf  thia  net  be 
nut  produced  na  liel'oru  rei|ulred  ;  or  If  any  puasuiigur  bu  not  allowed  to  coutlnuu  on  bnurd  such  ship 
ns  before  provided;  or  if  any  pasHenger,  wilhiiiil  previous  comicnt,  lie  put  on  shoro  ut  uny  place  other 
Ihnn  that  at  wlihli  the  master  had  coiilructcd  to  land  such  pnaaiiiger;  the  master  of  such  ahip  shall, 
In  respect  nf  ench  and  every  such  oll'ence,  be  liable,  onsiiniiiiary  i  onviclion,  us  Is  afler  nienlioneij,  to 
the  payuiuiit  <if  n  line  ofnot  less  than  il.  nor  iiiore  than  'Ml.  sterling  Mrlliah  money.—;  Hi, 

Iht  Hi)tht  <■/  JIttion  nf  Patnti/rerii  not  token  avay  or  utrii/^ed.— Nothing  herein  contained  shall  lake 
away  or  abridge  uny  right  of  aiilt  or  ndion  wlilcli  may  nrcriiB  to  nny  pusaeuger  nr  other  person,  in 
reaped  of  the  brencfi  or  nnn-perfnrmance  nf  uny  cnntruct  made  or  entered  into  between  or  on  belialf 
of  such  passenger  or  person,  und  the  master  or  owners  nf  such  ship.—}  17. 

Priiseculiiin  and  Reeoeerij  uf  Penaltica. — Tlieau  uretobu  sued  for,  proceeded  with,  and  ililrrnilned 
in  Ihe  same  manner  and  under  the  aanie  cnndilinn,  as  in  tho  case  nf  pennllies  under  the  sninggling 
acta  (nrt.  HMVtjai.tNa),  nr  the  acts  minting  tn  the  cuatoins,  nr  tn  trade  nr  navigntion.  I'rovided,  that 
in  pri  t'crring  and  proaeciiling  indiclmenla  or  inforinalions  under  tiiis  act,  the  direction  and  cunsenl  of 
rnnuiilHHioners  of  cusimiis  siiuil  nol  bu  rei|iilred,  uny  thing  In  such  acts  of  parliament  tu  tho  contrary 
notwithstanding.—}  19. 

Matttm  of  yemieh  to  enter  into  Bond  fur  Ihe  due  rerfnrmanet  of  Ke/riilal  tone. —UHfote  any  ship  carry- 
ing pasaengers  clear  nut  from  the  V.  K.,  or  Hie  Islands  of  Uuernaey,  Jersey,  &c.  for  any  port  or  place 
mil  of  Kurope,  and  not  in  the  Mediterrnnenn,  the  master  of  said  ship  simll  enter  into  u  bond  to  if.  M., 
w  llU  one  good  and  sutflcient  surety,  In  he  npprnved  hy  the  cnllector  or  chief  olllccr  of  ciistoins  ut  the 
port  nf  clearance,  in  tho  sum  of  1,()(I0<.,  the  cnndilinn  nf  which  bond  ahnll  be,  that  the  snid  ship  is  sea 
wnrlhy,  and  that  all  the  rulesnnd  regulations  prescribed  by  Ibis  act  for  the  carriage uf  passengers  shall 
liiiwrll  and  truly  performed  before  and  during  such  intended  voyage,  und  that  all  penalties,  lines,  and 
rMffeilurcs,  which  tlie  master  nf  such  ahip  may  be  sentenced  or  uiljiidged  to  pay  in  respect  nf  the 
tirrnch  nr  nnn-purforninnce  nf  nny  such  rules  nnd  rcgulntinns,  shall  be  well  and  truly  paid  :  prnvided 
tliatsuch  bniid  shall  be  withnut  stamps,  and  that  no  such  bond  shull  be  piiiin  suit,  and  Hiut  no  prosccu.- 
linn,  anil,  action,  or  iiiforinatinn  shall  bu  brought  hy  virtue  of  tliis  act,or  by  reasnn  nf  the  breach  of 
nny  of  its  prnvisinns,  in  any  nf  il.  M.'s  poaaessions  nbroad,  after  the  expiration  nf  12  calendar  ninnlht 
lucceeding  tho  commencement  nf  nny  such  voynge, nnr  In  the  U  K..  nr  any  ufthe  islands  before  men 
liiined,  aftur  tho  expiration  nf  I2culciidar  iiiuiiths  after  the  return  of  the  mastifr  lo  tho  port  whence  lie 
nailed  on  such  voyage. — }  19. 

y.irrption  of  partieitlar  SAips.— Nothing  In  this  act  shall  be  construed  toe.rtend  tn  ships  carrying  pns- 
Fingers  in  cases  in  which  the  number  of  persons,  computed  in  manner  before  prnvided,  shall  not  ex- 
ceed  1  ptirson  for  every  5  tons  of  the  registered  burden  of  such  ship;  nor  sliull  any  thing  in  this  act 
cftend  to  uny  ship  in  the  service  of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  of  II.  M.'a  Postmaster  Uenural,  or  of 
Ihe  East  India  Company.—}  20. 

Bahaman,  Sfr...,  ileemed  in  South  jftiierfca.— The  Bahama  Islands,  and  all  places  In  America  southward* 
uf  tb«  same,  shall  bu  dei-nied  to  be  in  South  America  for  the  jiurposei  of  this  act.—}  21.— ji'u;i.) 


Il 
i 
if 


,■ 


,1 


t-.t 


i,:!i^ 


«.     « 


656 


ENGROSSING— EXCHANGE. 


ENGROSSING,  is  "  the  buying  up  of  corn  and  other  dead  victuals  with  intent  to  soli 
them  again." — (Blacfcatone,  book  iv.  cap.  12.)  We  have  shown  in  another  article,  how  ab- 
surd it  is  to  suppose  that  this  practice  should  have  any  injurious  influence — (anle,  p.  491.). 
But,  for  a  long  time,  most  scarcities  that  occurred  were  either  entirely  ascribed  to  the  influ- 
ence of  engrossers  and  forestallers — (sec  Fobkstallino) — or,  at  least,  were  supposed  to  be 
materially  aggravated  by  their  proceedings.  In  consequence,  however,  of  the  prevalence  of 
more  just  and  enlarged  views  upon  such  subjects,  the  statutes  that  had  been  made  for  the 
suppression  and  punishment  of  engrossing,  forestalling,  &c.  were  repealed  (i  iHi. — (See 
ante,  p.  485.)  But  notwithstanding  this  repeal,  engrossing  continues  to  be  an  indictable 
offence,  punishable  at  common  law  by  fine  and  imprisonment ;  though  it  is  not  at  all  likely, 
were  an  attempt  made,  that  any  jury  would  now  be  found  ignorant  or  prejudiced  enough  to 
convict  any  ^no  on  such  a  charge. 

ENTRY,  BILL  OP.    See  Importatioit. 

ERMINE  (Ger.  Hermeltn,-  Fr.  Hermine,  Ermine  i  Rus.  Gomo»ta!),i  species  of  weasel 
{Mustela  Candida  Lin.),  abundant  in  all  cold  countries,  particularly  Russia,  Norway,  Lap. 
land,  &c.,  and  producing  a  most  valuable  species  of  fur.  '  In  summer,  the  ermine  is  of  a 
brown  colour,  and  is  called  the  stoat.  It  is  in  the  winter  only  that  the  fur  has  that  beautiful 
snowy  whiten  OSS  and  confcistence  so  much  admired. — (See  Furs.) 

ESPARTO,  a  species  of  rush,  the  Stipa  tenacissima  of  botanists.  It  is  found  in  the 
southern  provinces  of  Spain  ;  and  is  particularly  abundant  on  all  the  sterile,  uncultivated  and 
mounttunous  districts  of  Valencia, — Beckmann  {Hid,  of  Invent,  vol.  ii.  p.  288.  Eng.  ed.) 
supposes,  apparently  with  good  reason,  that  the  stipa  tenamsima  is  the  plant  described  by 
Pliny  under  the  name  of  Sparta,  who  ascribes  its  application  to  useful  purposes  to  the  Car- 
thaginians— (Hist.  Nat.  lib.  six.  c.  2.).  It  is  still  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  in  anti< 
quity,  being  manufactured  into  cordage,  shoes,  matting,  baskets,  nets,  mattrasses,  sacks,  &c. 
Cables  made  of  esparto  are  said  to  be  excellent ;  being  light,  they  float  on  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  are  not,  therefore,  so  liable  as  hempen  cables  to  be  cut  or  injured  by  a  foul  bottom. 
They  are  exclusively  made  use  of  in  the  Spanish  navy.  Esparto  is  largely  consumed  in  the 
manufacture  of  alpcrgatei>.  These  ore  light  shoes  worn  by  the  Valcntian  peasantry,  having 
platted  soles  made  either  of  esparto  or  hemp,  but  principally  of  tho  former.  They  are  ex- 
tremely cheap  and  commodious  in  hot  climates;  and  besides  being  in  extensive  demand  at 
home,  used  to  be  exported  in  immense  quantities  to  both  Indies ;  .but  since  the  emancipation 
of  Spanish  America,  this  trade  has  greatly  fallen  ofE  The  Spanish  peasantry  have  attained 
to  wonderful  dexterity  in  tho  manufacture  of  jsparto.  "  After  having  soaked  tho  rush  in 
water,  the  women  and  children,  without  eutier  wheel  or  spindle,  contrive  to  twist  two  threads 
at  the  same  time.  This  they  do  by  rubbing  them  between  the  palms  of  their  hands,  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  shoemaker  forms  a  thread  upon  his  knees,  with  this  diflerence,  that  one 
motion  gives  the  twist  to  each  thread,  and,  at  the  same  time  unites  them.  To  keep  the 
threads  asunder,  the  thumb  of  the  right  hand  is  interposed  between  them ;  and  when  that  is 
wanted  for  other  purposes,  the  left  thumb  supplies  its  place.  Two  threads  being  thus  twi^^tcd 
into  one  of  the  bigness  of  a  large  crow-quill,  id  yards  are  sold  for  little  more  than  id.,  the 
materials  being  worth  about  ^th  part  of  the  price." — {T(nv7isend^s  Travebin  Spain,  vol.  iii. 
p.  177.,  see  also  p.  129. ;  Fischer's  Picture  of  Valencia,  Eng.  ed.  p.  92.  and  p.  67.  &c.) 

ESTRICH  on  ESTRIDGE  (Fr.  Duvet  d'autruche .-  It.  Penna  matia  di  strozzo  ,•  Sp. 
Plumazo  de  avutrux  ;  Lat.  Slruthionum  plumae  molliures),  is  the  fine  soft  down  which 
lies  immediately  under  the  feathers  of  the  ostrich.  The  finest  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  bea- 
ver in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  and  the  coarser  or  stronger  sort  is  employed  in  the  fabrication 
of  a  stutr  which  resembles  fine  woollen  cloth.  Estridge  is  brought  from  the  Levant,  Italy, 
and  other  parts  of  the  Mediterranean. 

EUPHORBIUM  (Ger.  £MpAorii<ngi«OTniJ;  Lat.  Euphorbium  ,•  Tr.  Eiiphorbe ;  Arab, 
Akal-nnfzafi),  the  produce  of  a  perennial  plant,  a  native  oi  Africa,  and  of  many  parts  of  India, 
&c.  It  is  a  concrete  gum  resin  ;  is  inodorous ;  when  first  chewed  has  little  taste,  but  it  soon 
gives  a  very  acrid  burning  impression  to  the  tongue,  palate,  and  throat,  which  is  very  perma- 
nent, and  almost  insupportable.  It  is  imported  in  serons  containing  from  100  to  130  lbs.  It 
is  in  small,  hollow,  forked  pieces,  oflen  mixed  with  seeds  and  other  impurities. — (Thomnon's 
Dbpensatory.') 

EXCHANGE.  In  commerce,  this  term  is  generally  used  to  designate  that  species  of 
mercantile  transactions,  by  which  the  debts  of  individuals  residing  at  a  distance  from  their 
creditois  are  cancelled  without  the  transmission  of  money. 

Among  cities  or  countries  having  any  considerable  intercourse  together,  the  debts  mutually 
due  by  each  other  approach,  for  the  most  part,  near  to  an  equality.  There  are  at  all  times, 
for  example,  a  considerable  number  of  persons  in  London  indebted  to  Hamburgh;  but, 
speaking  generally,  there  are  about  an  equal  number  of  persons  in  London  to  whom  Ham- 
burgh is  indebted.  And  hence,  when  A.  of  London  has  a  payment  to  make  to  B.  of 
Hamburgh,  he  docs  not  remit  an  equivalent  sum  of  money  to  the  latter ;  but  ho  goes  into 
the  market  and  buys  a  bill  upon  Hamburgh,  that  is,  he  buys  an  order  from  C.  of  London 
addressed  to  his  debtor  D.  of  Hamburgh,  requesting  him  to  pay  the  amount  to  A,  or  his 


EXCHANGE. 


9m 


Is  with  intent  to  sell 
nother  article,  howab- 
encc — (ante,  p.  491.), 
'  aiicribed  to  the  influ- 
t,  were  supposed  to  bo 
,  of  the  prevalence  of 
tad  been  made  for  the 
ealcd  ii  »r78. — (8co 
ea  to  be  aii  indictable 
h  it  is  not  at  all  likely, 
prejudiced  enough  to 


i!),  a  species  of  weasel 
Russia,  Norway,  Lap> 
ler,  the  ermine  is  of  a 
e  fur  has  that  beautiful 

B.  It  is  found  in  the 
terile,  uncultivated  and 
)1.  ii.  p.  888.  Eng.  ed.) 
the  plant  described  by 
il  purposes  to  the  Car- 
e  purposes  as  in  anti- 
mattrasses,  sacks,  &c. 
It  on  the  surface  of  the 
ijurcd  by  a  foul  bottom. 
»rgcly  consumed  in  the 
itian  peasantry,  having 
former.  They  are  ex- 
I  extensive  demand  at 
since  the  emancipntion 
wasantry  have  attained 
g  soaked  the  rush  in 
ve  to  twist  two  threads 
of  their  hands,  in  the 
is  dillerence,  that  one 
them.  To  keep  the 
and  when  that  is 
cads  being  thus  twisted 
tie  more  than  id,,  the 
avels  in  Spain,  vol.  iii. 

and  p.  57.  &c.) 
matia  di  strozzo  ,•  Sp. 
fine  soft  down  which 
as  a  substitute  for  bea- 
oyed  in  the  fabrication 
)m  the  Levant,  Italy, 

Fr.  Euphorbe;  Arab, 
of  many  parts  of  India, 
little  taste,  but  it  soon 
which  is  very  perma- 
■om  100  to  1.50  lbs.  It 
purities. — (  Tkonuon's 

ignatc  that  species  of 
a  distance  from  their 

her,  the  debts  mutually 
There  are  at  ull  time», 

to  Hamburgh;  but, 
ndon  to  whom  Ham> 
nt  to  make  to  B.  of 
er ;  but  he  goes  into 

from  C.  of  London 
amount  to  A.  or  his 


em: 


order.  A.,  h&ring  indorsed  this  bill  or  order,  sends  it  to  B.,  who  receives  payment  from  his 
neighbour  D.  The  convenience  of  all  parties  is  consulted  by  a  transaction  of  this  sort  The 
debts  due  by  A.  to  B ,  and  by  D.  to  C,  are  extinguished  without  the  intervention  of 
any  money.  A.  of  London  pays  C.  of  ditto,  and  D.  of  Hamburgh  pays  B.  of  ditto.  The 
debtor  in  one  place  is  substituted  fur  the  debtor  in  another;  and  a  postage  or  two,  and  the 
stamp  for  the  bill,  form  the  whole  expenses.    All  risk  of  loss  is  obviated. 

A  bill  of  exchange  may,  therefore,  bo  defined  to  be  an  order  addressed  to  some  person 
residing  at  a  distance,  directing  him  to  pay  a  certain  specified  sum  to  the  person  in  whose 
favour  the  bill  is  drawn,  or  his  order.  In  mercantile  phraseology,  the  person  who  draws  a 
bill  is  termed  the  drawer;  the  person  in  whose  favour  it  is  drawn,  the  remitter  ;  the  person 
on  whom  it  is  drawn,  the  drawee,-  and  after  he  has  accepted,  the  acceptor.  Those  persons 
into  whoso  hands  the  bill  may  have  passed  previously  to  its  being  paid,  are,  from  their  writp 
ing  their  names  on  the  back,  termed  indoraera ;  and  the  person  in  whose  possession  the  bill 
is  at  any  given  period,  is  termed  the  holdtr  ot  possessor. 

The  negotiation  of  inland  bills  of  exchange,  or  of  those  drawn  in  one  part  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  on  another,  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  bankers,  and  is  conducted  in  the  manner 
already  explained. — (See  ante,  p.  71.)  Bills  drawn  by  the  merchants  of  one  country  upon 
another  are  termed  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  and  it  is  to  their  negotiation  that  the  following 
remarks  principally  apply. 

I.  Par  of  Exchange. — The  par  of  the  currency  of  any  two  countries  means,  among 
merchants,  the  equivalency  of  a  certain  amount  of  the  currency  of  the  one  in  the  currency 
of  the  other,  supposing  the  currencies  of  both  to  be  oftheprecise  weight  and  purity  fixed  by 
their  respective  mints.  Thus,  according  to  the  mint  regulations  of  Great  Britain  and  France, 
1/.  sterling  is  equal  to  25  fr.  SO  cent,  which  is  said  to  be  the  par  between  London  and  Paris. 
And  the  exchange  between  the  two  countries  is  said  to  be  at  par  when  bills  are  negotiated  on 
this  footing;  that  is,  for  example,  when  a  bill  for  100/.  drawn  in  London  is  worth  2,520  fr. 
in  Paris,  and  conversely.  When  1/.  in  London  buys  a  bill  on  Paris  for  more  than  25  fr.  20 
cent,  the  exchange  is  said  to  be  in  favour  of  London  and  agajnst  Paris ;  and  when,  on  the 
other  hand,  1/.  in  London  will  not  buy  a  bill  on  Paris  for  25  fr.  20  cent,  the  exchange  is 
against  London  and  in  favour  of  Paris. — (See  Table  of  the  par  of  exchange  at  the  end  of  this 
article.) 

II.  Circumstances  which  determine  the  course  of  Exchange. — The  exchange  is  alTected, 
or  made  to  diverge  from  par,  by  two  classes  of  circumstances:  first,  by  any  discrepancy  be- 
tween the  actual  weight  or  fineness  of  the  coins,  or  of  the  bullion  for  which  the  substitutes 
used  in  their  place  will  exchange,  and  their  weight  or  fineness  as  fixed  by  the  mint  regula- 
tions; and,  secondly,  by  any  sudden  increase  or  diminution  of  the  bills  drawn  in  one  country 
upon  another. 

1.  It  is  but  seldom  that  the  coins  of  any  country  correspond  exactly  with  their  mint  stand- 
ard; and  when  they  diverge  from  it  an  allowance  corresponding  to  the  diiTerence  between 
the  actual  value  of  the  coins,  and  their  mint  value,  must  be  made  in  determining  the  real 
par.  Thus,  if,  while  the  coins  of  Great  Britain  corresponded  with  the  mint  standard  in  weight 
and  purity,  those  of  France  were  either  10  per  cent  worse  or  debased  below  the  standard  of 
her  mint  the  exchange,  it  is  obvious,  would  be  at  real  par  when  it  was  nominally  10  pei 
cent  against  Paris,  or  when  a  bill  payable  in  London  for  100/.  was  worth  in  Paris  2,772  fr. 
instead  of  2,520  fr.  In  estimating  the  real  course  of  exchange  between  any  2  or  more  places, 
it  is  always  necessary  to  attend  carefully  to  this  circumstance ;  that  is,  to  examine  whether 
their  currencies  be  all  of  the  standard  weight  and  purity,  and  if  not,  how  much  they  differ 
from  it.  When  the  coins  circulating  in  a  country  are  either  so  worn  or  rubbed  as  to  have 
sunk  considerably  below  their  mint  standard,  or  when  paper  money  is  depreciated  from  ex- 
cess or  want  of  credit,  the  exchange  is  at  real  par  only  when  it  is  against  such  country  to  the 
extent  to  which  its  coins  are  worn  or  its  paper  depreciated.  When  this  circumstance  is 
taken  into  account,  it  will  be  found  that  the  exchange  during  the  latter  years  of  the  war, 
though  apparently  very  much  against  this  country,  was  really  in  our  favour.  The  depression 
was  nominal  only ;  being  occasioned  by  the  great  depreciation  of  the  paper  currency  in  which 
bills  were  paid, 

2,  Variations  in  the  actual  course  of  exchange,  or  in  the  price  of  bills  arising  from  circum- 
stanci's  affecting  the  currency  of  either  of  two  countries  trading  together,  are  nominal  only ; 
such  as  are  real  grow  out  of  circumstances  affecting  their  trade. 

When  two  countries  trade  together,  and  each  buys  of  the  other  commodities  of  precisely  tho 
same  value,  their  debts  and  credits  will  be  equal,  and,  of  course,  the  real  exchange  will  be  at 
par.  The  bills  drawn  by  the  one  will  be  exactly  equivalent  to  those  drawn  by  the  other,  and 
their  respective  claims  will  be  adjusted  without  requiring  tho  transfer  of  bullion  or  any  other 
valuable  produce.  But  it  very  rarely  happens  that  the  debts  reciprocally  due  by  any  two 
countries  are  equal.  There  is  almost  always  a  balance  owing  on  tho  one  side  or  the  other  * 
and  this  balance  must  afTuct  the  exchange.  If  the  debts  due  by  London  to  Paris  exceeded 
those  due  by  Paris  to  London,  the  competition  in  the  London  market  for  bills  on  Paris 
would,  because  of  the  comparatively  great  amount  of  payments  our  merchants  had  to  make 

&3 


■^? 


i    , 


h 


li^i^n!'!! 


■In 


668 


EXCHANGE. 


in  Paris,  bo  greater  than  the  competition  in  Paris  for  bills  on  London ;  and,  coriaequently,  tho 
real  exchange  would  be  in  favonr  of  Pari?  and  against  London. 

The  cost  of  conveying  bullion  from  one  country  to  another  forms  the  limit  within  which 
the  rise  and  fall  of  the  real  exchange  between  them  must  be  confined.  If  1  per  cent,  sutliced 
to  cover  the  expense  and  risk  attending  the  transmission  of  money  from  London  to  Paris,  it 
would  be  indifferent  to  a  London  merchant  whether  he  paid  1  per  cent  premium  for  a  hill 
of  exchange  on  Paris,  or  remitted  money  direct  to  that  city.  If  the  premium  were  less  than 
1  per  cent.,  it  would  clearly  be  his  interest  to  make  his  payments  by  bills  in  preference  to 
remittances :  and  that  it  could  not  exceed  1  per  cent,  is  obvious ;  for  every  one  would  prefer 
remitting  money,  to  buying  a  bill  at  a  greater  premium  than  sufficed  to  cover  the  expense  of 
a  money  remittance.  If,  owing  to  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  between  the  two  countries, 
or  to  any  other  cause,  the  cost  of  remitting  money  from  London  to  Paris  were  increased,  tho 
flurtuations  of  the  real  exchange  between  them  might  also  be  increased.  For  the  limits 
within  which  such  fluctuations  mat/  range,  correspond  in  all  cases  with  the  cost  of  making 
remittances  in  cash. 

Fluctuations  in  the  nominal  exchange,  that  is,  in  the  value  of  the  currencies  of  countries 
trading  together,  have  no  effect  on  foreign  trade.  When  the  currency  is  depreciated,  tho 
premium  which  the  exporter  of  commodities  derives  from  the  sale  of  the  bill  drawn  on  his 
correspondent  abroad,  is  only  equivalent  to  the  increase  in  the  price  of  the  goods  exported, 
occasioned  by  this  depreciation.  But  when  the  premium  on  a  foreign  bill  is  a  consequence, 
not  of  a  fall  in  the  value  of  money,  but  of  a  deficiency  in  tho  suppl]»  of  bills,  there  is  no  rise 
of  prices;  and  in  these  circumstances  the  unfavourable  exchange  operates  as  a  stimulus  to 
exportation.  As  soon  as  the  real  exchange  diverges  from  par,  the  mere  inspection  of  a  price 
current  is  no  longer  sufRcient  to  regulate  the  operations  of  the  merchant.  If  it  be  unfavour- 
able, the  premium  which  the  exporter  will  receive  on  the  sale  of  his  bill  must  be  included  in 
the  estimate  of  the  piolit  he  is  likely  to  derive  from  the  transaction.  The  greater  that  pre- 
mium, the  less  will  be  the  difference  of  prices  necessary  to  induce  him  to  export.  And  hence 
an  unflivourable  real  exchange  has  an  efl'ect  exactly  the  same  with  what  would  bo  produced 
by  granting  a  bounty  on  exportation  equol  to  the  premium  on  foreign  bills. 

But  for  the  same  reason  that  an  unfavourable  real  exchange  increases  exportation,  it  pro- 
porlionaily  diminishes  importation.  When  tho  exchange  is  really  unfavourable,  the  price  of 
"commodities  imported  from  abroad  must  be  so  much  lower  than  their  price  at  home,  as  not 
merely  to  afford,  exclusive  of  expenses,  the  ordinary  profit  of  stock  on  their  sale,  but  also  to 
compensate  for  the  premium  which  the  importer  must  pay  for  a  foreign  bill,  if  he  remit  one 
to  his  correspondent,  or  for  the  discount,  added  to  the  invoice  price,  if  his  correspondent  draw 
upon  him.»  A  less  quantity  of  foreign  goods  will,  therefore,  suit  our  market  when  the  real 
exchanire  is  unfavourable;  and  fewer  payments  having  to  be  made  abroad,  the  competition 
for  foreign  bills  will  be  diminished,  and  the  res/ exchange  rendered  proportionally  favourable. 
In  the  same  way,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  a  favourable  real  exchange  must  operate  as  a  duly  on 
cxportition,  and  ns  a  bounty  on  importation. 

It  is  thus  that  fluctuations  in  the  real  exchange  have  a  necessary  tendency  to  correct 
themselves.  They  can  never,  for  any  considerable  period,  exceed  the  expense  of  transmitting 
biiihon  from  the  debtor  to  the  creditor  country.  But  the  exchange  cannot  continue  either 
permanently  favourable  or  unfavourable  to  this  extent.  When  favourable,  it  corrects  itself 
i)y  restricting  exportation  and  facilitating  importation ;  and  when  unfavourable,  it  produces 
the  same  effect  by  giving  an  unusual  stimulus  to  exportation,  and  by  throwing  obstacles  in 
the  way  of  importation.  The  true  pah  forms  the  centre  of  these  oscillations;  and  although 
the  thousand  circumstances  which  are  daily  and  hourly  affecting  the  state  of  debt  and  credit, 
prevent  the  ordinary  course  of  exchange  from  being  almost  ever  precisely  at  par,  its  fluctua- 
tions, whether  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  arc  confined  within  certain  limits,  and  have  a 
constant  tendency  to  disappear. 

This  natural  tendency  which  tho  exchange  has  to  correct  itself,  is  powerfully  assisted  by 
the  operations  of  the  bill-merchants. 

England,  for  example,  might  owe  a  large  excess  of  debt  to  Amsterdam,  yet,  as  the  aggregate 
amount  of  the  debts  due  by  a  commercial  country  is  generally  balanced  by  the  amount  of 
those  which  it  has  to  receive,  the  deficiency  of  bills  on  .Amsterdam  in  London  would  most 
probably  be  compensated  by  a  proportional  redundancy  of  those  on  some  other  place.  Now, 
it  is  the  business  of  the  merchants  who  deal  in  bills,  in  the  same  way  as  of  those  who  deal 
in  bullion  or  any  other  commodity,  to  buy  them  where  they  are  cheapest,  and  to  sell  thcni 
where  they  are  dearest.  They  would,  therefore,  buy  w\t  the  bills  drawn  by  other  countries 
on  Amsterdam,  and  dispose  of  them  in  London ;  and  by  so  doing,  would  prevent  any  groat 
fall  in  the  price  of  bills  on  Amsterdam  in  those  countries  in  which  the  supply  exceeded  the 
demand,  and  any  great  rise  in  Great  Britain  and  those  countries  in  which  the  supply  hap- 
pened to  be  deficient  In  the  trade  between  Italy  and  tliis  country,  the  bills  drawn  on  Great 
'Britain  amount  almost  invariably  to  a  greater  sum  than  those  drawn  on  Italy.  The  bill- 
merchants,  however,  by  buying  up  the  excess  of  the  Italian  bills  on  London,  and  selling 


EXCHANGE. 


6S0 


],  corisequendy,  tho 

limit  within  which 
1  per  cent,  sufficed 
London  to  Parifl,  it 
premium  for  a  hill 
liurn  were  less  than 
lis  in  preference  to 
ry  one  would  prefer 
over  the  expense  of 
n  the  two  countries, 
were  increased,  the 
sed.  For  the  limits 
the  cost  of  making 

•rencies  of  countries 
'  is  depreciated,  tho 
le  bill  drawn  on  his 
the  goods  exported, 
ill  is  a  consequence, 
bills,  there  is  no  rise 
ates  as  a  stimulus  to 
inspection  of  a  price 
,  If  it  be  unfavour- 
must  be  included  in 
rhe  greater  that  pre- 
export.  And  hence 
t  would  bo  produced 
ills. 

■s  exportation,  it  prn- 
vourablc,  the  price  of 
price  at  home,  as  not 
heir  sale,  but  also  to 
I  bill,  if  he  remit  one 
I  correspondent  draw 
larket  when  the  rtiil 
oad,  tho  competition 
ortionally  favouralilc. 
operate  as  a  duly  on 

tendency  to  correct 
pense  of  transmitting 
nnot  continue  either 
ible,  it  corrects  itself 
vourable,  it  produces 
hrowing  obstacles  in 
itions ;  and  although 
te  of  debt  and  credit, 
at  par,  its  fluctua- 
limits,  and  have  a 

)werfully  assisted  by 

yet,  as  the  aggregate 
ed  by  the  amount  of 
London  would  most 
!  other  place.    Now, 
IS  of  those  who  deal 
est,  and  to  sell  thcni 
n  by  other  countries 
Id  prevent  any  great 
supply  exceeded  the 
lich  the  supply  hap- 
bills  drawn  on  Great 
on  Italy.     The  bill- 
London,  tind  selling 


them  in  Holland,  and  other  countries  indebted  to  England,  prevent  the  reul  exchange  from 
over  becoming  very  much  depressed. 

III.  NegoHatw't  of  Bills  of  Exclian^e. — Bills  of  exchange  are  either  made  payable  at 
sight,  at  n  cert-  jiecified  lime  after  eight  or  after  date,  or  at  utance,  which  is  the  usual 
term  alloivir,  .\e  custom  or  law  of  the  place  where  the  bill  ia   payable.    Generally, 

however,  a  fe-.v ..  ;-  are  allowed  for  paymentbeyond  the  term  when  tho  bill  becomes  due.  which 
are  dcnominaieti  daija  of  grace,  ond  which  vary  in  different  countries.  In  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  three  days'  grace  are  allowed  for  all  bills  except  those  payable  at  sight,  which  must 
be  paid  as  soon  as  presented.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  usance  and  days  of  grace 
fur  bills  drawn  upon  some  of  the  principal  commercial  cities: — 

[m\d.  m\a.  did.  d\s.  d\a.  respectively  denote  month  after  date,  months  after  sight,  days 
ifter  dale,  days  after  sight,  days  after  acceptance.] 


\ 


London  on 

Vwicj. 

Dayiof 
CrMo. 

LoadoD  on 

Unnca. 

B«y«  of 
tirare. 

.1 

Lonilon  oii 

Uuncr. 

D.i)tot 
(inica. 

Anislenlnm 

1  m  d. 

(i 

Ocncva 

30   d!d. 

Vlennaf 

14   dla. 

3 

Rutturdnm 

1  nid. 

6 

Madrid 

a  ni's. 

14 

Malta 

80   dd. 

13 

Antwerp 

1  111  d. 

0 

Cadiz 

CO   d  d. 

0 

NaplhS 

3  mid. 

3 

,  Hninlmrgh 

1  in  d. 

12 

Dilhoa 

3  in  d. 

14 

Pnlfirmo 

3  m'd. 

0 

Altoim 

1  m  d. 

12 

Gibraltar 

3  in  s. 

14 

MalH.n 

30  ds. 

6 

Dnntzic 

14   da. 

10 

Leghorn 

3  in  d. 

0 

Oporti) 
Itio  .laneiro 

30  ds. 

6 

Paris* 

30  d  d. 

10 

I.eipsic 

14   da. 

0 

30   dd. 

0 

Bordeaux 

■M   dd. 

10 

(icnou 

3  ni  d. 

30 

Diililiu 

21    ds. 

3 

Brcniun 

1  m  d. 

8 

Venice 

3  III  d. 

6 

Cork 

31    di. 

3 

Barcelona 

60  dd. 

14 

In  the  dating  of  bills,  tho  new  stylo  is  now  used  in  every  country  in  Europe,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Russia. 

In  London,  bills  of  exchange  are  bought  and  sold  by  brokers,  who  go  round  to  tho  prin- 
cipal merchants  ond  discover  whether  they  are  buyers  or  sellers  of  bills.  A  few  of  the  brokers 
of  most  influence,  after  ascertaining  tho  state  of  the  relative  8U[iply  and  demand  for  bills, 
suggest  a  price  at  which  the  greater  part  of  the  transactions  of  the  day  are  settled,  with  such 
deviations  as  particular  bills,  from  their  being  in  very  high  or  low  credit,  mny  be  subject  to. 
The  price  fixed  by  the  brokers  is  that  whielt  is  published  in  Wettenhall's  List;  but  tho  first 
houses  generally  negotiate  their  bills  on  jj,  1,  IJ,  and  2  per  cent,  belter  terms  than  those 
qnotiul.  Ill  London  and  other  great  commercial  cities,  a  class  of  middlemen  speculate  largj^ly 
on  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  exchange ;  buying  bills  when  they  expect  a  rise,  and  selling  them 
when  a  fall  is  anticipated.  , 

It  is  usual,  in  drawing  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  to  draw  them  in  sets,  oi- duplicates,  lest  the 
first  should  be  lost  or  miscarry.  When  bills  are  drawn  in  acts,  each  must  contain  a  condition 
that  it  shall  be  payable  only  while  tho  others  remain  unpaid :  thus,  the  first  is  payable  only, 
"  second  and  third  unpaid ;"  the  second, "  first  and  third  being  unpaid,"  and  tho  third,  "  first 
and  second  unpaid." 

All  bills  of  exchange  must  be  drawn  upon  stamps  as  under :— 


Inland  Bills  and  vVu/ci?.— Not  exceeding  Two 

Muntlis  aftur  Date,  or 

E.xceed 

UK  Two 

Bi.xty  Days 

al\er  Siulit. 

Mont  lis,  &c. 

£       s. 

£ 

.«. 

£  I. 

d. 

£  ». 

d. 

If    - 

-    2    0  and  not  abo\ 

•e      9 

fl    - 

. 

0    1 

0 

0    1 

0 

Above        5    5 

— 

20 

0    - 

. 

0    1 

e 

0    3 

0 

— 

20    0 

— 

30 

0    • 

_ 

0  a 

0 

0    3 

tt 



.iiO    0 



SO 

0    - 

• 

0    3 

0 

0    3 

0 



50    0 

— 

100 

0    - 

_ 

0    3 

6 

0    4 

0 



100    0 

— 

2(10 

0    - 

• 

0    4 

8 

0    6 

0 



SOO    0 

— 

300 

0    - 

. 

0    5 

0 

0    0 

0 

— 

300    0 

— 

500 

0    - 

. 

0    U 

0 

0    8 

0 

— 

.-iOO    0 

— 

1,000 

0     - 

. 

0    8 

0 

0  13 

n 

— 

1,(100    0 

— 

2,000 

0    - 

. 

0  12 

0 

0  15 

0 

— 

2,0(10    0 

— 

3,000 

0    - 

. 

. 

0  15 

0 

1    9 

0 

— 

3,000    0 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1    9 

0 

1  10 

0 

Promissory  notes  from  Q/.  to  100/.  inrhisive  are  not  to  bo  drawn  payable  to  bearer  on  demand  (ex- 
cepting banliers'  re-issuable  notes,  wliicli  ri.'ciuirc  u  difl'urniit  sininp).— lint  notes  lor  any  siini  exceed- 
ing II  0/.  nmy  be  drawn  either  payablu  to  bearer  on  doniand,  or  olhcrwifio. —  (flee  nnti,  [i.  75.) 

Foreign  Kills  p/iVcArt)i;r«.— Foreign  bill,  drawn  in  but  payable  uutof  Oreat  Uritaiii,  it  drawn  singly 
the  same  duly  as  an  inland  bill. 


Foreign  bills  of  cxcliangn,  drawn  in  sets,    s.    d. 
fcir  oveiy  bill  of  cacli  set,  if  the  sum  docs 
not  exceed  100/. 16 

Exceeding  100/.  and  not  exceeding  200/.    -30 
—     200/.  —  500/.    -     4     0 


ff.  d. 

Exceeding  .100/.  and  not  exceeding  1,000/.  -50 

—  1,000/.  —  2.000/    -    7    0 

—  2,00(1/.  —  3,000/.    -  10    0 

—  8,0(H)/.  —  -  -  15    0 


No  one  acquainted  with  the  fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic  eon  have  any  difficulty  what- 
ever in  estimating  how  much  a  sum  of  money  in  one  country  is  worth  in  another,  according 
to  the  state  of  the  exchange  at  the  time.    The  common  arithmetical  books  abound  in  examples 

*  In  I'rance,  no  days  of  grace  arc  allowed  on  bills  payable  ii  rue. 

f  In  A.iHiria,  bills  payable  at  siglit,  or  on  demand,  or  at  less  than  7  days  after  sight  or  date,  are  not 
tallowed  any  days  of  grace. 


'■!*:  1 


r.i 


I'll 


Ml, 


I) 


660 


EXCHANGE. 


of  rach  computations.  But  in  conducting  the  buainen  of  exchange,  a  direct  remittance  is  not 
always  preferred.  When  a  merchant  in  London,  for  example,  means  to  discharge  a  debt  due 
by  him  in  Paris,  it  is  his  business  to  ascertain  not  only  the  state  of  the  direct  exchange 
lietween  London  and  Paris,  and,  consequently,  the  sum  which  he  must  pay  in  London  for  a 
hill  on  Paris  equivalent  to  his  debt,  but  also  the  state  of  the  exchange  between  London  and 
Hamburgh,  Hamburgh  and  Paris,  &c. ;  for  it  frequently  happens  that  it  may  be  more  advan- 
tageous  for  him  to  buy  a  bill  on  Hamburgh,  Amsterdam,  or  Lisbon,  and  to  direct  his  agent 
to  invest  the  proceeds  in  a  bill  on  Paris,  rather  than  remit  directly  to  the  latter.  This  is 
termed  the  AnaiTRATioir  of  exchange.  An  example  or  two  will  suffice  to  show  the  prin- 
ciple on  which  it  is  conducted. 

Thug,  if  the  exehnngA  between  London  and  Amsterdnm  be  99*.  Flemish  (old  coinaite)  per  pound  iter* 
ling,  and  between  Taris  and  Amsterdam  is.  6d.  Flemish  per  franc,  then.  In  order  to  nscertain  whether 
a  direct  nr  indirect  remittance  to  Paris  would  be  moat  advantageous,  we  ^uet  calculate  what  would 
be  the  value  ofthc  frnnc  in  English  money  if  the  remittance  were  made  through  Holland  ;  for  If  It  be 
loss  tlian  that  resulting  from  the  direct  exchange,  It  will  obviously  be  the  preferable  mode  of  remit- 
ting. This  is  determined  by  stating,  as  3j«.  Flem.  (the  Amsterdam  currency  in  a  pound  sterling) :  l«. 
M.  Flem.  (Amsterdam  currency  in  a  fl-anc)  :  :  li. :  lOd.  the  proportional,  or  arbitrated  value  of  the 
franc— Hence,  if  the  English  money,  or  bill  of  exchange,  to  pay  a  debt  in  Paris,  were  remitted  by 
Amsterdam,  it  would  require  lOd.  to  discharge  a  debt  of  a  franc,  or  1{.  to  discharge  a  debt  of  2-1  francs  : 
and,  therefore,  if  tlie  exchange  between  London  and  Paris  were  at  34,  it  would  be  indifilsrent  to  the 
English  merchant  whether  ho  remitted  directly  to  Paris,  or  indirectly  via  Amsterdam  ;  hut  if  the  ex- 
change between  London  and  Paris  were  atovt  34,  then  a  direct  remittance  would  be  preferable ;  while, 
if,  on  the  other  hand,  the  direct  exchange  were  less  than  !M,  the  indirect  remittance  ought  as  plainly 
to  be  preferred. 

"Suppiiie,"  to  borrow  an  example  (Vom  Dr.  Kelly  (Univertal  Cambist,  vol.  11.  p.  137.),  "the  ex- 
change of  London  and  Lisbon  to  he  at  68ii.  per  milree,  and  thilt  of  Lisbon  on  Madrid  500  rees  per  dollar, 
the  arbitrated  price  between  London  and  Madrid  is  Hd.  sterling  per  dollar;  for  as  1,000  rees  :  6dd. : : 
SOO  reea  :  34<2.  But  if  the  direct  exchange  of  London  on  Madrid  be  Sid.  sterling  per  dollar.then  London, 
by  remitting  directly  to  Madrid,  must  pay  Sid.  for  every  dcillar;  whereas,  by  remitting  through  Lisbon, 
he  will  pay  only  Sid. ;  it  is,  therefore,  the  interest  of  London  to  remit  indirectly  to  Madrid  through  Lis- 
bon. On  the  other  hnnd,  if  London  draws  directly  on  Madrid,  he  will  receive' 3M.  sterling  per  dollar; 
whereas,  by  drawing  indirectly  through  Lisbon,  he  would  receive  only  3id. ;  it  is,  therefore,  the  Interest 
of  London  to  draw  directly  on  Madrid.    Hrnce  the  following  rulej  :— 

"  1.  Where  the  certain  price  is  given,  draw  through  the  place  which  produces  the  lowest  arbitrated 
price,  and  remit  through  that  which  produces  the  highest. 

"2.  Where  the  uncertain  price  is  given,  draw  through  that  place  which  produces  the  highest  arbitrate 
price,  and  remit  through  that  which  produces  the  lowest." 

In  compound  nrhitratlon,  or  when  more  than  3  places  are  concerned,  then  in  order  to  find  how  much 
a  remittance  passing  through  them  all  will  amount  to  in  the  last  place,  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  to 
find  the  arbitrated  price  between  the  flrst  and  the  last,  we  have  only  to  repeat  the  different  statements 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  foregoing  example. 

Thus,  if  the  exciiangc  between  London  and  Amsterdam  be  39t.  Flem.  for  II.  sterling ;  between  Am- 
sterdam and  Lisbon  iU.  Flem.  fur  1  old  crusade ;  and  between  Lisbon  and  Paris  460  rees  for  3  francs : 
what  is  the  arbitr.tted  price  between  London  and  Paris  1 

In  the  first  place,  as  3S«.  Flem.  :!/.::  Wd.  Flem. :  S«.  sterlings  1  old  crusade. 

Second,  as  1  old  crusade,  or  400  rees :  is.  sterling : :  460 rees :  3*.  4'6d.  sterling  •  3  francs. 

Third,  astlx.  i'Sd.  sterling :  3  francs  : :  U.  sterling  :  25  francs,  the  arbitrated  price  of  the  pound  ster- 
lilif  between  London  and  Paris. 

Xliis  operation  may  be  abridged  as  follows  :— 


li.  sterling 
3!s  shillings  Flem. 
1  old  crusade 
480  rees 

35  X  400  X  3 
ncDce 


4,200 


II.  sterling. 
35«.  Flemish. 
1  old  crusade. 
400  rees. 
3  francs. 

25  francs. 


480  X3i  168 

This  abridged  operation  evidently  consists  in  arranging  the  terms  so  that  those  which  would  form 
the  divisors  in  continued  statements  in  the  Rule  of  Three  are  multiplied  together  for  a  common  di- 
visor, end  the  other  terms  for  a  common  dividend.  The  ordinary  arithmetical  books  abound  with 
examples  of  such  operations. 

The  following  account  of  the  manner  In  which  a  very  large  transaction  was  actually  conducted  by 
indirect  remittances,  will  sufficiently  illustrate  the  principles  we  have  been  endeiivonrinp  to  explain. 

In  lti04,  Spain  was  bound  to  pay  to  France  a  large  subsidy ;  and,  in  order  to  do  this,  three  distinct 
methods  presented  themselves: — 

1.  To  send  dollars  to  Paris  by  land. 

2.  To  remit  bills  of  cxrhange  directly  to  Paris. 

3.  To  authorise  Paris  to  draw  directly  on  Spain. 

The  first  of  these  methods  was  tried,  but  it  was  fbund  too  slow  and  expensive ;  and  the  second  and 
third  plans  were  considered  likely  to  turn  the  exchange  against  Spain.  The  following  method  by  the 
indirect,  or  circular  exchange,  was,  therefore,  adopted. 

A  merchant,  or  banqiiirr,  at  Paris,  was  appointed  to  manage  the  operation,  which  he  thus  conduct- 
ed :— He  chose  London,  Amsterdam,  Hamburgh,  Cadiz,  Madrid,  and  Paris,  as  the  principal  hinges  on 
which  the  operation  was  to  turn  ;  and  he  engaged  correspondents  in  each  of  these  cities  to  support 
the  circulation.  Madrid  and  Cadiz  were  the  places  in  Spain  from  whence  remittances  were  to  he 
made  i  and  dollars  were,  of  course,  to  be  sent  to  where  they  bore  the  highest  price,  for  which  bills 
were  to  he  procured  on  Paris,  or  on  any  other  places  that  might  be  deemed  more  advantageous. 

The  principle  being  tiius  establisliod,  it  only  remained  to  regulate  the  extent  of  the  operation,  so  as 
not  to  hsue  too  much  paper  on  Spain,  and  to  give  the  circulation  as  much  support  as  possible  from 
rea'  ^-isiness.  With  this  view,  London  was  chosen  as  a  place  to  which  the  operation  might  be  chiefly 
directed,  as  the  price  of  dollars  was  then  high  lu  England ;  a  circumstance  which  rendered  the  pro- 
portional exchange  advantageous  to  Spain.  ,        „      u      ,.      j 

The  business  was  coniiiicnced  at  Paris,  where  the  negotiation  of  drafts  issned  on  Hamburgh  and 
Amsterdam  servedtn  answer  the  immediate  demands  of  tlie  state;  and  orders  were  transmitted  to 
these  places  to  draw  for  the  reinliursements  on  London,  Madrid,  or  Cadiz,  according  as  the  course  of 
ejLChi^nge  was  luust  favuurublo.  The  proceedings  were  alt  conducted  with  judgucut,  and  attended  with 


ect  remittance  »  not 
jiMhorge  a  debt  due 
the  direct  exchange 
)ay  in  London  for  a 
itween  London  and 
may  be  more  advan- 
1  to  direct  his  agent 
the  latter.  This  is 
ce  to  show  the  prin- 


linade)  per  pound  iter- 
ir  to  nscertaln  whether 
cnlculate  what  wniiM 
h  Holland  :  fnr  if  it  be 
liable  mode  nf  reniit- 
a  pound  sterling) :  U. 
irbitrated  value  of  the 
irii,  were  remitted  bjr 
ge  a  debt  nf  !M  francs: 
Id  be  indifferent  to  the 
crdam  ;  but  if  the  ex- 
1  be  preferable ;  while, 
tance  ought  as  plainly 

,  ii.  p.  137.),  "the  ex- 
drid  SOO  rees  per  dollar, 
>r  as  1,000  rees  :  68(2. :  : 
er  dollar,  tlien  Lnnilon, 
nitting  through  LIshnn, 
to  Madrid  thrau|!h  Lis- 
id.  sterling  per  dollar ; 
, therefore,  the  interest 

!i  the  lowest  arbitrated 

18  the  highest  arbitrated 

order  to  find  how  much 
:h  is  the  same  thing,  to 
he  different  statements 

tcrling ;  between  Am- 
B  460  rees  for  3  francs ; 


3  francs, 
rice  of  the  pound  Bter» 


ase  which  would  form 
ther  for  a  common  di- 
ll books  abound  with 

actually  conducted  by 
eiivourlng  to  explain, 
do  this,  three  distinct 


J ;  and  the  second  and 
lowing  method  by  the 

hloh  he  thus  conduct- 
lu  principal  hinges  on 
liese  cities  to  support 
mittances  were  to  be 
price,  fnr  which  bills 
advantageous, 
f  the  operation,  en  as 
iport  as  possible  from 
ntion  might  be  chictly 
ich  rendered  the  pro- 

ed  on  Hamburgh  and 
8  were  transmitted  to 
ding  as  the  course  of 
iut,  and  attended  with 


EXCHANGE. 


661 


complete  suceeet.  At  the  commencement  of  the  operation,  the  conrae  of  exchange  of  Cadiz  on  Ion* 
doii  was  3td.  I  but,  by  the  plan  adopted,  Spain  got  39id.,  or  above  8  per  cent,  by  the  remittance  of  dol- 
lars to  London,  and  considerable  advantages  were  also  gained  by  the  circulation  of  bills  through  the 
several  places  on  tlie  Continent.— (ir<Uy's  Cambitt,  vol.  11.  p.  168. ;  Dubail'i  KlemtnU  of  Commtrc$,  Ibl 
ed.  p.  ai8.) 

Law  or  Bili,8  of  Exchavob. 

The  chief  legal  privileges  appertaining  to  bills  are,  first,  that  though  only  a  simply  contract,  yet  they 
are  always  presumed  to  have  been  originally  given  for  a  good  nnif  valuable  consideration  ;  and,  se- 
condly they  are  aaslgUHble  to  a  third  person  not  named  in  the  bill  or  party  to  the  contract,  so  as  to 
vcHt  in  the  assignee  a  righlof  action,  in  hia  own  name;  which  right  ofaction,  no  release  by  the  drawer 
to  the  acceptor,  nor  set-off  or  cross  demand  due  from  the  former  to  tlie  latter,  can  affert. 

All  persons,  whoth'T  merchants  or  not,  being  legally  qualided  to  contract,  may  be  parties  to  a  bill. 
But  no  action  can  lie  supported  against  a  person  incapable  of  bindini;  himself,  on  u  bill  drawn,  indorsed, 
or  accepted  by  such  incapacitated  person ;  at  the  same  time  the  bill  is  good  against  all  other  compe- 
tent parties  thereto. 

Bills  muy  be  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed  by  the  party's  agent  or  attorney  verbally  authorised  for 
the  purpose.  When  a  person  has  such  authority,  he  must  eitlier  write  the  name  of  Jtis  principal,  or 
■late  in  writing  that  he  draws,  &c.  as  agent:  thus,  "per  procuration,  for  A.  H." 

Where  one  of  several  partners  accepts  a  bill  drawn  on  the  Arm,  fur  himself  and  partners,  or  in 
his  own  name  only,  such  acceptance  binds  the  partnership  ifit  concern  the  trade.  Hut  tlie  acceptance 
of  one  of  several  partners  on  behalf  of  himself  and  partners,  will  not  bind  the  others,  if  it  concern  the 
acceptor  only  in  a  separate  and  distinct  interest;  and  the  holder  of  the  bill,  ntthe  time  he  becomes  so, 
was  aware  of  that  circumstance.  If,  however,  he  be  a  bonil  Jide  hnl:!"  for  a  sutHcieiit  consideration, 
and  had  no  such  knowledge  at  the  time  he  first  became  possessed  of  the  bill,  no  subsequently  acquired 
Knowledge  of  the  misconduct  of  the  partner  in  giving  such  security  will  prevent  him  from  recovering 
on  such  hills  against  all  the  partners. 

Although  no  precise  form  of  words  is  required  to  constitute  a  bill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note, 
yet  it  is  necessary  that  it  should  be  payable  at  all  events,  and  not  depend  on  any  contingency  ;  and  that 
It  be  made  for  the  payment  of  money  only,  and  not  for  payment  of  money  and  performance  of  some 
other  act,  as  the  delivery  of  a  horse,  or  the  like. 

If,  however,  the  event  on  which  the  payment  is  to  depend  must  inevitably  happen,  It  is  of  no  im- 
portance how  long  the  payment  may  be  in  suspense ;  soa  bill  is  negotiable  and  valid  if  dra\^n  payable 
0  weeks  after  the  death  of  (be  drawer's  father,  or  payable  to  an  infant  when  he  shall  become  of  uge 

Any  material  alteration  of  a  bill  after  it  has  been  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed,  such  us  the  date, 
sum,  or  time  of  payment,  will  invalidate  it :  but  the  mere  correction  of  a  mistake,  as  by  inserting  the 
words  "or  order,"  will  have  no  such  effect. 

The  negotiability  of  a  bill  depends  on  the  insertion  of  sufiiciont  operative  words  of  transfer;  such 
as  by  making  it  payable  to  A.  or  order,  or  to  A.  or  bearer,  or  to  bearer  generally. 

Although  a  bill  is  presumed  to  liave  been  originally  drawn  upon  a  good  and  valuable  consideration, 
yet  in  certain  cases  a  want  of  suthcient  considi-rntion  may  be  insisted  on  in  defence  to  an  action  on  a 
bill.  Certain  considerations  have  been  made  illegal  by  statute ;  as  for  signing  a  bankrupt's  certificate, 
for  money  won  at  gaming,  or  for  money  lent  on  a  usurious  contract.  But  with  respect  to  gaming,  it  ia 
held,  that  a  bill  founded  on  a  gambling  transaction  is  good  in  the  hands  of  a  bona  fiile  holder ;  and  by 
68  Geo.  3.  c.  03.  a  bill  or  note  in  the  hands  of  an  innocent  bolder,  although  originally  founded  un  a  usu- 
rious contract,  is  not  invalid. 

In  general,  if  a  bill  is  fair  and  legal  in  its  origin,  a  subsequent  illegal  contract  or  consideration  on  the 
indoiiii-iiient  tHbrenf  will  not  invalidate  it  in  the  hands  ofabondfde  holder. 

A  bill  cannot  be  given  in  evidence  in  a  court  of  justice,  unless  it  be  duly  stamped,  not  only  with  .t 
stamp  of  the  proper  value,  but  also  of  the  proper  denomination. 

Acceptance  of  a  Bill. — An  acceptance  is  an  engagement  to  pay  a  bill  according  to  the  tenor  of  the  ac- 
ceptance, which  may  be  either  absolute  or  quatijied.  An  absolute  acceptance  is  an  engagement  to  pay 
a  hill  according  to  its  request,  which  is  done  by  tlie  drawee  writing  "Accepted"  on  the  hill,  and  sub- 
scribing his  name,  or  writing  "  Accepted"  only  ;  or  merely  suliscribiiig  his  name  at  the  bottom  or 
across  the  bill.  A  9»>if(/ic(<  acceptance  is  when  a  bill  is  accepted  conditionally  ;  as  when  goods  conveyed 
to  the  drawee  are  sold,  or  when  a  navy  bill  is  paid,  or  other  future  event  which  does  not  bind  the  ac- 
ceptor till  the  contingency  has  happened. 

An  acceptance  may  be  also  partial;  as  to  pay  100(.,  instead  of  I50{.,  or  to  pay  at  a  difforent  time  or 
place  from  that  required  by  the  bill.  But  in  all  cases  of  a  conditional  or  partial  acceptance,  the  holder 
should,  if  he  mean  to  resort  to  the  other  parties  to  the  bill  in  default  of  payment,  give  notice  to  them 
of  such  partial  or  conditional  acceptance. 

In  all  cases  of  presenting  a  bill  for  ncccpiance,  it  is  necessary  to  present  the  bill  at  the  house  where 
the  drawee  lives,  or  where  it  is  inaile  pnyulile.  By  1  &  '2  Geo.  4.  c.  IS.,  all  bills  accepted  payable  at  a 
banker's  ur  other  place  are  to  be  di-enied  a  general  acceptance  ;  but  if  lliey  are  accepted  payaide  at  a 
banker's  "only,  and  not  otherwise  or  elsewhere,"  it  is  a  qualified  acceptance,  and  the  acceptor  is  not 
liable  to  paythe  bill,  except  in  default  of  payment  wlien  such  payment  shall  have  been  first  demanded 
at  the  banker's.  The  drawee  is  entitled  to  keep  the  bill  21  hours  when  presented  for  acceptance.  The 
acceptance  of  un  inland  bill  must  be  in  tcriiin^  on  the  face  of  the  bill,  or,  if  tliere  be  more  parts  than 
one,  on  one  of  such  parts  ;  nothing  short  of  this  constitutes  a  valid  acceptance. 

If  a  itill  is  made  payable  a  certain  time  after  nin-ht,  it  must,  in  order  to  fix  the  time  when  it  is  to  be 
paid,  he  presented  for  acceptance,  and  the  date  of  the  acceptance  should  appear  thus:  "  Accepted,  July 
Isl.  1831." 

Due  diligence  is  the  only  thing  to  be  considered  in  presenting  any  description  or  bill  for  acceptance  ; 
and  such  diligence  is  a  question  depending  on  the  situation  of  the  parties,  the  distance  at  which  they 
live,  and  the  fiicllity  of  rniiiiiiuiiication  between  tliein. 

When  the  drawee  refuses  to  accept,  any  third  party,  after  protesting,  may  accept  for  the  honour  of 
the  bill  generally,  or  for  the  drawee,  or  for  the  indorser ;  in  which  case  the  acceptance  is  called  an  ac- 
ceptance supra  pruteft. 

The  drawers  and  indorserg  are  discharged  from  liability,  unless  due  notice  of  non-occeplance  when 
presented  for  acceptance,  or  non-payment  at  tlie  time  the  hill  beioiiies  due,  is  given.  These  notices 
hiiisit  lie  given  vvitli  all  du|j  diligence  to  ail  the  parties  to  wiioin  the  holder  means  to  n^sort  for  pay- 
ment. Generally,  in  both  foreign  and  inland  bills,  notice  is  given  next  dny  to  the  iminediale  in- 
dorser, and  such  indorser  is  allowed  a  day,  when  he  should  give  fresh  notice  to  the  parties  who  aru 
lialilu  to  him. 

Notice  may  be  sent  by  the  post,  however  near  the  residence  of  the  parlies  may  be  to  each  other; 
and  thougii  the  letter  containing  such  notice  siiould  miscarry,  vet  it  will  he  snlhcient ;  but  the  letter 
containing  the  notice  should  be  delivered  at  the  General  Post-nAlce,  or  at  n  receiving-house  appointed 
by  that  otiice,  not  to  the  bellman  in  tlie  street.  In  all  cases  of  notice,  notice  to  one  of  several  pattiee 
is  hi'id  to  he  notice  to  all;  and  if  one  of  several  drawers  be  also  the  acceptor,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
give  notice  to  the  other  drawers. 
Vol.  L— 3  K 


■<  ■, 


'4  pii 


'!!.> 


mm 


602 


EXCHANGE. 


Vpon  tlia  nnn-neenfitnnr.e  nr  non-pnyment  nf  a  hill,  the  hpldor,  or  a  pnMlR  notary  for  Iilm,  ihonld 
prnCi!Hl  it;  th'it  lit,  ilruw  ii|)  :i  noticii  or  the  rufiiKnl  tn  iicccpt  or  pny  tlia  hill,  anri  llie  duclnrntlun  of 
the  hiililiir  niininst  Biiatainln);  loss  Ihervby.  Inliinil  hllln  neod  not  bB  protegtnd  ;  in  practice  tlii'y  aro 
iiKiiully  only  imteil  fur  nnn-accoptnnce ;  hut  this,  without  the  protest,  ia  wholly  fiitiln,  nmt  adds  nothing 
wlmiifvcr  til  the  nvidunrnnr  tho  hnldur,  wliil«  it  enliiils  a  iiHelesii  uxp^nae  on  those  liulile  to  pay. 

hiilorfcmrnt  of  Hills.— \\t  iiiduriiciiii'nt  Ik  the  net  l<y  which  tliu  holder  of  a  iicgotialilo  ini<tninicnt 
trnnsfiirs  Ma  riiht  to  iinotlior  porson,  tornird  the  inrtor»ee.  It  i«  tiRiiiilly  made  on  the  buck  of  a  bill,  nnd 
iMiint  liu  in  writinif ;  but  tlie  law  ling  not  prepcribed  any  8et  form  of  words  ai  neceBsary  to  the  ceremo- 
ny, nnd  in  Kennral  the  mere  sitiniiture  of  the  indoraer  ia  gutHcianl. 

All  hills  payable  to-order  or  to  bearer  fur  II.  and  npwardu  are  negotiable  by  indorsement;  nnd  Ihn 
trunsfor  of  them  for  n  good  consideration,  befiire  thny  are  payable,  gives  a  right  of  action  against  uti 
the  precedent  parties  on  the  bill,  if  the  bills  in  themselves  are  valid  ;  but  a  transfer  after  they  are  due 
will  only  place  the  bidilnr  in  tlie  situatinn  of  the  persun  from  whom  he  tulies  them. 

llilLi  may  bo  tranxferred  either  by  delivery  only,  or  hy  indorsement  and  delivery  :  bills  payable  to 
order  are  transferred  by  the  latter  mode  only  ;  but  hills  payable  to  bonrer  may  be  transferred  by  either 
mode.  On  n  transfer  by  delivery,  the  pursoii  malsing  It  ceases  to  be  a  party  to  the  bill;  but  una 
transfer  by  indorsement,  he  Ih  to  all  intents  and  purposes  chargeable  as  a  new  drawer. 

\  bill  originally  transferable  nniy  be  restrained  hy  restrictive  words ;  for  the  payee  or  indorsee, 
hrwing  the  ulisolote  property  In  the  bill,  may,  by  express  words,  restrict  its  currency,  by  indorr^inz  it 
"  Payable  to  A.  H.  only,"  or  "  to  A,  It.  for  bis  use,"  or  any  other  words  ctenrly  demonstrating  his  In- 
tention to  make  a  restrictive  and  limited  indorsement.  6uch  siieclul  indorsement  precludes  tiio  person 
in  wlinsu  favour  it  is  made  from  making  a  transfer,  so  as  to  give  a  right  of  action  against  the  special 
indorser,  or  any  of  the  precedent  parties  to  tiie  bill. 

In  taking  bills  to  account  or  discount,  it  is  Important  well  to  examine  all  special  Indorsements.  Lord 
Tenterden  decided  that  a  person  wlio  discounts  a  hill  indorsed  "I'ay  to  A.  ft.  or  order  for  my  vie," 
discounts  it  suliject  to  tlie  ri^'k  of  liaving  to  pay  the  money  to  the  special  indorser,  who  so  limited  tlie 
npjillcation /or  711// ».>c  ;  thus  a  parly  maybe  liable  to  pay  tlie  amount  of  the  hill  twice  over,  unless 
lie  previously  nscertaiiistliat  the  payment  has  been  made  conformably  to  the  iippurt  of  the  indorsement. 

After  the  puynient  of  part,  n  hill  may  be  imlnrsed  over  for  tlie  residue. 

Presentmtni  for  Paymexl—'Vhe  holder  of  a  bill  must  be  careful  to  present  it  for  payment  at  the  time 
when  due,  or  liii!  ilrawor  and  liidnriiers  will  be  exonerated  from  their  liability  ;  even  tlie  bankruptcy, 
insolvency,  or  death  of  the  acceptor  will  not  excuse  a  neglect  to  make  presentment  to  the  assignees 
or  executor ;  nor  will  the  iiL-iutficiency  of  n  hill  in  any  respect  constitute  an  excuse  for  non-prcsentmcnl; 
the  presentment  slmnld  be  made  at  a  reasonable  time  of  the  day  when  the  bill  is  due ;  and  if  by  the 
known  custom  uf  any  trade  or  place  bills  are  payable  only  within  particular  hours,  a  presentment 
must  be  within  those  hours.  If  a  hill  has  a  qualitled  acceptance,  the  presentment  should  be  at  the 
plnrc  mentioned  in  such  qualilied  acceptance,  or  all  the  parties  will  be  discharged  from  their  obli- 
gations. 

If  a  bill  fall  due  on  Biinday,  Good  Friday,  Christmas  Day,  or  any  public  fast  or  thanksgiving  day, 
llie  presentment  must  be  ou  the  day  preceding  these  liolidays.  lly  7  &  H  tieo.  4.  c.  15.,  if  a  bill  o| 
note  bo  payable  on  the  day  preceding  these  holidays,  notice  of  the  dishonour  may  be  given  the  day 
fullowing  the  holiday;  ami  if  Cliristmas  Day  fall  on  Monday,  notice  may  be  given  on  Tuesday. 

Bills,  however,  payable  at  usance,  or  at  a  certain  time  ut\er  date  or  sight,  or  after  demand,  ougli* 
not  to  be  presented  lor  payment  precisely  at  the  expiration  of  tlie  time  inantionod  in  the  hills,  but  as 
the  expiration  of  wiiat  are  termed  daijs  uf  grace.  The  days  of  grace  allowed  vary  in  diflerent  conn 
tries,  and  ought  always  tube  computed  according  to  ilie  usage  of  the  place  where  the  bill  is  due.— (Se« 
ami,  p.  t)39.)  At  IInrnburi;h,and  in  France,  the  dayon  which  the  bill  falls  due, makes  one  of  the  dayi 
of  craco  ;  but  no  where  I'lae.  • 

On  liiUs  payable  on  demand,  or  when  no  timcof  payment  is  expresped,  no  days  of  grace  are  allowed  < 
but  tlii^y  are  p  lyable  instantly  on  preseiitnienl.  On  bank  post  bills  no  days  of  grace  are  claimed  ;  bu< 
on  a  biil  payalile  at  siglit  the  usual  days  of  grace  are  allowed  from  the  sight  or  demand. 

Payment  of  a  hill  slmuld  bo  made  only  to  the  holder  ;  and  it  may  be  refused  unless  the  hill  be  pro- 
duced and  delivered  up.  On  payment,  a  receipt  siiould  be  written  on  the  hack  ;  and  when  a  part  is 
paid,  the  same  should  be  acknowledged  upon  the  bill,  or  the  party  paying  may  be  liable  to  pay  the 
umount  a  second  time  to  a  bona  fide  indorser. 

Promisaorii  Jfutes  and  Checks. — The  chief  distinction  between  promissory  notes  and  hills  of  exchange 
l.s,  that  the  former  are  a  dir.ct  engagement  by  tli(!  draw.r  t<i  pay  them  according  to  their  tenor,  wilh- 
ont  the  intervention  of  a  tiiird  party  as  a  drawee  or  acceiimr.  Promissory  iiole.s  may  be  drawn  pnyalde 
on  demand  to  a  person  named  therein,  or  to  order,  or  to  bearer  generally.  They  are  assignnlile  and 
iihlorsable  ;  and  in  all  respects  so  nearly  assimilated  to  bills  by  3  St-i  Ann.  c.  II..  that  the  laws  which 
have  been  stated  as  bearing  upon  the  latter,  may  lie  generally  understood  as  applicable  to  the  former. 
Ill  Kdis  V.  Burif  ilhns  been  decided,  in  case  nn  instrument  is  drawn  so  ei|uiviically  as  to  reinler  it 
uncertain  wiiether  it  be  a  bill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note,  tlie  holder  may  treat  it  us  either  against 
the  drawer. 

I'romissory  notes,  hills,  drafts,  or  undertakings  in  writing,  being  made  negotiable  or  transferable, 
for  a  less  sum  than  Ws.,  are  void,  and  persons  uttering  sticli  are  subject  to  u  penalty  not  exceeding 
i'M  ,  recoverable  before  a  justice  of  peace. 

The  issue  of  any  promi33<iry  note  payalde  to  hearer  on  demand  for  a  less  sum  than  Cil.  hy  the  Bank 
of  Knglaiid,  or  any  licensed  English  banker,  is  proliibiled  ;  and  by  0  (Jeo.  4,  c.  05.  it  is  provided,  that 
no  corporation  or  person  shall  utter  or  negotiate,  in  Liigland,  any  such  note  which  has  been  made  or 
l.«siied  ill  Scotland,  Ireland,  or  elsewhere,  under  a  penalty  not  exceeding  202.  nor  less  tlian  5{.  but 
this  does  not  e.vteiid  to  any  draft  or  order  on  hankers  for  the  iice  of  the  drawer. 

Promissory  notes  for  any  sum  exceeding  KlU/.  may  be  drawn  payable  to  bearer  on  demand  or  other- 
wise ;  but  notes  from  21.  to  lud/.  iiii'liisive  are  not  to  be  drawn  payable  to  bearer  ou  demand,  except 
hankers'  re-itsualile  notes,  wliich  reipiiren  diir<:rent  stamp. 

A  check  or  draft  is  as  negotiable  as  a  bill  of  exchange,  and  vests  in  the  assignee  the  same  right  of 
aciion  airainst  the  assignor.     As  to  the  presentation  of  checks,  &c.,  see  Check. 

Any  piTson  mukiiiir.  accepting,  or  paying  any  hill,  draft,  order,  or  promissory  note,  not  duly  stamped, 
U  liiiile  to  a  penally  of  SOJ. ;  for  post-dating  them,  100/. ;  nnd  for  not  truly  specifying  the  place  where 
unstHiiipeit  drafts  are  issued,  lIHli.  ■,  nnd  any  person  knowingly  receiving  such  unstamped  draft,  'iiti  ; 
Qiid  the  li.inkvr  knowingly  paying  it,  lUU/.;  bi^sides  not  being  allowed  such  sum  in  account. 

Hefore  concluding  this  article  ou  mercantile  paper,  it  may  not  be  Improper  to  introduce  one  or  two 
cautions  with  regard  to  acceptances,  and  uccommodulion  paper,  and  proceedings  in  case  of  the  loss 
of  bills. 

First,  A  man  should  not  put  his  name  ns  acceptor  to  a  hill  of  exchange  without  well  considering 
Whether  he  has  the  means  of  payin:r  llie  sniiie  when  due,  ns  otherwise  he  may  he  liaiilc  not  only  to  tlie 
Costs  of  the  action  ag  tinst  liiniself,  but  also  to  the  costs  of  the  ncliona  against  the  other  parties  to  the 
bill :  the  shrewd  tradesman  is  gi>iierally  anxious  to  get  tlie  acceptance  of  his  debtor  at  a  short  date, 
well  knowing  that  it  not  only  fixes  '.he  uiuouiitof  the  debt,  but  it  is  mure  speedily  recoverable  by  legal 
procedure  than  a  book  debt. 


EXCHANGE. 


663 


e  tlie  same  right  of 


Becnndly,  Trnderi  who  wluli  to  support  their  rcipectability,  and  desire  to  iiirreRd  in  bufinnii, 

•luiulil  bu  ciiiitUiiiii  in  rcsMrtiiiK  (<>  tliu  ilciitructive  syKti'tii  uf  croHB-iitcniiiiiiiiilutUiii  iivcvptaiii:!.'!  :  ii  lel- 
dmii  viiiiii  WL'II,  uiid  iifiuully  gxcUuh  xiiMpicion  aa  to  tbu  iiit(!|!rity  nl'  thu  piirtiuH  ;  it  bcinn  uii  ixpedlont 
oUi'ii  utIoptiMl  by  KwiiuIlvrH  tci  dr  fraud  tlit,'  public.  liidepciidiiiiKiflbo  fxpi^tixi;  in  KlHiii|igaiid  iliiici)unli, 
Hiul  fruiiuently  in  iintliin,  intiTcHt,  mid  luw  «.\pi!iiiii'B,  lh«  diiii|iKr  aU«iidlii|;  miicIi  uc<'uinini)dution  is 
sudidviit  tu  deiur  froiii  tlic  prucllct!,  HuppiiHu,  fur  iiitilHiCH,  A.  iiiid  Ii.  iiiiilimlly  uicdiiiiiiudult'  each 
ulliur  to  tlii>  iiiiiiiiiiit  of  l,UU(W.  till!  ni:c«pruiii:i'8  lining  in  tlie  liaiidit  of  third  pltkoiih  :  liiitli  A.  utiil  It,  urs 
liublH  to  8iicli  iliiid  pitritiiiiH  to  iIk;  exiuiii  of  3,1)00/.  each  ;  niid  »<liiiiil(l  A.  by  any  inirorix'Pii  iiccurri>iice 
be  BiiiblHiiiy  ri'iiilvrud  iiniililo  to  iiini't  hii<  arcitptuiii'i'ii,  iIik  hiddt^rH  of  llix  whole,  na  well  Ibc  ncrept- 
aiic.cu  of  A.  an  the  acceptances  of  Ii.,  will  le^urt  lo  il.  for  piiyiiieiit ;  and  It  may  so  happen,  that  ul- 
tlioii^h  II.  could  have  provided  frr  liix  own  share  of  tlic  iiccuiMniodatioii  paper,  lie  iiiuy  bo  unable  to 
prnviile  for  ihe  wliide,  uial  may  IIiiih  become  iiiFolvpiil. 

Thirdly,  In  case  of  a  biMx  ot  n  bill,  the  i)  &  lU  Will.  3.  c.  17.  provides,  that  if  any  inland  hill  be 
Inst  or  niiHsin;{  w'iihin  Ihe  time  limited  for  Its  puyiiieiil,  tlie  drawer  siiall  on  siillkiuM  xeinrily  given 
to  indemnify  liini  if  such  bill  be  found  ni;ain,  give  aiiollier  bill  of  the  same  tenor  with  the  lirst. 

Lastly,  It  is  uf  tjireat  iiiiporluncc  to  bankers  and  otliers  taking  bills  and  notes,  tbatlliey  should  have 
some  knowledge  of  the  parlies  from  wliniii  they  receive  them  ;  otherwise,  if  the  instrument  turi>  out 
to  liuve  been  lost  ur  fraudulently  obtained,  they  may,  without  eijuivalent,  be  deprived  of  their  securU 
ty,  onan  action  by  the  owner  to  recover  posnession.  Lord  Teiiteriteii  decided,  "if  a  person  takes 
bill,  note,  or  any  other  kind  of  security,  under  circumstanres  which  ou^'bl  to  excite  suspicion  In  the  mind 
of  any  reasoiialile  man  aci)uainted  with  the  ordinary  all'airs  of  life,  and  which  uiiglil  lo  put  him  on  hit 
guard  to  make  the  necessary  tni]uirles,auil  he  do  not,  then  he  loses  Ihe  right  uf  maintaining  posses- 
sion uf  thu  iiistrunieiit  against  the  rightful  owner." — {Ouildhall,  Oct.  25,  Ib'iO,) 

1.  Table  containing  the  Value  of  the  Monies  of  Account  of  difTercnt  Places  (expressed  in  Pence 
and  Uecimal.s  of  Pence),  according  to  the  Mint  Price  both  of  (<olil  and  rtilver  in  England  ;  that  is, 
3{.  17«.  lUid.  pur  o/.  for  Uold,  and  3k.  Si/,  per  oz.  for  Silver. — (Kcllifs  Cuiiibitt,  vol.  ii.  p.  IIU.) 


Value  in 

Valuo  in 

Cain.                              1 

V.<lne  in 

Vuliitf  in 

Siller. 

Gulil. 

.Sllvrr, 

UqII. 

d. 

d. 

Hamburgh,  Pound  Flemish  cur- 

d. 

d. 

Aix-In-Chapclle,  Rixdollar  cur- 

rent    .           -           -          - 

111-15 

variable 

rent     -           - 

3140 

31-43 

Hanover,  Rixdollar  (in  cash)  - 

42- 

42-26 

Amsterdam,    Rixdollar     banco 

Rixdollar  (gold  value)  - 

39- 

39-24 

(agio  at  4  percent.)  - 

5a'54 

variable 

Ktiiiigslivrg,  Gulden  or  llorlu  - 

1-2- 

variable 

riorin  banco 

21- 

ditto 

Leghorn,  Pezza  of  8  reals 

40-25 

49-16 

Florin  current   » 

2!)-72 

dUto 

Lira  moneta  Imona 

6-13 

8-55 

Pound  I'lemish  current 

12132 

ditto 

Lira  nionela  lunga 

7  79 

8-19 

Antwerp,  Pound  Flemish  (mo- 

Leipsic,   Rixdollar    convention 

ney  of  exchange) 

12325 

123  87 

money 

37-80 

variable 

Florin    (money     of  e,x- 

Kixdolliir  in  Louis  d'ors 

cliange) 

20-54 

20-04 

or  Fredericks 
Malla,  Scudo  or  cruwn 

- 

39-68 

Pound  Flemish  current 

10505 

100-18 

91-32 

23-34 

Fioriii  current    - 

I7-00 

17-70 

Milan,  Lira  Impirialu  - 

10-41 

1053 

Barcelona,  Libra  Catalan 

2al4 

20  70 

Lira  corrcute     - 

7-45 

7-44 

Basil    Uixdnllar,  or  ecu  of  ex- 

Bcurio Imperiale 

60-90 

61110 

change 

47  27 

47- 

Scudo  curreiite 

42-32 

42-78 

Rixdidlar  current 

4245 

4220 

Modena,  Lira    ... 

3-72 

Berlin  I'oiind  banco     - 

47-25 

variable 

Munich,  Gulden  or  florin 

21- 

21-28 

Kixdidhir  current 

30- 

ditto 

Naples,  Uucttl  of  1818  - 

41  20 

41-22 

Berne,  Kcii  of  3  livres  - 

42-04 

42S0 

Parma,  Lira      ... 

2-35 

2-40 

Crown  of  25  batzen 

35-53 

35-75 

Persia,  Toman  of  100  manioodis 

237  60 

Bremen,  Rixdollar  current 

37-80 

variable 

Poland,  Gulden  or  florin 

603 

6-27 

Rixdollar  in  Carls  d'or 

- 

3908 

Portugal,  Milree 

- 

67-34 

Cnssel,  Rixdollar  ciirri.'Ut 

37-80 

variable 

Old  crusade 

- 

26-94 

Cologne,  Rixdollar  specie  of  60 

Riga,    Rixdollar  Alberts 

52-51 

variable 

ulbiises 

31-38 

ditto 

Rixdollar  currency  (agio 

Rixdidlar  current  of  78 

ttl  40  per  cent.) 

37  53 

ditto 

albiises 

30-60 

ditto 

Rome,  Rendu  or  crown 

5205 

5163 

Constantinople, Pinstre.or  dollar 

9-45 

uncert. 

Scudo  di  Btanipu  d'oro 

7937 

78-73 

Dant>iic,  (iiilden  or  tlorin 

9- 

9- 

RusRia,  Rouble 

- 

variable 

Denmark,  Rixdollar  specie 

64-72 

Sardinia,  Lira   .           .           - 

18-21 

18-82 

Rixdidlur  crown  money 

48-37 

Sicily,  Ounce     .           -           - 

123  54 

124-80 

RixdollarDanish  currency 

44-27 

44-88 

Scudo  or  crown 

4y-02 

49-92 

England,  Pound  sterling 

210  • 

210- 

Spain,  Real  of  old  plain 

4  88 

4  57 

Florence,  Lira    -           -           - 

812 

853 

Real  of  new  plaie 

518 

4-66 

Ducat,  or  crown  current 

50  84 

59  71 

Real  of  Mexican  plate 

6-48 

6-07 

Scudo  d'or,or  gold  crown 

. 

03-07 

Real  velinn 

2-59 

243 

France,  LivreToTiriiois 

9.58 

9-,'J8 

Dollar  of  old  plate,  or  of 

Franc  (new  system)     - 

9  70 

9-52 

exchange 

59- 

36-59 

Francfort,  Rixdollar  convention 

Sweden,  Rixdollar 

6541 

56-43 

money 

37  80 

37-65 

Switzerland,  Franc,  (new  ays- 

Rixdidlar  Miintze,  or  in 

leiii)     .... 

2214 

small  coins     - 

31 -.50 

Trieste,  Florin,    Austrian  cur- 

Germany, Rixdollar  current    - 

37-.'-0 

variable 

rency  ... 

25-20 

25-05 

llixdtdliir  specie 

5010 

ditin 

Lira,  Trieste  ciirr jiny 

4-76 

4-73 

Florin  of  the  Knipire    - 

25  20 

ditto 

Lira  di  piazza    - 

4-65 

4-63 

Rixdidlar  Muntze 

3150 

ditto 

Turin,  Lira        .           .           - 

11-23 

11-23 

Florin  Mutit/o   - 

21- 

ditto 

Valencia,  Libra 

3945 

39-59 

Geneva,  Livre  current  - 

1013 

16-13 

Venice,  Mra  piccola  (in  the  old 

Florin     -           -           . 

4  60 

4-84 

coins) 

507 

variable 

Genoa,  Lira  fuori  banco 

8- 

7-83 

Lira  piccola  (in  the  coins 

Pe/./.H,  or  dollar  of  cx- 

intniduced  by  Ihe  Aiis- 

i-liange 

45-il2 

45-50 

trians) 

4-25 

ditto 

Scudo     ill     canibio,    or 

Vienna,  Florin  .           .           - 

25  20 

25-05 

crown  of  exchange    - 

30-75 

36-02 

Zanle,  Real 

406 

varialle 

Ilainburgli.Mark  banco  (at  iiie.d.) 

18  2-2 

variable 

Zurich,    Florin  (money  of  ex- 

Pound I'lemish  banco  - 

1.10-05 

ditto 

change) 

25  85 

dim 

Mirk  current     - 

14-8-2 

variable 

Florin  current   - 

23-50 

ditto 

!■:  i 


1:1 


''     I 


4 


i\  i 


n- 


oM 


EXCHANGE. 


"■u^.!m'  R**J'""<*  ''^"'••S  ""«'■'"'  •"•>  tht  Wlowlnj  PUeet,  rlf.  Amfterdnm,  ffBmhnrth,  Parit. 
M«.  rid,  l.liibon,l.Hghorn,Geno«,  Naplci,  and  Venice  »  llie  eanio  belriR  computed  from  llie  Imrlmlo 
X  •  "«f  l"™'  P'""i'P»'  *"•'""•  hy  c«'inp«rliil  Gold  will)  Gold,  and  Silver  wTlh  BIWer,  Bccordlni  to 
Ihelr  Mint  Keftulallnni,  and  to  Aiinyi  made  at  ihe  London  and  I'arli  Mlnu.-<Pretented  bv  l>r 
Kelly  to  the  Cumtnlltue  of  lb*  Ilouia  of  Lord*,  on  the  Eipodlency  of  the  Dank'*  reauming  CmIi 


Aiutndaiii,  bueo 

l>i.  curreiU 
Hunburdi 

fuit 

HvlriJ       ■ 
Li<b>.ii       . 
UilMni    . 
Oinna 
N>plc4      . 
Vniir* 

QoM. 

SHttr. 

EipUulloM, 

Mill 
RHvIc 
lion. 

Awp. 

OldColuff.     {    NtwColotp. 

MonlMorEidiui*. 

Mini 

hOM. 

Miol 
Amjt.    B»«ul». 
(iniu. 

imju 

Ml 

II  43 

04  3-3 
8iil0 
37  3 
e7-4 
48-I 
4JB 
41  U 
48.3 

38  8-3 

II  3'8 
33  14 

37'a 

49-0 
433 

'46-0 

873 
II  83 
S«  1 
84  73 
3*2 
fi04l 
46  48 
46<4<i 
4l-4i 
47-» 

37  103 

II  118 
36    13 

24  01 
380 
38:13 
48-3 
488 

498 

33    0 

10  I4'8 
U  II 
83  23 

4I'» 

81-30 

49-60 

48-4 

43-8 

44-6 

33  8-6 

10  17-6 
3J  11-3 
23  40 
415 
e2-N8 
40  3 
320 

48-l' 

{ Schllilnp  ami  p«ic«  riiniiih  ixr  pmud  •tarliii|. 
1     Ath>  i  prr  ctnl. 

riiirlni  iwl  tliien  fr  fmunil  •l«rlln||. 

Schilling  and  Mon  riamiUi  Imiico  ixr  pound  atari. 

Franca  and  canUii>«a  per  luuud  ilarl|p|. 

Ituca  alarliog  riir  Iha  pUiire  or  dollar  of  atchania. 

INinca  arerliiig  )«r  niilrtfl. 

Pbdc*  alerlln<  jier  pratA  of  avrhinfo* 

foMo  ilariinx  pur  iiriu  funh  banoi.* 

IVuce  ilerltnx  |>iir  ilucal  iiirxt  niiulfa  of  1818). 

Lira  picotite  |H-r  }>nu)i<)  tlerllliK. 

III.  Ao  AOGOunt  of  the  Cuurae  of  Ezcbange,  London,  18th  of  November,  1830,  with  lome  Eiplana- 

tory  Statenienta. 


Couraasf  EIc^'Ul(g. 

EipUnilory  Slalemi^nla. 

Aaatardam,  3  ma'  • 

Aolwarp      .... 

Haaikurxli,  mo.  iKo. 

rarii,  3  oia. 

rrancibrt     .... 

{■atanburih,  p.  rou.  3  ua.  • 

Vianna,r».rio.2ma.        ■ 

Madiid,  3  oil. 

Latham       .... 

Oama         .... 

Vanic*,p.«Aiut.  Ilrr.       - 

Naplaa         .... 

LUbon,  30  dan'  lighl 

Rid  Janeiro,  ditto    ■           • 

l2       4  1.2 

12  2 1.2 

13  II 
at     70 

1313-4 
10 

10     ID 
33  7-8 
48 

23     73 
47  1-2 
40  9-8 
34 
38 

(hat  la,  Loudon  rfralna    12  Hnrini  4  1-2  ilinn  for  11. 

—  rrceivea    I2dilla2  1-2  ilillo  for  II. 

—  race  if  ea    13  man-a  1 1  Kltiilinitt  banco  for  II. 

—  receivca   83  rraiici  TO  cmtimn  for  11. 

—  racaivM  151  3-4  lalicn  for  II. 

—  (ivaa        10  neiic»  iit-rlinf  »ir  1  mabia  bank  monar, 

—  r««i»ea    lOIIorini  lOcreullrn  for  11. 

.-          gives        3*1  7-8  iwnenaterling  for  1  dollar. 

—  givia         4«  <lllln  for  1  pMM  .if  8  raali. 

—  rareirea    29  lir«  Il»li«nn  7S  cent,  for  IL 

—  raceivaa    47  l-J  lire  pictolt  for  II, 

—  girea        40  S-s  pence  jii^rliin  for  1  duealodi  regno. 

—  givra         34  ditto  fur  1  niilroe. 

—  givja         38  'littn  for  1  dillo. 

-    . _ _ 

For  further  and  more  ample  elucidations,  tee  the  article!  on  the  great  trading  towna,  In  this  Dic- 
tionary. 

[What  follows  is  extracted  from  a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  Congress, 
dated  May  26th,  1838 : 

The  Americnn  dollar  contains  371}  ftrnlns  of  pure  silvrr,  or  416|crains  of  stanilard  silver. 

The  Spanish  dnllars  iiro  not  all  nf  the  snnie  welirhl.  Those  in  circulation  In  1829  were  said  by  the 
director  of  the  mint  to  be  worth,  on  an  uverngi;,  lOfl  cents  3  mills. 

The  Mexican  dollars  are  said  to  he  eqiinl  to  llie  Sjinnish. 

The  "  Cnrolim"  dollars  are  the  Spanish  dniliirs  coined  prior  to  tho  year  ISOO,  in  the  reigns  of  Ciiarlei 
III.  and  IV.    They  are  snid  to  be  not  superior  in  weight  and  fineness  to  the  Mexican. 

Tlie  American  eagle  of  the  old  coinage,  previous  to  the  31>t  of  July,  1834,  contained  347^  grains  of 
pure  gold. 

The  Amerir^in  cngle  of  the  new  coinage  contains  333  frrnins  of  pure  gold. 

Tlie  Hritish  Hoveruign,  when  coined,  contains  113  grains  and  18-1314  parts  of  a  grain  of  pure  gold, 
worth,  acciirding  to  our  pretient  mint  vnlimtinn,  #1  87  7-120. 

The  Spanish  doubloon  should,  nrcordlni;  to  the  regulHtlons  which  have  nominally  prevailed  since 
the  year  1773,  contain  370  grains  of  pure  gold,  which  wotilil,  at  our  mint  vitluation,  be  worth  10  dollars 
90  cents.  But,  according  to  assays  made  at  the  London  and  Philadelphia  mints,  previous  to  the  year 
1839,  8piini!>h  douMoons  contained  only  from  300  to  303  4-10  grains  of  pure  gold.  This  would  make 
their  average  vnli.o,  at  our  mint  valuation,  about  $ii  SB}. 

The  I'alriiit  doubloons  are  said  to  ho  eqiinl  in  wnlglit  and  fineness  to  the  Spanish. 

The  ditferencc  in  the  price  of  Spniilsh  and  Patriot  doubloons,  and  of  the  different  species  of  dollars, 
at  New  York  and  Phiitiilolphia,  is  chiefly  owing  to  difTfrence  of  demand  for  Iheni  in  foreign  markets. 

In  the  price  currents.  #4  44  4-0  are  assumed  as  the  pnrof  exchiiiigo  on  Enijlaiid.  This  practice  began 
when  the  Spanish  pillar  dollars  were  in  circulation,  anil  when  Hie  market  value  nf  gold,  compared 
with  silver,  was  less  than  it  is  at  present.  The  true  par  varied  us  the  market  value  of  gold  varied, 
when  compared  with  silver.  It  was  estimnled  by  Mr.  Gullulin,  writing  in  1821),  at  7  per  cent,  above 
the  nominal  par ;  by  others,  at  8  per  cent. 

Since  the  passaceof  ihe  act  of  1834,  for  reforming  the  American  gold  coinage,  the  true  pur  exchange 
with  England,  eslimating  gold  oeainst  gold,  is  about  0  7-10  above  the  nominal  par. 

The  ((uotations  of  e.xclinnpe  on  France  are  so  many  francs  and  centimes  payable  In  France  for  n  doll.ir 
paid  here.  Accnrdiiig  to  Ihe  regulations  of  flic  French  niiiil,  the  silver  franc  Khould  contain  e9'453  troy 
grains  of  pure  silver,  equivalent  to  18  708-1000  cents  in  silver  currency  of  the  lliiiled  Slates.  The  iiuan- 
tily  of  pure  silver  in  an  American  dollar  is  equal  to  that  in  5  francs  34  535-1000  centimes.  Rut  as 
foreisn  coins  are  not  a  legal  tender  in  France,  and  as  a  seigiiorage  of  about  1)  per  cent.  Is  charged  on 
silver  coinage  at  the  French  mint,  American  dollars,  when  sold  as  bullion  in  France,  arc  said  lo  bring, 
on  an  average,  not  more  than  5  francs  30  35-1000  ceiilinins.  Tills  is,  by  some  writers,  assumed  as  the 
par  of  exchange  on  France.    Other  writers  assume  5  francs  .34  centimes  as  about  par. 

The  quotations  of  exchange  on  Holland,  are  so  many  cents  a  guilder  ;  on  Hamburg,  so  many  cents 
«  mark  banco ;  and  on  ilremen,  so  many  cents  a  rix  dollar. 

The  exact  value  of  the  giiililer  of  HnlUnil  is  39  07-100  cents  of  United  States  silver  currency  j  but  40 
cents  are  usually  assiinieil  as  the  par  of  exchange. 

The  mark  banco  of  Hamburg  is  a  money  of  account  equal  to  35  144-1000  cents  United  States  cur- 
rency. 

The  rix  dollar  of  Bremen  is  a  money  of  account,  equal  to  80  cents  and  a  very  small  fraction  United 
States  currency. 

*  The  currency  of  Genoa  has  consisted,  since  1830,  of  Lire  Italians  of  exactly  the  same  weight  and 
fiDeuess  as  francs;  so  that  the  par  of  exchange  with  Genoa  is  now  the  saiue  as  with  Paris. 


Inin,  Hamharih,  Parii, 
puteil  from  the  Inlrlnile 
Ith  Bilver,  sccnrding  to 
111.— iPreiented  hy  Dr. 
Ilank'i  reiunilng  Caih 


)UlltllOMi 


of  EichUf*. 


riiniiih  ptr  poiuil  ilarlinf, 

r  pountt  ilerllnn. 

i'lwilth  IJMwn  pw  pound  iltrl. 

or  (louud  ■(•rliog. 

|iUiir«  or  dollar  of  eiduDf  t. 

rrfi, 

u  nt  crrhvnve. 

Tt  fuori  tMnco.* 

Kr  (iirw  niiiii|e  of  I8II)« 

I  iterlliiK. 


with  aome  Explana- 


■  for  II. 
r  II. 

■  Unco  for  li. 
I  for  Ik 

1  mublo  btBk  mowT. 
I  for  W. 
fnr  1  dollar, 
r  ilrwii. 
il.  for  II. 

a 

for  1  ducatodircfno, 


ng  towni,  in  this  Dic- 

eaauiy  to  Congress, 

lard  silver. 
lS!2tf  were  laid  by  th« 


ithereigniofCliarlea 

licHII. 

itained  S47i  graina  of 


I  grain  of  pure  gold, 

inally  prevailed  since 

II,  lie  worth  Ifi  dnilars 

previous  to  the  year 

This  would  iiialie 

sh. 

nt  species  of  dollars, 
u  in  rort'ign  markets. 

This  practice  began 
ic  cil'  cold,  compared 
value  of  gold  varied, 

at  7  per  cent,  above 

ID  true  pur  exchange 

r. 

in  France  fnr  a  doll.ir 

d  contain  ^Q'^SS  irny 

d  States.   Thequan- 

0  cuntiines,    Iliit  as 

r  cent,  is  charged  on 

ice,  arc  said  10  bring, 

ters,  assumed  as  the 

ur. 

burg,  so  many  cents 

er  currency;  but  40 

United  States  cur- 

nall  fraction  United 


le  same  weight  and 
th  Paris. 


EXCHANGE.  065 

Ti^f-  r.  itatlona  offbrelgii  exchantai  are  (lir  hills  pnynble  sixty  dnyt  after  iliht. 

Tlib  iiiMtatlons  of  domestic  exchange  are  fnr  bills  payable  at  siolit. 

In  the  Ibllowing  tables  the  letter  i.  standi  for  discount  and  p.  for  premium. 

A  Table  ihowing  the  highest  and  lowest  rales  of  foreign  and  domestic  txchangM,  and  of  apMla,  at 
New  York,  in  each  year,  from  IHU  to  Is31. 


Billion 

iWl. 

ISM. 
T  1-2  lo  11  p. 

lt«7. 

IIW. 

Ih21. 

183a 

1831.        1 

l>ii«loa     • 

4  3-4(0  M  p. 

•  3.4  to  II  3-4  p. 

srim«s2fi2 

11.41011 14  p. 

•  to  10  o. 
SI7I4IOS30 

etoii-ip.     tMioiip.  1 

S  Ij  In  S  47  1.2  Sn7  to  S  27  I'M 

rrinco      . 

f.  .Mil-lKitat 

tnto»4o 

S  10  10  S  21  1-2 

Hiillind    • 

40  to  41  I.I  c. 

3910  41 

40  1.2  to  41  14 

40  12  to  42 

40  1-4  In  41 

M  lllo40 

39tn4l 

Bmion 

par  to  lAi. 

par  lo  1  '2  d. 

l'2d.  tomr 
l'4to|.ld. 

par  In  1-1  d. 

1.4  to  14  d. 

I4lal.2d. 

parlol4d. 

l-hiUlrlphU 

par  In  M  d, 
M  to  1-2  a. 

i.4lol.ld. 

par  to  Id. 
1 .2  to  1  d. 

I4l0l4d. 

l.4lol-ld. 

liar  lo  1-1  <!. 
U  to  1  d. 

llilllmnra. 

1-9  to  1  d. 

11 10  1  d. 

3-*  to  Md. 

llto3-4d. 

HIchtiioiHl 

S.4lal  1-2  d. 

3-4  lol  1-2.1. 

3-4  to  1  14  d. 

3-4  to  1  1  4  d. 

Id. 

3-4  In  1  (1. 

3  4  lo  1  d. 

North  Carolln*    . 

3  l-ilo6d. 

l3  4loS|-2J, 

3to8d. 

3  3-4  In  14  d. 

2  lo  4  d. 

1  14 ml  Lid. 

1  lo  2  d. 

Clurlnloa 

34to3d. 

1  Ia3d. 

1  Mto2d. 

1  to  a  14  d. 

1  l-itoilld. 

1  tn  1  d. 

I4tal  Md. 

Savaniuh  • 

t  1-410  3  14  d. 

2  |.2to4d. 

1  1-1  In  3d. 

It0  3l4d. 

1  I4tn3l4d. 

1  I4tnld. 

1-2  In  1  14  d. 

New  Orlmni 

1-4  p  to  9  11  d. 

lloSd. 

par  to  3  d. 
4  1-2  to  7  1-9  p. 

par  to  3  d. 
Slo7p. 

Itn2l4d. 

Hot  14  d. 

14  ml  14  d. 

AiiitirK-XH  nol,!      - 

1  to  6  p. 

ll.2lo«l2p. 

3  lo  8  Ik 

2  tn  4  1-2  p. 

Sin  6  p. 

H(irtu«imir  nnl<l     . 

1  1  2  me  p. 

4lo«|.lp 
IS  -lO  to  IS  17 

4  1-2  In  7  14  p. 

S  lo  7  p. 

3lo8p. 

210  4  14  p. 
IS  10  In  10*^00 

2  MUiSp. 
IS30IOI8I0 

Spaiii'h  iloiililo'tns 

/).liM)loiei2t.2 

ISM  to  less 

IS  70 10  Id  80 

IS  40  loll  30 

falriut  'Inubltxwa 

AM  35  to  III  00 

MWKilS'W 

IS  30  to  IS  7i 

IS  3i  to  IS  8} 

15  10  lo  ISM) 

IS00tnl>4S 

IS  10  to  IS  86 

Soverciitns 

1  ti  to  10  p. 

HI'i  11  14  p. 

«  1-2  In  1 1  p. 

H  M  lo  10  p. 

7  to  9  11. 
7  to  8  1-2  p, 

4  In  9  f. 

S  to  10  p. 

Mffiivy  xuln«ai 
Spaiilsh  dnilart     < 
tanilui  doltara     - 

2  1  2  to  10  p. 

atoll  p. 

H  to  10  14  p. 

8  10  10  p. 

3  1  2  In  8  p. 

Sti>8l4n. 
par  to  1  14  p. 

1-2  to  2  1-2  p. 

par  to  1  p. 

par  to  1  p, 
1.2  to  2  pT 

l-t  to  1  p. 
1  4  to  1  14  p. 

par  lo  1-2  p. 

!■' 

IJIoSp. 

■ 

par  to  |.2p. 

p»r 

IMr  lo  1  1-2  p. 

Meiicaii  dollin   > 

. 

. 

14  to  1  p. 
1  l-2to2p. 

1-4  to  1  p. 

1  MtoiMp. 

par  tn  14  p. 

par 

par  lo  1  p. 
par  In  2  1-2  p. 

rive  franc  piecea  . 

■ 

• 

par  to  2  p. 

par  tn  3*4  p. 

A  Table  showing  the  highest  and  lowest  rates  of  foreign  and  domestic  exchanges,  and  of  specie,  at 
New  York,  in  each  year,  from  January,  1839,  tn  May  Isl,  1838. 


Oilhnn 

18.12. 

1833.      1        1834. 

I83S. 

1836, 

1837. 

183a 

Lon.lo«    • 

7l4tnl0l-2p. 

Sin  8  3.4  p.    111.  In7  12p. 

6  1-2  to  10  p. 
SWInS3^ 

0  3-4  In  10  p, 

7  14  to  21  p. 
4  70  lo  6  jf 

4l2tol012p. 

Franco     • 

r.  S  ISInS3S 

S30toS40     SSOtoSS) 

5  22  14  to  II 37  14 

S20lnS47l4 

llnlland    - 

40  lo  41 1-2  0. 

89  lo  41         '37  In  39  1-2 

3910  40 

3BI-tlo40|.2 

39  3.4  lo  45 

39  tn  40  14 

H«nil)ur| 

■            ■ 

34l4lo36c.,33toa}l'4 

35  In  36 

Silo  36 

a»  1  2  to  30 

34  lo  37  7-8 

Rrenien    ■ 

. 

•    !- to  77  14  c. 

77  l-i  lo  71  1.4 

7810  793.4 

79  14  in  t7 

77  to  81  1-4 

Bmton     • 

Mlol-ld. 

l-ld.tol.lp.  par 

n'lo  -  d. 

par  to  3.4  d. 

par  to  2  d. 

par  lu  2  d. 

FliHadelphla       • 

M  to  1-2  d. 

1-4  to  14  d.  ||.4la  — d. 

par  to  1-4  d. 

par  to  1  3-4  d. 

1  l-4tnSd. 

Balllniora 

Mlol4d, 

l.4lo3-4d.   '3-8  to -d. 

3.8  lo  —  d. 

p»rtn3.8J. 
5-4  tn  1  14  d. 

par  lo  2  d. 
llo3d. 

134to534d. 

HicbumnJ 

3  4  lo  1  d. 

3-4  to  1  d.      ,3  4  to  1  d. 

3.4  to  1  d. 

2  to  7  14  d. 

North  Cimlina  . 

1  14  told. 

1 14  d.           1  1.2  In  -  d. 

2  |.2  lo  —  d. 

2  1.2  to— d. 

2  14  to  Ad. 

—  to  S  d. 

Charleiloii 

ltol.l. 

Id.                ll4told. 

14  to  1  d. 

14  told. 

2  l4toSd. 

2  tn  8  d. 

Strannnh 

Ita2d. 

Il4ln2d.    4d. 

Itol  14d. 

lto3d. 

114toSd. 

23410  10  d. 

Near  Orleanl       • 

Itol  14  d. 

Itol  I4d.   Illol  I4d. 

l-l  to  1  d. 

1-2  lo  4  d. 

3lol0d. 

9  li>  12  d. 

American  (old     ■ 

214tn6p. 

2lo43-4p.  |l4to8l4p. 

8  1-3  to  —  p. 

61.810  — p. 

6  1-2  to  16  p. 

7lo9p. 

Amerlnin,    Mw 

coi(iai(e 
Sovert'i^na 

8l4lo9|.4p. 

4l-ltn81.2p.  Itnap. 

^4  84  to  4  SS  14 

IM  10486 

par  to  12  p.        1-3  to  S  p.       1 
484to547l-t  4MI0SO8      1 

Heavy  Kuinoaa     . 

6  14  to  9  1-4  p. 

4  |.tlo8  I4p.  9  lo  4  p. 
2lo4  3~tp.     1-2  to  6  14  p. 
16  IS  to  17  4S!  IS  Win  16  A) 

n.5  08to5  08 

S06IO508 

S  06  tn  S  45 

4  9J  lo  5  10 

rurlu<ueM  cnld  • 
S|)uii8hdnut)lnnna 

2  1-2  tn  6  p. 

8  1-2  tn  —  p. 

6  1.2  In  —  p. 

6  14  in  10  p. 
16  30lol8<i$ 

parlo  2  1-2  p. 
15  90  to  17  M 

n.IS  7510  16  70 

16  12  14  In  17  00 

16  on  to  17  IS 

Patriot  ilniibtonna 

/).l52>tol3  80 

IS  20  to  16  12  14  90  lo  15  60 

155010  16  It 

13  8$  tn  16  30 

IS  7S  In  17  50 

15  6310  18  30 

Hpani<ih  diiilan    . 

1-2  lo  2  14  p. 

14tn4  1-4  p. 

pir  tn  3  1-2  p. 

1  to  5  p. 

2  l-9tn6p. 

2  In  15  p. 

1  lo  7  p. 

Ciniluidollara    • 

llo2l4p. 

14  to  4  1-4  p. 

par  to  3  1-2  p. 

1  to  5  p. 

9  1-1  to  6  p. 

llolSp. 

1  14  In  8  p. 

MftliciH  ilnllan  - 

parlo  1  p. 

par 

par 

par  to  1  p. 

par  lo  1  p. 

• 

1-4  In  S  p. 

Americao  hnlf  do. 

par 

par 

lotoSOMcti. 

£3'to94l4 

S'm  to  9S 

par  to  II  p. 
64  to  106 

1-4  to  4  14  p. 

Five-franc  piecea 

par  In  2  p. 

par 

g3to96 

Rates  of  Exchange  at  Philadelphia  on  London,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam,  from  1788  to  1814,  with  tha 
paper  medium  of  England  valued  in  gold,  anil  the  London  prices  of  standard  gold  and  of  Spanish 
dollars  per  oz. 


Eichaop  on. 

Palter  miilium 
of  Eiirland 
valued  In  ipilil. 

London  price  of  itaodard 

London  price  of  Spauiib 
dollara  per  oz. 

Voar. 

I^odon. 

Paria. 

Anuterdam. 

gold  per  CO. 

1788 

3(p. 

3  p. 

a  p. 



77  06 

1789 

31  p. 

3  p. 

— 

77  06 

1790 

ad. 

Up. 

a  p. 

— 

77  00 

5  00}  to  5  03 

1791 

9  p. 

10  d. 

3)  p. 

— 

77  06 

5  00)  to  5  03 

1792 

3d. 

33  d. 

« 

77  06 

5  03   to  5  OS 

1793 

4d. 

_ 

— 

77  06 

to  4  11 

1791 

41  p. 

^ 

Sp. 

— 

77  06 

4  111  to  5  01 

1T95 

2p. 

„_ 

2»P. 

— 

77  06 

4  111  to  5  041 

1796 

SH. 



— 

77  00 

S  02    to  S  05 

1797 

2d. 

_ 

par 

— 

77  06  to  77  101 

4  10    to  S  061 

1798 

9H. 



Sd. 

— 

77  101  to  77  09 

4  11    to  5  00 

1799 

7M. 



7M. 

— 

77  09  to  77  07 

8  051  to  S  07 

1800 

__ 

par 

77  101 

toS  09 

ISOl 

_ 

•« 

_ 

81  d. 

85 

5  09    to  5  11 

1809 

I  p. 

_ 

aip. 

8id. 

84 

5  03    to  5  Oil 

1803 

2  p. 



9p" 

2»d. 

80 

5  021  to  5  06 

ISOl 

7d. 

__ 

par 

2H. 

80 

5  00    to  5  07 

ISO.'} 

_ 

2Jd. 

80 

5  01    to  5  08 

1806 



.« 

_ 

2}d. 

80 

5  04    to  5  0-)l 

1807 

— 

— 

— 

21  d. 

80 

5  041  to  5  061 

1808 

.. 

_ 

_ 

21  d. 

80 

S  02    to  5  07 

1809 







21  d. 

80 

S  03    to  5  07 

1810 







131  d. 

90 

to  5  081 

1811 

6d. 





8d. 

84  06 

5  lOJ  to  6  Oil 

1813 

19  d. 





20M. 

95  06 

6  0«    to  6  081 

1813 

16  d. 

— 

— 

221  d. 

101 

6  ill  to  7  001 

1814 

7d. 

— 

— 

25  d. 

104 

5  00    to  5  07 

JVu?(!.— The  rates  of  exchange,  and  the  value  of  the,  paper  medium  of  England,  have  been  taken 
from  a  table  nppendoti  to  the  letter  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  of  May  'id,  1830. 
From  tlie  same  table  has  been  taken  the  price  of  standard  gold  at  London,  fto".  ItsOO  to  181 1,    Tlie 
3  k.  2  84 


\ 


J 


;  i 


4 


\f 


666 


EXCHANGE. 


rondon  prlcc«  of  uliimliiril  gn\i,  from  1790  to  ISflO,  mid  nC  Spanlih  dollari,  from  1700  to  1814.  hava 

lic'Kii  tiikfii  from  Miiraltiill'H  HiRii«lii«  ol'  tlio  llrilUli  Kinpirti. 
Till-  \nii:i>*  of  Kiilil  niiil  of  Hp.iiiUli  dnllitrn  lira  (•spri'om'il  in  uhllliiiRi  and  penco  iterllnir, 
(.'ciiimilenihli.  ililfi'itMiru  Kxialii  iiiiioim  iiiitliorillrii  iia  to  tliu  prlcei  of  Bnlil,  iitirt  the  doproclntinn  of 

th(>  pii|ii<r  iiittiliiiiii,  diirini;  ilin  miipiiiitloii  of  uptu'lf  p.iyiiiHiitii  liy  lli«  Dank  of  England. 

riic)  l.rlloHiim  wiiM  iliH  riilii  ol'.'xilmiiiiB  on  Kntiliind  at  lloiton  and  ilulllnioro,  from  ISOO  to  1810 

•mbr'ti'liii;  tliti  ymira  for  wlilcli  no  iiiniliiliiinn  arts  nWv.u  at  riilluilulplilu  ;  ' 


Vi«r. 

Mil) 

At  ll'xiiin. 

At  KMmnn. 

Vmr. 

At  RnfoD. 

Al  naltliimre. 

lid.  to  3  p. 

3d.  to  3  p. 

INOfl 

1  d.  to  3J  p. 

3  d.  to  par 

IMII 

1  to  9  d. 

4  d.  lu  3.  p. 

ICOT 

3d.  to  4  p. 

Bd.  to  nnr 
p:ir  to  H  p. 

1W« 

3  d.  to  f  p. 

1  ri.  to  31  p. 

18(W 

31  to  8  p. 

1M),1 

1  to  41  p. 
par  to  ,1  p, 
1  10  (1  d. 

piir  to  31  p. 

IbOU 

lid.  to  1)1  p. 

imr  to  h  p. 
3  to  ad. 

INll 

P'lr  to  31  p. 
0 d. to  par 

1810 

81  to  7f  d. 

n»ti'«  of  ctrhaniji!  nt  PJillndMlphla  on  London,  Parli,  and  Ainiterdnm,  from  181S,  to  April,  1838,  with 
till'  piiprr  ni«!dmni  of  I'hllidelplita  v,ilii«d  In  gll^.r,  tlio  paper  niudluni  of  Unirlund  valued  In  sold, 
and  itio  London  prlc«  of  mnndard  gold  and  Spanish  dollnri  per  o». 


Exchanioon                                ^"i".''',"'.'".'''!'." 
nf  i'titlatflhilii.! 

I'«|ior  iiinlliim 

l»n<Inn  prica  of 

Lnndi'ii  priri'  of 

of  Ki.flanJ 

■limUnl  (Old  |«r 

Hpniiiili  d<ill«n 

Var 

IM.-. 

Lnwitnu 

PMik         1     Aniii«rJ»in.     |     tiiiii  lilvcr. 

valuetl  iu  itntd. 

oz. 

lieroi. 

1  d.  to  IS  p. 

23  p.                 22  p.                 i  to  10  d. 

0  to  201  •!. 

H3  to  100 

i  03  to  0  09 

IhIO 

«,V  to  l«  p. 

14  to  23  p.      71  to  20  p.     |7  to  10  d. 

1  to  5  d. 

7S  00  to  83 

4  10 

isi: 

i;  loi;  p. 

par  to  Ul  p.    1  a.  to  7   p.  l4l  d.  to  par  1 1  to  2J  d. 

78  00  to  hO 

—  a  01 

l.-^lB 

par  to  3  p. 

»p.                         - 

par 

3J  to  5|  d. 

80  08  10  81  00 

s  fl,'s  to  ri  00 

1HI9 

1  d.  lo  3  p. 

»!'. 

41  d.  to  pur 

77  101  to  81  00 

5  02  to  5  09 

HliO 

1  d.  to  31  p. 

fi  d.                'M  d. 



par 

77  101 

4  101  to  5  02 

IH'il 

3)  to  121  p. 

0  d.  to  p^r    '1  d.  to  par 
par  to  2}  p.    pur  to  11  p. 
21  d.  to3Jp.  Id.  to  11  p. 



77  101 

4  0'  to  4  11 

ItiW 

HI  to  ID  p. 

— 

— 

77  101  to  77  06 

4  09  to  4  10 

InM 

.)  to  121  |i. 

—. 

_ 

77  Ofl 

4  0.H}  to  4  001 

Mi 

71  tolH  p. 

aid.  to  2}  p.  Id.  to  Up. 





77  (Ml  to  77  09 

4  091  lo  4  10 

l«8i)  ,')  10  101  p. 

11  d.  to  2}  p.  IJ  to  3  p. 





77  00  to  77  101  1  I0|to4  lU  ! 

isati  7*  to  m  p. 

3d.  to  J  p.     ,11  d.  to  Up. 

— 



77  00                   4  0!ljlo4ll 

IV27;IOtolllp. 

}  d.  to  2;  p.  ]par  to  31  p. 

— 

77  06                   4  OUi  to  4  10 

iMJ^Oilo  11  p. 
1S2',>  |.|  to  10  p. 

U  to  21  p. 
1  d.  to  21  p. 

11  to  3  p. 
li  d.  to  81  p. 
."(  d.  to  par 
H  d.  to  21  p. 

— 

z 

77  09  to  77  10  j  4  Oil  J  to  4  11 
77  09  to  77  1014  OkJ  to  4  Ofl 

I^SO  e  to  (<J  p. 

3  d.  to  )  p. 

— 

_ 

77  09  to  77  1014  0^- lo4  OiH 

1631  6  to  10}  p. 

1  d.  to  3)  p. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  87  1014  01llto4  101 
77  09  to  77  1014  ObJ  to  4  111 

1^^2  7  10  11  p. 

2id.  to  lip. 

21  d.  to  31  p. 

— 

— 

lKi3  5  to  9  p. 

no4}d. 

1  d.  to  21  p. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  101 

l»^3l8d.  to  8  p. 

|to7d. 

UtoSd. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  101 

1M5  71  tr)  10  p. 

31  d.  to  1    p.  5  d.  to  U  p, 
l}d,  tol    p.  21  d.  to  21  p. 

— 

— 

77  00  to  77  101 

1830  7  to  101  p. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  101 

lK:r7  7  to  31  p. 

11  d.  to  9   p.  par  to  121  p,  par  to  13  d. 

— 

77  09  to  77  101 

1S38  8  to  12  p. 

1 J  d,  to  21  p.  par  to  3i  p.  13  10  0  d.                    — 

77  09  to  77  101                           1 

The  rntm  of  cxchanpn  from  1815  to  lf=2S,  the  value  of  the  paper  medium  of  Philadelphia  from  1813 
to  18IH,  and  tlio  London  price  of  slaiid.ird  sold  from  1815  to  1825,  have  been  taken  fruiu  a  table  ap- 
pended to  the  Tr«nsnry  report  of  May  29,  1830. 

In  fornilnir  that  table,  5  franca  20  centimes  were  assumed  ai  the  par  of  exchange  on  Paris,  and  40 
rents  a  giiildHr,  as  the  par  of  excliunKe  on  Arnsterdain, 

In  calculatinK  the  rates  of  e::clinn|(e  on  Paris  and  Aniaterdam,  from  1829  to  1838,  it  has  not  been 
thouffht  necessary  to  assume  a  new  par. 

Tlic  prices  of  ripaninli  dollars  in  London  from  1815  to  1818,  have  been  taken  from  Marshall's  8ta> 
tistics  of  the  llritish  t^nipire. 

'i  he  prices  of  standard  jiolil  London  from  1836  to  1S33,  and  of  Rpnnlsh  dollars  nt  London  from  1819 
10  1832,  liuvo  been  taken  from  the  "Report  from  the  Committee  of  Secrecy  on  the  Hank  of  I^ngland 
Charter." 

From  the  "Report  of  the  Select  Committee  on  the  Royal  Mint,"  ordered  to  be  printed  .Inne  30, 
1637,  it  appears  tliat,  thoniili  standard  gold  has  been  steadily  quoted  in  the  price  currents  since  tlie 
year  I^i32,  at  77  sliilliii$!s  and  9  pence  pir  ounce,  it  is  not  unfrequently  sold  at  77  shillings  and  101  pence. 
On  this  authority, and  liiat  of  some  late  English  papers,  the  price  of' gold  is  represented  in  the  table  as 
having  been  the  sa.iiv  from  1833  to  1838,  thai  it  was  from  1829  to  1832.— .4i/i.  Ed.} 

:    EXCHEQUER  BILLS.    See  Flui.s.  ^.    . 

EXPECTATION,  of  life.     See  Inhuhancr. 

EXPOIiTATION,  in  commerce,  tiie  act  of  scnJing  or  carrying  commodilics  from  one 
country  to  anotlier. — (See  I.mportation  and  Expoiitation.) 

EXCI.SE,  the  name  givm  to  tlie  duties  or  taxes  laid  on  such  articles  as  are  produced  and 
consumed  at  home.  Customs  duties  arc  those  laid  on  commodities  when  imported  into  or 
exported  from  a  country. 

Evclse  duties  were  introduced  into  England  by  the  Long  Parliament  in  1643  j  being  then  laid  nn 
the  makers  and  venders  of  ale,  beer,  cider,  and  perry.  The  royalists  soon  nfler  followed  the  cvninple 
of  the  repulilicuns  ;  both  sides  declaring  tliat  the  excise  sliould  be  continued  no  longer  than  the  termi- 
nation of  llie  war.  lint  it  was  found  too  productive  a  source  of  revenue  -to  be  again  relinipiisbetl; 
and  when  the  nation  had  lieen  accu.^tonied  to  it  for  a  few  years,  the  parliament  declared,  in  1049,  that 
the  "  impost  of  exci««  wns  the  most  e:isy  and  indiirereiil  levy  that  could  be  laid  upon  the  people."  It 
was  placed  on  a  new  footini!  at  the  Itestoraiion  :  and  nolwilliKlaiidiiig  Mr.  , lust  ice  Rhickstoiie  says, 
thai  "IVoiu  its  first  original  to  the  prencnt  lime  its  very  name  has  been  odious  to  the  people  of  Kng- 
land" — {Com.  li(Mik  I.  c.  3.),— it  has  continued  projireji'sively  lo  nain  ground;  and  is  at  this  nionieat 
lnipo><ed  on  a  variety  of  most  iuiponunt  articles,  and  furnishes  nearly  half  the  enlire  public  revenue 
of  I  lie  kiiigiloni. 

The  prejudices  in  the  public  mind  to  which  Blackstone  has  alluded,  against  the  excise  duties,  seems 


EXCISE. 


667 


m  1790  to  1814,  hava 

I  itertlnir. 

id  itio  dcprcclntinn  of 

ittUnil. 

iro,  from  1800  to  1810, 


At  n«llilnore. 


3(1.  in  pur 
Uil.  til  l<nr 
p:ir  to  8  p. 

Iiiir  III  H  p. 
I  to  &  d. 


IS,  to  April,  IMS,  with 
glund  vulucd  In  guld, 


rice  of 

Lnndnn  prlri*  n{ 

oUI  inr 

K|iaiilili  diilltn 

pcrot 

5  03  to  «  01) 

83 

4  10 

hO 

5  01 

81  00 

5  05  to  .1  00 

81  00 

5  02  111  5  09 

4  initiiS  02 

4  0'  III  4  11 

.77  06 

4  00  to  4  10 

4  Ol^J  to  4  0(4 
4  fly*  to  4  10} 

T7  00 

77  101  4  lfl|lo4  lU  ! 

4  on;  10  4  11 

4  00}  to  4  101 

77  10  ;4  01ljlo4  11 

77  lOi  4  OS}  t(i  4  Ofll 
77  10    4  0!^;i(i4  m 

87  1014  0111  to  4  10 
77  10    4  Obi  to  4  11 

77  10 

77  10 

77  10 

77  10 
77  10 

77  10 

lilladelphia  from  ISIS 
aken  from  u  tablo  ap- 

inge  on  Paris,  and  40 

1836,  it  baa  not  been 

flrom  Mareliall'a  Sta> 

at  London  from  1819 
I  tlio  llaiik  of  Ijiiglaiid 

be  printed  .Iiine  30, 
ce  cnrrenta  ^iiire  tlie 
iillin(.'g  and  101  pence, 
'sunted  In  the  table  as 


nmoditics  from  one 

18  are  produced  and 
en  imported  into  or 


heinp  then  hid  on 
fi'illiiwcd  tlic  cxnniple 
onger  tir.in  tlie  ternii- 
!  upain  ri'lincinisbeil  J 
declared,  in  1041),  llmt 
npoii  the  people."  It 
lice  Blackaloiie  siiys, 
to  the  people  of  Kiic- 
iid  is  at  this  nimneiit 
entire  pnhlic  rovunuc 

>  excise  duties,  seems 


tn  have  nrl||lnnted  more  In  the  rcgiilatiniii  connected  wllti  their  impoaltlon,  than  In  the  opproiilve  ex- 
tent to  which  Ihuy  have  amneliiiici  liecn  curried.    The  facllitlei  of  anniKKlInt,  and  the  fraud*  that 

nilijlii  he  coiiiniltloil  upon  (he  reveniii',  uiile»  a  alrlct  watch  were  kepi,  h:ive  li'd  tu  ll niiciiiient  of 

■cvrr:il  r:ilh(ir  miveru  ri'Kiil<itliiiia.  The  olUccr*  liuvu  been  iinpuwcred  to  enter  anil  aearcli  ihe  jiuuaek 
ol°  bilcli  IndiviiliiaU  iiit  dual  In  cxcinuahlu  ciiniiiiudillei  at  any  lime  of  the  day,  ami  in  niiixl  Invtancia 
bUo  iif  lliH  niiilit.  And  llie  prucveilinKj  In  catei  of  trannKretsion  ore  of  anch  a  nature,  Ihiil  pcraona 
umy  hit  rniivlciiiil  in  Iniavy  pcnalileH.liy  the  •unimary  Judgment  of  3  cuuiiniinionera  ur«.\ci»e,  ur  3Jui- 
tiei'M  ofliie  piiuce,  witlniut  the  Inturvenliiin  of  a  Jury. 

l''iir  the  inure  easily  levying  the  revenue  of  exciae,  Rngland  and  Wales  are  divided  Into  about  id  coU 
lectiiina,  Knine  of  which  are  called  by  the  names  of  particular  cuuntiea,  iilherH  by  the  nunien  of  greut 
tiiwris,  where  onr  county  Is  dlvldeil  into  several  colloctiona,  or  where  a  collection  coiiipruliends  the 
cnntiKiKins  parta  of  several  counties.  Kvery  such  colluclion  la  aubdlvlded  into  several  dislrlcls,  wilhiii 
wiiicli  there  is  a  supervisor  i  and  each  dialrict  la  again  subdivided  Into  out-rides  and  foot-wulka,  within 
cucli  of  which  there  is  a  guager  or  surveying  oHicer, 

Alislrnct  of  the  Gross  Excise  Revenue  of  England,  Bcotlaiid,  and  Ireland,  for  1833, 1633,  and  1831. 


rii<Un<l    ■ 

St'  1  lilll'l      . 

IrclJuJ 
folna  K.^ 

183;.                      19.13. 

1834. 

L.        1.   d. 

14,016,143  17    it 

l,71l,W  18    1 

>,^\im  lu  It 

L.        1.   d. 

14,022,147    1  II 

I,II2.<,»I0  13    5 
l.-tKliMI    7    6 

lt<,UI2,l(la    8    S 

L.        1.  d. 

I3,n6i,ui  a  ;  M 

I,ll0(i,l83  II     1  11 
l,84U,iJ«  II  10  14 

l(l,i77,2ia    «    «3-4 

18,260,071  JI_S 

Tl'a  •imniw  of  rolliclInT  (ha  tirlw  ratenus.  In  IK)4, 
aniojnti'tl  In  Unut  UriMtu  tti  tt.  I«.  ft  X*Ad.  Mr  c.iil.  of  itiS 
Kri)«a  pnHlui'p,  and  in  Irtilnfi't  tn  9/.  tii.  Sl-io.  per  tio.  Ihs 
(unil  vrdta  rei'i-ipl  of  the  exriio  rbvuuua  ib  tlie  LimaJ  Kiuf* 
doui,  lu  Ib3j,  wu  li,2^9,a.il. 


This  ftilling  iiir  In  the  e.xcise  revenue  Is  apparent  only,  havlnn  been  entirely  occasioned  by  the  trans- 
ference of  (lie  lea  duty  from  llieexciae  to  llie  customs, and  liy  Ihu  repeal  of  cerliiln  diilica,  as  (lioso  on 
lile9,  sweets,  aliirch,  Ue.,  and  the  reduclion  of  otliern.  The  excise  duty  of  1^3^  wa»  cnllocled  (exclud- 
iiiK  arrears)  Irom  Un  article*  only,  viz.  aiicliiins,  bricks,  (ilass,  hops,  liceiiceH,  mall,  paper,  soap, 
spiiils,  and  vinegar.  Of  these  the  duty  on  glass  is  by  iHr  the  moat  ohjectionable.— (Hee  art.  Ulan.-).) 
Dm  were  it  repealed  wo  do  not  know,  now  that  the  paper  duties  are  reduced  (see  art.  I'apcr),  that 
any  of  liiu  utlnrs  can  be  Jnslly  objected  to.  That  on  bricks.  Is,  perhaps,  the  nioslexcnptionalilo.  The 
tiililo  hi'liiw  sliows  In  detail  Hie  quantities  and  nuiiiliers  of  tlie  articles  and  persons  cliargeit 
wllh  excise  duties  in  ll33'i,  1833,  and  ls3i,  and  the  gross  reveiaiu  they  respectively  produced 
cucli  year. — N.  U.  Tea  has  since  been  transferred  to  the  customs  t  and  the  duties  on  tiles,  starch, 
sinnu  hollies,  and  sweelN  have  been  repealed.  (Kor  detailed  accounts  of  the  duties  and  regulaliona 
oD'oclInx  the  dill'erenl  articles  subject  to  the  excise,  sec  those  articles.) 

Cowptexity  uf  Kicits  Laum. — The  great  ohjectinn  to  the  excise  laws,  as  they  nt  present  stand,  con- 
sii^ts  In  their  olisciirity  and  complexity.  Ueing  intended  for  tlie  guidance  of  traders,  they  ont,'lit  to  he 
lirief,  clear,  and  level  to  the  appruliunsion  of  every  onr;  hut,  instead  of  this,  they  are  in  tlie  lust  de- 
gree leniitheneil,  contradictory,  and  unintellivihie.  There  are,  at  this  monienl,aoine  4U  or  SO  acts  in 
existence  relating  to  the  duties  on  glass,  and  from  93  to  30  relating  to  those  on  paper ;  so  that  it  is  all 
but  impcsaible  for  any  one  to  tell  what  the  law  is  on  many  points.  This  disgraceful  state  of  thinga 
nii;,'lit,  however,  be  easily  remedied,  by  (setting  the  Treasury  to  prepare  a  short  digest  of  tiio  law  as  to 
eticli  duty,  drawn  up  in  a  clear  and  unambiguous  manner;  and  enactin.;,  that  a  manufacturer  or  dealer 
aliidini;  by  this  abstract  should  be  held  to  have  abided  liy  the  law,  and  should  nut  be  liable  to  he  fur- 
ther i|Ue»tioned  on  the  subject.  The  adoption  of  some  plan  of  this  sort  would  bo  the  greatest  impruvu- 
nieiit  which  it  seems  possible  to  Introduce  into  the  excise. 

An  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  the  aevoral  Articles  charged  with  Duties  of  Excise,  In  the  Vniui 
Kiiii'itoiii,  together  with  the  Gross  Amount  of  Duty  tliervon,  during  the  Vears  lb3!i,  lb33,  and  1834. 
—(Papers  publiiihci  by  Board  of  'JVade,  vol.  Iv.  p.  148  ) 


Artiilea. 

Quantillea  cturged. 

Amount  of  Duty. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1^32. 

1833. 

K«3I. 

L.         1. 

d. 

L.       1.  d. 

/..         f. 

If. 

Auclinni,    amoiinl   (it  Kiles 

ch.ir,fed  Willi  duty 

L 

6,i)23,153 

e,se7,396 

7,33l,f»2 

236,319    8 

0 

243,9I>I  II  II 

2^,336    7 

10  3^ 

Diicki 

tio. 

99.s346,3(i2 

I,l03,i>l)l,'i66 

1,180,161,22: 

294,3:2  18  10 

304,912    1  11 

347,305    6 

2  1-2 

TilM 

_ 

7li,t)(ll,05l 

B,'2S3,I86 

■ 

a-.OiO  17 

1 

4,6-0    1     1 

Gl  iss.  crown 

cwli. 

103,1/02 

|-29,!»»4 

138,706 

38l,b39  17 

0 

477,691     4    0 

602,401  18 

0 

flint 

79,41,8 

7N3b7 

83,323 

212,145    6 

6 

2111483  12    0 

233,3114    8 

0 

FUtt 

m— 

12,270 

I4,!>I8 

18,1)22 

36,til0    0 

0 

43,3-6    tf    0 

66,781     4 

0 

Bmd 

... 

A,304 

«,3lJb 

6,766 

7,936    0 

0 

9,439    0    0 

111,149    0 

0 

Rutlla 

_ 

312.361 

323,398 

3.14,014 

|0!:>,326    7 

0 

113,h9    6    0 

120,104  18 

0 

Hi.]n- 

Ilia. 

29,012,400 

32,777,310 

39,31.7,4U7 

2,1,770     1 

0 

272,894    6    0 

329,(93  16 

2 

Liieiise^,  Ructiooecrt' 

No. 

3,028 

3,6b(i 

3,604 

18,1  iO    0 

0 

16,430    0    0 

18,020    0 

0 

Brcnrni  nf  jlmiijbMr,  not 

txceeding  20  barrels 

^ 

8,623 

8,527 

e,49C 

4,311  10 

0 

4,2S3  10    0 

4,248    0 

0 

Uilln  ucKcliuK  20  anJ  not 

encecding  ftO 

^ 

6,848 

7,249 

7,276 

6,S48    0 

0 

7,248    0    0 

7,276    0 

0 

Dt'.tnexreedini;60iind  not 

ukccL-diiix  UH)    . 

M 

9,183 

9,540 

9,861 

13,747  10 

0 

14,310   0    0 

14,791  to 

0 

Dil'DMCenlilil  lOOmd  not 
enradins  1,000 - 

.. 

I6,P89 

17,390 

18,433 

33,778    0 

0 

34,780    0    0 

36,«66    0 

0 

nitlii  i-xreeJiii^  1,000  bril. 

— 

1,664 

'•■';5 

l,'-IJti 

14,610  15 

0 

I3,3S3    B    0 

17,212  15 

0 

lireu  ri-s  of  t.ilile  beer 

^ 

134 

96 

69 

217    6 

0 

87  10    0 

74    0 

0 

H.'tiii  ltr«wer«,  ufider  the 

act  'i  Gen.  4.  c.  54. 

^ 

60 

60 

47 

262  10 

0 

262  ID    0 

246  15 

0 

Heilers  nf  stmng  beer  ouly. 

lint  heint;brfcweis 

— 

Gil 

C66 

1,074 

2,869  13 

0 

3,042  IS    0 

3,383    2 

0 

Beer  ntailera,  «ho»e  pre. 

iiiiieti  are   n'M   under 

2(11.  per  annum  - 

_ 

7n,i4S 

73,390 

72,7Si 

73,649    2 

0 

T?,008  19    0 

76,392  15 

0 

hi'tn  ll  2U:.  or  upwardi  - 

— 

l7,0Jli 

17,439 

17,303 

63,713  16 

0 

54,1'23    8    0 

64,787  18 

0 

Uul.iili  r^  of  l*er,  cider,  or 

perry,  under  Itio  acta  1 
\Vill..l.c.til.,aud4»S 

Wiil.  4.  0.  M.    ■ 

_ 

S3,SIS 

iM,976 

37,381 

70,381  10 

0 

73,449  12    0 

90,997    4 

0 

Dit:o  of  ci'ler  and  perry 

only,  under  llie  uid  acia 

^ 

188 

633 

I,ai4 

197    8 

0 

683  13    0 

1,100  14 

0 

Tti  «nd  collie  ilraleri      • 

_ 

100,191 

10l,,'.79 

103,349 

65,ia-.   1 

0 

6-..M8    9    0 

65,931  19 

0 

(ilnm  'nanuracluren 

_ 

lis 

l.!6 

122 

2,:i60    0 

0 

2.-M    0    0 

2,440    0 

I. 

Miitsten    ■ 

_ 

12,K22 

13,2J3 

12,891 

23.)'69  10 

0 

24.346  12    6 

23,!!3I     6 

0 

H-iper  iiiakera 

_ 

6»2 

582 

671 

2,368    0 

0 

2,328    0    0 

2,284    0 

0 

l'.i[ierstaiiier» 

_ 

138 

154 

liO 

552    0 

0 

616    0    0 

(i»    0 

0 

twn).  iTi^liarH 

^r- 

61i 

499 

471 

2,0t0    0 

0 

i,wm  0  0 

1,884    C 

0 

UiattlUn  aud  rectlGera     • 

— 

4liC 

430 

4j3 

4,61,0    0 

0 

4,600    U    0 

4,330    0 

0 

-'■\'\ln 


li-  i 


m 


i. 


;^:|  ^  I 


■l!-  r  i 


f    W 


eo8 


EXCISE. 


Tabit— ««ii«iiii«4. 


AH  Ida. 

IM«. 

luulltoetirfW. 

Aawwl  •(  Half. 

I«M. 

IKU, 

im. 

\m. 

ItM. 

L        t,  i. 

U       : 

4. 

L.        1,  A 

ItetUn  III  iiilriu,  mt  b» 

In^  rrUilvn                 •     No. 
lUiAtktv  i\t  ■)iirii«,  whta* 

(,T7J 

t,MM 

$,m 

I7,7M   0   0 

M,MO  0 

0 

lf,U0   0  0 

pniiilm  ira  niMl  Uklw 
lOf.  iwt  iiinum  •           >    — 

M,4M 

4I,0I!I 

S*.ltl 

^o,H^  0  0 

lt.137  It 

0 

111,144  II   0 
llt,44t    1    0 

I)n.  .Iii.ll  llW.kuwtrrlni.    — 

M.JOI 

M.M17 

ie,3M 

110,044    0    0 

llll.tM   t 

0 

-         M.      -      tM.    - 

a,:i» 

».7rt 

I,t4t 

«i,sio  0  0 

|I3,4M   t 

0 

|4,MI   10    0 

—      fu.    -    m,  — 

«,n4 

(,IN 

<,IM 

i\*iai  It  0 

It.  IN  It 

0 

«3,IW  II    t 

-       an.    —    401.   — 

3,11:11 

»,>m 

S.IITt 

N,Ma  It  0 

H.UM    4 

0 

4«,4A»  III    0 

-          «M.      -      till.    — 

i,Vl 

■i,\n\ 

It.ISM 

»,M0    »    0 

t3,«'>3    7 

0 

a\:»7    [\   t 

-        lMI.»upw.r*    - 

4,700 

4,MM 

4,*4f 

4t,3IW    0    0 

ti,ai7  0 

0 

TA,3U  in    0 

Mikm  nf  iliUi     •           •    — 

u 

W 

13 

II    0    0 

14   0 

0 

II  10   0 

Clk-iiitiit  nr  miy  nittw  tnMi* 

Fi  iiiiMlnil  a  «'iM                •     — 

u 

M 

at 

MOO 

n  0 

0 

34   0   0 

Ibull  n  nl  t|  iriii  In  In- 

Iniitl.  Itfina  ttiilv  lictn**J 
tu  aril  nilW,   Ira.  *«.. 
w  Imw  limiiiaaa  art  nlM 

uiHJfr  .V.  liiT  aiiiiutii    •    — * 

M 

•4 

in 

Mill   0 

TMia 

0 

(•3  II   0 

DD..I.i.>li.U.  AuuUarJiU.    — 

« 

4 

7 

41I   0   0 

4i    0 

0 

73  10    0 

—      aw.    -     on.   — 

» 

4 

7 

•7  IS   0 

4«    4 

0 

M  17    0 

—        W.      —      M'l.    - 

» 

j; 

« 

100  It    0 

1,11*  M 

0 

lit    •    0 

—        MM.  ud  upwinit  — 

M 

10 

4*1    1   0 

tit  14 

0 

410  10    0 

dlari'h  niakrrt       •           •    — 

M 

to 

tn 

IM    0    0 

mo  0 

0 

SCO    0    0 

Miknuof  awrvia  •             •    — 

HIV 

tt 

lIH 

M  10    0 

U  14 

0 

SN  10    0 

HpHili-ra  .if  .lillil    •             •     — 

SMI 

*2I 

Ml 

»i7    3    0 

M*    0 

0 

ro  4  0 

Maiiiifarlurm  iif  killtcta 

aiHj  aiiiilf            •            ■    ^ 

-   '"» 

741 

7«0 

t,440   0   0 

(.MS    0 

0 

^ttO    0   0 

Drairn  in  dlllo      •            ■    — 

IM.U'it 

187,7111 

171,300 

41,014  10    0 

4I,»4«   1 

0 

43,07V    0    0 

Viii.-^ar  iiukt  n     -           .    — 

64 

t« 

»4 

170    0    0 

I7t   0 

0 

170   0   0 

Umlrta  In  fon-ifn  wina, 

niil  liavinx  A  lieriir*  Tiir 

niallilil  aplrila,   iMl  * 
licvitcf  fair  rrtailiiig  beer    <— 

l,M< 

l,DM 

l,l«0 

lt,«00    0   0 

ItiOOO   0 

0 

19,100   0   0 

P«alrTa  111  fiin'i<n  win#. 
hatinia  linnet' In  retail 
lirrr,  nut  niitlav>ii<»  li* 

r«iic«  In  retail  apirili     •    — 

N 

n 

lit 

173  11   0 

MU 

0 

410   0  0 

OMli.ri  111  (.ircliH  winn. 
hav.nK  IkrarM  In  nitll 

Ivor  and  a|.irlla  -           ■    — 

»,lll 

(4,079 

"1,714 

4i,via  1  0 

iO,Hllt 

0 

4»,7N   1   0 

Piaaa««  vaaarla.  on  bi«nl 

which  lniunr  awl  to6M- 

en  arv  anlj          •            •    — 

UT 

ITS 

810 

t^7    0    0 

IT*   0 

0 

IM   0   0 

8iirrlMrK(.« 

>         > 

•,7U  14    8 

S,7MIS 

1 

4,174   7   t 

Aniniini  iif  4u'  jr  on  llcnm 

iranlid  (ur  |i«ladi  taM 
fhin  a  year 
Malt  r^.nl  furtr*      ■           •  buah. 
Vrrnn  Iwr  or  Mgg             •    — 

. 

, 

. 

I7.M7    1    0 

I*,fl60    I 

0 

18,328   t   0 

9CM1,0(N 

3t,MI,(lM 

S9,«n7,»7 

4,flR4,.1l«   e   0 

t,niH,3ii  14 

6 

3,141,774  II    8 

I,(>I7.S.M 

\,nt,!m 

l,33H,30e 

I04,73A  10    0 

l«l,43«  It 

0 

I33,f30  18    0 

Piiirr,  ftn.1  claaa       •           •      Iba. 
.s<T..ii>t  riaia           •           •    — 

4»,404,1tl« 

SI.UII.IUS 

t4,a63.TII 

tl7,M7    0    0 

t4».ll73    4 

9 

nft,U7l   10    3 

l»,S3l,OS0 

18,47',  101 

i«,Ma.i«>( 

07,0(19    t    i 

I03.MI   17 

II 

103,4.11    0  II  |.] 

fAilrUMrO,  Riillbunnl,  Ac.  cwta. 

43,4IM 

4ti.l>M 

4»,:iM 

*»,«>»    9    « 

Ai,J«e  18 

e 

M.IX9    U    3 

Siaiiie.1  ii.ii«r        •          •  yanJa 
a<ai|i.  hai\t     •           •           -Iba, 

T,U0,«47 

7,»70,7«l 

«.74»,U4 

6«,0«4  IS    3 

MI.I30    t 

3 

fi3,7M  It    8  34 

ll».V)3,0»i 

I3H.I70,7S7 

I44,.144,M:I 

I,493,7>I8  13    1 

I,lllt,l(i7  It 

0 

lUi.lM    9    4 

S.fl            .           .           .    - 

10.350,  :ou 

1 1,7.11, IW 

I0,40I,WI 

7(1,473  17    4 

69,^S3   4 

4 

43,»IH  13    t 

.sririii          -          •          •  lalla. 

^77»,MI 

8I,H74,IM 

1W.:KI7,10« 

4,97f,,4.H    5  10 

t,9.-A'll3  19 

II 

i,U\*m    6  10 

Slanh           .           .           .     lU. 

8,070.(»* 

II,H05.>I3 

4,7M.WI 

ll)»,ii«l|   II     9 

119,241    6 

t 

frLOlO    H    0  1.4 

SIniHi  bottlcf  •           ■           •  ewta- 

lli,(Wi 

i7.a\n 

111,811 

*,m  10    0 

4,2'>9  10 

0 

4,/i7  14    0 

NwKia          •           •           •  nlla. 

IW,i),li. 

UJ.'it,7 

128.S0S 

3,973    6    0 

3,iv.6  13 

e 

3.IT0    9    8 

Tn.    ■          .           .           .Iba. 

3I,VI!<,407 

SI,f>M,«l» 

I4,«7.liie 

3,MI«,M0  IIS    6 

3,444,103    7 

7 

l,4n.'>,3bl  19  10 
Ifi.TW    9    0 

Vln«fw       •                   •  falla. 
Tntd  • 

2,9I4.MI 

li,H>3,0M 

S,U9l,'iM 

l4,JI|-<  10    a 

(3,1130    0 

0 

__• :l. 

• 

• 

I8,26t,07l    0    1 

I8,»4>,l0a    t 

1 

I6,877,»J    6   83-4 

The  hwa  with  rrtpect  tn  thn  nnorel  man»jcrmrnt  nf  the  eicJM 
Wrre  ron>nli<Utnl  by  the  7  fc  H  Geo.  4.  c.  &3.t  fnmi  which  the  fol- 
lowing  pirtic'ilan  am  ttrlMle  1 1— 

Commiinatitrt  — Fmir  romnil«ionfnmn9tttutff  ■  hnnrd.  They 
art  fd  be Hubjpct,  in  all  tbinn  reU'inv  tn  thnir  pntiliir  duly,  to  (he 
Dpff ni  or  the  Treanury.  Tti^y  m.iy  aiiimlni  collrctorn  an'l  other  iub- 
orrlinxta  olKrrrt.  aihl  (ive  Ihvm  luch  t  lUrlei  anJ  .illnwanre*  %t  Ihtt 
TreviM-y  *\\%\\  direci  1  but  tlwy  are  mit  .iltowni  in  jurrmsc  llie  mini- 
hrr  of  tiifrrinr  officrn  withoiif  the  peruiminn  aol  nppmvitl  of  the 
Tn-awry.  No  memUrr  uf  the  Hnuie  of  Comntoni  un  be  a  com* 
liiiHirtnrr  nf  eiciie. 

ft/f\rcrt  if  ftrriVf.— No  nfflrtr  of  ri ciie  U  tn  vote  nr  iiitorfrre  at 
■ny  cin-tiori  of  a  mmtbrr  of  parlitaieiit,  under  iiiiu  of  f'Trfriliui^ 
60Uf.,  Atid  beinjc  remlarel  it)ra|)abl«  of  erer  hotJinx  any  office  ur 
pljM  of  Irukl  uulrr  hU  Mijfsty. 

No  prnnn  hoMiriK  any  otlice  of  excite  fs  to  deal  In  any  lort  of 
gnoi!ii  luMt-ct  10  tbp  excike  ht«i. 

Any  I'^ninn  bribiiif  nr  nfkf\\%  tn  bribe  any  offtrer  of  ririw  thitll 
forfeit  .WV. ;  ant  every  offlftT  acceplJin  w  u  \\f\\w^  or  doinff,  con- 
nWim  »'.  nr  permiMinjany  art  cr  tliin<  whereby  any  ^f  'be  pmvi- 
•inm  of  t)>e  eiciie  lawa  niiy  be  evadnl  or  bmkcn,  »h.-ill  forfeit  50(V., 
and  t>e  ''rrltrrd  ii.capibtc  of  wer  afipr  icrvinf  hit  M-iirity  in  any 
cip.if  ity  whatever.  But  if  *ny  of  the  partiei  In  aurh  iflecal  tram- 
actiona'nhall  [nfnnn  acaitut  the  other,  )h  fnra  any  pnKeediiiJta  Itieie* 
ui>nn  AwW  bavr  Y*r\\  1nstitu1e<l,  hn  ^\\\\\  be  iixJemnifled  agaiuat  the 
pi'mliirtanit  dinbililiei  ini|)o»ed  for  aurh  olltrnri's. 

(ynX\t»  nwl  Pawnt  of  Ojfficm.—U  i*  hwftil  for  any  officer  to 
enter  nny  tniildinf  nr  n'her  place,  uaed  for  carryinj^  on  any  trade 
intyect  to  ihe  rxcUe,  eitber  bv  niitht  nr  by  day  (bul  if  by  uinht,  in 
till.-  prrffiu'e  of  I  coiutil'Ie  or  peace  oflicer),  to  iiit)M'Ct  (he  Uiiie,&c. 
And  upnii  no  officer  making  oath  th.it  ht>  bi*  cauv;  to  tuaprct  that 
corvia  fcrfritfd  nnderthe  cictae  acts  are  dcpoaiteit  in  anv  private 
bou^e  or  phre,  2  cnmniiasinnpTiof  t-xcisc,  or  I  Justice  of  ifie  pe.ice, 
ntjy  ffrant  a  warrant  to  the  nffieer  to  enter auch  house  orplice(lf  in 
the  nichi,  in  tbe  nreaejice  of  li  coratable),  to  search  for  and  seize 
luch  I'orfeited  K'mxis. 

SpKtmni  Books  niajr  be  Ief»  by  the  officers  on  the  premiaca  of  per* 
■onaiut'frci  tn  Ihe  excise  hwa  ;  and  any  one  who  ahall  remove  or 
dcftce  auch  hooka  thall  he  lijible  to  a  iM-nalty  of  2001. 

S/moOiHf  Oouds  U  avoid  iTiify.— Oooda  fmudulently  removed 


or  aerreted.  In  onfer  to  avoid  tha  dntj,  to  hn  fbrfelted)  and  every 
nrrton  apsiatlnff  in  atich  removal  shall  forfeit  and  loae  iTetla 
the  value  of  such  foods,  or  100/.,  at  the  diacniion  of  lh«  comuiis' 
aionera. 

Obitrueting  Offlcert.— All  perannt  who  ahall  oppoae,  nmte«t,  ke. 
any  officer  of  eicjsa  In  Ihe  exerittinn  of  his  duty,  ahall  reapectirely, 
for  every  aurh  oirroce,  forfrit  MXH. 

Offirera  violenllv  rcslatetl  in  m.ikinic  any  seizure  may  oppose  fnrca 
tn  force}  awl  in  llie  event  of  their  wounding,  inaiutinv,  or  killioc 
any  peranii,  when  an  nppoaeil,  they  shall  be  aUiuitled  to  bail,  nu4 
may  plnad  the  general  iaatie. 

Juaticra,  niayora,  haititla.  rnnalablrt,  &c.  are  required  In  aniHl  rx- 
ciau  cffii'ert ;  and  aii^  cun^labtit,  or  peace  officer*  who^  on  noMcuaii' 
rt'iiueat,  drcl  inea  i^iof  with  an  exciae  officer,  is  to  forfeit  201.  tot 
evcrv  huch  ollWice. 

Ciahnantt  vj  OonU  leixrdL— No  claim  ah.ill  be  entered  fnr  gooi)| 
aeiaed,  circpl  \u  the  real  nanira  of  the  pmprieton  of  such  innlt. 
Clnimaiila  are  bound  with  2  auretiea  in  a  penally  of  MM,  to  pay  II19 
fx  pcTivea  of  claim  J  and  in  default  I  hereof  the  (ooda  are  tu  fie'cou* 
dimned. 

Pructrdinft  in  Cwrti  of  tnw.~~A\\  penatliefl  under  Ihe  exriM 
lau'i  m.iy  be  auol  fnr  and  reco\erv<d  in  Itie  (jnurta  of  Exchequer  at 
Wratniinater,  F.dinburKb,  or  Dubitu  miH^tively,  nccttnling  ai  the 
olfi  nee  may  have  taktn  plan-  in  Enxland,  Scntland,  or  Irelanil ;  pro- 
vi  led  ihal  >he  pnMtmlinfrs  in  (he  courts  coniuience  within  3  years 
after  tlip  conmtiMlon  of  the  nlftnc e. 

Informations  for  Die  recovery  of  |>rn»Iliea  arilnit  the  exclpo  latti 
In  London  m.iy  be  htanl  and  ;ii>jndicc<l  by  any  3  nr  mnre  of  the  cdtn- 
iiiisaioiiers  of  exciae ;  and  in  other  places  such  iDfnmialinna  ui^xy  to 
ealiibiird  before  I  nr  more  jutticea  of  Ihe  peace,  and  Day  beheani 
am)  adjiid^  by  any  2  nr  more  aurh  jnaticea. 

Mthffidmio/ i^Hof/i(f.— Juaticea  arr  aiithoriacd,  if  they  ahall 
see  ca\ise,  except  h  ben  (here  is  a  ipccial  pniviiion  to  the  contrary, 
tn  milif^te  any  penalty  incurred  (nr  any  offence  cooiniitted  as^iitiat 
the  excise  laws  to  am  fointh  part  thereof;  bin  it  is  lawful  for  Ihe 
cnminiaainnera  nf  exci&e,  when  they  see  cause,  further  to  militate, 
or  entirely  remit,  such  penalty. 

Oittnltitum  of  Ptnaltia.—AW  penalties  and  forfeitures  Incurred 
uo'ler  the  cxcIm*  acta  are  to  be  diatribnted,  hilf  to  his  Majesty,  anJ 
half  to  the  officer  or  pcnon  who  ahall  dUcover,  iuforui,  or  »u«  laf 


FACTOR. 


060 


■1  tl  Datr- 

M. 

im. 

f.  A 

t,         t.  4. 

40   0   0 

M,UO   0   0 

m  i«  0 

iai,«44  If   0 
IU,44i   *   0 

lu  1  e 

M   1    0 

(4.MI   10    0 

M  111    0 

l!l.«M  1*    t 

M  4  n 

4«,4M  11    0 

VI    7    0 

al,.'^^7   3  « 

KT    0   0 

Ti(,3ta  lit  0 

14    0    0 

II  10    0 

n  0  0 

MOO 

M  l(   0 

tn  ti  0 

4i  n  0 

7»  10    0 

4<    4    0 

M  IT    0 

IH  IJ    0 

lilt    •    0 

la  14  0 

4I«  10    0 

no  0  0 

two  0  0 

M  14    0 

6H  1(1    0 

MOO 

ro  4  0 

«    0   0 

«,^U  0  0 

411    S    0 

43,07)    0    0 

7»    0    0 

no  0  0 

WOO 

it,<a)  0  0 

Mil   C 

410   0  0 

Mi  II   0 

4t,7n   1   0 

rm  0  « 

im  0  0 

litis  » 

4,174   7   ( 

wo    5    0 

18,3211   t   0 

il  14    S 

^NI,^74  II    8 

M  l«    fl 

I3:l>30  18    0 

71    4    » 

(I7fl,«7l  10    3 

81   17  II 

IO:l,4M    0  1112 

«6  18    a 

M.IX!)    U    3 

K  t  a 

«3,T0A  tl    tU 

bl  It    0 

tua.iw  »  4 

M    4    4 

43,3:111  13    t 

13  ID    i 

5,341,4:1)1    6  10 

41   e   a 

6'l,ni0   N   0  1-4 

■<a  lu  0 

■t,ti1  IS   0 

M  13    6 

3,170    1    8 

CO    7    7 
'MOO 

l,4.'>.'>,3(i'(  19  10 
2A,7«)    e   0 

00    2    9 

16,877,29^    6    8  34 

I  of 


u^r,  to  bfl  ftorhitetl ;  ind  f wry 
•nxU  foKeil  aiiil  Ipm  Irrhle 
the  diMnlion  of  llw  comuiU, 

ho  >bxll  opiMiw,  niote*t,  ke, 
*  hii  duly,  itiall  reifirclivrljr, 

m  tny  sctiure  may  nppow  fnrw 
wniiiidilig,  lil»hit)til(,  IT  killiiif 
«h.-ill  be  RdoiitieU  to  bail,  .lul 

1^  Ac.  An  requlntd  to  imiM  ri* 
irare  ollker,  w  ho,  on  no'iri:  an  * 
oBicer,  il  to  forfeit  201.  (ul 

-laim  ihall  be  entered  for  (ooti 
the  profrietora  of  tucb  jnioli. 
in  K  penalty  of  ICUt.  to  piy  the 

hereof  the  (oodi  are  to  lie  cuu- 

All  pen>llln  ondrr  the  firiw 
in  the  Courts  of  Eirheiiuer  at 
reapMtively,  ncci»r\liin  at  the 
;lanJ,  Scotland,  or  Ireland  ;  })m- 
lurta  coniuience  witbiu  3  yran 

rnallln  aninat  the  eirlie  la»l 
it  by  any  3  or  more  of  ibp  coin- 
larca  aurh  infomiatinna  nmy  te 
f  the  peace,  and  Biiy  be  huid 
jniticea. 

I  arc  aulhorlicd,  if  they  fliall 
■iai  pniviaion  to  the  contrary, 
any  offence  coomiitled  aitiiiiat 
jervof;  but  it  la  lawful  for  Ihe 
ire  cauie,  further  to  millplc, 

nelliea  and  fnrfeilurei  Incorrcd 
lilted,  halt  to  hii  Majniy,  and 

II  diacoyer,  iufurin,  or  tui  far 


ta  yemllf,  (I*  fnri  kelnc  iM4n  ef  ley  iillear  Klliif  eallwlnly 
II*  makliitf  e  leiiiire,  llie  cunimiaitHuera  ni  ly  direcl  hia  alure  to  be 
MbiM. 

twiu  *n4  AnmiUUin»*~fwnKmt  wifully  lahlef  or  maklim  any 
Iblae  iMlh  or  ainnnallmi  *•  tnany  mallpr  riHinOTteil  wifh  tl',*  .tciie 


Iai**  •hall,  u|niii  lieiiiKnmvir'ail  of  Mirb  iill^'iii'e,  aiilfar  INi 
|,i'iiallie«  iiiriilriil    In  willtti  ami  (-i,irii|it  t>«rji,f>  ,    ani  I 


■  II  liiiii<««    lliriiiriii     ,11    wtiiiti    ■,,■■    ,,'ifii|i,     I'vrj,,,,,     >i,  ,    i|ii."«     i',-,- 

riirie(  or  aulNiriiini  airh  penona  ti,  ai^*iar  or  ainrin  fakely  ilnti, 
ui>ii,i  r'Mivlrli.m,  Un  lialde  ill  ibii  paiiiaaial  iiciialtlva  iurt4fiil  hi  »ub- 
oriiaiinn  of  p«>r|iiry. 

,4ifiuiM  iiCiiiuH  F.nm  fj^TI'e"  "No  errit,  anmirMm,  or  pniceae 
ahall  be  au^nt  <iui  i<r  M*rvairu|-'in,  mir  ahall  any  ailioii  he  hrnu'lit, 
piwwl,  or  imMi-cuU'd  a^aiiiet  any  iiMrer  of  vidmi  lor  any  ll,,.ii 
d  <n*  iiiiiliT  auv  of  Ihe  ea,  lao  latva,  uiilit  aflfr  ih,-  *i|ilratiiin  „(  I 
calandir  ln-Hil»  neil  after  luitioe  in  wrilinf  hna  '''-vii  dalivi  reil  in 
aiirll  iiAlcrr,  aiirrltyiui  tlii,  ciiiao  of  •iirti  arlioii,  aii>l  'I'l^  "tnic  and 
I  liri*  Id  ilHiilr  iif  nil-  iieraiui  In  Mrtiiw,,  uauia  tl  la  to  l'„  l,r  /hi.  No 
aiiionalwll  lie  l«Alnil  any  eiitaenfllcer  I'le  any  thine  d".  'i<ler 
tlie  airlie  la  Ma,  iinli*aa  II  helirniKM  wilhin  :1  nuiiiiha  afler  Mi,  ,  i,i<ie 
ef  action  aba'l  have  arlaen.  il  tu  li(inr„l  In,  eiyen  aiainet  the  plaiiv 
(lit,  an  I  III  fivourof  the  <lffi'iiirini,  the  lalttr  aluiir,  in  every  auch 
aclliin,  h-itr  friff/a  eeala  a^arli-d  ^•  him, 

IVriiiiiif  L'arl(/|c«l<i,  4^:.-Uy  tlw  41  Ueo.  9.  e.  II.  II  toiMcleil, 


Ikul  If  any  mw  dMIl  lirie,  xwKtxfcll,  av  knowlntlf  |lvn  aay 
forieil  rerfilU'Ata  re,|uireil  to  be  granleil  by  any  filU'-rr  \i\  rat  lae,  lie 
iImII  be  tuiiiy  u(  Many,  and  bcriif  ewvicieil,  ikall  l«  iiadepwiaj 
liir  7  yaera. 

All  Indivldiiala  carrying  mi  any  btialnaaa  aiihJeclH  in  thr  rnntml 

of  the  rarlai-, al  uk"  out  llcenree  renewable  anuiiall)  un  tM  ilh 

of  July.  -(Hee  /.iraiirraj 

All  auch  indlmduale  are  alan  ebll^ad  hi  make  enlriea  of  e  rry 
IhhI  (inn,  idat'c,  vewcl,  or  utenati,  aa  llie  r  i*m  m^y  be,  m  'be  itaine 
of  1  •<•  real  oM ii«r,  with  Ihe  odlrer  iif  eirii#  in  whowaiirny  auch 
buil<)iii«,  )>l"^.  Ac.  ahill  lie  ai'iiilrd.  IihJivkIuiU  f'n.ii  I  ,  loploywl 
in  iiitriitfi,  I  riiiM,  M<  KiiifacliMira  are  aeverally  liiM.  lo  a  |M>n.ilty 
of  30f.  bir  the  Aral  ''«^  >' c  ,  aii<i  In  (be  wni  M  any  aioh  iiff'n ler 
trr'i<iiiic  i<r  iici(terliii4  III  |i.<y  aif  h  lienlliy,  he  la  In  Iw  ri-iiiniiltetl  to 
tin,  It'iiiic  <A  Cftrrcciion  or  ntbnr  prtane  r<ir  J  cal,<ii<lar  nioii'tia,  In  be 
krpi  III  I  '  Maiur,  an.l  imi  In  t,,.  lilNiralril  until  (lie  liu.  of  Hit,  hae 
brenpait  i  II'  i<  rin  of  3  liMHiihi  hta  c«pir,<,l }  aitd  (I  r-i'iifl  KUlHy 
of  a  aeu'iml  olbn, , ,  lb''  Ikiie  ta  to  be  tOJ.  )  aivl  lu  (he  event  id  ila  nrd 
lieiitf  palil,  (he  iii,iirift,iiilliilit  i>  to  behr  0  nHinlhe.~(7  fe  la  Ueo.  4« 
c   VI.  a.  33.) 

I'fmtl)  ate  uaiially  neceaauy  lor  Ui4  r^lK  ivalaf  eiclHibte  csa 
tlHidKlea.^l.iee  iVrttMla.) 


EXPORTS,  the  article*  exported,  or  ecnt  beyond  wu. — (See  iNroiiTi  and  ExroRTt.) 


FACTOR,  in  af(ent  employed  by  Mm*  one  individual  or  individuaU,  to  transact  buxinona 
on  bin  or  their  account  Ho  ia  not  ffonerally  reiiilcnt  in  the  name  place  ai  hiit  prinri|>al,  but, 
Uiuully,  in  a  faroiftn  country.  He  iit  authoriicd,  either  by  letter  of  attorney  or  otlicrwine,  to 
recvivo,  buy,  and  mII  iinodiiand  merchandiMt ;  and,  KOK'^allyi  '<*  tranaact  ail  Horta  of  buaineiw 
on  account  of  hia  oinployera,  under  auch  lirnitationit  and  condition*  a*  the  latter  may  chooae 
to  impntie.  A  very  larije  proportion  of  the  foreign  trade  of  thia  and  moat  other  countriea  ia 
now  carried  on  by  meana  of  factora  or  a^fenU. 

Pactora  and  broker*  are,  in  aome  reapect*,  nearly  identical,  but  in  other*  they  are  radically 
diflcrent.  "  A  factor,"  aaid  Mr.  Juatice  Holroyd,  in  a  late  caao,  "dilKra  maturioliy  from  a 
brokur.  The  former  ia  a  person  to  whom  good*  are  aent  or  conaifined ;  and  ho  ha*  not  only 
the  |NHMeaiiion,  but,  in  coniie(|uence  of  it*  lieintr  usual  to  advance  money  upon  them,  ha*  iao 
a  apecial  property  in  them,  and  a  general  lien  U|)on  them.  When,  therefore,  he  acli*  in  hia 
own  name,  it  ia  within  the  acope  of  hia  authority ;  and  it  may  be  riglit,  therefore,  that  tho 
principal  ahould  lie  bound  by  the  conietiuencea  of  auch  aale.  But  tho  case  of  a  broker  ia 
diiferent :  he  haa  not  the  poaaeaHion  of  the  gooda,  and  ao  the  vendor  cannot  be  dcotived  by 
the  circumalance ;  and,  beside*,  the  employing  a  peraon  to  sell  good*  aa  a  broker  doe*  not 
authorise  him  to  soil  in  hi*  own  name.  If,  theroforo,  he  *eU*  in  hi*  own  name,  he  acta  beyond 
the  (co|ie  of  hi*  authority ;  and  hia  principal  i*  not  bound." 

A  factor  i*  uiually  paid  by  a  per-centage  or  commi*sion  on  the  good*  he  *ell*  or  buy*.  If 
he  act  untler  what  ia  called  a  del  ertdert  eommiaaion,  that  ia,  if  he  guarantee  the  price  of  the 
eoodt  sold  on  acaount  of  hiit  principal,  he  receivea  an  additional  percentage  to  indemnify  him 
tor  thi*  additional  re*|)oruibility.  In  case*  of  thi*  aort  tho  factor  atand*  in  the  vendee'*  place, 
and  muat  answer  to  the  principal  for  the  value  of  tho  gixxl*  sold.  But  where  the  factor  un- 
dertakes no  responsibility,  and  intimates  that  ho  act*  only  on  account  of  another,  it  is  clearly 
eslahiished  that  he  i*  not  liable  in  the  event  of  tho  vendue'*  failing. 

The  second  maxim,  that  the  principal  ia  responsible  for  the  act*  of  hi*  agent,  prevails  uni* 
verially  in  court*  of  law  and  equity.  In  order  to  bind  the  principal,  it  is  necesnary  only  that 
third  parties  should  deal  bond  fidt  with  the  agent,  and  that  the  conduct  of  the  latter  should 
/>e  ennformabk  to  the  common  usage  and  mode  of  dealing.  Thus,  a  factor  moy  sell  good* 
upon  credit,  that  being  in  the  ordinary  courae  of  conducting  mercantile  aflairs;  but  a  stock 
broker,  though  acting  bonA  fide,  and  with  a  view  to  tho  benefit  of  hi*  principal,  cannot  aell 
stock  upon  credit,  unleaa  lie  have  tpeeial  initruetioni  to  thai  effect ;  that  being  contrary  to  the 
usual  courae  of  buainess. 

A  *ale  by  a  factor  creates  a  contract  between  the  owner  and  buyer ;  and  this  rule  holds  even 
in  cases  where  the  factor  acts  upon  a  del  credere  commission.  Hence,  if  a  factor  sell  goods, 
and  the  owner  give  notice  to  the  buyer  to  pay  thr  price  to  him,  and  not  to  the  factor,  the 
buyer  will  not  be  justified  in  afterwards  paymg  the  factor,  and  the  owner  may  bring  his  action 
against  the  buyer  for  the  price,  unless  the  factor  has  a  lien  thereon.  But  if  no  auch  notice 
bo  given,  a  payment  to  the  individual  selling  is  quite  sufiicicnt. 

If  a  factor  buy  good*  on  account  of  hi*  principal,  where  he  is  accustomed  so  to  do,  the  con- 
tract of  the  factor  binds  the  principal  to  a  performance  of  the  bargain ;  and  the  principal  is  tho 
person  to  be  sued  for  non-fierformance.  But  it  is  ruled,  that  if  a  factor  enter  into  a  charter- 
party  of  aflVeightment  with  the  master  of  a  ship,  the  contract  oblige*  him  only,  unless  he  lade 
the  vessel  with  his  principal's  goods,  in  which  case  the  principal  and  lading  become  liable,  and 
not  the  factor.  Where  a  factor,  who  is  authorised  to  sell  goods  in  his  own  name,  makes  tho 
buyer  debtor  to  himself;  then,  though  he  be  not  answerable  to  the  principal  for  the  debt,  if  the 


'!■  "I 


mi 


670 


FACTOR. 


money  he  not  jiaiil,  yet  he  hns  a  riRht  to  receive  it,  if  it  be  paid,  and  his  receipt  is  a  sufficient 
dischiir^o ;  the  factor  may,  in  such  a  case,  enforce  the  payment  by  actinii,  ami  the  buyer  can- 
not defend  hinibi-lf  by  alleging  that  the  principal  was  indebted  to  him  in  more  than  tlic 
amount. 

"  Where  a  factor,"  said  Lord  Mansfield,  "dealing  for  n  principal,  but  concealing  that  prin- 
cipal, delivers  goods  in  his  own  name,  the  person  contractin};;  with  him  has  a  right  to  consider 
him,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  the  principal ;  and  though  the  real  princii)al  may  appear, 
and  bring  an  action  on  that  contract  against  the  purchaser  of  the  goods,  yet  that  purchaser 
may  set  oil'  any  claim  he  may  have  against  the  factor,  in  answer  to  tho  demand  of  the  prin- 
eipid." 

Merchants  employing  the  same  fiictor  run  the  joint  risk  of  his  actions,  although  they  are 
striuiu;L'i-s  to  each  other:  thus,  if  diflcrent  merchants  remit  to  a  factor  dilTcrent  bales  of  goods, 
and  the  factor  sell  them  as  a  single  lot  to  an  individual  who  is  to  pay  one  moiety  of  the  jjrice 
down  and  the  other  at  6  monllis'  end ;  if  the  buyer  fail  before  the  second  payment,  each 
niercliunt  must  bear  a  proportional  share  of  the  loss,  and  bo  content  to  accept  his  dividcml 
of  the  money  advanced. — {Beaives,  Lix.  Merc.) 

A  factor  employed,  without  his  knowledge,  in  negotiating  an  illegal  or  fraudulent  trans- 
action, has  aTi  action  against  his  principal.  On  this  ground  it  was  dicided,  that  a  nicicliant 
who  had  consigned  cnunterfi'lt  jewels  to  his  factor,  representing  them  to  be  genuine,  should 
make  full  compensation  to  the  factor  for  the  injury  done  to  him  Iiy  being  concerned  in  such 
a  transaction,  as  well  as  to  the  persons  to  whom  the  jewels  had  been  sold. 

The  office  of  a  factor  or  agent  being  one  of  very  great  trust  and  responsibility,  those  who 
undertake  it  arc  bound,  both  legally  and  morally,  to  conduct  themselves  with  the  utmost 
fidelity  and  circnnisiiection,  A  factor  should  take  the  greatest  care  of  his  principal's  (rnndri 
in  his  hands:  he  should  be  punctual  in  advising  him  as  to  his  transactions  on  his  behalf,  in 
sales,  purchases,  freights,  and,  more  particularly,  bills  of  exchange  :  he  should  deviate  as  sel- 
dom as  possible  from  the  terms,  and  never  from  the  npirit  and  te/wr,  of  the  orders  he  rcc^ivc.^ 
as  to  the  sale  of  comn.odities:  in  the  execution  of  a  commission  for  purchasing  good?,  In; 
fihouid  endeavour  to  conform  as  closely  as  practicable  to  his  instructions  as  to  the  quality  or 
kind  of  goods:  if  he  give  more  for  them  than  he  is  authorised,  they  may  be  thrown  oo  'lis 
hands;  but  he  is  I  o\ind  to  buy  them  for  as  nmch  less  as  he  possibly  can.  After  flic  goods 
are  bought,  he  nmst  dispose  of  them  according  to  order.  If  he  send  them  to  a  different  place 
from  that  to  which  he  was  directed,  they  will  be  at  his  risk,  unless  the  principal,  on  getting 
advice  of  the  transaction,  consent  to  acknowledge  it.* 

A  tiictor  who  sells  a  commodity  under  the  price  he  is  ordered,  may  be  obliged  to  mako 
good  the  dirterence,  unless  the  commodifi/  be  of  a  pcrishalik  nature  and  not  in  a 
condition  longer  to  be  kept.  And  if  he  purchase  goods  for  another  at  a  fixed  rate,  and  their 
price  having  afterwards  risen,  he  fraudulently  takes  them  to  himself,  and  sends  them  some- 
where else,  in  order  to  secure  an  advantage,  he  will  be  found,  by  the  custom  of  merchantti, 
liable  in  damages  to  his  principal. 

If  a  factor,  in  conformity  with  a  merchant's  orders,  buy  with  his  money,  or  on  his  credit,  a 
commodity  he  is  directed  to  purchase,  and,  without  giving  advice  of  the  transaction,  sells  it 
agahi  at  a  profit,  apimipriating  that  profit  to  himself,  the  merchant  may  recover  it  from  him, 
and  have  him  amerced  for  fraud. 

If  a  factor  buy,  conformably  to  his  instructions,  go^ds  of  which  he  is  rolled,  or  which 
suffer  some  unavoidable  injury,  lie  is  discharged,  and  the  loss  falls  on  the  principal.    Hut  if 

♦  "  Whoever,"  says  Dr.  Paley,  "  nndt'rtakps  nnollier  innn's  Imsinoss,  ninUns  it  liis  own;  Hint  i.^, 
prnniijics  lo  ciii|iloy  upon  it  tti«  same  riire,  attention,  and  ililisji'iicc,  thai  lie  would  do  it' it  wore  a<-- 
liially  lii^  invii ;  Tor  lie  knows  that  the  liiidinHj^s  was  coninMllcd  to  him  Willi  lliat  ('xpci'tation.  Aiidlio 
promisi's  imtliiiiR  more  than  this.  'I'lii'rel'urc,  an  ii^'ent  is  not  ohlltrod  to  wail,  iiaiiiiri!,  s<ill<  it,  liilu 
uhoiit  till'  rountry,  toil,  or  sliiily,  whilst  tnero  rrmaiiis  n  pufsihility  ot'  lieiii'lilirK  Ms  •ihploji'r.  It'  lui 
exert  as  iiiucli  activity,  and  iiso  mieli  eaiilion.  as  the  valni'  of  llir  imsiiii'sH  in  hi?  jiidtniicnt  dc^crvis  i 
Unit  is,  a:i  he  would  have  Ihoufllit  stilhiii'iit  if  Ihi!  "aim- int(!rui>t  of  his  own  had  lii'cii  at  titakis  li ' 
has  di.il  harmed  his  duly,  although  it  should  al'iirw  arils  turn  out,  that  hy  moii;  activity,  and  liaiL'ir 
pi^isivi'raiice,  he  uiii;lii  iiavc  toncliidod  tlie  biisim  ss  with  jircatcr  advantage." — (.Uunii  and  J'al.  Ihil. 
V.  12.) 

TImri'  seems  to  Im  a  good  deal  of  laxity  in  this  statement.  It  is  nprossary  to  distiiifinisli  bptwcpii 
tlinse  w  iio,  ill  (ixcciitius  a  comiiiis.^ion,  render  their  services  for  the  particular  occasion  only,  w  itliiait 
liire,  and  thoje  who  undertake  it  i>i  llic  course  of  hiifint^s,  niakiiif;  a  regular  cliaipe  for  their  troiililc 
If  III;:  former  liestow  on  it  that  ordinary  decree  of  cure  and  attention  which  the  /.'cnerulilij  of  inaiikind 
beslou'  oil  finiilar  atfairs  of  their  own,  it  is  all,  perhaps,  that  can  he  expelled:  hiil  the  lalti  r 
will  he  jiislly  censiiralile,  if  they  do  not  evecute  thi'irenjraKi'inenlson  iicciuiiit  of  others  with  that  care 
ami  diliVeiice  wliicli  a  '•  provtile'nl  iiixl  altnilive  fnllier  of  a  familii"  uses  in  his  own  private  cnncerii.-. 
ll  is  their  duly  to  exert  tlieniselves  proportionally  to  the  exiireecy  of  the  atlair  in  hand  ;  and  iieiiln  r 

to  i/.i  any  lliiii'i/,  how  iniiiute  soever,  by  which  their  eiuplujetsniay  sustain  daniatie,  nor  il  iiin 

lliini:,  however  inconsiderable,  which  the  niiliire  of  the  act  reiinires,  I'erbaiis  the  liesl  teiieral  lulc. 
on  the  subject  is,  to  suppose  a  factor  or  nL'ent  iHimid  to  exert  that  decree  of  c;ire  and  vieilanie  iliil 
may  be  rra.'nnahlii  erpcrltit  if  him  Inj  ii/Acr...  At  all  eveiils,  il  is  clear  lie  is  not  to  be  leiiulated  by  lii:i 
own  nntiiia.4  of  the  '-  value  of  the  iiiiHine.'JH."  A  man  may  ne|L'lect  business  of  his  own,  or  not  ibiiik  it 
worth  altendini!  to  ;  but  he  is  not,  llierefnre,  to  be  excused  for  nei'lectiiij;  any  similar  hiisimss  ho  ban 
undertaken  to  transact  for  olbe.'—Criiere  are  some  very  pood  ubservatiuns  on  this  subject  in  Hr 
WUliavt  Juncs's  Knuy  on  Bailments,  SU  ed.  p.  i'i.  and  pataim.) 


is  receipt  is  a  sufficient 
nn,  nnil  the  buyer  can- 
hiin  in  more  than  the 

it  concealing  that  prin- 
has  a  riijht  to  considei 
1  principal  may  appear, 
oils,  yet  that  j)urchascr 
io  demand  of  the  priii- 

ions,  although  they  are 
Jiflerent  hales  of  ijoods, 
one  moiety  of  the  j)rico 
second  payment,  each 
t  to  accept  his  dividcnj 

gal  or  fraudulent  trans- 
■ci(le<l,  that  a  nu'rchaiit 
1  to  lio  goniiine,  shouKl 
leiiig  concerned  in  sucli 
sold. 

isponsibility,  those  wlio 
selves  wilh  the  utmost 
of  his  prinripal's  pnoih 
ctioiis  on  his  behalf,  in 
e  should  deviate  as  sel- 
)f  the  orders  he  receives 
•  purchasing  good?,  he 
ions  as  to  the  qualiiy  or 
may  be  thrown  oD  'lis 
I  can.  Ai"ter  the  gonds 
:heni  to  a  different  place 
he  principal,  on  getting 

nay  be  obliged  to  make 
lalure   and  not    in  a 
a  fixed  rale,  and  their 
and  sends  them  some- 
custom  of  merchautt^. 


ney,  or  on  his  credit,  a 
e  transaelion,  sells  it 
ay  recover  it  from  him, 

le  is  ruhhcd,  or  which 
the  principal.     l!ut  if 


iiliRB  it  Ills  own;  lli;it  is, 
I  would  do  it'  it  were  ilc- 
i;il  ('X|)c(tatii>n.  Anilh.i 
ail.  iiKpiire,  Bolicit,  ililu 
liis  •'ih|il<i5i'r.  \f  \w 
liis  jiid(;iii('nt  (lo'crvi'sj 
liiul  Ix'cii  at  slal((^ ;  li- 
I'le  activity,  iiml  iiai);i  r 
"—(Mural  and  I'd.  riiil. 

to  distlnjiuis'li  bntncpii 
r  occasion  only,  witliiiiit 

larpi!  for  tlair  truulili'. 
le  iftnfralitii  of  tuaiikinil 
x|i(M  li'd  ;  1)111  till!  latter 
<]|' others  Willi  that  cat'.' 
s  own  private  ccnccrii.-'. 
ir  in  liaml ;  and  ni  ula  r 

dnniliMe,  nor  onnl  uJii 
|i8  the  best  iTiicral  nili^ 
■  rare  and  viirilanic  tic.l 
ot  to  III!  it'unlatcd  liy  lii-i 
riiis  own,  or  notlliiiili  it 

Biniihir  luiHiiiiss  liu  Imi 

on  this  subject  in  Air 


FACTOR. 


wl 


the  goods  bo  stolen  from  the  factor,  lie  will  not  be  so  easily  discharged ;  for  the  fact  of  their 
having  been  abstracted  by  stealt/i,  and  not  by  violence,  rui-ses  a  strong  presumption  that  he  had 
not  taken  that  reasonable  care  of  them  which  was  incumbent  upon  him.  If,  however,  ho 
can  prove  that  the  goods  were  lodged  in  a  place  of  security,  and  that  ho  had  not  been  guilty 
of  positive  negligence,  nor  exercised  less  care  towards  them  than  towards  his  own  property, 
he  will  not  be  held  responsible  even  for  a  tht^ft  committed  by  his  servants. — (Jones  on  Hail' 
menls,  Sd  cd.  p.  76. ;  Chitty  on  Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  p.  308.) 

If  a  factor,  having  money  in  his  hands  belonging  to  his  piincipal,  neglect  to  insure  a  ship 
and  goods,  according  to  order,  he  must,  in  the  event  of  the  ship  miscarrying,  make  good  tho 
damage ;  and  if  he  make  any  composition  with  the  insurers  ailtr  insurance,  without  orders  to 
tliatell'ect,  he  is  answerable  for  the  whole  insurance.  A  principal,  at  the  end  of  a  very  long 
letter,  directed  his  agent  thus:  "Observe  the  premium  on  this  value  is  also  to  be  insured." 
Uut  the  agent,  not  noticing  this  sentence,  neglected  to  insure  tho  premium;  and,  being  sued, 
was  held  Hable  for  the  omission. 

If  goods  are  reniittcd  to  a  factor,  and  he  make  a  false  entry  of  them  at  the  Custom-houso, 
or  land  them  without  entry,  and  they  arc,  in  consequence,  seized  or  forfeited,  lie  is  bound  to 
make  good  the  damage  to  his  principal :  but  if  the  factor  make  his  entry  according  to  invoice 
or  letters  of  advice,  and  these  proving  erroneous,  the  goods  arc  seized,  he  is  discharged. 

It  is  now  a  settled  point,  that  a  factor  has  a  lien  on  goods  consigned  to  him,  not  only  for 
incidental  charges,  but  as  an  item  of  mutual  account  for  the  balance  due  to  him  so  long  as  ho 
remains  in  possession.  If  he  be  surety  in  a  bond  for  his  principal,  he  has  a  lien  on  the  goods 
sold  by  him  on  account  of  such  principal,  to  the  amount  of  the  sum  he  is  bound  for. 

It  being  the  general  rule  of  law,  "  that  jiroperty  does  not  change  while  in  transitu,"  or  in  the 
hands  of  a  carrier,  a  consignment  made  before  the  bankruptcy  of  a  consignor,  but  not  arriv- 
ing till  after,  remains  the  property  of  the  consignor,  except,  indeed,  where  the  delivery  id 
made  by  the  order  and  upon  the  account  of  the  consignee,  and  is  a  complete  alienal ion  from 
the  consignor.  In  the  case,  therefore,  of  a  consignment  to  a  factor,  the  properly  remains  tho 
consignor'.'!,  and  passes  into  the  hands  of  his  assignees.  When  a  factor  has  a  lien  on  goods, 
he  has  a  right  to  the  price,  though  received  after  the  bankruptcy. 

Where  general  or  unlimited  orders  are  given  to  a  factor,  lie  is  left  to  buy  and  sell  on  tho 
best  conditions  he  can.  And  if  detriment  arise  to  a  principal  from  the  proceedings  of  a  factor 
acting  under  such  authority,  he  has  no  redress,  unless  ho  can  show  that  he  acted  fraudulently 
or  wilh  f^ross  nea^liifoice. 

A  factor  or  broker  acting  against  the  interest  of  his  principal  cannot  even  receive  his  com- 
mission. If  he  pay  money  on  account  of  his  principal,  without  being  authorised,  he  cannot 
recover  it  liack. 

An  agent  cannot  delegate  his  rights  to  another  so  as  to  bind  the  principal,  unless  expressly 
authorised  to  nominate  a  suli-agent. 

(For  f'jrtlur  information  as  to  the  general  powers  and  liabilities  of  factors  and  agents,  seo 
Ikawrs's  Lex  Merculoria,  art.  Factors,  Sitpcrcurc^ocs,  i^c.  ,•  Chilly's  Commercial  Law,  vol. 
iii.  c.  'i.;  Wuobych  on  Commercial  Lmv,  pp.317 — 329,  olc.  Sec  also  the  article  Buokeiis.) 

Tlic  law  with  respect  to  the  ellect  of  the  transactions  of  factors  or  agents  on  third  parties 
was  placed  on  its  present  fooling  by  the  act  6  (Jeo,  4.  c.  94.  Under  the  law  that  previously 
obtained,  it  was  held,  that  a  factor,  as  such,  had  no  authority  to  plcdi^e,  but  only  to  sell  tha 
goods  of  his  principal;  and  it  was  repeatedly  decided  that  a  principal  might  recover  back 
goods  on  which  a  l.'ond  fulc  advance  of  money  had  been  made  by  a  third  party,  without  his 
being  bound  to  repay  such  advance;  and  notwithstanding  this  third  fiarty  was  wholly  ignorant 
that  the  individual  pledging  the  goods  held  thein  as  a  mere  factor  or  agent.  It  used  also  to 
be  held,  that  bona  Jide  purchasers  of  goods  from  factors  or  agents  not  vested  with  tho  power 
of  sale,  nii^lit  he  made  liable  to  pay  the  jiriire  of  the  goods  a  second  time  to  the  real  owner. 

'i'he  extreme  hardship  and  injurious  influence  of  such  regulations  are  obvious.  It  is  the 
Imsinesii  of  a  jiriiicipal  to  satisfy  himself  as  to  the  conduct  and  character  of  the  factor  or 
agent  hi;  employs;  and  if  he  make  a  false  estimate  of  them,  it  is  more  eipiitable,  surely,  thai 
he  should  be  the  sudi'rer,  than  those  who  have  no  means  of  knowing  any  thing  of  the  matter. 
The  injustice  of  the  law  in  question,  a-id  the  itijory  it  did  to  the  commerce  of  the  country, 
bad  ficquenliy  excited  attention;  and  was  very  ably  set  forth  by  Lord  Liverpool,  in  hisi 
apeeeli  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on  moving  the  second  reading  of  the  new  bill. 

"Those  of  tlifir  Lordships  who  wen;  acipiainted  with  roinniercial  transactions,  wnnM  know  that 
nioiiuy  was  I'riinu'iilly  advanced  on  kooiIs,  w  ilhont  its  liiiiig  possil.le  for  the  person  advaiicinc  the 
inoni'y  to  havo  any  fnrllii'r  aciiiiainl;iiu'c  wilh  iIk'  transactions,  than  that  the  factor  was  in  actual 
pi.ssc!.>ioiiof  the  ;.'oods.  It  then  hccaiiie  a  iiursliiin,  piitlini!  fraud  out  of  vimv,  if  tin;  factor  liccanie  ;i 
lianknipt,  or  in  any  other  wa)  failed  to  exi  cute  his  cii;;at'enieiits.  whether  the  loss  should  fall  on  tho 
piincipal  who  hail  consiitncd  these  floods,  or  on  the /i/ci/^rn' who  had  advanced  innney  on  them.  It 
liail  licen  of  lale  ruled,  that  if  the  factor  were  iiilrnstej  only  to  disposer  of  the  property,  the  loss  must 
fall  on  the  pledgee.  lie  nieanl  to  contend,  that  this  was  contrary  to  cMiuity,  and  contrary  to  anal.ijty  ; 
that  it  was  ilisapproved  of  liy  liiiih  anihorily,  and  was  contrary  to  the  law  in  every  country  of  tliu 
world,  except  this,  and  the  United  Status  of  America,  which  had  drawn  their  law  from  this  country. 
It  was  coMlrary  to  eiinily,  he  thoiislit,  that  the  pledgee,  who  had  advanced  his  money  without  aiiy 
fVand,  but  uii  the  bona  Jidi  possussiun  of  the  fjoods,  should  sntlVr,  lie  had  placed  no  confidence,  but 
lUc  iiriucipul  who  had  uppuiiiteil  the  factor  had  placed  coutlileiice.  IIu  could  liiutt  him  in  hir  opci  .Uona 


: 


! 


1 

r 

\ 

'"* 

I. 
,i 

11 

m 

f 

672 


FACTOR. 


ha  he  pleased — he  cniilil  give  him  any  kind  of  instnictinns— he  might  qualify  hii  power— 1)e  wns  bound 
to  take  prccnutliinR  hnrnre  iilacinfi  cnnfidenre  ;  and  ho  wan  in  nil  respectg  more  linhle  to  siifTer  from 
hi«  fiiiilti  than  the  pledgee.  The  hitter  knewnolhinK  nf  the  power  of  the  fiictor,  he  snw  only  tlin 
goods,  and  advanced  his  money  on  what  was  a  sufficient  security  fur  repayment.  On  every  principle 
vf  natural  equity,  therefore,  the  loss  ought  to  fall,  not  on  the  jiltigee,  but  on  the  principal.  He  knew 
that  thin  view  was  connected  with  one  very  important  question— that  of  possession  and  title  ;  but  it 
was  not  possiblefnr  transactions  to  goon,  unless  the  possession  was  admitted  as  the  title  to  the  gunds. 
If  thii  wore  an  indlderent  question,  or  a  question  involving  only  a  few  cases,  he  would  not  have 
called  on  their  I.orilships  to  legislate  on  this  subject ;  but  ull  the  commerciul  interes'ls  of  the  country 
were  connected  with  it.  And  heniiuht  say,  he  believed  that  two-thirds  oft  lie  whole  commerce  of  the 
country  was  carried  on  by  consigning  goods  to  a  factor,  and  leaving  it  to  his  discretion  to  dispose  of 
them  to  tlie  greatest  advantage,  sending  them  to  market  when  he  pleased,  and  raising  money  on  tliein 
when  he  could  not  send  them  to  market.  Bills  of  Kxcliange,  K.xrheqiicr  hills,  and  money  bills  of  every 
description,  were  subject  to  this  rule.  If  a  person  consigned  Exchequer  bills  to  a  second  person,  and 
he  parted  with  them,  the  third  party  who  obtained  them  was  held  to  have  a  right  totliein.  Commer- 
cial proceedings  were  of  as  much  importance  as  money  proceedings,  and  he  could  not  see  why  they 
«hould  not  receive  the  same  security.  It  niiglit  be  asked,  perhaps,  wlien  this  was  felt  to  be  so  great 
an  evil,  why  it  was  not  altered  before  ;  but  it  seemed  to  be  one  of  those  things  which  had  grown  up 
grndunlly,  and  which  did  much  mischief  before  they  became  extensively  known.  The  hrat  decision, 
lie  believed,  which  estahlislicd  llie  law  as  it  now  stood,  was  delivered  in  1*43;  and  he  knew  that  l.nrd 
Chief  Justice  Gibbs  had  said,  he  could  not  explain  the  origin  of  that  decision.  He  supposed  it  mi^ilit 
have  been  dictated  by  some  fraud.  That  decision,  t lie  Lord  Chief  Justice  maintained,  was  at  vari- 
ance with  tlie  best  interests  nf  commerce,  and  had  grown  out  of  circumstances  he  could  not  explain. 
I'rom  tlic  time  of  tlie  lirst  decision,  the  decisions  had  not  been  numerous,  till  of  late  years.  He  did 
not  diMibt  but  the  judges  had  decided  according  to  the  law  as  it  was  eslahllsbed  by  these  precedents; 
but  in  doing  that  they  had  expressed  their  regret  that  these  precedents  lind  been  established.  (Here 
his  Lordship  read  an  extract  from  opinions  delivered  by  (he  late  Lord  Chief  Justice  Ellenborough,und  a 
late  judfte,  Mr.  I.e  Diane,  expressin;!  Ilieir  regret,  in  deciding  cases  according  tu  tliese  precedents,  that 
they  had  been  estaldislied.)  lie  inferred  from  these  opinions,  that  these  Judges,  tbouL'ii  they  had  felt 
themselves  obliged  to  decide  in  this  way,  supposed  that  tlie  law  was  contrary  to  the  general  analogy 
of  nur  laws,  and  to  the  principles  of  Justice.  He  then  came  to  the  last  consideration,  the  law  of  ilijs 
country  being  ill  tills  respect  different  from  the  laws  of  all  other  countries,  except  the  law  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  In  all  other  countries,  the  law  was  recognised  to  lie  what  lie  wislied  lo 
establish  it  by  the  bill  before  tlieir  Lordships.  When  there  was  no  evidence  of  fraud,  it  was  held,  tiiat 
the  mail,  advancing  money  on  goods  held  by  a  flictur,  should  not  sutTi-r  for  liis'faults,  but  tliat  tlie  per- 
son who  confided  in  tlie  factor  must  be  the  sufferer.  This  was  also  the  law  in  8ciitlaiut.  lis  had  un- 
derstood, too,  tliat  the  evils  of  the  law  were  felt  in  America,  and  that  means  had  been  taken  for 
bringhig  it  before  the  congress,  whh  n  view  to  assimilate  the  law  of  America  lothe  law  of  dther  coun- 
tries. If  the  question  were  examined  by  the  principles  of  equity,  by  analogy  with  otiier  cases,  by  tlie 
authority  of  those  who  decided  in  our  courts,  or  by  the  practice  of  other  countries,  it  would  he  fiiiind 
lliattlie  reasons  were  strong  in  favour  of  tlic  bill.  It  was  of  great  importance  in  commercial  transac- 
tions, that  our  law  should  be  like  tlie  laws  of  other  countries.  It  was  not  the  same  with  the  laws  re. 
lative  to  real  property— to  our  local  law,  if  he  might  so  call  it ;  but  wlieii  the  bill  was  founded  on  equity 
and  analogy,  he  thought  it  was  an  additional  reason  in  hs  favour,  that  it  assimilated  our  commercial 
law  lo  the  commt^rcial  law  of  otiier  countries.  He  did  not  know  if  he  had  made  himself  understood, 
or  if  he  had  sufficiently  explained  the  object  of  tlie  hill ;  but  the  measure  was  founded  in  Justice,  and 
lie  hoped  to  have  their  Lordships'  consent  to  it."  The  noble  Earl  concluded  by  moving  the  second 
reading  of  the  bill. 

By  the  netv  law,  all  persons  intrusted  with  and  in  possession  of  goods  are  supposed,  unless 
the  contrary  be  made  distinctly  to  appear,  to  be  their  owners,  so  far,  at  least,  that  they  may 
pledge  them  or  sell  them  to  third  parties.  The  following  are  the  principal  clauses  of  this  im- 
portant act,  6  Geo.  4.  c  94. 

Factors  or  Agents  baring  Ooods  or  Merchandise  in  their  Possession,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  true 
Owners. — Any  person  intrusted  for  the  purpose  of  consignment  or  of  sale,  with  any  goods,  wares,  or 
merchandise,  and  who  shall  have  ship|>ed  such  in  his  own  name,  and  any  person  in  whose  name  any 
foods,  wares,  or  merchandise  shall  be  shipped  by  any  other  person,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  true 
owner,  solar  as  to  entitle  the  consignee  tou  lien  tliereon  in  res|iect  of  any  money  or  negotiable  secu- 
rity advanced  by  such  consignee  for  the  use  of  the  person  in  whose  name  such  goods,  wares,  or  mer- 
chandise shall  be  shipped,  or  in  respect  of  any  money  or  negotiable  security  received  by  him  to  the 
use  nf  such  consignee,  in  like  manner  as  if  such  (lerson  was  the  true  owner ;  provided  such  consignee 
ihall  not  have  notice  by  the  hill  of  lading,  or  otiierwise,  before  the  time  of  any  advance  of  siicii  money 
or  negotiable  security,  or  of  such  receipt  of  money  or  negotiable  security,  in  respect  of  whicli  such 
lien  is  claimed,  that  such  person  so  shipping  in  his  own  name,  or  in  wliose  name  any  goods,  wares, 
or  merchandise  shall  be  shipped  hy  any  (wrsoii,  is  not  the  actual  and  bonit  Jiile  owner,  any  law,  usai;e, 
or  custom  to  the  contrary  thereof  notwithstanding:  provided  also,  that  the  person  in  wiio^e  mime 
Fuch  poods,  wares,  or  merchandise  are  so  shipped  shall  be  taken,  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  to  have 
been  uitruslcd  therewith  for  tlie  purpose  of  consignment  or  of  sale,  unless  the  contrary  thereof  shall 
he  made  to  appear  by  bill  of  discovery,  or  be  made  to  appear  in  evidence  by  any  person  disputing  such 
fact.—}  1. 

Persons  in  Possession  of  Bills  nf  Lading  to  be  the  Owners,  so  far  as  to  make  valid  Contracts.— Trnm 
and  after  the  1st  of  U<rtober,  IHW,  any  person  intrusted  with  any  hill  of  lading,  India  warrant,  duck 
warrant,  warehouse  keeper's  certilicate,  wharfinger's  certificate,  warrantor  order  for  delivery  uf 
froodH,  pliall  he  deemed  to  be  the  true  owner,  so  far  as  to  give  validity  to  any  contract  or  agreenieut 
•  hereafter  lo  be  entered  into  by  such  person  so  intrusted,  with  any  person,  liodv  pidilic  or  corporate, 
for  the  sale  of  Hie  said  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  or  for  tlie  deposit  or  pledge  thereof  as  a  secu- 
rity for  any  iiionev  or  negotiable  instrument  advanced  or  given  by  such  person,  body  politic  or  corpo- 
rate, upon  the  fliith  of  such  documents;  provided  such  person,  body  politic  or  corporate,  shall  not 
have  notice,  by  such  documents  or  otherwise,  that  such  person  so  intrusted  Is  nut  the  actual  and  bond 
file  owner.—  }  2. 

Jifi)  Per.'nn  to  acquire  a  Security  upon  Qoods  in  the  Hands  of  an  Agent  for  an  antecedent  Debt,  be-i/ond  Ihi 
JIniount  of  the  Agent's  Interest  in  the  Goods.— In  case  any  person, lody  politic  or  corporate,  siiall,  alter 
this  act,  accept  any  suAi  goods,  in  deposit  or  pledge,  from  any  such  person  so  intrusted,  without  nntjre 
OS  aforesaid,  as  a  security  fir  any  debt  or  demand  due  from  any  such  person  so  intrusted,  lo  such  per- 
son, body  politic  or  corporate,  before  the  time  of  such  deposit,  then  such  (lerson,  body  politic  or  corpo- 
rate, so  ncrepting  such  goods  in  deposite  or  pledge,  shall  acquire  no  further  interest  in  the  said  goods, 
or  any  such  document,  than  was  possessed,  or  might  liave  been  enforced,  by  the  said  person  so  intrust- 
ed, at  the  time  of  such  deposit  or  pledge  ;  but  such  |i«rson,  body  politic  or  corporate,  so  accepting  such 
goods  in  depositor  pledge,  shall  uc(|uire,  possess,  and  vnfurce  Rucl)  right,  title,  or  interest  us  iniglil 
Mve  be«n  enforced  by  such  person  so  Intrusted.—}  3, 


FACTORAGE. 


678 


power— he  was  bonnd 
re  liable  to  »uffnr  from 
iictor,  he  saw  only  tho 
It.    On  every  principle 
iR  principal.    He  knew 
siiinn  nnd  title ;  bnt  It 
9  the  title  to  the  gonita. 
89,  he  would  not  have 
nterests  of  the  country 
whole  comninrcc  of  the 
liscrction  to  dispose  nf 
raiding  money  on  tliem 
nd  money  bill«  of  every 
o  a  second  person,  and 
ght  to  them.    Comnier- 
•ould  not  sec  why  they 
wag  felt  to  be  so  great 
{s  which  had  grown  up 
/vn.    The  Hrst  decision, 
and  he  knew  that  l.nril 
lie  supposed  it  nii).'lit 
tintained,  wag  at  vari- 
es he  could  not  explain, 
of  late  years.    He  did 
nd  by  these  precedents  ; 
>een  established.   (Here 
[ice  Ellenborough,  and  a 
o  tliese  precedents,  that 
L'9,  thouuh  they  had  felt 
y  to  tlie  general  analogy 
ieration,  the  law  of  tliig 
,  except  the  law  of  ilie 

0  be  wh.1t  lie  wished  to 
f  fraud,  it  was  held,  that 
'faults,  but  that  the  pcr- 

1  Sciitland.  He  had  uii- 
ins  had  been  taken  for 
othe  law  of  other  coun- 
with  other  cases,  by  the 
iitries,  it  would  be  found 
>  in  commercial  transat- 
isanie  with  the  laws  re. 
II  was  founded  on  equity 
iniilated  our  commercial 
lade  himself  understood, 

founded  in  Justice,  ami 
U  by  moving  the  second 

s  are  supposed,  unless 
t  least,  that  they  inay 
pal  clauses  of  this  im- 

.be  deemed  to  be  the  tru* 
ih  any  goods,  wares,  or 
tgon  in  whose  name  any 
[e  deemed  to  be  the  true 
.iney  or  negotiable  sccu- 
|h  goods,  wares,  or  mcr- 
r  received  by  him  to  the 
irovided  such  consignee 
advance  of  such  money 
1  respect  of  which  siirh 
jame  any  goods,  wares, 
[owner,  any  law,  usage, 
1  person  in  wliose  nimiB 
OSes  of  this  act,  to  have 
,,  contrary  thereof  shall 
|y  person  disputing  such 

Ivalid  Cnntracts.—Trnm 
lig,  India  warrant,  dock 
Ir  order  for  delivery  of 
I  contract  or  ngreeuienl 
lidv  pidilic  or  corporale, 
leiige  thereof  as  a  sicu- 
Ti,  body  politic  or  corpo- 
t)r  corporale,  shall  not 
Giot  the  actual  and  bunA 

fecedcnt  Debt,  beyond  the 
■  corporate,  shall,  aHer 
Itrusted,  without  notice 
1  intrusted,  to  such  per- 
i,  body  politic  or  corpii- 
[erest  in  the  said  gooils, 
I  said  person  so  iiitrusl- 
Irate,  so  accepting  such 
|e,  or  iiitereBt  us  iniglit 


Pertona  may  enntraet  with  Anoion  ^genti  In  the  ordinary  Couriie  of  Himlnete,  or  out  of  that  Count,  if 
tcithin  the  Agent's  Authority.— From  and  after  the  1st  of  October,  I8'M,  it  sliall  be  lawful  for  any  per- 
son, body  politic  or  corporate,  to  contract  with  any  agent,  inlriislcd  with  any  goods,  or  to  whom  tha 
sumo  may  be  consigned,  for  the  purchase  of  such  goods,  and  to  receive  the  same  of  and  pay  for  Ihu 
same  to  such  agimt ;  and  such  contract  and  pnymnnt  sh.ill  be  binding  upon  the  owner,  notwilhstand- 
ing  such  pnrson,  body  pidhic  or  corporale,  shall  have  notice  that  tlie  person  making  and  entering  into 
suiili  contract,  or  on  whose  behalf  sucli  contraclis  nuide,  is  an  aaent ;  provided  such  contract  and  pay- 
nicut  be  nindi;  in  the  usual  courso  of  business,  and  thiit  such  pert^on,  boily  politic  or  corporate,  shall 
not  have  notice  that  such  agent  is  not  authorised  to  sell  the  said  goods,  or  to  receive  tho  said  purchasu 
money.—}  4. 

Persona  may  accept  and  lake  Oooda  in  Pledge  from  known  JlgeDti.—Fmm  and  after  the  passing  of  thiit 
acr,  it  shall  be;  lawful  for  any  pi'rB(m.  body  politic  or  corporate,  to  accept  any  such  goods,  or  any  sucli 
diicuinent  as  aforesaid,  in  depositor  pledge  from  any  factor  or  agent,  nolwilhstaiuling  such  person, 
body  politic  or  corporate,  shall  have  notice  that  the  person  making  sucli  deposit  or  ploilite  Is  a  factor 
or  agunt ;  but  then  and  iii  tliat  case  such  person,  body  politic  or  corporate,  shall  acquire  no  further  in- 
terest in  the  said  goods,  or  any  such  document,  than  was  possessed  or  miglit  have  been  enforced  by  tho 
said  factor  or  agent,  at  the  time  of  such  deposit  or  pledge  ;  but  such  person,  liody  politic  or  corporate, 
shall  acquire,  possess,  and  enforce  such  riglit,  tilhs  or  interest  as  was  possessed  and  might  have  been 
eiil'orcnd  by  such  factor  or  agent.—}  H. 

Right  of  the  true  Owner  to  follow  his  Goods  nhilc  in  the  Hindu  <f  his  Agent  or  of  his  Assignee  in  cart 
of  BiinArHp«ct/.— Nothing  h"reln  contained  shall  he  deeim^d  to  deprive  the  true  owner  or  proprietor 
of  such  gooils  from  demanding  and  recovering  llie  same  from  his  factor  or  nguul,  before  the  sann>  shall 
have  been  so  sold,  deposited,  or  pledged,  or  from  the  assignees  of  sucli  factor  or  agent,  in  tlie  event  of 
his,  her,  or  their  bankruptcy ;  nor  to  prevent  such  owner  or  proprietor  from  demanding  or  recovering 
nf  and  from  any  person,  bodies  pcdilic  or  corporate,  tho  price  agreed  to  be  piiid  for  the  purchase  of 
giicn  goods,  subject  to  any  riglit  of  set-off  on  the  part  of  such  persons,  bodies  politic  or  corporale, 
agiiinst  such  factor  or  agent;  not  [nor]  to  prevent  such  owner  or  proprietor  from  demanding  or  re- 
covering of  and  from  such  persons,  bodies  pulitic  or  corporatiN  such  goods,  so  deposited  or  pledged, 
upon  repayment  of  the  money,  or  on  restoration  of  the  iK^gniiahle  instruincnt  so  advanced  or  given 
on  the  security  of  such  goods,  by  such  persons,  boilieg  politic  or  cnrporate,  to  such  factor  or  ag(>nt ; 
and  upon  payment  of  siuh  further  sum,  or  on  resturailon  of  such  other  negotiable  Inslruiiieiit  (if  any) 
as  may  have  been  advanced  or  given  by  such  factor  or  naeiit.  to  such  owner  or  proprietor,  or  on  pay- 
ment of  a  sum  equal  to  the  amount  of  such  instriimi'iit ;  nor  to  prevent  the  said  owner  or  proprietor 
from  recovering  of  and  from  such  persons,  bodies  politic,  or  corporate,  any  balance  remaining  in  tlieir 
hands,  as  the  produce  of  thi^  sale  of  such  goods,  :ifler  deducting  thereout  tho  aiiKUint  of  the  nioiiey  or 
negotiable  instrument  so  advanced  or  given  upon  the  security  thereof;  provided  always,  that  In 
case  of  the  bankruptcy  of  any  such  factor  or  agent,  the  owner'or  proprietor  of  I  lie  goods  so  plodgeil 
anil  redeemed  sliall  be  held  to  have  discharged  pro  tanto  the  debt  due  by  them  to  the  estate  of  such 
bankrupt.—}  0. 

Agents  fraudulently  pledging  the  Goods  of  their  Principals. — The  7  &  8  (Jeo.  4.  c.  2!1.  }  ."SI.  enacts, 
*'That  if  any  factor  or  agent  intrusted,  for  the  purpose  of  sale,  with  any  goods  or  mercliandiso,  or  in- 
trusted with  any  blllof  lading,  warehouse  keeper's  or  whartinger'scertiticate,  or  warrant  or  order  for 
the  delivery  of  goods  or  nierchandisu,  shall,  for  his  own  benfjil,  and  in  violation  if  good  faith,  deposit 
or  pledge  any  such  goods  or  merchandise,  or  any  of  the  said  documenls,  as  a  security  for  any  money 
or  negotialile  instrument  borrowed  or  received  by  such  factor  or  agent,  at  or  before  tho  tinieof  maklnit 
such  deposit  or  pledge,  or  intended  to  be  thereafter  borrowed  or  received,  every  such  olTender  sbnil 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  being  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  liable,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court, 
to  be  transported  beyond  the  seas  for  any  term  not  exceeding  14  years,  nor  less  than  7  years,  or  to 
sufTei  such  other  piinishuient  by  (liieor  imprisonment,  or  by  both  us  the  court  shall  award  ;  but  no  sucli 
factor  or  agent  shall  be  liable  to  any  prosecution  for  depositing  or  pledging  any  such  goods  or  mer- 
chandise, or  any  of  the  said  documents,  in  case  the  same  shall  not  be  made  a  security  for,  or  subject 
to  the  payment  of,  any  greater  sum  of  money  than  the  amount  which,  at  the  time  of  such  deposit  or 
pledge,  was  justly  due  and  owing  to  such  factor  or  agent  from  his  priiicipa*Ttigetlier  with  the  amount 
nf  any  bill  or  bills  of  excliange  drawn  by  or  on  account  of  such  principal,  and  accepted  by  such  factor 
or  agent," 

Tliis  provision  does  not  extend  to  partners  not  being  privy  to  the  offence  ;  nor  docs  it  take  away 
any  remedy  at  law  or  equity  which  any  party  ansrrieved  by  any  offence  niiglit  have  been  entitled  t(» 
asainst  such  otfender.  And  no  one  shall  be  liable  to  bo  convicted  by  any  evidence  whatever  us  an 
offender  against  this  act,  in  respect  nf  any  act  done  by  him,  if  he  shall,  at  any  time  previously  lo  hi^l 
being  indicted  for  such  offence,  have  disclosed  such  acts,  on  oath,  In  consequence  of  any  compiiU 
siiry  process  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  in  any  action,  suit,  &e.  which  shall  have  been  bnndjide  in- 
stituted by  any  party  aggrieved,  or  if  he  shall  have  disclosed  the  same  in  any  uxaminatbin  or  deposition 
before  any  couimissioners  of  bankrupt, — }  52, 

FACTORAGE,  or  GOM.MISSION,  the  nllowatice  ffiven  to  factors  liy  tho  mprehont^  an<l 
manufiicturors,  &.c.,  who  eiiipioy  them:  it  is  a  porcoiitago  on  tho  gaod.s  thoy  purchase  or  sell 
on  account  of  their  principals;  and  varies  in  diirisrent  countries,  and  as  it  refers  to  dillorent 
arlicle.s.  It  is  customary  for  factors,  as  observed  in  the  previous  article,  to  insure  the  dohts 
due  to  those  for  whom  they  soil  for  an  additional,  or  del  crederR,  commission,  tjonerally 
averugiiig  from  I J  to  2  per  cent.  Tactorago  or  comini-ssion  is  also  freipicnlly  charged  at  a 
certain  rate  per  cask,  or  other  package,  measure,  or  weight.  esi)ocially  when  tiio  factor  is  only 
employed  to  receive  or  deliver;  this  commission  is  usually  fixed  by  special  agreement  between 
the  merchant  and  factor. 


PACTOnAaG,  IIrokerare,  and 

Commission  Tadlr. 

Amount, 
i. 

At  1  SperCl. 

At  1-4  perCt, 

At  3  8  per  Ci. 

At  1.2p«rCt. 

At  5  8  pur  CI. 

At  3-4  por  Ct. 

Al^S'.rfCt, 

At  1  ptr  CI. 

L.    I.   d. 

L.    1.    d. 

r.    I,   rf. 

/,.    ..   It. 

t..    t.   ri. 

L.    t.   (t. 

/.„    ..  A 

"7,  "JT'" 

1 

0    0    0  1.4 

0    0    0  1.2 

0   0    03  4 

U    0    1 

on    11-2 

U    0    134 

0    0    2 

0    0    2  14 

2 

0    0    0  1-2 

0    0     1 

0    0     1  .1.1 

»    0    2  1-4 

0    0    3 

n    0    3  l-i 

0    0    4 

0    0    434 

3 

0    0    03-4 

0    n     1  3-4 

0    0    2  1.2 

0    0    3  t-! 

0    0    4  13 

0    0    5  1-4 

0    0    0  1-4 

0    0    7 

4 

0    0     ! 

0    0    2  14 

0    0    3  1-2 

9    0    43-4 

0    0    6 

0    0    7 

0    0    814 

0    0    9  1-2 

b 

0    0     M-2 

0    0    3 

0    0    41  i 

0   n   « 

0    0    7  1-.' 

0    0    9 

0    0  10  1.2 

0     1     0 

6 

0    0     134 

0    0    3  13 

0    0    0  1-4 

0    0    7 

0    0    U 

0    0  10  3.4 

0     1     0  12 

0     1     2 

7 

0    0    2 

0    0    4 

0    0    6  3-4 

0  n  H 1-1 

0    0  10  12 

0     1     012 

n     1     21,! 

0     1     4  3-4 

8 

0    0    2M 

0    0    4  34 

0    0    7 

0    0    012 

0     1     0 

0    1     2  14 

0    1    4  34 

0    J     7 

9 

0   0   :2 1.2 

0    II    fi  1-4 

0    0    R 

0    0  10  3-4 

0     1     I  1-2 

0     1     4 

0    1    Ii3,4 

0     1     01.1 

10 

0    0    3 

0    0    6 

0    0    9 

0    1    0 

0     1     3 

0    1     6 

0    1    ft 

0    2    0 

'JO 

0    0    8 

0     1     0 

0  1   a 

0    2    0 

0    2    0 

0    3    0 

0    3    0 

0    4    0 

30 

Vol  I. 

0    0    9 

— 3L 

0    1     6 

0    2    3 

0    3    0 

86 

0    8    » 

0    4    9 

0  s  a 

0    G    0 

! 
ii 

'lil"  Ft 

1 

li  'i    1'' 

ill 

■i!<  I 


674 


FACTORY,  FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


Tah\o— continued. 


Amount. 

Al  1-8  pi-r  Ct. 

At  1-4  per  CI 

At  3  9  pc-  CI. 

Al  1^2  per  Ct. 

Al  5-8  pur  CI. 

At  3  4  uerCI. 

Al  7-8  per  Ct. 
/..  ..   iL 

Al  I  per  CI. 
/..   f.   rf. 

i. 

/..    I.  rf. 

/,.    1.   rf. 

/, 

>.    d. 

I..   >. 

d. 

I..   1.   d. 

/..  ».  d 

" 

40 

0    1    0 

0    2    0 

C 

3    0 

0    4 

0 

0    5    0 

0    6    C 

0    7    0 

0    8    0 

W 

0    1    3 

0    2    6 

0    3    9 

0    6 

0 

0    6    3 

0    7    6 

0    8    9 

0  10    0 

m 

0    1     6 

0    3    0 

0    4    li 

U    6 

0 

0    7    6 

0    9    0 

0  10    6 

0  12    0 

70 

0    1    9 

0    3    6 

C 

S    3 

0    7 

0 

0    9    9 

0  10    « 

0  12    3 

0  14    0 

SO 

0    2    0 

0    4    0 

t 

6    0 

0    8 

0 

0  10    0 

0  12    C 

0  14    0 

0  16    0 

90 

0    2    3 

0    4    (i 

c 

6    9 

0    B 

0 

0  113 

0  13    t 

0  15    9 

0  It    0 

100 

0    2    6 

0    3    0 

t 

7    6 

0  10 

0 

0  12    6 

0  13    0 

0  17    6 

1    0    0 

ma 

0    3    0 

0  10    0 

Oli    0 

1    0 

0 

1     5    0 

1  10    0 

1   13    0 

2    0    0 

300 

0    7    8 

0  13    0 

2    6 

1  10 

0 

1   17    6 

2    5    0 

2  12    6 

3    0    0 

400 

0  10    0 

1    0    0 

10    0 

2    0 

0 

2  10    0 

3    0    0 

3  10    0 

4    0    0 

600 

0  >i  a 

I    5    0 

17    6 

2  10 

0 

3    2    6 

3  13    0 

4    7    8 

6    0    0 

tiOO 

0  15    0 

1  10    0 

9 

3    0 

3    0 

0 

3  15    0 

4  10    0 

5    S    0 

6    0    0 

7'JO 

0  17    6 

1  li    0 

a 

12    6 

3  10 

0 

4    7    6 

5    3    0 

6    2    6 

7    0    0 

(■00 

1     0    0 

2    0    0 

a 

0    0 

4    0 

0 

5    0    0 

6    0    0 

7    0    0 

8    0    0 

(MX) 

1    ')    6 

2    5    0 

L 

7    6 

4  lU 

0 

5  12    6 

6  15    0 

7  17    6 

9    0    0 

i.m;i 

1    3    0 

2  lU    0 

S 

13    0 

.3    0 

0 

6    3    0 

7  10    0 

ft  13    0 

10    0    0 

2.0)0 

2  10    0 

6    0    0 

1 

10    0 

10    0 

0 

12  10    0 

13    0    0 

17  10    0 

211    0    0 

8.000 

3  13    0 

7  10    0 

11 

f,  n 

13    0 

0 

IS  15    0 

22  10    0 

26    5    n 

30    0    0 

•t.UJO 

5    0    0 

10    0    0 

1 

0    0 

23    0 

0 

23    0    0 

30    0    0 

33    0    0 

40    0    0 

S('<W 

6    3    0 

!i  10    0 

If 

13    0 

23    0 

0 

31    S    0 

87  10    0 

43  16    0 

50    0    0 

lO.OliO 

12  10    0 

2.>    0    0 

37 

10    0 

50    0 

0 

- 

C2  10    0 

7.3    0    0 

87  10    0 

ICO    0    0 

A  inun>.       At  1  1-2  p.:r  C!.'     Al  i  p-r 

-1 

At  2  :-3 

per  Ct. 

At  3  per  Ct. 

Al  4  per  CI. 

A!  4  1-2  p;r  CI. 

Al  S  prr  CI. 
L.    1.   d. 

/.. 

/,.    f.    rf. 

/-.    I. 

/..    1.   d. 

L.    1. 

d. 

L.    I.    d. 

/,.   1.    d. 

0   0   at-i 

0    0    4  34 

0    0    6 

0    0 

7 

0    0    9 

0    0  10  3  4 

0    1     0 

2 

0    0    7 

0    0    (112 

0 

0 

0    1 

234 

0    1     7 

0    i    9  1-2 

0    2    0 

3 

0    0  10  3  4 

0    I    2  1.4 

0 

6 

0    1 

9  1.2 

0    2    4 

0    2    8  1-4 

0    3    0 

4 

0    1    2  1-4 

0    1     7 

0    2    0 

0    2 

4  34 

0    3    2 

0    3    7 

0    4    0 

5 

0    1    B 

0    2    0 

0    2    8 

0    3 

0 

0    4    0 

0    4    6 

0    5    0 

6 

0    1    9  1.2 

0    2    4  3-t 

0    3    0 

0    3 

7 

0    4    9 

0    5    43-1 

0    6    0 

7 

0    2    1 

0    2    91-2 

0    3    H 

0    4 

214 

0    6    7 

0    6    3  12 

0    7    0 

8 

0    2    4  34 

0    3    21.1 

0    4    0 

0    4 

U  12 

0    6    4 

0    7    21.4 

0    8    0 

S 

0    2    8  M 

0    3 

? 

0    4    6 

0    6 

43  4 

0    7    2 

0    8     1 

0    9    0 

10 

0    3    0 

(1    4 

1 

0    . 

.    0 

0    6 

0 

0    8    0 

0    9    0 

0  10    0 

m 

0    6    0 

0    8    0 

0  10    0 

0  12 

0 

0  16    0 

0  18    0 

1    0    0 

30 

0    R    0 

0  10    0 

0  1 

.    0 

0  14 

0 

1    4    0 

1     7    0 

1  10    0 

40 

0  12    0 

0  lli 

1    0    0 

1    4 

0 

1  12    0 

1   16    0 

2    0    0 

60 

0  1-.    0 

1    0 

1 

.    0 

1   10 

0 

2    0    0 

2    3    0 

2  10    0 

GO 

0  18    0 

1     4 

1  10    0 

1  111 

0 

2    9    0 

2  11    0 

3    0    0 

TO 

1     1    0 

1     S 

1   13    0 

2    2 

0 

2  16    0 

3    3    0 

3  10    0 

80 

1    4    0 

1   12 

2 

1    0 

2    8 

0 

3    4    0 

3  12    0 

4    0    0 

M 

1    7    0 

1  lt> 

2 

J    0 

2  14 

0 

3  12    0 

4     1     0 

4 10  o; 

5    0    Ol 

KO 

1  10    0 

2    0 

) 

2  10    0 

3    0 

0 

4    0    0 

4  10    0 

2..0 

3    0    0 

4    0 

f) 

6 

3    0 

6    0 

0 

8    0    0 

9    0    0 

10    0    0 

>        aoo 

4  10    0 

6    0 

a 

7  10    0 

9    0 

0 

12    0    0 

13  10    0 

13    0    0 

400 

6    0    0 

8    0 

n 

10 

3    0 

12    0 

0 

16    0    0 

18    0    0 

20    0    0 

5113 

T  10    0 

10    0 

0 

U  10    0 

13    0 

0 

20    0    0 

22  ID    0 

23    0    0 

KV) 

9    0    0 

1!    0 

a 

13 

3    0 

IS    0 

0 

24    0    0 

27    0    0 

30    0    0 

7I>!) 

10  10    0 

11    0 

0 

17  10    0 

21    0 

0 

23    0    0 

31  to    0 

83    0    0 

HO 

12    0    0 

IS    0 

0 

20 

0    0 

•H    0 

0 

32    0    0 

36    0    D 

40    0    0 

too 

13  10    0 

1»    0 

0 

22  10    0 

27    0 

0 

36    0    0 

40  10    0 

43    0    0 

1,1/10 

n  0  0 

20    0 

0 

25 

[)    0 

SO    0 

0 

40    0    0 

45    0    0 

60    0    0 

3,000 

30    0    0 

40    0 

0 

60 

n  0 

60    0 

0 

80    0    0 

92    0    0 

100    0    0 

.■n«w 

45    0    0 

61    0 

0 

7') 

0    0 

90    0 

0 

1 

20    0    0 

133    0    0 

130    0    0 

4.' CO 

60    0    0 

W)    0 

0 

iro 

0    0 

120    0 

0 

ItiO     0     0 

180    0    0 

2il0    0    0 

6,0i^) 

7-.    0    0              lUO    0 

0 

22'> 

0    0 

I'O    0 

0        1      2(10    0    0 

223    0    0 

i.-iO    0    0 

r.rcn 

l-iil    0    0              5'0    0 

0 

2>0 

0    0 

3;io    0 

0        1      40J    0    0 

4-.0    0    0 

300    0    0 

FACTORY,  a  placo  where  merchants  nnd  factors  reside,  to  negotiate  business  for  them- 
Reives  and  their  corrcsponder.ta  oa  commission.  We  have  factories  in  China,  Turkey,  I'or- 
tunral,  Uu.'^si.i,  &e. 

F.MRS  AX  I)  MARKET8.  These  institutions  are  ver>  closely  nllied,  A  fair,  as  the 
term  is  now  Erpnorally  understood,  is  only  a  greater  species  of  market  rocnrring  at  more  distant 
intervals.  Both  are  nppro[)rialod  to  the  sale  of  1  or  mvire  speoies  of  goods,  the  hirinij  of 
servants,  or  labourer.'?,  &n\:  hut  fairs  are,  in  nio-it  ca^^s,  attended  by  a  greater  concuiirso  of 
poojile,  firwho.se  amiisoincnt  various  exliiliitions  are  got  up. 

1.  O'n-r'in  of  Faint. — Ins'.ltntions  of  litis  sort  are  peculiarly  servicenlilc  in  the  earlier 
stages  of  soaiety,  and  in  rude  and  inland  countries.  The  number  of  shops,  and  the  coin- 
jno.lilies  in  them,  are  then  either  comparatively  limited,  or  lliey  arc  but  little  frequented  by 
iloalers;  .so  that  it  is  for  the  advantage  of  all,  that  fairs  should  be  established,  and  merchants 
iinluced  to  attend  them.  For  this  purpose  various  priviliges  have  been  nnne.Ked  to  fairs,  and 
numerous  facilities  aifordcd  to  the  disposal  of  pmperty  in  them.  To  give  them  a  greater  de- 
gree of  solemnity,  they  were  orijrinally,  bith  in  the  ancient  and  modern  world,  associated 
with  rclitjions  festivals.  In  niO:;t  idaeei,  iudeoil,  (bey  are  still  held  on  the  same  day  with  the 
wake  or  feast  of  the  saint  to  whom  the  chun^h  is  iledieated  ;  and  till  the  practice  was  prohibited, 
it  was  customary,  in  England,  to  hidd  them  in  ehnrehyar  Is ! — (J.ico'i'.s  L'lw  Did.  art.  l'\iir.) 
IJut  since  the  growth  of  towns,  and  the  opportunities  aflorded  for  the  disposal  and  purchase 
of  all  sorts  of  proJuoe  at  tlie  weekly  or  iinntbly  mirkits  hcl.l  in  them,  the  utility  of  fjiis,  in 
this  country,  at  least,  has  very  much  diminislied  ;  they  have,  also,  lost  much  of  their  undent 
B|)lenilour;  and,  though  same  of  them  arc  still  well  attended,  and  of  real  use,  a  good  number 
might  be  advantageously  suppressed. 

But  it  is  far  otherwise  in  inl.ind  countries,  where  the  facilities  for  carrying  on  commercial 
transarlions  are  comparatively  circumscribed.  There  it  is  of  the  utmost  iinportnneo,  that 
certain  convenient  places  and  specified  periad.s  should  be  ajipointed  for  the  bringing  together 
pf  commodities  (inU  dealers.    Thia  is  not  only  tiic  readiest  and  best  means  of  promoting 


8  per  CI. 

At  1  per  Ct. 

,.   1.   d. 

/,.   t.   fJ. 

0    7    0 

0    8    0 

0    8    9 

0  10    0 

0  10    6 

0  12    0 

0  \2    3 

0  14  n 

QUO 

0  18    0 

0  15    8 

0  11    0 

0  17    8 

1    0    0 

1   !.->    0 

2    0    0 

2  |]    6 

3    0    0 

3  10    0 

4    0    0 

4    7    6 

5    0    0 

SAO 

6    0    0 

6    2    6 

7    0    0 

7    0    0 

8    0    0 

7  n    6 

9    0    0 

8  I'i    0 

10    0    0 

17  10    0 

20    0    0 

5rt    5    0 

30    0    0 

35    0    0 

40    0    0 

43  IS    0 

60    0    0 

87  10    0 

ICO    0    0 

•2  p;r  CI. 

At  6  ppr  Ct. 

1.    d. 

i.  1.  a. 

0  10  3  4 

0    1     0 

1     9  1-2 

0    2    0 

2    8  1-4 

0    3    9 

3    7 

0    4    0 

4    6 

0    ft    0 

5    4M 

0    6    0 

)    6    Sli 

0    7    0 

)    7    21-4 

0    8    0 

)    8     1 

0    9    0 

]    9    0 

0  10    0 

0  IB    0 

1     0    0 

1     7    0 

1   10    0 

1   16    0 

2    0    0 

2    5    0 

2  10    1 

2  M     0 

3    0    0 

3    3    0 

3  10    » 

3  12    0 

4    0    0 

4     1     0 

4  10    0      ■ 

4  10    0 

5    0    0' 

9    0    0 

in   0   0 

3  10    0 

1ft    0    0 

9    0    0 

20    0    0 

li  10    0 

2-,    0    0 

»    0    0 

30    0    0 

II  10    0 

8S    0    0 

16    0    0 

40    0    0 

10  10    0 

4ft    0    0 

Ij    0    0 

50    0    0 

►2    0    0 

100    0    0 

li    0    0 

150    0    0 

iO    0    0 

200    0    0 

r.  0  0 

2JQ    0    0 

^0    0    0 

1    m  0  0 

(•  husi 

nrss  for  t'nom- 

China, 

Turkey,  W 

ir- 

liPil.  A  fair,  as  the 
iirring  at  more  distant 
goods,  the  hiriiu?  of 
k;oiitcr  concourso  of 

^cftlilc  in  the  earlier 

khops,  and  the  cmn- 

liltlc  froquoiili'd  by 

phed,  and  merchants 

Innnexed  to  fairs,  and 

|vc  them  a  gre.Uor  dc- 

ffin  world,  apsociatfd 

lie  same  day  with  tlic 

lactico  was  prohibitnl, 

.'110  md.avt,  l'\iir.) 

lisposal  anil  purchiistf 

Itho  utility  of  fairs,  in 

luch  of  tlioir  ancient 

use,  a  good  nuiiilier 

[rying  on  commercial 
lost  iinportciii'O,  that 
Ihc  bringing  together 
Iincana  of  promoting 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


675 


commerce,  but  also  of  softening  national  antipathies,  and  diflusing  a  knowledge  of  the  pro- 
ducts, arts,  and  customs  of  other  countries, 

2.  EKtablishmcnt  of  Enij;liah  Fairs. — No  fair  can  be  holden  without  grant  from  tho 
Crown,  or  a  prescription  which  supposes  such  grant.  And  before  a  patent  in  granted,  it  is 
usual  to  have  a  writ  ofad  quod  dumiium  executed  and  returned,  that  it  may  not  bo  insued  to 
the  pr  judice  of  a  similar  establishment  already  cxistinir.  The  grant  usually  contains  a  ulau.so 
that  it  shall  not  be  to  the  hurt  of  another  fair  or  market ;  but  this  clause,  if  omitted,  will  bo 
implied  in  law :  for  if  the  tVanchLse  occasion  damage  either  to  the  king  or  a  subject,  in  this  or 
any  other  respect,  it  will  bo  revoked ;  and  a  person,  whoje  ancient  title  is  prejudiced,  is  entitled 
to  have  a  scire  facias  in  the  king's  name  to  repeal  the  letters  patent.  If  his  Majesty  grant 
power  to  hold  a  fair  or  market  in  a  particular  place,  the  lieges  can  resort  to  no  other,  even 
though  it  be  inconvenient.  But  if  no  place  be  appointed,  the  grantees  may  keep  the  fair  or 
market  where  they  please,  or  rather,  where  they  can  most  conveniently. 

3.  Times  <f  holding  Fairs  and  Mirkets. — These  are  cither  determined  by  the  letters  patent 
appointing  the  fair  or  market,  or  by  usage.  The  statute  2  Ed w.  .*}.  c.  1 5.  enacts,  that  the  du- 
ration of  the  fair  shall  be  declarcil  at  its  commencement,  and  that  it  shall  not  be  continued 
beyond  the  specified  time.  By  statute  .5  Edw.  3.  c.  .5.,  any  niercliant  selling  goods  after  the 
fiti}iulatcd  time  is  to  forfeit  double  the  value  of  the  gooils  sold. 

4.  Effect  if  Saks  in  Fairs  and  MurkcU, — A  bona  fide  sale  made  in  a  fair  or  open  market, 
in  general,  transfers  the  complete  property  of  the  thing  sold  to  the  vendee;  so  that,  however 
vicious  or  illegal  the  title  of  the  vendor  may  bo,  the  vendee's  is  good  against  every  one  ex- 
cept the  king.  But  the  sale,  in  order  to  come  within  this  rule,  must  take  place  on  the  market 
day,  and  at  theplwe  assigned  fvr  the  market ,  The  city  of  London  is  said  to  be  a  market 
overt  every  day  of  the  week  except  Sunday ;  every  .shop  being  a  market  overt  for  such  things 
as  the  shopkeeper  professes  to  deal  in.  The  projierty  of  go;)ds  may,  however,  be  changed, 
and  efl'ectually  transferred  to  the  buyer,  by  a  bona  fide  ea\o  in  a  shop  out  of  London,  whether 
the  shopkeeper  be  the  vendor  or  vendee,  if  the  .goods  arc  of  (ho  kinil  in  which  he  trades.  A 
wharf  in  London  is  not  within  the  custom,  and  is  not  a  market  overt  for  articles  brought 
there.  But  a  sale  in  a  market  will  not  be  binding,  if  it  be  .=uch  as  carries  with  it  a  presump- 
tion of  fiaud  :  a;:,  for  exam|jle,  if  it  lake  place  in  a  back  room,  or  secret  place;  if  tho  sale  be 
covinous,  and  intended  to  defraud  the  real  owner;  or  if  the  buyer  know  that  the  vendor  is  not 
the  real  owner  of  the  goods,  &c.  It  is  very  dilTicult  to  tran.sfcr  the  property  of  horses,  even 
when  they  are  se)ld  in  an  open  market,  witliout  the  consent  of  the  real  owner. — (See  Horses.) 

."j.  Court  if  Pii'  Pinidre.—r-'to  every  fiir  or  market  tliero  i«  iii-.-ident,  even  without  any 
express  words  in  the  grant,  a  court  o( pie  pond  e,  in  allusion  to  the  du.-Jty  feet  of  the  suitors. 
The  steward  or  tnayor  may  preside.  It  has  cognizanco  of  all  rpiostion-!  as  to  contracts  made 
in  the  mirkct,  res[ineting  goods  bo'tgltt  and  dclivm  d  l.'iere,  &c.  Formerly  pic  poudre  courts 
were  held  at  every  considerable  fair;  but  they  are  now  entirely  laid  aside. 

6.  Cltrk  ffl/ie  M^irkef, — Owners  and  governors  of  fiirs  are  to  take  care  that  eveiy  thing 
be  sold  according  to  just  weights  and  measures.  And  for  that  and  other  purpojes  they  may 
appoint  a  clerk  of  the  fair  or  market,  who  is  to  mark  and  allow  all  such  weights,  &c. ;  charg- 
ing Id.  for  sealing  and  marking  a  bushel.  Id.  for  marking  a  half  bushel  or  peck,  and  id.  for 
marking  a  gallon,  pottle,  quart,  pint.  Sec.  under  penalty  of  5/. — (23  C/iu.  2.  c.  8.) 

7.  Tolls. — Being  a  matter  of  jirivate  benefit  to  the  owners  of  fairs  or  markets,  and  not  in- 
cident to  th>m,  tolls  are  not  exigible  unless  specially  granted  in  the  patent:  but  the  king  may 
by  a  new  grant  authorise  a  reasonable  toll  to  be  tal:en.  If  the  toll  granted  be  excessive,  the 
patent  will  he  void.  It  is  a  general  rule,  unless  cliangcd  by  a  contrary  custom  obtaining 
time  out  of  mind,  that  no  toll  be  paid  for  any  thing  brought  to  a  fair  or  market,  before  the 
same  is  sold,  and  that  it  shall  then  be  paid  tji/  the  buyer. 

The  owner  of  a  house  next  to  a  fair  or  market  is  not  allowed  to  open  his  shop  during  such 
fair  or  market,  without  paying  slalkt'xe  (toll  for  having  a  stall) ;  on  the  ground  that  if  he 
take  the  benelit  of  the  market,  he  ought  ta  p.iy  the  duties  thereon.  This  regulation  has  been 
u  good  deal  complained  of. 

The  owners  of  fairs  and  markets  arc  required  by  statute  (2  &  3  Ph.  and  M.  c.  7.)  to  ap- 
point a  person  in  a  special  open  place  to  take  the  toll.  The  most  important  part  of  this 
person's  duty  has  reference  to  his  entering  tlie  horses  sold  with  three  distinguishing  marks, 
and  the  names,  &c.  of  those  who  buy  and  sell  them. — (See  IIoiisks.) 

An  action  lies  against  any  one  who  refuses  to  pay  the  cus'iomary  toll. 

(For  further  information  as  to  B.itish  fairs  and  market-i,  see  CIdltjjon  Commercial  Law, 
vol.  ii.  c.  9.) 

Ttio  .1  Ron.  4.  c.  55.  enacts,  tliat  at  all  fairs  lield  witliiii  10  miles  ofTeinple  Hir,  bu^lnnps  and  aiiiisc- 
ineiits  1)1"  ill!  kinds  shall  cease  iit  11  o'clurk  in  the  evening,',  anil  not  re-cdininencc  before  0  o'clr.ols  in 
the  iiiorniiiji,  under  a  penally  of  ids.  to  he  paid  hy  any  nristcr,  inislri'ss,  nr  other  [leraim,  h.ivintf  the 
care  or  inanapenient  of  any  lioiiso,  shop,  room,  honth,  stimdin?,  liMit,  c;ir;ivan  or  wagon,  wlieio  any 
lireach  of  this  enactment  shall  have  heun  cotninilted.  Power  is  also  given  hy  tlie  same  net  to  any  3 
Justices  of  the  peace,  within  their  respective  jurisdictions,  tu  put  a  step  tc  any  fair  which  is  held  with- 
out cliart«r,  prv«cription,  or  lawful  authority. 


'    i', 


<  I 


I L ' 


676 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


8.  Principal  Briliah  Faim. — Among  these  may  be  ipccificd  Stourbridge,  in  Worccster- 
fihire.  Bristol  has  two  considerable  fairs,  one  in  March,  and  one  in  September.  Exeter 
December  fair,  for  cattle,  horses,  and  most  sorts  of  commodities.  Weyhill  fuir,  in  Hampshire 
(Octol)er  10,)  has,  probably,  the  ijrcatest  display  of  sheep  of  any  fair  in  the  kingdom.  Bar- 
tholomcw  fair,  in  I^ondon,  used  to  be  of  considerable  importance,  but  is  now  approfmatcd 
only  to  shows  of  wild  beasts,  and  such  like  exhibitions,  and  mieht  be  suppressed  with  advan- 
tage. St.  Faith's,  near  Norwich  (October  l7.),i«tho  principal  English  fair  for  Scotch  cattle. 
'J'hey  are  sold  to  the  graziers  and  feeders  of  Norfolk,  Suflblk,  Essex,  &c.,  by  whom  they  ore 
fattened  for  the  Londtm  markets,  where  they  are  met  with  in  great  abundance.  But  besides 
those  sold  at  St,  Faith's,  large  numbers  of  Scotch  cnttlearcdisposedof  at  Market  Harborough, 
Carlisle,  Ormskirk,  and  other  places.  Ipswii-h  has  two  considerable  fairs :  one  in  August, 
for  lambs ;  and  one  in  September,  for  butter  and  cheese  :  it  is  reckoned  that  above  100,000 
larnlis  are  annually  sold  at  the  former.  Woodborough-hill,  in  Dorset,  for  west  coimtry  manu- 
factures, as  kerseys,  druggets,  «Scc.  Wooilstock  October  fair,  for  cheese.  Northompton 
and  Nottingham  have  each  several  large  fairs,  for  horses,  cattle,  cheese,  &c.  The  August 
fair  of  Horncastle,  in  Lincolnshire,  is  the  largest  horse  fair  in  the  kingdom,  many  thousand 
horses  licing  exhibited  for  sale  during  its  continuance:  it  is  resorted  to  by  crowds  of  dealers 
from  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  by  several  from  the  Continent,  and  sometimes  even  from 
North  America.  Ilowden,  in  Yorkshire,  has,  also,  a  very  largo  horse  fair,  particularly  for 
Yorkshire  hunters.  Devizes,  in  Wiltshire,  has  several  large  fairs  for  sheep  and  cattle. 
There  is  usually  a  large  display  of  cheese  at  the  Gloucester  April  fair,  A  guild,  or  jubilee, 
commencing  the  last  week  of  August,  is  held  every  twentieth  year  at  Preston,  in  Lancashire  • 
the  last  was  held  in  1823,  and  was  well  attended.  'J'he  October  fair  of  Market  Harborough, 
Leicestershire,  lasts  9  days,  and  a  great  deal  of  business  is  usually  done  in  cattle, cheese,  &c. 
Woodbridge  Ijady-day  fuir  is  celebrated  for  the  show  of  Suffolk  horses.  Falkirk  fair,  or  tryst, 
is  one  of  the  most  important  in  Scotland,  for  the  sale  of  cattle  and  sheep.  The  October  fair 
of  Ballinasloe,  in  the  county  Gal  way,  is  famous  for  the  display  of  cattle  ond  sheep;  by  far 
the  largest  proportion  of  these  animals  raised  for  sale  in  Connauglit  being  disposed  of  at  it. 
The  sheep  arc  generally  from  3  to  4,  the  heifers  from  3  to  4,  and  the  bullocks  from  4  to  5 
years  of  age.  They  are  mostly  lean;  and  arc  kept  for  a  year  in  Leinstcr  before  they  are  fit 
(or  the  Dublin  or  Liverpool  markets.  It  would  seem  that  the  number  of  cattle  and  sheep 
disposed  of  at  Ballinasloe  is  rather  declining;  a  result  ascribable  to  the  increase  of  cultivation 
caused  by  the  great  augmentation  of  population,  and  the  continued  subdivision  of  the  land. 

We  subjoin  an 

Account  of  the  Niinilinr  of  Sheep  and  Onttlc,  sold  and  un*nld,  at  the  October  Fairs  of  BalllnasIoe> 
from  tlie  Year  1820  to  the  Yeiir  1832,  both  Inclusive— (.^irricuHuroJ  Report  of  1839,  p.  3-19.) 


Viir.. 

Sheep  aolJ. 

Sh«p  unsold. 
20.833 

ToUI. 

Catll«iol.l, 

Ciltle  umnlil.  • 

Tolll. 

1830 

6I1,!M3 

80,776 

4,504 

4,001 

8,!iC« 

\H\ 

ri,*n 

10,366 

6.1,100 

6,1  Hii 

1,211 

7,..'«4 

\Xi2 

74,7IS 

15,450 

90,177 

6,3,!2 

3,695 

9,017 

18i3 

75.f*4 

20,313 

95,9^9 

6,5Sa 

4,IU1 

I0,!lr9 

l«i» 

77,44S 

6,:8« 

84,i34 

9,o-.a 

1,447 

10. -.05 

ItGS 

72,ri77 

I7,6.S8 

60,265 

8,012 

2.i'A 

I0,-'6R 

l$26 

67.K0S 

3fl,r.!.7 

94.403 

4.193 

3.844 

8,J40 

11-27 

77,075 

I4..100 

91.375 

€639 

1,711 

S349 

IWS 

fC,374 

n,oio 

B7,3>4 

7,707 

3,1-06 

11,513 

19?9 

7I,«J 

14,979 

M.41S 

5,677 

3,666 

9,347 

IMO 

m.K* 

14,611 

»i.m 

6.SP4 

1.503 

7,457 

isai 

ft7,!H0 

,1,3'19 

61.3.19 

6,102 

l,.12l 

7,513 

Itai 

6Vi55 

4,7EI3 

6.'.948 

6.101 

He 

6,657 

9.  Principal  French  Fairs. — Among  these  may  be  specified  the  fairs  of  St.  Germains, 
Lyons,  Rhcims,  Charfres,  Rouen,  Bordeaux,  Troyes,  and  Bayonne;  but  they  arc  said  to  be, 
for  the  most  part,  much  fallen  off.  This,  however,  docs  not  appear  to  be  the  case  with  the 
fair  held  at  IBcaucaire,  in  the  department  of  the  Gard,  in  July.  It  is  said  that  there  were 
from  70,000  to  80,000  persons  at  the  fair  of  183;},  and  that  the  business  done  exceeded 
160,000,000  fr.,  or  6,400,000/. !  These  statements  arc  not,  however,  oflicial,  and  are,  most 
probably,  exaggerated;  and  it  is  admitted,  that  the  last  was  the  greatest  fair  that  has  been 
held  for  these  many  years  past. — {Archives  du  Commerce,  torn.  iii.  pp.  236 — 24.5.) 

10.  German  Fairs. — The  principal  German,  or  rather  European,  fairs,  are  those  of  Frank- 
fort on  the  Maine,  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  and  Leipaie.  The  concourse  of  merchants,  and 
the  business  done  at  these  fairs,  is  generally  very  great.  They  are  copiously  supplied  with 
the  cotton  stufl's,  twist,  cloths,  and  hardware  of  England ;  the  silks  and  jev"  "'lei'y  of  France  ; 
the  printed  cottons  of  Switzerland  and  Austria ;  the  raw,  manufactured,  •..id  ii  .rary  products 
of  Germany;  the  furs  of  the  North;  Turkey  carpets;  Cachemcro  shawls,  v\:c. ;  and  there, 
also,  are  to  be  found  mcrcltants  of  all  countries,  those  of  Ispahan  negotiating  with  tliose  of 
Montreal  for  the  purchase  of  furs;  and  Georgians  and  Servians  supplying  themselves  with 
the  cottons  of  Manchester  and  the  jewellery  of  Paris.  There,  in  fact,  are  met  the  rcpro- 
acntatives,  as  it  were,  of  every  people  in  the  world,  labouring,  though  without  intending  it,  to 
promote  each  other's  interest,  and  to  extend  and  strengthen  those  ties  that  bind  together  tho 
great  family  of  the  human  race. 


tlge,  in  Worccster- 
ieptcmbcr.  Exeter 
I  fair,  in  HampBhire 
ho  kingdom.  Bnr- 
1  now  ai)proi)riateJ 
prr surd  witli  advon- 
lir  for  Scotch  cattle, 
by  whom  they  ore 
ance.  But  besides 
[avltet  Hnrborough, 
» :  one  in  Aut;ugt, 
that  above  100,000 
ivest  country  manu- 
^ae.  Nortljampton 
&c.  The  August 
m,  many  thousand 
y  crowds  of  dealers 
metimes  even  from 
fair,  particularly  for 
r  sheep  and  cattle. 
A  guild,  or  jubilee, 
ton,  in  Lancashire  • 
larkct  Harborough, 
n  cattle,  cheese,  &c. 
'ulkirk  fair,  or  tryst. 
The  October  fair 
B  and  sheep ;  by  far 
ig  disposed  of  at  it. 
)ullock.s  from  4  to  5 
r  before  ihcy  are  fit 
af  cattle  and  sheep 
urease  of  cultivation 
vision  of  the  land. 


Fairs  of  Ballinasloei 
of  1838,  p.  349.) 


nlil.  ■ 

T-.l.ll. 

8,M<i 

7,.}»4 

9,017 

lo.nrs 

I0.->05 

10,-'C« 

fi,240 

S,349 

Il,r>i3 

9,347 

7,4S7 

7,.il3 

6,657 

of  St.  Germains, 
hoy  aro  said  to  be, 
the  case  with  the 
id  that  there  were 
ess  done  exceeded 
ial,  and  are,  most 
fair  that  has  been 

-24.5.) 
ire  those  of  Frank- 
of  merchants,  and 
usly  supplied  with 
]!)  'Ilei'y  of  France; 
library  products 
iVc. ;  and  there, 
.ting  with  those  of 
r  themselves  with 
re  met  the  rcpre- 
ut  intending  it,  to 
bind  together  tho 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


677 


'i  The  fairs  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine  should  begin,  the  first  on  Eastor  Tuesday,  and  the 
second  on  the  Monday  noare4  to  tho  8th  of  Soptombor.  Their  duration  is  limited  to  3 
weeks,  but  they  usually  begin  from  8  to  15  days  before  their  legal  commencL-inent.  Accounts 
are  kept  in  rixdollars:  I  rixdoU.ir  of  account  —  IJJ  florin,  or  4^  copsticks,  or  82 J  batzen. 
The  rixdollar  ■=  3s,  l-8d. ;  so  that  tho  par  of  exchange  is  141  batztm  per  I/,  sterling.  100  lbs, 
common  Frankfort  weiij;ht »  103  lbs.  avoirdupois.     The  foot  »  11-27  English  inches. 

The  fairs  at  Frankfort  on  tho  Oder  arc  3  in  number:  viz.  Jieminiscere,  in  February  or 
March;  >S7.  Mat^uret,  in  July;  and  St,  Martin,  in  November.  They  ought,  strictly  speak- 
ing, to  terminate  in  8  days,  but  they  usually  extend  to  15.  Tho  Prussian  government  gives 
every  facility  to  those  who  attend  these  fairs.  Accounts  are  kept  in  Prussian  money,  that 
is,  in  rixdollars  of  28.  1  \}d,  lOU  lbs.  Prussian  ^  103  lbs.  avoirdupois.  The  foot  —  12-356 
£ni;lish  inches. 

The  fairs  of  I,eipi4ic  are  still  more  criebrated  than  those  of  citlier  Frankfort.  Thoy  are 
held  thrice  a  year, — on  the  1st  of  January,  at  Eistor,  and  at  Mich.ielm is.  The  first  is  the 
least  important.  Above  20,000  dealers  aro  said  to  have  been  present  at  the  Easter  fair  in 
1833,  and  above  13,000  at  that  of  Michaelmas.  The  Easter  and  Michaelmas  fairs  aro  fa- 
mou.4,  particularly  the  former,  for  tlie  vast  number  of  new  publications  usually  olTered  for 
Bale.  They  are  attended  by  all  tho  principal  booksellers  of  Germany,  and  by  many  from  the 
adjoining  countries,  who  adjust  their  accounts,  learn  the  state  of  the  trade  in  all  parts  of  the 
World,  and  endeavour  to  form  new  connections.  Most  German  publishers  have  agents  in 
Leipsic;  which  is  to  the  literature  of  Germany,  what  London  is  to  th;it  of  Groat  Britain.  As 
many  as  4,000  new  publications  have  been  in  a  single  Leipsic  calnln  jue !  The  fairs  ought 
to  close  in  8  days,  but  they  usually  continue  for  about  3  weeks.  No  liay  s  of  grace  aro  allowed. 
The  holder  of  a  bill  must  demand  payment  on  tho  day  it  becomes  due ;  and,  if  not  paid,  he 
must  have  it  prote.sted  on  that  very  day,  and  returned  by  the  first  ojjportunity.  If  he  neglect 
any  of  these  regulations,  he  lo.ses  all  right  of  recourse  upon  tho  drawer  and  endorsers.  Money 
of  account  at  Leipsic  same  as  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  100  lbs.  Leipsic  =  103  Ibs.aavoir- 
dupois.  The  foot  -=  ll-U  English  inches. — {Kelly's  Cambist;  Manuel  de  Nelkcnbrcchcr  ; 
Archives  du  Commerce,  torn.  ii.  p.  27.,  &c.) 

Dr.  Bright  gives,  in  his  Travels  in  Hungary  (pp.  201 — 223.),  an  interesting  account  of 
the  fairs  held  at  Debrctzin  and  Pesth.  The  latter  has  become  the  grand  centre  of  Hungarian 
commerce;  most  part  of  which  is  conducted  at  its  fairs. 

1 1  Italian  Fairs. — Of  these,  the  most  celebrated  is  that  of  Sinigaglin,  a  small  but  hand- 
some town  of  the  Papal  dominions,  on  the  Misa,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Adriatic.  The 
fair  commences  on  tho  14th  of  July,  and  should  terminate  on  the  last  day  of  that  month, 
but  it  usually  continiies  5  or  G  days  longer.  The  duties  on  goods  brought  to  the  fair  are 
extremely  moderate,  and  every  thing  is  done  to  promote  the  convenience  of  those  frequent- 
ing it.  All  sorts  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  luce,  iron  and  steel,  hardware,  jewellery, 
brandy  and  li()ncurs,  raw  and  refined  sugar,  dried  flsh,  cacao,  cofTue,  spices,  &c.  are  brought 
here  by  the  English,  French,  Austrians,  Americans,  Swiss,  <Sr.c.  These  are  exchanged  for 
tho  various  raw  and  manufactured  products  of  Italy  and  the  Levant;  consisting,  among 
others,  of  raw,  thrown,  and  wrought  silks ;  oil,  fruits,  cheese,  alum,  soda,  sumach,  sulphur, 
&c.  The  value  of  the  imports  for  the  fair  of  1832  was  estimated  at  about  2,000,000/.  Ac- 
counts are  kept  in  scudi  of  20  soldi;  the  scudo  =  4.?.  4rf.  very  nearly.  100  lbs.  Sinigaglia 
=  73|  lbs.  avoirdupoi.s.  The  ell  or  braccio  measures  25-33  English  inches. — (Manuel  de 
Nelkenbrcchcr  I  Archives  dtt  Commerce,  torn.  ii.  p.  38.) 

13.  Russian  Fairs. — These  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  well  attended. '  The  most 
importiint  is  held  at  Nishnei-iS'ovogorod.  This  city  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oka 
with  the  Wolga,  in  lat.  50°  16'  N.,  Ion.  44°  18'  E.  It  is  the  great  emporium  of  the  internal 
trade  of  Kussia;  communicating  by  an  inland  navigation  with  the  Bullic,  the  Black  Sea,  and 
the  Caspian.  The  fair  was  tbrnierly  held  at  Mukarief,  84  ver.sts  distant.  It  generally  lasts 
from  C  weeks  to  3  months,  and  is  well  known  all  over  tlie  east  of  Europe.  The  bazaars 
erected  for  the  accommodation  of  those  who  attend  this  fair,  form,  according  to  Dr.  Iiyall, 
the  finest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The  sale  of  iron  and  iron  articles  is 
said  usually  to  amount  to  above  10,000,000  roubles;  the  fur.-f  to  30,000,000;  the  images  to 
1,300,000.  Captain  Cochrane  is  of  opinion,  that  "  the  fair,  in  j)oint  of  value,  is  second  to 
none  in  Europe ;  tho  bu.-^iness  done  being  estimated  at  nearly  200,000,000  roubles."  Tho 
stationary  population  of  the  place  amounts  to  from  15,000  to  10,000:  but  durino;  the  f.iir  it 
is  said  to  amount  to  120,000  or  1,50,000;  anwng  whom  may  bo  seen  Chinese,  Persians,  Cir- 
<.a.ssiaiis,  Armenians,  Tatars,  Bucharians,  Jews,  "  and  a  specimen  of  almost  every  European 
nation." — (See  Modern  Traveller,  art.  Russia,  p.  305.)  We  suspect,  however,  that  these 
statements  are  very  far  beyond  the  mark.  It  is  stated  in  tiio  Archives  du  Commerce  (torn. 
i.  p.  173.),  that  the  total  value  of  the  merchandise  di.sposcd  of  a:  the  fair  of  Nishnei-Novo- 
gorod,  in  1832,  amounted  to  123,30l),000  roubles.  Theatrical  exhibitions,  shows  of  wild 
beasts,  and  other  Bartholomew  fair  amusements,  add  to  the  attractions  of  the  scene. 

Another  celebrated  Russian  fair  is  held,  in  the  month  of  December,  at  Kiachta,  in  Mon- 
golia, on  the  Chinese  frontier,  in  lat.  50°  30'  N.,  Ion.  uncertain,  but  about  105°  E.     The 
3l  3 


1 

■i'' 

;■     1       1 

f\  '\  B 


ill 


;1       ; 


078 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


town  ij  rinall,  tho  population  not  ojccoeclinR  4,000  or  5,000;  but  by  fnr  the  lori^r*'*''  pnrt  of 
tliu  ciiii.iiikrc-c  betwueii  tito  HusHiAii  and  Cliinosn  rmpirex  is  trunxnrtoil  at  itR  fair,  and  it  is 
•IhO  ihu  centre  of  tho  political  iiitcrcuuriie  between  them.  'IMio  coiiiinoditieH  brniiglit  by  tlia 
Ru)isi;iii8  coitNist  principally  of  furii,  Rhorp  and  lamb  skinti,  Kimsian  and  (teruian  biuudclothfi, 
Ru«iii  li'iitlior,  coarse  liiien.i,  worxtod  stuH'n,  cattle,  «Scc.,  with,  fir  the  must  pirt,  bullion. 
'l'Iu'^o  lliey  exchuni^u  with  tho  CliinoKo  for  leu,  raw  und  manufactured  Hilk,  nankeens,  por- 
celain, sugar  candy,  rhubarb,  lolmcco,  nmsk,  iVe.  'J'hc  (piantity  of  ten,  using  tho  word  in  tho 
■oust!  in  which  it  in  undeivtoud  hero,  purchuscd  at  tho  Kiachtii  f.iirs  by  tho  liusHimiH,  amounts, 
at  an  uverai»e,  to  about  ()0,(100  bitxes  a  yrur,  that  is,  to  about  '1,V;00,0()0  lbs.;  the  (greater  part 
beii)!<  the  line  species  of  black  te.i  called  pekoe.  Uut,  excloHive  of  thin,  the  Russians  buy 
large  (piantitics  of  u  coarser  Bpecies  of  tea,  called  break  or  'I'arlnr  tea,  which,  thnu^li  not 
tliou'^ht  wiirih  (he  trouble  of  puilinx  into  parkage.<,i8  lart^cly  contnuned  by  the  nomadic  Tar- 
tars iind  (Siberians.  According;  to  the  oflieial  accounts  publi-'thnd  by  tho  Hussi  m  (>UHtom- 
liouHc,  the  total  value  of  tho  exports  by  way  of  Kiachta,  in  18:11,  amounted  to  4,65.'), .'JUO 
roubles,  and  that  of  the  iuiportJ  to  li,7'i','),S58  ditto.  'I'lie  Uusitiau  Ir.idc  is  in  tho  bandx  of  a 
comparatively  small  number  of  merrhantc,  hoine  of  whom  arc  very  rich;  that  of  the  (Chinese 
is  much  more  diil'uscd.  CounnoditieH  may  be  conveyed  front  Kiachta  to  European  Russia 
either  by  laud  or  by  water.  In  the  former  case  tho  journey  takes  a  year;  in  the  latter,  it 
taken  3  years,  or  rather  H  very  short  summers;  the  rivers  beintt  for  the  most  part  of  tho  year 
fro/.eu  over. — (Schiillz/ir,  S/a/intit/iie  IJvuerale  <k  riinifrrc  de  la  liiis.sie,  p.  14.1.;  private 
coiiimunlcdtiuiis  (mm  Vapluin  6Vf/«'?,  who  visited  Kiachta  in  181D;  OJJlcial  Statement 
tif  the  Trmk  rf  the  Itussinit  Empire  in  18:11,  tV.".) 

1:J.  Eitnteni  P'tiirs. — The  most  impoitanl  fair  in  the  Eastern  world  is  that  held  nt  \fecca, 
during  the  resort  of  pilfjrims  in  the  month  of  Dbalbajja,  It  used  to  be  frc(iuenled  by  many 
thousands  of  individuals  of  all  ranks  and  orders,  broU(?bt  to^ritljer  from  tho  remotest  cornew 
of  tlio  Mohannnedan  world;  and  though  the  numbers  attending  it  havo  declined  of  late 
years,  the  concinirse  is  slill  very  great. — (iSec  Cahavan.) 

llurdwur,  in  Hindosian,  in  hit.  2'J°  .')7'  N.,  Ion.  78"  a'  E.,  1 17  miles  N.  E.  from  Delhi,  is 
famous  from  its  being  one  of  the  prineii.al  plaees  of  Hindoo  [)ilgrimage,  and  the  greatest  fair 
in  India.  Tho  town,  wbirh  is  but  ineoui-iderable,  is  situated  on  tho  Ganges,  at  tho  point 
where  that  sacred  stream  issues  from  the  mountains.  The  pilgrimage  and  fair  are  held  to- 
gelh'r  at  the  vernal  equinox;  and  nnropean-*,  nowise  addicted  to  exaggeration,  who  have 
been  repeiiteilly  present  on  thise  occasions,  cstiinato  that  from  200,000  to  300,000  strangers 
are  then  ossemblcd  in  the  town  and  its  vicinity.  Uut  every  twelfth  year  is  reckoned  pecu- 
liarly lioly;  and  then  it  is  supposed  that  from  1,000,000  td  1,500,000,  and  even  2,000,000 
pilgrims  und  dealers  are  congregated  together  from  all  parts  of  India  and  the  countries  to  the 
north.  In  1819,  which  hai)pened  to  be  a  twell'ih  year,  when  the  auspicious  moment  for 
bathing  in  the  Gauges  was  announced  to  the  impatient  devotees,  the  rusli  was  so  tremendous 
that  no  fewer  than  4:i0  persons  were  either  trampled  to  death  mider  foot,  or  drowned  in  the 
river !  The  foreigners  resorting  to  Hurdwar  fair  for  commercial  purposes  only,  consist  prin- 
cipally of  natives  of  Nepaul,  tho  Punjab,  and  Peshwanr,  with  Afi-hans,  Usbeck  Tartars,  &c. 
They  import  vast  numbers  of  horses,  cattle,  and  camels;  Persian  dried  fruits,  shawls,  drugs, 
&c.:  the  returns  are  made  in  cotton  piece  goods,  indigo,  sugar,  s|)ices,  and  other  tropical  pro- 
ductions. Tho  merchants  never  mention  the  price  of  their  goods,  but  conduct  the  bargain 
by  toui  hing  the  ditl'erent  joints  of  their  lingers,  to  hinder  the  bysta.n.lers  gaining  any  informa- 
tion. During  the  .Mahriilta  sway,  a  kind  of  poll-tax  and  duti;'s  on  catllo  were  levied  ;  but 
all  is  now  free,  without  impo.^t  or  molestation  of  any  sort.  Owing,  olso,  to  the  precautions 
adopted  by  the  Briiisii  government,  the  most  perfect  order  is  prc^^erve^l ;  much  to  the  surprise 
and  siilisfaction  of  tho  natives;  for,  antecedent  to  our  oecupatii)n  of  the  country,  the  fairs 
usually  endeil  in  disorder  and  bloodshed. — {I'rivute  iiifvrmidion,  and  the  excellent  account 
of  Hurdwar  in  Jlui/ii/iun's  Guzrttrer.) 

The  fares  of  lV)rloliello,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Acapulco,  once  so  famous,  arc  now  totally  desert- 
ed ;  that  of  the  Havanuahis  also  much  fallen  oil". 

FATHOM,  a  measure  of  length,  C  feet,  chielly  used  for  measuring  tho  length  of  cordage, 
and  tile  depth  of  water  and  mines. 

FKATIICRS,  I5ED-FEATiIERS(rr.  Vhinm,  I'lumesil  lit;  Ger.  Fed.ini,  Dfttf'dern,- 
I'll.  Ik'.lcetrii,  I'lttiinen ;  It.  I'iiuitc ;  Sp.  i'/«'.vo.s),  make  a  considerable  article  of  com- 
lueiee  ;  particularly  those  of  the  ostrich,  heron,  swan,  jieaeock.  goose,  und  other  poultry  ;  for 
))lum,s,  ornaments  of  the  head,  fdling  of  beds,  ipiilts,  «S:e.  'I'he  coarsest  pari  of  the  ostrich 
plnm,i:;e  is  generally  denominated  /((//'■,  ti)  wliieii  it  bears  a  resendilance,  and  is  used  \n  tiie 
niau'ifaiiture  of  hats.  Many  parts  of  Great  Britain  supply  fcuiliers  for  beds,  and  an  inferior 
sort  i.i  i>rou'^ht  from  Ireland.  Eider  down  is  in)|)orted  from  the  north  of  Europe ;  the  ducks 
*.h;Usi;pply  it  being  inhabitants  of  Greenland,  Iceland,  and  Norway.  The  eider  duck  breeds 
in  the  i.dands  on  the  west  of  Scotland,  but  not  in  sutVrcient  numbers  to  form  a  profitablo 
I'ranch  of  trade  to  the  inhabitants.  Hudson's  IJay  furnishes  very  line  feathers.  'J"he  down 
of  the  swan  is  brought  from  Dai.tzic,  as  well  as  large  quantities  of  superior  feathers. 


FIDDLES— FISH. 


679 


Tlin  biHl-fiatlioH  importi'J  in  1323  anmuiitpd  to  3,100  cwt.,  yiclilini?  fi.aSOA  12«.  of  duty. 
The  duly  on  <wtricli  fruthcrH  dnriru?  tlio  smiie  year  ])M(1iic('(I  '.Wil.  H.?,  '.)(/. 

VlinU.K^,i>n  VIor-lNSfCiT.  V;„l!iint,  (.'riirni!  l)u.  Fmu/ni ,■  Vr.  r;<J,nii ,-  If.  Vinf!. 
nil  S[i.  Vl'itvirs;  J{ii.<,  S/.r/'^iizW).  inu-iii'iil  itl:^trutm.'llt.^,  tm)  well  kiiDwii  to  iii'cd  iiiiy  purli- 
culiir  dt'scriptioii,  Tho  finest,  toned  viuliin  aro  tlnHC  iiiide  in  Italy  ;  thi'y  arc  usuJIv  rallml 
('ri'MiDiiai,  iVoiri  iIk;  nam.'  of  tln'  town  wlioro  t'lcy  wrrii  lormcily  ui.um'.'u'tiirc  I  in  li^h- 

r«t  |»'if '('lion :  .")()  to  fill  gnincaH  h;ivo  not  nnfi'viiiriitly  Immmi  '^ivcn  fur  a  (v.crnoiia  vii..  „ 

FICiH  ((;..r.  F'';i:,ri!  T)'i.  Vt/^rni  ■  Fr.  I'\\'!iry  ■  It.  Fio':! ;  Hj,.  //•;-•,;,,.  Lat.  Fie',  Cii- 
ricr ;  Aralt.  Tien),  llio  IVnit  of  thi-  Hi?  tire  {Firun  citrii'fi),u  nalivo  of  AjiJi,  liit  early 
intruJui'i'd  into  Kuropc,  It  llouii-lirs  in  'I'urkny,  OrciMM',  l''l•.nu'l^  S|.'ain,  Itiily,  and  .\orlli> 
crn  Africa,  and  l'vi';i  Komi'liioi's  ri|M'Ms  its  IVuils  in  tho  oiicn  air  in  this  country,  I'i.;;',  wiicu 
ripe,  arc,  for  t!u;  nioHt  part,  driod  in  ovcnn  to  pri'm-rvn  tlii'in;  und  ihon  piclu'd  very  closi'iy 
in  the  «ni  ill  ehe-ils  and  li,»-i!;et;;  in  which  wo  import  thoni,  'J'ho  lie.t  cimu  from  Turki.-y  ; 
those  of  Italauiata,  in  tlio  Morea,  are  naiJ  to  bu  tho  moot  lunciouH. — {'I'htiiiiuoii's  l)i:pen- 
lafiii-i/.) 

Dried  li},'s  firm  a  very  eonHiderahli)  article  of  cnaimcrce  in  Provence,  Italy,  and  Spain  ; 
bf^ide!*  allordiii,i;,  a«  in  ih'!  K.ist,  a  principal  arlicje  of  KUiitenaMco  f)r  tho  |io;)nl:ilion.  In 
Spain,  ri;s  iire  chieHy  exportcil  from  Aiidalil.iiu  arid  V'al.'ncia;  but  tlicy  are  more  or  ieai 
alinnd.mt  in  every  province.  In  iliu  northern  puits  of  Fruntc  tlicre  are  many  lij  g.irderi-i, 
particidarly  at  Ar;j;en'iiuil. 

Finn  liclonu:  to  that  class  of  arlicleq,  tiie  duties  on  which  ini.j'it  be  rediicoil,  not  only 
without  any  l,)ss,  but  with  very  ;;re;it  advantai^c  to  the  revenue.  They  are  exten-iivijy  u:*eJ 
at  the  luliler,  of  the  opulent;  und  would,  there  is  no  doubt,  be  much  u:  cd  by  tlie  middle 
classes,  cere  their  jirice  lower.  'I'he  importation,  even  with  the  present  duly  of  2l.v.  (>(/.,  is* 
(ibout  20,000  cwt.;  and  as  this  duly  U  full  100  per  cent,  upon  their  {iricc  in  bond,  it  may 
be  fairly  concluded,  that  were  it  reduced  to  Sa.  or  It);.,  u  civt.,  the  ijuantity  imported  would 
very  suon  be  trebled,  or  more, 

No  abateuK'iit  of  duty  is  made  on  account  of  any  daina;;o  received  hy  Ci/,*, 

('J"he  duty  on  fign  has  iieen  reduced  from  21.v.  lUl.  to  15,').  u  cwt.  Nearly  tho  Haino 
may  he  siid  of  this  reduction  as  of  that  of  thj  duty  on  cnnaut-i.  It  is  too  tridiiig;  to 
have  nm>-h  elli'  t  on  consumption ;  and  there  can,  we  appit  bend,  bo  little  doubt  that  ii 
duty  of  ID.s'.  would,  by  stimulating  the  latter,  bij  more  productive  of  revenue  than  a  duty 
unry-:—S„p.) 

FILE.  FILES  (Da.  Fife,-  Du.  Vijhi ,-  Fr.  Limc^,-  Gcr.  Falat ;  It.  /,////«),  an  instru- 
ment of  iro;i  or  forgi'd  steel,  cut  in  little  furrow.s,  used  to  polish  or  sinoolli  metals,  timber, 
and  other  hard  bodies, 

FIK.     «ee  PiNB. 

FIl'E-.Mi.MH.  Under  this  designation  ii)  comi)rised  nil  sorts  of-guns,  fowling-pieces, 
blunderbusses,  pistols,  ifec.  The  maimfaeture  of  these  weapons  is  of  cuisiderable  import- 
aiiee ;  employing  at  all  times,  but  especially  during  war,  a  largo  number  of  [.ersons. 

In  ronsniiHenoe  nl'llii!  iVcqaeiit  orrurreiice  ot'acciil«iils  friiin  t'l.'  liiirsliiis;  of  iiisalMcient  b;irri'lsi,  the 
Ii'jrisliiliiri!  Ims  iimsl  |)rn|ierly  iiitorlerud,  not  to  ropiilatc  tlnMr  eriioifin  lure,  liut  to  |ir.;vi'Mt  all  piTnion 
friiiii  ilsiiiR  or  suiting  ImrrcHs  tlitil  li,ive  nut  lii'nn  rei;iilarly  7>/-(/iC(/  In  a  |)'.ililii-.  iiriict-lKiHsn.  Thts  first 
act  for  Itiis  |iari>.>se  w.is  |i  isneit  in  lull!  j  linl  it  was  sunn  atti'r  siipi'rsiii'eit  liy  a  fuller  anil  niiin;  eo:ii- 
lileti!  line,  the  ;'j5  Gim).  '.i  c.  5'J.  This  sliiuiti;  iiiiiiosi'S  a  llm;  of  'Ml.  mi  any  iiersiin  u.-in^,  in  any  of  ihe 
jinij-'recsivft  mri^'i'H  of  its  niannficliire,  any  barrel  imt  duly  prnveil ;  on  any  |)it.-<.>ii  it'lircriii/r  tliu 
same,  e\o.e|il  tliriniKli  n  priKif-hiiaMe  ;  and  liii  any  persiin  nrciriinr,  fur  llie  piirpiisii  of  in.iMni;  (jiins, 
iVc.  any  l)irrels  which  liavn  nut  passed  lhr'Mi};h  a  pronf-lnnise.  'J'licsc  punalties  to  lie  levied  on  con- 
viclii)n  lii'forc  2  jasticus  ;  with  lilto  peiiallius,  to  he  similarly  levied,  oa  pvjrsi.na  coiiiiiLri'i!iiins  Ihu 
procf-iiiiirln. 

FIRE-WORKS.  Ry  9  &  10  Will.  X,  all  sorts  of  fire-works  are  declared  to  be  a  com- 
mon nui;-ance ;  and  the  miJcin<f,  causing  lo  lie  mink,  giiuiiii;,  nil' nij;,  or  affai.'ig  (m-  sale, 
any  sipiilis,  rockets,  scriicnts,  or  other  Jlt-e-worhn,  or  iiny  cases  or  imidetnents  for  iii, iking  the. 
Kline,  is  nia>le  subject  to  a  penalty  of  .'5/,  to  be  recovered  on  convicticn  bel'ore  a  justice  of 
the  peace.  (Jasting  or  firing  any  such  firc-workn,  or  permiltii)g  the  same  to  he  ca.-t  or  fired, 
fro.n  any  house  or  place,  and  casting  or  firing  the  s!i  ne  iiihi  any  li. nuo,  sliiji,  street,  high- 
way, or  river,  is  siilijeet  to  a  penalty  of  20.'*.,  to  bo  recovered  in  like  manner;  and  if  not  im- 
medi.itely  paid,  the  party  to  be  imprisoned  and  kept  to  hard  labour  I'.ir  any  li;no  not  exceed- 
ing a  month.  Dut  the  statute  provides,  that  it  shall  lie  buvl'al  fir  llie  nia>tcr,  lieutenant,  or 
commissioners  of  hi*  Majesty's  ordnance,  or  thi).-;o  autliorii'.ed  by  them,  tJ  give  orders  for 
makin:;  any  five-works,  to  bo  u.sed  according  to  fuch  orders. 

FIKKIN,  a  measure  of  capacity,  criual  to  9  ale  gullon-s,  or  7^  Iinperiiil  gallons,  or  2,538 
cubic  inches. — (See  Wkioiits  xyit  M:;.vsi-iiK;i.) 

FIUIjOT,  a  dry  nie.i.iure  used  in  Scotland.  The  Linlithgow  wlieat  firlot  is  to  the  Impe- 
rial bushel  as  -908  to  1;  and  the  Liiditligow  barley  firlot  is  to  the  Imperial  bushel  as  1.456 
Is  to  ..     'Sec  WnKiiiTS  AVI)  MK\sini;s,) 

FISH  (Gcr. /'''W/e ,.  Du.  ilvcfien ;  Da.  and  Sw.  T^/.s/a  ,•  Ft.  PoisMmn ,-  It.  Pfsci,-  Sp. 
VcicaddS ;  Port.  Veixrs  ,  !Uis.  liiib  ;  Pol.  Rjhi ,-  Lat.  Pii^cc.-').  a  term  u.sed  in  natural  hii 
tory  to  denote  every  variety  of  ani..ial  inhabiting  seas,  river.s,  lakes,  ponds,  &,c.,  that  cannot 


j:| 


M  i 


680 


FISH. 


exist  for  any  conHiJrralilc  time  out  of  the  water.  But  in  n  commercial  point  of  viow,  tlioie 
fighcs  only  nrv.  refi'rri'il  to,  tliat  nro  caupht  !>y  man,  and  used  either  as  food  or  for  Hoine  nilier 
useful  jmrpotin.  Of  thrite,  herring;,  siilinon,  rod,  pilchard,  luackurol,  turhot,  lobsier,  oy«ter, 
whale,  &e.,  are  atnonp;  tiio  moHt  important. — (See  the  dili'crmit  article*  luidcr  these  lilies.) 

Tho  Rupply  of  H»!i  in  the  iieait  round  Uritain  is  most  almndant,  or  rather  quito  inexhausti- 
ble. "  'J'hc  coasts  of  tiiTut  Uritain,"  says  Sir  John  Horougha,  "doc  yield  such  a  eoiitiiiueil 
sea  harvest  of  gain  and  benefit  to  all  those  that  with  dili){enco  doe  labour  in  Iho  sauii;,  that 
no  tiino  or  season  of  the  yeure  passeth  away  without  soino  apparent  nieancg  of  profitable  em- 
ployment, csjicciiilly  to  such  as  apply  themselves  to  fishing;  which,  from  the  beginning  of 
tho  year  unto  tho  latter  end,  continuelh  upon  some  part  or  other  upon  our  coastes  ;  and 
these  in  such  iniinitc  shoales  and  multitudes  of  fishes  are  oflered  to  the  takers,  us  may  justly 
move  admiration,  not  only  to  strangers,  but  to  tliose  that  daily  arc  employed  amongst  them. ' 
*  That  this  harvoMt,"  says  Mr.  Darroiv,  "ripe  for  gathering  at  all  w-asons  of  the  year — with- 
out the  labour  of  tillaaio,  without  expense  of  seed  or  manure,  without  the  payimnt  o/rent  or 
taxes — i:<  inexhaustible,  the  extraordinary  fecundity  of  the  most  valuable  kinds  of  tish  would 
alone  alliird  abundant  proof,  'i'o  eiiuinoratc  tho  thousands  and  even  millions  of  e^'gs,  which 
are  impregnated  in  the  herring,  the  eod,  tin-  ling,  and  indeed  in  almost  tho  whole  of  tho  escu- 
lent li:th,  would  give  but  an  inadcciuato  idea  of  tho  prodigious  multitu;!es  in  which  tliey 
flock  to  oar  shores ;  the  shoals  themselves  must  he  seen,  in  nrdi  r  to  convoy  to  the  mind 
any  just  notion  of  their  aggregate  mass."     (For  an  account  of  tho  shoals  of  herrings,  see 

IlKUnlNO.) 

But,  notwithstanding  these  Etatemrnts,  there  has  been,  for  these  some  yonrs  past,  a  grow- 
ing complaint  of  a  scarcity  of  such  lisli  us  breed  in  the  (Jhannel ;  and  it  is  alllrmed,  in  the 
report  of  the  (Jominons'  committee  of  1833,  on  the  (Jhaniiel  fisheries,  that  the  fact  of  such 
scarcity  existing  has  been  comiiletely  cstal)lished.  The  committee  ascribe  it  to  vuriou.i 
causes,  but  principally  to  the  destruction  of  ihc  spawn  or  brood  of  fish  ')y  li.sliing  with 
trawl  or  drag  nets  with  small  meshes,  near  the  shore,  during  the  breeding  season;  a  prac- 
tice prohibited  by  several  statutes,  which  seem,  however,  to  have  fallen  in'.u  disuse.  The 
e.ommiltee  represent  the  fishermen  as  being  generally  in  a  very  depresses  state,  and  that  the 
business  is,  for  tho  most  part,  very  unprofitable.  Wc  believe  that  this  is  tne  fact;  but  We 
do  not  know  any  period  when  the  same  might  not  have  been  said  with  quite  as  much  truth 
as  at  present.  Smith  has  remarked,  tlmt  from  the  age  of  Theocritus  downwards,  fishermen 
have  been  proverbially  poor — (  Watlth  of  Na/iuns,  vol.  i.  p.  107.)  ;  and  a  library  might  be 
filled  with  the  acts,  reports,  plans,  tracts,  &c.  that  have  been  printed  in  this  country  during 
the  last  2  centuries,  containing  regulations,  schemes,  suggestions,  &c.  for  the  improvement 
of  fisheries  and  tishermcn.  But  it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that  not  one  of  these  well  meant 
endeavours,  notwithstanding  the  enormous  expense  incurred  in  cairying  soini;  of  thcni  into 
efl'ect,  has  been  productive  of  any  material  advantage ;  ai'd  we  see  no  reason  to  think  that 
the  suggestions  of  the  late  committee,  suppobing  they  w.  iv  to  he  acted  upon,  would  have 
any  better  success. 

Tho  injury  done  to  the  breeding  grounds  niigiit,  perhaps,  be  obviated  ;  but  besides  this, 
the  committee  lay  much  stress  on  the  encroachments  of  the  French  and  other  foreign  fisher- 
men, and  on  the  licence  given  to  import  foreign-caught  turbot,  &.e.  duty  free!  We  confess, 
it  oppears  to  us  quite  visionary  to  suppose  that  these  circumstances  can  have  much  iiillu- 
encc.  Our  fiahcrincn,  living  upon  the  very  aborcj  of  the  bays  to  which  the  French  arc  said 
to  resort,  have  advantages  on  their  side  sullicient,  surely,  to  insure  them  a  superiority,  with- 
out the  forcible  eximlsion,  supposing  that  could  be  accomplished,  of  their  foreign  competi- 
tors. A  man  who  does  not  succeed  in  a  business  carried  on  at  his  own  door  so  well  as  one 
who  resides  100  miles  oil',  must  loon  for  the  caudc  in  his  want  of  skill  or  iiidu.';try;  and 
should  seek  rather  to  improve  himself  than  to  disciird  his  rival.  The  proposition  for  excluJ- 
ing  turbot,  ^c.  of  foreign  c.itch,  is  one  that  ouglil  not  to  be  listened  to  f)r  a  single  moment. 
Such  exclusion  could  not  be  of  the  slightest  advantage  to  the  British  fisherinen,  unless  it 
occasioned  a  rise  in  the  ])rice  of  the  fish;  and  we  need  not  say,  that  if  the  legislature  be  to 
interfere  at  all  in  the  matter,  its  interlcrcnce  ought  to  have  for  its  object  the  lowering,  and 
not  th(!  rai.iiiig  of  the  prices. 

All  that  it  is  possible  to  do  for  the  fishery,  by  relieving  it  from  tithes  and  other  burdens, 
and  facilitating  tho,  disposal  of  the  fish  in  the  markets  of  this  and  other  countries,  ought  to 
be  done :  but  except  in  so  far  as  its  interests  may  be  promoted  in  this  way,  and,  perhaps, 
by  some  new  regulations  for  preserving  the  brood,  we  do  not  sec  what  more  is  to  be  done  by 
legislative  interference.  It  will  be  seen  in  our  articles  on  the  herring  and  whale  fisheries, 
that  the  bounty  system  was  attended  with  vast  expense,  without  leading  to  any  useful 
result. 

Except  in  London  and  a  few  sea-port  towns,  the  consumption  of  fish  in  England  is  not 
great.  The  price  in  the  metrojiolis,  though  it  has  been  a  good  deal  reduced  of  late  years, 
is  still  very  high.  This  has  been  [iretty  generally  believed  to  be  in  no  small  degree  owing 
to  the  salesmen  of  Billingsgate  market  being  able,  in  a  great  measure,  to  regulate  both  the 
supply  of  tho  article  and  its  price.    The  late  coinmittee,  however,  declare,  tltat  tliough  they 


I 


FLAX. 


681 


1  point  of  viow,  tIjo<e 
•0(1  or  tor  Noine  other 
urhot,  lobnlcr,  oyHtor, 
I  iiiiJer  tlie.su  liilvn.) 
Llicr  quitu  incxlmusti- 
L'lil  flurh  n  roiitiiiiieil 
our  ill  the  Miiiiio,  thut 
aiicg  of  profitaliio  t> in- 
)iii  the  beginning  of 
on  our  con.-itt'H  ;  and 
tukrrm,  KHiimy  justly 
jyril  ninoiigst  tlitnn." 
IS  of  ihi!  year — with. 
I'  puyiniiit  oi'iviit  or 
!  iiiutl*  of  tish  would 
llioiHof  o^jgM,  wiiifh 
ho  whole  of  the  c.scu- 
tudcs  in  which  tlii'y 
convoy  to  the  mind 
uals  of  lierringa,  see 

)  yonrs  past,  n  grow- 
t.  is  allirined,  in  tlii> 
hrtt  the  fact  of  such 
iscrilio  it  to  viiiiou.4 
ish  '>y  n.sluiii;  with 
iiiij  f.easoii ;  a  prac- 
i  iii'.u  disuso.  The 
\i  stiite,  and  tliat  the 
is  tne  fact;  hut  We 
quite  as  niucli  truth 
wnwards,  fishcrincn 

a  library  might  b»( 
this  country  during 
T  the  improvement 
of  iliese  well  meant 

Koini!  of  thcni  into 
casoa  to  think  ihut 

ujion,  would  liave 

but  besides  this, 
Ihcr  foreign  fisher- 
ree !      We  confess, 

iiave  much  iiiflu- 
iie  French  arc  said 

su|)ei'iority,  with- 
ir  foreign  coinjieti- 
"  )or  so  well  as  one 

or  induHtry;  and 
)osition  for  c.\clud- 

a  singlo  moment, 
ishcrinen,  unless  it 
ic  legislature  be  to 
the  lowering,  and 

nd  other  burdens, 
ountries,  ought  to 
vay,  and,  perhaps, 
e  is  to  be  done  by 
d  whale  fisheries, 
ig  to  any  useful 

England  is  not 
cod  of  late  years, 
lali  degree  owing 
regulate  both  the 
Uiat  tlioujj;h  they 


have  not  minutely  cxnmincd  ihc  subject,  it  dors  not  appear  that  any  impro|>'  'inpoiy 

or  injurious  regulations  subiiitt  either  in  the  mode  of  supplying  the  market,  or  m  il\(!  iialo 
uf  the  fliih.  Hud  any  such  existed,  the  recent  cstaliliHhmeiit  of  the  Hungrrford  market 
would  have  tended  niuterially  to  counteract  their  inlluenco. 

Mr.  Durrow,  in  a  vuluublo  article  on  the  fisheries,  in  the  Supplement  to  the  Liici/rlii/jn:dia 
Britannka,  has  estiniuled  the  vului;  of  (he  entire  annual  produce  of  the  foreign  and  domes- 
tic (ighcrios  of  Ureat  Britain  at  H,30(),000/,  But  it  ia  admitted  by  every  one  who  knowa 
any  thing  of  the  subject,  that  this  estimate  is  very  greatly  exaggerated.  We  doubt  much, 
whether  tho  entire  value  of  the  iiiheries  can  be  reckoned  so  high  as  3,500,UU0/. 

Rtgnlatinnn  auto  tmportation.—VTP»)\  fisli,  British  taken,  nnd  linpnrtcil  in  Briti»li  Bliipn ;  mid  frflsh 
tiirbdti  anil  lolmtera,  li.iwuvcr  tnlieii  ur  iiii|iiirti.'il ;  may  bu  landed  in  lliu  United  Kirigduiii  witliiiut  re- 
port, milry,  or  wnrraiit.— (3  &  4  \HU.  i.  c.  .19.  i  U.) 

Frrnli  ll^li  of  every  Itiiid.cif  llrllisli  lakitiK.  "nil  imported  In  IlrillHli  olilpi  ;  and  frenh  Inlnlers  mid  liir- 
linlH,  linwevef  tiikeii,  iir  in  wli'ilcver  siiip>4  inipiirtcd  ;  niid  cured  tiRh  uf  every  kiiiil,  nl'  KrlllKii  taking 
and  ciiriiiK,  iiaporled  in  llritli>li  niiipa  ;  alinll  be  ImpurtiMl /rcc  uf  all  dnlicn,  niiii  hIiiiII  not  lie  ileenied  tn 
bu  iiieladinl  in  any  cinirce  of  duty  iiiipoHvii  liy  any  net  liereafter  to  bi'  muhW.  on  tiie  niiporlalidn  of 
foods  ;{'ner:iliy;  proviilud  liial  l)ei",ire  any  cKn'.'  ji.<li  stiali  he  enleri'il  fri'e  of  duly,  as  iieii'U  of  tiucli 
Inkinji  and  ciiriii);.  Ibn  master  of  tlie  Hiiip  iinportiiiK  tlie  name  f>lmll  make  and  Bnli!<eril)e  n  derlarntinn 
l)ef.>re  llie  roiierlor  or  ('<iniplr<illi:r,  lliat  Km  li  fi»li  was  actually  caufilil,  tukoii  in  llritisli  8liip:>,  and 
cured,  wlioliy  by  bis  Majesty's  sulijei'ts. — {  11. 

Fitih  of  foreijjii  taking  or  ciirlni?.  or  in  forolirn  vessels,  except  Inrl'ots  and  loliaters,  slockflsb,  live 
cell,  ancbuvies,  stnrjieon,  iiotar((o,  and  caviare,  prohibited  to  l)u  imported  on  pain  of  forfeiiiire.— }  58. 

[The  following  table  exhibits  the  amount  of  dried  and  pickled  fish  exported  from  the 
United  States,  from  1803  to  1837  inclusive. 


Van. 

Drkil  Fisll. 

I'iikici  ri.ii. 

V,.n. 

Urlcil  ('l>li. 

I'ickleJ  V\U. 

IS03 

*i,n'2n,nno 

^.ViO.OOO 

18!21 

#758,778 

«i20l,8l3 

1?0I 

2,1(111.(100 

t)  10,000 

1822 

lifl(i,730 

210,108 

1805 

2,().0H,()('O 

.•H>l,000 

1823 

7.11,021 

270,777 

IMJH 

2,1. ''0,000 

300,000 

1821 

873,085 

203,010 

lh07 

l,m\om 

302,000 

l^i5 

8.'i0,.3!50 

248,417 

IMIH 

(i23,00() 

(•8,000 

1820 

(i«2,7ia 

2.'i7,180 

IMi!) 

l,iv;:i,ono 

2«2,(K)0 

1827 

747,171 

210,270 

1810 

iii.'i.nno 

21 1,000 

1828 

8l».lt20 

2  k;,7.17 

1811 

T.'iT.flOO 

.io-.,ooo 

1829 

747,511 

220,527 

1HI3 

002,000 

140,000 

1830 

55O,«U0 

225,!t87 

1813 

210,000 

81,000 

1831 

e2.-i,302 

301,111 

IHIi 

12S,000 

60,000 

1832 

719,000 

300,812 

1815 

401,000 

218,000 

1833 

713,317 

277,073 

18l*i 

0.15,000 

221,000 

1831 

030,384 

223,2!;0 

1817 

1,003,000 

32.'),()00 

1835 

783,895 

224,029 

1813 

i,o;ii,o(io 

317.000 

1830 

746.41)4 

221,420 

181!) 

1,0.12,(UI0 

400,000 

1837 

588,500 

181,333 

1820 

UbO.OUO 

538,000 

Jim.  £d.} 

(FLAG.  Any  of  her  Majesty's  subjects  hoisting  the  Union  jack  in  their  vessels,  or  any 
pendants,  &c.  usually  worn  in  her  Maje.sty's  ships,  or  any  flag,  jack,  pendant,  or  colours 
whatever  in  imitation  of  or  resembling  those  of  her  Majesty,  or  any  ensign  or  colours  what- 
ever other  than  those  prescribed  by  proclamation,  1st  of  January,  1801,  shall  forfeit  for 
every  such  offence  not  more  than  500/.  (sic  in  wig.)  —  (4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  1 3.  §  1 1.) — Sup.) 
FLAX  (Ger.  Flecks  ,-  Du.  Vliifch  ,•  Fr.  Lin  /  It.  and  Sp.  LItw  ,■  Kus.  Len,  Lun  ,•  Vol, 
hen  I  hat,  Li  nil  III),  an  important  phnt  (Liiiuin  tt/titalinainium')  \hat  has  been  cultivated 
from  tho  earliest  ages  in  Great  Britain  and  many  other  countries;  its  fibres  being  manufac- 
tured into  thread,  and  its  seed  crushed  for  oil.  Generally,  however,  we  have  been  in  the 
habit  of  importing  a  large  portion  of  our  supplier.  The  premium  giver,  by  the  legislature  to 
force  the  cultivation  of  llax,  have  had  very  little  effect;  the  fait  being,  as  Mr.  Loudon  has 
stated,  that  its  culture  is  found  to  be,  on  tho  whole,  less  profitable  than  that  of  corn.  When 
allowed  to  ripen  its  seed,  it  is  one  of  tho  mo.-tt  severe  crops. 

The  principal  sorts  of  llax  imported  into  this  country  are,  Petersburgh,  Narva,  Riga,  Revel, 
Pcrnau,  Liebau,  Memel,  Oborland,  and  Dutch  flax.  The  Petersburgh  and  Narva  flax  are 
nearly  of  the  same  quality,  the  latter  being  but  little  inferior  to  the  former.  Both  sorts  come 
to  us  in  bundles  of  13,  9,  and  6  heads.  The  Riga  llax  seems  to  deserve  the  prefeience  of 
any  imported  from  the  Baltic.  It  is  the  growth  of  the  provinces  of  Marienburg,  Diuania, 
'J'hicsenhausen,  and  Lithuania. 

The  best  Marienburg  is  railed  simply  Marieiduirg  (M),  or  Marienbtirfr  clean  ;  the  second  quality, 
cut  (O.M);  and  Hie  lliird,  rUlcn  drcijbuiid  (III)) ;  of  the  tliree  otber  provinces,  tlie  lirsl  (iiialily  bears 
tlie  name  of  rolui-.er; — as  ])ruaiii(i'rukit:er  (.DU),  Thiefcnhaitfen  rukif-tr  (Tit),  anil  J.illniaiiia  nikilier 
(l-U).  Tlie  cut  llax  of  ilii'se  tliree  provinces  i.s  tlie  second  qiialily  :  anil  to  tbe  third  (|iuility  belony  the 
builsliib  liud  btid.-'lub  ciiHU  anil  lUJ);  lUe  patcrncfttr  (I'N)  ;  mnlhafa  three  hand  (111)).  Biidsliib  and 
pattniii.ittrnrii  the  refuse  of  llie  rukiizi.r  llax,  and  the  three  baud  acaiii  Hie  n'fiiso  of  Hie  fiirimr  sorts, 
and  consequi'iitly  very  ordinary.  The  Itevel  and  Periiaii  consists  of  .Marienburg,  cut,  rn-leii.  haft 
thtceband,  and  thrreband.  The  liiebail  and  iMeniel  irrowtbs  are  dislinfuislied  by  the  deiiominatioii  of 
/'uraiiil  ikrei'  band.  Tbe.ite  two  sorts,  as  well  as  tbo  Oburluiid  tlax,  como  from  Koiiigeberg,  Klbliii;, 
&.r.,  and  are  little  esteemed  in  the  lirilish  markets. 

Flanders  or  Dutch  flax  is  well-dressed,  and  of  the  finest  quality. 

86 


ll 


OM       FLAX-SKnn,  FLOTSAM,  JllTSAM,  AND  LAGAN. 


Flux  in  rxtotiKivf Iv  niltiviiirvl  in  T'^'-'vpf.  Of  I:il(>  y''nr».  mivmi"  of  tlio  Itiliiiii  p'irtH  wliirh 
Uurd  til  lie  nii|i|)!ic(l  i'rciin  l!iisr<i;i,  hiivc  In cii  fully  Hiipi'lii-d  iiii  Inwrr  icriim  fimii  Aii'xiiii(Iriii. 

Till'  I'liKfiitiitin  tmn.r,  or  Nrw  Zi'riliiiiij  (lii\,  ix  r^iiiil  fo  ixccri!  cxcry  i  tlici  spiiiiM  in 
ntrrii';lli  iif  riiic  ;iiiil  wliitiMiC''" ;  i|imliti('n  wliiili  (if  it  ri'nlly  ihi-ic-im  iIkmii  in  ihi'  ilc^rro 
ntnlril)  iniliit  iii:il  i'  it  p'  culiiirlv  wr!l-!ii|"<l  for  lii'lrn,'  pimdo  inln  (•hiivii-<m  and  rnrih",!*.  It  Ims 
lirrn  iililniiird  williln  llii'-r-  fi'w  m  iift  til  fijond  |i  ind  IVniti  Sydm'y  iiiiii  Vim  Diriiicii'n 
Lnnil ;  llir  iin]')rt'4  fnun  ilirm  li.ivinir  iiiiioiMiti'd,  in  IHIU.Id  Ifi  7'^'"i  rwt.  AttiMn|iU  iini 
now  iinluntr,  tiiil  with  whut  uncci'f*  rcrniinM  to  ln>  xccii,  to  riiim'  it  in  lliin  country. 

Will'  I  ll.ix  in  liroiii;lit  to  tli<>  priiiri|i;il  |{u4<iiiii  pitrt'i  wliciii'o  it  is  Hlii|i{iod,  it  !<<  climiiHod 
ncciirdlii!'  to  it.'*  <  uiililiiM,  iind  in:i'!i'  np  in  iiniidliw  liy  Dvvorn  in'.)ii'i'torH  (liiiif/,-i:s)  uppointi'd 
by  novi'inniciit,  for  the  HK-itirtnirnt  of  llnit  iind  nil  other  iiii'rchrtiidi><('.  'I'lu  so  funcli'innricii 
ore  sail)  t  >pirliiiin  tlicir  ta^k  with  iiiuiliilili'  iuipiuti;dity  iind  cxactin-K.-*.  A  tii'kt't  in  iitttii'lir(| 
to  every  iiniuile  of  losorlo  1  flax,  eentiiinin'ir  l!ic  nunn-H  of  the  iniipeitor  lunl  owner,  tlie  Hurt 
of  (lux,  iiiid  the  period  wlien  it  wan  Keleeteil  or  iiiHpeclctl. — iSee  1Ii;mi'.)  (lood  llux  should 
lie  of  II  I'liie  liriu'iit  colour,  well  sepiiriited  from  the  tow,  cedilla,  or  coarser  porli'ii  of  lliu 
plunt ;  and  of  a  juin;,  line,  and  ^tronx  lihiv.  In  pinvhiiMing  llax,  it  in  iiMiial  to  employ  a^eiitii 
wholly  devoted  li>  thi^t  jici'iiliar  hnsinchM. 

()f''.).:(i.ll  I  cv\l.  of  llav  mid  tow  imported  into  Great  Ilritain  in  ISHI,  OSllsrin  cwt.  woro 
broiinlit  fioiii  l!iiM..<ia;  l-.iH,'^.ll  cvvt.  from  tl,<i  Nelhcrlaiul.s ;  10I,7r:'l  ewt.  from  I'rnsKiii; 
Ori.iJ'^t  ewt.  from  I'lance;  1,41.')  ewt.  from  [tdy  ;  \'\'i'i'^  ewt.  iVom  .\ew  South  Wales,  <Sic. 
Almost  the  whiile  of  tliirt  (piiintiiy  wns  retained  for  lunne  cousuaij^lion.  'I'hc  duty  wuj  re- 
cently rcilueed,  mill  ii)  now  only  Id,  a  cwt. 

I'liix,  llic  jiriiiliici-  iir  iiiniiiil'actiiri'  of  riircipe,  not  in  lii<  linpdri.il  for  liorpo  rmiiiinniHldti.  cxrept  in 
(Iriti^ii  rliiiM,  or  ill  »lii{i4  III'  ilii'  I  iiiiMlry  iil'  wliii  ii  ii  i.i  llii'  |iriiiliiri',  or  nl'tlir  <  unnlry  I'min  wliiili  it  m 
iiii|ii>ri.'il.  (Ill  imiii  ef  liirlViliire  <it'  tliu  Liinla  ami  nil'/.  Iiy  the  iiiiiKlrr  of  llie  diiji.— (.I'iV  1  tl'ill.  I,  c.  .'il.) 

We  inilijoin  an  aixounl  of  tlio  cliur|{0«  on  llie  liiiportullon  of  tliu  ditlureiit  «iirlg  iif  lliix  from  rctcri- 
burijli  iiimI  lti).'a, 


tlirfti.il  lV'r:Miiif^h  on  Ii  ItraJ  Klt«,  per  luu. 

I  iroi,  la  iiiiu.ii,]    m  |i»i>.ii :~  1  ti'ii. 


Tilly,  ViOcMp.  ptr  l^rcoTil 
<Jitii'';i:i'i;tr  .fii'y,  I  j.frfitit. 
A.Uilii  wl  ilui}',  10  |>cr  i.t>iil. 


R'  u.  ffip. 
»l  i 
0  91 
3    '10 


Cmlnni'hou'*  charxrt,  4  |>i'r  criil, 

Hmivinx  .111.1  wflixliiiiir,  41)  I'.p.  par  iMibbiD 

Dr.it'kiiijr,  I  iiMib.  pi-r  Iwrcorilt     >  .  .  . 

BiiiiliMt,  *.\i"|i.  p.  rillili 

i.).'liii T.)j(u  .111.1  Aii'ii'l.iiictf  !.'>  CmiiilKJt,  H  roub.  per 00 

p 'ImIi  ....... 

Wn. 

brukcra^,  (iO  cop.  per  luii  .  .  .  > 

Fixetl  charfei 
rrokfnfP,  1-2  per  mil. 
C('nlll.jB^i'^n  airl  cvIm  rl)iir,;rfl,  3  per  CPiil. 


R.  37 
I 


I 

8 
0 

AMU) 


40 
0 

60 


Van.ps  l-l  per  mil, 


Br 'ker.r:c  .1, 1  ills.  M  fwrr-  III.  ( 


I  -  prr  crnl. 


CltiTKi.*  hcrt',  piT  till,  UkiDit  llio  price  .il  4*i^ 

L.    I.     d. 
IiKiinnrp,  lii.  0/.  {wr  ceiil.  Jiii.1  piilicy,  iluriiig  Itir  iiiiii. 

liirr,  r  I  IimI  ritki           *            •           >            •            •  0  '  1    9 

S.ililld  ilui  <                 •              ■              ■             ■              •              •  0    I  .'     Ii 

Kr.  lull',  ».iy  S2..  6i/.  per  lull  iu  full             •             .            .  ]     II    11 

CiiAiiiiin      .           .           .           .           .           -          .  0      I    H 

l.iiililir  rhirfM     .             .            .            .             .            .  I     II     II 

IliM'iiiiit.  3  54  pirreni.  (bcliijtnlil  tlBiiiinihi'crnllo    I    13   :i 
Iln.keragti,  l.J  jht  cuiil.    .  •  •  .  .046 

/.IS     IJ    H 

\am  l.y  Ure,  2  per  cent.  •  .    0    IS    U 

2.  d    13    8 

»  Vn\  Flu. 
2fl  lvitih:i..       I  3  p-lhU  «  I  Inn.  RiM  c\n>. 

Fixel  cliBriri.'  at  i•p■l■r^tnlr»'tl  niiiniiiil  lo      .  .  .    80    3j 

'ri.i-  I  Ilier  i-hilKen  .illii'  .is  ru  12  hi.l  I  |  liie  rlrirre^  nf  llil. 
iHirl  II  av  lie  eaileil  llif  imnie  .ia  dii  Ii  lii-.i.t  atii'i,  ttie  tlif 
[.renpe  i'rlii*  oiilv  on  Ihev.iliie;  wliirli  tii;iki  i  llm  in 
miLiiice,  (lisrnuiil,  aii.l  I'r.'keT,ii;e,  of  Itss  aUK.uiit.  Tlio 
liirreilfiif  lini.l  r) -irKK  al  I'elersl.iir^Il  il  uwiiijf  lo  llio 
Iar,(cr  uuiiiber  of  iHibtiti*  lo  llie  l.m. 
6i:eil  Flu, 
47  Iwilibitii  »  111*  p'luili  «  I  ton.  iii'M.  r"7i. 

Fiteil  rliarfca,  pir  ton  ...  .    91    52 

Olliercliariji-.,  I'l  fc  wpra. 


aic  (li.ii,0's  V  iiyii  S  .itcnrlli.g  Iu  the  pricra  paiil. 

Rixt  ([\x  il  bou';ht  at  lo  niucti  per  ililppouuil.    6  1-6  ililpjioun<l 
B  I  Ion, 
The  rVai-jes  of  liiij  orlallou  are  ili«  Mine,  or  nearly  m,  as  on  Fe. 

tenlur^'h  ilix. 

FI,.\.V-SKKn,  on  UNSEED  (Fr.  Lin,  (h-ahie  (h  I.hi  .•  Orr.  LIrnsnal ,-  Du.  T.m- 
snad ;  It.  lAiisrme  !  8p.  L!na:<i ;  Port.  Liuhaea  ;  Pol.  Sieiiur,  httiine  ,■  l!ua.  Sciiijn  fci)' 
Jiimic  ;  Iiiit.  Lhi!  .ifiueii),  the  seed  of  fl.ix.  It  contains  n  Rrcat  ileal  of  oil,  which  it  yields 
by  expre..i.4on ;  and  is  cultivated  either  that  it  may  be  used  in  sowiiitf,  or  sent  to  the  crush'- 
inct  iiiilU  ti)  lir  converted  into  oil. 

As  the  (lUJility  of  the  crop  dcponda  niiieh  on  the  seed  employed,  a  pjooil  deal  of  rare  is 
roquisile  in  ta'leetiii.'T  the  best.  Ciciicrallv  speakiii'^,  it  s-liould  he  chosen  of  a  hri;!;ht,  hrown- 
isli  c.iloiir,  oily  lo  the  fei'l,  heavy,  and  (]iiitc  fresh.  Dnieh  sei-d  i.s  in  the  hit;hest  estimation 
for  sowincr;  it  ih  t  only  ripens  sooner  than  any  other  that  is  imported,  but  jiroduces  larger 
crop.?,  mul  of  llie  qii;ility  tliat  b:'.'-t  snit.s  our  principal  inannfaclnreH.  American  seed  pro- 
duces fine  llax,  hut  llie  procred  is  not  t;o  lari;.;  as  tVoin  llutch  seed.  Uritish  flax-seed  U 
someti'iies  ii.-ted  instead  of  r'utcli ;  hut  the  risk  of  the  crop  nii.-iqiviivj;  iii  so  much  greater, 
"  that  those  only  who  are  i-.;!iornrit  of  the  conseipieMces,  or  who  are  coinjielled  from  necessity, 
ore  chiir.;e:ilile  with  tliis  act  of  ill-jiidijed  parsimony." — {Loruhin'.i  Km}/,  nf  Ai^riciilliiri.) 
(•nisliimt  seeii  is  prineipiillv  irnimrted  from  Russia,  hut  ciiisiderahle  (piaiilities  are  n!si) 
broi-nht  from  Italy  and  Eirypt.  Df  2.75!).H)3  bushels  of  linseed  imported  in  1S:U,  2,210,Vn3 
were  lnoii'-ht  (Voin  Ru.ssiai  172.091)  from  Prussia,  ll)(i.?2!)l  from  the  United  States,  105,418 
fro.'ii  Italy.  9S.S17  from  Euypf,  .'■):l,7;",S  from  the  Xetliirland.-;,  Ac.  'J"ie  duty  is  Is,  a 
quarter;  and  the  priie,  in  December.  1S3'1,  varied  tVoin  -l.^i.'.  to  .Ot.'.  a  quarter. 

Fr,()T.j.\M,  .IHTs.\.\t,  AND  I.ACJAN.  In  order  lo  c..iisiilute  a  lestal  wreck,  the  Roods 
nnisi  come  to  land.  If  they  continue  at  .sea,  the  law  diKtiniiiiishes  lliein  by  the  foreooing 
iinci  iith  and  barbarous  appellations  :  Jhtsiiiii  is  when  goods  continue  lloatiiio  on  the  surface 
ol  the  wavis;  ji.huin  is  when  they  are  sunk  under  the  surface  of  the  water ;  and  taii;an  a 


N. 


FLOUR. 


083 


P'lrlH  wliich 
Ali'xiiiidrin. 

rl    ^|H■l•i(■^   in 

II  till'  (li'{r''o 
I  i;i'.     It  liiH 

III  Diciiirrri! 

Attl'lll|)lz«    HIP 

try. 

!•<  clii^Midoil 
■■s)  ii|)|Miiiit('(l 
t'lim'ii.iniiiicii 

ft   ii4  llttltcllCll 

viiiT,  till*  Hurt 
III  llux  alioiilil 
rii'tii'ii  of  tlio 
inpliiy  agi'iil* 

iHa  cwt.  worn 
Dill  I'riiKHia; 
li  Wiilcs.  &c. 
duty  wu.<  ro- 


ll inn,  PXrcpl  III 

Hill  wIlU'll  li  In 

1  mil.  I.  .•.  .11.) 

X  from  rulcm- 

ici  .il  4V. 

I.    I.     d. 
the  luin- 

•  0  1  1    9 

•  0  If    U 

■  3  IJ  « 

■  0  I  H 

■  I  II  II 
u'crKlll)  I  13  :i 

•  0  4  (j 

/.  A    D    H 

■  0    H    U 

/..  d    13    8 


60    3J 


rir^  of  l(T|. 
Ih.'  illf 
M..'  in 
111.  Tlio 
Id  10  lliti 


^i-M.  r-f. 

■  91  a 

Du.  T.wi- 

Sniija  fill)- 

'Il  it  jii'Ms 

ti)  the  I'l'Ubii- 

of  care  ia 
;hf,  brown- 

csliiniition 
iliiroa  liirjtcT 
111  sci'd  pro- 
fl.lK-slTd  i^ 
uch  gri-utiT, 
111  iii'ct'Ksity, 
\!;ricullurc.) 
fire  niso 
1,2,210,703 
Ics,  105,418 
ity  is   is,  a 

k,  the  goods 

ho  fi)rr^iiing 

the  siirfai'C. 

iiid  liiiran  w 


wlien  tliny  nrr  runk,  Imt  tii-il  Jo  a  cork  or  Imoy  to  he  f.uiiid  nijuiii.  —  (Dfiirl-nfniif,  hook  1.  c. 
8.)  Foreign  lii|niir<,  liroiiKlit  or  coiiiiii't  iii*o  Orent  IMliin  or  Inliiiid,  iin  drrclirl,  Hutiuiii, 
iVc,  nre  to  |my  the  hiiii..'  diitieN  niid  reeeivo  tho  NUiiie  drikwliackii  an  niinilur  lii|iiurrt  r('i;iilarly 
iiiip'rinl. 

Fl.Oilll  ((jor.  I'l'iim  iiir'il,  Sfinnifliiif'il /  Du.  lihirm  i  Fleiir  ilf  furi'rir  .  U,  rinrf  ; 
S|i,  /•'/'/'),  tlu' iiii'ul  111' v.hi'iit  corn,  liiirly  i^hniinl  iindhil'lid,  Tlirie  lire  tlircti  (|iia!iiii'i4  iil' 
(luiir,  denoinltmti'd_/7r,»/,  .-im,;i(/,v,  mid //uVtii,  of  which  tho  firtt  ia  ihu  [lUri'Mt. —  (^^l•o  ('(>ii>* 

l,\WH   AMI  ClIllV    TlMliK.) 

[l''or  the  fuft  l.ililo  which  followii,  with  t\w  acfoinimnyiiig  reninrkH,  we  nre  iiidrlited  to  Mr. 
Ili/niirrt  valo.iMi'  joiuiiiil,  etititliil  "  Unilitl  Slulix  Co/nun rciiil  anil  S/iili'>.l'i-iil  l{i l^'^Ic:' 
Ni'u  the  iiiiiiilier  of  ('  toiler  !)tii,  ISIIt).  Tlio  wcund  talilo  it  tuk«ii  from  thu  lMit!n(leli>hi.i 
(.'tiinmtrcitil  Litl  til  Alareh  iHh,  IHii'J. 


E.tport«  of  Flour  anil  Wlioiit  from  1700  to  1838. 

Vtin 

l\\l%hi  U  of  whf  it 

Inipi>riloii  iif    1 
lour  ..t  (l.tlbn-nt 

lUrrrN  of  flour 

JifiC.'  fif 

(1..1.1  c.i-ii 

V^l.'f  of  rtoor   ' 

FV|H.rtt'l  .1'  ivi. 

((iiantilv  of  flour 
ilii|li.-.l  l.iKi.f. 
Uiul.    Ilainli. 

rirt.'.rli  fif 
II"  ir  fi'iiii 

UXlKJllVl. 

xliial  in 

|)l.ie«)t. 

vxiifiW.I. 

y.  nr  It  hlii> 

mi'  1  li  p^  II. 

I  in... In. 

Ku/twd. 

>aitnl|>lli:i. 

i'ii.i>ii<ii|.ii:i. 

lariil'. 

171'lt 

i.rji.i.-H 

&?.  a 

851,1(17 

721,023 

||5  50 

flul 

i,()iH,;t;iu 

47,  a 

821, .'.78 

filll,l.^l 

5  22 

3,".3 1,735 

. 

I7W 

H33.7!W» 

41.  0 

43'.i.07l 

H'.l.lOt 

5  '^l 

4,3'2.-<,  i:.o 

. 

i;'.i;) 

l,15l),S7S 

47.in 

4V!2,()75 

1,07  i,c;m 

5  HO 

(»,3 111.370 

. 

10,000 

ITiil 

I):  H.T.n 

.'lO.  N 

aii07.-.l 

•       Hl(',(lin 

0  HO 

5,H3-,'1(1() 

- 

13,700 

I711-. 

111, '271 

7'J.ll 

227,171 

on:.3(.i) 

10  00 

7,"2'tl.ll| 

. 

IH.IKIO 

I71KI 

3I.'«(1 

7«.  3 

llill,w.-,5 

725,11)1 

12  .50 

0.0(11,055 

. 

4,300 

I7;i7 

I.VIl.ll 

52.  9 

13t,(Hia 

51. ..1133 

8  1)1 

4.51(4,'21IO 

- 

ll,(!(IO 

I70S 

i'i,(i;i 

.10.  4 

1(10,175 

.'.07,5;.8 

8  'U) 

4,(.53,1)75 

. 

0,5(10 

I7!i'l 

in.o.,n 

till.  11 

. 

510.21.5 

l)  (10 

5,010  DHtl 

. 

H.KIO 

ISllil 

'ifi,h.-;i 

110.  3 

325,S|S 

(1,".3,().V2 

0  'ft 

(1,  IMI.OH'l 

1:2,'' 15 

■.>0,(ll<U 

\m 

a:i'.<,!i':i» 

llJ.U 

312,(1(15 

l,lii'2,141 

10  40 

11,105,417 

471).7-iO 

3s, (1(10 

ISdJ 

ti-O.'^  1 

•17.  !) 

42tl,OI'i 

1 , 1  ■.0,2  W 

0  1)1) 

7.0:s,lll 

aiiN,7  14 

'.;N,'i(H) 

h(i:i 

fl-ti,!!.'! 

Ii7.  t 

.325,!l.i5 

1,311, '•53 

f,  73 

8,H'2h  771 

ao.i.i';? 

l.'i,i:;2 

l-Dl 

127,(1'^! 

PI),  i 

301, '.Mil 

hlO.ll'W 

8  23 

«,l'-('ti,3tl5 

7,110 

ll.()t,7 

l^'0') 

lH,(lll 

t7.  1 

4.-|!',;iV2 

777,513 

«  ;o 

7,541,h70 

30,7. '>9 

IH.,51'0 

IHO'l 

H'l,7St 

7(1.  'J 

471.v:i 

■;»-\:-i-i 

7  :;o 

5,713,i-t-5 

127  ,(.11) 

1(),U17 

i.-ii; 

77I),HII 

7.1.  1 

7ni.5.M) 

I,91'.Vii(l 

7  17 

8,011 1,':(I2 

323,!1(1S 

20, 112 

IMM 

b7,;i;.o 

7N.1I 

40(1,111 

2():!,hl3 

5  09 

l,.501,0')5 

li.!fi2 

42, 1(13 

IMI'I 

3!Kl,.'i,-0 

111.  .t 

6111.(175 

h  lll,'J  17 

0  HI 

5,8 17, NO 

I.M).7II 

11),  170 

I'-lll 

3-J\'.i'Jl 

103.  3 

5^7. '267 

7«\!;il 

1)  37 

7,!HI,'Jlis 

(la.irm 

1-2,110 

I  ■■11 

aift,'3;t 

'.)2.  5 

7 117. .501 

1,115.012 

I)  1)5 

II,377.S(1U 

.3MK1 

|ti,,'IIO 

IM') 

5:!,»au 

I-J2.  8 

l,2l,5,(iM7 

1. 113. 11.2 

'J  H3 

ll,lM)..5-:0 

88,4'."J 

37,(.'.'5 

1M:i 

C>H,'35 

10!..  1) 

1,220,832 

1,'^(10,'.I12 

H  1)2 

11,217,002 

. 

517 

IMI 

Tl.  1 

7n-<,iw 

10:!,27l 

8  (10 

l.Otia.l.O 

. 

l,'217 

1-lj 

"l7,f:iil 

03.  8 

1,110,(111 

Hii,73'.) 

H  71 

7.511,150 

lOl.f^'^S 

l,lf2U 

M'! 

hX:<:'i 

7«!.  a 

I,121,H11 

72',),053 

9  78 

7, 1:10. 1.38 

S..572 

1,1.15 

I.N17 

'.111,  1117 

111.  0 

l.,'i3ll,7!ia 

l,t7(',!'..H 

II  (ID 

17.2111, li'it 

70(i,(:()i 

Sf<.0i7 

li-H 

I'.ID.HW 

83,  8 

1,205,11)5 

1,1.57,(107 

«  on 

ll,5::(i.(l(ia 

380,530 

.•10,543 

l"-!.! 

h-;,i)i;.i 

72.  3 

1,107,7',11 

750,t:i;0 

7  11 

5.3:17,11a 

5 1  ,H47 

12.0S5 

IV.'O 

1       ".i.vn 

o.'..in 

l.K7:,I(HI 

1.177,0:!0 

4  :-i 

5,.'.55,t  01) 

171,772 

45,;i(;ij 

IVJI 

•i...t*:i 

•11.  .-i 

1,7(17,3.0 

1,0.0,110 

4  7S 

5,(M.",2IS 

01,511 

2i;,o:.5 

m-i 

4,tl4 

43,  3 

l„'.'.H'.tr;0 

h.7.S05 

ti  58 

5, 1 17,351 

12,01)(1 

47,-'.17 

m:\ 

'1.272 

.'!1,  0 

1,557,721 

7.'.0.7()a 

0  S2 

5,I(0.7()S 

4,252 

40,2.',0 

i-n 

20,373 

P%  0 

1,711, '00 

!)';0,V.)2 

5  ('2 

5,001.1171 

70.873 

41,1X11 

).-r. 

17.!Mi|) 

m.  0 

l,HV-',011 

813,0' 111 

5  10 

4,150,i)i() 

27.272 

10,003 

ifiiii 

i       4^,llil^ 

.'.0.11 

2,031, .'..55 

(■,57.^v;0 

4  05 

3,'.)-^,M'3 

1N,3.'.5 

.■;3.o  10 

lH-17 

aiis-J 

.10.  (1 

a.o.^H,  ir.ij 

Hy\  1110 

5  23 

4.5 1->,'23 1 

53,12v) 

51.023 

Ivi-I 

K,llllll 

«().  5 

8,'.-()(i.()78 

Nll).M)!J 

5  CO 

4,h20,5:.0 

y3,'258 

35.7'2() 

INilt 

4,ni»7 

firt.  3 

2.-i-^(i,2in 

837,:i!'5 

0  33 

5,3110,0  ;7 

a'JI,17fl 

1 1 ,7.^1 

ik:!0 

4.'),-2^'.l 

(il.  3 

!2,N5 1,-70 

l,'2.i7,131 

4  m 

5,ll-2'<,^IUi 

.'t'yi,is2 

71,741) 

mi 

4ns,!i;u 

Oil.  4 

3,().5.S,::1I3 

l,hllll,5'21) 

5  (17 

10.213.1)1') 

8:i).i:;o 

im 

8-,:jni 

58.  8 

2,(115,0,l) 

t-01,01') 

5  72 

4,lil7.3.'l? 

1)5,1)58 

31,119 

iN3:i 

SJ.I'Jl 

1      .52.11 

a,hi5.CinO 

1I5.-,,7IJS 

5  03 

5,3)-'0,ll7  1 

2'2,-:07 

51,i;;5 

IM.-l 

iii,:(!S 

1     40.  3 

8,'.il.\(<l» 

835,3.5'2 

S  17 

4.3IS.770 

HI.0.-7 

l2)l.^'12 

i>:r. 

4T.7(ii 

!      3',l.  4 

a,?..'.ti,ii8 

7711,3110 

5  88 

4,5?2,8i8 

5, '170 

10,970 

1m:io 

'i,(lti-2 

:      i^.  fi 

2,.M2,'I0 

50'>.1();) 

7  PO 

4,0.1-,1.0 

101 

1M7 

17,3113 

1      55.11 

'2,(liM.7ll3 

.■il'^,71!) 

9  37 

2,0^0, :ii>7 

lb,;a 

fv:iii 

'•      (13.  4 

S,.'40,O7D 

1        44*,I01 

7  71) 

3,t'Jl,171 

8,833_ 

"The  preccdiiiR  table  exhihits  n  cenernl  view  of  the  fl"iir  mid  vvheiit  trade  of  the  Unifrd 
Stiitr.-*,  f.ir  lorty-iiine  years.  The  liist  euliimn  fih  )ws  th'M'xport.^  of  wlii  nt,  which  in  1790 
anioiintcd  to  l,12'l,'l.'i8  luishcls,  nud  in  1838  to  only  6,'.;i)l  LuslicJ!*.  'J'lio  following  titiite- 
ini'iit  b'liows  tho  same  divided  into  periods  often  years,  and  their  annual  average 


171)0  ui  17113 
IH'iOlii  IKII9 
1810  1,1  IHID 
I  <n  (11  1>21) 
lb30  to  lajd 


5,350,1110 

2,72.t.:i0() 

l,3l!).3.'i9 

I7.5,'i;2 

()8j,'i'J0 


Dush'Is  pT  ann. 

-  5.3.5.01U 

-  272,.)30 

-  134035 

-  17,5'17 

-  70,IJ3 


i:  ii, 


ill 


Nl 


:i( 


Total  bushels,  10,283,471 
Ecins  a  yearly  avenge  of  !i09,0G6  liushcls. 


684 


FLOUR. 


The  second  rolumn  cxhibiU  tho  nnnual  avcrii(:;c  price  of  wheat  in  England  as  puliliulied 
in  the  Iiondon  Gazette,  ami  the  following  statement  shows  tho  average  of  each  period  often 
years  from  1770  to  1838. 

8.  d. 

1770  to  1779 45.  0 

1780  10  17X!) 45.  9 

17!l()lnl7m> 5.V11 

lS(IOtnlH0'.» 82.2 

i8iotoiHi9 m.s 

IS20tolv20 58.8 

ISiU  (o  ls3tf    -        -        -_ 55.  1 

Making  tho  annual  average  price  61.?.  6r/. 

In  the  tliird  column  is  tho  inspection  of  (lour  in  tne  different  places  in  tho  United  States, 
as  far  as  it  can  be  obtained. 

From  1790  to  17i>3  inclu.sive  is  for  Philadelphia  only ;  this  was  obtained  from  the  books 
of  t!ie  inspoctor  for  tliat  period. 

From  1800  tho  amount  of  inspection  is  taken  from  tho  tables  originally  formed,  with  great 
labour,  by  a  gentleman  long  engaged  in  the  flour  business,  and  published  first  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Price  Current,  and  continued  to  the  later  dates  in  tho  Commercial  List.  It  is  to  lie 
regretted  that  eomplite  returns  from  the  whole  United  Slates  could  not  bo  obtained,  and  in 
some  instances  tbene  arc  estimate.* — so  that  they  can  only  enable  us  to  form  some  idea  of 
the  amount.  From  1800  to  181 1,  we  have  no  account  of  the  inspections  in  Philadelphia  or 
iS'ew  York.  From  ISOO  to  1803,  we  have  only  those  in  Ualtimorc,  to  which,  from  1803  to 
ISl  1,  the  inspections  in  Alexandria  are  added.  1813  shows  the  inspections  in  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore  and  Alexandria.  From  1813  to  1818  inclusive,  wo  have  the  inspections  of  Phil- 
adelphia, New  York,  Baltimore  ajid  .Mcxandria.  In  the  next  year  (1819),  are  added  Kieh- 
mond  and  Petersburg — and  to  the.se,  in  tho  next  two  years,  Fredericksburg.  From  1823 
to  1829  inclusive,  are  embraced  the  inspections  at  New  Orleans,  to  which  in  1830  to  1830 
inclusive,  Falmouth  is  added.  In  1837,  Faluioutli  is  delicicnt,  as  are  Fredericksburg  and 
Falmouth  in  1838. 

•  ••••*»•• 

The  exports  of  flour  from  tho  United  States  in  each  of  the  forty-nine  years,  arc  shown  in 
the  next  column — which  wc  have  divided  into  periods  often  years,  as  follows: 

nirirli.  Pf  r  ann. 

1790  to  1709 7,101,431)  -        -        -710,11:) 

1800  to  1809 8,!).-):i,721  -        -        -  W}^,T,i 

1810  to  1819 10.I'20,19S  -        -        l,or2,01W 

1820  to  1829 --    9.0.')2,!130  ...  !in.'i,2!l3 

1830  to  1838 7,741,078  -        -        -800,180 

42,973,203 

Annual  average  of  the  whole  period  877,000  barrels. 

The  average  prices  of  flour  are  given  each  year  for  Philadelphia,  in  the  next  column,  as 
published  a  few  years  since  in  the  Price  Current.  The  following  shows  the  averages  of 
periods  of  ten  years. 

rhit.iilplp]ija. 

1700  to  1709 #7  87 

1M)0  to  l.'-OO 7  69 

lSI0tol8l9 9  Si! 

18;fl  to  1829 _        .        .     5  54 

183010)838 6  45 

In  the  next  rolumn  is  shown  the  amount  of  the  Exports  of  flour  each  year  calculated  at 
the  average  I'hiladelphia  prices. 

Then  follow  the  quantities  of  flour  exported  to  England  from  1800  to  1838,  being  in  the 
former  172,815  barrels,  and  the  latter  8U9.'>,  The  largest  quantity  ever  sent  there  appears 
to  have  been  in  1831,  viz.,  879,430  barrels.     In  1837,  none  was  sent  there. 

In  the  last  four  years  large  importations  of  wheat  and  flour  took  place. 

fl'heat.  Flour. 

Ilu>lirl5.                                     riKlLirj.  C"t.  Bnll.irj. 

IS.Tt     ...    21)8,709    -        -        -     198,017  ...  39,3',)7  -  -        -  ('.9,070 

iy.'.tS     -        -         .     .Wi.N'lS     -         -         -     4'.):!,1.V.)  -         -         -  2I.'209  -  -         -  02,341 

1837     -        -          3,921,2,-|9    -        -          4,1,M  329  -        -         -  30,709  -  .        -  122,(i.')l 

lf38    .         -        -    891,530    -        -        -    b90,500  -        -        -  12,731  -  -        -  44,273 

In  the  last  column  arc  given  the  exportations  of  flour  from  Canada,  tis  published  in  the 
Montreal  Gazette,  from  1793  to  1830,  the  remaining  years  are  from  other  British  documents. 

During  the  period  embraced  in  the  preceding  tid)les,  tliere  has  been  a  succession  of 
important  political  and  conmiercial  changes,  calculated  to  alfect  the  |)rices  of  those  nic^t 
essential  articles  of  subsistence.  We  notice  a  f«w  of  them  derived  from  the  tables  here'.oforc 
published,  and  other  sources. 

1790,  '01,  '92.     I'cnce  ;  niid  favniirnhln  snnfmiifl  in  Riisliinil. 

1793.    War  with  Kr.\rire  I'oiiiiniMiccil  let  Februiiry,  17'J3;  lavourublD  Bcason. 

1791  to  IKOI.    War  Willi  France. 

1791  to  1795.    Uelicieiit  cruiis 


n  England  as  pul)Ii«lied 
ge  of  each  period  often 


«.  d. 

4.').  0 
•tA.  9 
55.11 
82.  2 
88.  8 
58.  5 
55.  1 


!8  in  the  United  States, 

btaincd  from  the  books 

lally  formed,  witli  I'rrat 
(hod  first  in  the  I'hila- 
ercial  List.  It  is  to  ho 
ot  bo  obtained,  and  in 
to  form  some  idea  of 
ions  in  Piiiladolpbia  or 
o  which,  from  1803  to 
■ctions  in  Phila,i('l|)hia, 
le  inspections  of  Phil. 
1819),  arc  added  Kich- 
eitsburg.  From  1S23 
*vhich  in  1830  to  183fi 
ire  Fredericiisburg  and 


le  years,  arc  sliovvn  in 
follows : 

Per  ami. 

-  7in,ii:t 

-  N!«,.nTa 
l,ni-2,i)i» 

-  !in.'i,2!).'J 

-  800,180 


the  next  column,  as 
lows  the  averages  of 

}'hilat)plphia. 

-  #7  87 

-  7  8!) 

-  9  SB 

-  5  54 

-  6  45 

:h  year  calculated  at 

0  1838,  being  in  the 
r  seat  there  appears 
lere. 


Flour. 

Bnll.lni. 

-  (Ht.iiTfi 

-  (<2:MI 

-  12->,(;51 

-  44,273 

as  published  in  tlie 
•  Hritish  doruniriits. 
'Ill  a  succ('.>-si(in  of 
rices  of  those  niost 
the  tiibles  hcre'ofore 


FLOUR. 


G8S 


1706     Wheat  was  V.  per  qnarter. 

17i)7.    SiispenBlon  of  spoitie  i-aymentg  by  Bank  of  Enfilaiid. 

170S.     SiMisons  1«S8  iiiifiivniiriiliW". 

1799  and  1800.    Uiid  xciifons,  crop  short  one  fourth  in  1709,  and  a  scarcity  of  bread  corn  in  1800. 

If'Ol.     Onrd  crop,  CnllDWcd  liy  pence  iti  1802. 

1802  and  IWi;).    IJood  s«ii'<(iii.'<,  iivrriicH  irups  ;  war  reconinionced  May  1803. 

180t  ami  1803.  Hcnrrity  in  Spain  ;  deticiont  crop  in  England  in  1801 ;  avf  rage  crops  in  1805,  '0,  and 
'7  ;  1803  to  1815;  sfcond  war  Willi  I-'rancc. 

1808.     I'artially  deficient  crops  ;  act  of  I'arliiinipnt  restricting  ncntrni  trade. 

1808,  1809.    Kiiiliarcn  in  U.  H.  .lane  0;  peaci;  with  Hpain  ;  great  deficiency  in  England. 

1810.    Oocid  crop.-*  in  ICnglind  ;  1811  deliciency. 

1812  and  1813.  War  belwenn  America  and  Kngland  ;  favourable  crops  in  England,  but  currency 
doprprinlpd. 

1814.  War  between  England  and  America  ;  nearly  an  avernpe  rrnp,  but  irroat  import,  and  decrease 
(if  diarges  of  |irndiicilrn,  I'on.-icriiient  nn  peace  ;  Imnks  in  llie  United  SliileH  Hiispeml  specie  paynientd, 

1815,  IlKiiaparte  onrrendercd  himself  to  the  English,  July  15;  peace  between  America  and  Eng- 
Innil ;  full  nvitnige  crnps  in  England. 

1810.  Uank  of  England  partially  resumes  gpecio  payments ;  peace  ;  great  and  general  deficiency 
of  crops. 

1817,  1818.  Not  exceeding  an  average  crop;  the  ports  open  from  November  1618  to  February  I81U, 
leaving  on  band  1,000,000  iiuarters  of  wheat;  1817  banks  in  the  United  Htutes  resumed  specie  pay- 
ments. 

1819.     Somewhat  below  an  average  crop. 

I8'{0.    Hunk  of  England  resumed  issuing  gold.    Exceeding  an  average  crop, 

1821,  '22.    Average  crops  ;  1823,  scarcity. 

1824.    An  average,  and  nearly  an  average  in  1825. 

1828  and  1827.    Average  crop. 

1828.    Scarcity  ;  1829,  average  crop. 

1830.    Full  average  crop,  and  1831  nearly  an  average. 

18.12,  '33  and  '34.    Above  an  average  crop,  and  1S35  considerably  above. 

1830.  Above,  and  1837  below  an  average  ;  in  1835  a  revolution  in  Spain.  December  16,  1835,  great 
Are  in  New  York  ;  war  between  Me.xico  and  Te.\BB,  revolution  at  Lisbon. 

I83fi,  18,37.    t'rops  in  the  United  .Stales  short— iniportiitions  of  foreign  llour,  wheat,  and  potatoes. 

1837.  nrent  commercial  enibarressments  in  the  United  Elates;  suspension  of  specie  payments  by 
the  hanks  of  New  York,  May  10;  by  others  anon  after;  extra  meeting  of  Congress ;  troubles  in 
Canada. 

1838.  Specie  payments  resumed  in  the  United  Stales. 

The  following  statement  will  show  somo  facts  respecting  the  early  exports  and  prices  of 
Hour  and  wheat  in  Pennsylvania. 


Kiporls  nf  Flour. 


vm 

sri.JSS  barrtlt 

at 

lit.  6<t. 

ler  c«l. 

equil 

1730 

31','iia     An, 

10    8 

do. 

do. 

1731 

5(i,(iM     dn. 

S    0 

do. 

do. 

1749 

07,0)12     do. 

16    6 

do. 

do. 

r7riO 

8i,llfi5      rtn. 

12    S 

do. 

do. 

i-si 

lOS.eilS      do. 

12    0 

do. 

do 

1771 

2:.2,:ii    do. 

177i 

2*I,S72     do. 

ivfnje    2 

74 

17-3 

2&5,%7     do. 

.  I 


2  4') 

1  m 

3  84 

2  92 
2  80 


l7.-«» 

74ipO 

busliel 

1730 

3i|t3 

do. 

1731 

63!!28 

do. 

I74B 

45.775 

do. 

WO 

66,745 

do. 

rill 

76,»:o 

do. 

1771 

61,6,1)9 

1772 

W,0I2 

F.rpnrts  of  Wheat. 


3t,  (irf. 

or  47  cenli 

3     I 

44    do. 

2    0 

33    do. 

a  3 

70     do. 

4    0 

S3    do. 

3  10 

SI     do. 

Upon  comparing  the  preceding  statement  with  the  tables,  it  appears,  that  for  the  last  eight 
years,  the  exports  of  wheat  from  the  whole  United  States,  were  not  as  great  as  they  were 
from  Pennsylvania  alone  100  years  ago ;  nor  with  only  two  exceptions,  will  they  exceed,  in 
the  last  25  years,  the  exports  from  Pennsylvania  60  years  ago.  And  the  exports  of  floitf 
for  the  last  3  years  from  the  United  States,  are  not  double  the  amount  of  exports  of  that 
article  from  Pennsylvania  60  years  ago ;  while  the  average  prices  of  both  articles  have 
increased  probably  three  or  four  fold.  Upon  comparing  the  exports  of  flour  in  the  table,  we 
find  the  exports  for  the  last  few  years  less  than  they  were  50  years  ago ;  and  that  for  several 
years,  with  a  few  exceptions,  there  has  been  a  gradual  diminution  in  the  quantity  of  exports 
of  this  article.  On  the  other  hand,  viewing  the  inspections  from  the  same  districts  of  the 
United  Stntes,  we  find  that  they  average  nearly  alike  for  the  last  10  years,  rather  diminishing, 
however,  than  increasing  in  quantity.         »         •         »         » 

It  appears  to  us  important  that  more  attention  should  be  paid  by  the  states,  if  not  by  the 
general  government,  to  the  inspections  of  flour,  as  a  means  of  ascertaining  more  nearly  than 
can  now  be  done,  the  actual  consumption  of  the  country.  It  is  true,  that  from  the  inspections 
we  can  form  no  very  correct  idea  of  the  consumption,  as  vast  quantities  of  the  flour  consumed, 
even  in  the  cities,  are  not  inspected,  as  is  also  nearly  all  that  is  consumed  in  the  interior  of  the 
country.  But,  as  a  census  is  to  be  taken  next  year,  may  not  some  provision  be  made  for 
ascertaining  the  number  of  mills  and  their  operations  during  the  present  year  ?  also  of  the 
quantity  of  wheat  grown  1 

The  comparative  price  of  flour  has,  by  some  political  economists,  been  considereil  a  good 
test  of  the  value  of  money  at  different  periods ;  if  it  be  so,  the  preceding  data  enable  us  to 
furnish  the  following  comparison. 

We  have  shown  that  prices  in  Pennsylvania,  at  diflerent  periods,  from  1729  to  1751, 
averaged  ^2  74  per  barrel,  at  which  rate  !jl  would  purchase  71  5.3-100  pounds;  and  the 
average  from  1790  to  the  present  time,  is  $7  42,  at  which  rate  §1  would  purchase  only 
26  41-100  pounds,  the  former  being  1  40-100  cent  per  pound,  and  the  latter  3  78-100  cents 
per  pound ;  showing  money  to  be  less  available  now  for  the  purchase  of  this  most  important 
article  of  subsistence  in  the  proportion  of  nearly  three  to  one.  But  on  referring  to  the  table, 
"^  will  appear  that  the  highest  prices  and  greatest  exports  arose  from  demands  for  Euroi>e." 

Vol.  I.— 3  .M 


% 


■■', '  ! ! 


I'i.l 


-I  !  iirl 


'f^M 


iVM 


!i 


11  "I 


f 


i  i 
■  i 


686 


FLOUR. 


yB 


«>  c.  o  e  e  o  o 

Ct  C:  C   5J  C  C  O 
t;  ft  S  rt  C  O  3 

o  «  o  »n  c  cfi'  icj 

♦.-  lO  ■  -  i*T  'O  -f  Jl 

lO  t :  M  ?f  ?>  r  oi  T*  ^  o  !  JO  «  2  c  :^  >?j  - 
-—^  I  -  -i. «%  c  C  o  «_  i  -.  ».->  X  I  --^  -^  ( --  —^  e^i^ ', 
1.':  ("•*'-?» 
f)  i'  CI  c 


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<",»  — ■  —  V  ^1  i:  iT;  I/;  f,  ti.  — ■  tc 


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I  -  ™  i  ;  .  -^  -  c:  —  -.  -  -.  ^)  =:  X  ei  -*>  —  Oi 

T  'ji  — -  o  ;  (  c  ( -  w  w  i:  cc  I'l '?!  t*  ju  i?i  j:-  "^^ 


A 

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.1  X  '^  —  -«   , 


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g3 


:  o  ::5  •?  cr  >^  II  <j^  C)  : 


J  71  -^  M  r^  I',  arj  '.r  i-  'r 


—  :r  iC- 1'  S  '■-  "^  ''^  Lt  V^  IC  "^^  £•  ^  r:  It  ^-  to  •''^  i£-  "  I-  '-^  cr.  7i  -T'  '.>  o  o  c  ?^  ■r  o  tc  ;^  js  £ 

—  3  cr.  c  c  ( -  v  —  i'!  -Ti  cr  -^  M  —  c^  It.  j  —  -^  c  -r  H  -r  X'  •-■  t*:  i-  —  y;  cF;  -'  •<?•  -c  c  <?»  7(  c 


SS; 


:  -o  o  »-";  t^  c  • 


:  7^  -  o  c;  X  c"  P-.  —  7*  - 


:  c.  cs  -;■  T  '■ 


;  ift  »-  o  o  7'  •*•  C-  o  c»  O  : 
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?  — •  rs  f^j  (/  y  o  c  — '  *—  o  'O  •+•  c  o  r  -  '-C  i.*^  ri 


I    I    t    I    I    I 


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r  C^^O  t'^O  —  —  r:  r~^  w'^  ;i'  (l:^7t  —  i  -  •'^ : 


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^  71  „  «  ^  71  . 


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.  —  -«    /    ^O'Hf-   O 


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I      I      I      I      I      I      I      I      I      I      I      I 


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tn  q?  H  =  ^'  5 J  tt  -t  t:  '"■  ^i '/  '■-  "  "  -   -  ^  -•  -'-  *-  '-  ~" 

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li 


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:?J 


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I  —  tc  ( -  -  »-  tT  I  -  -r  ''n  12  n  "^  "  '•'■ 


:  :r,  ir:  ir.  vr.  co 


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.  ^,  _  —  7(  ,—  T  J  . -,  7J  5)  f.; 


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O  OS  'C  I-  O  •>!  : 


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I  -  4/^  i^  CO  5^  <r)  '/I 

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h^t: 


CO  71  n  c;  PC  CI  vt< 


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x*  ?i  —  tc  f  *:  "•  ri 

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087 


FOOT,  n  moasuro  of  Inncith,  consistiiiG;  of  12  inchnH. — (Sco  WntfiiiTS  and  MnASTTnnn.) 
FORESTAIiIiI.\(J,  the  biiyini^  or  coiitinctiim  for  ntiy  ciittKi,  provision,  or  nu'rcliniulixi', 
on  its  wny  to  tho  m;irkrt,  or  dissiiaditip;  persons  from  buyin:;  llicir  utooiU  iliere,  or  pcrtiiiinliii/' 
thorn  to  raise  the  jirice,  or  tiprrailiii'j;  any  fiUo  rumour  with  intent  to  cnhiuice  the  value  of 
any  article.  Several  Ktaliites  luid  from  time  to  time  lieen  pas.-ied,  prohiliidni,'  foreslallint; 
iiniler  severe  penalties.  But  as  more  enlarijed  vimv.s  upon  sui'h  Hulijeet^i  lieijan  to  prevail, 
the  impoliey  of  these  statutes  became  ohviouH.  'J'liey  were  eouMe(|uenlly  rejiealed  in  I77"J. 
But  forestallino;  is  Htill  punishable  at  cnmnjon  law  by  (ine  ami  inipiisonmiMit.  It  is  doubtful, 
however,  vvhelln-r  any  jury  would  now  convict  an  individual  accused  of  such  pructiccs,— 
{Wealth  ofNatioos,  vol.  ii.  p.  400.) 
FR.\NklNCi:i\Sl^.     See  Uosix. 

FKKKUIT,  tho  sum  paid  by  tho  merchant  or  other  person  hirinn;  a  ship,  or  part  of  a 
ship,  for  the  use  of  .such  sdiipor  jiart,  durintj  a  specified  voya^i^or  for  a  specilied  time. 

Tlio  freight  is  most  commonly  fixed  by  the  charlcrparty — (see  (Jiiautkiiimii  rv)  —  or 
bill  of  ladiujf  —  (see  HiLtor  IjAni\(i):  but  in  tho  absence  of  any  formal  Ktipululions  on 
the  subject,  it  would  be  duo  acconlin^  to  the  custom  or  inaire  of  trade. 

In  the  case  of  a  charterparty,  if  tho  Klipnliite<l  payment  be  a  ijross  sum  fi)r  an  entire  ship, 
or  an  entire  part  of  a  ship,  for  tho  wIijIc  voyaa;e,  the  ij;ro<s  sum  will  be  payalile  allhou'^h  tho 
me.chant  has  not  fully  laden  tho  ship.  And  if  a  certain  sum  bo  stipnlited  for  every  ton,  or 
other  portion  of  the  ship's  capacity,  fi)r  the  whole  voyatjc,  the  payment  must  be  acconliriii  to 
the  number  of  tons,  &k.  which  the  ship  is  proved  capable  of  containinsj,  without  regard  to 
the  quantity  actually  put  on  board  by  tho  merchant.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  merehant 
have  stipulated  to  pay  a  certaia  sum  per  cask  or  rnle  of  i^onds,  the  payment  must  be,  in  tho 
first  ))lacc,  according  to  tho  number  of  casks  and  bales  shipped  and  delivered;  and  if  ho 
have  further  covenanted  to  furnish  a  complete  lading,  or  a  specific  number  of  casks  or  bales, 
and  failed  to  do  so,  ho  must  make  good  the  los.-i  which  the  owners  have  sustained  by  his 
failure. 

If  an  entire  ship  be  hired,  and  the  burden  thereof  bo  expressed  in  tho  charterparty,  and 
the  merchant  bind  himself  to  pay  a  certain  .sum  for  every  ton.  iVc.  of  c;oiids  which  he  shall 
kile  on  board,  but  does  not  bind  himscir  to  furnish  a  complete  lading,  the  owners  can  only 
(Ictnand  payment  for  the  (piantily  of  u;(jo<!s  actually  sbipjied.  Hut  if  tho  merchant  ajreo  to 
load  a  full  and  comnlcto  car^o,  thom^h  the  ship  be  described  as  of  less  burden  thun  she 
really  is,  the  merchant  must  load  a  full  car:j;o,  accorilini^r  to  the  rml  burden  of  tho  ship,  and 
he  will  bo  liable  for  l'rei'.^ht  according  to  what  ouRht  to  be  loaded. 

The  delivery  of  goods  at  the  place  of  destination  is  in  geneial  ncco.-sary  to  entitle  tho 
owner  to  freight;  but  with  respect  to  living  animals,  whether  men  or  cattle,  which  may 
fiei]uently  die  during  the  voyage,  without  any  fault  or  neglect  of  tho  persons  belonging  to 
the  ship,  it  is  ruled,  that  if  there  be  no  expres.s  a  ;reninent  wliether  the  freight  is  to  be  paid 
for  tho  lading,  or  for  the  transporting  them,  freight  shall  be  paid  as  well  for  the  dead  as  for 
the  living:  if  tho  agreement  bo  to  pay  freight  for  the  W//(,'f,  then  death  certainly  cannot 
deprive  the  owners  of  the  freight;  but  if  the  agreement  bo  to  pay  freight  for  trnn^pm-tini;; 
them,  then  no  freight  is  due  for  those  that  die  on  the  voyage  because  as  to  them  the  contract 
is  not  performed.  These  distinctions  have  bt-en  made  in  tho  civil  law,  and  have  been 
adopted  into  the  modern  systems  of  maritime  law. 

Freight  is  most  fri:quently  contracted  to  bo  paid  either  by  the  whole  voyago,  or  by  tho 
month,  or  other  time.  In  tlie  former  ease  the  owners  take  upon  thennelves  the  chance  of 
the  voyage  being  long  or  short:  but  in  the  latter  the  risk  of  the  duration  falls  upon  tho 
merchant;  nnd  if  no  time  be  tixed  for  the  commencement  of  the  compniation,  it  will  begin 
from  the  day  on  which  the  ship  breaks  ground  and  connncnccs  her  voyage,  mid  will  con- 
tinua  during  the  whole  course  of  the  voyage,  and  during  all  unavoidable  delays  juit 
MCiHUiued  hi/  the  ad  (ir  nrtrkct  of  llic  oiimcrs  or  mn.iter,  or  by  such  circumstances  as  occa- 
sion a  suspension  cf  the  contract  for  a  particular  period,  'i'hus,  the  freight  will  bo  payable 
for  the  time  consumed  in  necessary  repairs  during  a  voyage,  provided  it  do  not  ajipcar  that 
the  ship  was  insullicient  at  the  outset,  or  that  there  was  any  improper  d.day  in  repairing  her. 
In  the  absence  of  an  express  contract  to  the  contrary,  the  entire  tVeight  is  not  earned  until 
the  whole  cargo  he  ready  for  delivery,  or  has  been  delivered  to  tho  consignee,  according 
to  the  contract  for  its  conv(>yancr. 

If  a  consignee  receive  gooils  in  pursuance  of  tho  usual  bill  of  lading,  by  which  it  is 
fxprc.>.scd  iha'  ho  is  to  pay  the  freight,  he  by  such  receipt  niakts  himself  debtor  for  tho 
frei:^ht  and  may  be  sued  for  it.  Hut  a  per.<on  who  is  only  an  a'^eiit  for  the  consignor,  and 
who  is  known  to  the  master  to  be  acting  in  that  character,  does  not  make  himself  pi^rsonally 
answerable  for  tho  frerght  by  receiving  the  goods,  although  ho  also  cntcis  iheni  in  his  own 
name  at  the  (Justom-house. 

In  some  cases  freight  is  to  bo  paid,  or  rather  nn  equivalent  recompenco  made  to  tho 
owners,  ollhough  the  goods  have  not  been  delivered  at  the  place  of  destination,  and  though 
the  contract  for  conveyance  bo  not  strictly  performed.  Thus,  if  jmrt  of  the  cargo  bo  thrown 
overboard  for  the  necessary  preservation  of  the  ship  and  the  roinaindor  of  the  goods,  and  tllo 


1 

« 


l^iill 


688 


FREIGHT. 


ship  afterwards  reach  the  place  of  ileslination,  the  value  of  this  part  is  to  he  answered  to  the 
mercliant  by  way  of  general  average,  and  the  value  of  the  frcifiht  thereof  allowed  to  the 
owner.  So,  if  the  master  be  compelled  by  necessity  to  sell  a  piirt  of  the  cargo  for  victuals  or 
repairs,  the  owners  must  pay  to  the  merchant  the  price  which  the  poods  would  have  fetched 
at  the  place  of  destination ;  and,  therefore,  are  allowed  to  charge  the  merchant  with  the 
money  that  would  have  been  due  if  they  had  been  conveyed  thither. 

When  goods  are  deteriorated  during  the  voyage,  the  merchant  is  entitled  to  a  comf«>n- 
satioii,  provided  the  deterioration  has  proceeded  from  the  fault  or  neglect  of  Ihs  master  or 
mariners ;  and  of  course  ho  is  not  answerable  for  the  freight,  unlesa  he  accept  the  goods, 
except  by  way  of  dcduclion  from  the  amount  of  the  compensation.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
the  deterinration  has  proceeded  from  a  principle  of  decay  naturally  inherent  in  the  commodity 
itself,  whellior  active  in  every  situation,  or  in  tlie  confinement  and  closeness  of  a  ship,  or 
from  tlic  perils  of  the  sea,  or  the  act  of  God,  the  merchant  must  bear  the  loss  and  pay  the 
freight ;  for  the  master  and  owners  are  in  no  fault,  nor  does  their  contract  contain  any 
nsurance  or  warranty  against  such  an  event.  In  our  West  India  trade,  the  freight  of  sugar 
and  molasses  is  usually  regulated  by  the  weight  of  the  casks  at  the  ]iort  of  delivery  here, 
which,  in  fact,  is  in  every  instance  less  than  the  weight  at  the  time  of  the  shipment;  and, 
therefore,  the  loss  of  freight  occasioned  by  the  leakage  necessarily  falls  upon  the  owners  of 
the  ship  by  the  nature  of  the  contract. 

Ditierent  o[)inion3  have  been  entertained  by  Valin,  Pothier,  and  other  great  authorities  as 
to  niaritiino  law,  with  respect  to  the  expediency  of  allowing  the  merchant  to  abandon  his 
goods  for  freight  in  the  event  of  their  being  damaged.  This  question  has  not  been  judicially 
decided  in  this  country.  "  The  oidy  point,"  says  Lord  Tenderdcn,  "  intended  to  be  proposed 
by  me  as  doubtful,  is  the  right  to  abandon  for  freight  alone  at  the  port  of  destination :  and  in 
point  of  practice,  I  have  been  informed  that  this  right  is  never  claimed  in  this  country."  — 
(IirtW  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  7.) 

Freight  being  the  return  made  for  the  conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers  to  a  particular 
destination,  no  claim  arises  for  its  payment  in  the  event  of  a  total  loss ;  and  it  is  laid  down 
by  Lord  Mnnsfield,  that  "  in  case  of  a  total  loss  with  salvage,  the  merchant  may  either  like 
the  part  saved,  or  abandon."  —  (i4i6o//,  part  iii.  c.  7.)  But  after  the  merchant  has  made 
bis  election,  he  must  abide  by  it. 

It  often  happens  that  a  ship  is  hired  by  a  charterparty  to  sail  from  one  port  to  another, 
and  thence  back  to  the  first —  as,  for  example,  from  London  to  Leghorn,  and  from  Leghorn 
back  to  London  —  at  a  certain  sum  to  be  paid  for  every  month  or  other  period  of  the  duration 
of  the  employment.  Upon  such  a  contract,  if  the  whole  be  one  entire  voyage,  and  the  ship 
sail  in  safety  to  Leghorn,  and  there  deliver  the  goods  of  the  merchant,  and  take  others  on 
board  to  be  brought  to  London,  but  happen  to  be  lost  in  her  return  thither,  nothing  is  dire 
for  freight,  although  the  merchant  haa  had  the  benefit  of  the  voyage  to  Leghorn:  but,  if 
the  outward  and  homeward  vni/ages  be  distinct,  freight  will  be  due  for  the  proportion  of 
the  time  employed  in  the  outward  voyage.  "  If,"  said  Lord  Mansfield,  in  a  case  of  this  sort, 
"  there  be  one  entire  voi/age  out  and  in,  and  the  ship  be  cast  away  on  the  homeward  voyage, 
no  freight  is  due ;  no  wages  are  due,  because  the  whole  profit  is  lost ;  and  by  express  agree* 
mcnt  the  parties  may  make  the  outward  and  homeward  voyages  one.  Nothing  is  more 
common  than  two  voyages :  wherever  there  are  two  voyages,  and  one  is  performed,  and  the 
ship  is  lost  on  the  homeward  voyage,  freight  is  duo  for  the  first"  —  {K,  B,  Trin.  Term,  16 
Geo.  3,) 

It  frecjuently  happens  that  the  master  or  owner  fails  to  complete  his  contract,  cither  by  not 
delivering  the  whole  goods  to  the  consignee  or  owner,  or  by  delivering  them  at  a  place  short 
of  their  original  destination ;  in  these  cases,  if  the  owner  or  consignee  of  the  goods  derive 
any  benefit  from  their  conveyance,  he  is  liable  to  the  payment  of  freight  according  to  the 
proportion  of  the  voyage  [jerfornied,  or  pro  rata  ilinerls  perncti  ,•  and  though  contracts  of 
this  nature  be  frequently  entire  and  indivisible,  and  the  master  or  owner  of  the  ship  cannot, 
from  their  nature,  sue  thereon,  and  recover  a  rateable  freight,  or  prorata  it  ineris ;  yet  he 
may  do  so  upon  a  fresh  implied  contract,  for  as  much  as  he  deserves  to  have,  unless  there  Iw 
an  express  clause  in  the  original  charterparty  or  contract  to  the  contrary,  A  fresh  implied 
contract  is  inferred  from  the  owner's  or  consignee's  acceptance  of  the  goods.  Many  dilli- 
cultles  have,  indeed,  arisen  in  deciding  as  to  what  shall  amount  to  an  acceptance :  it  is  not, 
however,  necessary  actually  to  receive  the  goods ;  acceptance  may  be  made  by  the  express 
or  implied  directions,  and  with  the  consent,  of  the  owner  or  consignee  of  the  goods,  but  not 
otherwise. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  owner  of  the  ship,  who  is  originally  entitled  to  the  freight, 
bells  or  oUierwise  disposes  of  his  interest  in  the  ship ;  where  a  chartclrod  ship  is  sold  before 
the  voyage,  the  vendee,  and  not  the  vendor,  or  party  to  whom  he  afterwards  assigns  the 
charterpariy,  is  entitled  to  the  freight.  But  where  a  ship  has  been  sold  during  tlio  voyage, 
the  owner,  with  whom  a  covctiant  to  pay  freight  has  been  made,  is  entitled  to  the  freight, 
and  not  the  vendee,  A  mortgagee  who  does  not  take  possession,  is  not  entitled  to  the 
freight. 


to  be  answered  to  the 
[icrcof  ttllowpd  to  the 
o  carno  for  victuals  or 
1h  woiilil  have  fctrhed 
le  merchant  with  the 

entitled  to  a  compen- 
lect  of  thrt  master  nr 

he  accept  the  goods, 
)n  the  oi!\er  hand,  if 
rent  in  the  commodity 
'loseness  of  a  ship,  or 
ir  the  loss  and  pay  the 

contract  contain  any 
e,  the  freight  of  suijar 
port  of  delivery  here, 
f  the  shipment;  and, 
s  upon  the  owners  of 

ler  great  authorities  as 
3rchant  to  abandon  his 
has  not  been  judicially 
itended  to  be  proposed 
of  destination :  and  in 
d  in  this  country."  — 

sengers  to  a  (larticnlar 
» ;  and  it  is  laid  down 
;hant  may  either  tike 
!  merchant  has  made 

n  one  port  to  another, 

)rn,  and  from  Leghorn 

r  period  of  the  duration 

^  voyage,  and  the  ship 

It,  and  take  others  on 

hither,  nothing  is  dire 

to  Leghorn :  but,  if 

for  the  proportion  of 

in  a  case  of  this  sort, 

homeward  voyage, 

and  by  express  agree- 

.     Nothing  is  more 

perfirmed,  and  the 

B,  Trin,  Term,  16 

•ontract,  cither  by  not 
them  at  a  place  short 

of  the  goods  derive 
ight  according  to  the 
though  contracts  of 
jr  of  the  ship  cannot, 
rata  itineris ;  yet  he 
have,  unless  there  tie 
A  fresh  implied 

goods.  Many  dilfi- 
icceptance  :  it  is  not, 
made  by  the  exprew 
of  the  goods,  but  not 

ntitled  to  the  freight, 
}d  ship  is  sold  before 
erwards  assigns  the 
1  during  the  voyage, 
ntitled  to  the  freight, 
not  entitled  to  the 


FRUIT— FUNDS. 


689 


The  time  and  manner  of  paying  freight  are  frequently  regulated  by  express  etipulationo 
in  a  charterparty,  or  other  written  ctmtrart ;  and  when  that  is  the  case,  they  must  be  respected ; 
hut  if  there  be  no  express  stipulation  contrary  to  or  inconsistent  with  the  right  of  lien,  the 
goods  remain  as  security  till  the  freight  is  paid ;  for  the  master  is  not  bound  to  deliver  them, 
or  any  part  of  them,  without  payment  of  the  freight  and  other  charges  in  respect  thereof, 
but  the  master  cannot  detnin  the  cargo  on  board  the  vessel  till  thew  paymerts  be  made,  as 
the  merchant  would,  in  that  case,  have  no  opportunity  of  examining  the  condition  of  the 
goods.  In  England,  the  practice  is,  when  the  master  is  doubtful  of  payment,  to  send  such 
goods  as  are  not  required  to  l>o  landed  at  any  particular  wharf,  to  a  public  whorf,  ordering 
the  wharfinger  not  to  part  with  them  till  the  freight  and  other  charges  are  paid.  No  right 
of  lien  for  freight  can  exist,  unless  the  freight  be  earned ;  if  the  freighter  or  a  stranger  pre- 
vent the  freight  from  becoming  due,  the  ship  owner  or  master's  remedy  is  by  action  of 
damages. 

(For  further  information  and  details  with  respect  to  this  subject,  see  the  art.  CiiAiiTEn- 

PAHTY,  in  this  Dictionary;  Abbott  (Lord  Tenterden)  on  the  Law  of  Skippinff,  part  iii. 

c.  7. ;  Chitty's  Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  c.  9. ;  Molliiy  de  Jure Maritimo,h{m\i  ii.  c.  4. ;  (.\e.") 

[The  American  reader  may  have  recourse  with  great  advantage,  for  information  on  the 

subject  of  freight,  to  Kent's  Cnmmenlarij  on  American  Law,  Lecture  47th.  —  Am,  Ed,] 

FRUIT  (Ger.  Obst,  Frilchte ,-  Du.  'Onft,-  Ft,  Frtiit  ,■  It.  Frutta,  Frulte  ,■  8p,Friita,- 
Rus.  Owoschttch  ;  Lat.  Fruclum),  This  appellation  is  bestowed  by  commercial  men  upon 
those  species  of  fruit,  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  raisins,  currants,  apples,  &c.,  which 
constitute  articles  of  importation  from  foreign  countries. 

FULLER'S  EARTH  (Ger.  Walkererde ;  Du.  Voluarde ;  Fr.  Terre  dfuulon  ,■  It.  Terra 
da  purgatori  I  Sp.  Tierra  de  batitn  ;  Rus.  Schiffernaia  ,■  \,a.\..  Terra  fullonum),  a  species 
of  clay  of  a  greenish  white,  greenish  grey,  olive  and  oil  green,  and  sometimes  spotted  colour. 
It  is  usually  opaque,  very  soft,  and  feels  greasy.  It  is  used  by  fullers  to  take  grease  out  of 
cloth  before  they  apply  the  soap.  The  best  is  found  in  Buckinghamshire  and  Surrey. 
When  good  it  has  a  greenish  wliite,  or  greenish  grey  colour,  falls  into  powder  in  water, 
appears  to  melt  on  the  tongue  like  butter,  communicates  a  milky  hue  to  water,  and  deposits 
very  little  sand  when  mixed  with  boiling  water.  The  remarkable  detersive  property  on 
woollen  cloth  depends  on  the  alumiuR,  which  should  be  at  least  one  fifth  of  the  whole,  but 
not  much  more  than  one  fourth,  lest  it  become  too  tenacious.  —  {Thomson's  Chemistry  ,• 
Jameson's  Mineralogy,)  Malcolm,  in  his  Survey  of  Surrey,  published  in  1809,  says  that  he 
took  considerable  pams  in  endeavouring  to  ascertain  the  consumption  of  fuller's  earth,  and 
that  he  found  it  to  be  about  6,300  tuns  a  year  for  the  entire  kingdom,  of  which  about  4,000 
tons  were  furnished  by  Surrey. 

FUNDS  (Puui.ic),  the  name  given  to  the  public  funded  debt  due  by  government. 
The  practice  of  borrowing  money  in  order  to  defray  a  part  of  the  war  expenditure  began, 
in  this  country,  in  the  reign  of  William  III.  In  the  infancy  of  the  practice,  it  was  customary 
to  borrow  upon  the  security  of  some  tax,  or  portion  of  a  tax,  set  apart  as  a  fund  fur  discharg- 
ing the  principal  and  interest  of  the  sum  borrowed.  This  discharge  was,  however,  very 
rarely  effected.  The  public  exigencies  still  continuing,  the  loans  were,  in  most  cases,  either 
continued,  or  the  taxes  were  again  mortgaged  for  fresh  ones.  At  length  the  practice  of 
borrowing  for  a  fixed  period,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  termed,  upon  terminable  annuities,  was 
almost  entirely  abando''-.i;  and  most  loans  were  made  upon  interminable  annuities,  or  until 
such  time  as  it  mighi '  c  i-onvenient  for  government  to  pay  olFtho  principal. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  funding  system,  the  term  fund  meant  the  taxes  or  funds  appro- 
priated to  the  discharge  of  the  principal  and  interest  of  loans  ;  those  who  held  government 
secuiities,  and  sold  them  to  others,  selling,  of  course,  a  corresponding  claim  upon  some 
fund.  But  after  the  debt  began  to  grow  large,  and  the  practice  of  borrowing  upon  inter- 
minable aimuities  had  been  introduced,  the  meaning  attached  to  the  term  fund  was  gra- 
dually changed ;  and  instead  of  signifying  the  security  upon  which  loans  were  advanced,  it 
has,  for  a  long  time,  signified  the  principal  of  tlie  loans  themselves. 

Owing  partly,  perhaps,  to  the  scarcity  of  disposable  ca|)ital  at  the  time,  but  far  more  to 
the  supposed  insecurity  of  the  Revolutionary  establishment,  the  rate  of  interest  paid  by 
government  in  the  early  part  of  the  funding  system  was,  comparatively,  high.  But  as  tho 
country  liecame  richer,  and  the  confidence  of  the  public  in  the  stability  of  government  was 
increased,  ministers  were  enabled  to  take  measures  for  reducing  the  interest,  first  in  171G, 
and  again  in  1749. 

During  the  reigns  of  William  III.  and  Anne,  the  interest  stipulated  for  loans  was  very 
various.  But  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  a  dillcrent  practice  was  adopted.  Instead  of  varying 
tho  interest  upon  the  loan  according  to  the  state  of  the  money  market  at  tho  time,  the  rate  of 
interest  was  generally  fixed  at  three  or  three  and  a  half  per  cent. ;  the  necessary  variation 
being  made  in  the  principal  funded.  Thus,  suppose  government  were  anxious  to  borrow 
that  they  preferred  borrowing  in  a  H  per  cent,  stock,  and  that  they  could  not  negociate  a  loan 
for  less  than  4^  per  cent. ;  they  effected  their  object  by  giving  the  lender,  in  return  for  every 
100/.  advanced,  150/.  3  |)cr  cent,  stock;  that  is,  they  bound  the  country  to  pay  him  or  hu 


3m2 


87 


I' 


ir 


I-; 


•I: 


V 


090 


FUNDS. 


BHt<ii;np(-fi  4/.  10.'.  a  yci\r  in  nil  limn  to  come,  or,  otherwise,  lopxlint;uiNli  tho  Jcilit  liy  a  pny- 
ini'tit  of  ISO/.  In  conatMnirnro  of  tho  prcvaliincp  of  IWm  prnctici',  tlui  |irin(-i|ial  of  tho  ilolit 
now  rxisting  amounts  to  nearly  Iwo  Jifthn  more  than  tho  sum  actually  advanced  l>y  thu 
londrrH. 

Sotno  n(1vnnt.:i(;eH  nro,  however,  derivable,  or  supposed  to  lio  derivable,  from  this  Bystem. 
It  renders  the  nmnaitenient  of  the  debt,  and  its  transler,  mure  simple  and  coinmodiouK  than 
it  would  have  been,  had  it  consisted  of  a  ^reat  number  of  funds  l)earin|{  dillerent  rates  of 
interest:  and  it  is  contended,  that  the  greater  tield  for  speculation  allbrded  to  tho  dealers  in 
stocks  bearini;  a  low  rate  of  interest,  has  enabled  government  to  borrow,  by  funding  addi- 
ticmal  rapilals,  for  a  considerably  less  payment  on  account  of  interest  than  would  have  beea 
necessary  had  no  such  increase  of  capital  been  made. 

Were  lliis  a  prnppr  iiliice  for  rnlprbiR  iipnn  siirh  (luriiRsinns,  It  wnnlil  lie  t>nsy  to  Hhnw  that  the  ail- 
vaiilii'.'rM  iinw  ri'ti'rri'cl  lo  arc  rrally  (iI'viTy  IrilliiiK  iinpiirlaiito  ;  anil  tlial  tlii'  iim'IIhmIoI'  rniiilliiK  l>y  a" 
iiii'irasi'  III'  laplial  Iiiim  Iiicii  a  iiimhi  liiipri>vlili-iit  iiai>,  and  inisl  injurliiMs  tii  tlio  piihlic  inlrrcHtH.  iiiit 
it  wiinlil  lii>>)ultc  fiiroJKn  from  llii>iiliji'rtHiif  this  work  to  iMiter  iiilnaiiy  i^vaiiiinallonof  Hiii'li<|iii'Mtiotis: 
our  ri'ailiTH  will,  liowi'vcr,  lliiil  Ihi'iii  fully  invcstlKatinl  In  nii  artlcli!  In  tliii  tl.'lil  No.  of  (lio  Kilinburgh 
Hevinr.  ilorr  we  linvc  nicri'ly  to  coiiHldcr  fniideil  property,  ur  govvrninuut  sucuritlus,  as  iraiiHleralilo 
or  nnirki'talilu  roninioilitii's. 

It  would  be  fiirei(;n  to  the  object  of  lliia  work  to  enter  upon  any  examination  of  tlio  com- 
parative advaiilanes  and  disadvanta|<;es  of  the  funding  system.  I'erhnps,  on  tho  whole,  tho 
latter  preponderate;  tliou^jh  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  the  former  nro  very  considerable.  Tho 
purchnse  of  funded  |iroptUy  nllordh  a  ready  method  of  investment ;  and  as  neither  the  Dank 
of  England,  nor  any  of  ihe  London  private  banks,  allows  interest  upon  deposits,  it  is  plain 
that,  were  it  not  for  the  facilities  given  by  the  funds,  individuals  unable  to  employ  their 
savinji^s  in  some  branch  of  business,  would  derive  no  advaiita(ie  from  them,  unless  they  re- 
sorted to  the  hazardous  expedient  of  lenditig  upon  jirivate  credit.  In  Scotland,  where  the 
public  and  private  banks  arc  universally  in  the  habit  of  allowing  interest  upon  deposits,  tho 
advantages  of  funded  inveNtinents  are  not  quite  so  obvious,  though  prubably  as  great;  for  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  the  banks  could  allbrd  interest,  or  whether,  indeed,  they  could  be 
conducted  at  all,  without  the  aid  of  the  funds,  ^ 

An  Arronni  of  lliB  Total  NmnhiT  of  I'eranns  to  whom  a  Half  Yi'nr's  Dlvidoiul  was  dap  at  tho  lin 
llalf-ycarly  I'ayninil  thrrent",  on  carh  Description  of  I'lililic  Stock,  and  on  each  Dcscrlptimi  of 
Terniinalilo  Anniiitii'ii ;  ilislin).'iiishliic  the  Niinihcr  nspiMtivcly  of  those  whimn  Dividends  for  the 
Half  Year  did  not  excpi'd  ft/.,  Id/.,  Ml.,  1(«)/.,  '2(111/.,  .100/  ,  fiOO/.,  l,(M)(l/.,  2.0(Hl/,,  .I.IHIO/.,  4,tl(IU/.,  5,(l(MH., 
ninl  the  Nuinher  of  tjiosu  wIiohc  Dividends  exceed  i,'MU. ;  disliiipniiihinK  also,  in  those  nbovi;  I.UUd/., 
the  Dividends  due  to  any  I'nblic  Company,  or  to  more  than  a  singlo  Name.— (/"ur/.  Paper,  No.  iiO'2. 
fless.  1S33.) 


Not  cxcreitiiiK 

"•E 
iS  = 

Total. 

Numt'fr    to    wtinm   divi* 
(It'luts  W'pre  i>ay;il>le 

5i. 

10/. 

501. 

lOOL 

200(. 

3001. 

5001 

1 

ef 

6i 

1 

li 

*!    • 

v 

eg 

-1 

On  3J.  |>er   cetil.   re* 
duffti  .inmiiliM 

I0,M7 

4,745 

II, est 

3,473 

2,175 

742 

453 

231 

63 

24 

9 

S 

6 

3 

12 

33,9? 

On  31.  lOi.  p,r  cfni. 

rciluceil  aiiiiuitiai     • 
On  31.  lOt.  p.r  cent. 

annnllies  ISIS 
On  41  per  cent,  .innui- 

li«.  |SJ6      • 

!■* 

7,019 

I9S 

1,601 

4,362 
IC2 
993 

10,173 

309 

2.(M4 

2,909 
211 
512 

1,561 
127 
311 

411 
.57 
92 

2-1 
3S 
69 

IIS 

CO 

l.i 

1.'! 

3 
4 

SI 
3 

6 
nil 

2 

4 

nil 

nil 
nil 
nil 

1 

1 

ml 

S 
3 
nil 

26,S49 
1232 
6,636 

On  long  anDUitic* 
On  annuitiM  for  termi  ( 
of  ycin       •           •  ( 

9,Q7f. 
1,51(1 

VI2 

7*7 

S,.!6I 
1,6:12 

1,516 
351 

72", 

I7S1 

187 
56 

99 
32 

34 

20 

4 
4 

1 
nil 

1 
2 

nil 

1 

n;i 

nil 

nil 
2 

21,221 
4,j» 

On  3t.  iw r  ccni.  mn«n.  ^ 
lidatml  annuiliei      ■ ) 

1 

2S,732 

13,749 

32,001 

9,612 

<^286 

2,141 

1,424 

709 

153 

IS 

16 

20 

7 

13 

21 

96,55i 

OaSI,  iHTCcnl.amiui.  > 
tin,  17M     .           .  5 

I. 

- 

ISO 

40 

27 

4 

2 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

447 

Oi    lew  31.   10*.   perj 

It 

26,0*1 

14.696 

29,370 

6,648 

3,129 

766 

431 

204 

28 

20 

4 

1 

2 

4 

9 

f2,194 

On  new  6i.  |jer  cent.  J 

3-. 

31 

107 

36 

20 

3 

4 

nil 

1 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

237 

Oil  aiiimiiir^  for  ifrniB  i 
of  J  ran                  •  .< 

) 

1,656 

S33 

1,757 

333 

161 

37 

34 

12 

1 

nil 

' 

3 

nil 

' 

8 

4,839 

Tolali  - 

»:,I7« 

44.WS 

^S,3<B 

2>,64l    11.701 

<,-l!l-,  2, -27 

1,307 

266 

161 

40 

35 

!"■ 

24 

60 

27!l,7.-.l 

»  Dividends  pnyahle  10th  of  Octohnr.  t  Dividends  puyaMe  on  .5th  January, 

The  preceding  accmint  of  the  number  of  dividend  warrants  issued  in  the  half  year  ending 
T^ith  the  5lh  of  January,  18;}3,  is  a  very  important  document.  The  large  number  (87,170) 
of  holders  of  sums  nut  producing  above  .5/.  of  b.nlf  yearly  dividend,  is  principally  to  be 
ascribed  to  the  circumstances  already  mentioned  as  peculiar  to  tho  banking  system  of  the 
metropolis ;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  their  number  would  he  ninterially  diminished 
were  the  Scotch  system  adopted  in  its  stead.  It  is  evident  from  this  account,  that  tho  num- 
ber of  persons  having  a  direct  interest  in  the  funds  is  much  greater  than  it  represents.  The 
divider d4  on  the  funded  ]mii)eity  belonging  to  the  Equitable  and  other  insurance  companies, 
the  dillerent  banK.ng  companies,  &c.  are  paid  upon  single  warrant^,  as  if  they  were  due 
to  80  many  private  individuals;  whereas  they  are,  really,  paid  to  these  individuals  only  lie- 
««iuse  they  act  as  factors  or  trustees  for  a  vast  number  more.    It  is  consequently  quite  absurd 


the  dtilit  liy  a  pny- 
iiu-ipal  of  tho  itolit 
f  advanced  l>y  thu 

,  from  this  system. 
coiiimodioui>  tlmn 
(  dillVrent  rat<'n  of 
L'd  to  the  iliiderH  ia 
,  by  funding  oddi- 
u  would  have  been 

K)  Hlinw  Ihnt  Iho  ail- 
liKilot'  rinidliiKby  iiii 
mhlif  liitcrcBtH.  lint 
(inof  siiflniiii'Htioim: 
\o.  of  till!  Kiliiiburirk 
rilluK,  iiH  truuHl'eriililu 

.nation  of  tho  com- 
»,  on  the  whole,  tho 
considerable,  Tho 
RA  neither  the  Unnk 
deposits,  it  is  plain 
i)le  to  employ  their 
lem,  unless  they  rc- 
*i'otIand,  where  tiio 
t  upon  deposits,  tho 
iilily  as  great;  for  it 
deed,  they  could  be 

1  wns  due  at  tho  I«<t 
ciich  I)('9cri|)liiiii  of 
n»c  Dividi'iidH  for  tlio 
3,(M)0/.,  4,(100/.,  5,(100/., 
ill  (hose  nbovH  1.000/., 
(Air/.  Paper,  No.  Wi. 


•■E 


6 

3 

Mil 

I 

nil 

1 

nil 

ml 

nil 

nil 

7 

13 

nil 

nil 

2 

4 

nil 

nil 

nil 

1 

iTT 

~u 

Tolil. 


33,9fi 

S6,SJ9 
I?3I2 

5.636 

2l,2il 

4,5W 

95,5i'> 

447 

82,194 

237 

4,839 


27!1,7.-|1 


lile  on  Sth  January, 
le  half  year  ending 
e  number  (87,170) 
principally  to  be 
iinn;  system  of  the 
terially  diminished 
unt,  that  the  num- 
it  represent!).  The 
suranre  companies, 
s  if  they  were  due 
ndividuals  only  he- 
uenlly  (juitc  absurd 


FUNDS. 


601 


to  pretend,  a?  u  Homelimes  done,  that  any  interference  with  funded  property  would  nfH'ct 
only  28(),()0()  iiidividiial><  out  of  u  population  of  '25,()()U,000.  Any  iiltuck  upon  the  divi- 
dends would  really  be  destructive,  not  merely  of  the  iiiterests  of  those  to  whom  dividend 
warrant.i  are  issued,  but  of  all  who  depend  upon  them :  it  would  destroy  our  whole  systcni 
of  insurance  uiiil  bunkiii)^,  and  overspread  the  eoinitry  with  bankruptcy  and  ruin.  i\ot  only, 
therefore,  is  ev(>ry  proposal  fur  an  invasion  of  the  property  of  tlit;  fundhulders  liottoiiu'd  on 
injustice  and  robbery,  but  it  would,  were  it  acted  upon,  bo  little  leas  ruinous  to  tho  commu- 
nity ihnii  to  the  pei-uliar  class  intended  to  bt^  plundered. 

The  following;  Table  hos  been  calculated,  in  order  to  show  in  which  of  the  public  funds 
money  may  bo  invi-sled,  so  as  to  yield  tho  greatest  interest.  It  ijives  the  prices,  dilfering  by 
I  per  cent,  from  50  to  UiJ  for  3  per  cents.  &c.,  ut  which  they  all  must  be,  to  yield  the  .luiiie 
interest ;  so  that,  supposing  the  A  per  cents,  to  be  at  80,  a  sum  invested  in  lliem,  or  in  tho 
;ii  per  cents.,  will  yield  tho  same  interest,  provided  the  latter  be  at  OUJ :  if  the  U^  piT  cents, 
be  below  this  sum,  it  will  of  course  bo  mor<j  advantageous,  in  so  far  at  least  as  interest  is 
concerned,  to  invest  in  them  than  in  tho  3  per  cents, ;  while,  if  they  be  uOuve  93^,  it  will  bu 
less  advantRKeous. 

To  get  tho  true  viilue  of  tho  did'erent  funds  at  any  particular  period,  in  order  to  eomparo 
them  accurately  together,  it  is  necessary  to  deduct  from  each  the  amount  of  interei^t  accruing 
upon  it  from  tho  payment  of  tho  lust  dividend. — (For  further  details,  see  uiitv,  p.  87.  and 
p.  2 17.) 

Table  sliowbiK  this  Prir.pg  the  difTrcnl  Funds  nuist  he  at  to  |irndiiCR  an  equal  Interont;  and  also  Iho 
aiiiMial  Iiitcri'st  |irodiici:d  liy  100/,  HtcrliiiK  InvuHled  at  iiny  of  IIiohh  I'rices. 


3  pcrlViil. 
I'rici-. 

3j  I»T  Conl. 
l'rii'«. 

4  per  Ceiil. 
I'rice. 

6  per  ft 
I'licii 

It. 

Intc-rttt. 

J  prrf'cnt. 
I'rice. 

31  jier  Cent. 
I'ncf. 

4  per  Cent. 
I'rice. 

5  per  Cent. 
frm. 

Inleretl.    i 

£ 

£   s.     d. 

£   s.    (I. 

£    s. 

(/. 

£  s.   d 

£ 

£  a.     d. 

£   .». 

</. 

£    >. 

d. 

£ 

s.    d. 

m 

;,H   a  H 

GO  13    4 

83    0 

8 

0    0    0 

73 

84    0    0 

96    0 

0 

120    0 

(1 

I 

3    3 

f)i 

50  10    0 

ON    U    0 

65    0 

0 

5  17    7 

73 

85    3    4 

97    0 

8 

121   13 

4 

4 

2    8 

M 

CO  13    4 

09    6    8 

8ft  13 

4 

5  15    4 

74 

80    8     H 

98  13 

4 

123    6 

8 

4 

1     0 

53 

01   10     H 

70  13    4 

88    0 

8 

5  13    2 

75 

87  10    0 

100    0 

0 

125    0 

0 

4 

0    0 

51 

03     0     0 

72    0    0 

UO    0 

0 

5  11     1 

76 

88  13    4 

101     0 

H 

m  13 

4 

3 

18  11 

S.') 

fi»    :)    4 

73    6    8 

01  13 

4 

5    9    0 

77 

89  16    8 

102  13 

4 

12i    6 

8 

3 

17  11 

50 

O.'i     0     8 

74  13    4 

03    6 

8 

5    7     1 

78 

91     0    0 

104    0 

0 

i:io   0 

0 

3 

10  11 

57 

(i»  10    0 

70    0    0 

9.')    0 

U 

5    5    3 

79 

92    3    4 

105    0 

8 

l.il   13 

4 

3 

15  11 

M 

07  13    4 

77    6    « 

90  13 

4 

5    3    5 

80 

93    6    8 

100  13 

4 

133    0 

8 

3 

15     0 

5!t 

tiS  10    8 

78  13    4 

98    (5 

8 

5     I     8 

81 

04  10    0 

108    0 

0 

IM    0 

0 

3 

14     0 

00 

70    0    0 

80    0    0 

100    0 

U 

5    0    0 

82 

95  13    4 

109    6 

8 

130  13 

4 

3 

13    2 

(it 

71     3    4 

hi     0    8 

101  13 

4 

4  18    4 

83 

96  16    8 

no  13 

4 

138     0 

8 

3 

12    3 

O'J 

72    0    8 

82  13    4 

103    fi 

8 

4  Ifi    9 

84 

08    0    0 

112    0 

0 

no   0 

0 

3 

11     5 

(•)."} 

73  10    0 

84    0    0 

105    0 

0 

4  15    2 

85 

99    3    4 

113    6 

8 

111   13 

4 

3 

10    7 

fit 

71  13    4 

85    0    8 

100  13 

4 

4  13    8 

80 

100    6    8 

111  13 

I 

113    6 

8 

3 

9    9 

(•..I 

75  10    H 

80  13    4 

108    6 

8 

4  12    3 

87 

101  10    0 

110    0 

0 

14'.    0 

0 

3 

8  11 

OB 

77    0    0 

88    0    0 

110    0 

U 

4  10  10 

88 

lOi  13    4 

117    0 

8 

ItO  13 

1 

3 

8    2 

07 

78    3     4 

89    6    U 

111   13 

4 

4    9    0 

89 

103  10    8 

118  13 

4 

118    0 

8 

3 

7    4 

fifl 

79    (')    H 

90  13    4 

113    C 

8 

4    8    2 

00 

105    0    0 

120    0 

0 

150     0 

0 

3 

0    8 

09 

Wl  10     0 

92    0    0 

115    0 

0 

4    0  11 

91 

too    3    4 

121     0 

8 

151   13 

4 

3 

5  11 

70 

SI   13     4 

93    6    8 

IIU  13 

4 

4    5    8 

92 

107    6    H 

122  13 

4 

l.'i3    6 

8 

3 

5   a 

71 

82  16    8 

91  13    4 

118    6 

8 

4    4    6 

03 

108  10    0 

124    0 

0 

155    0 

U 

3 

4    6 

The  following  in  an  nccoiint  of  thu  progress  of  the  National  Debt  of  Great  Britain,  from  Ihc  Re- 
volution to  the  present  time  :— 

Account  of  the  Principal  and  Annual  Charge  of  the  Public  Dobt  since  tho  Revolution.* 


PtM  at  thr  Revolution,  in  16^9  --.--..-- 

Kxcesi  of  dt;))t  contracted  tlurini;  Ihe  reign  of  William  III.  above  debt  r^ii^  off     • 

Ilelil  at  the  arressinn  nf  Queen  Aiidp,  In  1702  ....... 

DcM  cmilracteii  during  tjufjcn  Aiitit''i(  rt'ign    ........ 

DHit  at  the  arces-ion  of  fienr<el..  In  1714      .--.-... 
IK  Id  paid  oir  duriiin  Ihc  reigti  of  Gforisi:  I.,  above  debt  contracted  .... 

IMit  at  the  acfpssion  of  Oeorec  II.,  in  1727    ........ 

IJ'riit  coiiiricicd  finiii  iIk^  accsiiiiii  of  Cnwrge  II.  till  the  peace  of  P.uis  iu  1763,  three  yean  after 
tlie  .It'  ca>iou  of  Ueoige  Ut.  ......... 

llt-I.t  in  1763 ■  . 

raid  duriuK  [wace,  from  1763  lo  1775  .-•--.•-■ 

Dcl't  at  the  comnn'ncemcntrf  the  American  war,  ill  1773    .-.--. 
Dt-hl  CDnlnicted  during  ttie  American  war      ...-..•. 

pclit  at  th(!Concliisinn  of  the  Amrrirao  war,  in  1784  ...--. 

r.iiJ  duiiiig  pcice,  fntiii  17H4  lo  179tJ  ...-..•, 

Debt  at  the  commencinent  nf  the  French  war,  tn  1793       .-..•. 
l)t-bt  contracted  during  the-  French  war  .....--. 

Totil  funded  and  tinfundn)  debt  od  the  tst  of  Februarjr,  1817,  wheD  the  English  and  Irish  ex* 
chequers  were  consolidated  •-.-...--. 

Debt  cancelled  from  thu  Ut  of  February,  1817,  to  5tb  of  January,  1&36      .... 

Debt,  and  char^  thereon,  5th  of  January,  1836         •  • 


I'lincipal, 
FuntlcJ  .in  1 
Lnfutidiul. 

Intcn-st 

airJ  .Minige. 

nienl. 

L.     mtjia 

I5,T3I),.133 

/,.        :I9,8J3 
l,27l,iM 

I(i.:l''.|.7n2 
3-  T.W.CIil 

l.;t  O.V43 
2,1:40,  l.(i 

64,1!-.,::  ()3 

2,0W,IJ3 

!),3-||,3-.8 
I,l33.h07 

(■6,773,l9i 

2,217,5.1 
2.(31,5(» 

10,2'l,7!>,i 

4.S52,0-,I 
5tO,4M) 

I2.s,r>>>3.();l,i 
Ul,2li7,ll'j3 

4.47I,r.71 
4,Ub(l,201 

2)i).>-.l.W'< 
10,5Ui,asO 

239,310,148 
oOl,. '500,343 

9.4 -.1.772 
213,2-7 

B.iO.-.lBS 
22.829,6% 

e4fl,9.W,49l 

32,03?,19l 

53,211,675 

2,'-94,674 

787,ti3S,8l8 

29,143,517 

*  Thii  Recount  tiu  hePti  mfle  up  parlljr  from  the  tattle  in  Dr.  Hamilton's  work  on  the  National  Debt  (3r(l  e.l.  p.  ICO.) ;  partly  fri>m 
Iliei'arJ.  Pafti;  No.  105.  Sea.  I!I34{  and  partly  from  the  ,/lniiua/ finance  i^wt,  (or  thijearcuilini  5tb  January,  IbSti,  [0(0  U.99.4i  104 


I 


\\  H 


n\  ■*■■ 


i'i\  s 


:i;l,Vi 


1^ 


092 


FUNDS. 


» 


a)  4j  «  =  =  IB 
v^  s  u  r  s 

a  B-- 5  s  a 

=  -  7 .3  a 

•?  n  .= ,_  B  •/! 

•O  -  2   B  3  - 
^  J'  S  3  i.  rt 

■-   »  -  B   =^_ 
V.2  S  c  *  o 

e    .  c  0  ^-  - 
ti—  rt  ■!:  >«  3 

h<  -M   be  I'  to    3 
«     -  C  C  (J  u 

-"o'S  =  a 

c-i^  s  C  ° 
5  2  «  e  Crt 

•s~'~^  '-•■3 

c  4J  «  «-» -^  rt 


II 

.S5 


i?2 

II 
g3i 


aJT3 
u  a 
B  9 
Si  >i 


(A   S 


sS 

(^    CA 

B  a 
«  a 

•Q    CO 

B  1) 

c5 

c  o 
"S  •^ 
•«  '«   , 

Q)    C  -I* 


f,  «" 
«^  s-o 
U  J,  i| 

C^   B 

=  =  c 

0.'  3 


»>.    ^   QDO 

c'  I  ci  err 


"'! 


8 


c 
a      S 


1'^ 

a 

■^rH 

•-1 

c    . 

A 

a§ 

4n 

.a 

*:::  0 

fcw 

^ 

•n 

2^ 

B 

e  a 

k-,*. 

B 

Ul 

a 

•O 

0 

B 

« 

C3 

^ 

ja 

■S 

u 

a 

t> 

a 

c 

0) 

.a 

iS 

a 

i. 


FUNDS. 


693 


!   0)^ 

'.  S  =  2 
i  o  r  3 
.  ■*  t; 

«~  5 

r  c  c  = 
I  c  «  o 

^Hl 

D  4'  «    D 
«=  fe  !^ 

S  =  a 

■=  t  o 

lEs 


p. 

«  s 


9  S 

«3 

I  a 

a  " 

B  9 


£.5 
ll 

"  a. 
2  5 

«  3 

•^  n 
B  V 


c  22 

•■-"     '/J         , 

ftj   C  -1* 


■■f|s 


•'5  c 

f,  «" 
,1^  CO 

«  i- « 

t;  =  rt 

e:   —    ^ 
;=  =  O. 

t  3 


o 

«!.♦=> 

"sr 

t^ 

»o 

(S 

s 

!PS 

to 

aDO> 

X' 

■^ 

i/^O 

to 

S! 

'*? 

I-* 

Is 


«3  " 

4>J3  -g 

■=o  •« 

—  C  -o 

"S  B 

,CB  a 

E-2  B 

«  3 

o  a 


m 


V 


V 


a  & 

a 


The  Htntompnt  on  pnjjo  091,  Hlinwri  tlint  n  rrdiirtion  of  .')3,2n.fi7r)/,  wan  pfl^ictrd  in  tli« 
principal  of  (he  iiiitioiial  dnhf,  Hml  of  a,S!»t.fi74/.  in  ihn  niiniiiil  rharn;o  on  necount  llifrnof, 
l)(twi'pri  hVbrimry,  1817,  anil  .Innunry,  lajiO.  Tho  dftlit,  nf  llio  liist  mciitii>nr(l  pcriixl, 
iiifludrs  the  Ktock  crrutwl  liy  the  funilinff  of  the  lonn  of  15,000,000/.  in  is:(5,  for  hohoof  of 
Ihi-  hIiivo  proprictorH.  'J'he  iliminution  haH  licrn  hrout;ht  nlxnit  pnrtly  l>y  lh(>  np|)licatif^n  of 
oiirpiuH  revcniio  to  buy  up  Btork,  Init  moro  by  the  rcdurtion  of  the  infcreHt  .>n  the  4  nnj  ^i 
percent,  stocks  existin(?in  1817,  nnd  *•"  tliiit  piiid  on  tlie  unfunded  debt,  Thefotnl  annual 
savini?  by  the  reduction  of  intercf'  '  ./lei  lH'2'Z,  when  the  lirnt,  nnd  1821,  wiien  the  ia^t, 
reduction  was  made  (that  of  the  '1  \>er  cent,  annuitieH,  mentioned  in  former  impressions  of 
tliis  work),  hast  been  U.'-K^HM'HSl.;  and  eonsiderablo  us  this  is,  it  would  have  been  more  than 
three  linies  as  great,  but  for  the  jicrnicious  practice,  previously  pointed  out,  of  funding  largo 
nomitml  capitals. 

We  subjoin  a  brief  noiice  of  tlie  dillcrcnt  funds  or  Btocks  constituting  the  public  debt,  as 
it  Btoud  on  the  Tah  of  January,  183G. 

I.  Funds  bkarino  Ixtrhkst  at  Tiihf.k  pv.n  Cknt. 

1.  Smith  f>fu  Iklil  and  Anmu'lk.s.  —  This  portion  of  the  debt,  ntnounting,  on  the  5th  of 
January,  ISlKi,  to  10,l'll,.'i84/.,  is  all  that  now  romaips  of  the  capital  of  the  once  famo.is, 
or  rather  infamous.  South  Sea  Company.  'I'hc  (company  has,  ftir  a  considerable  time  past, 
ceased  to  have  any  thing  to  do  with  trade:  so  that  the  functions  of  the  directors  are  wholly 
restricted  to  the  transfer  of  the  Company's  slock,  nnd  tbe  payment  of  the  dividends  on  it; 
both  of  which  operations  are  performed  at  the  South  Sea  House,  nnd  not  at  llie  Bank.  The 
dividends  on  the  old  South  Sea  annuities  arc  payable  on  the  .'5th  of  April  and  10th  of 
Ocloler;  the  dividends  on  the  rest  of  the  Company's  stock  are  payable  on  the  5th  of 
January  and  Oth  of  July. 

2.  DM  due  to  the  linnfe  f/ J5/»n-/.7nrf.  —  This  consists  of  the  sum  of  11,015,100/.  lent 
by  the  Bank  to  the  public  at  3  per  cent.;  dividends  payable  on  the  ."Jlh  of  .j^ril  nnd  10th  of 
October.  This  nuust  not  he  confounded  with  the  Bunk  capital  of  lO.Ol'TVuO/.,  on  which 
the  stockholders  divide.  The  dividend  on  the  latter  has  l)een  8  per  cent,  ginco  1823. — 
(Sec  ante,  p.  86.  and  p.  89.) 

3.  Ban/e  Annuities  created  in  1720.  —  The  civil  list  settlcil  upon  George  I.  was  700,000/. 
a  year;  but  having  fallen  into  arrcar,  this  stock  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  canrellinij 
Exchequer  bills  that  had  been  issued  to  defray  the  arrear.  "The  capital  is  irredcennble ; 
snd  being  small,  in  comparison  with  the  oilier  public  fundf,  nnd  a  Ktock  in  which  little  ia 
done  on  speculation,  the  price  is  generally  at  least  1  per  cent,  lower  than  the  3  per  cent, 
consols." — {Cohen's  edit,  of  Fairmati  on  the.  Funds,  p.  40.) 

4.  Three  per  Cent.  Consols,  or  Consolidated  Annnil:es.  —  This  stock  forms  by  much 
the  largest  portion  of  the  public  debt.  It  had  its  origin  in  1751,  when  nn  act  was  pasBod,. 
consolidating  (hence  the  name)  several  separate  stocks  bearing  an  interest  at  3  per  cent, 
into  one  general  stock.  At  the  period  when  the  consolidation  took  ))lacc,  the  principal  of 
the  funds  blended  together  amounted  to  9,137,821/. ;  but,  by  the  funding  of  additional  loans, 
and  parts  of  loans,  in  this  stock,  it  amounted,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1830,  to  the  immense 
sum  of  350,708,258/. ! 

The  consolidated  annuities  are  distinguished  from  the  3  per  cent,  reduced  annuities,  by 
the  circumstance  of  the  interest  upon  them  never  having  been  varied,  and  by  the  dividcnils 
becoming  due  at  dilVerent  periods.  Tlie  stock  is,  from  its  magnitude,  and  the  proportionally 
great  number  of  its  holders,  the  soonest  affected  by  all  those  circumstances  which  tend 
to  elevate  or  depress  the  price  of  funded  property  ;  and,  on  this  account,  it  is  the  stock 
which  8|)eculntora  and  jobbers  most  commonly  select  for  their  operations.  Dividends  jiny- 
able  on  the  5lh  of  January  and  5th  of  July. 

5.  Threcper  Cent.  Reduced  Annuities. — This  fund  was  established  in  1757.  It  con- 
sisted, as  the  name  implies,  of  several  funds  which  had  previuusly  been  borrowed  at  a  higher 
rate  of  interest;  but  by  an  act  passed  in  1749,  it  was  declared  that  s\ich  holders  of  the 
funds  in  question  as  did  not  choose  to  accept  in  future  of  a  nduced  interest  of  3  (.er  cent, 
should  be  paid  oil", — an  alternative  which  comparatively  few  end)raced.  'i'hc  debts  that 
were  thus  reduced  and  consolidated,  amounted,  at  the  establishment  of  the  fund,  to 
17,571,574/.  By  the  addition  of  new  loans,  they  now  amount  to  125,851,977/.  Dividends 
payable  on  the  5ih  of  April  and  lOlh  of  October. 

II.  Funds  BEAiiiifo  jtoaB  than-  Tiikef,  peu  Cent.  Intehest. 

1.  Annuities  at  3^/jer  Cent.,  1818.  — This  stock  was  formed  in  1818,  partly  by  a  suN 
Bcription  of  3  per  cent,  consolidated  and  3  per  cent,  reduced  annuities,  and  partly  by  a 
subscription  of  Exchequer  bills.  It  was  made  rcdeemal)le  at  par  any  time  after  the  5th  of 
April,  1829,  upon  0  months'  notice  being  given.  Dividends  payable  on  the  5t'a  of  April 
and  lOth  of  October.     The  capital  of  this  stock  amounts  to  10,801,104/. 

2.  Utduced  3^  per  Cent.  Atinuilies.  — Thin  stock  was  created  in  1824,  by  the  transfer 
of  a  stock  bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent.    (Old  4  per  cents.)     It  is  redeemable  at  pleasur*. 


,     ,i       :  ■ 


■:[' 


\r\ 


,M 


604 


FUNDS. 


Diviilrnild  pnyable  fith  of  April  and  lOlh  of  October.    Amount  on  the  8th  of  January,  15.16, 
6a.4:j(i.8.')0/. 

3.  !\'fu>  'Ji  per  Criit.  Annuilun,  —  This  utock  wan  formed  by  tho  act  11  lien.  .3.  r.  13. 
cm  of  ibi'  stuck  kiiKWii  by  tbo  iiaimi  of  "  New  4  per  ccntn.,"  ainountiiiit  oti  tbc  iJlh  of  Jan- 
Uiiry,  In:10,  to  11  t,:i:il,aia/.  Thn  lioldrrH  of  this  4  per  cent.  Htock  bad  their  option  cither 
to  miliscribe  it  into  llie  new  ;5i  |>pr  cent.  annuiticM,  or  into  a  new  6  |H^r  cent.  Htock,  at  tbo 
rate  of  100/.  4  per  cents,  for  70/.  !i  \H't  cents.  Dissentients  to  be  paid  ofl".  Only  407,713/. 
nt'W  .')  |ier  cent,  stock  was  created  inider  this  arranffemniit.  The  sum  required  to  pay  dis- 
sentients was  'J, (i  10,000/.  The  new  3^  per  cent,  stock  thus  created,  amounted  on  the  5th 
uf  .lanuary,  183(!,  to  M0,.').'i7,<J01/.     Dividends  payable  .'itb  of  January  and  ."ilh  of  July. 

4.  Nciv  6  per  tV/j/.  — Amount,  5lh  of  January,  183G,  438,ail/.  — (Hco  previous 
Article.) 

III.  Anjiuitiks. 

1.  Lnni^  Amiu'ti'cf.  —  These  annuities  were  created  at  different  periods,  but  thoy  all 
expire  tom'tber  in  18(i0.  'J'hey  were  cbielly  granted  by  way  of  premiums  or  douceurs  to  the 
Bubscribers  to  loiuis. —  I'ay.ible  on  the  .Ith  of  April  and  lOlh  of  October. 

2.  Aiinnilien  pir  4  Gen,  r,  82.  —  'J'his  ainiuity  is  payable  to  tho  Dank  of  England,  and 
is  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Dead  weiijht"  annuity.  (!^ee  aiiU;  p.  85.)  It 
expires  in  I8()7.     It  is  e(|uivalcnt  to  a  pnprluul  annuity  of  470,319/.  10s. 

3.  Annuities  per  48  (Jco.  3.,  10  (Jcu.  4.  c.  24.,  ami  3  iV  4  Wilt,  4.  c.  14. — These  acts 
authorised  the  coniTnissiotiers  for  tho  reduction  of  the  national  debt,  to  grant  annuities  for 
terms  of  years,  and  life  annuities;  accepting  in  |>ayment  either  money  or  stock  according  to 
rates  specil'ied  in  Tables  to  Ik;  approved  by  tho  Lords  of  the  Treasuty.  No  annuities  are 
granti'd  on  tho  life  of  any  niiminre  under  l.'i  years  of  age,  nor  in  any  case  not  approved  by 
the  commissioners.  Aiuiuities  for  terms  of  years  not  granted  for  any  period  less  than  ten 
years.  These  uinnilies  are  transferable,  but  not  in  parts  or  shares.  Those  for  terms  of 
years,  payable  .^h  of  Junuary  and  5th  of  July;  and  those  for  lives,  5th  of  April  and  lOih 
of  October. 

The  terminable  and  life  annuities  granted  under  the  above  acts,  amounted,  on  the  6th  of 
January,  183(i,  to  4,188,809/,,  being  equal  according  to  the  calculations  of  Mr.  Finlaison,  to 
a  corresponding  perpetual  annuity  of  1,970,019/. —  (i'arl.  I'aper,  No.  457.     Seas.  1830.) 

Irhh  Debt,  —  It  seems  unneccssory  to  enter  into  any  details  with  respect  to  the'  public 
debt  of  Ireland.  Tlie  various  descriptions  of  stock  of  which  it  consists,  and  their  amount, 
are  specified  above.  The  dividends  on  tho  Irixh  dci)t  are  paid  at  the  Bank  of  Ireland  ;  and, 
in  order  to  arcnniinodatc  the  public,  stock  may  be  transferred,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  holders, 
from  Ireland  to  (Ireat  ISritain,  and  from  the  latter  to  the  former. 

Exci'tequer  Hills  are  bills  of  credit  issued  by  authority  of  parliament.  They  are  for  vari- 
ous Fums,  and  bear  interest  (generally  from  1  Jrf  to  2Af/ perdiem,  per  100/.)  accordinf;  to 
the  usual  rate  nt  tlie  time.  The  advances  of  the  Hank  to  Government  are  made  upon 
Exchequer  bills;  and  tho  daily  transactions  b4<twcen  the  Bank  and  Uovcrinnent  are 
|>rincipally  carried  on  through  their  intervention.  Notice  of  the  time  at  which  outstanding 
Kxcliequcr  bills  are  to  lie  paid  oft"  is  given  by  public  advertisi'nient.  Bankers  i)refer  vesting 
in  Exchciiucr  bills  to  any  other  species  of  stock,  even  though  the  interest  be  for  the  most 
part  comparatively  low ;  because  the  capital  may  be  received  at  the  Treasury  at  the  rate 
originally  ])aid  for  it,  and  the  holders  being  exempted  from  any  riisk  of  tluctuation.  Ex- 
chequer bills  were  iirst  issued  in  IfiOfi,  and  have  been  annually  issued  ever  since.  The 
amount  outstanding  and  unprovided  fi.r,  on  tho  .')th  of  January,  1836,  was  29,088,950/.     > 

India  Slock  and  India  Hands  are  always  quoted  in  the  lists  of  the  prices  of  the  public 
funds.  The  ftocV  on  which  the  East  India  ('ompany  divide  is  6,000,000/. ;  the  dividend 
on  which  has  been,  since  1793.  10^  ju'r  cent.;  and  is  to  remain  at  that  rate  during  tho 
continuance  of  the  charter.  India  bonds  are  generally  for  100/.  each,  and  bear  at  present  2^ 
percent,  interest,  ))ayablc  31st  of  March  and  30th  of  September.  In  selling  them,  thf 
interest  due  down  to  the  day  of  sale  is,  with  the  premium,  added  to  the  amount  of  tho  bills; 
the  total  lx"ing  the  sum  paid  by  the  |)urchaser.  The  premium,  which  is,  consequently,  tho 
only  variable  part  of  the  price,  is  influenced  by  the  circumstances  which  influence  the  price 
of  stocks  generally,  —  tho  number  of  bonds  in  circulation,  &c. 

The  price  of  stocks  is  influenced  by  a  variety  of  circumstances.  What«'ver  tends  to 
shake  or  to  increase  the  |)ublic  contidence  in  the  stability  of  goveriunent,  tends,  at  the  same 
time,  to  lower  or  increase  the  price  of  stocks.  They  are  also  atfected  by  the  state  of  tho 
revenue ;  and,  more  than  all,  by  the  facility  of  obtaining  supplies  of  disposable  capital,  and 
the  interest  which  inay  be  realised  upon  loans  to  responsible  persons.  From  1730  till  the 
rebellion  of  1745,  the  3  per  cents,  were  never  under  89,  and  were  once,  in  June,  1737,  as 
high  as  107.  During  the  rebellion  they  sunk  to  76;  but  in  1749  rose  agahi  to  100.  In 
the  interval  between  the  peace  of  I'aris,  in  1763,  and  the  breaking  out  of  the  American  war, 
thev  averaged  from  80  to  90  ;  but  towards  the  close  of  the  war  they  sunk  to  54.  In  1792, 
thev  weri!,  at  one  time,  as  hi^h  as  96.    In  1797,  the  prospects  of  the  country,  owing  to  the 


th  of  January,  18.10, 

net  11  (ien.  3.  r.  IS. 

iq;  on  tl)p  5th  of  Jnn- 
id  their  opiiiiii  rither 
■r  rent.  Htock,  at  the 
i)fr.  Only  407,7 in/, 
required  to  pay  ilifi- 
tmounted  on  thi^  Sth 
'  nnd  5lh  of  July. 
I/. —  (Hce  previous 


eriads,  I)ut  thoy  rII 
»  oi  Joucoura  to  the 

ik  of  England,  and 
ee  ante,  p.  85.)  It 
)s. 

.  c.  14. — These  acts 
)  grant  annul  tie:)  for 
ir  stock  according  to 
,  No  annuilieg  are 
asc  not  approved  by 
period  h'»n  than  ten 
Those  for  terms  of 
\\  of  April  and  lOlh 

nted,  on  the  5th  of 
of  Mr.  Finlaison,  to 
157.  Sesri.  1830.) 
spcct  to  the'  public 
and  their  amount, 
ik  of  Irpjand ;  nnd, 
laurc  of  tile  holders. 

They  are  for  van- 

.00/,)  according  to 

nt  arc  made  upon 

Government  are 

which  outstanding 

ikers  prefer  vc^tins 

'St  be  for  the  niDst 

rensury  at  the  rnto 

fluctuation.     Ex- 

ever  since.     The 

IS  29,088,950/.     < 

■ices  of  the  public 

'00/. ;  the  dividend 

int  rate  during  the 

bear  at  present  2A 

selling  them,  the 

nountof  the  bills; 

consequently,  the 

influence  the  price 

Vhntever  tends  to 
lemls,  at  the  same 
by  the  stale  of  the 
)sid)lo  capital,  and 
r'roni  1730  till  the 
in  June.  1737,  us 
again  to  100.  In 
he  American  war, 
;  to  54,  In  17U2, 
utry,  owing  to  the 


FUNDS. 


005 


■wrocMCs  oftlio  French,  the  mutiny  in  the  fleet,  and  other  odvemo  clrcumstnnrrH,  were  by  no 

nieaiiH  favourable;  and,  in  cnniieiiupnce,  the  price  of  3  per  cent,  sunk,  on  the  20ih  of  ^*ep- 

tenilier,  on  the  intelli«enco  transpiring  of  an  attonipt  to  negocinte  with  the  French  republic 

having  failed,  to  47  j,  being  the  lowest  jirico  to  which  they  have  ever  fallen. 

I'ricuii  of  3  pur  Cent.  CoimoU,  In  Kubrunry  uiul  AiiRint,  cucli  Year  liiicii  IMO.-(fif/)or<  of  Hank  Corn- 
miller.) 


Ylirt, 


1S20.  I''«liranry 
AtiviiHt 
I'V'liruiiry 
AnuiiHt 
I'Vliruiiry 
AiiKam 
Ft'liriiiiry 
AuvUHt 
l'"rliruiiry 
AnKiirit 

1633.  I''t:liruiiry 
AiiKaKt 


JSSI. 
1KS3. 
1633. 
1S3I. 


I'llcrnf  Ciir.li.li. 


Kel)rimry 

AllKIINt 

I'l'liraiiry 
AaiiiiFi 

Bhrnary 
Aiiviiit 
Kt'hruiiry 
Aiiitiiat 

1H30.  I'.'lirimry 
A<i|riiHt 

1631.  I'l'liriiiiry 

AllUIIKt 


The  following  in  a  statement  of  the  prices  of  the  dilferint  descriptions  of  Uritish  funda 
during  the  6  days  commencing  with  Saturday,  the  1  tth  of  Uocembcr,  1833. 


n«iicri|iiii.Mor  sifick. 

Saiunlay. 

MuniU).. 

TuTOliy. 

VV,..liJciMlay,      Tlturwljy, 

rri'lay. 

Iliiiik  Block,  (iivldi'iitl  8  per  cent. 

310  11 

210  11 

?lll{   l|i 

3103   III      3111   11 

211.1   11 

3  per  cent.  reilutiMl 

N7i  \ 

h7i  I 

"Tl  » 

»<:* 

h7.'   i 

(<7J  H 

3  per  cent.  voiiiiiiIh  fcir  iircnunt 

«H}  } 

SS  i 

m 

I''-:  J 

66) 

66j  bllj 

S\  per  cent.  iinniiitii!H,  1»16     - 

- 

3i  pt^r  cent,  rerlaccd    - 

m  i 

OUj  i 

m  4 

003  1 

(H.J  7 

New  31  perci-nl.  iinnnitieg 

New  •»  per  cent.  unnuitieH,  1820 

103}  i 

io:(j  1 

1038 

1031  i 

1031  i 

lO-li  } 

New  5  per  cent. 

l.on|;anrinitli'H,explre5  Jan.  1660 

10}  15-10 

. 

m 

IC}  13-10 

ICi  15-10 

10  15-1017 

New  anniiitieii,  Jitn.  iinil  July 

Hoatli  8ea  stock, ilivldend  3i  |)cr 

cent.   -           .           -           . 

Uo.  old  anniiily,  dividend  3  per 

cent.  .           -           .           - 

Du.  ni  •/  annuity,  dividend  3  per 

cent.   .           -          .          - 

3  per  cent,  annuilieg,  1*51 

India  liunds,  2}  per  reiit. 

32«.2lj?.pni 

22s.24ff.pm 

22.«.21«.pni 

2n).-.22.v.pni 

20ii.21x.pnr 

21s.— d.pm 

F.xchi-quer  hillH,  Ui/.  lUU/. 

'l.'iji.  llji.piii 

I3.<.tl.v.pni 

12.1.  —  pni 

Il9.'l3j.|ini 

ll,v.42.>.pin 

41«.42j<.pni 

Hunk  siDck  lor  iiccnuiit 

31U  11 

310  11 

211 

India  8iiick,dlvidend  101  P^r  cent. 

Agreements  for  the  sale  of  stock  arc  generally  made  at  the  Stock  Excliniige,  which  is 
frequented  by  a  set  of  middlemen  called  yoiZ/w.?,  whose  busiiies..^  is  to  lU'cnnnnodate  the 
buyers  and  sellers  of  stock  with  the  exact  sums  they  want.  A  jobber  is  generally  po;;- 
sessed  of  considerable  property  in  the  funds;  nnd  he  declares  a  price  at  which  he  will 
either  sell  or  buy.  Thus,  he  declares  he  is  ready  to  buy  3  (ler  cent,  consols  at  HiiS,  or  to 
sell  at  85J ;  sr  that,  in  this  way,  a  j.erson  willing  to  liuy  or  sell  any  sum,  however  small, 
has  never  any  dilliculty  in  findins^  an  individual  with  whom  to  deal.  The  jobber's  jirofit  is 
generally  i  per  cent.,  for  which  ho  trnnsacts  both  a  sale  ond  a  purcliase.  Ho  fre.jucntly 
conflncs  himself  entirely  to  this  sort  of  business,  and  engages  in  no  other  descrij)tion  of 
stock  speculation. 

Wo  borrow  the  following  details  from  Dr.  Hamilton's  valuable  work  on  the  National 
Debt  :— 

"  A  Imrgnin  for  Itie  sale  of  slock,  l>eins  nprecd  on,  is  carried  Into  execution  nt  tlie  Transfer  Ollice.nt 
the  Hank,  or  the  i^outli  iScn  House.  Kor  tlii.4  purpose  the  seller  makes  out  n  noli-  in  wriliUL',  which 
contains  the  name  Jiud  deslpnallon  of  the  seller  uiid  purchaser,  nnd  llie  sum  and  deicripticm  of  tin; 
stock  to  he  transferred.  lie  delivers  this  to  the  proper  clerk  ;♦  and  Ihen  fills  up  a  receipt,  a  prinleil 
firm  of  whiili,  u  itii  blanks  is  oblalned  at  the  ollice.  The  clerk  in  I  he  niean  lime  i-xaniinis  tlic  seller's 
necoualR,  and  if  lie  lind  liini  possessed  of  the  stock  proposed  to  lie  sold,  lie  makes  out  the  transfer. 
This  is  siened  in  the  hooks  hy  the  sidler.  wlio  delivers  the  receipt  to  llie  clerk  ;  and  iipi'ii  the  pur- 
chaser's sinning  his  arceptnnce  in  llic  hook,  the  clerk  sIkiis  the  recei|)t  as  witness.  It  is  tlien  delivered 
to  the  purchaser  iipnii  payment  of  the  money,  and  thus  the  husiiiess  is  completed. 

"  Tliis  husincss  is  Kenerally  transacted  by'hrokers,  who  ihfrive  their  authority  from  tlieir  employers 
hy  powers  of  nttorney.  Forms  of  these  are  nlitained  at  the  respective  oliices.  Some  aulhurise  the 
bi'oker  to  sell,  otiiers  to  ncMpt  a  purchase,  and  otln  rs  to  receive  the  ilividemls.  Smiie  coni[irelieml  all 
thi'S,'  olijects,  and  the  two  last  are  (jenerally  united.  I'owers  of  nttorney  aiithoiisim.'  to  sell  must  he 
deposited  in  the  proper  otfice  for  exaini'ialiun  one  day  liefore  selling:  a  slockliohler  actiiii,'  personally, 
after  (.'ranlini.'  a  letter  of  attorney,  revokes  it  hy  linplication. 

"The  person  in  whose  name  tiie  stock  is  invested  when  the  hooks  are  shut,  previous  to  llie  pnyment 
of  the  dividends,  receives  the  dividend  lor  the  Irilf  yi'ar  precedinz;  and,  tlierefore,  a  pon:iiasi.r  durins 
tlie  currency  of  the  half  year  lias  the  benefit  of  the  interest  on  stock  lie  buy.«.  from  the  last  term  of 
pavment  to  t!iB  day  of  transfer.    Tlie  price  of  slock,  theretore,  rises  gradually,  ccleru-  firibua,  from 

*  Tile  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  placed  round  thn  room,  and  f'e  seller  must  apply  to  the  clerk  wlio 
has  his  station  under  tiie  initial  uf  liis  naiiiu.  In  uil  the  oliices,  there  arc  supervising  clerks  who  ;nii> 
iu  witnessing  tliu  trunsfur. 


! 


|! 


li 


i  I 


t!         *' 


i     i 


i  \] 


.,; 

111 .  , 

It 

■    ■  ■  • 

1, 

j 

i 

1 

. 

oon 


FUNDS. 


Urin  III  tfrni ;  nml  \vlii<ii  I'm  illvlili'tnl  la  p.ilil,  It  iiiKlcriinpii  n  rill  iMjinl  llicri'in.  Tliiia,  tlio  II  pnr  mil. 
roniiHlfi  ahiiiil  I  In-  liiL'hi'r  III  ill  .1  |)iT  ifiil  riMlinnd  liy  (  |ii>r  i  I'lil.  I'miii  llii'  .^tli  iil'  A|iril  In  lli>'  .^lli  i>l'  lul), 
mill  rriHii  till'  IIMIi  III' III  t<i|«'r  tnlhii  .'illi  nl' Jiinii.irv  i  iiml  kIhmiIiI  Uv  in  iniirh  Inwi'r  I'tmii  llif  ^lli  ii|' 
Jnmmry  III  iliii  .'illi  nf  Minh,  iiml  rmiii  tln' Mlirf  .(iily  in  llii*  liMli  ul' Oi'iuln^r  i  iiml  ihia  In  iii'itily  tlm 
ciinp.      ,\n iilriilMl  liri'iliiHl  '. Mi  IN  liny  mr  mlmi  n  nliitlil  ili'vliillini. 

"Till!  ill\  lili'iiiN  nil  lliii  iliirrfiil  xtiiiliH  lii'ln  J  piiyiilili' iit  iliir.ri'iil  Iititk,  ll  In  In  llip  jinwer  nf  llio 
•lork-liiililiTH  III  iinol  llii-ir  iirnpnily  In  aiirh  n  iiitiMiii>r  iix  In  ilriiw  lln'lr  liirnini'  i|iiiirli  riy. 

"  Till-  liiKiiii'.")  Ill'  xiK'i  iiliiiiiK  hi  Illi'  Mini  kH  U  I'liiiiiili'il  nil  ili.>  vurlnilnii  nl'  tin'  |iriT  III'  uliii'k,  wlili'li 
il  jiri'li'ilily  ti'Mil:<  In  uniiiii  fiii'ii<iiri)  In  aiipiinrl.  It  iniiiiNiit  In  ImijIiik  nr  aillliiii  atiirk  iiirnnlliiK  In 
lll(>  vii'WH  iinliirliliieil,  liy  lliniii'  tvlm  I'liuiigii  In  liila  liualneaa,  iil'  tlm  prnliiililllly  nl'  tliu  vuliii-  riallig 
or  rilliiiK. 

"Tliia  liiialiiHMa  In  pailly  nMiiliirl(>il  liy  p«raiiiia  wlio  hnvn  pmpiTty  In  lli  •  I'iiihIh.  Hnl  »  prnclirr  iiUii 
pri'HiiU  tinmtii/  iIhihi'  who  liiivr  iiii  aiicli  prnp.riy,  nl"  cniilr  nlinii  I'.ir  lliii  aal.i  of  Hlnck  on  ii  fiilnn  iluy 
III  II  priri'  airi'i'il  nil.  I'lir  •'Xiiiniil'i,  \.  may  leri'H  In  hi'II  In  II.  lO.HllO/  ni'.'l  prr  rent,  aliiik.  In  In'  Irniib- 
fi'rri'il  III  ill  iliiya,  I'nr  D.INlll/.  \.  h»».  In  I'ai  t,  ii»  anrli  almk  ;  linl  il'  llm  priri'  mi  llm  iliiy  iippnliili'il  Inr 
till'  lr.iM.<ri'r  ln'  iinly  .IH,  |ih  may  piirrlmiii'  iia  niii'-li  iib  will  I'liiiMi'  lilin  in  rnllll  liU  ImruaIn  fnr  ."i,"*!!!!/ , 
mill  lllilH  |!iiln  '2IHI/.  liy  tin-  Iriiiinarllnn  i  nii  llic  iilhi'r  liaiiil,  II'  IIim  prlii'  nl'  llml  nlii>  k  Mlimilil  rinr  tn  ll'l, 
Illi  will  In-H  '.<ilii(.  Till.'  Iiiiriini'sa  |i  iri'iiiTiilly  '••'llluil  wlllmni  iiny  iirlnal  piirrli.isr  nlalnik,  or  iraiiHl'.r  i 
.\.  pat  Illi/  to  II.  nr  ri'i'i'lviiiK  riniii  lilni  lliii  iliiri'ri.'nc«  lielwi'iii  Illi'  ptiru  nl  atotk  nil  llm  iliiy  nl'  ai'tllti- 
ini'iit,  mill  Illi!  prii'ii  mkd'i'iI  on. 

"Tlii«  iiru'lli'P,  Willi  11  iininiinla  lo  tiollilnif  I'Uii  lliaii  ii  waKor  roiiri'mlnif  llio  prli'i"  nf  Block,  la  not 
aaiiil|iini!il  liy  law  ;  yet  II  lararrlnl  on  lo  a  cri'iit  I'XIi'iiti  anil  iia  niiltli.r  parly  can  In'  conipelli-il  liy 

I  >w  In  liiipl:'tiii-nt  lli"..ii'  li:iri;.'iln.i,  tlii'lr  hi'Iimi'  of  hnnonr,  anil  tin-  itiKjirai  n  alliMiilini(  n  tirfarli  of  con- 
tnu't,  nri'  III)'  prIiirliili'K  liy  wlilrli  llin  liiiaiin'N^  U  lOippnrli'il.  In  llii'  lantrn  iK"  of  lint  rllnik  Ivxrliaiiiri', 
Ihii  liiivur  la  ralli'il  a  Hull,  anil  Ilia  aulliir  a  Hnir,  anil  llii'  pi'rann  who  rrl'iiai''  lo^iay  lila  loaa  la  callnl  a 
Lumr  hack  ;  anil  lliu  naiiiua  nf  lliuao  ilufaiilUiri  uro  uxlillilti'il  In  tliu  Stock  I'Ucliuiigis,  wliure  lliuy  ilam 
not  app.'iir  iil'li'rwarili 

"Till""!'  liiirifiiinH  nrii  ii»ii.'illy  niailc  fnr  rrrlaln  ilnya  flxnil  liy  a  rnininltli'o  of  llm  Htnck  E\cliiiii|rp, 
mllcil  mlilinif  iliiii;  of  wliii'li  llii'rr  ari<  aliniil  1 1n  tln'  yi'ar ;  vi/.  oiii'  In  r  nil  of  llii'  nioiiIlK  of  January, 
Firhriiary,  April,  May,  .Inly,  Aiikiiki,  Oiinlii'r,  an'l  Novi'inli.r ;  ainltlii'y  am  nhvayaon  Tiicailiiy,  VVcil- 
iicailay,  Tliiimilay,  or  Krliliy,  lu'lnir  tin'  i|iiy<  mi  wircli  llm  I'nniinU.Hiniii'ra  fnr  tliii  rcilnrllnn  of  iIim  iin- 
llnnal  it  "III  link"  piinliaKi-H.  Tlm  ai'tlllnir  il  lyH  In  J.iniiarv  anil  .Inly  am  alwa>a  Ilii;  tlrnt  ilaya  of  llm 
opi'nloK  of  llii>  II  ink  linoka  for  piilillc  trannfi'r ;  anil  llieMii  iliya  an-  nnllfli'il  at  tlii'  Hank  when  llm  con- 
•nld  iir"  hIiiiI  lo  pri'piirr  I'nr  llii<  iliviiliinl  Thi;  price  at  wliicli  aim  k  h  anlil  to  lii>  Irai.afi'rrKit  on  llm 
lii'xl  ai'lllini?  il  ly,  ia  rillfil  111.!  pricr  on  iireiuinl.  Snini'linii'!*,  Iiialiail  if  ilo>ini'  llii!  account  on  Ihi'  ail- 
tliiiK  ilay,  llm  atock  la  carriuil  on  to  ii  t^lluru  iluy,  on  inch  lurina  aa  llio  partiua  agrnu  on,    Tlili  ia  called 

II  tiiiiliniin'iiin. 

"  All  iIk'  hiiKlniiiia,  however,  wliich  Is  done  in  Ihi'  Ftnrki  ft.r  tiwr,  la  not  of  a  paniMlnif  nainrc.  In  « 
placi' of  ao  rvtiinaivi"  cninnii'rrr  ii.j  l.nnilnii,  n|iiilriil  inrnlianlH,  wlin  pnnsi  hi  prnprrly  In  Ilio  fniril^i, 
unil  ari'  iinwilliiiy  lo  part  wiili  il,  have  l'ri'i|iii'iilly  ooasinti  tn  raiM'  innin'v  Inr  a  nhnrt  llinc,  Tliflr 
ri'aonrci'  In  llila  casH  la  lo  hM  fnr  nioni'y,  ami  liny  I'nr  accminl ;  anil  alllinii;:li  llm  iiinncy  raiaml  In  tliia 
nianni'r  cnma  iiior''  than  llii!  Ii-i,'al  IiiIitimI,  It  all'nrila  an  iaip.irlant  itcc.niiiiinil.itloii,  anil  il  may  kii  itiii- 
deri'il  alriclly  li'nal  ami  rocnvcrihli!."— ( I'lllnl  i-ii.  pp.  31 1— :)I7.) 

((•'I'MiiH   (.\mkuicam). — Tito  siitijiiiiicil  Hiatoiiioiit  will  not,  wn  hii)H.>,  he  uiuntflrf!(lii)i». 

It  )^lv('^^  11  view  .if  ihr  mo.it  proiniiii'iit  I'licta  willi  respect  to  the  imhlic  CmntH  of  the  principal 

American  Htaterf ;  cichihitinjr,  aiiioii|>;st  other  particulars,  tlteir  respective  iiniotiiitH,  the  pe- 

rioiU  when  they  are  redeeiimlilc,  ami  their  price  in  Luiulon  in  January,  1839. — {Witkn- 

haWs  L(^/,  S.'Jih  January,  ISUl).     [See  article  8 roc kh.—.I//!.  Ed.] 

Account  apccifying  tlio  supntata  Uebta  of  each  Stale,  and  the  I'eiiods  when  tho  lame  are  reilcem- 

nhle,  &c. 


Fundi. 

Redeemibte. 

Amount 
ill  Dnil.in 

',(v.i.i)on 

Price  in 
l."odn ,, 
Jan.  2i. 

Fiinda. 

RiMleetn.ible. 

Alnntint 
In  Dol  art. 

Frire  In 

1/niJnll, 
Jan.  2*1. 

Al.ttiaiiu           Sprrcfllt, 

I- -.2 

/iiccriini  flirt/  Annfcl. 
^nill^l  Sll'lt,          hlKTCl 

1)'.    S'erlina     iln. 

lf.a-59-68 

li..'"»l,(X!0 

82 

Ii-fia 

3'.0'<I..TO0 

/,.  23. 

Ilo.                       dn. 

ima 

3.VM,ii(lU 

tsi 

1.  itiii  .ma  St  lie,        lo<tn, 

lii-Q 

a.iHKi.noo 

Inliitiia,                do. 

148:. 66 

l.fioa.ooo 

H.\iik  of  l.(nii«i,ina,    H  .1 1. 

I".?!) 

4,0(iO."CO 

Dn              8  i»r  runt. 

I"',! 

ioo.om 

1>).  of  N.Orle.mv  dn. 

is:!) 

4.Vl.ll(l() 

lllinoli,                (In. 

D-ia 

6,'Oii.Kio 

w 

N.  0.  Canil*  H.  Co.  ,ln. 

WO 

4.i'«'i,iicn 

Krnhicky,             .1.,. 

I'-C'i 

*»i,00() 

Dn.  Cily  HiLk.        dn. 

1(C0 

l.n(»,'IH1 

Lni.iilana,  Strlf  5  per  ct 

l-H 

l,M>i.(jnn 

MiaaJMippi  PUiilcn.lOdo. 

1,73 

3i<»l,il00 

Do.                      .1). 

1-H,1 

vra.aii 

Teiincuee,       9  per  cent. 

1,1170 

2,I»10,I«>1 

Dn,                       iln. 

I.M1-17  50.M 

7,ft'0'l(lO 

96  1.3  to  6 

I'lnriila,           6  per  cent. 

IR-.X-COO-'-OI 

1,(»KI,000 

Dn.                       do. 

IVkl 

i5o,rt;« 

Dn.                     dn. 

WW 

1.00,000 

Dn.              6  ptT  cent. 

ISC? 

101 

n.iltiinnr*!  City,    S  per  cl. 

IS.1O 

Mirylinl,  4  l-i  |  Jrnjiit. 

IH47 

C.ilndeii   ft   Aiidjny   Hill 

Ut.               •'>  I't-r  mil. 

l.'.-.l 

7-!0.0iM 

way,  dn. 

I8C4 

/..  210,000 

Dn.              6  iiern-nl. 

l!i70 

3.nni.i)0i) 

too 

Del.uvarr'  %  Ririlin  Ciiiil 

M«»ichi;«e'ti,  S  I'f  r  tent. 

It-.T 

l,0"('.O)0 

nonla,  6  per  eenl. 

Ijlftl 

L.  221,000 

Ilo.    .S'rrlinj    dn. 

MK4 

aiMKio 

10) 

Amer.  I.ifi'.  7  1-2  percent. 

Miniuipi'i,            do. 

|H,H 

6l«.0li0 

In.  A  Trntt  ('n. 

2,000,000 

Dn.    S't-rlina    dn. 
Dn.               6  per  cent 

IH.',0 

93 

Dn.  (Vr'ifiMliM,    "iperct. 

1-(H 

lVti!«.7l 

i!vx).noo 

N.  V,  Life  h  ■rriiit,      dn. 

IsCv'iO 

Nbiv  V„iI       3  per  ctril. 

HV. 

3,i,'i  ro 

93 

Dn.                                 iln 

fls.Ml 

Dn.                    dn. 

is-.s 

1177.0(10 

Do.    Ci'T.                  dn 

I''(»l..i6  31 

. 

92 

Do.                    Jo. 

IHe) 

r!.i.n(.o 

No  V  Or.e.ui»  Cily,  6  In. 

l.-lil 

250,000 

Olnn,                 6  per  rem. 

ISV) 

4,fvn  noo 

Dn.                   *»  per  pent. 

m;i 

Dn.                       do. 

ix-.s 

AK\  om) 

9910  93  1.2 

rhilTlelphi.T  fiiy.  du. 

I'.B) 

nn.OflO 

I'eiiinylviuia,  5  per  cent. 

l^liVlO-^l 

l.i'K.IVlO 

Pn   t  Healin.;  Riihviv 

ti«;3 

2,U00,0UO 

ir;.  lOi. 

im.                  do. 

lllH 

ai«Ortl 

rh:ladeIidiia("ily,6|M'rct. 

l>61 

Dn.                       do. 

li-iO 

l.livi.iQO 

90 

Dn.  ('  iiinl'V.           do. 
riol.  •;  Rivliiii,  3  p.r  cl. 

!»■,» 

D.1.                    dn. 

l-M 

1!.0IV).0<(1 

0234 

I)...                    do. 

KM 

3,i!i..V0 

92  tn  92  1.2 

R.  R  Ilnii.la   ■ 

IHXI 

L.  210,1X10 

8.S  ex  div. 

Dn.                    dn. 

\f,9 

2.7^1.1li3 

93 

IIiirrJHliurKh  !k  LvicMler, 

Dn.                       do. 

l«W 

3,n70,B6l 

93fxdiv. 

1  1  er  ceiit. 

. 

82,000 

go 

Dn.                       do. 

1800 

.'.fi4\(i.<i'l 

95  1-2 

Rii-'ini'inl  Railway  BJi., 

Dn.                       dn. 

IMS 

2  2«'..400 

1 9,i  lo  90 

6  per  rent. 

I960 

. 

99 

Dn,                       dn. 

1MB 

l.TOn.mxi 

Ij  liijh  Cnal  !l  Niv.  Bda  , 

S'mlh  CimliM,     dn. 

l«fi« 

/..  200,000 

95 

.',  per  oi-nl.      - 

\tl<% 

£.200,000 

TrnneMee,       6  per  cent. 

\m» 

Mnnii  ('ana'   h    Ranking 
Conip.       6  per  cent. 

Vi-iinia,                do. 

H-.7 

400.000 

03 

ISL16 

4.100.P00 

1     Dn.              5  per  cent. 

l'<4J-5t-W54 

2,0ilO,0Cl) 

1      Do.    Nolea     do. 

.• 1^ 

3.000,000 

Thf  tlivi'lrn-ii  nn  Ih**  ubiire  P^n^<vlv■^nia  Ham  ir*»  piviMrt  hi'f  yrrtrlv,  mi  ttie  1st  ihyn  nf  r'-bninry  ini  Aufni*.  :»f  the  BanX  of  Penji' 
tvlvcii.a,  Ph<Uutciph iO^  firi'ii'iu<  tliu  tiiau  uf  idlli  uf  Mirch,  l83I,  fjr  liO,OOJ  rill^ri,  wliich  ib  pay-ilile  at  the  uinu  bank  ou  the  1st  a 
liiuuary  niiJ  July,  eacli  yuar.— Nuj .} 


I.  Tliin.  till!  S  p<ir  f»?il, 
April  h)  ilii' Aih  itC  Jul), 
I  Inwi'r  Iriiiii  llif  ^lli  <>l 
I  milt  ihli  l«  iii'trly  IIih 

t  h  III  the  iintvur  nt  tlio 
II'  i|ii>irl<  riy. 
!!•  iiriT  III'  nliK'K,  ulilrh 
liriK   nliii'K  ilirnrilliiK  <» 
Illy  III'  tliu  vuliii-  riniiig 

iiIh.  Hut  II  prnrllrr  iiIhii 
il'  Kliii'k  «M  :i  Ciihiri  ilay 

I  I'lil,  murk.  In  III'  Irniiii- 
III  ilio  iliiy  nppuliiii'il  I'nr 

IiIh  lmru:iln  fur  A.xiKi/ , 
Kill!  k  nhiMilil  riHii  III  II'], 

HI'  m  uliirk,  iir  Iriiiii'r'r ; 

L'k  III)  llui  liny  III'  ai'tllu- 

i«  prill-  iif  stuck,  h  lint 
ty  I'liii  III'  cnnipi-lli'il  liy 
Miiliiii(  n  lirpiii'li  III'  cnn- 

iil'  tlln  Stiilk  I'.xririllirc, 
i^iiiy  hill  lixa  Id  unlli'il  ;\ 
hiiiigi',  wliuro  lliuy  ilum 

if  lliii  Hinck  F,\rliMii|tp, 
llii'  iniiiilln  (it  Jiuiiiiiry, 
,;iyni)ii  'I'lii'siliiy,  W'l'd- 
liii  ri'itiirlliin  nl'  llii'  iiii- 
lyn  till'  tlr:<l  il.iyH  iil°  Hi'! 

Ill'  llllllk  WlllMI  lIlP  Cllll- 

II  III*  iriii.Kl'i'rrmt  nii  Ihii 
lhi>  nrcniiiit  mi  thn  xil- 
Kniu  on.    Thli  in  rallud 

finiiiMing  nniiirn.  In  n 
priipi'riy  in  Iliu  fiiiNln, 
ir  H  nhnrt  llnio.  Their 
III}  iiiiincy  riilKiiil  In  iliiii 
Hull,  uiiii  it  limy  bu  t<;ii- 

|it',  he  uiiintorrstii)!?. 
mills  of  the  priiiripiil 
Ivo  iinimiJitrt,  thfi  pc- 
ly,  1839.— (UV//t«. 

the  laine  aro  rcilcuin- 


.]_       Aiiioiint 
""•    In  l)<>l  in. 

I'riifl  in 
l^ii.l'iii, 
Jill.  2-1. 

^.iHiii.win 

J.IXKI.ilCO 

V<i,l»i|l 

4,;'(niiOil 

l.'VIO.ilH) 

;)i<»i,i)<)0 

2,iino,(K)ii 

CI     l,(iiK),noo 

iW.flOO 

i.  25. 

/..  J  10,000 

/..  22i,nao 

i,0>,'0,000 

'250,060 

02 

iTi.ono 

i.OOO.OUO 

irj.  lOi. 

L.  210,000 

85  CI  Jiv. 

82,000 

90 

99 

/,.  200,000 

4,100.000 
3.000,000 

If  111*.  It  the  Bank  ofPentu 
:he  unie  bauk  oa  tbu  Itt  01 


FURS,  FUR  TRADE. 


607 


FTTTIS,  In  cnmnriPrrr,  tho  akin*  of  ilKTront  nii'imiiN,  rovrrfil,  fur  tho  most  pirt,  with  think 
(Ino  hiiir,  thn  inticr  xiih'  bi'iiiif  ciiiivcrti'il  liy  a  pcruhiir  priM't'xit  into  u  luirt  uf  leather.  Ftini, 
pri'viiiiiNly  to  thrir  uiiilcrifoiiijr  ttili  prix-oMti,  nro  il.Miiiininiiti<tl  itellri/, 

Hi'iivor  fur,  from  its  fxtrnnive  iiHe  in  the  hut  iimiuifacttirp,  ih  n  very  in)[K»rtnnt  rommproini 
nrticlo.  That  ninihi  umi  of  in  thin  cuuiitry  \h  ulmoitt  ciilirfly  liriiiitfhl  from  North  .\riii'riirii. 
It  iit  t(rii(hiully  liociiiuiiiK  Hi'iirri'r  and  litmror,  hriiii;  now  ohtiiiiiulili!  only  in  con  (MituIiIo  quun- 
tttii''4  from  ihu  niost  northuriy  ami  inniu'CHHilili'  iliHlrictH,  Thi)  fur  of  tho  iiii.lilU'-iit{i'il  or 
youiiK  aniinul,  callt'd  cuh  bcavrr,  in  inoxt  uhIi'i'iiiihI,  It  ix  th«  fHicut,  iiioMt  Klimny,  ami  tiikc* 
tho  b*'«t  (lye.  Fitch,  or  tho  fur  of  the  llti'hot  or  polornt,  Im  principally  iinp'irtcil  from  (•cr'> 
many  :  it  i»  Hofl  and  wiirin,  hut  tho  unplouitiint  simH  whicli  inlhcren  to  it  tlcprcKticH  iti<  vuluo. 
Marten  and  mink  (a  diminutive  upccioi  of  oticr)  iire  priiicipiilly  iiiiportt'il  from  the  United 
HtateN  and  C'anud:i.  Tho  fur  of  the  muHiiua^h  or  niUHk  rut  (u  diiiiiniilivo  fipccic.'i  of  licnver) 
M  imported  in  vitHt  qunntilieit  from  our  poi««eMKionii  in  Noith  .'ViiutIcj  ;  which  iil-o  Miipply 
un  with  cunMiilerul'lo  ipmntities  of  otter  skiiH.  Niitriu  HkiriH  are  principally  hroii^'ht  from 
Uuenuii  Ayrci.  Tho  mure  valuuhlo  furi*,  an  erinino,  Huhio,  &,u.,  coino  priiicijmlly  froiii 
KuMHiii. 

FIJK  TRADE.  Wo  are  indehtod  for  the  folinwiuK  dotaiU  with  respect  to  the  fur  trada 
to  one  of  tho  must  oxtennive  and  intelligent  fur  merchants  uf  London. 

"  Tlionirh  prnrtlctilly  ungaiUMl  In  llio  fur  trmli-,  I  fi'ir  I  itmll  tm  nlili'  tDiny  liltio  wllli  ri-e.iril  to  It  not 
nirii.iity  known  to  yun  i  tint  were  I  to  wrilo  on  tlm  iinlijcel,  I  uliuiilil  illvlilu  tli.i  truili:  iiun  'i,  or  rallivr 

3  ClllMHflll. 

"  I.  i'lie  tut  rliHH  wniilil  conipriHe  nrticlun  of  ncrcBHll^';  itiiinnK  wliirli  I  hIiiuiIiI  prlnr|p:i',ly  niiinb(>r 
nn  liiiniiinni!  variety  of  liiiili  aklnii,  viirylnu  ao  wlili'ly  Irniii  cin  li  nilirr  In  hI/.p,  i|ii  ilily,  cnloiir,  iiiiil 
viiliio,  tliiil,  til  iiKiKt  pcrnnnit,  tlii'V  would  iippcnr  nx  tlm  proiliicii  ol'  ho  niiiny  iliil'iTrnt  spii'lcH  ol'  .ini- 
nmlii._  TliKne  Ittiiib  nklnii  lire  proiliiCHil  In  iill  piirlH  ol' lli '  glnliu,  iiml  iirn  every  n  lien:  vniiiiiiiiii'il :  but 
they  rurni,  In  p.irticiiliir,  nn  I'Kiieiitliil  ji.irt  ol'  thu  ilruxs  of  thuiiHiinil'i  iiiiumiii  tlm  Invvir  iIiihsih  in  Itii.i- 
•  hi,  rolniiil,  I''iift  I'riiiiHlii,  lliiiiKnry,  IliiliPiiilit,  nnil  Hiixuny.  In  IIiihhI.i  anil  oilier  colit  cllinateK,  thu 
pkliiH  of  vnrloiiit  other  iininiiilii  iiiny  lie  conalilervil  an  nrticl"H  o|'  iiiliial  iiecesMity. 

'"i.  Thn  'it\  cla>*  wnulil  In  a  measure  toriii  piirt  ol'  thn  lli.  •  il  .iLtii  einiiprini.'s  fiirn  which  llirniiKh 
tmbit  mill  fiinhlon  liiive  now  becouiu  arllelex  of  niii'.ei<i<lty.  I  nIioiiIiI  hern  eniiiiierati'  all  those  illireruiit 
•kinn  roninionly  ciillcil  hailing  furs.  Few  who  am  nut  aei|iiaiti|i'il  willi  this  liranih  of  the  fur  Irriilu 
cnti  form  an  lile;i  of  itHiixiRnt.  It  upreuila,  of  coiimu,  iivnr  all  parln  of  ihu  Kl>.bn  whetn  halu  urn  wnrn, 
Riiil  reqiilroa  very  HiipHrior  Jiiil|{inRiit  niiil  conaiileriihiu  caplt.il  to  coniliict  it  HiicceKhfiilly.  'I'ho  I'lirH 
now  iiKeil  for  hut  iiiakniK  iiru  beiiver,  niiiminuiih,  otter,  nutria,  huru,  iiiiil  rabbit ;  but  each  uf  IhuKo  inuy 
bii  mibiliviiltiil  III  30  ililfereiit  sorli  or  rliiaseg. 

"  .N'eiitria,  nr  mitrlo,  la  comparatively  i  now  nrllcln.  It  Iioisan  tlrat  to  li'j  Inportoil  In  lurirn  <iimiitl- 
tlen  alioiit  Itllll,  friiiii  In.'  npaniiih  poHneHsloiis  in  Hoiilh  Aliieriea.— (rtee  Ni  riilA.)  'I'lie  .skin  l.s  ii.seii 
fur  (liirerent  jiurpoHeB,  buiiid  either  ilreHseil  an  a  |v^llry,  or  cut  (shorn)  as  a  halliiii;  fur;  ami  if  well 
nianiifactiireil  am)  prepareil.  It  bearioinnin  reaeinblnni'e  to  heaver  fur,  aiiil  is  iii<eil  for  Hliiiilar  piirpiiiinH 

"1.  Under  the  .td  and  Inat  clasa  I  Hlinnid  briiiK  all  thnau  furs,  ttlilch,  thoii|;li  coiillniiiilly  tnibl,  and 
uai.'d  In  IninieiKi)  i|uantitleii,  iiuiHt  hIIII  b'l  conaidereil  mere  artlilen  of  fasliinii,  as  their  value  varlea  au- 
cnriiinst  to  the  whinia  and  fanciea  of  dilferent  nailonn.  Tliere  are,  hnwever,  exrepllons  .iiiinnu'  these  } 
ami  many  fiirn  niny  he  considered  ns  Htandurd  artlclea,aiiice  tliey  are  uiwaya  iisvd,  thuugh  tlicir  pricu 
is  niiirli  iiitliienceil  by  changea  of  fashion. 

"  Tlila  claas  coniprlaes  an  eiiillesa  variety  of  furs,  as  under  It  may  bo  bronght  the  eking  of  moat  unl- 
mata  In  oxistenre  ;  nlnioat  nil  of  thorn  appeiirinit  ociasionally  in  thn  trade. 

"I''iir»  being  entirely  the  produce  of  nature,  which  can  neither  tie  cultivated  nor  Incrcniied,  their 
vnliie  ia  not  intliienced'by  fnahion  alone,  but  depends  materially  on  the  larKer  or  Hiiinller  aiippliea  re- 
ceived. Tho  weather  baa  greut  inllnence  on  the  i|iiality  and  i|iianlily  of  furs  inip'irted  frnni  all  qiiar- 
tera  of  the  globe  t  and  thia  circiiinatance  rendera  the  fur  trade  more  ilillleiilt,  (lerhap.s,  and  precarious 
than  any  other.  The  quality,  and  conaeipienlly  the  price,  of  many  fiira  will  ilitfer  every  year.  It 
would  he  coinplotoly  Impoaaiblo  to  atate  the  value  of  the  dilferent  arliclea  of  furs,  the  trade  being  Iha 
tiinat  tliictunting  imnKlicilile.  I  have  often  aeen  the  aamu  articles  rise  and  fall  lUO.  200,  and  30U  per 
cent,  in  the  couran  of  a  twelvemonth ;  nay,  in  aeveral  Inslancea,  in  the  space  nf  I  iiinntli  only. 

"Among  the  fiira  which  nlways  rank  very  hii(luth'mKli,likc  all  the  rest,  they  change  in  value,)  m;ty 
ho  apecllieil  the  Hiberian  aable,  and  the  black  and  ailvcr  fox.  Tlieae  artitloa  are  at  all  times  compura- 
tivi'lv  very  actrcn  and  cnminand  high  pricea, 

""till!  chief  a'lpplles  nf  peitrlea  are  received  from  Iliisflia  (particularly  the  Aalallc  part  of  that  em- 
pire), and  frnm  North  America,  lint  innny  other  cniintrica  produce  very  boautil'iil  and  useful  fnra; 
mid  though  we  are  moat  indebted  to  Aaiu  and  America,  ICurope  fiirniKlies  a  very  coiisiderable  quan- 
tity. .\frioa  and  .Viialralia  are  of  littli.'  Iniporlaiice  to  the  fur  trade,  as,  fnmi  llmir  sitiiatlun,  ihey  fur- 
nisb  but  few  arth'lea,  and  consume  atill  leaa.  Kroiii  llie  former  we  draw  leniiard  and  tiger  skins  (tho 
innst  tieaiitifiil  of  that  apeiies),  while  tho  on/i/ production  of  the  laiter  is  the  kangaroo;  thia,  how- 
ever, ia  never  used  ua  a  far,  beiii;;  chielly  cdiisuiiiud  by  leather  drossera  and  tuiiners  fur  the  sake  of 
Its  pelt. 

"  lleaides  nnmeroiia  private  traders,  there  are  aeveral  fur  Ciiinpanjea  of  very  long  slnmling,  who  In 
varbius  coiinlriea  do  a  great  amount  of  business.  Aiiiinig  these,  tlie  lliiilson'a  Day  t\iiiip,iiiy  (in  l.un- 
(Inn)  deserves  to  be  mentioned  first,  not  only  from  the  extent  of  iiieir  business,  but  because  il  is  uiiu 
ofthe  oldest  cimrtered  companies  in  Kngland. 

••  The  Aiiieriinn  Fur  Cniupfiny  (in  New  York)  stands  next.  They  chiefly  trade  to  London,  whither 
they  send  the  produce  of  the  United  Slates  and  other  parts  of  Nnrlli  America. 

"The  .'id  company  is  the  Uiissian  American  (in  Moscow).  Tliey  trade  tn  the  lliisslan  possessions  on 
the  western  coast  uf  Nortli  America,  whence  they  draw  their  supplies,  which  are  chielly  cuiisuiiied  in 
Uassia. 

"The  4lh  and  last  company  of  any  consequence  is  tho  Danish  Kreenlaud  Company  (in  Copenha- 
gen).  They  do  but  a  very  limited  business;  exposing  tlicir  goods  for  sale  once  u  year  in  Copen- 
hagen. 

"Tlie  principal  consumption  of  the  furs  whioh  I  should  lirin'.;  under  the  head  of  the  3d  class,  is  in 
China,  Turkey,  and  Uussia,  and  among  the  more  civilised  countries  of  Kiimpe,  particularly  in  Eng- 
land. Germ  iiiy  consiinies  a  considerable  iiuanti;y.  Tlie  consiimpiiou  of  America  is  comparatively 
lUlle.    In  Africa,  none  but  the  Egyptians  wear  far.    In  .\nstralia,  none  is  consumed. 

"llalliug  fiirsare  used  ilironghout  Kurope  (with  Ihe  exceplion  ofTurkeyand  (Jreece).  and  in  Auio- 
tica  ;  bill  by  far  the  principal  trade  in  these  articles  is  carried  uii  in  Luudou  and  New  Vurk. 


Vol.  I.— 3  N 


88 


\i 


I. 


m$ 


FUR  TRADE. 


"Molt  ofthecompnnies  Bplllhnir  pnnilshy  public  sale,  and  the  prtncipnl  fur  film  are  held  at  KInrhta 
(nn  lliu  borders  of  Chiim)  ;  Niiibm'i  Niivogorod,  butweuii  Moscow  and  C'auun,  in  llussiii ;  and  twice  a 
year  at  l.eipslc— fSeu  Kauih.] 

'•  It  ia  a  reiniirkiible  realiirc  of  Ihn  fnr  trade,  lliat  alinnat  every  country  or  town  wliicli  produces  and 
expoilK  fiirx,  inipi  -.m  nnil  consnuit's  tbe  I'nr  of  some  oilier  place,  frequently  the  most  dititant.  ll  l«i 
hut  Keliloni  that  an  article  Is  coiisiiiiied  in  the  country  where  it  la  produced,  though  that  country  may 
ronsiinio  furs  to  u  very  great  exiunt." 

The  following  details  with  respect  to  the  North  American  fur  trade  mny  not  lie  unin- 
teirsting : — 

This  trade  was  first  iirnctised  by  the  early  French  settlers  at  Quebec  and  Montreal ;  and 
connisted  then,  as  now,  in  bartering  firc-arins,  ammunilinn,  cloth,  spirits,  and  other  articles 
in  demand  ninoiig  the  Indians,  for  beaver  and  other  skins.  In  1670,  Charles  II.  e«lnliliHh('d 
the  Hudson's  Buy  Company,  to  which  he  assigned  the  exclusive  privilege  of  trading  with 
the  Indians  in  and  about  the  vast  inlet  known  by  the  name  of  Hudson's  Bay.  The  Com- 
pany founded  establishments  at  Forts  Churchill  and  Albany,  Nelson  Kiver,  and  other  placea 
on  the  west  coast  of  the  bay.  But  the  trade  they  carried  on,  though  said  to  be  a  proi'italilo 
one,  was  of  very  limited  extent ;  and  their  conduct  on  various  occaniuns  shows  how 
thoroughly  they  were  "  possessed  with  that  spirit  of  jealousy  which  prevails  in  some  degree 
in  all  knots  and  societies  of  men  endued  with  peculiar  privileges." — (European  Stlllc- 
vietits,  vol.  ii.  p.  208.)  Mr.  Burke  has,  in  the  same  place,  expressed  his  astonishment  that 
the  trade  has  not  been  thrown  open.  But  as  the  Company's  charter  was  never  coiiiiniicd 
by  any  act  of  parliament,  all  British  subjects  are  lawfully  entitled  to  trade  with  those  re- 
gions; though,  from  the  dilllcultics  attached  to  the  trade,  the  protection  required  in  carrying 
it  on,  and  the  undisguised  hostility  wtiich  private  traders  have  experienced  from  the  agents 
of  the  Company,  the  latter  have  been  allowed  to  monopolise  it  with  but  liltlu  opjmsilion. 
In  178.')-4,  the  principal  traders  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  of  Canada  formed  themselves  into 
an  association  known  by  the  name  of  the  North- West  Company,  having  their  chief  esta- 
blishment at  Montreal.  This  new  company  prosecuted  the  trade  with  great  enterprise  and 
very  considerable  success,  'i'he  course  of  their  proceedings  in  their  adventurous  under- 
takings has  been  minutely  described  by  Mr.  Mackenzie,  one  of  the  agents  of  the  com])any, 
in  his  Voi/ffffe  from  'Lmlreal,  lJiroui;h  the  Continent  of  America.  This  gentleman  in- 
forms us,  that  some  of  those  engaged  in  this  trade  are  employed  at  the  astonishing  distance 
of  upwards  of  4,000  miles  north-west  of  Montreal !  A  very  numerous  caravan,  if  we  may 
BO  call  it,  sets  out  every  year  for  Le  Grand  I'orfage,  on  Lake  Superior,  where  they  meet 
those  who  have  wintered  in  tlic  remoter  establishments,  from  whom  they  receive  the  furs 
collected  in  the  course  of  the  season,  and  whom  they,  at  the  same  time,  furnish  with  fresh 
supplies  of  the  various  articles  re(]uired  in  the  trade.  Fort  Cheprywan,  on  the  Lake  of  the 
Hills,  in  Ion.  110°  20'  W.,  used  to  be  one  of  the  most  distant  stations  of  the  servants  of  the 
North- West  Company ;  but  many  of  the  Indians  who  traded  with  the  fort  came  from  dis- 
tiicts  contiguous  to,  and  sometimes  even  beyond,  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  competition  and  success  of  the  North- West  Company  seem  to  have  roused  the  dor- 
mant energies  of  the  Hudson's  Buy  Company.  Tho  conllicting  uiterests  and  pretensions 
of  the  ivo  associations  were  naturally  productive  of  much  jealousy  and  ill-will.  Under  tho 
ouspiccs  of  the  late  Earl  of  Selkirk,  who  was  for  a  consideralile  period  at  the  head  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  a  colony  was  projected  and  founded  on  the  Ked  River,  which  runs 
into  Lake  Winnipec.  'i"he  Norlh-West  Company  regarded  this  establishment  as  an  en- 
croachment upon  their  jH'culiar  rights ;  and  tho  animosities  thence  arising  led  to  the  most 
viulcnt  ])roceeding8  on  the  part  of  the  servants  of  both  companies.  At  length,  however, 
the  more  moderate  individuals  of  each  parly  began  to  perceive  that  their  interests  were  not 
materially  ditl'erent ;  and  tho  rival  companies,  wearied  and  impoverished  by  their  disseii- 
bions,  ultimately  united  under  the  name  of  the  lliidion's  liai/  Fur  Compunij,  which  at 
present  engrosses  most  of  the  fur  trade  of  British  America,  'i'lie  most  important  part  of 
the  trade  is  still  carried  on  from  Montreal  in  the  way  described  by  Mr.  Mackenzie. 

Accnrditis  In  Mr.  Dllss,  the  number  and  value  of  the  furs  and  peltries  exported  from  liritish  America 
to  all  parts,  in  1H3),  were — 

"  ■  £      s.  d. 

2t    7    f. 

Ill  10    U 

0  ir    0 

501   12    0 

2,37S  10    0 


JV...         £     ...    (/.                       £    s.  d. 

Xo.        £   8.  d. 

Heaver     -    1-J(i.'.lll  at  1    ."i    (I    -    -    ISS.fiMI    ()    0 

Racoon    - 

32.')  nt  ()     1     fi 

Hear          -        a.H.'iO  —  1     0    0.-       3,HW    3    0 

Tails 

2  2a()  —  0     I     0 

Deer          -            mri  — 0     3     0     -     -             (16  1.5    0 

Weasel     - 

31  —  0    0    6 

1mi\            -         8,7(1,')  — 0  10     0     -     -        4.Rt'ii  10    0 

Wolverine 

1.744—  0    3    0 

i,vii.t      -    sj'.oio  — 0  8  0  -  -    a.i.aiu  o  o 

Wolf 

5,947  —  0    8    0 

Minx         -        y.'JlW  — 0    2    0    -     -           {m  16    0 

Musk  rat  -     .175,731  —  0    0    0    -    -        0,3513    5    0 

rnilcsrribeil  fruiii  Halifax  and  St.  John's  estimated  at  the  average  annual  value  of 

Lxported  lu  the  Lniled  States  by  iiiluiid  trade 

- 

. 

i;203,nio 

-  15,000 

-  10,140 


Sterling 


234,4(i2    0    0 
£211,010    4    2 


(Slalii'lirs  of  Trade  anil  Industry  of  Krilish  America,  p.  20.) 
A'onrdiiisr  to  Mr.  M'Grcpor,  the  value  of  the  fins  annually  exported  (Vdiii  liritish  America,  amounted 
II  an  averaire  olllie  5  years  ending  with  1'532,  to  about  21u,000/.  sterling  a  year,— (/iri;iaA  KurlkJimi- 
fua,  2U  edU.  vul.  ii.  p.  5U4.) 


Mrs  are  ticM  at  Kiarhta 
in  Kussiii ;  »ii(l  twice  a 

iwii  wliich  produces  and 
lliu  numt  (liHtant.  It  i» 
liuugh  timt  country  muy 

Je  may  not  lie  uriin- 

ic  and  Montreal ;  nnJ 
irits,  luui  other  articles 
Charles  II.  e«tnlili8lu'd 
vilfge  of  trading  with 
im's  Bay.  The  Coin- 
[{iver,  and  other  jilacva 

said  to  lie  a  jirolUaljIo 
occasions  shows  how 
)rcvails  in  some  degree 
" — {European  Selllc- 
his  astonishment  tiiut 
r  was  never  coiilirmcd 
,)  trade  with  tliose  re- 
m  reqnired  in  carrying 
cnci'd  from  the  agents 
li  but  little  opi)osition. 
formed  themselves  into 
laving  their  chief  esta- 
h  great  enterprise  and 
if  adventurous  under- 
gents  of  the  company, 
This  gentleman  in- 
lic  astonishing  distance 
lus  caravan,  if  we  may 
erior,  where  they  meet 

they  receive  the  furs 
[nic,  furnish  with  fresh 

n,  on  the  Lake  of  the 

of  the  servants  of  the 

lie  fort  came  from  dis- 

have  roused  the  dor- 
rests  and  pretensions 
id  ill-will.  Under  the 
xl  at  tlie  head  of  the 
lu'd  River,  which  runs 
tahlishment  as  an  en- 
rising  led  to  the  most 

At  length,  however, 
icir  interests  were  not 

;hed  by  their  disscn- 

Cumpiini/,  which  !it 
)st  important  part  of 

Mackenzie, 
cd  from  Urilisli  America 


I  5 


s. 

1 
1 
(1 
:i 
s 

lie 

d. 

«    - 
0    - 
0    - 
0    - 
0    - 

of 

£      «.  (1. 

21    7    f. 

Ill  10    0 

0  17    0 

2fll   [2    0 

.     2,378  lU    0 

i;2U3,316    9    a 

-  ifl.mio  0  II 

-  10,110    0    0 

2;ii,4r.i   !i  u 
£211,010  4  a 

irilish  America,  p.  SO.) 
isli  America,  niiioiinied 


FUSTIAN— GALACZ. 


609 


The  NorHi  American  Fur  Company,  the  leading  directors  of  which  reside  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  have  long  enjoyed  the  principal  part  of  the  Indian  trade  of  the  great  lakes  and 
the  Upper  Mississippi.  But,  with  the  exception  of  the  musk  rat,  most  of  the  fur-clad  ani< 
maU  arc  exterminated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lakes.  The  skins  of  racoons  are  of  little  value; 
and  the  beaver  is  now  scarce  on  this  side  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  further  north  the  furs 
arc  taken,  the  better  is  their  quality. 

Account  of  the  principal  Furs  imported  in  1331,  the  Countries  whence  they  were  brought,  and  the 

Quantity  furnished  iiy  each  country. 


Couulries, 
Prussia     - 

Drar. 

Peavor. 

Fitch. 

Marten. 

Mint. 

Miifiqua.h. 

Nulrla. 

(llier. 

_ 

. 

2,108 

(iermany  - 

- 

115 

180,490 

21,139 

CSS 

7,028 

Netlierlands     - 

. 

53 

21.118 

517 

_ 

. 

44 

France 

. 

3U,C20 

27,676 

. 

762 

2,000 

Drilisli  N.  Ame- 

rican cnlonlea 

.I.OSH 

93,1!)9 

_ 

112,038 

30,712 

7.37,740 

. 

21,636 

Tliiiled  Slates  - 

13,180 

7,459 

. 

50,083 

70,120 

27,000 

.'.2,130 

1,101 

HuenoH  Ayros  - 

. 

. 

. 

- 

. 

. 

429,9<i3 

All  other  places 
Totol    - 

128 

118 

- 

2,354 

2,011 

157 

9,971 

117 

17,002 

100,9tt 

243,705 

214,107 

103,561 

772,6il3 

494,067 

23,198 

Of  these  imports,  the  heaver,  filch,  and  marten  were  mostly  retained  for  home  consumption.  A 
large  number  of  hear  and  otter  skins  were  re-exporled  to  (Jermnny  ;  and  no  fewer  than  592,117  nius- 
(]UHHh  skins  were  exported,  in  1*31,  t"  the  United  Slates. —  (Purl.  Paper,  No.  550.  Si'ss.  18,33  ) 

The  iiii|iurt8  of  ermine  arc  inconsiderable,  having  only  umounled,  at  an  average  of  l>'<31  and  1832,  to 
2,197  skins  a  year. 

The  duty  on  furs  produced,  in  1832,  31,079/. ;  and  that  on  skins,  not  being  furs,  18,093/.  I3)».  Orf. 

China  is  one  of  the  best  markets  for  furs.  The  Americans  began,  with  their  clinrnfteristic  activity, 
to  send  furs  to  Canton  very  soon  after  tlieir  flag  had  appeared  in  the  Kastern  seas  in  I7S4 ;  ami  tlicy 
still  prosecute  tiie  trade  to"a  considerable  extent,  Ihoupli  it  has  rapidly  declined  within  the  last  3  or  4 
years.  The  Americans  procure  the  furs  intended  for  the  China  markets,  partly  from  the  American 
)''ur  Company  already  alluded  to,  and  partly  from  Canada;  but  they  have  also  been  in  the  liHl>it  of 
sendinK  out  sliips  to  the  north-west  coast  of  America,  wtiicli,  havinc  pnrchaned  large  qnanlities  of 
skins  from  the  natives,  carrying  them  direct  to  (.'anion.  Recently,  however,  this  trade  has  been  ma- 
terially dtminiglii^d,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  the  regulations  of  the  Itussian  government,  who  do 
not  permit  tlie  American  traders  to  cruise  so  far  north  as  tliey  did  formerly, 

FUSTIAN  (Ger.  Barchent  ,•  Du.  Fustein  ,•  Vr,  Futnine  ,•  It.  Fustajupio,  Frintlu^no  ,• 
Sp.  Funtun;  Rus.  liumaseai  Pol.  Barchan),  a  kind  of  cotton  stull',  wealed  or  ribbed  on 
one  side. 

FUSTIC  (Get.  Gelbholz,  Fustick ;  Du.  Gcclhout  ,■  Fr.  Bois Jaune  de  Brcsil ,-  It.  Lrgtio 
p!alh  de  BiiidUti ;  Sp.  Palo  del  Brasilamurilld),  the  wood  of  a  species  of  mnlberry 
(iWirus  linctoria),  growing  in  most  parts  of  South  America,  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
West  India  islands.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  tree ;  mid  the  timber,  though,  like  most 
otlicr  dye  woods,  brittle,  or  at  least  easily  splintered,  is  hard  and  strong.  It  is  very  exten- 
sively used  as  an  ingredient  in  the  dyeing  of  yellow,  and  is  largely  imported  for  that  pnr- 
jiose.  Of  (),335  tons  of  fustic  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  ISIll,  1,683  tons  were  brought 
from  the  British  West  Indies,  1,3.'J4  ditto  from  Cuba  and  the  foreign  West  Indies,  1,013 
ditto  from  the  United  States,  990  ditto  from  Mexico,  ."ilO  ditto  from  Colombia,  70.5  ditto 
from  Brazil.  Fustic  from  Cuba  fetches  full  3.5  per  cent,  more  in  the  London  market  than 
that  of  Jamaica  or  Colombia.  At  present,  the  price  of  the  former  varies  from  10/.  to  li/.  a 
ton,  while  the  latter  varies  from  8/.  to  9/.  a  ton.  The  consumption  amounts  to  about  G,000 
tuns  a  year. 

Zante,  or  young  fustic,  is  really  a  species  of  sumach  (Hhux  aitinun  Lin.),  and  is  quite 
distinct  from  the  morun  t'luduri  a,  or  old  fustic;  the  latter  being  a  large  American  tree, 
while  the  former  is  a  small  European  shrul).  It  grows  in  Italy  and  the  south  of  France, 
but  is  principally  exported  from  Patras  in  the  Morea.  It  imparts  a  beautiful  briijiit  yellow 
dye  to  I'ottons,  &c.  which,  when  proper  mordants  are  used,  is  very  permanent.  It  is  con- 
vciiloi'tiy  stowed  amongst  a  cargo  of  dry  goods,  as  it  may  be  cut  into  [)ieccs  of  any  length 
without  injury.  Only  a  small  quantity  of  this  species  of  sumach  is  imported.  Its  price 
lliictuates  considerably.  In  Auguist,  1833,  it  was  worth,  in  the  Ijondon  market,  from  9/.  to 
11/.  a  ton. 


G. 


(GATi.\CZ,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  betvi-ccn  the  confluence 
of  the  Screth  and  the  Pruth  with  that  river,  in  lal.  45°  25'  N..  long.  2S°  E.  It  is  ill  built 
and  dirty  :  population  supposed  to  omount  to  12.000.  The  trade  of  the  town  is  chiclly  car- 
ried on  by  Greek  merchants,  but,  within  the  last  few  years,  some  foreign  houses  have  formed 
establishments  in  it.  Though  at  a  considerable  distance  inland,  Galacz  may  be  said  to  be 
tlie  port  of  the  Danube;  and,  were  the  political  jealousies,  and  oilier  obstacles,  that  have 
hitherto  so  much  obstructed  the  navigation  of  this  great  river,  once  removed,  it  would,  no 


it' 


ItJ 


1 


700 


GALACZ. 


doubt,  become  a  first-rate  emporium.  Tho  treaty  of  Ailrianoplc,  by  rescuing  the  provincpj 
of  Moldavia  and  Waliacliia  from  Turkish  despotism  and  misrule,  will  cimtribute  not  a  little 
to  this  desirable  result.  Recently,  indeed,  Galacz  has  i)ceii  rapidly  rii^iing  in  importance. 
Btenm  vessels  have  been  established  on  the  Datiube,  from  Presburg  to  Galacii,  and  thence, 
by  tbe  Black  Sea,  to  Constantinople  and  Trebizond.  Tho  advai>tages  of  which  tho  free 
navii'ation  of  the  Danube  cannot  fail  to  be  productive  to  uii  tho  countries  that  it  traverses, 
and  especially  to  IIun<^iiry,  of  which  it  is  tho  natural  outlet,  seem  to  warrant  the  belief  that 
its  vast  capacities,  as  a  pommercial  highway,  will  be  daily  more  and  more  developed. 

Kntranre  to  Galacz.— Of  \Yie  tliree  principal  mouths  of  tlic  river,  tlm  Sniiliiioli  (iiiidcilc)  niomli,in  lat. 
45°  10'  'MY'  N.,  long.  29°  41'  2U"  E.,  is  lliu  only  one  accessible  by  vussitls  of  consiili'rulilu  liiirdMn.  Tlio 
di'plli  "f  wilier  on  the  bar,  at  Its  entrance,  varies  from  10  to  V.i  and  11  fiM;t,  accurding  to  tho  season  of 
till!  yiNir,  and  the  direction  of  the  wind.  Frnin  the  bar  to  Galarz  and  ISrailotf,  still  hlvlier  np,  there  is 
iiowhiire  loss  than  18  feet  water,  and  in  many  places  from  fiO  to  70  fcft.  \  cssels  of  300  tons  lie  cIosb 
in  iIk!  quays  of  Gainc/,.  'J'hc  shores  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  being  low,  and  borduriHl  with  reikis  iind 
shoaU,  ve.-JHi'ls  intending  to  rnter  the  river  (rcni'rally  make  the  small  rocky  ijilut  of  I'hidonisi.  or  Sr;i. 
pent's  Isle,*  in  lat.  45°  15'  15"  N.,  long.  30°  10'  30"  E.,  whence  the  Soulineh  month  bears  W.  by  S., 
distant  'i3  miles.  At  the  entrance  to  it,  on  the  south  shore,  is  a  wooden  tower,  but  (though  tiK  con- 
trary hi!  sometimes  stated)  nu  li|;hthoui<e.  Lighters  are  gtncrally  stationed  without  the  bar,  into  which 
large  ships  discharge  a  part  of  their  cargoes  ;  and  pilots  may  generally  lie  obtained  from  them  or  other 
vessels.  As  the  current  is  sometinics  very  strong,  and  ditiiiull  to  stem,  the  establishment  of  steam 
tucs  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  would  obviate  the  principal  diflicultics  incident  to  its  navigation. 

I'rost  usually  sets  in  on  the  Danube  in  the  montli  of  December,  and  continues  till  the  iiionlh  of 
March  ;  in  1&33,  however,  there  was  no  frost.  Freights  in  the  ports  of  tho  Danube  are  always  fruiii 
SO  to  25  per  cent,  higlier  than  iii  Odessa;  premiums  of  insurance,  on  the  contrary,  are  not  hi^'licr 
than  at  tlie  latter,  except  on  such  vessels  as,  on  account  of  their  si/e,  are  obtigud  to  discharge  at  the 
river's  mouth. 

JlAinri/,  H'ciijlits.  and  jMeastircs. — These  are  principally  Turkish,  for  which  see  Constantinople; 
Lilt  niissiau  and  Austrian  coins  are  in  general  circulation. 

F.x purls  and  /mjiurM.— Moldavia  and  Wallachia  are  very  productive  provinces,  being  fruitful  both 
of  corn  and  cattle.  From  tiO.OOti  to  80,0(10  head  of  cattle  are  annually  fattened  for  sale  in  the  two  prin- 
cipalilies.  A  pair  of  good  oxen  commonly  cost  from  70  to  80  roubles.  Niiincious  herds  are  annually 
sent  into  Austria,  particularly  from  Moldavia.  Now  tliat  the  principalities  are  siilijectcd  to  regular 
governiuRiits,  and  that  a  market  has  linen  opened  for  their  products,  there  can  be  lillle  doubt  that  they 
will  rapidly  improve.  The  principal  articles  of  e.xport  from  Oalacz  are  wheat,  of  which  the  quantity 
might  be  indclinitely  increased,  tallow,  hides,  live  cattle,  salt,  butter,  wool,  lie  ;  and  to  these  might 
he  added  timber,  tlax  and  hemp,  caviar,  &c.  But,  if  the  navigaiiun  be  improved,  wbicli  it  seems  aU 
but  Pertain  will  be  the  case.  BrailolT  and  Gnlac7.  will  become  depots  for  the  products  of  Hungary  and 
Transylvania.  The  imports  consist  of  cotlVe,  siisar,  and  other  colonial  products,  raw  and  njauufac. 
tared  cotton,  iron  and  hardware,  oil  and  olives,  rice,  soap,  spices,  &c. ;  at  present,  however,  they  are 
quite  inconsiderable,  compared  to  what  they  would  be  were  civilization  considerably  extended  in  the 
countries  adjacent  to  the  lower  Danube,  and  still  more  so  were  it  to  become  the  great  highway  for  the 
conveyance  of  foreign  products  to  Hungary.    Subjoined  is  a  — 

Statement  of  the  Quantities  and  Value  of  tho  Merchandise  imported  into,  and  Exported  from,  tho 
Port  of  Galacz  in  1835.— (Co .luuZur  Return.) 


Import!. 

Eiports. 

Articlts 

Ou-iQtities. 

Value. 

Articles, 

Qiianllties. 

Value. 

Alnionits 

■  cwtf. 

S.CflO 

t. 
9,000 

Duller  . 

-  CWlB. 

17,500 

45,000 

C*nih$ 

— 

7,500 

3,!Ur 

CatUe,  o«en    • 

•    No. 

6.0(10 

3S2J0 

Cloth,  4nicricfln 

•    Ibi. 

B,<K» 

9.187 

CUW8      ■ 

■     — 

3,800 

24.225 

Coffee  ■ 

>     — 

2.!lvliX) 

21,0(10 

horses    - 

•     _ 

a.UH) 

22.!l)0 

Coitori,  nvr     • 

— 

7n,7S0 

9,375 

sheei)    - 

•     » 

10,0- «) 

3,7fiO 

Iwjst    . 

•  packets 

3,500 

«,5« 

Hi.les,  01 

•     — 

i-.,ooo 

2IJ,i>0 

uluiufacturei 

— 

. 

22,  W 

Sail      - 

-  cwl«. 

300,000 

I35,0f0 

Fiffs     . 

•  owls. 

.1,7-0 

a.liiS 

Tallow 

-    — 

20.000 

90,000 

Ii  cense 

-     lbs. 

56,li00 

4,StiO 

Wheat 

•  kilos.t 

30.000 

112,500 

Iron,  Kni[Iish  - 

•  cwu. 

7,S00 

I4,8;5 

Wliits 

•  galls. 

1(1«,8U« 

6.U3 

Oil 

— 

6,1X10 

a«.7,-.o 

W,«)l    . 

•     lbs. 

424,600 

I6,S75 

Olivei  . 

— 

S,7-,0 

19.657 

Miscellaneous  • 

■ 

7,500 

IVpper 

■    lbs. 

50,(il4) 

4..500 

Kiiiiiiiia             * 

■    CtttS. 

S,7;iO 

13,125 

t  Of  2  chelwerto  each. 

Rice     • 

■     — 

(1,751) 

19,(,>'7 

Rum     • 

.     — 

7-,0 

3,!i37 

Sonp      ... 

•     ihs. 

254,700 

in,l25 

Siinr  • 

>   C»ts. 

2,60U 

I6,S75 

lin       ... 

.     — 

2-, 

fi.W, 

Wni    ■ 

■     — 

375 

e.-'A) 

Winet  • 

.     >. 

60U 

2.r,o 

MutclUneoui  ■ 

Tnlal 

■ 

11,250 

TAtll 

2VI.252 

627,923 

S/iip)iij>fr.—Jt\.  nagemeister  gives  the  following  return  of  the  shipping  which  entered  tlie  Danubo, 
hy  the  riouliiieli  moulli,  in  the  following  years,  with  their  destiii;itioii ;— 


Vt-a™. 

Isniail, 

Reiii. 

Galacz. 

tlraili'ir. 

Turkish  Ports. 

is:a) 

H 

35 

193 

f.7 

31 

'"    K1I 

164 

IS 

1(^0 

22 

30 

IKli 

159 

17 

451 

61 

8 

IK.'U 

32 

S 

sn2 

178 

37 

not 

37 

2 

m 

1S5 

2% 

♦  This  island  was  fliinoua  in  antiquity  for  its  temple  In  honour  of  Arhines,  to  whom  it  was  saoroil. 
It  was  called  Leiire.  or  the  While  Island,  from  the  myriads  of  sea-fowl  by  which  it  was  ntiually 
covered.  There  seems  to  be  no  good  foundation  for  the  modern  notion  of  its  being  infested  with  ser- 
pents. It  is  singular,  however,  seeing  that  it  is  now  annually  passed  by  numbers  of  European  shiim, 
Ih  It  it  should  not  have  been  visited  by  any  traveller.  It  may  be  expected  to  contain  some  rcniains 
of  antiquity.— (*iee  Clarke'i  Tracela  in  Uussia,  Turkey,  {-e.  Bvo.  e<lit.  vol,  U.  p.  301—401.) 


cscuing  the  provinres 
contribute  ni)t  a  little 
rising  in  iniportaiico. 
}  Giilac/.,  anil  tlicnce, 
Bs  of  wliich  the  free 
[tries  that  it  traverses, 
varrnnt  the  belief  that 
lore  developed. 

li  (inUIdlc)  month,  in  lat, 
isiilerulilu  liiirdiai.  Tlio 
ciinlini!  Ill  till!  season  of 
',  still  hiclier  up,  there  ia 
telfl  of  300  tons  lie  cIosh 
liorilerril  witli  rceils  iiiid 
i|et  of  riiidiiiiisi.  or  Sf^i- 
1  iiiniith  licara  \V.  by  S., 
i;r,  but  (though  llu  I'oii- 
tlioiit  till!  bar,  into  wliiiU 
lined  from  them  or  other 
^  estubllshnient  of  eleam 
t  to  its  iiavigiition. 
tiniii'8  till  the  month  of 
liintibe  are  always  tVuni 
contrary,  are  not  hij-'licr 
liged  to  disichurge  at  tha 

I  see  Constantinople; 

nco9,  being  fruitful  both 
I  for  sale  in  the  two  ptln- 
erous  lierds  arc  annually 
are  sulijected  to  regular 
1  be  lillli!  doubt  that  they 
It,  of  which  tlie  qiiantily 
&.C. ;  and  to  these  might 
lived,  wliieli  it  seems  aU 
priiducis  of  Hungary  and 
ducts,  raw  and  nianufar. 
esent,  however,  they  are 
iiiderably  extemlcd  in  the 
the  great  highway  for  the 


and  Exported  from,  the 


rli. 

Quantities. 

Vnliif. 

/,. 

Ii. 

17,500 

•tri.roo 

I. 

6,000 

a\iM 

. 

3,800 

24. il^ 

. 

l).tilHI 

22.:i)0 

. 

lO.OlM) 

3,7S0 

. 

r.,000 

2ii,r)0 

I. 

300,CflO 

l^^(lffl 

. 

20.000 

90,000 

)«.t 

30.000 

ll2,SflO 

>. 

mi,6lM 

6.t2i 

1. 

4^1,600 

I6,S75 

7,500 

.1 

627,9« 

ch  entered  the  Panubfl, 


•If. 

Turkish  Ports. 

1 

i 

31 

30 

8 

37 

2% 

to  wliom  It  was  sarreil. 
y  which  it  was  usually 
beinij  infested  with  scr- 
bers  of  European  sliiim, 
contain  some  remains 

.  aoj—toi.i 


GALACZ. 


701 


In  1835,  ?03  yesaels  arrived  at  Onlacz ;  of  which  fi  were  Drillsh,  45  Ruisian,  17  Auitrian,  60  Greek, 
49  Turl(iah,  17  Ionian,  4  iBardinian,  2  Suinian,  1  Walhichian,  1  ilrlgian. 

Dutiea.—Kn  ail  valorem  duty  nf  3  per  cent,  ia  levied  on  all  articles  of  merchandUo  Imported  into,  or 
exported  from,  the  princlpalitici  of  Moldavia  and  Wullachiu.  Gnvernnient  ri'servcs  tu  ilaelf  tlia 
power  of  prol-'iitlng  the  oxportalion  ofany  article,  but  it  has  to  give  a  munth'a  previous  notiiu  ot  any 
such  prohihitinn. 

tialacz  ig  a  free  port;  that  Is,  a  port  at  which  all  cninmndillea  may  be  landed,  warehoused,  re-ex- 
ported, and  consumed  in  the  town,  free  of  duly.  Quarantine  regulatiuna  are  atrictly  enforced  ut 
Galacz,  unless  performed  previously  to  entering  the  river. 

Ismail  iind  Keiii,  pnrla  of  the  Russian  province  of  llessarabla,  are  aitiiated  nn  the  Danube,  and  are 
both,  but  especially  Ismail,  a  good  deal  nearer  its  mouth  than  (ialac/. ;  liut  thoy  are  much  less  cnn- 
elderablo  in  point  of  commercial  importance.  Having  little  importation,  their  trade  is  ciintined  almost 
entirely  to  the  exportation  of  corn,  and  even  in  this  respect  they  are  very  inferior  to  Gulucz  and  llrai- 
loir.    They  are  subject  to  the  Hiissian  duties  and  regulations. 

Wo  have  gleaned  those  particulars  from  a  variety  of  works,  but  principally  from  the  valiiablo 
Report,  ft//  ■M.  Oc  Hnnemeinter,  on  the  Commerce  of  the  Black  Sea,  ling.  'iVu;i*.,pp.o3— U5.,&c. ;  Purity' a 
Sailing  Directions  to  the  Black  Sea,  p.  I'J3,  &c. 

Months  of  the  Danube. — 1'here  is  a  great  discrepancy  In  the  statements  nf  ancient  authors  as  to  tha 
number  of  channels  by  which  the  Danube  poured  its  waters  into  the  Eiixine.  (Cellarii  M,liHa  tlrbin 
Anliqiii,  lib.  II.  cap.  8.)  A  similar  discrepancy  exists  at  this  ninment;  some  authorilies  allirmiiig  that 
it  has  four,  others  Hve,  and  others  sl\  or  seven  mouths.  Hut,  us  stated  above,  there  lire  only  three  of 
any  considerable  magnitude,  viz.  the  Kilia  mouth  on  the  north,  anil  successively  the  Hiiulliii'h  nmuth, 
and  the  Edrillis  mouth.  Out  besides  these,  there  are  other  channels  of  inferior  iinpiirtance,  of  which 
two,  at  least,  are  still  more  to  the  south  than  the  Edrillls  mout.i.  In  antiquity,  the  most  southerly 
channel  was  the  deepest,  and  best  suited  for  the  purposes  of  navigation, and  was  thence  called  ^ucnini. 
(See  Ccllariiui,  ut  atiprii.)  It  ia  not,  however,  to  be  wondered  at,  tliat  In  the  coursu  of  so  many  ages, 
very  great  changes  should  have  taken  place  in  the  channels  of  the  river.  It  seems  proliaMe  tl'iat  the 
Ostium  Sacrum,  or  southern  channel  of  the  ancients,  may  have  run  between  Camnm,  now  Ilin  hovn, 
and  the  lake  ffolmiiris,  now  Uassein,  which  communicates  with  the  Enxine  at  Kara  Kernian,  fnrnierly 
htropolis,  and  at  a  point  slill  more  to  the  south.  At  any  rate,  there  certainly  was  a  channel  in  thii 
route  now  pointed  out  (D'^iivilte,  Mrigt  d'-  la  Gtograiihie  ^ncienne,  timi.  I.  p.  3(17.)!  and  as  it  ia  a 
good  deal  more  to  the  south  than  the  I'^drihis  mnnth,  with  which  the  Ostium  Sacrum  has  been  com- 
monly identified,  it  would  seem  to  have  the  best  claim  to  the  distinction  of  being  syMonymoits  with 
the  latter.  This  channel  is,  in  fact,  still  partially  open,  and  it  has  been  recently  staled  that  the  Aus- 
trian government  is  seriously  entertaining  a  project  fur  making  it  navigable.  There  can  he  no  doubt 
that  if  this  conlil  be  ert'ected.it  would  be  of  much  Importance  to  the  trade  with  Hungary  and  llie  coun- 
tries oil  tlio  upper  part  of  liie  river,  by  nmterially  shortening  the  river  navigation,  and  facilitating  the 
transit  of  ships  and  goiids  to  and  from  tlie  Itlack  Sea. 

Steam  JVarigation  iifthe  Danube.— \  regular  line  of  steam-boats  for  the  transportation  of  passenger* 
and  iiiei  <Mdihe,  is  established  on  the  i)anube  from  I'reshurg  (Hungary)  to  Ualacz,  by  an  Austrian 
com;.  Ml., ,      '■:'.'"l,  "  Kirst  Company  for  Navigation  by  Steam  on  the  Danube." 

"Ti.    e  r-    -e  rniiniiig  on  this  line,  viz. 

Tl  .1     lia  (30-horse  power),  from  Presburg  to  Posth. 

T      I  •  .  .     ■.  1st  itiO-liorse  power),  from  Pesth  to  Moldavia. 
Til    .  .^,,  (.W-horse  power),  from  Orsova  to  Galacz. 

"The  passengers  and  merchandise  change  boats  at  each  of  the  statlnna  indicated  above. 

"At  the  height  of  Orsova,  rocks  which  are  strewed  in  the  bed  of  the  Danube,  for  the  extent  of  about 
a  league,  not  permitting  steam-boats  to  pass,  goods  are  transported  by  llat-bottomed  boats,  which, 
conducted  by  skilful  boatmen,  glide  through  the  rocks,  and  pass  them  without  accident.*  Pussengem 
disembark,  and  make  by  land,  a  circuit  which  occupies  twenty  hours.  This  iiart  of  the  journey  is  at 
their  expense.  An  agent  of  the  company  at  Orsova  arranges  with  them,  on  reasonable  terms,  lor  the 
price.  This  crossing  over  will,  however,  be  shortened  by  the  repairs  about  to  be  made  on  an  ancient 
Human  causeway  running  nearly  parallel  with  the  bed  of  the  river. 

"The  necessity  of  previous  arrangements  with  the  Turkish  government  has,  for  the  present,  pro- 
vented  the  company  from  removing  thia  obstacle.  It  has,  however,  expended  large  aunis  in  ruiiiuvlng 
rocks  from  other  points,  in  removing  sand  banks,  and  in  clearing  the  lied  of  the  river. 

"A  fourth  steam-boat,  'The  Maria  Dorothea,'  of  70-horse  power.  Is  expected  before  the  winter 
(1831),  to  extend  the  line  from  Galacz  to  Constantinople.  During  winter  this  boat  Is  intended  for 
temporary  service  between  Smyrna  and  Constantinople,  until  the  return  of  spring  and  the  opening  uf 
the  navigation  on  the  Danube. 

"Two  other  boats  are  held  in  reserve,  to  be  used  In  caao  of  accident  or  rnpaira  to  any  of  the  four 
regular  boats." 

According  to  the  regulations  published  by  the  company,  the  prices  for  the  extreme  points  of  the  lino 
are  as  follow  : — 


rusen^n. 
From  Prrsbur^  to  Oahcc  (dcicendinf;) 
Fmm  Moldavi.!  to  I're^tjurir  (ascending) 
Children  of  10  years  hall  price. 


'.ne  place,  two  plices. 

-  48flor.        77  nor. 

-  14  do.        2!  do. 

Passengers  are  allowed,  free  of  charge,  SO  pounds  of  luggaee. 

Price  nf  traiis|>ort       Insurance  on  each 
l«r  10011)8.  wilh- 


Merchandise. 


Fmm  Pesth  to  Moldavia 
From  Moldavia  to  P&<lh 


out  in!>urance. 
1  florin  15  kr. 
1    do.    30 


100  Anrins  of 
value. 
Si  kr. 
21  Jo. 


On  merchandise,  the  alKive  rates  only  apply  to  snch,  the  value  ol 
which  diii'S  not  eiceed  70  O'lriiis  for  every  lu)  llt^.  wrii^ht. 

Merchandise,  the  valiM  of  which  is  more  cousiduraldo,  must  h« 
declared,  and  will  pay  acconling  to  value,  at  the  fullovviiig  rites,  fur 
trausport  from  Vienna  to  Galacr  :— 

Per  100  lbs.  with. 

Merchandise.  out  insnr^iire. 

Iron  and  bcythes  •  •    fi  florins  VO  kr."^ 

Furniture  and  bulky  arlicti's    •    9    do.  I 

Other  articles,  comprising  those  I 

called  of  Leipsic       •  ■    6    do.    30  do.  J 


Inauranrn  per 
lOb  duriui. 

45  kr.      ' 


"This  last  Table  gives  Vienna  as  one  of  the  extreme  points  of  the  line ;  because,  in  fact,  the  great 

*  The  rapids  in  thia  place  have  received  the  name  of  the  "Iron  Gate."  All  veaarls  ascending  the 
river  have  to  be  towed  up  against  the  stream  ;  and  the  water  is  IVeqiiently  too  shallow  to  pi>riiilt  the 
descent  of  any  but  the  smalleat  claaa  uf  Hat-bottomed  boats.  The  Komana  under  Trajan  hud,  with 
equal  industry  and  sagacity,  formed  a  road  or  path  along  the  river's  edge  for  facilitating  the  operation 
of  towing,of  which  the  remains  are  still  cx'.ant,  with  an  inscription  commeniotative  ofthe  conijilelion 
nf  the  works.  It  hag  been  proposed  to  overcome  Ihe  dlinculties  in  the  way  of  the  navigation,  by 
renovating  the  old  Rmnan  road,  and  deepening  the  channel  contimious  to  It.  Hut  it  rarely  Inippen's 
that  attempts  to  improve  the  navigation  in  tlie  bed  of  a  river,  under  any  thing  like  similar  circum- 
stances, are  even  tolerably  successfiil ;  and  provided  it  could  he  acronipllshed,  there  can  be  no  doubl 
that  the  proposal  for  cuttitig  a  lateral  canal  sufficiently  large  to  ailniil  the  sleam-boals  and  other  craft 
navigallng  the  river,  is  by  tar  the  most  likely  means  of  obviating  Ihe  ilillictillles  In  i|iiesUon.  At  all 
events,  it  ia  to  be  hoped  that  sonielhing  eflectual  may  bo  speedily  accoinplisheil  in  reference  to  this 
important  subject.— (For  some  details  with  respect  to  the  "Iron  Gale,"  and  the  navigation  of  tha 
Danube,  fioni  Preaburg  to  llouatcimk,  guc  Mr.  Huin's  ^'uijage  Voicn  the  Danuit,  vul.  1.  jiaoiim.) 
3ir  2 


i^ 


^  'I 


ill.. 


U 


702 


GALANGAI.— GALLIPOLI. 


ehif-ri  nf  thn  cnmpnny  U  tho  eiitiilitiahmont  of  a  dirnct  cnnimiinicntinn  between  the  capitBlH  nf  thn 
Aiistri!!))  stilted  niiil  nf  thi;  Otioiniin  nnipiro. 

"  Its  tlrst  inlpntinn  was  In  miik«  ViiMimi  tile  pnint  nf  (Ippnrtnre  fnr  its  stcam-lmnta  ;  hut  the  ainiinsi. 
tips  n*"  lie  l)aiiiil)e,hf'twp(-n  It  ninl  I'rpsbnrR,  Interpnucd  a  snrlniis  ohslacle.  Kiitlit«Bii  or  twenty  hmirs 
Mm  iinrossnry  to  pass  the  iliHlaiico  between  these  two  towns  by  the  river;  whereas,  by  lanil,  it  is 
pcrfoniu'cl  ill  tiv(!  or  »ix  hniirn. 

'•Tlie  rninpany  has,  therefore,  ileternilnert  to  ererl,  either  at  Preshiirsr,  or  at  Hanh,  n  vast  enlropl^t 
whirli  will  be  rnnnefteil  Willi  Vienna  by  a  rail-r.mil,  upon  which  sloani  ears  ahull  transport  all  mer- 
chanilML'  roiiiinK  t'roni  iIk^  north  anil  inidille  nf  fjerinany,  on  Its  way  to  the  east,  by  the  Danube. 

"The  offlre  of  the  eoinpany  Is  ut  Vienna:  its  charter  Is  fnr  l.l  years.  It  is  privil<'i(eil  by  gnvernnieiil 
prntnitoiisly  to  draw  frnm  the  imperial  roal  mines  nf  Mnldaviaihe  cnal  rennireci  fnr  the  eonsiiinplion 
of  its  bouts.  Its  capital  consists  nf  1,130  sliarvs,  each  uf  &U0  Hnrins.  The  dividend,  in  18,11,  was  lixed 
nt  7  |)er  cent. 

"From  thn  day  on  which  the  first  Bteam-hontof  the  company  shall  have  entered  the  Black  Sea,  it  de- 
clared that  the  enterprise  no  loiiBcr  belnnKS  sniely  to  the  Austrian  Hiates,  hut  that  it  lielnnRs  to  IJiirope. 

"It  is  announced,  that  the  company  contemplates  extending  its  line  of  steam-boats  from  Cnnstan- 
tlnople  to  Tri'lii/.ond. 

"This  exti'iisinn  will  di'pend  on  the  results  which  will  have  been  obtained  by  tho  experiment 
between  (Jalncz  and  ronslanlinopln." 

The  above  slutement  was  published  more  than  n  year  ayo,  and  we  regret  that  we  have  no  recent 
informal  inn  In  cnmmmiicate  respnctiiiB  Ilia  stale  nf  this  inipnrtant  iindertakins.  The  KiisBlan  povern- 
nient,  to  wlioin  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  gave  possession  of  the  mouths  of  iliit  Danube,  lias,  it  is  said, 
refused  to  permit  any  steam-bnats  to  pass  in  and  mil  of  the  river  without  payment  of  toll.  Hut  tins 
power  nf  Uussia  In  inipnse  this  toll,  cnnfnrinahly  with  existinif  trenllea,  has  been  questioned;  ami  till 
this  dispute  be  adjusted,  tho  undertaking  will  necessarily  sutler. 

Jinirlit'ii  of  the  Danube  and  the  Rhine.— \  project  bas'been  for  some  time  on  foot  in  Bavaria,  tbiit 
w<iuld  add  irreatly  to  the  importance  nf  the  free  navi);alion  nf  the  Danube.  This  is  fnr  culling  a  canal 
from  Wiirtzboiirff,  where  the  Mayne,  which  flows  into  the  Rhine,  ceases  to  be  navigable,  tn  the  Danube, 
between  Doniiiiwerlh  and  Ineidd.'tadt.  Were  this  accompllsheil,  an  internal  cnmmunicntlon  by  water 
would  be  established  throuu'hout  all  the  vast  countries  stretching  from  the  shores  of  tin;  Nethrrlamls 
to  the  niack  Sea  ;  so  that  prnduce  shipped  at  Rotterdam,  or  at  Calacz.  niichi  be  conveyed  from  one  to 
the  ntlier  in  the  same  vessel !  The  cnst  of  the  canal  in  iiiieslion  is  estimated  at  H,(KK).O0(l  florins,  and  a 
company  has  been  formed  for  its  constrnrtion.  The  Bavarian  govornment,  which  is  a  liberal  patron 
of  every  uiulertakiiig  likely  tn  prnmote  llie  public  prosperity,  has,  we  bidieve,  engaged  In  subscribe  a 
fourtli  of  the  sum  reijuired.  But  we  have  not  learned  what  progress  has  been  mado  in  the  under- 
taking, wliich  is  truly  of  Knrnpean  importance. — Hup.) 

GALANGATj  (Gor.  Gaf<rniit  ,■  Du.  and  Fr.  Calarts;a;  Rus.  Kn/ijnn  ,•  Tiat.  Galans;a! 
Arab.  Knsifulk ;  Cliin.  LawKfon),  tho  root  of  the  galani^n,  hroucfht  from  China  and  the 
East  Indies  in  pieces  about  an  inch  long,  and  liardly  ^  an  incli  thick.  A  larger  root  of  tho 
same  kind  (Greater  Gahnsral),  an  inch  or  morn  in  tliickncss,  is  to  be  rejected.  It  Itas  an 
aromatic  smell,  not  very  grateful ;  and  an  unpleasant,  bitterish,  cxtrcinely  hot,  biting  taste. 
It  should  lie  chosen  full  and  plump,  of  a  bright  colour,  very  firm  and  sound  :  13  cwt.  are 
allowed  to  a  ton. — (Lciuis's  Mitt,  Med,;  Mllburn's  Orient.  Com.) 

GATiBANTJM  (Fr.  Galbnnum ,-  Ger.  Multerharz ;  It.  Galbiino .-  Lat.  Gulhaimm ; 
Arab.  Barzud),  a  species  of  gum  resin  obtained  from  a  perennial  plant  {GiiVmnum 
officinale)  growing  in  Africa,  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  Syria  and  Persia.  It  is 
brought  to  this  country  from  the  Levant  in  cases  or  chests  containing  from  100  to  300  lbs. 
each.  The  best  is  in  ductile  masses,  composed  of  distinct  whiti.sh  tears  agglutinated 
together  by  a  pale  brown  or  yellowish  substance.  It  is  generally  much  mixed  with  stalks, 
seeds,  and  other  impurities.  The  separate  tears  are  considered  as  the  best.  When  the 
colour  is  dark  brown  or  blackish,  it  is  to  bo  rejected.  It  has  a  strong  peculiar  odour,  and  a 
bitterish,  warm,  acrid  taste. — (Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

(GALLIPOLI. 
Account  of  the  (Quantity  of  Oil  exported  from  Gallipoli  in  British  and  Neapolitan  Bottoms.  In  1S33 

and  IMI,  loL'etlipr  with  an  estimate  of  the  Value  of  the  same  formed  on  the  Uunlations  in  the 

Giorrale  delle  Due  Sicilie. 


!n  Frit  Ml  vmmN    .... 
Id  NeApolilan  dn.  •    •    -    • 

Tolil    . 

Id  Briliah  ve«eli    .... 
In  Neij^oiitan  >lo 

Total    - 

tS3S.                                                                               1 

Qiiintity. 

Valufi.                                                     1 

In  Slims. 

In 

Ini|)rrial 

T(MI«. 

Prir 
Ducilii. 

e  Cml. 

Cash  Chargfs  and  Duty. 

Total.                 1 

Slerliuj. 

niir:ili. 

Sleiliin. 

niira's. 

SlHriint. 

1S.>"<9 
6,  SOI 

2,(i2i 
944 

4'>',316 
lia,407 

i.  77,M-. 
21,90, 

1;!.',.'91 

36,72'. 

L.  22.731 
(i,310 

.'.SI,!*)") 
1119,1.12 

L,  .rrl.27(i 
31,2|-. 

2i,700 

3,-.G9 

613,723 

105.40 

itiMlia 

29.041 

732,741 

I:i4,11l 

IS34.                                                                                      1 

26,!>79 
3.1,84  S 

3,7,1:) 
4,673 

6-1,97-. 
Ml,!(» 

llfi,k6-i         tsa,is3 
t4«,ios        im.wig 

32,72J 
31, -.99 

3lin,12S 
l,022,sn9 

177,' 07 

60,'i27 

8,406 

l,il.1,17- 

263.173           .1B.<s-,2 

f4.321 

l,Ssn.027 

327,494 

Statement  nf  the  Number,  Tnnnage,  and  Crews  nf  Vessels,  distinguishing  the  Countries  tn  which 
they  belonged,  which  entered  inwards  and  cleared  outwards,  at  the  Port  of  Gallipoli,  in  1835. 


Flaji. 

Enltred. 

Cleared. 

Vnwls. 

Tons. 

1,317 

t2,S34 

Crews. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Creivs. 

British 

KanoverilD 

Nca|K>litan 

Total   . 

12 

1 

82 

81 
S 

89a 

12 
82 

1,317 

ss 

12,834 

81 

9 

898 

9S4 

95 

14,239 

984 

93 

14,239 

Sup.) 


(veen  tho  capUalii  of  th<i 

i-lmnta  ;  hut  tho  niniinsU 
•^iltliluHii  or  Iwnnty  hours 
;  whereas,  by  Inml,  It  U 

at  Ranh,  a  vaNt  entropi^t 
shall  triins|i<irl  all  iiht- 
M.  hy  th«  Daiinlie. 
irWil<'i(fil  liy  govurntiiniit 
lirnd  for  th»  conmiiniilina 
Mileiid,  ill  1H.H,  was  lixeil 

nred  the  Ulark  Sea,  it  ile- 
tliat  it  hisionKs  to  Kiiropc'. 
•aiii-hoats  from  Constiiii- 

aiiiod  by  tho  experiment 

I  that  we  have  no  rcront 
IS.  The  Iliissian  povern- 
II!  Daiiiilie,  has,  it  is  siaid, 
layiiioiit  of  toll,  lint  tlni 
been  (lucationed  ;  and  till 

•  on  foot  in  Bavaria,  that 
I'his  is  for  cutting  a  canal 
naviBahle.  to  the  Uannlic, 

roniniiinication  by  water 
ihore,"  of  the  Nethcrlamla 
I  be  conveved  from  one  to 

at  8,()(K).0i)(l  liorinH,  and  a 
,  which  is  a  liberal  palron 
Hi,  entailed  to  snligcribe  a 

been  iimdo  in  iho  under- 

ift;an  ;  Tiat.  Galnnga ; 
It  from  China  ami  the 
I.  A  larger  root  of  tho 
he  rejected.  It  has  an 
■cmely  hot,  biting  taste. 
nil  sound  :   13  cwt.  are 

w ;  Lat.  Galbniinm  ,- 
lial  jilant    {Giilhanum 

ria  anil  Persia.  It  is 
from  100  to  300  lbs. 
tish  tears  agmlntinnteil 
iich  mixed  with  stalks, 

the  host.  When  the 
ig  peculiar  odour,  and  a 


xpnlitan  nottoms.  In  1S33 
III  the  Quotations  in  tho 


Duty. 

Iin<. 

Total.               1 

Ddfa's. 

Slfrliin. 

■2.-31 
(i,310 

I'j9.ia2 

i.  .rn.STii 
31.2l'i 

!l.04l 

732,741 

ItM.III 

1 

'2* 

.321 

!l(>n.i2» 
l,022,W)9 

1-7,' 07 
327,494 

l,SS.1.027 

the  roiinlries  to  which 
L  of  Gallipoli,  in  1H33. 


Cleired. 

Tons. 

Creivi. 

1,317 

SS 

12,834 

1 4,239 

81 

6 
898 

Si 

Slip.) 

GAr.T.ON— GARNETS. 


703 


GATjLON,  a  meBsurn  of  capacity,  both  for  dry  and  liquid  articles,  containing  4  quarti. 
By  5  Geo.  4.  c,  74.,  "  tho  Imperial  gallon  Khali  be  tho  standard  measnro  of  capacity,  and 
Bhall  contain  10  lbs.  avoirdupois  weight  of  distilled  water,  weighed  in  air  at  the  tein|)eraturo 
of  68°  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer,  fho  barometer  being  at  30  inches,  or  277'274  cubic 
inches;  and  all  other  measures  of  capacity  to  bo  used,  as  well  for  wine,  beer,  ale,  Rpirits,  and 
all  sorts  of  liijuids,  as  for  dry  goixls,  not  measured  by  heaped  measure,  shall  bo  derived, 
computed,  and  ascertained  from  such  gallon ;  and  all  measures  shall  be  taken  in  parts,  or 
multiples,  or  certain  proportions,  of  the  said  Imperial  standard  gallon."  'l"hc  old  English 
gallon,  wine  measure,  contained  231  cubic  inches ;  and  the  old  English  gallon,  ali;  measure, 
contained  282  cubic  inches.  Hence  the  Imperial  gallon  is  about  '  larger  than  the  old  wino 
gallon,  and  about  ,'^  less  than  the  old  ale  gallon.  By  tho  6  Geo.  4.  c.  .58.  §  G,  it  is  enacted, 
that  from  and  after  the  5th  of  January,  182B,  whenever  any  gallon  measure  is  mentioned 
in  any  act  of  parliament  relative  to  the  excise,  it  shall  be  taken  and  deemed  to  be  a  gallon 
Imperial  standard  measure. — (See  Wf.ioiits  and  MK.tsunr.s.l 

GALLS,  OR  GALL-NUTS,  (Fr.  Gal/en,  No'oc  de  f^alle ;  Ger.  Gallnpfrl  Gallus  ,• 
It.  Gul/e,  Galline ;  Lat.  Galx,-  Arab.  Afis ,-  Hind.  Majonphiil ,•  Pen-i.  Miizu),  are  ex- 
crescences produced  by  the  attacks  of  a  small  insect,  which  dc(iosits  its  eggs  in  the  tender 
shoots  of  a  species  of  oak  (Qtieretis  infectoria  T-in.),  abundant  in  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Persia, 
&c.  Galls  are  inodorous,  and  have  a  nauseously  bitter  and  a.^tringcnt  taste.  They  are 
ne.irly  spherical,  and  vary  in  magnitude  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hazel  nut.  When 
good,  they  are  of  a  black  or  deej)  olive  colour;  their  surface  is  tubercular,  and  almopt 
prickly ;  they  are  heavy,  brittle,  and  break  with  a  flinty  fracture.  'I'hey  are  known  in 
commerce  by  the  names  of  wfiite,  fjrreen,  and  blue,  'J'lie  white  galls  are  those  which  have 
not  been  gathered  till  after  the  insect  has  eaten  its  way  out  of  the  nidus  and  made  its  escape. 
They  are  not  so  heavy  as  the  others,  are  of  a  lighter  colour,  and  do  not  fetch  so  high  a 
price.  The  green  anil  blue  galls  are  gathered  before  tho  in.scct  has  escaped ;  they  are 
lieavier  and  darker  than  the  former,  and  are  said  to  allbrd  about  one  third  more  of  colouring 
matter. 

Galls  are  of  preat  Importance  in  the  arts,  lieini?  very  extensively  nsed  in  dyeing,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  ink.  of  which  they  form  one  of  the  principal  insircdieiits.  'rbny  nre  ilie  most  powerful  of  all 
the  vei^clable  astrinuents  ;  and  are  frei|iic!iitly  used  with  (.'icat  elfect  in  iiiciilciiie. 

The  ancients  reckoned  tlie  ^all-nuts  of  Syria  superior  to  every  otiier,  anil  they  still  retain  their  pre- 
eniineiice.  They  an;  principally  exported  from  Aleppo,  Tripcdi,  Smyrna,  and  Said;  tliosi-  brought 
from  the  first  come  chiefly  from  Mosul,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Tigris,  about  ten  days' journey 
friini  Aleppo.  The  real  Mosul  galls  art  unquestionably  tlie  best  of  any  ;  but  all  that  are  gathered  in 
the  surrounding  country  are  sold  under  this  name.  Those  from  (Jaraiiiania  are  of  a  very  inferior 
quality.    The  galls  met  with  in  India  are  carried  thither  from  Persia  by  .\rabian  merdianls. 

It  Is  not  unusual  to  dye  the  whitish  gall-nuts  blue,  in  order  to  increase  their  value.  The  fraud  is, 
however,  detected  by  the  deeper  blue  tinge  that  is  lliiis  imparted  to  them;  and  by  their  being  perfo- 
rated, and  lighter  than  the  genuine  blue  galls. 

The  price  of  galls  in  bond  varies  in  the  London  market  from  65s.  to  SUs.  a  cwt.  The  duty  is  5s.  a 
cwt. —  (Heet's  Cijeloptrdiui  Bancroft  on  Colours  ;  ^inflic's  Mat.  hilica,  Sj-c.) 

G.^MBOGE  (Fr.  Gomme  gutle ;  Ger.  Guinmigiift ;  It.  Gonima  gnfta,-  Lat  Gummi 
gtittw,  Cambugiit;  Arab.  Osmrarcwund ,-  Siamese  and  Cambojan,  Rung),  a  concrete  vege- 
table juice,  or  gum  resin,  the  produce  of  the  Gnrchiia  Cambogin,  a  forest  tree  of  the  genus 
which  affords  tho  tnangostein,  the  most  exquisite  fruit  of  the  East.  The  districts  which 
yield  gamboge  lie  on  the  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  between  tho  latitudes  of  10" 
and  12°  north,  comprising  a  portion  of  Siam  and  the  kingdom  of  Camboja,  whence  its 
English  name.  It  is  obtained  by  making  incisions  in  the  bark  of  the  tree,  from  which  it 
exudes,  and  is  collected  in  vessels  placed  to  receive  it.  In  these  it  assumes  a  lirm  consist- 
ence; and  being  formed  into  orbicular  masses,  or  more  freijucntly  cylindrical  rolls,  it  is  at 
once  fit  for  the  market.  It  is  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  opaque,  brittle,  breaks  vitreous,  has 
no  smell,  and  very  little  taste.  Specillc  gravity  l"22.  When  taken  internally,  it  operates 
as  a  most  violent  cathartic.  It  forms  a  beautiful  yellow  pigment;  forwhichpurpu.se  it  is 
principally  used.  The  Dutch  began  t'i  'mport  it  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. The  greater  part  of  the  gnml.  '  commerce  first  finds  its  way  to  Bangkok,  tho 
Siamese  capital,  or  to  Saigon,  tho  capiiui  of  lower  Cochin  China;  from  these  it  is  carried 
liy  junks  to  Singapore,  whence  it  is  shipped  for  Europe.  Its  price  at  Singapore  varies,  ac- 
cording to  quality,  from  30  to  80  dollars  per  picnl.  Dark  coloured  pieces  should  be  rejected. 
— (Cniwfiird'.s  Emba.s.sy  to  Siam,  p.  425. ;   Thdini'on's  Chemhtn/.) 

GAKNET,  garnets  (Fr.  Grenah  ,-  Ger.  Granaten,  GrunnMe'm ;  It.  Granati  ,■ 
Lat.  Granati ;  Rus.  Granatnui  kamen  ;  Sp.  Grunadas).  There  arc  two  species  of  garnet, 
the  precious  and  the  common.  Tiie  colour  of  the  first  is  red  ;  and  hence  the  name  of  the 
mineral,  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  the  flower  of  the  pomegranate  ;  passes  from  Co^ 
lumbine  red,  to  cherry  and  brown  red  ;  commonly  crystallised.  External  lustre  glistening, 
internal  shining,  vitreous;  transparent,  sometimes  only  translucent;  specific  gravity  4-08  to 
4'34.  The  colour  of  the  common  garnet  is  of  various  shades  of  brown  and  green.  Differ- 
ent colours  often  appear  in  the  same  mass:  translucent;  black  varieties  nearly  opaque : 
spocific  gravity  from  3-66  to  3-75. — {Thomson's  Chemistry.)  Tho  finest  varieties  como 
from  India,  and  some  good  specimens  have  been  received  from  Greenland.     When  large 


f    I 


i  .'i 


ii|: 


'    ? 


'■  i 
- 1. 

■'',    '1' 

Mil 

^\  il 

1 

It, 


I  3'l 


•1;. 


704 


GAS  COMPANIES. 


and  free  from  flaws,  garnrta  nrc  worth  from  2/.  to  5/.  or  G/,,  and  even  more ;  but  itonoi  of 
thia  value  are  of  rare  occurrence,  uiul  always  in  demand. — {Muwe  vn  Dlumonds,  J[C, 
Sded.  p.  113.) 

GAS  COMPANIES,  the  term  usually  applied  to  designate  the  rompunic«  or  aoaociationa 
estaltlishcd  in  most  large  towns  for  lighting  the  streets  and  houses  witii  gnx. 

Every  one  must  have  remarked  that  most  8|)ccies  of  coal,  when  ignited,  give  out  large 
quantities  of  gas,  wiiich  burns  with  much  brilliancy,  yielding  a  great  quiintity  of  light  as 
well  as  of  heat.  Dr.  Clayton  seems  to  have  been  the  first  who  attempted,  about  17:J0,  to 
apply  this  gns  to  the  purposes  of  artificial  illumination:  but  his  ex|)eriments  were  upon  a 
very  limited  Hcalc,  and  no  further  attention  was  paid  to  the  subject  till  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury aAcrwards.  At  length,  however,  Mr.  Murdoch,  of  Soho,  instituted  a  scries  of  judicious 
experiments  im  the  extrication  of  gas  from  coal ;  and,  by  his  ingenuity  and  sagacity,  sue* 
reeded  in  establiHhing  one  of  the  most  capital  improvements  ever  made  in  the  arts.  Mr. 
Murdoch  found  thiit  the  gas  might  be  collecte<l  in  reservoirs,  purified,  conveyed  by  pipes  to 
n  great  distance  from  the  furnace  vyhero  it  was  generated ;  and  that  it  ailords,  by  its  slow 
combustion,  when  allowed  to  escape  through  small  orifices,  a  beautiful  and  steady  light. 
Thia  great  discovery,  which  places  Mr.  Murdoch  in  the  first  rank  among  the  benefactors  of 
mankind,  was  fir^t  brought  into  practice  at  Redruth,  in  Cornwall.  In  180~,  it  was  applied 
to  light  Mr.  Murdoch's  manufactory  at  Soho;  in  1805,  it  was  adopted  by  Messrs.  Phillips 
and  Lee,  of  Manchester,  in  the  lighting  of  their  great  cotton  mill ;  and  is  now  employed  in 
the  lighting  <  f  the  streets,  theatres,  and  other  public  buildings,  factories,  &c.  of  all  the 
considerable  towns  of  the  empire ;  and  also  in  most  considerable  towns  of  the  Continent 
and  America. 

Gas  light  is  indebted,  for  its  rapid  diffusion,  not  mure  to  its  peculiar  softness,  clearness,  and 
unvarying  intensity,  than  to  its  comparative  cheapness.  According  to  Dr.  Thomson  {Sup. 
to  Ency.  lirli.  art.  Gas  Lights),  if  we  value  the  qujntity  of  light  given  by  1  lb.  of  fallow 
in  candles  at  Is.,  an  equal  ipiantity  of  light  from  r;oal  gas  will  nut  cost  mure  than  2jr/., 
l>eing  less  than  a  fourth  part  of  the  cost  of  the  former. 

Oil  and  other  substances  have  been  used  in  furnishing  gas  for  the  purpose  of  illumina- 
tion, but  none  of  them  has  answered  so  well  as  coul.  Most  of  the  oil  gas  establishniente 
have  been  abandoned. 

The  construction  of  gas  works  on  a  large  scale,  and  the  carrying  of  pipes  through  the 
streets  and  into  houses,  &c.,  is  very  expensive,  and  requires  a  large  outlay  of  cajiital. 
Hence  most  of  the  gas  lights  in  the  difl'erent  towns  are  supplied  by  joint  stock  companies. 
Many  of  them  have  turned  out  to  be  very  profitable  concerns. 

1'he  subjoined  Table  contains  a  statement  of  the  most  important  particulars  connected 
with  the  principal  gas  companies ;  viz.  the  number  of  shares  in  each,  the  nominal  amount 
of  each  share,  the  sums  actually  paid  up,  the  market  price  of  shares,  the  dividend  payable 
on  them,  &c. — (from  the  Share  List  of  Mr.  Charles  Edmonds,  Broker,  of  Change  Alley 
Cornhill.  12tli  of  October,  1833.) 


Number 
of  htant. 

Kunet  of  Compaiiiea 

Amount 

of 
SInrei. 

F.iid 

up. 

rrice 
p«r  Share. 

nivlitrli'l 
per  Aduudi. 

IlJvlJenili 
|iayal;li.. 

£ 

£ 

I. 

£ 

«. 

j8,ono 

Gas  Liffht  and  Coke  Chart.  Company 

50 

SO 

0 

50 

0 

6  per  cent. 

May,  Nov. 

5,000 

Ditto,  New  (London) 

50 

10 

0 

10 

0 

6  per  cent. 

May,  Nov. 

1.000 

City  (London) 

ino 

100 

0 

105 

0 

10  per  cent. 

Mar.  Sept. 

1,(M)0   Uii'to,  New  (London) 

100 

60 

0 

120 

0 

10  per  ciiil. 

Mar.  &>ept. 

10,000   Imperial  (London) 

50 

50 

0 

48  15 

5  piT  cent. 

April.  On. 

^t>.fml.  nillo  debemnrcs      - 

KHI 

100 

0 

100 

0 

4  per  cent. 

Jan.  Jnly. 

8,000  ll'tioirlx,  or  Soiiili  London  - 

60 

30 

0 

43 

0 

6  per  rent. 

Feb.  A  III'. 

fi.OOO  jKrilish  (London)      .           .           - 

40 

10 

0 

21 

12 

1/.  pemliare. 

April,  (Id. 

5,000   Ditio  (Country) 

20 

ly 

0 

22 

0 

W.  per  share. 

April,  Oil. 

lllittn  delmnturcs      .           .           - 

100 

_ 

. 

103 

0 

5  per  eeiil. 

.Ian.  July. 

2,000  {Indeiiendent             .           .           - 

.SO 

30 

0 

45 

0 

6  per  cent. 

Mar.  Sept. 

4,000  lEiiuitublo      .           .           .           - 

60 

25 

0 

21 

0 

4  per  cent. 

April,  Oct 

6,900  'Ooneral  United  Gas  Light  Company 

50 

44 

0 

44 

0 

5  per  cent. 
I/.lfijt.perHh. 

Mar.  Sept. 

4,<K)0   tinpprial  Continentuf 

100 

51 

5 

30 

0 

Feb.  Aug. 

6O0   Bradford       .           .           -           . 

25 

20 

0 

45 

0 

10  per  cent. 

May. 

•"00   llrentford      .           -           -           - 

50 

50 

0 

25 

0 

2,500   Bath              .... 

20 

16 

0 

33 

15 

10  per  cent. 

Feb.  Aiip. 

000   Karnslny       -           .           -           - 

10 

10 

0 

10 

0 

Mar.  Sept. 

704  iliJrniiiiKliani             ... 

60 

50 

0 

no 

0 

10  percent. 

Mar.  Sepl. 

2,'tOO  Iliniiinghaui  and  StafTordshlre 

50 

50 

0 

100 

0 

4/.  per  Nh. 

April,  Oct 

1,500   BriRhton       .... 

20 

20 

0 

14 

0 

750  Btiuhton  New 

20 

18 

0 

12 

0 

Hrliiliton  (ieneial     ... 

20 

- 

. 

18 

0 

3i  per  cent. 

1,312  Blackhurn     .           -           -           - 

10 

10 

0 

12 

0 

5  per  cent. 

4,250    Bristol           .            .            .            . 

20 

. 

. 

41 

10 

10  per  cent 

Feb.  AiiB. 

2-10  Canlerbury  -           .           -           - 

50 

. 

- 

00 

0 

5  per  cent. 

Jan.  July. 

300  Cheltenham              ... 

50 

50 

0 

75 

0 

74  per  cent. 

800  Covenlry       - 

25 

. 

. 

20 

0 

5  per  cent. 

200   Derby             .... 

60 

60 

0 

55 

0 

5  per  cent. 

180  Dover           .           -           .           . 

60 

. 

. 

51 

0 

5  per  cent. 

600   Dudley          .           .           _           . 

20 

. 

. 

82 

0 

C  per  cent. 

840 

lExeter         .... 

5U 

- 

- 

70 

0 

6J. 

i 

more ;  btit  stonot  of 
L<e  on  Diamonds,  ifc, 

ipanicii  or  aPBOciaUons 
1 1  gnH. 

ignited,  give  out  large 
it  iiUBiitity  of  iiglit  as 
niptL'<l,  almiit  17:10,  to 
•rinu-nts  were  upon  a 

more  than  lialf  o  ccn- 
1(1  a  ocrifs  of  juilicioug 
lity  and  sagacity,  buc- 
ade  in  the  arts.  Mr. 
,  conveyed  by  pipes  to 

it  atfirds,  by  its  slow 
tiful  and  steady  light, 
ong  the  benefactors  of 
1  1803,  it  was  applied 
cd  by  Messrs.  Phillips 
id  is  now  ein[)loycd  in 
:torio8,  &c.  of  all  the 
jwns  of  the  Continent 

softness,  clearness,  and 

to  Ur.  Thomson  {Sup. 

5iven  by  1  lb.  of  tnllow 

cost  more  than  2;jrf., 

ie  purpose  of  illumina- 
oil  gas  establisbnientis 

g  of  pipes  through  the 
large  outlay  of  capital, 
joint  stock  companies. 

t  particulars  connected 
the  nominal  amount 
_,  the  dividend  payable 
okcr,  of  Change  Alley 


Dividend 
per  ADuum. 


DiviJendi 
{layable. 


6  per  cent. 

6  per  cent. 
10  per  cent. 
10  per  cent. 

5  ptT  cent. 

4  per  cent. 

6  per  cent. 
W.  persliare. 
]l.  pershnre. 

5  per  cent. 

6  per  cent. 

4  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 
|{. ids. per  nil. 

10  per  cent. 

10  per  cent. 

10  percent. 
4/.  per  sh. 

3i  per  cent. 

."i  per  cent. 
10  per  cent 

5  per  cent. 
74  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 
I  6  per  cent. 
5<. 


Mny,  Nov. 
iMiiy,  Nov. 

Miir.  Hept. 
'Mar.  Sept. 
lApril.Oct. 
1.1  iin.  July. 

Feb.  Aut'. 

April,  ()(t. 

April,  Oct. 

.I»n.  July. 

Mar.  Sept. 

April,  Ocl 

Mnr.  Kept 

Feh.  Aug. 
May. 

Feb.  Aup. 
Mar.  Bepi. 
Mur.  Sept. 
April,  Oct 


Feb.  Aug. 
Jan.  July. 


GENEVA. 


705 


Nniuhfr 

N.itiin  fif  ( 

omianict. 

Amount 

l*al,i 

up. 

rrica 

niviJend 

DiTldrndi 

nl  Sluio. 

Kliarn. 

per  hliaro. 

prr  AiiDum. 

payable. 

7HU 

Orriit  Varinoutli 

-              .              . 

20 

IN 

0 

13    0 

3i  per  cent. 

July.Jan. 

•  iiiiiiiird 

-                        a                        . 

25 

95 

0 

23    0 

U. 

tlOO   lllillllMX 

-                         .                        . 

25 

21 

0 

.10    0 

1, 2(H) 

Ipiiwirh 

-                         -                        . 

10 

12    0 

13«. 

Mnr.  Sept 

HOO 

Isli-  of  Tlianet 

-                         -                        . 

93 

20 

0 

22    U 

S  per  cent. 

Jan.  July. 

100 

Ki(l,leriniii»tur 

-                         -                        . 

.-SO 

_ 

„ 

53    0 

5  per  cent. 

801 

I.eoiU 

-                         .                        - 

100 

100 

0 

195    0 

10{. 



I.elceBtor 

-                         -                        - 

50 

50 

0 

6.i    0 

3{.  10;. 

January. 

2-20   Lewis 

-                         -                        . 

25 

25 

0 

23    0 

4  per  cent. 

January. 

500    Liverpool      - 

-                         •                         . 

100 

100 

0 

450    0 

92/. 

Feb.  Aug. 

200  ,  MaldBtono     -           -           .           . 
200   NewcaHtle-iiniler-I.ino 

so 

25 

50 

0 

lOO    0 

Oper  cent. 

Mar.  Sept. 

320   Newport,  Ule  of  Wight      - 

50 

_ 

_ 

18    0 

11. 

SI2 

Norlhnniplon 

-                         -                        • 

20 

10 

0 

26  10 

»iQ 

Nottingham 

-                         .                        . 

50 

50 

0 

06    0 

8  per  cent. 

120 

Oxford 

-                         -                        - 

150 

130 

0 

3,200 

Paifiley 

-                         .                        . 

60 

600 

Poplar 

•                         .                         .. 

50 

_ 

^ 

27    0 

600 

I'orlnen  laland 

- 

50 

53 

0 

47    0 

*  •'er  "ient. 

Jan.  July. 

2,.'i00 

Portable 

100 

20 

0 

IS  iO      ., 

10,000 

Plymouth     - 

• 

60 

70    0 

,M. 

July. 

1,W)0 

Raid  iff 

•                         -                        . 

100 

60 

0 

46    0 

4  per  cent. 

Mar.  8ept. 

4H0 

Rochilalo 

>                         ■                         . 

25 

IS 

0 

par 
5t5    0 

240 

itnchester     - 

•                         .                         . 

50 

60 

0 

3;. 

1,600 

Hhetnelil 

-                         ■                         . 

25 

18 

5 

58    0 

10  per  cent. 

1,000 
114 

Hhrcwsbnry 
Stockton 

-                         -                        - 

10 
6.1 

- 

- 

12  10 

12<. 

January. 

204 

Warwick 

-                         -                        . 

50 

_ 

« 

50    0 

5  per  cent. 

March. 

400 

Wakelield     - 

-                         -                        - 

25 

- 

_ 

. 

2/.  10». 

KlO 

Warrington 

-                         .                        . 

20 

. 

« 

90    0 

10  per  cent. 

1,000 

Wifc'an 

-                         .                        _ 

10 

. 

_ 

210 

Woolwich     - 

-                         -                        - 

50 

30 

0 

. 

10  per  cent. 

f),^0 

Wolverliainpton 

... 

20 

20 

0 

20    0 

600  .Worcester     - 

- 

20 

- 

-, 

16    0 

4  per  cent. 

[Gas  works  for  lighting  have  been  introduced  into  the  United  States  at  Boston,  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  (Del.),  Baltimore,  Pittsburg,  Louisville,  New  Orleans, 
and  Mobile ;  and  are  all  of  them  conducted  by  joint  stock  companies, — by  one  company 
only  in  each  place,  excepting  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  where  there  are  two.  With 
the  exception,  also,  of  that  in  Pittsburg  and  the  two  in  Philadelphia,  they  are  conducteil 
under  the  usual  organization  of  joint  stock  corporations. 

In  the  three  cases  just  mentioned,  the  general  features  are  the  same.  The  stock  is  held 
by  individuals;  and  the  management  is  confided  to  trustees.  These  trustees  are,  in  the 
Northern  Liberties,  annually  chosen,  one  half  by  the  municipal  authorities,  and  one  half  by 
the  proprietors ;  but,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  proper  and  Pittsburg,  they  are  chosen  by 
the  former  exclusively.  In  all  these  works,  the  municipal  authorities  have  granted  the  pri- 
vilege of  laying  down  pipes,  reserving  to  themselves  the  right  of  redemption  at  the  original 
cost,  for  the  benefit  of  the  corporations  res|)ectively.  These  works  have  no  legislative 
charters. 

The  success  which  has  attended  the  works  in  Philadelphia  is  attributable,  in  a  great  mea- 
sure, to  the  strict  regulations  adopted,  to  prevent  the  leakage  of  the  gas  in  the  minute  rami- 
fications of  the  pipes  conducting  it  through  the  buildings  that  are  lighted. — Aiii.  Ed.] 

GENEVA  (Da,  Genever ,-  Yr.  Genitrre ;  Ger.  Gaud,  Gcnpver ;  \t.  Aajua  di  Ginepro  i 
Lat.  Juniperi  aqua,-  Sp,  Agua  de  Enrbro),  a  spirit  obtained  by  diKlillation  from  grain, 
rcoiificd,  with  the  addition  of  juniper  berries.  The  latter  give  to  the  spirit  that  peculiar 
flavour  by  which  it  is  distinguished,  and  arc  also  said  to  render  it  diuretic.  Geneva  is  a 
corruption  o(  irrnievrr,  the  French  term  for  the  juniper  berry. 

By  far  the  best  geneva  is  made  in  Holland,  where  its  manufacture  is  carried  on  to  a  very 
groat  extant.  The  distilleries  of  Schiedam  have  long  been  famous,  and  are  at  present  in  a 
very  prosperous  condition.  Schiedam  geneva  is  made  solely  of  spirit  obtained  from  rye  and 
barley,  flavoured  with  juniper  berries.  It  becomes  milder,  and  acquires,  as  it  gels  old,  an 
oily  flavour  disliked  by  the  Hollanders ;  hence  nearly  the  whole  of  the  "  Schiedam"  is 
exported,  principally  to  the  East  Indies.  There  are  no  fewer  than  .SOO  distilleries  in  Schie- 
dam, 100  in  other  parts  of  Holland,  and  not  more  than  40  in  Belgium.  The  entire  annual 
produce  of  the  distillery  in  Holland  is  estimated  at  2,000,000  ankers,  or  20,500,000  wine 
gallons,  of  which  about  two  thirds  are  exported.  —  {Cloet,  Description  Gcographique  dea 
Pays  Has,  p.  92.) 

In  nothing,  perhaps,  has  tho  destructive  effect  of  heavy  taxation  been  so  sironsly  exhibited,  as  In 
the  trade  of  geneva.  It  appears  from  the  Pari.  Paper,  No.  218,  Soss.  lH2fl,  that  during  the  10  years 
ciidiuc  Willi  1"8«,  when  tho  duty  on  geneva  was  about  10^.  tlii?  wini!  gallon,  tlie  average  annual  con- 
■uinplioii  in  Oreal  llritain  amonnted  to  about  H0,362  gallons.  Hut  in  I'^'ti,  Mr.  Pitt  reduced  the  dutiea 
to  5s.  a  gallon ;  and  the  effect  of  tliia  wise  and  politic  measure  was  such,  that  in  the  ne.xt  decennial 
period  the  average  imports  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  444,891  gallons !    From  1796  to  16(16, 

89 


4 


M 


i^i 


111  ! 

i 
t 


1  ',1 


i: 


!    I ' 


V'--  n 


!i  ■' 


706 


GENOA. 


Ih«  (IhIIpr  niictinii'il  from  7.«.  fl^',  tn  I  U. ;  Imt  nn  Die  lodti?  Tir  (rnncvn  lind  hcon  rnrniod,  nnd  Hd  thn  dQ" 

•  lii'H  on  tiilicr  npirilH  li.nl  Ihmmj  iiiirc.i.iil  in  iii  mil  llm  »  iiiii'  |irii|iiirlii'ii,  Ihi'  i'iiiiNiiiii|iiiiiji  wiiil  iiri  liicri'ni- 

iiiR,  liiivliiL-  licM'ii,  ut  nil  iivir.itf.!  iil'lh'!  Id  y.'iirs.  hm  liiitli  uh  i2l,:i:i|  l-iiIIiiiih  a  yi'iir.    'I'liin  wiib  lliti  iiinxl- 

liiiiiiiiirnitisiimpti  111.  Mr.  Vaii-iilirl  h i  iI'Iit  lice  in  lii.-i  iijiiii.|ij.  mii.-i  i  irci  i,  ami  iiiiiiHMli>iirly  riiiwcd 

tlir  duly  rriiiii  1  la.  to  W.i.  H,/.  •  ili<!  ninBi'i|ii<Mici!  nlihi-i  iii.rr'iHi'  liriii^r,  thai  In  the  jii  yi'irs  iiinliii«  wjili 
lti|9.  Ilie  i\voriii.^!ioiii.iiiii|)l  11)11  aiiMiniiil  iiuiiily  !2:j,S(H  iiallniiH.  Sii.ir  llii'ii  llic  iliilli'ii  linve  (•iiiiliniicd 
BtHtinnary,  Im'Iiik  iit  iIiih  niKinriil  1!J«.  Hi/.  IIk;  Iin|ii'riiil  irallnn,  (in  an  arlirliMvliii  li  may  Im  lii>iii>|it  in 

Jiiiiiil  (.It'll. XI  (ir  v!..!.  «(/. !  Til.' (liilicioii  riiMiaiitl  llriliKliHpiriu  linviiiy  In lati  rially  riMliirril  iliiriii|; 

the  laBt  lOyr'ir.i,  lli.'iiiiiHUm|ilinMiir!!('M.va  lia<  ifunn  nn  prnfiriHslvcU  i|jiiiiiii-.liiii(;,  illl  li  now  ainminls, 
Hs  appcarc  I'rnm  ll.n  snhjniiicil  olllii  il  sialriiiciit.  In  nn  iiMiri'  lliaii  -J-J.lidO  vallniiH  ;  la-inj:  only  one  Ihirtu. 
foiiflli  pan  iif  what  II  ainniiiitcil  lo  iliirinK  IIih  III  ycarH  I'liilinu  Willi  I'-llii! 

Ill  Ircl.iml,  llio  I'lri'iH  of  tliiri  fil.iilr  .«(!  sydtiMii  liavii  liivii  iii.iri'  InjiirioiiH  lliaii  appnarB  from  tlilg 
Table.  During  Ihi- 4  year*  iinling  willi  IM0.1,  IIk' Iio.iI-.h  of  lln;  Irit^li  ('iifloiii-lioiKip  mIiiiw  tliiil  llicro 
woru,  HI  nil  averagu,  S'.'.,SJS  i;alloii»  of  fni'Va  iMiiort  il  for  liomc  coiiHiiiiipiioii,  iiroiliiriiiir,  at  ilm  llu^n 
duty  of  7.«.  SJcV.,  ;)s»,w;».  II  yi'ar;  wliiTcaii,  iioiwlilisliiiiiliiip  lln;  viihI  ImrcaHc  of  popiil.itlon,  llio  con- 
miinptloii  of  (friifva  in  liolanil,  in  l^lfi,  wan  only  1,102  ualloiiH,  anil  llii!  ri'viMiii''  only  l,.'i77/. 

To  niaki'  nny  liiiiilliciiDil  ooiniin'iiiary  on  hiicIi  slat.'iiiciiis  wmilil  Itn  iibi'Ickp.  Oiir  policy,  If  wo  may 
apply  lliis  term  to  KO  icvnlling  a  ili-ipl.-iy  of  Hliori-Hialiliid  rapiicily,  iiax  had  no  otiirr  oII'imI  tlnin  In 
loBsi.ii  till!  piililic  nv-.'iii'  anil  I'lijoynii'iilB  of  ilio  pcnpli!,  lo  injuri!  our  iriiilii  Willi  Holland,  and  lii 

fonKT  and  prnmolo  the  rninoiiii  anil  (IrnlriirtiVH  prarlicc  of  c |:i{liiiK.     The  I'xorhilnnt  dntii-H  on  uu- 

iii'va,  liranily,  and  toliacro,  havn  Inl  to  tlw  foriiiatlon  of  iIk^  inaai  |>naril  and  llio  prcvi'iillvp  water 
guard,  coBiiiig  toucttuT  lnlwi'i'ii  1(1(1,00(1/.  and  .'iilil.ODO/.  a  yi-ar ;  anil  vi'l,  nolwllli«ianilliuf  this  cnor- 
iiioUB  oiiilay,  and  not  wlilislandin^'  tlir  iniiiiincrahlii  pi'iialliiri  and  piiiiiHliniiniH  to  wliirii  \w.  h  uxpoBiid, 

tlui  irudfMif  thn  BinnnKlcr  is  not  piii  ilovvii.hul  Ib tlio  conlrary,  in  a  piicniiarly  floniisliins  condition  ; 

and  BO  it  will  contiuiii'.  In  (Ic^pili;  of  evory  IhiiiK  tliil  laii  he  done  for  itH  sii|iprcs.~iii)n,  till  lhu.su  dutlea 
he  udeqiiatrly  riuluii'd. 

We  bjlii've  niir  cin  inarnfai-tiirrrB  have  nolliiiiR  to  apprehend  from  ii  reduction  of  llie  dnticB  on  pe. 
neva  to  I0.<.  n  (.Mllon.  The  lower  claBneB,  who  are  the  great  (■oiiHiiinerB.  priM'er  KnrliBh  eiii  to  every 
other  Bliiiinlant  j  and  now  lliat  Ilie  dnlieB  on  juniper  lierrles  (s.'e  lti:iiniK.s)  -are  reduced.  Us  qniilliy 
liiiiy  be  iiialBri:illy  improved,  lint  nolhins  would  have  bo  iiiiich  indneiiee  In  tliiB  respect  ag  the  ndmlB- 
■ioii  of  geneva  at  a  ino.lerale  duly.  It  would  also  h  ive  llie  henel'icial  e  lie  it  of  imtiliig  an  end  lu  ttis 
innniifactnrn  of  the  BpurioiiB  cinnpoiindH  Bold  under  its  name. 

The  regnlatiiiiiB  ua  to  the  iinporlaluui,  Sec.  of  (■eneva  are  similar  to  tlios  ■  nlfecting  Uiiandy  j  wlildi 


An  Account  of  Ihe  Nnniher  of  (J.illons  (Iiiipr>ri  il  Measure)  of  CJenevn  entrri'd  for  Flome  Cnnsuinplinn 
in  (.'real  Hrifiin  and  Ireland,  ilio  Uutui  of  Duly  on  the  same,  und  the  eniiru  Nett  I'ruiiuuc  -A'  llio 
Duty,  each  Vear  since  ISl  t. 


QuiDtiti 

1^  rfl.-iinp;l  fur  Home 

Jll|l!(UUllitilt|li 

Nell  Prmluio  of  Duly  (Cuiloins 

»li^  I      Un.) 

RilMof  Diilv  jtfr 

IllH)eJi.llll:ill.'ir(Cu8l011H 

Teirt. 

auil  Eici  r). 

(iriMl 
Britiin. 

'«'»"'■       Ki,l,',ln,i.. 

OrMi  DriUin. 

IrelAiKl. 

UnilBl  Kinslom. 

Ot.  IlrlUin. 

Ireland, 

Imp.  (iall. 

Imy.  <;  ,tl. 

Imj,.  (lull 

£         ».     (/. 

£      n.    d. 

£        f. 

d. 

£    t.    d. 

£    *. 

d. 

1614 

Ma„wi 

fi,072 

15.5,374 

1IW,55!)  13     3 

.5,581   IS     5 

174,111  II 

8 

I     2     «} 

0  17 

3} 

IHIS 

1-2I,,'j0S 

4,118 

li-^.'.i.-)! 

13'I.7G8  13     3 

4,029    8  11 

143,798     a 

2 

l!il6 

io;),<.ir.i 

I,:i05 

I0-.,27S 

110,W7  12  11 

1.3.59  15     H 

118.327    8 

7 

|H|7 

io5.is;i 

2,174 

107.0,57 

lltt,M37  10  10 

2,012  10    0 

120,850  15 

10 

IHH 

!I3,2S-) 

3,032 

1I0.2>^7 

127,.50:!  \H  U 

2,772    3    3 

1. 30,275    a 

2 

I8I'J 

108,523 

3.121 

10.-.,fil7 

111,709  13    7 

2,795    2    9 

117,591  16 

4 

1     2    7i 

lh-20 

105,007 

3.3>(3 

10'^,4.')0 

1I4.U03  1.'5    9 

2.9(3  17  11 

117,817  13 

1 

Ihi  I 

K),n3 

3,321 

02,707 

lOO.lWj  15    9 

2,910    2  10 

103,905  18 

7 

is-m 

8H,(!70 

8,<)17 

!)l.5h7 

•)«,9S1   Hi    2 

2.523  1 1     3 

102,50.-.  10 

a 

IhS3 

h2,7H  I 

H.IOI 

MO.UIS 

93.412    U    0 

7,020  14    5 

100,102  14 

a 

_ 

1    2 

8 

18?4 

I!t,li05 

412 

00,017 

10!, IN!)  12     3 

472    7  11 

101, .502     0 

2 

IH2.5 

8.t,70U 

1. 000 

Hl,7()!> 

91, 103     2     1 

1.115  17  11 

95,009    0 

0 

ls-J« 

C.T.OTi) 

2,0S| 

C'MCO 

7.').553     5  10 

2,3.37  10  11 

77,M)0  1(5 

9 

I    2    6 

1    S 

6 

Iba7 

50.700 

1,90.S 

62,litiS 

57,201  11   11 

2,117  12     « 

59,352    4 

5 

Ifi-W 

43,037 

2,223 

4fi,2l!0 

48,133     9     1 

2,.M)0  11   10 

50.934     0 

11 

1829 

35,301 

1,K15 

37,1 Ifi 

39,047  17    2 

2,075  12     fi 

'11.723    9 

6 

is:o 

2H,(MI0 

1,793 

30,70!) 

38,0,-)0    0    0 

2,018     0     0 

31,(»W    0 

0 

IVII 

22,510 

1,3HS 

Slif'tW 

2-,.3.li    0    0 

1,502     0     0 

SO.hOl    0 

0 

1838 

ao.sya 

1,402 

22,301 

23,514    0    0 

1,377    0    0 

25,091     0 

0 

GENOA,  a  maritime  rity  of  Italy,  oiirc  the  capital  of  the  fam'  us  republic  of  that  name, 
now  of  a  provirn-e  of  the  kinp^doii)  of  8arilinia.  It  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  extrusive 
jjulf  to  which  it  gives  its  naims  the  light-house  being  in  lat.  44°  24'  40"  N.,  Ion.  8°  5a'  55" 
E.  Population  80,000.  Genoa  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Europe,  In  general,  the 
Htreetfi  are  inconveniently  narrow  ;  hut  some  of  the  principal  ones  are  moderately  wide,  and 
consist  almost  entirely  of  public  buildings,  and  private  palaces  erected  during  the  period  of 
her  prosperity.  Being  built  on  a  rising  ground,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  the  appear- 
ance of  the  town  from  the  sea  is  most  magnificent,  and  justifies  the  epithet  given  to  her 
of  "  la  superla." 

PoH.— The  harbour  is  slmlcircnlar,  the  diameter  being  about  1,000  fathoms.  Il  la  artificial,  being 
formed  hy  two  gigantic  moles  having  o|iposiie  directions.  That  on  the  east  side,  called  the  old  mole 
(nolo  verchio),  prnjeclB  from  the  centre  ofltie  city  W.  by  S.  It  is  about  2C0  fathoms  in  length,  and  liaa 
a  battery  near  its  middle.  The  new  mole  Uuolo  niiovo),  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  port,  adjuins  the 
vnulherii  extremity  of  Ihe  siilnirb  of  S.  Pielro  d'.\renn,  projectlnir  nhont  210  fathoms  from  shore  in 
»n  E.  S.  E.  direction.  The  mole  heads  bear  from  each  other  N.  E.  by  E.  and  8.  W.  by  W.,  the  dis- 
tance between  tbem,  forming  the  cnlrance  to  the  linrlioiir.  being  a'linit  3.50  I'lthonis.  The  lit'hl-lioii.io 
in  without  Ihe  port,  on  the  west  sId,!,  near  the  extremily  of  n  point  of  land,  and  contignous  to  the  bot- 
tom uf  the  new  mole.  It  is  u  lofiy  sim are  lower;  and  as  it  stands  on  a  liiuli  rock,  and  ib  painted 
white,  it  is  visible  in  clear  weather  at  a  great  distance.  There  is  also  a  harlnmr  light  at  the  eMreiniljr 
of  the  new  mole.  There  is  no  dillU  iilly  in  entering  the  Imiboiir ;  the  ground  is  clean,  and  there  is 
iii«nty  of  yrater,  particularly  un  tlie  giJe'ncxt  the  new  mole ;  care,  however,  must  bu  taken,  in  cuiuiiig 


^. 


irnioil,  unci  s»  tlin  fli- 

iiioii  wi  iiHiiilin'ri-n*- 

'I'liin  wim  til"  iiiiixl- 

1(1  iiiiiiiciliHli-ly  ri\i«iMl 

1(1  yt'irsl  IlllllilHI  with 
lillli'C  li'lVB  rnmimird 
111  li  iiiiiy  I'"  liiiiiiMit  in 
1  tiiillv  r.iliin!il  iliiriii!! 
i)r,illiil  iinwmii"""'". 

Iii'liig  iiiily  uiie  lliirty- 

III!  mip""'*'*  f'"'"  ''''* 
ii.iiHC  hIuiw  tlllll  llllTO 

irmliliina,  «•  H'"  "'"" 
luipiilatlnii,  llio  con- 

i.niy  i,:>nt. 

Our  piilii-y.ifwomay 
1)  nilicr  •■lli'i  I  limn  in 
.  Willi  lliill;i"<l.  ""'1'" 
vorliiiiint  (Intii'HOii  u'c- 

tli,.  prfvciiilvc  wiiter 
viiliHinnilinKtl"'*''"'"'- 
1.1  wliiililii:  isi  expiiHiiil, 

11,1111  iHliiinrciiiiil'li'm; 
cssiiiri,  till  lliusu  autlcii 

lunofllii'  (liillcunn  f- 
•r  Knclish  si"  «"  •■vi"/ 
iiri!  ri'cliiei'.d,  ll^'  qimlny 
IH  ri'f'peclustliomli"'''- 
if  imliiiig  an  <;ml  lu  tlie 

reeling  BnANBV ;  which 

fir  Home  Consiinipti'm 
re  Nell  I'roduco  yl'  Um 


R  lira  of  Dulv  Pf  r 

Iniueria|(l:ill.'ii(Cu«loli» 

and  Eld  r). 


Gl.  nrllim. 


Irclaiiil. 


£   ,.   d.      £   0.   d. 
1    2    6J      0  17    31 


1    2    7i 


I)       1    2    fi 


1    2   8 


1    a   6 


IrcpiiliUc  of  that  name, 
Utom  of  the  extrusive 
'  N.,  Ion.  8°  52'  56" 
l-opo.  In  general,  the 
J  moderately  wide,  and 
ll  during  tlie  period  of 
Ihithealre,  the  appear- 
le  epithet  given  to  her 

hs.    11  i»  artificial,  bdlng 

Jsiilo,nill('ilil""'l'l!"" 
Illuima  in  Icnstli.  ami  li!i8 

I  of  tho  pi.rl.ailjoiimtlie 

Ifl  fiithiinia  frmn  8=1'"";'" 

liit  S.  W.  l.y  W..  lli.Mll«- 

Ittinnm.    TI-oli!;!it-li">'«o 

,1,1  cmitiRuiius  10  the  1ml- 

JiL'h  roi'k,  anil  H  panned 

lnirlit!liialliin«\"'-''"'"3f 

I,hI  is  clean,  aii.l  llioro  i» 

Inust  be  Ul«e»i  "'  cunung 


GENOA,     r.' i  > 


707 


ftom  thi*  woiit.tn  (jlvo  the  llKht-hmisn  point  a  Rnod  nfllnij.  Mudnrntp  nizrd  tnnrrhantmen  cnimnonly 
■  nclinr  Ihtiidi'  tll(5  iild  moIh,  cuntlcumiK  lo  tlie  vorlo  frnnro,  or  IhuhIimI  wari'lioiiM's,  tinving  a  liawmT 
liiHilii  fint  to  till*  niiilf,  and  an  iiiiilior  nlicad.  Slmi  nl'  war  am!  IIh'  hituffi  I'laxH  of  iiiiiriliaiitini'ii  may 
anchor  inKiilo  llie  new  nioli',  luil  llicy  iiiiisl  not  roiiii!  Imi  near  llie  Khore.  HhipH  Konii'iinieH  anrlior 
wlllioiit  tile  liarlioiir  ill  from  lU  to  U.')  I'atlioniH,  llie  lu'lit-lioiiNe  lii'iirini:  N.  '  W.,  dlKtaet 'i  or  :i  iiiilci. 
The  H.  W.  wliidri  III  ration  a  heavy  Nwell  lint  llii'  hotloni  i^  clay  anil  lii>liU  vt  ell.  Wiihlii  tiie  town  are 
twn  rather  uliallow  ImihIiih  diHluiied  for  Kallli  '<  anil  ttiiiall  tniillni!  vensel-i.    'I'ln're  i.-i  iiIno  an  nrpniial, 

^f(in«V.— ArconiilH  were  t'orinerly  kept  at  (•enoa  In  lire  of  '1(1  lolilj,  I'lich  koI.Io  cotltalnitl^  Vi  iliiiari ; 
and  niotiey  was  divided  into  Imiico  and  fiiori  ili  banco.  Ihit  MJiice  the  ImI  of  January,  I^'i7,  llie  iinclent 
inelliod  ot  rncknnliiu  liaR  ceaneil,  and  acconnlH  are  now  kept  in  lire  ll:iliani',  illvideij  into  centH.  The  ' 
wclsht  ami  llnene<il  of  the  new  coins  are  preilaely  the  Haiie'  as  llioHe  ori'rance  :  no  Unit  tlie  par  of  ex- 
chaiiKe  =  '21'Tt^lire  per  pound  slorlinif,  if  eKliiinileil  In  nilver  s  and  Xiiti,  ifestlnniled  in  ^old.  0  old  lire 
dl  lianco  are  ennal  to  5  new  lire  very  nearly.— (J/«nuf/  ilr  Jt'ilknihrcr'icr.)  Hales  of  merchandise  con- 
tinue, howover,  to  be,  for  tlie  most  part,  made  in  the  old  tnrrciiey.  '^lie  prices  ijlveti  in  a  mibdeiiuunl 
linrt  of  this  article  are  In  It. 

The  Hank  of  (lenoiiior  of  Ht.  rjeorgR,  wai  nnc  of  the  innst  ancient  and  clebrnted  banks  of  circulation 
nail  deposit  in  I'.urope.  Until  1710,  when  the  hank  was  pIllaRed  by  the  Aiistrians,  it  was  cusloniary 
to  make  all  hills  of  exchan|;e  drawn  upon  (icnoa  p-iyuble  in  bmin,;  but  since  then  they  have  (.'ciierally 
been  niade  payable  in  money /i/nrii/i  huncu.  In  IMHI,  when  the  I'reiicli  went  leMlened  in  ti'iioa  by  the 
Aiistrlana,  they  took  the  trea^iire  of  the  bank  to  pay  their  troops.  The  establiHlnnont  has  never  re- 
covered from  this  blow  ;  some  wnrelioiises,  and  a  part  of  the  town's  revenue,  were  assiKiied  to  it,  but 
they  yielil  a  very  poor  diviilend.     It  is  no  lont'er  used  us  a  place  of  deposil  lor  moiicy. 

U'ei'.'lils  und  .l/cnrfiiw.*.— T'he  pound  is  of  two  sorts  :  tin.-  peso  gullilr  =  4,''!lli  lliiKlish  t'r.ilns,  and  thu 
ft»o  I'rusun.  The  latter  is  1(1  per  cent,  heavier  than  Ibe  former  :  hence  the  cautaro  of  101)  lbs.  peso 
Kottllo  -  tiU'bU  lbs.  iivojriliipois  ;  uiiil  the  cantaro  of  10(1  lbs.  peso  |2nisso  ^  TlihT.'i  lbs.  avoirdupois.  Tlie 
latter  Is  used  for  welKhini!  bulky  commodities ;  the  former  is  used  in  the  weighiiij.'  of  gohl  and  silver, 
and  of  nil  coinnioditlits  of  small  bulk. 

Corn  is  measiireil  by  the  iiiina  of  8  quarto  or  00  goinbcttc ;  1  nilna  =  3;  Winchester  bushels  nearly. 
Hull  is  sold  by  the  moiidino  of  H  mine. 

Of  liiiuid  measure,  100  piiite    "     1  barilla.  ^ 

2  barilla  =     1  inezzarola  «=  39i  English  wine  gallonil.    The  barilla  of  oil  =  17 
Vmtlish  Kallonn. 

OlloniJ  measures,  the  palnio  -  0'72.'>  Knclish  inches.  The  cnnna  is  of  3  gnrts  ;  the  eanna  piccolo, 
used  by  tradesmen  and  inanufactiirers,  -  U  pulmr,  or  87'S  I')n)ili!^h  iiiclies  ;  the  canna  proi'sa,  used  by 
merchants,  =>  12  paliiii  llt'>7  Kn|{lish  inclns  ;  and  the  cuiina  used  at  the  CUistom-lioiise  =  10  pulmi  ^ 
U7-2'i  Knulisli  inches.    The  braccio  =  2;  palnil. 

JViiri/fHriuii.i^T.— In  IMIl,  there  entered  thediirercnl  portsof  IheSardinhn  states,  3,701  ships  ;  but  the 
trreater  number  of  these  must  buvebeen  small  coasliii!;  vessids,  as  llieir  av');rei;ale  burden  did  imt  ex- 
ceed 331,217  tons.  Ifwi;  ilediict  aliniit  a  third  for  Hardinia,  by  far  the  largest  proportion  ot'tlie  remain- 
der  must  have  entereil  and  cleared  out  at  tJenoa.— (.^rr/iirc*  i/ii  (VHiii.crrc,  toni.  li.  p.  H9.)  — In  Wii, 
81  llrilish  ships  of  the  liiir.len  of  13,178  tons,  arrived  at  Genoa.*— (PaW.  I'aptr,  >i«.  7J(i.  Sess.  In'Xi.) 

Trude,  ^c. — Genoa  it*  the  entrepot  of  a  largo  e.xtont  of  country;  und  her  commerce, 
though  inferior  lo  what  it  once  wan,  ia  very  foniiiili'rulilf,  and  has  latterly  heeii  increasing. 
iShc  i.s  a  free  port;  that  in,  a  port  where  goods  may  he  v^nrehoused  and  cxiiurlcd  free  of  duty. 
The  exports  consist  partly  of  the  law  product-s  of  the  adjacent  country,  wich  un  olive  oil  (an 
article  of  great  value  atul  importance),  rice,  fruits,  checKe,  rags,  dteel,  argol,  &c. ;  partly  of 
the  productsj  of  hor  manufacturing  industry,  such  as  silks,  damasks,  and  velvets  (for  the 
jiroductiim  of  which  she  lias  been  long  fuinous),  thrown  silk,  paper,  soap,  works  in  marhle, 
idabaster,  coral,  &c. ;  the  printed  cottons  of  Switzerland,  and  the  other  products  of  that 
country  and  of  the  western  j)aits  of  I.ombardy,  intended  for  the  south  of  liluropc  and  the 
Levant;  and  l>artly  of  the  various  foreign  produets  brought  by  sea,  and  placed  in  porta 
franco.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  cotton  and  woollen  stuifs;  cotton  wool,  mostly 
from  Egypt;  corn  from  the  Black  Sea,  Sicily,  and  Barbary ;  sugar,  saUid  iish,  spices, 
collec,  cochineal,  indigo,  hides,  iron,  and  naval  stores  from  the  Baltic ;  hardware  and  tin 
plates  from  England  ;  wool,  tobacco,  lead  (prineijially  from  Spain),  wax,  &c.  Corn,  barilla, 
(lallipoli  oil,  cotton,  valonia,  sponge,  gall.s,  and  other  products  of  the  countries  adjoining  tho 
Black  Sea,  Sicilv,  the  Levant,  &c.,  may  in  grneral  bo  had  here,  though  not  in  so  great 
abundance  as  at  Leghorn,  The  various  duties  and  Cuf^tom-hou.'-e  fees  fornieriy  charged  on 
the  transit  of  goods  through  Genoa  and  the  Sardinian  territories  have  recently  Wen  abolished. 
This  will  have  a  very  beneficial  influence  on  the  trade  of  this  port,  particul.irly  as  regards 
the  importation  of  raw  cotton  for  Switzerland  and  Milan,,  as  well  us  of  the  dillbrcnt  descrip- 
tions of  colonial  produce. 

Statement  of  the  (Inantitiea  of  some  of  the   Principal  Articles  of  Colonial  and  other  Raw  Prodaea 
imported  into  Genua  in  1830, 1831, 1832,  with  the  Stocks  on  Hand  on  the  1st  of.laim(iry,  1832  and  1833. 


.Stick, 

Stock, 

stock,  1  Slock, 

Articlua  imported. 

iiao. 

1831. 

1832.  'isl  jRii. 
1    b32. 

l8t    .1.111. 

Articles  imporled. 

ICSO. 

2,0".IV  W 

1:31. 

1832. 

Ut  .Ian.  W  Jan. 
Wii.   ;    lt.13. 

Cocoa,  all  (juall.      b.t?l 

l3,,iC0 

8,S00 

.■^.200      3,<IX) 

l,5-,0 

Si'icfH,  !'c|i|ier,  lbs. 

1100.01)' 

1,300.000    -        •       !li,0O0| 

Coflri',  ilino        •    Ions 

i.iioe 

K.'WO 

2,930          1 10 

isn 

Fiihciitti    -    — 

Ki/m 

H3,ol«' 

130,01X1    .        . 

U.i.OOO 

Cnenii,  iiiito      •  t.iiMf    t-;i;u 

13,700 

lO.WO.     4,150 

I.t.iO 

CasMiili^lica,  en. 

,!)(1 

5je 

!-20l  .       . 

40 

l>)oliiiiral            •     ibs.l    15.2110 

29.000 

75,(110     35X00 

61,000 

di:l.>     -    mars 

1,!00 

Fish,  Cuiinsh,       quint. 

3t).9()0 

ai,"™ 

M.I  to;         7V) 

Sugin.  lo:ivcs,  c.tsks 

310 

173 

83 

30 

43 

.Slclifi-,h       — 

JO.HKI 

13.900 

22,000       1,600 

tlLsllfl           — 

8,7«0 

2,('-0 

2  8,30 

I3U 

310 

I'llcliarill,     lihJa, 

a.s.io 

3,0V) 

6,200 

Il.avaiiiiali,  I'Xs. 

v.im 

!:(,-*  U 

1.3.10. 

2,1  0 

4.5(0 

Hki  rings  •    Lrls. 

5,100 

430 

bM) 

Brazil         cases 

Mio 

6.IO:i 

A. SIX 

K^O 

1,040 

HItlfs,  dried  and  dry 

ditto            t.l2S 

4i(X) 

6..ii;c 

ii.:;o« 

2,100 

i^,300 

rlttd              •  iiuuili. 

m,m 

62,'.00 

80,400 

6,roo 

3.200 

E.  In.lia       — 

2,Tcn 

12  200 

21,00,1 

luJiifo,  neiignl    .    r.ise 

.'-.TO 

'too 

(HO 

J90 

IkO 

I'orto  Kico,  csks. 

4.-.-0 

2,41  C 

4.300 

490 

470 

S|taiiisli    lernns 

.M3 

275 

7ti2 

1,070 

1,1^0 

Tin  I'lales       Luxes 

4.930 

2,>0f. 

(),30(.' 

tjo 

1,700 

I*ad       ■           -    pjp 

2I,,tO0 

23,3011 

2I,i(101    10,2110 

17,000 

. 



♦  We  are  not  sure  that  this  is  the  correct  readinc,  the  title  to  the  nccrnnt  beinc  drawn  up  in  do 
slovenly  a  way,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  say  whether  it  means  that  84  ships  arrrived  and  bi  ilepaded,  ot 
that  42  arrived  and  43  departed. 


ri 


i,  .1 


ji 


I 


•!■ 


''■i: 


Hil 


708 


GENTIAN— aiDllALTAR. 


tlUtcmnnt  of  thn  rrlnrlpnl  Artlrtoi  nf  Raw  Prnilnca  fltportnd  Onm  nennn.  with  their  Price*  Ihers 
nil  tlie  III  nf  JsniiKry,  IH.I.I,  In  I'orto  franco  (Bi)n(|),  in  Iiujian  Mnn»y,  Weiiliti,  anil  Mraiurni,  and 
frvA  on  Hnnril  m  llngllah  Money,  Wclgliti,  and  MeamUM.— (I''rum  tno  Circular  uf  Orantc,  Balfuur, 
and  Co.) 


EipoHi. 

Oeoo.a  Rat«t 

In 
Porto  franca 

PrI  alnEnKllali 

.Money,  ami 

Wcightji,  fnie  on 

Inanl. 

Eiporb, 

Oenoa  Raira 

In 
Porto  fruMo, 

Pri..«  in  r.nKliall 

Mont-y.  and 

Wi-i(lil»,rre«an 

bn,iil. 

Uk.  L,    I,  d. 

1 

/..  1.  if. 

Alnionil^  jwawl,  Sicil;,  llv. 

»•       to     0 

|iX>   3    S  10 

cwl. 

Uil.neooa,  luiwrflu  liv.  104       lo  lOS 

bri.    ' 

63  19    9 

IWuf 

Ar(ol,  wliilf    ■           •    — 

4li        -  48 

IM 

1  IK    t 

— 

Ane                -      - 

SN        -  90 

46  16    a 

838 

r«l  Harbled           •    — 

U       -  44 

1  IK    3 

^ 

nii.l'tlinir        ■    — 
balli|nl1,  Sicily, 
and  Levant      — 

7«        -  90 

— 

40  14    6 

0.  (al. 

Blrilla,  .Scihiii          •    — 

14-0 

_ 

0  10    4 

^ 

1 

Brlnmiiii»,  rouih       •    — 

7IJ-    R 



»   7    T 

ton 

ei     -  0] 

8ft    7    9 

— 

mil          •          •    - 

13       —  14 



9    S    3 

— 

Opium                   ■    - 

\^        —    16 

ib. 

0  14    9 

Ib. 

Cin'hari-!es     •           •    — 

7        -11 

1 

0    6  10     lb. 

I'ai<rr,riar«la,l4lbh- 
Mrilia,  14  IN       - 

7        -     7  1-4 

p.  nil. 

0    4  11 

mi  of 

the**-,  I'irimua      ■    — 

IW       —  IliO 

IM 

0    0  ll-S 

— 

S        —     31-4 

of  171 

0    3    6 

476 

CoMoo,  Mtko             •    — 

lot     -loe 

n  0  1-9 

— 

Almaian,  16  Iba.  - 

SM—     91-4 

Bhceta 

0    6    3 

•bee  la 

rrfjiu  i>t  urUr          •   uM 

in      -  n 

1 

1  l»    7 

cwl. 

Qnlckfl-lvt-r           •    aol* 
Kira,  L«iliilj«rdy    .    liv. 

411-0 

Ib. 

0    8    l> 

Ib. 

Ewnra  of  lier|»niot  •   llv. 

8  12—     9 

0    8    9 

lb. 

to        -  SI 

IJOIbi 

0  16  II 

cwl. 

ll'RiOD          •                •      — 

7        -    0 

— 

0    8  10 

— 

S-ilTloiver,  new       •   tola 

M        —     0 

lb. 

0    1    8 

Ib. 

onim*      '           '    — 

43^-     < 

.. 

0    4  11 

— 

Salfron       .           •    llv. 

3i        -  36 

_- 

1  18    4 

^ 

Oalli,  lurkey,  blu«   •  aoli 

ii        —  il3 

^ 

6  13    1 

cwt. 

Snap,  whito           *    — 

46        -  4« 

ISOIb. 

1  \S    0 

cwt. 

111  M)rt»     •          •    — 

II        -   IJ 

— 

3    1     3 

— 

inarbled          •    — 

44        -  46 

1  13    7 

— 

Gum  Ambir,  pirkixl  •    — 

34        -     ". 

— 

II    3    8 

-.• 

.Shiimac,  Hirily      •   — 

■U       —    0 

W.Mb. 

0  10    9 

— 

ill  Mrti     •            .    — 

IS       —  .il 

_, 

s   1  a 

— 

8|ionfre«,  Ane  an'l  au* 

Hemp,  Bolnfiu,  drMMil, 

pcrtior     ■             •     — 

4-8 

lb. 

0    8    4 

lb. 

111        ■          •  ii». 

75       -  7« 

IJOM    1    T 

ton 

Steel,  Milan,  No.  00  ~ 

99       -  31 

1601b. 

1    8    6 

cwt. 

«<l        •          .    - 

70        -  71 

—   50  10    5 

... 

No.   0  — 

29        -  31 

1    t    6 

— 

fniUiii     -           •    — 

48        —     0 

-  34    3    1 

— 

No.  1  ft  2.  - 

47-0 

^ 

0  19    7 

^ 

cordiin,  lit          -    ^ 

as      -  40 



i8    R    3 

— 

Tallow       .           .    _ 

.'lO        -  U 

.. 

1   16    7 

— 

•ii          .           •    - 

3«l       -  37 

_ 

W    9    7 

— 

Valoula      .          .    _ 

10       -  IS 

_ 

Oil    9 

.— 

Piiklmonl,  Irt       •    — 

:l«       -.  37 

— 

J«    6    7 

— 

Uquor  if  pu'e,CaUbrla  — 

.'(1        -  .« 

lOO 

2  |x  10 

cwl. 

Oraln,  wheat.  Black 

O  Siiilian     .            •    — 

44        -  4^ 

— 

I    .\    i 

— 

Sea,  ii.fl       ■    — 

20       -  83 

mina 

8    1    7 

ituart. 

LlllKOi              -              •     - 

14-0 

160 

1  19    i 

qr. 

iJiito,  hanl       •    — 

ii  1-8  -  83 

il    1    7 

Imp. 

Mitliler  rooli,  CfpruB, 

Beam,  Alrian- 

nn  )  Siiiyroa      •  aola 

7M-     S 

1 

i    1     3 

cwl. 

dria,  new    >    — 

13-0 

^ 

1    3    « 

— 

Tri|«ill     •           .    - 

7  1-2-    8 

1     1     1 

old      .    - 

II        —     0 

__ 

0  19  10 

— 

M^nM  ill  HakM          ■    — 

60       -  M) 

_ 

0    3    H 

IbT 

Com,  Indlaa        .    — 

14        -   M 

_ 

1  18    b 

— 

In  virit,  Grracl    -    — 

29       -  30 

— 

0     1     4 

Tnru.—lhiy*  of  iitiKi-  .trr 

—on  cotton,  fi«li, 

allow,  and  v.itonia. 

Per  cent. 

4  per  cent. ;  tienip,  1  per  in 

t.;  <K(r%  116  (or 
H. ;  Kintter,  Hi  fo 

100 
IOC 

Ina.  i  almon.l^ 

Supr  in  chrata  from  Rio  de  ianriro,  loiea 
baRi,  ditto 

■    1  lo  3-1  lakinit  3  1  1 

nm,  tiiJ  Killi,  101  for  100  II 

lilt  ;  niiitar  in 

.    S  —  4  1  armbai  a< 

littvn,  i  pfr  cent.;    raw   lil 

t,  1  ouiK-ft  per  lb 

Ahull,  'nrnol,  an- 

cheata  from  remaniburo 

•    4-«fr.|iial  to  1 

Chnviei,  barilli.  liranilT,  flour, 

iron,  'ead.  iial'pe 

re.  ft'9.  hidM.  I'fii- 

rliiala  from  I1<itiia 

.    6-10)  cut.  Eiil. 

per,  jiiiiii^r  berrira,  piiRiirr  • 

one,  imo,  rni*iu«.  rice,  crriini  of  lart.Vr, 

bolfa  from  Havanmh  and  Ciibl    - 

•    4-<iMakiii«4l-2 

mrncei,  quiili"ilviT.  eliui.iac. 

verl.  and  *oap,  n 

vc  no  larel  for  all 

n)turi>vadiiincat]iifToiiit'iili.-i  and  Porto  Rico  12-  r.  i    ditto. 

olhrrarli.  Iraw!'!  Iiy  HPi.'lit, 

06  il)^.  at>-  ^iveii  for  every  10(1  Ilia. 

Ini|ior'atioii«  from  ottu-rijunrreri  wilt-re  the  tare*  allowed  are  on 

Tlif  I'lunf  weijflitoii  iiii|Kir 

at'oni  fmrn  the  pi 

ici-  of  growih,  partly 

«par  wilhtho«eol(li-nca,  mnerillv  nnder  Ml  wrL-lil|  llavaniiali 

ariainf;  fn'in  diff,  miice  of  Ure 

,  varieaaa  follovva 

;  — 

box  Riixari  from  the  L'niti-d  btilea  reuJtr  1  to  i  per  cent,  more  tlian 

full  wricht. 

GENTIAN  (Gcr.  Enzian,-  Fr.  Gentiane:  It.  (iemianai  Sp.  Jenciana  ,•  Ru».  Enzian  ,• 
Lat.  (Jcnliana),  the  roots  of  two  alpine  plants,  Gentiana  lutea  nnd  Cenfiana  purpurea, 
founil  growing  in  Hwitzerlnnd  and  Austria,  the  Apennines,  the  Pyrenees,  and  in  North 
America.  Those  brought  to  this  country  come  from  Germany.  They  are  in  pieces  of 
various  Icngllis  and  thickness,  twisted,  wrinidcd  on  the  outside,  and  covered  with  a  brown- 
isli  grey  cuticle.  They  have  no  particular  odour ;  and  the  tastti  is  intensely  bitter,  without 
being  nauseous. — (Thuinsoii'a  Diapenitatory.) 

GHEE.    See  Butteb. 

GIBRALTAR,  o  famous  fortress  near  the  southernmost  extremity  of  Spain,  and  con- 
tiguous to  the  narrowest  part  of  the  strait,  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  joining  the  Atlantic 
and  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  36°  0'  30"  N.,  Ion.  6°  21'  12"  W.  It  is  situated  on  tho  west 
side  of  a  rocky  mountain  or  promontory,  the  Mons  Calpe  of  the  ancients,  projecting  into 
the  sea,  in  a  southerly  direction,  about  3  miles,  being  from  J  to  j  of  a  mile  in  width.  Tho 
southernmost  cYtremity  of  the  rock  is  called  Europa  Point.  Its  northern  side,  fronting  the 
isthmus  which  connects  it  with  Spain,  is  almost  perpendicular,  and  wholly  inaccessible ; 
the  east  and  south  sides  are  so  rugged  and  precipitous  as  to  render  any  attack  upon  Ihemi 
even  if  they  were  not  fortified,  next  to  impossible ;  so  that  it  is  only  on  the  west  side,  front- 
ing the  bay,  where  tho  rock  declines  to  the  sea  and  the  town  is  built,  that  it  can  be  attacked 
with  the  least  chance  of  success.  Here,  however,  the  strength  of  the  fortifications,  and  the 
magnitude  of  the  batteries,  are  such,  that  the  fortress  seems  to  be  impregnable,  even  though 
attacked  by  an  enemy  having  tho  command  of  the  sea.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1704, 
but  the  fortifications  were  then  very  inferior  to  what  they  are  at  present.  Towards  the  end 
of  the  American  war,  it  was  attacked  by  a  most  formidable  armament  fitted  out  jointly  by 
Spain  and  France  ;  but  the  strength  of  the  piice,  and  the  bravery  of  the  gnrrison,  defeated 
all  the  efforts  of  the  combined  powers.  Pupi.lation  about  17,000,  exclusive  of  the  troops, 
which  usually  amount,  in  times  ot  peace,  to  '.rom  3,000  to  4,000. 

The  bay  of  Gibroltar  is  spacious;  and,  being  protectetl  from  all  the  more  dangerous 
winds,  affords  a  convenient  station  for  ships.  Two  moles  have  been  constructed  at  a  vast 
expense,  for  the  protection  of  the  shipping.  The  old  mole  projects  from  the  north  end  of 
the  town,  N.  W.  by  N.,  1,100  feet  into  the  sea:  the  new  mole  is  1^  mile  more  to  the 
south,  extending  outwards  about  700  feet ;  it  has  an  elbow  formed  by  the  shore,  and  in 
winter  large  vessels  anchor  inside ;  the  farthest  out  in  from  5  to  6  fathoms.  The  plan  on 
tho  opposite  page  gives  a  better  idea  of  the  position  of  Gibraltar,  as  well  as  of  the  Straits, 
than  could  be  derived  from  any  description.  It  is  taken  from  Captain  Smyth's  beautiful 
chart  of  the  Mediterranean. 


h  Ihf  If  Price*  thero 
,  anil  Meaturi'i,  and 
■  0/  Grant;  Balfour, 


Mm 

'riwein  rinfliall 
Mnnny.  ami 

into. 

W^i|lll^f^«lOn 

llllAI'l. 

\l..  1.  ((. 
brI.    *M  It   1  i»»';' 

-  4«  la  a„ii3«, 

-  40  14    t  <>'(*'' 

-  '»    7    9,,— 
lb.  ,  0  14   a  ">•     . 

t-4 

p. nil.    0   4  11  n"'."' 

1-4 

i.f.|7'i   0    3    «    «» 

1-4 

•h«iU   0   «    S«.h««li 

lb.      0   i    o| 

b. 

15011k 

0  lA  II 

cwl. 

Ih. 

0     1     t 

b. 

_ 

1   12    4 

»• 

ISOIb. 

1   lA    0 

cwt. 

1  13    7 

^ 

Wilb. 

0  10    9 

~~ 

Ih. 

0    S    1 

lb. 

IKIb. 

1    il    6 

cwt. 

1    II    « 

— 

_ 

0  19    7 

■" 

^ 

1   IS    7 

^ 

— 

0  11    9 

^ 

2    1    7 

q«»rt. 

t    1    7 

Imp. 

) 

_ 

1    S    « 

_ 

1 

_ 

0  19  10      — 

( 

— 

I  Vi    i      — 

Pir  cent. 

IM       .    1  lo  S-i  lakinir  S  (  a 

■    3  —  4  !  irml)M  f% 

.    4-«fF.|ual  10  t 

.    6-IOI  c.il.   Enl. 
.        .    4~«M>liin«4l-2 
irtn  Blrn  12  -  1  ■.  5    ilillo. 

ifrr  the  tarir"  illoweij  arpnn 

nder  ^l^  wri.rtit;  llavaninh 

irl 

fn  if 

r  crut.  ni 

ire  Iha 

D 

ma  ;  Run.  Enzian  ,• 
'entiana  purpurea, 
eea,  and  in  North 
y  nrp  in  pieces  of 
ered  with  a  brown- 
sely  bitter,  without 


)f  Spain,  ond  con- 
jininp;  tho  Atlantic 
uoted  on  fh«  west 
ta,  projecting  into 
!e  in  width.  The 
n  side,  fronting  the 
holly  inaccessible ; 
ittack  upon  Ihem, 
he  west  side,  front- 
t  it  can  lie  attacked 
rtificationH,  and  the 
liable,  even  though 
le  English  in  1704, 

Towards  the  end 
Ited  out  jointly  by 

gMrrison,  defeated 
sive  of  the  troops, 

e  more  dangerous 
nstructcd  at  a  va.st 
[1  the  north  end  of 
j  mile  more  to  the 
the  shore,  and  in 
ma.  The  plan  on 
as  of  the  Straits, 
Smyth's  beautiful 


GIBRALTAR. 


700 


Trade,  Pulitlcul  Imp(frtanee,  JfC. —  tiibraltar  ia  of  ronnidorable  cunwquencn  a«  a  com« 
morriul  Htiition.  Ui-inu;  u  fu'c  port,  subject  to  no  dutic*  and  few  rnxlrictionH,  it  is  a  conve- 
liient  entn/iul  for  tho  EiigliHli  and  other  foreign  goods  deiitined  for  the  supply  ol'  the 
contiguous  Spiinish  and  Africun  provinces.  In  this  rc^pt^ct,  howovcr,  it  hnit  grcutly  fitllun 
uif.  This  hits  been  owing  tu  u  vuricty  of  causot, :  pi.rtly,  and  principally  perhaps,  to  the 
inMccurity  and  apprchotiHion  occnsioncd  by  tho  four  uf  (Mistilcntial  disruMiH,  tlm  pl.icc  never 
having  recovered  from  the  eirccts  of  tho  drcudftil  contugiun  by  which  it  was  visited  in  1004  ; 
|mrtly  to  largo  (|u:Hititics  of  those  goods  btnng  now  kept  at  M.ilta  and  Genoa,  that  were 
formerly  kupt  at  (iibrultar ;  and,  more  recently,  to  the  niiikiiig  uf  Cadiz  a  free  |M)rt.  Tliiii 
nieasuro  has,  however,  lieen  revoked ;  but,  notwithstanding,  it  is  not  at  nil  pmlmblu  that 
Gibraltar  will  over  again  be  of  much  importance  ns  a  trading  station.  In  1831,  the  dir.lurrd 
value  uf  the  various  articles  of  Uritis'i  prikluco  and  manufacture  exported  to  Gibraltar,  was 
307,285/. ;  the  nj/ir.iul  value  of  the  foreign  and  colonial  products  cxfiortcd  to  it  during  tho 
same  year  being  121,342/.  The  trade  with  Gibraltar,  or  any  British  dependency  in.the 
Mediterranean,  may  Ini  regulated  by  an  order  in  council ;  und  any  goods  imported  or 
exported  contrary  to  Hueh  order  shall  bo  forfeited,  together  with  tho  ship  importing  or 
cxjiortiiig  the  Kuine.  — •  (G  (im.  4,  c.  114.^  73.) 


.9 


:>" 


:w<A« 


20 


45 


—  '37 


1    C    A 


f;^K^/^^ 


Naulic  Miles 
-! J 4. 


li* 


(%    40 


-J 


lUffn^vw  to  riav.-\.  point  nn-l  liL'l.t -linns.,,  of  TarifV.i,  111  lat  3.i' 0  M"  N  ,  Inn.  .V  .1.,  1,.  \\. 
The'ligtit-lioiiBR  was  cr.'.tefl  in  1813,  ami  the  light  rcvnlveR.  B,  Cahrita  IVint.  <.,  Eiirn|pii  1  'V"'. '"« 
pxtremitv  of  the  rock  of  (iihraltar.  D,  town  anil  fortress  of  (;uiita,  011  t  10  African  coast,  l-  >•■'"'• 
Centa  Hay.  F,  Point  I.eona.  G.  Point  Cir.'S.  The  suuiiiliiiga  and  the  diriclioii  of  the  currents  iie 
marked  in  the  chart.  Vuriiitlon  in  the  Straits,  22°  31'. 
Vol.  I.— 3  O 


./It 


710 


r.ii.n— CLASS. 


The  wol  vulue  of  fSilirnIifir  to  fJrcat  nritaiii  cormiKtu  in  iu  importance  In  n  mililnry  nnd 
ni»vr»l  piiiiil  of  vii'w  i  in  iu  In  iti^r.  in  f.ut,  the  key  of  tint  MiHlitorranpun  ;  and  in  itmiirordinu 
R  coiiVfMiipnt  iinil  mTiiro  dtilioii  fcir  llu'  oiitllt,  rpfri-Kluncnt,  n-pir,  ami  nccorninndiilion  of 
o\ir  HliipH  (if  wiir  iind  iiirrrlmnlinon.  Thii  rcvi'iiiic  cDllrctcd  in  llic  (own  aniounti*  to  from 
:{(Mino/.  lo  lO.OOOA,  wiiich  U  n\»nit  nuMlcii'iit  to  ili  fmv  tho  \t\M\c  civil  c\|)cii(iitnrt!  of  tho 
place.  Tlip  expcMKC  nnnunlly  iiiriirrcd  in  (irciit  IJrilain  on  uccount  of  the  nturiHon,  in  time 
of|)cace,  ntnountw  til  aliout 'JOO.ODO/. — a  siinall  xnin  compared  with  the  imiiortant  political 
and  commercial  ailvant:ii;cK  it  ix  tlic  tMcniiJ  of  iiccurintT> 

^f•^llK|.—TUn  I'fr.'cllv.i  nr  Imrd  ilolliir  •  In.  Irf  ;  llii'  ciirri'iil  (tnllnr  (wini  (Ktlnmtnil  at  J  linril  dnllnm 
"  ?«.  Iil^<.  Hnii\*  iin'l  i|ii'ii'tiii(  iiI'liMtli  linrit  iiiiil  ciirniiit  ilolliirii  uro  tlia  a:!!)^,  IikIiik.  tliu  lunner  '=  IJi/., 
Blhl  llli!  IlltlKr    ^  I   \-l^l. 

Ai'iMiiinlii  arc  ki'pl  in  ctirn-nt  ilcillnrJ  (pciicH),  ilivlilcil  Into  H  ri'iiU  nf  M  iiiiarliin  eacli ;  I']  ri-alu  ciir- 
r-r"  y  iiiaku  n  rcilt  or  hiiril  <|irlliir,  hy  wliicli  gootli  are  boaglit  anil  iiiiil  i  anil  3  of  ihRiu  rvali  are  ccinil- 
ill  rt-il  «i|unl  til  S  N|iriiil>ili  ri'alu  vi'linn. 

(Ilhrnliar  ilraw*  uii  I.niiiloM  In  ellu'Cllvu  Uollam  of  I)  rculu,  anil  Loniinu  nn  01l)r:iltar  In  current  ilnl- 
lain  of  8  rfalii. 

Till'  p»fhaniri'  of  (ilhraltar  on  riull/,  anil  oilinr  riiips  of  H|i:iln,  1»  In  hiinl  ilullars  at  a  porconlaBc, 
ivliirli  vnrlua  t'onniilrralily,  ami  niimtly  In  t'lvniir  of  (iilirallar. 

H'lii'hli  itHil  .Miiifitrr.'  iiii'  ilini'i'  nf  Hnvliinl.  i'.\ri'|i!iiiK  tlin  arrnha  ••  V>  IIik.  I'iniilliih  :  irrain  la  aolil 
by  till'  fiincifii,  5  iif  uhiili  iniiki'  I  WimhinliT  iiniirlir ;  wlin'  U  miM  by  Ihii  L':il!iin,  Ifll)  nf  whlrh  am 
(ii'uril  til  IIHtl  KiiglUh  wini!  uhIIdhk.  — (Sou  /'ii/nrj  Uidhifm  h'inamf  Commillie  ;  Kdinhargh  (hiitltter ; 
Ingiirn  A;iiiiii  in  WW,  vol.  It.  |i,  Hii*.  ke, 

GILD,  or  (Jril.n,  a  company  of  mcrclinnta  or inaniifucturcrK,  whence  tiio  hallnofguch 
Com)ianicg  arc  deuominated  (iill  or  (jiiiid  llnili', 

(inji,  a  meaiiiire  of  ca|]iii'ity.     Hi'o  VVkioiits  and  Mr.^mniKs. 

<il.\,  Eniiiish  peni'va,  or  gin,  is  madii  of  spirit  olit.iiiicd  from  cats,  harlcy,  or  malt, 
rectilif'd,  or  rediritilli'ii,  witli  the  aiklition  of  juniper  berrirH,  oil  of  tiirpiMiline,  \-c.  All  spirit!4 
Diaiitlllu'tnred  in  l']iii;!iind,  and  moHt  of  tlio  IScotrh  and  Irish  MpiritH  imported  into  Kni{huid, 
are  suliii'cled  to  the  pro,  ess  of  reclifiration.  I'lugli'ih  sin  u  said  to  bo  one  %f  the  most 
wholi'Homp  spiritH.  —  (Soe  Si>iuitj«.) 

CiL\(iEIl  ((Jer.  liii;wrr ,■  Un.  (ietnbcr-  Fr.  fiinifembre ,•  It.  Zfmtrn;  Sp.  Jenj'ihrc, 
Airoif^lhre  ;  Run,  liihir  ,■  ],i\t.  Ziiis^lur ;  Vptb.  yiiii^rliir/ ,■  \rnh. '/Anir(berl),  the  roots  of 
a  plant  (Amomuin  /  trjrilier),  a  native  of  tiie  East  Indies  ami  ('hina,  hut  which  was  early 
canied  to  and  sue  ceds  very  well  in  th<'  Went  Indies.  After  the  roots  are  du^if,  the  lie;<t  are 
•cleoled,  ncraped,  washed,  and  dried  in  the  sun  with  ;:;reiit  care.  This  is  called  wkitc  ir'mi^er ; 
while  the  interior  roots,  wliirh  are  scalded  in  hoilin<^  water  before  bein^  dried,  are  denoiiii- 
nnted  hliick  liini^rr,  Prrservcd  Binder  is  m:iile  by  aealdinij  the  green  roots,  or  the  roots 
taken  up  when  they  arc  youn({  and  full  of  mp,  till  they  are  tender;  then  peeling'  tliem  in 
cold  wafer,  and  i)utiini?  them  into  n  thin  syrup,  from  which  they  are  sliil'ted  into  the  jars  in 
which  they  come  to  us.  and  a  rich  synip  poured  over  them.  Dried  uiiiRcr  has  a  pungent 
aromatic  odour,  and  a  hot,  biting  taste.  It  is  imported  in  hv^s,  each  containin.^ about  newt. 
The  white  brings  tile  highest  [irice.  being  more  pungent  and  better  llavonred.  The  external 
characters  of  goodness  in  bith  sorts  of  dried  ginger  are,  soundness,  or  the  bein;.^  free  frmn 
worm  holes,  heaviness,  and  firmness;  the  pieces  tliat  are  s.'nall,  liglit,  and  soft,  or  very  frialilti 
and  fibrous,  should  he  rejected.  The  best  preserved  ginger  is  nearly  translueent;  it  should 
be  chosen  of  a  bright  yellow  colour ;  rejecting  that  which  is  dark-eoloured,  fibrous,  or 
stringy. — (Milbiirn'ii  Orinit.  Cnminrrce ;   Tfiniiisoii's  I)i'j>eii>ititor!/.) 

Till'  roiisiiiiiiitii)n  of  irinL'nr  is  Imt  Iritlliiir,  not  pxrecdiiiff  j.oafl  i-wt.  a  voir.  Tlii«  la  prlnrl|)iilly  to  tin 
llsrrllieilto  llii>  ii|ipr('!<Kivi;  ilntles  Willi  wliUli  it  is  linriliMHil,  lln'y  liein:.''  nn  k-ss  than  'il.  V.lt.  a  cwt.  na 
fore  i(.'ii  aiimiT,  anil  ll.<.  on  that  hrniijiht  frmii  a  Urilisli  pnssi'iiaiiiii.  'I'he  roveiiiie  ileriviil  frniii  it  U 
abiinl  .'l.'i.^lV.  a  year;  a  sniii  wiiiili  iiilt'lit  he  iloiilli'il  l>y  rcilinii:!.'  the  iliili'S  nn  all  ilisrriptioiiH  efuin- 
er  111  T.4.  a  cwt.  Or.l.'li'i  rut.  nf  uiiiuer  inipnrti'il  in  i^*.!!.  H,.'i.'il  ranie  I'runi  ilie  Itrilisii  West  Iiiriles, 
I'J  friini  till' Kast  Inilia  Company's  pn^isossioiid  aiul  C'eyluii,  "UT  from  liie  .Nethitrlands,  aiul  lUu  from 
Wiiitern  Afriia. 

(iIXSEXG  (Du. ''//'J.v^ni,',  Cinsem  f  Fr.  Ghi.irnrr ,•  Oer.  Knif/wcrzfl,  GinseniTf  It. 
Gin.ieiii;  ;  Sp.  Jiiineiis; ;  Cliin.  Ya/hidrnf  Tart.  O/v'iw/i^,  the  root  of  a  small  plant  {I'annx 
t/uini/iiifi)li'im  Lin.),  growing  in  China,  Tartary,  ami  several  parts  of  North  America. 
The  latter  is  what  we  generally  see  in  England,  and  is  an  article  of  trade  to  China,  which 
is  its  only  market.  Large  (|uantitie9  were  formerly  e.fiiorted  from  this  coutitry;  but  it  U 
now  carried  direct  to  China  by  the  Americans.  It  is  sometimes  exported  crude,  and  some- 
times cured  or  clarilied.  Within  lhe.se  few  years,  it  has  been  discovered  in  the  Himalaya 
mountains,  and  small  ipiaalilies  have  been  thence  sent  to  (.'anton  ;  but  the  speculation  hai 
not  succeeded.  It  is  only  about  'M  yea  s  since  it  began  to  be  sent  iVoin  .America  to  China. 
Previously  to  the  present  century,  the  Chinese  drew  their  supplies  from  the  wilds  of  Tar- 
tary. and  tiio  root  brought  an  exorbitant  price.  Crude  ginseng  now  sells  in  the  Cantnil 
market  at  from  00  to  70  dollars  per  picul,  and  [ircpared  at  from  70  to  80  dollars.  In  18:3-, 
there  were  sent  from  the  United  States  to  China,  407,067  lbs.  of  ginseng,  valued  at  9'J,303 
dollars. —  {I'riiate  infurmation.) 

[The  quantity  of  ginseng  exported  from  the  United  States  to  China,  in  1837,  amounted  to 
212.899  pounds,  valued  at  $108,.5;S.— ylw.  E:l.\ 

GL.\.SS  (Ger.  and  Du.  67/.-!  ,•  Fr.  Vilre,  Verrc  ;  It.  Vctrn  ;  Sp.  Vldrio  ,-  Rus.  S/c/r/o; 
liat.   VUruin),  a  transparent,  brittle,  factitious  body.     It  is  furiuuJ  by  mixlni;  together  some 


I 


ce  in  a  militnry  nnd 
and  ill  it*  iil11)riliiit{ 
(I  iiciviiniiiodalion  of 
vn  anioiiiitH  td  IVuin 
I  rx|M'iiilitiiru  ol'thu 
tho  uniriHoii,  in  timo 
ic  iinportunt  politinul 

nlnil  nl  ]  linril  (liillnm 
ItiK,  tlio  luriner  -  Hil., 

ID  «;iiili  J  U  riMiN  ciir- 
ilirmi  rt-iiU  urp  coiiiil- 

lirultar  In  current  dul- 

llnri  at  ii  purcnntngo, 

Kiiiillnh  :  uriiin  In  (iiM 
Hull.  100  111'  which  nil) 
Kdinhurgh  (laiettecr ; 

ICO  tlio  halldufsuch 

ts,  hnrlry,  or  tnrtlf, 
110,  S:c.  All  spirits 
ortnl  into  KiihIuikI, 
J   ono  %f  tlio  iiioHt 

:crn;  Sp.  Jenjibrc, 
■(bfel),  tho  roots  of 
piit  which  was  enrly 
iro  (iu^,  tho  licst  nru 
ailed  white  ijr'mirer  • 
diird,  arp  di'iioiiii- 
roots,  or  llii>  roots 
n  porlinqr  them  in 
I'li'd  into  till' jars  in 
?i'r  hiH  a  pinigoiit 
iiiiiili;?  about  n  tvvt. 
ii'd.  Tho  oxtormil 
ho  hi'iii;4  Irci'  from 
KoH,  or  very  IriaMn 
iHliiiTiit;  it  should 
loured,   fibrous,  or 

is  Is  prltii'i|Kiily  to  tin 
luii  'II.  1:1.4.  a  owl.  lilt 
e  ili'riviil  rriini  it  is 
I  ili'siri|itioiH  oftiiii- 
Itrilis'i  West  Iiidii's, 
rlaiids,  aii.l  lUu  from 

//,  G ! risen !r  •  It. 
null  plant  {l\innx 
if  North  Ameriea. 
I  to  Chimi,  which 
country;  but  it  i.i 
J  criuio,  nnd  Hoinc- 
I  in  thu  flinialnya 
(10  speculation  ha* 
Aincricii  to  China. 
I  tlic  wilds  of  Tar- 
ells  in  the  Canton 
dollars.     In  18:;j, 

valued  at  99,303 

1837,  amounted  to 

'to  1  Rus.  Rtckhi ; 
Ling  toyethur  sooie 


r.r,.\ss. 


711 


»ort  of  nilicflou*  oarth,  m  finn  Kind,  or  ponndml  flli.t,  v  ith  un  nlknli,  nuch  an  nodi,  potash 
or  pi  .irlash,  mid  xuliicctini;  iheiii  to  a  stronit  lieiit.  liy  lliis  inciins  they  uro  iiiollrd  into  a 
IfLi;, parent,  sort,  loiiaci  lus  iiiujih,  that  iniiy,  when  hot,  bo  fo  lucd  into  th  n  f 'atis,  lirnt  and 
clirtpcd  in  every  posxililc  way.  When  cool,  it  boroiiies  liritllo,  nnd  is  ili  iioniiniili  d  glaos. 
l.ilb.irni",  niliiiiini,  borax,  tho  liluck  oxide  of  niaii;'aMiwr,  «SiC.  ore  sunn  tiiiie.-i  used  in  the 
II  amiliictiu'o  of  K'aHS,  m\'iirdini(  to  llio  pnrpiwc.i  to  which  il  is  to  be  iipplicil. 
Till!  kinds  of  ^lass,  and  their  inifredicntH,  arc  stated  by  Dr.  I'ru  as  follows:  — 


" 'I  lit  It' ftfn  ,^  iliiillin  x\i..\%  F>r  rliu  .ir  jirf^rnt  imniifirlurt-l  i  — 

I.  Iliti'  1!  t.i,  .,r  n\\-M  iif  I.M'I  i  J.  I titr  4'.iM,  \r  i(liM  f'f  |)i.rt  *'v\a\ 

II.  1  r'l.Mi  i^l.Ufl.  IliK  !•■  •(   niii.t.iw  kU»«  i    4.  Ilrii;ul  |Uh,  a  i;u.iiw 
w  in  I'Mv  ^iflafl  J  ft.  fi.)ttt«i  rr  f(.inr  trtvn  (th  '•■ 

"  1,  ftml  liliut,  m  Mtiifil  ItrciiiM  rif  ll.r  iilifeniit  Iniirv'lli'nl  wi* 
nruiri'lly  riii)i|it)ii<l  In  ihii  rmii  of  frtiUiiJ  flinii.  It  iiiviw  aiAdtiir 
III*  riillnivitif  ediiipoHitiDn  I  - 

I'lirifii.)  l.iiiii  iinJ II parti. 

I.iihufi*,  or  mlli-.tl f>l  — 

I'liiilml  (jMrlntll 3U  — 

'*Tn  rprrrct  iht)  jnpn  enli.ijr  tl(»rlve<l  rrrin  Pfmil.iKtltili*  iTntfi*r,  of 
Oli<lt<  lit  iifin,  I  lltilr  bl-irlc  lis '.III  iif  Ill1nl|tllr^'■  h  «liir<l,  ai.!  ■.iinii. 
liih  •  iiilro  ;iii'l.iii.'iiic  'I  tit  fiuioii  il  a4ciiiii|.li  liufi  uitiiiiiy  iu  atiout 
30  llniiM. 

"  i.  t'liitr  0/(Ut.— (i.to'l  r.iil'iiia(«  i.f  |n<trt,  [.mciirfil  hy  tli-cnni- 
|VMtti4  r..ninii<li  Mil  wi'lt  p'Miluh,  il  6iil|il(>yi'>i  at  I|l4t  flux.     Th* 

|mi|iiiiii'>ii  of  111..  niiitriiiU  i»— 

I'lir.!  Mil. I 1.1-0 

Dry  lUli'-irtmluiBot  1'i.ii    .       -        -  2i5 

ruiR  iliiirklliiiH 4*0 

Nilrr II 

Ri'MiiniiiUtRiii.iii      ....  s'rii — inno, 


AIhi'iI  to  I'lita  111  KiMxt  |.|.ili  |t  ii«  m->y  tr  run  I  IT  fi'ilii  Oiii«e  nil'n. 
r  I'l 

*'.1,  (ViJit'ii,  vr  fiiit  n'liiifi'ujl.'lii*!. -Thh  li  nivli  of  «uiii  vilriftnj 
liy  llip  liii|  iif  t»r<ili  miitiirtr'uri- 1  ly  iiirli.ri.tiiKn  'if  *fi  mi.«>I  nt 
till  Stiiii'li*'.d  Iri.li  ■iKini.    'iln  ui  wl  i|  iiinitil  <i»iui'"i  lion  i*— 
II)   MrKi.i  n,   VM|,|,|, 

linn  »illil  piinflpil  ■        ■         >       .^        .         >     ^1 

II.-.I  llrl,    «,,„.|,l      .  .  .  .11  .  -MO 

"  4.  /Irf«i</  r;j(i,f,.-'riiia  \*  miilp  nf  a  iiiutiirn        i<M|i*li(illrrl' 

WftMf,kl*lr.  .ml  iiIkI.  "I  llli  f''r«t  li.^rH.lirnt  11.11*1, IK.I  llllif  tiiM.t  f.f 
tfn.li Tl|t«  thff  .ilk  ili  iif  111"  ifiJli  lM.,lrr  iiitiHiir,  Ihf*  IiwiIiiIiIh  iinillrf 
I.f  till  k<  1(1  nr  liirllli,  mill  i  iimnliiy  nf  ^.ill  iiuil  »;tlrr,  iM  In  a  ni.tir 
•Ir**.  Ttii-  pfi.i.dri.ni.i  iiH-tturily  v  if),  i  of  llm  i».iii  i*,  1  if  kilfi. 
itiil  I  nf  iinil,  fnnn  \  |.riilly  (^ikmI  binvl  ,(1  iM,  Tiny  ari  niuvj 
I..I.  lliiT,  ilru'l.nnl  frir.l. 

'*A.  BoW9  tltttja  il  tl.0  rr.ira.^l  kiiiil.  It  il  mile  of  ■'.iptirn' 
M  !i,i|,  mill  fivdr  «n.l,  In  I'l'il'i.itiniil  ivtinh  |if;n  icc  ii.nl'  ititi-rn.nni 
aci-'.r.linf  tn  llii  qinn'i'y  '  f  In'  u  i.fr  :  h.nn' ^ni]  tfiltm  rtlni  liii^ 
llinre   •.[illna   mit'rr,  lli.l  rtliriii  I'tH,  fMlii    'lieir   k'l|i<.     Li.iniiirin 

K.III.I  mil  liiiif,  Willi  1  liitiu  inMui.iin  tiny  .ami  tt-a  iili,  rnrin  i  vIim  > 

llnxtuiu  f'lrLiitllc  ijl^uil." 


1,  lli.itori'cal  Xdlicru  wilh  rrihct  to  (ilais. — Tho  inanufacturo  of  ;  (Wii  in  one  of  the  very 
hi^jhest  beaiity  nnd  utility.  It  i-t  in  )»t  probablo  that  wo  nru  iiidelitivi  (or  tills  wondorfi'l  art, 
as  wii  are  for  t!  Kill  of  letters,  to  tho  I'lKeidciins.  Accordin.;  to  I'liny  (lll.i/.  A^../.  lib. 
xx.xvi.  c.  20.,)  nl.iss  had  been  niaile  for  many  iif;es,  of  tand  found  near  liie  mouth  if  tho 
small  river  Uilus  in  I'liceniciii.  "Tho  report,"  nays  ho  "is,  lluit  tlie  ere  a  of  a  iiii  .chant 
•hip  laden  with  nitre  (fossil  alkali)  haviiiir  uscil  soiiio  |iicci  sof  il  to  hu|i,'  irt  the  keP'  <  placed 
on  tho  fires  thoy  had  made  on  the  sand,  were  .urpri.sed  to  seo  |iiece8  foiiiicd  of  a  tr.inslucent 
Rubhtaiico,  or  glass.  This  was  a  miiricienl  hint  for  tho  nianuiiictuio.  !ii';cnuity  (a.slutu  ft 
tnntiiiui'U  mtlertiii)  was  iminediately  at  work,  to  improve  the  proriMs  thus  happily  suenostei,. 
lieneo  tho  mai^iictieal  stono  came  to  be  added,  from  nii  idea  that  it  eotitaini  d  not  only  iron, 
but  f;lass.  They  al.io  u.icd  clear  pebbli's,  shells,  and  fo.ssil  sand.  Itidiin  glass  i  :■!  to  be 
fornii'd  of  native  crystal,  ami  is  on  that  nccouni  superior  to  every  i.  !ier.*  Plin  .liciai  jlnpij 
is  prepared  with  liuht  dry  wood,  to  which  copper  ami  nitre  are  added,  tho  last  i  ,iiic:  prinri- 
pally  liioiiirlit  from  Ophir.  It  is  ocensioiially  tiiiLjeil  with  dill'eieut  colours.  Souk  times  it  is 
brought  to  the  ilesired  shape  by  heiii'j;  blown,  soinetiiues  by  beiui;  (.'round  on  a  lallio,  and 
sometimes  it  is  onibos.sed  like  filver."  fSidon,  ho  ndils,  is  fumoiis  tor  this  inanufactiiie.  It 
was  there  »liat  mirrors  were  lirst  invented.  In  Pliny's  timo,  glass  was  made  in  Italy,  of  fine 
sand  on  tho  shore  between  Cnmin.nnd  the  Lucrinebay. 

Ch^s  was  luanufaclured  at  Komo  into  various  iirticles  of  cnnven!eiice  and  ornament. 
Pliny  mentions  that  Nero  gave  6,000  sesterces  (■'50,000/.  nceonlin;;  to  tho  ordii,  uy  method 
of  reckoni!!?)  for  two  glass  cups,  each  havinir  two  handles!  These,  however,  must  have 
been  of  an  immense  size  and  of  exquisite  workmanship;  for  glass  was  then  in  eomnion  use 
for  driiikinp;  vessels,  and  WAi  used  c\cn  in  the  forinof  botlliM  in  which  to  keep  wine. —  (Muii. 
Epiir.  lib,  ii.  22.  40.,  and  lib.  iv.  8fi.) 

There  is  no  authentic  cvidonco  of  glass  being  used  in  windows  previously  to  the  third  or 
fourth  ceniury ;  .and  then,  and  for  long  alter,  it  was  used  only  in  rhunhes  and  other  public 
buildings.  In  this  country,  oven  so  late  as  the  latter  part  of  tho  Hi.Kte.'nth  century,  gUms  was 
very  rarely  met  with.  In  a  survey  of  Alnwick  I'a.Ule,  made  .  ''-73,  it  is  stated — "And, 
because  throwc  extreme  winds,  the  glassc  of  the  windowes  of  .' 'i  ;.  I  other  my  loi'd's  ci;  les 
and  houses  hero  in  the  country  dooth  decay  and  waste,  yt  were  ^;iiod  tho  whole  leight.-  of 
cveiio  windowo,  at  the  departure  of  hi.j  lordshippo  from  lyimjo  at  any  of  his  said  ca.-tels,  and 
houses,  and  (louring  the  tyine  of  his  lordsliip's  absence,  or  others  lyingo  in  them,  were  taken 
douno  and  lade  ip  in  safety:  And  at  sooche  time  as  athi  •:  his  lordsbipjie  or  gnie  other  sholdo 
lye  at  anie  of  the  said  jilaces,  tho  same  might  then  be  s"t.  u|)po  of  newe,  with  sniale  charges, 
whereas  now  tho  deeaye  tliereof  shall  be  verio  cost'  .e  ad  chargeable  to  bo  rcpayred." — {Nurlli, 
Hiiuxh.  Hank,  xvii.)  Sir  V,  M.  Eden  thinks  it  jirobablo  that  gla.-is  windows  viero  not  intro- 
duced into  farmhouses  in  England  much  before  the  reiiTn  of  .Fames  I.  They  are  montioned 
in  a  lease  in  101.^,  in  a  parish  in  SiillMk.  In  Scotland,  however,  as  l.ito  as  IGfil,  tho  win- 
dows of  ordinary  country  houses  were  not  glazed,  ami  only  the  upp'T  parts  of  even  those  in 
the  king's  palaces  had  glass  ;  the  lower  ones  having  two  wooden  uliuttors,  to  open  at  pleasure, 
and  admit  tho  fresh  air.  Froi..  a  passage  in  Harrison's  Dc'-cripHan  nf  Emxhiul,  it  may  he 
inferred  that  glass  was  introduced  into  country  houses  in  the  reign  of  Homy  VIII.     He  says, — 

ndia  In  tliR  nso  of  I'litiv,  it  has  siiiri!  falli-n  off 


very  iiiiiih  ;  linliaii  lilasa  biM 


■iptii 


w  aliiiiil  the  vi'ry  worst  lliat  is  iiiail'i.    Al  present,  thi;   Ilimlong 


ni»tiiifac(iir(>  il  ol'  frasiiipiits  of  liroliiMi  (.Muss,  iiitarlz  snml,  iiml  iiiiiinre  soila,— an  article  toiiml  iiutive 
ill  iiiaiiv  parts  of  Itiiliii,  p,irti(iiliirly  in  tin:  snntli.  'I'iK!  I'lirnad's  iiri'  so  liail  ih;it  they  oiiiiiinl  melt  oar 
cimiiiiuM  lintlle  iiiass.— (//ii«iii(ii7i*.<  Miifore.  vol.  iii.  p.  .ITfl.)  Tlio  glass  of  China  is  luucli  belter  llian 
Uiut  uf  India,  lliuugh  slill  vury  iiifcriui:  to  Ihut  uf  Europu. 


I 


I 


I'! 


m 


I 


I  I 


712 


GLASS. 


'•  Of  old  time,"  (meaning,  prol)abiy ,  the  beginning  of  the  century,)  "  our  countrio  houses  in- 
stead of  gUtsse  (lid  use  much  lattice,  und  tliat  made  cither  of  wicker  or  fine  rit'ls  of  okc  in 
checkerwise.  I  read  alt^o  t!wt  some  of  tiie  better  sort,  in  and  before  tiie  time  of  the  Saxons, 
did  make  panels  of  home  instead  of  glasse,  and  fix  them  in  wooden  calmcs  (casements)  ;  but 
as  home  in  windowcB  is  now  (1584)  quite  laid  downe  in  everie  place,  so  our  lattiscs  are  also 
growne  into  disuse,  because  gl.isse  is  come  to  be  so  plentiful,  and  within  verie  little  so  good, 
cheape,  if  not  better  tlvii  the  other."  Glass  is  now  introduced  into  the  windovv:i  of  almost 
every  cottage  of  Great  Britain  ;  and  in  this  cold,  damp  climate,  it  ought  rather  to  be  consi'!ered 
as  a  necessary  of  life,  than  as  the  most  elegant  and  useful  of  conveniences.  What  Dr. 
Johnson  has  said  as  to  glass  deserves  to  be  quoted. — "  By  some  fortuitous  liquefaction  was 
mankind  taught  to  produce  a  body  at  once  in  a  high  degree  solid  and  transparent,  which 
might  admit  the  light  of  the  sun,  and  exclude  the  violeucc  of  the  wind ;  which  might  extend 
the  sight  of  the  philosopher  to  new  ranges  of  existence,  and  charm  him  at  one  time  with  the 
unbounded  extent  of  the  material  creation,  and  at  another  with  the  endless  subordination  of 
animal  life;  and,  what  is  yet  of  more  importance,  might  supply  the  decays  of  nature,  and 
succour  old  age  with  subsidiary  sight.  Thus  was  the  first  artificer  in  gl.iss  employed,  though 
without  his  own  knowledge  or  expectation.  He  was  facilitating  and  prolonging  the  enjoy- 
ment of  light,  enlarging  the  avenues  of  science,  and  conferring  the  highest  and  most  lasting 
pleasures;  he  was  enabling  the  student  to  contemplate  nature,  and  the  beauty  to  l)ehold 
herself."— (ii!rtmi/er.  No.  9.) 

Venice,  for  a  long  time,  excelled  all  Europe  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  but  was  subse- 
quently rivalled  by  France.  The  manufacture  was  early  introduced  into  England  ;  but  it  was 
not  carried  on  to  any  extent  previously  to  the  ICth  century.  'I'he  first  plates  for  looking- 
glasses  and  coach  windows  wore  made  in  1(573,  at  Lambeth,  by  Venetian  artists  under  the 
protection  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  The  British  Plate  Company  was  incorporated  in 
1773,  when  it  erected  its  extensive  works  at  Ravenliead.  near  St.  Helen's,  in  Iiancashirc. 
The  manufacture  was  at  first  conducted  by  workmen  from  Franco,  whence  we  had  jireviously 
brought  all  our  plate  glass.  But  that  which  is  now  made  at  llavenhcad,  at  Liverpool,  and 
London,  is  equal  or  superior  to  any  imported  from  the  Continent. 

It  is  difficult  to  form  any  precise  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  glass  annually  produced  in 
Great  Britain.  We  believe,  however,  that  it  cannot  amount  to  less  than  2,000, 000/. ;  and 
that  the  workmen  employed  in  the  dilTerent  departments  of  the  manufacture  exceed  50,000. 

2.  Duties  on  Gloss.— The  clasB  intinnOirture  is  sul)ii!rteil  to  Ihn  exrise ;  and  it  is  (lifRtuU  to  say 
wlietlier  the  repiilalloiis  utiili'r  wliich  ilie  ilmy  is  oliarpMJ,  or  llie  duly  ilsulf,  be  iiinsi  oppri'i  sive.  'Ilia 
wealth  ami  poiuiliilioii  of  llie  country  liavu  more  lti:iii  dmibliMi  siiKi:  1"!K) ;  and  vf  nre  well  lonviiiied 
llliit,  liad  the  (jlii?s  manufacture  nnt  hccn  Interfered  with,  It  would  have  incre.ised  in  a  still  {.'feater 
ratio.  Hut  iuKtoad  of  ndvnnirin<;,  it  has  positively  df!(  lined  ;  and  is  nctnally  U-ss  at  this  iniinient  llian 
il  was  40  years  ago  !  So  extraordinary  a  result  is  «  holly  to  be  asirihed  to  the  e.X'iibitiint  excess  to 
whiih  the  duties  have  been  carrieil.  Instead,  howeveri  of  subinilting  any  remarks  of  our  own  in 
vindiialion  of  this  view  of  the  subject,  we  sliail  talse  the  liberty  of  layiii)!  before  the  reader  the  fol- 
lowin?  extract  from  the  spi>crh  delivered  by  Mr.  I'oiilett  Thompson,  in  the  House  ol  ('oinnu)tis,  ^fith 
of  March,  lii:)0,— a  spiM'(  h  w  liich  coiiiliiiies,  in  a  degree  rarely  exiiibiled,  a  fi'.niliar  knowledgi;  of  prac- 
lical  detads  and  of  s.iun.i  seienliilc  prim  iples.  That  the  administration  of  which  Ihc  Itichl  lion,  dcu- 
tleman  is  a  ilislinguisbed  memlier,  has  not  yet  proposed  the  repeal  of  this  oppressive  tax,  is  mit,  we 
are  sure,  owing  to  his  colleaiues  differing  in  opinion  with  him  as  lo  its  iuip(duy,  but  is  whnlly  to  be 
ascribed  to  other  causes — lo  the  res  iliira  el  nani  noviias — the  dilliculty  of  lindiiig  a  substitute,  ami  the 
urgency  of  the  claims  for  relief  advanced  by  others, 

"The  t'.-oss  duly  on  ulass  for  tlie  year  I"'-N  ann)nnted,  in  fJreat  FJrilain  (exclusive  of  Ireliiml),  to 
9.00,103/.,  and  Ow  liett  duty  to  SisO.TTO/. ;  the  diOerence  being  eillier  returned,  or  sacritlced  in  lUv.  col- 
lection. And  here  I  WtUild  entreat  the  Ilousi!  to  remark,  that  for  the  sake  of  such  a  sum  as  .MliMIOOi,, 
a  charge  of  collection  on  nearly  1,000,00(1;.  is  incurreil.  The  duly  is  (iii.  per  poumi  on  tiiiil,  but  eciual 
to  ~il.  from  the  mode  of  its  collection  ;  in  other  words,  upwards  of  100  per  cen.. ;  Ihi'  glass,  when 
made,  selling  for  Is.  to  Is.  2</.  This  duty,  ton,  is  very  much  reduced  from  wliat  il  was  ;  and  here  the 
Ilouse  will  idiserve  an  admiraldc  illnsiration  of  the  etl''i  t  of  heavy  duties  oti  censiinip'.inn,  ami  coii- 
fpqnently  on  revenue.  In  I7'H,  the  lust  \ear  on  wliich  the  duty  was  \l.  ly.  .W.  per  cwt.  for  plate  and 
flint,  and  other  kinds  in  proportion,  the  quantities  paying  duty  were  as  follow  : — 

riinl  anil  PlilB.  Ilnvvl.  t'nmn.  noltli-. 

Civt.  07,615     -        -        -        .    20,1)07     .        -        -        -    83,010    ...        -    2'i7,176 

The  duties  were  successively  raised  to2/.!l.i. ;  and  at  List,  by  Mr.  Vansillart,  in  pursuit  of  his  fivourite 
theory,  in  1SI3,  to  4/.  lbs. !  and  let  us  see  the  result.    In  18|0,  the  consumption  had  declined  to 

ri'c.  B^a^  Cnnvii.  It^eli'. 

Cwt.  20,000    .        -        -        -      ti.HO    .        .        -        .    5;,,502    ....     I,'j.',,6'.l5 

In  182.').  gnvcrninent  saw  a  part  of  tlieir  error,  and  reduced  the  duty  by  one  half,  still  heaving  it  too 
liigli ;  but  mark  th-;  etfuct.  In  102.1,  the  last  year  for  which  I  have  the  returns,  the  cunsumptiun 
roi-e  to 

P'ati'.  V.T<a\,  Cmwn  Iinll'r. 

Cwt.  .b,l3t     ....       li.OoO     ....     00,0113     ....     2ai,fc0l 

Btill,  however,  only  alioiit  the  same  as  in  1701.  It  appears,  tlieri'fore.  that  notwilhstundiiiL'  tlie  in. 
rrease  of  p,^|iulalioii  and  general  lii.Mirj.  the  cr^n■illnl|>lilln  has  been  keni  down  by  yonr  iin|irovident 
fvstem.  and  is  ncMrilly  now  less  th.m  it  was  H5  years  ago.  Hut  liercauain,  the  diiiy  is  far  from  being 
tiie  greatest  evil,  l.et  any  one  turn  to  the  act :  he  will  llnd  32  clauses  ol  reL'ulalions,  penalties,  and 
prohibitions :  all  Vi  xali^us  to  llii>  maiiufn-iurer.  and  all  lo  be  palil  f.  r  by  tin'  public.  1  have  said  tii'it 
the  duly  i>n  'lint  glass  is  liJ.  per  pound  ;  the  tlass.  when  made,  selling't'or  I  Hut  the  e\(  is.'  oilic  er 
has  the  power  of  imposing  the  duty,  either  when  the  glass  is  in  llie  pot,  :iil.  ,ier  pound,  or  after  il  has 
been  turned  out,  at  0'/. ;  the  glass  wluwi  turm:d  out,  g.iiuing  1(10  percent.  Il  is  loiind  mot'  luhaii- 
tageo\is  lo  the  revenue  toexaci  tlie  duly  on  glass  in  the  pot, at  .'W. ;  and  in  Ibis  way  the  duly  is  raised 
to7i<.    Nor  id  this  all.    The  iiianufact'uror  iii  driven  by  this  melliod  iiilu  the  iiec'esbity  of  producing 


GLASS. 


713 


r  countrie  houses  in- 
r  fine  rills  of  ol<c  in 
3  time  of  the  Saxons, 
1CS  (casements) ;  but 

0  our  lattices  arc  also 

1  vcrie  little  so  good, 
c  windows  of  almost 
itlier  to  be  consi'V-rcd 
iiiuiiccs.  Wliat  Dr. 
ous  liquefaction  was 
J  transpareiit,  which 
which  niii,'ht  extend 
iit  one  time  with  the 
osa  subordination  of 
ecays  of  nature,  and 
.s.scmiiloyed,  though 
rolonging;  the  cnjoy- 
lest  and  most  lasting 
ho  beauty  to  behold 

class,  but  was  siibsc- 
En^^land  ;  but  it  was 
:  platrs  for  looking- 
an  arti.sts  under  the 
was  incorporated  in 
en's,  in  Ijancashirc. 
c  we  had  previously 
d,  at  Liverpool,  and 

nnually  produced  In 
in  2,00(),0()0/. ;  and 
ture  exceed  50,000. 

il  it  is  (lilticiilt  ti)  say 

iiioftt  opijrcisive.    'I'lio 

fi'  ;irt!  W(!ll  I'linviiiced 

rd  in  a  still  fireMpr 

It  lliis  inoiiiiMit  iliun 

exorbitant  iixccss  to 

irks  of  Diir  nwn  in 

llu^  rc'iidir  tlic  fiil- 

fi  111  ('(iinnioiis  20ili 

Icnnwli'dfli!  (if  pr.TC- 

I'lc  Kielil  lliin.  <,'cii- 

ssivi!  tax.  is  nui.  we 

liiu  is  wiMlly  ID  he 

a  .salistiiutB,  uiiil  the 

usive  of  Ireland),  to 
irriOcod  in  tli(!  mi- 
ll a  sum  as  .')()i),(l(ini., 
d  on  Hint,  hut  e(inal 
1.. ;  the  jrlass,  wliea 
was  ;  and  lien,'  tliu 
nsiinipliiiii,  anil  cuii. 
r  cwl.  fur  plate  and 

Itotllp. 

-  227, 176 

suit  iif  Ills  fivourite 
d  declined  to 

n.'iiii-. 

-  l.')5,505 

still  leavini!  it  too 
s,  tlie  ciinsiiuiptiun 

nntiv. 

-  224,804 

iilisiandiri!.'  Ilie  in- 
yimr  iiiipnividcnt 
ly  is  far  frnm  heinn 
ions,  iKMniltii's.  and 
I  have  sani  liru 
t  the  e\iis.'  ollirer 
mill,  or  Hl'ier  il  lias 
mid  niiit  '  aihan- 
>■  the  duly  is  raised 
useity  of  proUiicing 


frequently  an  article  which  Iir  does  not  want.  lie  makes  the  fine  rilaas  frnm  the  middle ;  the  coarser 
fVoin  llie  top  and  bott'nn  of  the  pot.  He  frequently  wants  only  line  glaua,  and  he  would  re-melt  the 
flux  of  tlio  coarser  parts  if  hu  had  not  paid  duty  upon  it ;  but  of  course  hu  is  unable  to  do  so.  All 
tlie  glass  iiianufacturerj  w  lioni  I  have  consulted,  aprce  that  tlie  whole  cost  of  the  excise  to  ilie  con- 
sumer, besides  the  duty,  which  is  100  per  cent,  is  25  per  cent. ;  and  besides  there  is  great  inconve- 
nience and  oppression  from  the  frauds  that  are  daily  taking  place.  And  observe  tlic  etfuct  which  is 
produced  upon  your  trade,  both  at  home  and  abroad. 

*•  A  manufacturer  wlio  has  lately  travelled  through  France,  the  Netherlands,  and  Germany,  has 
Bssiireil  me  that  onr  manufacturers  could  advantaL'enusly  cope  with  foreigners,  were  it  not  fur  thu 
duties  imposed  by  the  government.  Labour  is  as  cheap  in  this  country,  our  ingiiinily  is  greater,  and 
the  materials  are  also  as  cheap ;  it  is,  then,  the  vexatious  onerous  duty  alone  that  gives  the  foreign 
maniifuctiircr  the  advantage  over  the  Knglish.  Uut  the  effect  of  the  duty  goes  further :  it  operates 
to  prevent  all  iinprovenient  in  the  article;  because,  to  improve,  experiments  must  be  made;  but  a 
man  with  a  duty  of  125  per  cent,  over  his  head,  is  not  very  likely  to  make  many  experiments.  This 
argument  .applies  especially  with  respect  to  colours.  A  manufacturer  has  assured  me  that  he  has  never 
been  able  to  produce  a  beautiful  red,  because  the  duties  have  prevented  his  trying  the  necessary  ex- 
periments, without  his  incurring  a  great  risk  or  loss.  Thus  a  miserable  duty,  amounting  to  only 
5U0,O0U/.,  and  upon  which  a  charge  of  10  per  cent,  is  made  for  collecting,  is  allowed  to  impede  our 
native  industry,  and  to  put  a  stop  to  all  improvement,  and  be  a  source  of  endless  oppre.'^sion  ard 
fraud.  I  really  cannot  believe  that  the  legislature  will  resist  such  an  appeal  as  the  manufacturers 
of  this  article  could  make  to  thein,  or  refuse  to  relieve  them  from  tlie  gratuitous  injury  which  is  in- 
flicted on  them." 

The  following  accounts  show,  better  than  any  reasoning,  the  injurious  influence  of  the  existing 
duties. — Inslead  of  increasing,  as  it  certainly  would  have  done,  had  il  not  been  crushed  by  exorbitant 
duties,  the  glass  manufacture  has  gone  on  progressively  declining  from  the  period  when  Mr.  Tlnmipson 
made  the  excellent  speecli  now  quoted,  down  to  the  present  day.  The  falling  ofl'  in  the  bottle  glass 
department  is  particularly  striking.  Tlie  duties  being  so  very  high,  tlie  necessity  of  giving  drawbacks 
on  the  glass  exported  opens  a  wide  door  to  every  species  of  fraud.  If  the  duly  must  be  kept  up,  it 
ought,  at  all  events,  to  be  reduced  a  half,  and  simpliOed  as  much  ns  possilile.  This  would  materially 
relieve  the  manufacture  ;  and  would  not,  we  feel  confident,  occasion  the  smallest  loss  of  revenue.  It 
is  nioiiHtroiis,  indeed,  to  see  destructive  duties  tenaciously  defended  on  tlic  stale  and  stupid  pretence 
of  their  being  necessary  to  the  preservation  of  the  revenue,  when,  in  point  of  fact,  there  is  not  a 
single  distance  in  which  they  have  been  reduced,  tiiat  the  revenue  has  not  increased. 

I,  Account  of  the  Number  of  Glass-houses  respectively  employed  in  the  Manufacture  of  Droad, 
Crown,  Flint,  Plate,  and  Common  Bottle  Glass,  in  each  Year,  from  1829  to  1832  inclusive,  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 


Tears. 

Broad  Glass. 

Crown. 

Flint 

I'lalc. 

Coiiiiiion  BotUe 
Glasi. 

1829 

a 

28 

54 

3 

42 

183U 

3 

25 

5i 

2 

39 

1831 

2 

24 

55 

2 

36 

1832 

2 

28 

59 

2 

39 

II.  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Flint,  Plate,  Broad,  Crown,  and  Bottle  Glass,  charged  with  tlio 
Duty  in  each  Year,  from  1829  to  1832,  respectively,  with  the  Rates  of  Excise  Duty  and  Revenue 
accruing  thereon. 


v--  s. 

Rate 

of 

Duly. 

Plate. 

Raif 
nf 

Duly 

Rale 
Droail.      or 
Duly. 

Crown. 

Rale 

of 
Duly. 

nnll'.e 
Gla». 

Rale 

of 

Duly. 

Gross  Duty. 

Dniv.b.acfc. 

Revenue. 

Cwl. 

1829  70,2'iO 

1830  72,912 

1831  75,619 
1832,75,771 

t. 
56 

ficl. 
14,484 
13,301 
'5,007 
12,270 

CO 

Cvl. 

0,801 

4,845 

.5,915 

5,304 

30 

CUI(.           «.        L.'. 

114,862  73  0 
90,505  . 
100,080 ' 
103,902  1 

Cwt. 
382,894 
310,793 
293,808 
310,,305 

1. 

7 

/..        1.    rf. 
^i3 1,809  18  10 
725,597     1    3 
730,512    0    1 
748,097    3  11 

/..       ».  rf. 
221.791  17  2 
182,078    4  8 
201,1.52    2  0 
180,505    7  8 

i.       I.  rf. 
007.015    1  8 
,')42,0I8  10  7 
532.359  18  1 
558,531  16  3 

III.  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  British-made  Glass  retained  for  Home  Consumption,  with  the 
Imports  of  Foreign  Glass  entered  for  Home  Consumption ;  the  Amount  of  Customs  Duty  on  the 
latter,  and  tlie  Nett  Revenue  arising  from  British  Glass,  in  each  Year,  from  1829  to  1832,  both  In- 
clusive. 


British. 

Foreigu.                                                1 

Yean. 

Flint. 

Ciil. 
49,004 
48,003 
48,^87 
49,552 

Plate. 

Broad. 

Crown. 

Bollle. 

Plilc. 

Croivn. 

BotUe. 

Revenue  on 
F'Tcirn 
Glass. 

Nell  Revenue  on 
Ilrltish  Glass. 

1829 
IS30 
1831 
1832 

Cml. 
14,209 
13,0,57 
14,796 
11,990 

Cwl. 
0,804 
4,815 
5,915 
5,304 

(■wl. 
97,134 
84,178 
83,527 
90,253 

Cwl. 
209,802 
10,5,519 
143.!'89 
151,705 

S,/.  F.el. 

1,703 

1,436 

803 

717 

Cwl. 
152 
104 
101 
25 

QuaiU. 
704,778 
713.708 
003,454 
645,526 

/.. 
10,708 
10,411 
15,811 
14,532 

/,.         «.  rf. 
610,307     1  8 
.520,.')07  16  7 
510,518  18  1 
513,909  10  3 

(Compiled  from  the  Pari,  PajtcrSi  Nob.  304.  and  747,    8t'gs.  1833.) 

3.  Rei^ilationt  ns  to  the  Manufacture  nf  ft'/dw— The  excise  re-  |  anJ  ni.irk  Urn  i">ts  as  thi-y  tliink  fil;  my  attempt  tnnbstruci  the  ntficert 
pila'inirt  With  rt'-tiiect  In  irl.iss  are  iiuiiicri)us,  cmnplex,  ami  iiilnrccl  j  sopniplnytii  iiinirs  ;i  piiialty  of  ^00/.':  llie  ouiitfifL'jtiti^.allei int;,  or 


under  hc:ivy  pi*n:iflie«.  We  c.iii  nntirt  only  a  few  of  the  lp.i.liiij?  re- 
giilitioiiS.  AM  );l.i«s  linkers  musi  t.ikf^  out  a  licetice,  rciiewalflo  an* 
iiu:\IU-.  which  costs  20/,  for  e.ich  «;laH8-hfni^e ;  anJ  they  ni"rt  n.nke 
enlrv'.it  the  nex'  eitciw  nilioe  nf  nil  workhouses,  fiiri;nces.  pnlB.  pot- 
chi(irit'n<,niiii'-nlini[  au'tii'H,  u-.tn^tifunes,  be.  iimltT  a  penalty  of  2(V)I. 
fi't  pnt  is  to  lie  chvnfed  without  KiviiiK  titfr/nt!  hours' prrvioiH  notice, 
In  u  riling,  tit'  Hie  time  of  Ijczuiiiitiff.  the  weight  of  nii:|.il,  nml  <<pect(*9 
of  eliis'i,  till  pain  of  :>0l.  If,  after  noiicf  ^iveu  ami  a  enjge  taken  by 
1  e  ofli.'cr, any  nnterial  nr  preparaiion  be  put  intnany  pot, a  penalty 
of  50/  is  ii.curre  I ;  liijt  if  [\\v.  muiufactun*  be  of  lint  (tla^t,  ilic  p(f* 
mby  i"*  *U0/.  Mannf.ictirers  of  flint  «'*««  are  nIlou-n|  3  hours  tor 
bciinnni)!  tn charge  Iheir  [Kits  .ifter  Il;f  time  uptrithil  in  ihi  ir  notia-N. 
Eiilrii'S  ot'ttic  cpmn'ities  inailc  are  lo  lie  mile  in  wriliiu;,  upon  oatti, 
anl  ihe<lu*iiY  paiil  intuiih!}  in  [/lotion,  aii<l  uveri  6  wecki  in  the 
C'lmitiy.  Duty  upon  nnteiVils  Io:'t  or  ipoilct  is  allowcl  for,  upon 
duf  proof  iKiiiic  nu  le  of  ijn-  fic*.  (Ifficens  at  all  liimn,  by  day  und 
Di^'ht,  are  tn  hnve  accv»  to  vrui  liliuusetf  &c,  (u  gaugo  tbe  iuateriatsi 


3o2 


90 


t'lfacing  any  niarks  niadt*  by  tlie  oftkers  is  visili.d  with  a  penalty  of 
fiOO/. ;  a  penalty  nf  200i.  beinR  also  iinposeii  upon  any  tuie  procuring 
or  conniving  at  its  bi- in»  doni'.  ( Iflicers  are  entitled  tn  t»kc  taniplti, 
lint  cxcpediii>r  4  nunccs  in  all.  nut  of  tarb  pot :  puyiiiK  for  Di.ni.  if 
demanded,  \'2d.  an  ounce.  'I'bc  wholt  of  tbe  me'jil  lntt:uiif>l  to  1/a 
niamifaciure'l  iulo  coHinioii  eliss  bottles  '.%  lobe  work'-d  wbhin  16 
b'lurtt  next  afUT  the  same  shall  le  beicun  ;  and  wht:n  Ine  bottlut  are 
d.-p.iiited  in  tbe  annealing  arrbes.  manufActim  rs  are  aeain.  in  iba 
pi-esence  of  iheoflicer,  tn  charge  ea'h  pot  wi'h  frisb  nn'eri.ilft,  otbi^r 
than  lin>kiu  glass,  not  less  fh.m  .V)  !l)s.  wciirhi ;  an<I  niTiantinns  aio 
to  be  ilelivt-red,  lu  wnliuKt  of  thu  uuniliei-  tf  such  UillUs,  vn  penalty 
nf  100/. 

Manuf  icturcrs  of  f(lass  bottb-a  are  lo  aftix  proper  bonks  or  tUp'e*, 
\y'i\U  scab'ji  and  wcii^hts,  to  be  np]  rovtd  i>f,  in  »  riiiiit',  l^y  tht  sur- 
veyor or  suptrviior,  ui.der  a  pi  iialty  of  '^01. ;  Ibe  usini:  :ui;'  false  or 
hisnOicient  Hcalua  or  w'cigbU  iu  tbe  weiifhiug  uf  bc'ttei*,  iiicun  a 
penailf  of  tUOf. 


714 


GLASS. 


fl 


Kollf 111  iro  not  to  H  tlvfn  fnr  dnwtnt  o"t  lintt'w,  but  nnly  tie*  '  nr  nnv  nllier  htnrf  BtiWunf ^  nthor  tbiin  flint  fliM,  or  phlnl  irliw,  rrf 
Iwran  H  nVI'hk  iit  (Iik  ninrnitiK  nri'  b  In  Itir  !irti'rii(N<rt  hro.i.l  icImi,  or  rnnvn  ^Um,  in  .uiv  ca  h,  Imx,  it  i  lit-nl  rnni.iiniii^    ' 

Nii  (-1-)  Ml  itli^o.  DrOiTiiMii  mIicC.  gl.iHt,  (ir  lir>i.i  I  nr  *|ini<I  u-jixlitw  fljul  tEhisi,  <.c  pHcknift  nr  )p.tikt- 1  r<tr  i:\|''ir1:tli'iii  on  ilniMhiuk.  Itio 
l;in.  Rtiill  l)ii  ihiiiic  nf  irre.ttiT  Ihicktii'itii,  rxclixliiitr  the  niitnt  or     piimoii  m  (iilt-iuliiiK  sli^ll  f^r  ('^(  li  anct*  <>ll'  nf^  ntrfnt  ;^i)<).'.,  itiii  all 

llinii  ;iii  t  ihe  &<  Ivi,;!'  or  rim  IliiriTnf,  tli;iii  one  nintli  pirt  nf  an     mirli  al:ns  l>ri'  k,  nifinp,  or  ntlicr  li  -.ivy  itiluiaucu  coiitainci  iliireiu 
ii;.-Ii,  tinl.-'i  iin'ire  aImII  Iwm'  In  en  ^ivrn  lint  il  Hu  iiitctite-I  lo     tliill  lie  Inrfiite)  -^{.'li  (Jiv.  3.  c.  77.  mh:'.  7.) 
Ill  A  mi  fnr  I  tit'-  ihc  .iiiM.il  in(«  pl,it«  <!&<•«,  ,init  Hh*  duty  on  pUlo  gHia  ho  i      Any  iH^imtn  al'miu  or  clrfirin^  kiiv  iii.iikio:)  ntiy  r\9k,  tiox,  Sic, 
|vii<l  lli<-r>  111  —iSui  (lir  Sl:itiili-9  in  Hum's  JuAtur,  .Mirru'tlN  nl.  vjI.  ,  cnriLiiliiiK  t(l  ^t^  fm  t'X(»trt.i'iiiii,  rx}j|tviiii(  tlio  \v(<i|<lit    la  I  tiiiC  fpf 
li.  pp.  IMi— 2i«.)  I  micli  I'Jink,  Ar.,  or  llir  wt-mlit  of  (tia  hUm  !li  n-iii,  or  Ihc  liiiiP  or 

r.)r  ail  AiYiiiiiI  «if  tlic  (lil'irson  fnrriitti  ptisH  iiiit»iir')'tl  inln  (trc.it      pi  u'n  of  puking,  itr  the  iiiiiiibtT  of 'In*  r:»sk,  Ac,  hti.ill   for  %'Mh 
nrimin.  ■iiiil  the  .lni\'  Imk.iVc.  allowed  upon  the  cxporcilioii  of  Hrl-  |  o  ifnc«  fmfi'ii  M)l,,  n'iih  thn  tcliM.— Seel.  H. 
ti«h-ni  «Ib  %U>a,  «ec  TarijJ',  i      'I'hi!  ntliuirs  of  ( x*iw  .irc  to  hranJ  i)r  iinrk  ev<'iy  r.isk,  Nix,  Ac. 

4.  *;j-/J»»(7oium  o/"  fr/a«.— It  is  cnarfH  hy  utit.  G  Oi-o.  t.  c.  117.,  j  of  gl.in  for  eximrlalioii  wiih  the  h-l'^rj  K.  (1. ;  aiil  if  any  rifk,  .Vc. 
(hat  II  <  ll'iil  tfhwi  Ol.ill  he  rntiMt-.l  (n  the  ih;i»bl(k  on  rxpuil^iti  n,  I  of  <l:iii:i  so  liniKh'iI  Ir  tiol  put  on  lio.irl  v^  iihin  12  ti'iiit!*  nller  lliR 
if  it  U'  not  of  till*  ipffifir  sr.wily  of  fl.Oi'H),  tint  nf  w.itrr  hoii^  '  hr-imliint  llii-rinf.  nr  if  .my  risk.  Ac.  wn  iMimirl  he  foiinl  on  !aii,l 
I.OOf  ;  an  I  if  il  Im  not  worth  at  least  lit/,  a  pmin-l  for  hump  ctin-  ]  iffir  12  inonlhs  from  the  liiiiP  "iicn  •null  i,-l.»!i  ivns  inrk"'il  for  i-x- 
luinptioii  .it  Hie  lime  when  it  ii  enicri^l  fnr  fX|H)rl:iUoii.     All  tliiit  |  nnitation,  Hid  ^am«  iih:tll  he  fijiTnti>'l.     Any  petvin  oVlitcniin',',  itu'* 

f;lau  eiiterrJ  for  Piport.nion,  of  trjisupccilic  grAvily  th.tii  ^.OO.or  nf  :  racin;?,  altniinr,  Ac.  Ilu;  aforpaiiil  h'itcr<,  to  h'lftil  ii'ii/,— Sctt.  9. 
ru  valiit-  thin  I  I'i.  per  |h)uiiiI,  i^  furfi-ilcil,  anJ  n»:iy  be  ifizcd  by         By  .')6  (Jtvi.  ;i.  e.  lOS.  it  in  i-i.;tiMcrI,  th;ii  n  i  tlr.i*\h.i(k  slnll  hr  p.ii<) 
any  nrti^-er  of  purisc— S'tI'*.  i!t,  i».  '  for  rxiKiriatioii  of  any  (tiounti  or  polisliii]  pjaic  nUi  nuilc  in  (iriMt 

The  expor'pr  ol  rUsb  is  lo  mnkfl  onlh  that  h**  b^'lirves  it  to  ho  en*  j  Hri'.iiii|  uiiU-sh  micli  sI.ini  he  cxpoi Ud  in  lei  laiuut-ir  plAU»  of  (iio 
lifi'ly  of  t.rilihli  iiiimifai''iuv,  iiriit  Hut  the 'liitirs     iip<>«i"l  uixm  it  by   '  hIzo  nf  (i  Itic)!!-*  in  li-nirttt  by  1  iiirln-s   in  hrrallli  at  u:t'  IciAl,  an<l 
Xaw  hive  bt'in  paiil.     Firsons  wilfnllv  tAkitii;  a  f:)l!i(^  oa*h  in  thii  '  nilru  rarh  pi  itr  of  kiicIi  k'^^'  bt*  ^f^"  f>'<'i»  stiiiis  an<l  blii  crs.  ai^l 
miitiM  ari*  liiblc  (o  the  puns  ami  pciialtita  of  prijury.— (j.'>  iko.  \i.  '.  be  p>-ifict  \\--\  hi  f  >r  inmielittt  ii!»r,  as  nn'i  lor  urouiul  and  pnlisht-d 
C<  13.  Afct.  3.)  I  pl.-iii*  trb)<<a  ;  and  if  any  p.rrvon  fihAll  park  or  ship  fi>r  exptn.a'inn  on 

brcunly  by  Imnd  is  to  tie  Riven  (usuaiiv  fir  a  larger  »um  and  a  i  di.iwlMrk,  .my  pli>  of  plalc  k'-'i^s  as  i;r'iimd  .\iid  poiishi'ii  piite  ijla;.| 
*      '  .  .     \    .  .     .  .....      „j^  I,,  ,„  f;r,.:,(  nritain,  whic't  is  Hid  |i!.it('  filass.  or  has  not  Wen 

Uroun  1   and   iniliihed. -ir  u  huh -lull   be  fi)ix.i'?n  ifla.-n,  or  nf  IckhII. 
Iitt'n-'toi)  or  tblcknrii^  llimiic)to:,t  tlmii  aforts  li  I,  or  ^hall  ht'  slaiiieil. 


grcitiT  .,iiin.ity  nf  pMkla  than  are  inteiulfil  to  bi-  i-xpi.t'el),  that 
|Uu,  on  ihe  fiipnrtaiion  of  which  n  tlravvl>,u'k  is  allowed,  ^h.lil  ho 
ihippcJ  wi:hiii  I  ninnih  after  the  dilp  nf  such  srcurdy  ;  but  if  ttic 
nimini^^i  >iien  be  Mti^lleil  thai  Ihr  nhipinunl  of  the  irl.iis  within  the 
ipf:cili(-<l  iimo  has  tifeii  pi*cvented  by  nnip  tinnvuidabte  aoi-ijent, 
tmy  iiii>  <i ml  further  tiiiiei  not  exceeding  3  niunlhs,  fur  the  ship* 
JlU'ii!  IIk  rtof.— JJiTl.  7. 

No  '^r«^v|■a-'k  is  to  he  allnwej  upon  the  eipnrtatloD  of  used,  old, 
or  soi:nnd  ban  I  )(Iass.— Sect.  9. 

pv  8t.it.  ;"t4  ilr.t.  3.  c.  07.  sect.  6.  it  is  enacted,  that  uo  drawlnrk 
ih:>ll  1m)  ailoivcl  forany  rr^nlar  paiici,>(pian'!<,nr  rertan^nhr  finnrcH 
of  spnM  I  ihw  or  nthrr  window  ttlivn,  my  part  nf  wliich  nImII  vm- 
fist  of  nr  iiii'hidi*  the  bullion  or  thick  ri'iiire  part  of  tlit-  t.it)le  from 
whicl)  H'lch  panes,  «(iiar««,  nr  rec'anicuUr  D^nrcs  «htll  hue  h(*',i 
cut  or  raUi-n.  .n  a;fy  I'lrt  i)f  the  said  hniliou,  niih.ss  im  si  Ic  rf  any 
■nch  pa  rs,  .^rc.  sliill  incatuiu*  Ir«  than  H  inchr^;  nnr  sbaM  any 
tlrawlKnk  I  v  allouii  (nr  any  liizcmfrs,  ai.y  pait  u  h^Ti-nf  sjiill  i-oii- 
»(s1  of  or  iiu''ii  If  ilif  biiMion  or  tbirk  ceiitfc  pirt  <  f  the  tat)|e  from 
whioh  sinh  Ii'7.eii<c9  shall  have  been  lnk<  n.  or  any  part  of  the  but- 
tin-.,  \inte  »  no  ^id^'  i  f  ."-y  «uch  Inzeiiifi'  slnll  nici'iire  Ic-is  than  H 
inrhn;  nnr  I'idevt  tbit  ilistti.re  between  the  twrj  obli.so  anitUt  nf 
each  such  b>zi'iixe  ^hltl  n«'i^urt  s  iiKhfs  n!  ijiu  Iim<.|  ;  nor  shall  any 
drawback  be  allnwed  for  any  Inwiiifcs  no*  roniainiiii;  the  linllion  or 
thick  ct  ntre  |  art  nf  thn  latde  from  \«  hich  such  b>7cn<es  ah  til  have 
bei'i.  cut  or  takiti,  or  any  put  nf  ilu'  bnliioii,  unless  the  distancr  be- 
tween the  Iwtt  nl'iise  anjk'S  of  tverv  ^uch  loz-'n»c  >ball  intMsure 
3  1-2  iii.dies  al  Itast ;  and  all  \\inll^J\^■  VlasH,  niy  pjirt  wheTof  shall 
IrniiJe  or  cn.-iitt  of  the  bulli.'n  or  thick  een'ro  part  of  th«  laole 
fn>m  which  th.-  .-aiiic  shall  lavr  lu-t-n  cut  or  ^aken,  an  t  wliich  shall 
be  of  any  oth^r  ^tia)  e  or  of  less  dimensions  than  nj  aforcsa  d,  shall 
be  dcrni-l  t'  be  fiTff  jT^nj;  and  if  .uiy  pt-rwrn  hhall  knowinrly 
miter  or  sh<p  f'tr  export  ilun,  In  orler  to  obtain  any  drawback^  any 
pjiiifs,  mpia'tj",  or  rertHintiihr  timrc^  or  bizcoKes  of"spre,id  window 

Slags,  commnnU  known  hy  the  name  of  ir-  nd  ufa^n.  nr  o'htr  win- 
ow  el.»»s  II  it  ieiM';  sprt-ll  nhss  is  af'>reMi  t,  containing  nr  includ- 
ing the  biiilinii  or  thick  i>art  of  tl.o  (ahlf  from  which  s-ich  i  mr^. 
npiTf's.  rfci.ii)K>ilar  (i^iirrs,  or  I"?rn*cs  rf  sprMd  ([list  nr  rdhcr  win- 
diiw  si  i»  re>ptcii*cly,  which  shall  not  !>e  of  the  diiiiri.dinnB  in  that 
Kdialf  afirt'^aid,  such  person  »ball,  for  every  parkaite  rnntainimt 
auy  snch  KlaMvientire.!  or  sbip^ied  contrary  to  this  act,  fnifi-it  lOOl. 
By  ^2  Ot'o.  3.  c.  "7.  sect.  6.  il  is  en  icte  1,  tlut  no  ila^  whatsoi' 


ir  bliiicn-d,  or  impcrfccl,  or  n-it  imimtbatidy  fit  for  use  its  Kitiiitut 
and  pidirthrd  plate  (cI.iks,  or  any  nlhiT  Mrt  nf  i(hft.i  wilti  aiiy  Knmnd 
an  I  pdi  hcl  [d  ite  iclx-s,  the  Kami*,  an  I  all  Ihi-  i-li'S  Hiprewith,  shall 
be  f  lift  itcd,  and  the  per^mi  so  oiliiidiuj;  bliall  fnrfi-it  lortMLhsiicb 
packa,'!'  \iAi}. 

Any  person  p.trktii:(  for  ('X|inrtatiMn  on  drawSnk  any  iinEroiind 
or  mrp-disbed  platH  itlass  (f  less  nr  greater  diiinii-Inns  in  thukmss 
and  "lix"  than  as  la^t  aforesaid,  or  any  fnnl,  imi  iTfcrt,  or  iinnn-- 
rhmtihle  unirroim  1  or  uniKdislu'd  plale  /hl^d,  in  miv  i).U'kai;c.  with 
nr  .iiiii^r^st  any  other  kiu'l  (d'<!lasH,  the  same,  aii<*  all  tlti:  el.i<«  tbete- 
M  iili,  tthail  bi-Vnifi  lied,  and  the  |HT<on  kh  >  lli-i.diii^  shall  foilKil  fur 
ca-b  Ml. It  pac'it-.-  l()'7.-(.'>G  Ceo.  3.  c.  W9.  st-rt.  4  ) 

hy  17  fi'  o.  3.  c. :!!).  it  is  enicfp'l,  Ihai  if  glaw  shippwl  for  draw. 
hark  he  fi  nnhilciitly  iitishirpi-d  or  it  lau'cd,  <  Vtry  pcrs-m  in  rny 
wisp  concornfcl  ni*  as-iistiin  in  the  siiiip  bliall,  nver  and  al»ove  all 
oilier  p'-naMii's,  fnrft-il  for  every  micIi  i  IKiicp  liXi/. ;  nud  exery  p-r- 
snn  knowingly  cidcrinf  any  hrkcn  'tr  tni\le  ^tllis  fi>r  tsportali.iii 
upon  a<lnx\bai'k  ->h ill,  exclusive  of  all  oilier  pnina  and  [lenalliin, 
foifv'.l  inO/.— Sect.  :17^ 

llv  6(ie<'.  I.  c.  117.  it  Is  enaefe<l,  that  everv  pernon  sliit-pinn  nr  in 
tcnd'inx  to  >h  p,  or  l«'iM<  ab-.ut  to  ship,  in  inhnd.ary  plaic  sjlat^^ 
bn-a!  j-tasn,  or  ciown  .^hss  fnr  cxpnr'  i^i'ii  nn  drawlaik,  or  fnr  tht) 
reni'tvil  tliercnf  to  (inat  !'•'  lin,  shall  s've  .'4  hnn;s'  t.o'irc  of  »ucb 
in'enti..ii.  an  I  of  the  pi  of  shiipimr,  to  the  nearest  cidh'ctor  or 
ofticer  of  excise  ;  and  su.  Il  Cf  IlcL-tor  iiul  otlher  are  retpiirtd  Hiere- 
npnn  to  attend,  and  to  caiisB  alt  ^iurli  irlass  to  1  e  wei';!.-.)  nii.l  mra* 
anrelj  and  in  rase  s;irh  »i1.im  his  not  bten  charRe<l  «iih  the  re- 
spi  rlivp  tliitiei  under  ilm  pmxis  ons  of  this  art.  and  '  ab-mt  tn  be 
removed  tntlreat  Krilaiii,  Il  sliill  he  lawful  for  ^uch  rolhrUir  or 
oflicor,  aud  he  is  n'ouiri!*!  to  ehaijie  all  mcli  ^lass  with  ilii'y  at  thn 
res)>eriive  rates  nf  'luty  ii.aL'e  payable  by  this  act  on  sucli  sort  t  r 
kiid  of  Elasi,  nspictlM  'y  ;  and  upon  paymi  nt  of  such  duty,  it  «l  ?'\ 
Ih' Ifiwftit  for  stirli  colleVhpror  nflic.  r  tn  ftr.iitt  a  certiliwite  of  ihu 
payiii'iit  rt  •iitlicluty,  lo  arcnmivmy  such  ^bia^  upon  such  remo.al, 
anil  lo  be  pnidiiced'  at  the  pcit  id  i.iitry  in  (irtat  Britain  ;  aiiJ  lit 
case  a-.y 'ii'di  itlass  whicli  iihall  h-ve  brtii  duty  cbarned  with  tli« 
re*pi.ci(ve  duties  payable  by  Ihl''  acl  sliall  l.c  enticed  btr  exportati.iii 
tn  f'lTtiitn  parts  ujrfm  dnwbai'k,  or  l-c  sent  and  n-m-ivt'd  to  Great 
nrrtaiii,  il  •.hill  be  lawful  for  such  collector  or  otncer.  upon  [.njof 
Iha;  smh  iliitiei  have  been  i>aid.  or  have  been  chanred  and  if 
cmed  tr)  be  paid,  t'l  grant  a  certificate  of  the  piyiiient  of  sum  (ini,>, 
or  1  crrtiticale  Ihai  such  duty  has  ln-en  rh.irffed  and  Is  duly  secured 
to  Ih'  i«id.  to  arconipany  such  itla-s  upon  such  exportalinn  to  foreign 
p;irrs  or  Buch  removal  lo  Great  llritaiu,  and  tn  Ik!  there  pro'hirirl  aa 
afore^iid;  an!  if.it  ary  time  any  person  bImM  export  or  ent-rf'r 
ex|H)rtatioii  frntn  Iridaiid,  upon  drawback,  or  sbali  remove  or  send 
fnun  Iirtand  In  be  bnmjtht  to  Great  Hrit.iin,  nr  shall  hrinjt  in'oGri  it 
nriiain,  any  plate  jilaw,  bioad  ((i.i-ss,  or  crown  ^bss,  unaccomp  in'd 
hy  fiich  C'  rtilica'e,  con'ainiin  such  [tarliciilarsas  afiTcnaid;  or  if  my 
p  rs"n  fhall  rtfuse  to  prcdLce  such  ceitifica'e  at  tbf  p.irt  nf  entry  m 
Great  Itiiiain,  it  shall  for.-re  or  cntmtcrfeit  any  ccriiticate  n*qiiircd  in 
th.s  act.nr  shill  it''<ke  use  of  orihdiver  any  iaUear  untrue  cerMi' 


wade  inGrrat  Hrilaiu,  orniade  in  Inland,  and  ioipi.rte  I  in'oGrrat 

IJfitiin.  sliall    be  puikfd   for  exportation  on  drawlvck,    in    any      -     - -  , 

packazr  nia.*e  w  i'li  any  void  spic*;  in  of  lietwpea  III"  coiii[»om'iit  |  ciiied  to  he  paid,  t'l  grant  a  eertificite  of  the  piyment  of  such  diil 

parta  ther^nf^  tut  all  HUh  fbuw  sluill  be  packe-l  for  exportation  in  I  "'    '        >    •  ■    ■      >  ■ .•-_••_.  i. 

cask^  Ix'Xei,  or  chests  only,  and  in  which  the  exp.ir;er  nhall,  pr«- 
Vlous  rn  the  !  .ickt.-.(  of  such  sU*s  tlierein,  have  cut  or  sunk  a  sulli-  i 
Cieiit  urintitT  of  circular  c.iviti.'t,  e.ii  h  thereof  not  hss  thtt)  1-4  of 
U)  itieh,  nor  more  than  1  l-'2  iiudi  in  diameter,  to  reci'ive  the  seal  di- 
rected to  t-!'  pill  on  audi  packaice,  and  for  the  purpoie  of  pnitectiiiff 
luch  wil  from  bein*  de%'.r.ve.l,  defaecil,  hmken,  or  damajred ;  and 
where  any  such  el.iss  ihall  lenackel  for  exportation  in  any  c.iak, 
Imx,  or  cbfV.t.M  n  such  civiWsr.all  be  cut  and  .-unk,  one  part  thL-re^f 
on  the  e<l£eof  the  lid  or  cover,  .ind  (he  other  on  Ihc  side  of  nuch 
box  or  ehf  St.  '.n  that  each  -"uch  seal  may  he  convenien'ly  placed  hy  j 

Hie  proper  oilki  r  of  ejiciae,  part  on  thn  wood  of  such  Mil  or  cover,  (  as  and  for  s  ceriiticata  reipiired  by  this  ad  ;  all  ainli  8;lau  rts[.irt< 
ai.d  tbe  n  -iiueon  the  WLcd  nf  the  si  ie  of  each  such  b^ixor  cbe»l;  '  ivflv  shall  he  lorrii*e<l.  and  may  be  s.'i/.  d  tiy  aiiv  nlTieer  of  i\.  iv, 
and  ^o.^ra^^lt^fk  shall  |je  piid  f<ir  any  class  not  |vicked  inaeask,  atid'ihe  lu'rvni  so  ofJWidiup  shall  forffit 'jO()/.  :  orovidfl  atwa%».  0  .it 
boi.  or  chpft  It  afomaid,  nor  f-r  any  ihss  p-ekel  in  my  box  nr  '.  if  anv  plate  class.  Ima  I  jjlais,  cniwn  «1a.ss,  which  ^hall  h.ivn  I  cu 
chest  f.'it  havinira  Miflicidil  number  of  such  cavi'ies  i  pn'vi  fed  that  prtvinusly  seiu  (o  Irtdind  from  Gi-eai  Ilrjiain,  on  draul  atk,  slu'l  at 
nolhii  <  bereii.  shall  pr>hd.it  the  packing  of  wholeor  ha^f  tables  of  j  any  time  afterwards  be  sent  or  reiivvul  'n  G ie.it  Piitaiu.  tt  r  ntf-if 
iprt.al  ithiH,  nrof  I'fown  a!i»Nor  any  c^mio'in  bottles  m.ide  of  ctmi-  i  du'y  to  be  c!ian.'«l  th-'reon  as  f  ,,->vid  Hlia!!  be  ecpiat  and  ic^orJo.; 
moo  I:  'Hie  me'al.  in  any  era'o  or  other  [wnkiire  wbatsncver.  |  to  Ihe  ra'-nf  tlrawlark  now  pa\Lible  Iherenn  respectively  when  ex- 

FmtiMuti-1,1  PiikitiK—lf  any  pers.in  i*hall  phsce  any  brick,  stone,  '   portid  lo  fimij;u  put*.— Sect.  7.' 

(Wi>cinliM  in'd  to  allow  un(l<T  tlii.s  lioml,  iu  tho  ./>/V///j//ar//,  that  the  duties  on  alas;* 
Tad  luvi)  praihrally  most  injiirioiiH;  that  they  were  earned  to  an  oppressive  heiirht;  that 
the  mtiile  in  which  they  wrre  imposed  oprrited  t'ipreve:it  iinproveijit  nis  in  the  inaiinfacliire; 
that  they  were  not  fairly  ehar;;ed ;  that  tliey  occasioned  a  jjreat  deal  nt' fraud  ;  and  had  vo 
dueed  (he  consiiinplion  of  i^las.-*  far  hclow  the  limit  to  uliich  it  would  oiliervvise  have  attain- 
ed. These  conelusion.-*  have  l>een  eorrohorated  to  the  t'Lillo.-t  extent  hy  the  stateinentf*  ami 
rensoniii;j:s  in  tlie  clahoiate  and  a!)le  Rcpfot  oi'ihc  Commisquncr.s  of  Excise  inquiry  on  (Jlits.s. 
The.-^o  genthinen,  after  exaininint?  minutely  and  eaivfnliy  into  llie  \vhi)Ie  sniiject,  eonclu'le 
their  report  *'  Ity  ni>j;inir  the  expediency  of  the  rc|)eal  of  tlie  dnty  nt  the  earliest  possible  pe- 
riod, and  hy  expressint^  our  conviction  tlint  nn  tax  ant  cnmliinp  nutrr  nf  jtr/t't.nSf  or  be  more 
at  variance  with  all  suimd  princtp/ts  nf  taxntion,  ihon  ////.•*  f/afi/  on  ij;l'(j>s\'^ 

Utit  tliniitfli  ail  pjirts  of  ihi^  i;ix  he  vicjiiu**  in  prinrinlc,  am!  IiiL'lilv  ol'lmiiniiittld  itt  llirir  prnrlli-al 
rf'siiil-*.  llifv  arr  nut  all  tilikc  Ifol.  Tin*  roiiiiiii^.-;inni'i>t  filmwr.i  iha't  ili'p  ijtiiv  nn  iliiii  ^-luss  \v:is  l!i(! 
intHl  olij.'ftionaltlc  of  uny ;  anil  llioy  ili-Jlitu  lly  HCitcd.  ili;it,  "  iinli's^  t'lu.-ic  nrilrri.il  (  hnnof  slinll  l:iki! 
place  (in  Uiu  aninniti  itiid  uiudu  ot'ciiargiiitf  llu!  iJiUy),tliu  rovomiu  fruiu  Uiu  nianurutUircr  urilinlijiasti 


hin  flint  cli«i.  nrjihhl  f;h«,nT 
ca  Jl,  Ihik,  I'l-  ihtxt  rniiLiiniiiiC  * 
ir  tJ3i|''tila(i'iii  f)i)  tlniwljnck,  II18 
irbciir  DCo  forrtiLMXV  ,»lil  all 
i\y  ^ulisiMicu  cmitniiu-J  ilurt'iu 
M'<'.  7.) 
iiy  MLiikto'i  njiy  risk,  Imx,  &c. 

'IIIMI.^    Ihl!    WCl^lil     1,1  1    l.tiC'T 

B  n\\^t  'h  ri'ui,  (ir  llir  linm  dp 
i  111.-  n>k,  Ac,  hl.iill  ft.r  rri.h 
-Sert.  H. 

!  i)r  iinrk  cv.ny  r.i-,k,  Imix,  Ac, 
en  K.  (1. ;  nriit  if  iiiiy  c.mk,  S[C. 
N.ir  I  vMlliiii  12  h'luiit  niter  Hie 
\  wt  Itiiiiiip'l  lie  fi'iin'i  nil  Inii.l 
I  siiih  Khn  was  inrki'it  for  I'X- 
I.  Any  |mni<ni  (ilililnnliiisr,  ile- 
(crs,  to  fotfril  2{>Ct/."SccL  9. 

Di.K  n>.ln.^)>.uk  hIoII  hi<  pal.l 
lisfifil  pl.'iie  i:l:i  M  iii.iiU-  in  (irrnt 
id  ih  ii-i  t.^l^lll;lr  iiriU.H  of  (liQ 
n-s  in  hri-.ill!i  at  (iir  U-int,  iititl 
t;ii  fi-i'iii  itLuii!!  .iikI  t'lii  «.-rii,  nii:l 
,  .IS  niitl  tor  H"'""*'  ^H'l  I'l'lisIifJ 
p»>k  nr  shi|i  fi>r  cx|)ot.;t'iiiii  on 

1  i;riitiul  .Dili  |tolj»tK-<l  [liltt^  K'A'-9 
.it  pt.ite  ((laas.  nr  Ins  not  Imch 
!l  In-  foiviJll  icl;ts^,  rir  nf  li'iidl. 
ID  if'irinii  I,  OP  sliiitl  Ih- ntniinil, 
iiimlalfly  fit  fur  »i3rt  as  Kroiilni 
icr  >"'rl  )Yi;l.i%.i  wilti  .tiiy  urniiini 
III  I  ;UI  the  kU'S  tbcrcwitlt,  hIihII 
iliri((  bli.ill  fortVit  (it  catti  sucL 

inn  on 'Irawdack  any  iinernuiil 
ii(rf.it(TilJiiii'ii'>ioiis  in  iliuk'itss 
airy  f'^iil,  iitiiierfoft,  or  tmmf- 
hte  trl.\\a,  hi  niiy  Pickiiie,  wilh 
\Uv  hunt'.  ni»'  .ill  lilt!  RJaw  tliciR- 
40II  M>  '  llt-i.'iiiiic  Khali  fuileit  for 
.  ir.  108.  Birt.  4  ) 
,  tl(.»t  if  Rlaiw  Hijii'pM  for  dm"*. 

rtliiii.!(vf.  ivtry  )icrs'm  in  iny 
sinip  fliill,  'ivpr  anil  ^\nt\e  :\\\ 
:li  i.Ut'tice  UX)/,  ;  nml  u\cry  |"  r- 

(/r  tnixte  ulass  for  ixpnilali^in 
)f  all  Ditivr  pnins  and  |iL'iialli(-% 

lint  cvpry  person  sliippinx  or  in 
sliip.  in  inlMtil,ai:y  plak-  jila^a, 
nr*  I'i'n  on  (Ir.i«Liik,  or  for  tho 
lall  t;ive^'4  Imnii'  1.0'ircof  mir^ 
piniT.  to  tljf!  ncinit  rt'lli'i-tor  or 
ir  inil  ('(Ii(tr  aro  r<*(iiiiif(l  ilirrt^ 
hul.iss'ole  \vci':K«.l   mil  iiifl* 
Hill  lu-n  ctiiPRO'l  «li!>  Mif  ro- 
ll of  1]m  .irt,  aTi<l    '     at'<'nt  to  te 
tie  lawful  for  such  roilrrUir  or 
II  luch  ijl.iM  witli  (lii'y  at  lh« 
[\<h:  hy  this  ai't  on  sucli  sort  ir 
n  I'ayiii'  nl  nf  siuh  ihily,  it  n\  i^'t 
'.  r  to  t(r.iiit  a  rerrili.ati'  of  iliu 
•*\nh  i{l;u*  iipoii  Hucli  rtnKu.'l, 
t  iiirv  in  (irtat  Britain  ;  aiiJ  in 
•<■  I'.  I  n  'luIy  charijed  with  tlm 
iii.ill  I.c  enliTi-'.l  for  pxporh'i'n 
tl*  m-nt  anl  it-nt'ivt-d  to  Gif.it 
coMt^r'nr  or  tiincrr.  nj^cn  i-ronf 
hi\\r.  het'ii  charrrc*!  aihi  (hilv  ic- 
te  of  the  piynt»"Ht  (tf  mirh  '!iiiv, 
■en  rh.irfied  and  is 'tiily  •^i-din'.l 
poll  siK-h  cxportaliiiii  to  foit  i^u 
I,  aii'l  to  In!  tlnrre  pror!m-i  d  -.xn 
rsm  xh^ll  t>x|H)rl  or  en'  rl'ir 
*\I.u  k,  or  tthali  rt-inove  oritfiil 
Hi  i tain,  itf  shall  hrili?  iii'>»(ir.  it 
nr  cmwn  <lati*,  iinacfomp.iM'il 
riirtirniap'  asi  aftTitwid ;  or  if  my 
rfr'ifira'p  ;it  tl;*'  p.>rt  of  entry  m 
lerft'it  any  ct-rtiticale  rt*qiiin.l  in 
cr  any  t;il't''Qr  milrnr  cervli.i'o 
thin  art ;  altsmh  I'au  rr:«;<i'<'t< 
.1  l,y  aii\  otr.-rr  nf  t\  »-, 
fi'it  '»<H);. ;  nrovidi'd  a'\vaj»,    '  .it 
n  tflus,  «liich  siiall  hav"  I   in 
1  ltn!:)!M,  (II  draui-;.  k,sh>'l  at 
id  'otrc.t  (liitain,  III-  r.il.-Mf 
ll  uliall  W  f(iiial  and  iLvrirJii .; 
thprron  n-speCiivt  ly  whtrncx- 

the  duties  on  ahs.'i 
)ressivo   h«Mi»ht ;  tlmt 

in  the  iiuiimliicliirc; 
t'fVrtnti ;  nnd  had  rc- 
thrrvvise  havo  atlaiii- 
'  the  ^tati'MiPiitH  and 
ist»  iM(|iiiry  on  (ihtss. 
lolt'  suiijert,  romlu'le 

(\irlirst  possible  pc- 
f  jtclinnfiy  or  be  more 

iilili^  in  tlirir  prnrliral 

111!  Mini  yliiss  \v;is  llm 

rri.il  iliaiiuc  shall  \:\'m'. 

mil'iKtiiri'r  nl'  Hint  ^I.iks 


CLOVES. 


Ttff 


niiiBt,  In  n  (front  dcsrno,  ho  RarrKlopil,  nnd  tlin  pnrsnnn  wlio  rnrry  nn  thnt  nmniiriictiir«,  nmlor  tliii 
rvuulaliiniH  iiiiil  Kiihioci  tii  the  ilulios  prcscribi'il  liy  law,  iiiiiHt  uithi'r  hu  itrlvuii  out  ul'  Ihu  triulu,  or  lult 
to  cany  il  on  at  a  rnincniH  Ihsh."— (l.'K/i  Wc/n/rl,  p.  SO.) 

Kiiil:  a  ri'prcKcntalidn,  coMiinu' iVipni  NIK  ll  a  (jnaricr,  rimlil  not  hn  (Il^n-uardcil ;  and  wo  arc  Klad  to 
have  to  Nliito  lli'it  Iho  duly  on  Hint  ulasH  liaH  lii'i'ii  Hhidishcd,  and  lliat  In  Urn  tliiT' nT  a  duly  ol'  lix  ^l<. 
is  to  III!  1  liaruod  on  ovory  IOOIIih.  woiulit  (d'llio  lliixi'd  inalriiil  or  inolal  riinn  which  rtiiiliKlMNN  ih  inadii. 
In«ti'i,|  o|'  ihc  laic  drawliack,  llicrc  U  to  hn  III  t'niilii;  a  drawliaik  of  IKv.  (W.  on  every  1(10  IIih.  id'  Mini 
\^\:\f»  cxpnric  I.  'I'licrc  an;  also  Hoiiie  new  ri'giilulinint  uh  to1li(!  driiwhack  uii  (iuriiiaii  hIicuI  gl  inh,  &.C, 
—  (Scc!  jlct  f)  l\-  0  nm.  4.  c.  77.) 

Thin  alicralhin  will,  nn  donlil,  hit  a  nintcrlal  rtdiuf  to  thn  nmniiriictiiri'rH  of  flint  Klanii,  Kllll,  how- 
rvcr,  it  Im  not  nncli  as  tlio  trade  and  Ihi;  public,  had  a  riiflit  to  evpict.  Tlin  total  iiroHS  p^'idncc  ol'  llio 
glass  dull  s  in  |H:i7,  was.  in  I'liniland,  H37,'27H/. ;  In  ScoMand.  .')(i,'2(ill/. ;  iiiiil  In  Ireland,  l(l,3'i'l/. ;  niakini( 
toirelher,  Wi:i,H.">7/.  Dill  Ironi  tliis  Initt  to  lie  li  iliiited,  for  ilrawliiiiks  and  oilier  alliiwaiice  ,  ■J',i.'l,''i7/., 
HO  Hint  there  only  remains  (11(1,1-11/.  of  nelt  revenue  ;  and  even  lliis  Ii.ih  to  he  Hiill  ('arllier  reilined  hy 
deilncliii;;  I'rcini  il  llie  e.xp.'nses  of  collection,  wliii  h  are  very  heavy.  Now,  surely,  il  ciinnol  he  sanf, 
tlial,  fir  the  sike  of  ii  p  iliry  sum  of  less  than  lillll,ll(lll/.  ,i  year,  we  must  depress,  and  all  Inn  ruin,  an 
iinportaiit  niaiinfacliire,capahle  of  an  indillnili!  oMension,  hy  hnrdenin^  ll  Willi  nn  nnei|ii:il,  ve.xalioiis, 
and  innst  oppressive  duly!  Had  the  diilies  on  Klass  pmilnced  l,r)lHI,(ltl(l(.  or  •2,(l(lP,(lP(l/.  ii  year,  their 
relenlion  iniuht  have  heeii  rxcuseil  froiii  till!  Iiiipossiliillly  of  Kacrlliclnif,ii|id  the  ilillicnlty  ol  re|ilacini{, 
NO  larife  an  ainonni  of  revenue,  iliit  lli^  sum  wliicli  they  yield  iiiii'hl  he  easily  ilispi  used  will),  and  im 
lliuy  have  been  pronounced  by  tin.'  hiiiliesl  aiilliorilies  lo  lie,  in  all  respecls.  neisl  olijedioiialile  -to 
have  every  i|uali'y  iImI  a  lax  should  not  have,  and  not  oni;  that  It  should  havu --we  do  hope  iliat  Ihey 
iii.iy  be  anionj;  the  liist  lo  be  repealed— .Sii;i.) 

[Tlio  jtIh.ss  con.'<um('(l  in  tho  Unitoil  Stiitcs  in  for  the  niont  ]iurt  nf  doiniwiio  prdciiicliiiii. 
This  was  valucil,  in  ISUl.at  S^J.OOO.OOO  ;  hut  its  vulm-  is  now,  duulilliws,  iiuii;li  givulor.  Tho 
most  notc'il  iiiaiinliU'tnries  of  it  aro  at  IJostoii  unit  I'ittslmri;. — /l//i,  /iV/.] 

(iljOV'MS  ((icr.  J{ini(hc/iuhnf  Vr.  (Jiints;  It,  (liiaiilii  S|).  (!ii<iii/i.s  ,•  Kus.  linhivuzii, 
Ptiifr/idl/fL  (ii)llzii),vii'\l  known  articles  ol'ilrcss  iisoil  Tor  covcriiiu;  thn  iimids,  usually  iiiadci 
ol'  leallliT,  hut  frciiiioiitly  al«i)  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  &o.  Tin;  Icallicr  used  in  tlir  miuiiiliicturu 
of  i;Iovps  is  not,  iiro|)i'rly  xpiMkiiiu:,  tanned,  but  iiroitarcd  hy  a  peculiar  profess  iliat  I'l'iiders  it 
soft  and  )iliuhlo.  Hoino  sorts  of  IfiitiuT  qloviH  admit  of  heiiii,'  washed,  and  others  not. 
Woodstock  and  Worcester,  hut  jiarticularly  ihu  former,  ariM'clriirated  for  tho  inanut'acturo 
of  leather  gloves  of  a  superior  (|uality  ;  in  wiiich  a  great  nuniher  of  women  and  girls,  us  well 
as  men,  are  employed.  'J'he  jirodiico  of  tho  Worcester  manufaelurc  lias  heen  osliinated  at 
ahout  'r,',000  dozen  pairs  of  oil  Icallier,  or  heavier  gloves;  and  1  i'll.OOOiiuzeii  pairs  of  kid  and 
lanih-skin  gloves;  the  valoo  of  the  whole,  wiieii  lliiislied,  heing  ahoiit  H7r>,()(ll)/.  JJesides 
Woiecstor  and  Woodstock,  Iiondoii,  Yeovil,  Ludlow,  and  Leominster  are  the  principiil  seatu 
of  the  leather  glove  manufacture.  (Jloves  are  sometimes  sewed  hy  inachiiieiy ;  hut  this  ia 
done  only  to  im])rove  the  work  hy  rendering  tho  stilches  more  correctly  einiidislaiit,  us  it  u 
not  cheaper  than  iiiaiiual  labour.  Limerick  used  to  lie  fumoiis  for  the  manufacliire  of  a  sort 
of  ladies'  gloves,  called  chicken  g(ovc3.  Jjarge  quantitiea  of  cotton  gloves  uro  niudi)  at  Not- 
tiiig!iain  and  fieiccster. 

lujliinire  of  Kriirnl  cf  rrnliiliitiiin  of  Iinjiorlnlhin.—  'Yhn  iiiipnrlMllon  nf  leather  rIovcb  and  mills  wns 
fornierlv  pnihihited,  under  the  severest  penallii!S.  This  prohibilloa  had  llie  ill'i'i  I,  by  prevenliiiK  all 
ciiin|ielili'>ii  and  einnlalion  w  illi  the  foreigner,  lo  check  iniprovenient,  and  to  render  Ilrili'-h  ijloves  at 
once  iiil'i'rinr  in  ijiialily  and  liifli  in  price.  'I'lijs  systi.'in  was,  liowev  er,  pirniiltrd  lo  conlinne  till  lh:!5, 
when  ilie  pri>iiilHii<>n  w  is  repealeil,  ami  jiloves  tilloweil  lo  be  lin|iorleil  on  paymenl  of  iliilies,  which, 
IhiiiuMi  bii.'h,  are  not  prohlhiinry.  'I'his  measure  was  veliemenlly  opposed;  and  many  predictions  wiau 
made  of  ihe  total  ruin  of  Ihe  nianiiftcliire  ;  bin  in  this,  as  in  every  Hiinilar  inslance,  expirience  has 
shown  Iliat  tlin  traiie  had  not  heen  really  benelilnl ;  bill  lli'it,  on  Ihe  conlrary,  il  had  1  een  hi.|nrei|  by 
th.'  pruliihiiioii.  The  wlmlesome  cainpeiiiion  lo  '.vhich  ilie  en  uiiifiilnrers  now  fell  Ibeinselves,  fer  Iho 
firsl  time,  exposed,  made  lh"m  ex  irt  all  their  eiiori.'ies  ;  and  ll  is  adniilleil  on  all  hands,  tli.it  lln're  li.id 
been  a  more  raoid  iinprovenient  in  the  in  iiuifactnre  duriiu;  the  last  half  ilo/.en  years  tliaii  in  Ihe  pre- 
vious lia  If  century.  There  Is  si  ill,  no  don  hi,  a  f,to\\l  deal  of  complaining  of  a  decay  of  trade  ainiMif  Iho 
le.iihi'r  ulove  nniiiifailiinrs  ;  hut  we  are  assured  Iliat,  if  llii  re  he  any  real  I'oiiiuialion  fer  their  cnni- 
pi  ■lots,  it  is  ascrihable  fir  more  lo  Hie  nrowiii);  use  of  lionie-made  colloii  (.doves  llian  lo  ilie  imimrla- 
tion  of  foreiiju  leather  i;loves  ;  and  had  il  not  been  for  Ilie  improved  fihrji,  ami  ureeler  i  heapneJs  of 
Drilisli  leatlier  iiloves,  that  has  crown  out  of  Hie  new  sysleiii,  il  is  abiindaiilly  lerlain  lliat  coltoii 
phives  wouiii  |-.i\  e  ^'aineil  slill  more  rapidly  on  llii'iii.  In'point  of  I'.icl.  however,  ll  iloes  iiol  ni'pe.ir 
Hull  I  lie  re  lias  liei'ii  any  lalliuK  oM"  in  the  IimIIum'  a  love  Iraili.'.  On  ihe  contrary,  Ihe  f  lir  ii  foe  nee  serm.^ 
lolielhatit  lias  maienally  iiicriuised  :  al  all  eveiiis,  lliere  has  been  a  vei  y  coiisideralde  increase  iii 
Ihe  iiiinih.'!r  of  sUiu.i  hn  i'!;lit  from  abroad  lo  be  used  In  Hie  manufacliire,  ami  conseipienlly  In  Iho 
iiiindier  of  pairs  of  uloves  priulin  ed  from  hiicIi  skins  ;  and  lliuru  is  no  reason  for  thiiiKinij  Ihiil  il  Is  iit 
all  dill'ereiii  Willi  Hie  oHier  depirlimoils. 

I.ealber  iiloves   miisi   hn  iiiiporled  in  packaifcs,  ro.iiainini;  each   lOdilozen  pairs  nl  least,  and  in 
vessels  of  70  Ions  burden  or  upwards,  on  penally  of  f  irl'eiiiire.    -(7  (!fo.  1.  c,  ;N.  I)  7.) 
Acconiil  uf  Hie  Nili'ib'r  of  Dozen   I'.iirs  of  Kabit  (Jloves,  Men's  (.■loves,  and   Women's  fJloves  and 

Mi:N,  impoiied  inio  Hie  riilieil  Kiiordoin  ;  tlio  Amount  of  Duty  paid  tliereoii  during'  Ihe  \earri  \bl\ 

1>2;I,  and  l«:;il ;  and  tlie  lial's  of  Duly. 


Year*. 

Illlil  OIOVM, 

Meu*s  Ciluvcs. 

Diztn.      Pii'oi. 
27,lillH       III 

a.i,(i:i.')      (1 
2j,iii3      ;i 

.V«.  per  doz, pair. 

Wiitncn's  Olc'VM 
ami  .Mills. 

T.il.O  Qioiili 
of  l.rCli.rl.l!i 
niiil  MillM  init><' 

is-w 

ISJJ 

is::i) 

l.vll 

lr«:c! 
nates    of   duty 
iliroiriliont  Iho 
while  period 

/!(•;  II.      /'(I  r,». 
fi'.I.Mll          7 
•('.,(  i70        5 
0-2,U25      10 

U.  poriloz.pnir. 

/)ip;i?l.      I'aia. 
:i,(IJ5        8 
2,7  s|        0 
3,1S7        8 

7».  pordoz.pnir. 

iniVi.'iii 
7-.^,iiiiii 
ill.  10(1 
<.i:i,:i),'i 

liO,»sli 

i 


716 


GOLD— GOT'I  ENBURGH. 


Accniint  nf  tho  nnmbRr  of  Lnnili  nnil  Kid  8kin<i  piiIoumI  Tir  IIiiniR  CniiHiimptinn  in  tlie  TwtHve  Ynari 
eiiiliiiK  Willi  1M:)1,  Willi  an  l^Hliiiiult!  nf  tin- (tiiaiilily  iil' (iliivcx  wliii:li  micli  Hkliis  wmihl  prixlur.o, 
oil  ilio  .Su|i|iositiiiii  that  iVoiii  uui'li  120  Skiiia  tliuiu  wuulil  bu  iiiiiiiiifuctiiruil  IH  Unzen  I'uirB  uf 
GlovvB. 


I 


Yttn. 

Niimi'rr  of 

Nuirbrr  of 

'nit:il  Iamb 

Doi.  r.lmii 
1  r  thir'  ■! 
I'.'ifli  Voir. 

Yeara. 

Number  nf 

Niinilwrof 

Tolnl  f.mib 

1)07.  (iIiivl-'« 
pKKliired 
e,irh  V«.ir. 

1  aiiiti  Siiiiis. 

Ki.l  ^kirii. 

awl  Kill. 

Lanit>  iikiiis. 

Kid  Skill!. 

and  Kid. 

isao 

!i:ia.Ki7 

SHfi.-llH 

I,'il!>,2(i0 

iHa,sso 

iHic, 

1,713,778 

.ws.s:^! 

2,319,311 

3  l7,8Sfi 

\m 

l,'2lW,0'i9 

21-2,!Hm 

1,4I5,()« 

ai(i,7.W 

IH'27 

2,7  llt,3'.)7 

040,803 

3,3!KI,2«0 

508,.'i3fl 

ISi'i 

l.tlOtiOJl 

4()H.fl43 

2,;)l7,l7t 

317,502 

iha« 

2,017,470 

1)01,039 

3,822.215 

573,::00 

IS'M 

1,!»t"143 

4!r7,IH 

2,47 1..W 

370,728 

1K2<) 

l,9;i0,3iH) 

fi9H,001 

2,1128,094 

391,344 

IS21 

vm.'w 

li:tl,lM)5 

8,8:<3,2!)0 

42l,ftS) 

1830 

l,H.i!),8:.0 

1,080,209 

2,910,059 

411,900 

IS25 

8,(I«S,553 

771,.VW 

2,870,075 

4aO,500 

1831 

2,89-i,H3» 

1,008,307 

3,901,241 

68.'),  180 

GOLD  (Grr.  Cold;  Du.  Guud ,-  Da.  and  Sw.  Guld.-  Ft.  Or.-  It.  ami  Sp.  Oro,-  Port. 
Oiro,  Ouro  ,•  Kus.  Sulolo ,-  Pol.  Z/ofu  ,•  Lat.  Auruin  ;  Arab.  Tihr  and  Zchcbi  Sans.  Strarna; 
Malay,  Man),  tlic  nio.st  [irccious  of  all  the  int-taH  Hccins  to  have  Ih<oii  known  from  tho  earliest 
antiquity.  It  is  of  an  orange  red,  or  reddiah  yellow  colour,  and  has  no  perceptible  tasto  or 
Bmell,  Its  lustre  is  eonsiderublo,  yielding  only  to  that  of  platinum,  steel,  silver,  and  mercury. 
It  is  rather  softer  than  silver.  Its  sjiccilic  gravity  is  19.3.  No  other  sulistance  i.^  equal  to 
it  in  ductility  and  mulleabilit}\  It  may  be  beaten  out  into  leave.s  so  thin,  that  one  grain  of 
gold  will  oiver  fiG.'J  sijuare  inches.  These  leaves  are  only  vfio',i,T-i  "'"" '"^h  thick.  But 
llie  gold  leaf  with  which  silver  wire  is  covered  has  only  -,'.j  of  that  thickness.  An  ounce  of 
gold  upon  silver  is  capable  of  being  extended  more  than  1,300  miles  in  length.  Its  tenacity 
is  considerable,  though  in  this  respect  it  yields  to  iron,  copper,  ])latinum,  and  silver.  From 
the  exjierinicnts  of  yeckiiigen,  it  appears  that  a  gold  wire  0-078  inch  in  diameter,  is  capable 
of  supporting  a  weight  of  1.5007  lbs.  avoirdupois  without  breaking.  It  melts  at  32°  of 
Wedgwood's  pyrometer.  When  melted,  it  assumes  a  bright  bluish  green  colour.  It  expands 
in  the  act  of  fusion,  and  conscijuently  contracts  while  becoming  soUd  more  than  most  metals ; 
a  circumstance  which  renders  it  less  proper  for  casting  in  moulds. — {T/inmsiin'a  Chemistry.) 

For  the  quantities  of  gold  produced,  and  the  places  where  it  is  produced,  sec  Pukciuub 
Metals. 

GOMUTI,  OK  EJOO,  a  species  of  palm  (Boras.ms  Gomutun,)  growing  in  tho  Indian 
islands.  A  valuable  product  is  obtained  from  this  palm,  resembling  black  hone  hair  ,•  it  is 
fonnil  between  the  trunk  and  the  branches,  at  the  insertion  of  the  latter,  in  a  matted  form, 
interspersed  with  long,  hard,  woody  twigs  of  the  same  colour.  When  freed  from  the  latter, 
it  is  manufactured  by  the  natives  into  cordage.  Its  fibres  are  stronger  and  more  durable,  but 
less  pliant,  than  those  of  tho  cocoa  nut,  or  coir — (see  k^oiii;)  and  is,  therefore,  fitter  for 
rabies  and  standing  rigging,  but  less  lit  for  running  rigging.  The  native  shijjping  of  tho 
Eastern  i:<Iands  of  all  kinds  are  chiefly  equipped  with  cordage  of  the  gomuti;  and  the  largest 
European  shipping  in  the  Indies  use  cables  of  it.  It  undergoes  no  preparation  but  that  of 
spinning  and  twisting;  no  material  similar  to  our  tar  or  pitch,  indispensable  to  the  preserva- 
tion of  hempen  cordage,  being  necessary  with  a  substance  that,  in  a  remarkable  degree, 
possesses  the  ijuality  uf  resisting  alternations  of  heat  and  moisture.  The  gomuti  of  Aiuboy  iia, 
and  the  other  Spice  islands,  is  the  best.  That  of  Java  has  a  coarse  ligneous  fibre.  Gomuti 
is  generally  sold  in  twisted  shreds  or  yarns,  often  as  low  as  1  dollar  a  piciil,  and  seldom  more 
than  3.  Were  Eurojiean  ingenuity  applied  to  the  improvement  of  this  material,  there  seems 
little  doubt  that  it  might  bo  rendered  more  extensively  useful. — {Crawfurd's  Euxt.  Archip. 
vol.  iii.  p.  42.5.) 

GOOD  HOPE,  CAPE  OF.     See  Cape  Towv. 

GOTTENBIJRGH,  on,  more  properly,  GOTIIABORG,  on  the  south-west  coa.st  of 
Sweden,  bordering  the  Cattegat,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Giitha,  lat.  .57"  42'  4"  N.,  Ion. 
11°  .57'  45"  E.  Population  2 1,000,*  and  increasing.  Vessels  do  notcoineclose  to  the  city, 
but  lie  in  the  river  or  harbour  at  a  short  di.-<lanco  from  the  shore,  goods  being  conveyed  from 
and  to  them  by  lighters  that  navigate  tho  canals  by  which  the  lower  part  of  the  town  is  in- 
tersected. The  depth  of  water  in  the  port  is  17  feel,  and  there  is  no  tide,  bar,  or  shallow. 
A  vessel  entering  the  Gdtha  must  take  a  ))ilot  on  board,  whose  duty  it  is  to  meet  her  J  a 
leagao  west  of  Wingo  beacon.  After  Htockholin,  Gottenburgh  has  the  most  extensive  com- 
merce of  any  town  in  Sweden.  Iron  and  steel,  the  former  excellent,  but  the  latter  inferior 
to  that  made  in  England,  form  the  principal  articles  of  export.  They  are  brought  from  the 
rich  mines  of  Wermeland,  distant  about  «00  miles ;  being  conveyed  partly  by  the  lake  Wener, 
partly  by  tho  Triillha-tta  canal — (see  Caxals.) — and  [lartly  by  the  river  Gutha.  The  exports 
of  iron,  in  1831,  amounted  in  all  to  21,039  tons,  of  which  15,400  tons  were  taken  by  tiio 
United  States,  and  4,511  tons  by  England.  The  original  cost  of  iron  is  sup[)oscd  to  be  in- 
creased about  5  per  cent,  by  the  expense  of  its  conveyance  to  Gottenburgh  ;  and  the  shipping 
charges,  inclusive  of  tho  export  duty,  are  about  10  per  cent,  additional.  The  next  gnat 
article  of  export  is  timber,  particularly  deals,  which  are  also  furiii.shed  by  Wermeland.     Of 

*  This  is  lliu  iKipulatioii  as  given  in  tho  fyeinuir  Almanac  fur  liii;  according  ti  the  Consul's  repoit 
It  u  under  18,000. 


Inn  In  the  Twfilvfl  Y«aM 
li  HkiiiB  would  priiduRP, 
ired  18  Uiizen  I'ulra  of 


Tohl  Liinb 
and  Kill. 


9,310,311 

3,h22,'il5 
2,tV2«,(t()t 
2,lH(i,0SU 
3,W1,241 


1)117.  (tlovet 
IiMcliireil 
cuh  Ve.ir. 


.')0.S,.''>30 

573,:;oo 
4ii,<.ino 

68,'),  I  so 


t.  aiul  Sp,  Oro ;  Port. 
'.chcb;  Sans.  Swnrna; 
nown  from  the  earliest 
no  perceptible  tasto  or 
I'l,  silver,  and  mercury, 
fiubutunce  i.^  equal  to 
thin,  that  one  p;rain  of 
)f  un  inch  tliicit.  But 
ckness.     An  ounce  of 

I  h'ngth.  Its  tenacity 
ni,  and  silver.  From 
in  diameter,  is  capable 
■.  It  melts  at  33°  of 
en  colour.  It  expands 
nore  than  most  metals ; 
'/inmsitn's  Chcinisinj.) 
oduccd,  SCO  PuKciuu^ 

growing  in  the  Indian 
black  hone  hair ,-  it  is 
ttcr,  in  a  matted  form, 

II  freed  from  the  latter, 
and  more  durable,  but 
is,  therefore,  fitter  for 

native  8hi]>ping  of  tho 
ouiuti ;  and  the  largest 
reparation  but  that  of 
isable  to  the  prrscrva- 

a  remarkable  degree, 
c  gomuti  of  Aniboy na, 
neous  fibre.  Uomuti 
)icul,  and  seldom  more 

material,  there  seems 
vfurd's  EukI,  Archip. 

south-west  coast  of 

t.  57''  42'  4"  N.,  Ion. 

come  close  to  the  city, 

being  conveyed  from 

irt  of  the  town  is  in- 

tide,  bar,  or  shallow. 

y  it  is  to  meet  her  ^  a 

most  extensive  com- 

iit  the  latter  inferior 

are  brought  from  the 

ly  by  the  lake  Wener, 

r  liiJtha.   The  exports 

ns  were  taken  by  tho 

is  supposed  to  be  in- 

■gh  ;  and  the  ship|)ing 

iial.     The  next  gn  at 

by  Wcrmeland.     l)f 

t}  tliu  Consul's  repuit 


GRACE,  DAYS  OF— GREECE. 


717 


thrse,  the  rxportu,  in  1831,  were  58,86(1  dozen,  of  which  40,600  dozen  went  to  Great  Britain, 
and  tho  residue  to  Franco,  Holland,  &.c.  Tho  other  articleH  of  export  are,  linen,  snil-clolh, 
tar,  copper,  ulum,  glass,  cobalt,  manganese,  linseed,  oak  bark,  bones,  juniper  berries,  cran- 
berries,  rock  moss  for  dyeing,  &c.  lirain  is  )<ometimcs  imported  and  sometimes  exported. 
The  principal  articles  of  import  are  sugar,  cofl'ee,  tobacco,  cotton  yarn  and  twist,  salt,  indigo, 
and  dye  wooils.  South  8ca  oil,  rice,  herringa,  wine,  spices,  &c.  In  1831,  529  ships,  of  the 
burden  of  C3,0V5  tons,  entered  Gottenburgh.  Of  these,  68  ships,  carrying  10,770  tons,  were 
American  ;  and  41  ships,  carrying  5,131  tons,  British.  The  rest  belonged,  for  the  most  part, 
to  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark.  About  80  vessels,  of  the  burden  of  14,000  tons,  belong 
to  the  port ;  iiut  the  native  shipping  is  decreasing. 

/ftrrinir  7i'i.«/i«rM.— (JotienburKli  used,  at  nn  distant  period,  to  be  one  of  the  prinripiil  iciits  of  the 
herring  tisliKry  ;  but  nt  prexiMit  this  hriiiich  of  industry  is  (|nil«  cxfinct,  nnd  it  Iiiih  always  bi^nn  very 
caprlcions.  l''roni  15.)*)  to  15hH,  grvut  i|iuintitic8  ol' hi:rriii|{H  won:  taliiMi ;  from  I^Vi.S  to  lOlil),  tlii'y  left 
the  coast ;  dnrinx  tin;  nuxt  1.')  years  thoy  wuro  n|;ain  abundant ;  l)iit  I'rom  lOTJto  1717,  they  iMitircly  dis- 
aiipitariid.  From  1747  to  177(1,  tht>y  wore  abundant,  IMi,UM  barrttis  beirii;  tal<itn  in  1703,  and  161,183  in 
I'M.  From  l7Hf)  to  I7!lil,  the  lisliury  was  very  godd,  from  110,0(10  to  100,000  barrels  biinu  annually  ux- 
porlt'd.  In  1801,  the  oxport  was  7U,.012  barrels.  In  1808  and  ISflO,  tlsli  w(Te  very  sLarce  ;  and  in  1812 
thvy  untircly  diHappearud,  and  have  not  hillierto  returned  ;  so  that  (Jottenburgli,  instead  of  expurting, 
at  nrrsunt  imports  considerable  supplies  of  bi'rrinps. 

The  customs  duties  produced  in  1831,  710,732  iloiiara  banco,  or  33,0S22.  Doth  Iron  and  timber  pay 
dulics  on  cxpuriatiou,  but  thny  arc  not  very  liuavy. 


Cuitnm-hmtst  Rrsutntiont  and  Port  Chargft.~On  arriving  in 
port,  no  prison  is  dtlon-rd  to  boarJ  or  to  leave  a  vt-tucl  till  she  lie  in 
custoly  of  the  odicera ;  ntio,  t).ivini(  insI>tcliHl  llic  inaTiid^t  aTid  !«• 
prrs,  Hr-riil  llicoi  to  lilt,  Ciisloiii'tloDw.  An  ntlicer  is  .lonointcit  (o 
liilHTinteiiil  (he  uiijiLnHtiif  ninl  .iIno  tliu  Killing.  The  piintic  ctiar^cs 
of  all  sorts  on  a  Mwwtistj  ship  and  on  a  fon'ii^n  ship  not  privile)(f  J, 
each  of  3U0  (mis  Ijuritt-il,  uiilo.i(liii<  and  loaJing  iiiixeil  cargftt's  ;it  I 


ilnnliinr,  ^c— There  are  no  pnlilic  or  private  banking  ps'alilish- 
iTitints  at  (iotttnburgh  Tor  the  issue  ot  noli-si  tint  the  nation.il  bank 
has  two  oilires  htnc  v.  Iiich  ailvaoie  liniirett  sums  of  monpy,  at  0  per 
cent,  on  the  scnirity  ot  );om|9,  :in<l  in  discount  of  bills.  .Some  of  the 
ICn<fi3h  insurance  crniip.uiies  have  ajfents  here,  who  do  a  ^md  deal 
of  busincsA. 

Sin  .'  low,  ll'a^fr,  .(t,— 'these  m;iy  be  hid  here  of  excellent 
Qualily  ant  cheap.  Hr,  f,  I  l-.J.  per  lb.,  beat  rje  bre-id  2  l-2d.  per 
lb.,  and  butter  (la.  per  lb. 

Fitight  to  London,  in  ISSZ,  from  10,.  a  ton ;  deals,  per  Peters* 


ir<l 

Ji/o/wy,  ll'cigliit,  .Vrn«te'c>.  .yc,,sanicasat  Slotkh.dm,  which  see. 


Gottenbiirffli,  would  be.  on  the  roriner  W.  .^.  Ti/.,  on  the  latter  ')9t. 

Si.  7d.    t)ii  a  privilc^eil  foreign  ship  the  charges  are  the  aione  as  on  ; 

a  Swetlish  ship.                                                                                          1  „ 

iVtirefmtmng  .Syttmi.— Goods  may  be  bonded  for  any  teoi^th  of  burvli  iirandanl  hundred,  'it,  lOi, 

lime,  on  paying  1.2  per  cent,  .id  vaiurtm  for  the  first  2  years,  aiid  j      Mnmy,  ll'cigtiit,  .Vriniec.  .y    .  _.,__  

1  2  tier  cent,  antniatly  thereafter.                                                             I  In  ci>in|iiliiig  this  aiticle,  we  have  n.ade  use  of  the  i'uiitud  An- 

Cvmmmioiif  Credit^  .^c— The  U8U.al  rate  of  commission  is  2  per  \  llvfrtf  dated  19  h  of  .Tanu;iry,  l!-33 ;  C'fXt'*  Trnvels  m  the  A'ort/i  nf 

cent,    Gooils  arrt  coiniiiiiiily  sol  I  on  credit.     Raw  sugar  at  0  monllis,  :  >'iiro/'C,  vol.  iv.  pp.  207— 2'o.  j  'rt^(/i/'» /.'liro/yca/i  Cotnmocc,  p.3I4.; 

with  3  mouths' iuteriat  to  the  seller.    Other  goods  at  3,  4,  and  6  and  stmie  valu.ible|yrim(ecuriif/iMrtK-ati(//iJ, 
Diouttts.                                                                                               I 

Commercial  Policy.— h»t  for  tho  perverse  policy  of  its  government,  the  trade  of  Oottenbtirgh,  and  of 
Sweden  in  general,  would  be  far  jjreatcr  than  it  is.  Its  rich  and  exhanstless  mitics  atid  foresis  furnish 
an  ample  supply  of  ci|tiivalcnts  for  whatever  nilKlit  be  imported  into  the  country  ;  liitt  itislead  of  ul- 
Inwini;  the  energies  of  the  nation  to  be  employed  in  this  safe  and  natural  cliatinel,  government  has 
attetnpted,  by  a  system  of  prohibitions  nnil  heavy  duties,  to  raise,  coule  qui  ciiule,  a  niatiiifacturinx  in- 
terest, atiil  <o  tiial<e  Hweden  itidependint  of  foreigners!  In  consei|ttetii'e,  a  gnoil  many  coltoti  and 
woollen  ttiills  have  been  establislied  iti  dilfertmt  parts  of  the  cotintry.  It  would,  liowevcr,  be  absurd 
to  imagine  that  they  shotild  ever  hi;  able  to  fitrnish  proilticts  at  so  clieap  a  rale  as  they  may  bo  im- 
ported for  from  this  ntid  other  countries  enjoying  superior  facilities  for  the  prosecution  of  manufac- 
turing industry.  This  forced  system  is,  therefore,  doubly  injitrioiis  to  Sweden  ;  tir.'<l,  by  lessening  the 
foreign  demand  for  her  pectiliar  products,  and  secondly,  by  diverting  capital  ami  indu^lry  into  the  least 
productive  channels,  forcing  tiic  inhabitants  to  pay  an  nrtiticinlly  enhanced  price  fur  some  highly  ne- 
cessary articles,  and  encouraging  smuggling.  But,  pcrtiicioiis  as  the  system  is,  so  great  a  proportion 
of  the  scanty  capital  of  Sweden  is  now  ctnbarked  under  its  a.'gis,  tliit  the  reiutii  to  a  belter  order  of 
things  will  be  a  work  of  much  ditlicitlty.  It  need  not  surprise  iix  to  learn  that  tlte  imposition  in  this 
country  of  oppressive  discriminatitig  iluties  on  timber  from  tlie  north  of  llnrope  had  a  tnntcrial  in- 
fluence in  stimulating  the  8wcdcs  to  endeavour  to  dispense  with  foreign,  that  is,  with  liritish,  ma- 
nufactured articles ! 

GRACE,  DAYS  OF.     See  Exchange. 

GRAPES  (Ger.  Trauben  ,•  Ft.  Raisins ,•  It.  GrappoU,  Grnppi;  Sp.  Ubas,  Racimos; 
Lat.  Vvw),  a  well  known  fruit,  produced  from  the  vine.  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  anil 
Italy,  as  well  as  some  parts  of  Germany  and  Hungary,  produce  grapes  which  yield  wines 
of  various  tpialitics  and  flavour,  many  of  them  excellent.  Wc  import  green  grapes  from 
Malaga  and  some  other  parts  of  Spain ;  they  are  brought  packed  in  jars,  and  secured  from 
damage  by  means  of  saw-dust,  plentifully  strewed  between  the  layers  of  iruit.  The  grapes 
grown  in  Great  Britain  in  the  open  air  are  much  smaller,  and  by  no  means  so  luscious,  as 
those  of  foreign  countries ;  but  those  raised  in  hot-houses  are  quite  equal,  if  not  superior, 
to  the  former.  Grapes  are  imported  not  only  in  their  natural  state,  but  dried  and  preserved, 
in  which  latter  state  they  are  denominated  Kaisiss  ;  which  sec. 

(GREECE. 

Tariir  of  Port  Charges  in  the  Kingdom  of  Greece. 


Tcnna^e. 

In  the  ports  of  Syra,  Naunlia,  I'lreui,  Marathoneniit,  Pylos, 

Calainata,  Navariuo,  and  Patiafl. 


Drt.  Irp. 

On  vcnelf  under  5  tons 

- 

. 

free. 

-       of       20- 

• 

■ 

0      9 

—      abnve  20  — 

• 

- 

0    12 

In  Hic  other  porti  :-* 

On  veB<«la  iiniler  ft  Iodi 

• 

. 

free. 

—       ot       20  — 

• 

• 

0     6 

—       ftbove  20  — 

- 

• 

0     9 

0/  Departu 

re. 

On  veneU  under  5  tons 

free. 

—     of  from  5  to  20  tons 

m 

0    60 

-      -      2!  .   r.0  - 

. 

1    00 

_      _      fii  -ino  — 

. 

2    00 

—        —      lOI  -200  — 

. 

3    00 

'-       —     301  •  and  ftbovo 

• 

6    00 

Drt.Lep. 

'    free. 

•      0 

m 

•      1 

no 

-      2 

IX) 

•      6 

00 

•      M 

(10 

■      » 

IX) 

Lighthouses  (only  where  Iheru  is  one). 

On  VL'SSf  Is  uniitr  rt  toiii  -  .  .  , 

—  of  from  5  to  20  tons 

—  -_       21  .    60  — 

—  —        f.I  .  lOf)  — 

—  _      101  -  2fin  — 

—  —    201  -  a(x)  —  ... 

—  —      301  and  ali'ivQ 
When  pinrowderreniftinson  board,  for  cvrry  2  J -4  lbs.  per 

month  of  30dii}]i  ..... 

Whtn  it  is  placed  in  (he  public  marine  fhr  tbe  suns 

quantity  and  time  ..... 

Oitervatimi  mt  the  Tonvape  Dufy. 

1.  Vessels  arriviuK  ftoni  :it>roA<i  loaded,  ai.d  which  discharge  Uieir 
caritofs,  aricl  duparl  liadi  ',  pay  the  who'cdiiu-. 

2.  Viviselt  nrriviui;  frc>in  alroad  loaiU'd,  and  which  depart  in  bnl. 
Ia.Ht,  |).iy  two  thinN  ..f  tin;  duty,  which  Is  also  exacted  if  thev  arriva 
ID  ballast,  and  di|(arl  ij^uleU* 


0     2 

0     3 


r  ii' 


im 


■  i 


..I 


*» 


\ 


'\ 


718 


GRINDSTONES. 


3.  VfMfN  arrivhi?  fmm  alirnac!  in  tnllanf,  an'l  ilppirfim  wi'hiut 
U:lini(.ur  nrriviit4  .-ind  tti;)tariiii)(  with  c.iri;<s  ">*''  ^^^^  diitchar^iiig 
«ny  i.'f  ii,  piy  niie  tliiid  of  thi- .fmy. 

4.  Vi-4if|!inrriviiii(  frai)  aii.I  guiiig  ti  aiiu'lier  port  of  llio  kingdom 
l'>y  hut  f  lie  tia'I  i-r  tht*  <Itiiy. 

0.  A  vtNsul  is  coniiilen'u  u  londe.l,  whether  tUo  be  so  fully  or 
partiAlty. 

Ex-eptioiis. 

1.  Every  vessel  furceil  to  eiiUT  a  port,  either  hy  a  itorm  or  in 

StJiteiMitiil  of  lliu  NmnluT  of  Vi'hsoU,  Ihoir  Tonmijie  ami  rnMvn,  uiij  Iho  Invoice  Vtihie  of  their 
CariL'ofA ;  distin^iiiHhiiiK  also  tlf;  Coiiiitriua  to  uhlt-li  they  bcloiiKiMl,  which  eiileruil  inwiirdti  and 
rloareil  otitwardM  at  the  princiiiat  INnta  wiiliiii  tlio  Consulate  of  the  Morea,  viz.  Tairad  uiid 
Nauptia,  in  the  Year  ibZ^.—iComular  Heturn.) 


consffpipnce  of  dimaup,  Is  rienipted  from  all  charge  durliijf  ei^hl 
(iayi. 

'i.  F.\i'rj'  vessel  fntrritin  a  port  from  wliiicver  cuinr,  and  tinstincd 
In  ^uitthtT  port,  and  \hv  itiiitlfr  of  which  shitl  iiiiinu'li  itrly  iinke  a 
dccliiinlion  In  tti*"  npiaimf  ilic  port,  th.it  lit-  Ins  ini  itit'  utiun  tiiher 
of  ln.idin<  or  diwhuKing  his  f(ooli,  niiy  reniaiii  ftvcd.iji  »iih(iul 
piyinit  any  duly  c-xrepi  thr  iixlH'house  duty.  He  is  |  i-:'inilltd  atM> 
to  ri-ci'ivi'  or  to  ilt'livcr  Ictttrs  or  iiiuiicy,  unless  otherwise  pmvideU 
for  hy  spechi  urdiiuuce*. 


Coiuilriei. 

rOBT  OF  PATRAS. 

InwarJi. 

Out»'artlf. 

Bhipa. 

Tom. 

Crewi. 

Invoice 

V:ilui!  of 
C.iri5')rs. 

Sliipi. 

Tom. 

Crews. 

Invoice 
V.iliic  of 
Ciripws. 

British 

Aiislriin 

tireek 

JciKilein 

Ionian 

Ne.iiinliLia    " 

l'ap:il 

SarJiuian 

Total 

31 

14 

141 

1 
219 
13 
2 
3 

426 

4,342 
1,1:9 
7,96< 
101 
3,131 

62 

272 

139 

1,692 

13 

1,104       1 

133 

19 

37 

30,077 
62,149 

29 

14 

133 

212 
8 
2 
3 

4,238 
1  429 
7,621 

101 
3,130 

402 

16! 

828 

!153 

13!) 

1,619 

13 

1,101 

83 

19 

37 

117,335 
.     13,261 

1S,M2 

3,131                02,.'2i 

404 

17,011 

3,2>^6     1       130,818     1 

I'ORT  OF  NAIIFLIA. 

British 

Austriajl 

Fri-nrh 

Ontk 

Imiian 

Sarnos 

Turkiih 

Total 

6 
II 

2 

201 

6 

5 

2 

233 

809 
1,907 

29d" 

49 
34  " 

/.. 

8,020 

e,l!H 

978 

47,r,y 

7i!7 

437 

31 

63,313 

4 
4 

703 

M2 
6t0 

32 

1. 

1,900 
740 

22,C,-,6 

716        '     .            •    1     - 

2-.,298 

•V.  B.—'l'hK  value  of  Hit!  canjcifi.'i  in  llii;  port  of  IV'uiiiiliii  is  supposed  to  be  10  per  cent,  iiiiiler  the 
real  rtHue.  'I'liu  l'o8t  ()llici>  U<-»i:jtur  does  not  tspiicify  tliu  veasuls  saililig  in  bullust.  In  Putrua  the 
entries  of  the  lonitui  trade  iiicliidc  ves.sels  and  b>iuts. 

Statement  of  the  Nunilicr  and  Tonnage  of  VcBsnl.s  witti  the  Value  of  their  Cargoes,  which  entered 
and  cleared  at  the  I'ort  of  Syra  ih  tlie  Year  ]S^5.—iConiiiilur  Helurn.) 


Countries. 

E'jtered. 

Cle.ired.                                   j 

Vessels. 

Tonnr^e. 

Invoice  Value 
01  Cargoes. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Invoice  Value 
of  Cargoes. 

British 

Gr^k 

French 

loni.in 

Kussian            •           • 

Austrian 

Sar.iiiiian 

Oltomin 

American 

Jerusalem 

Total 

6S 
9»<9 
10 
61 
61 
68 
17 
164 

3 

8,392 

6^N)2 

1,477 

6,264 

11,3,33 

14,733 

3.246 

3,477 

210 

2¥1 

/.. 

126,977 

2J3,l(il 

6.314 

9,7»0 

18,203 

84,439 

5,1.2 

10,9'29 

197 

1,'2I 

2.21)3 
10 
60 
44 
63 
17 
i6 
1 
3 

8,339 

67,3-IS 

1,477 

5,223 

9,818 

13,446 

3,246 

2,066 

240 

2,S1 

381,961 

4,645 
3,192 
3,20) 
.35 
13,219 

30O 

1,422 

107,267 

445,343                    2,633 

111,489 

406,572 

Statement  of  the  Number  and  Tonnajre  of  British  Vessel.?,  with  the  Nature  and  Value  of  their 
Cargoes  which  entered  and  cleared  at  the  Port  of  Syra,  didtiiiguishing  the  Countries  to  und  from 
which  they  sailed,  in  the  Year  Wib.— (Consular  Helurn.) 


Counlriea. 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Invoice 
Value  of 
Caijoca. 

Nature  of  Cargoee. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Invoice 
Value  of 
Carjoes. 

Nature  of  Cargoot. 

Great  Britain   • 

Malta    . 
Trieste  . 
Athens  . 

Cooslantiaople  > 

Em^rna 
Salnnici 
Htras    • 
Z.'nte    . 
Hliodcs  ■ 

47 

B 

1 
2 

2 

6,866 

878 
133 
294 

194 

207 

L. 
122,028 

3,044 

226 
1,679 

f  27  from  Liverpool, 
ait<l  14  from  1/>||. 

.*  don.  with  mixed 
cart^or^ ;    6  from 

L  Cirditl',  Jrt;n. 

Mixed  cargoes. 

In  ballast. 

(  Mixed  cargo,  1  in 

\     balla.M. 

Wlical. 
la  ballast. 

2 

28 
22 
3 
1 
1 
1 

274 

4,173 
3,lr>4 

3ri8 

136 
133 
64 

L. 

(  Mixed  can;0|  1  io 
\   hallaat. 

J  Original,  or  part  of 

\    origin-il  carno. 

Do.  do.,  2  iuballait. 

Ditto  diito. 

In  haliaat 

Diitn. 

Dllto. 

Total 

l» 

8,392 

126,977 

. 

68 

8,339 

1                              .1 

Suv.) 

GRINDSTONES,  flat  circular  stones  of  difflront  diameters  and  thickness,  mounted  on 
cpindles  or  axles,  and  made  to  revolve  with  different  degrees  of  velocity,  employed  to  polish 


pted  from  all  charge  dur1n([  ei.^hl 

from  whfifcver  cuihr,  nnd  destincil 
r  nhirh  ihill  inmieili  iivly  lu^ike  a 
'orl,  lliil  lii^  li !» ii<>  itil'  iilioii  ci'her 
)N,  nay  ren.ain  fivL*i;,\\i  Hithniii 
-liouse  iluty.  He  is  | niniittd  also 
iiiuru'y,  uulcsi  utiierwise  tiruvitli'd 

;  Invoice  Value  of  tlieir 
Ich  t'liloreil  iiiwiinlH  uiid 
Morc:i,  viz.  l*uirud  und 


Out  wa  nit. 

Invoice 

ns. 

Crow  J. 

V:llliC  of 

I.. 

,239 

2->3 

U7,33S 

4.'9 

l.V) 

' 

,m 

1,619 

lUl 

13 

,130 

1,101 

13,261 

402 

S5 

16! 

19 

828 

37 

. 

,011 

3,2>^6     1       130,816 



1          /. 

512 

32 

1,900 

etc 

740 

■ 

"           ■ 

22,6i6 

•     1     • 

2,%296 

lie  10  per  cfint.  unilor  the 
ill  bdllust.    Ill  I'utrus  ilie 


r  Cargoes,  which  entered 
r  Helurn.) 


Clwred.                                 j 

Tnnn.ige. 

Invoice  Value 
of  CariiOfii. 

P,339 

67,.^  S 

1,477 

6,22S 

9,SI8 

13,446 

3,246 

2,U66 

240 

281 

L. 

381,961 

4,045 
3,192 
3,20'l 
55 
13,219 

300 

lll,4S9 

406,572 

lire  and  Value  of  their 
10  Cuiiiitried  to  and  fruiii 


Cleared. 

Invoice 
Value  of 
Caryocf. 

Nature  of  Cargooa. 

L. 

% 

•        • 

(  KTixml  carKO,  1  in 
\   ballaat. 

J  Ori(;insI,or  partof 

(   oriKiii-il  car^o. 

Do.  do.,  2  iu  lullast. 

Ditto  (liito. 

Ill  baliasU 

Diito. 

Ditto. 

Sup.) 

liickncRs,  mounted  on 
ly,  employed  lo  polish 


GUAIACUM,  GUAYAQUIL. 


719 


■tee!  articles,  to  give  an  edge  to  cutting  iiiHtrunicnts,  fee,  Grind.^tones  not  in  constant  use 
are  commonly  turned  by  winch  handles;  hut  at  SSlicflii'ld  nnd  other  |ilfire».  where  polishcil 
articles  and  cutlery  are  extensively  iniiiuit'icturcd,  large  liunihcvM  of  giindslones  being 
niiiiinfed  in  buildinga  appropriated  to  that  juirpose,  Ciillcd  grind  or  blade  mills,  are  turned  by 
slia|)R,  acting  on  their  axles,  the  moving  power  being  either  water  or  steam.  The  stone  bcfit 
Miited  to  form  grindstones  is  what  is  called  a  sharp-grit ;  it  being  chosen  finer  or  coarser 
grained  according  to  the  purpo.«ies  for  which  they  arc  destined.  'J'he  principal  grindstone 
quarry  in  England  is  at  Gateshead  Fell,  in  the  county  of  Durham  ;  where  they  are  jtroduceJ 
in  vast  numbers,  not  only  for  home  use,  but  for  exportation  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  But 
those  principally  in  use  at  ShettielJ  arc  mostly  quarried  at  Wickerslcy,  in  Yorkshire. 

They  are  classed  in  eight  different  sizes,  called  foots,  according  to  their  dimensions,  as  in  the  fol- 
liiwiiig  Table:— 


11e^nminl^i^ll8. 

lliamptep. 

Thlckncvi. 

No,  iail  ChaMron. 

Dcnonii  nations. 

Dianie'.er. 

Thicknew. 

No,  in  a  CIialdroQ, 

Ine'.a. 

Iwha. 

Iiichis. 

India, 

I  Font 

10 

1 

.10 

5  Fonts 

35 

5 

5 

2  l''(IOl9 

14 

2i 

27 

0  Fonts 

42 

0 

3 

3  [•'(Kits 

SO 

4 

ly 

7  Fonts 

50 

G 

U 

4  I'ools 

28 

4 

g 

8  Fodts 

50 

8 

A  grindstone  foot  is  8  inches :  the  size  Is  found  hy  adding  Ihn  diameter  and  thickness  tnirether. 
Tliii:i,  a  stone  50  inches  diameter  by  8  thick,  making  togollicr  01  inches,  is  an  8-font  stone,  of  &  iiiclies 
each  font. 

Uealdes  the  abnvc  sizes,  grindstones  are  made,  wlien  ordered,  of  any  Interniediate  dimensions: 
many  are  made  much  larger  llian  any  oflhe  above  sizes;  pome  as  large  as  70  inrhes  diaincler,  and  14 
or  15  inches  thick,  which  are  a  great  weight,  a  cubic  foot  weigliiiig  1  cwt,  1  qf.  11  lbs. — {liccs's  Cyelo- 
pailin  ;  Bailey's  Survey  of  Durham,  p.  4H.) 

(Jiiiidliig  is  an  unhealthy  and  daiigeroiis  employment.  For  some  purposes,  tlie  stones  are  made  to 
revolve  with  an  extreme  degree  of  velocity  ;  whi<h  makes  tliem  occasionally  (ly  in  pieces,  iiiii  the 
greelpst  annoyance  lo  which  the  crimler  is  exposed,  is  from  his  inhaling  the  minute  particles  of  stone, 
nnd  of  iron  and  steel,  that  are  always  dying  about,  particularly  in  tlie  process  termed  dry  grinding. 
Contrivances  have  been  siiirgested  for  obvlatimi  this  serious  inconvenience  ;  but  whether  il  be  owing 
to  their  nnsiiilableness,  or  the  careiessiies'f  of  the  workmen,  none  of  them  has  succeeded  in  practice. — 
(Treatise  on  Iron  and  Ulcel,  Lardncr'a  Vyclupicdia,  p.  203,) 

GUAIACUM,  on  LIGNUM  VIT.E  (Fr.  Gayac,  Boh  saint;  Ger.  PocMa/n,-  It. 
Guajaco  ;  Lat.  Guaiacum,  Lignum  vUm  ;  Sp.  Guaguai),  the  wood  of  a  tree,  a  native  of 
Jamaica,  Hayti,  and  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  It  is  a  dark-looking  evergreen,  growing 
to  from  40  lo  50  feet  in  height,  and  from  14  to  18  inches  in  diameter.  The  bark  is  hard, 
Einooth,  and  brittle;  the  wood  is  externally  yellowish,  and  internally  of  a  blackish  brown 
colour.  Lignum  vita)  is  the  weightiest  timber  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  its  spcciGc 
gravity  being  l'33.3.  It  is  exceedingly  hard,  and  didicult  to  work.  It  can  hardly  be  split, 
but  breaks  into  pieces  like  a  stone,  or  crystallised  metal.  It  is  full  of  a  resinous  juice 
(s;uaiac),  which  prevents  oil  or  water  from  working  into  it,  and  renders  it  proof  against 
decay.  Its  weight  and  hardness  make  it  the  very  best  timber  for  stampers  and  mallets ;  and 
it  is  admirably  adapted  for  the  sheaves  or  pulleys  of  blocks,  and  for  friction  rollers  or  castors. 
It  is  extensively  used  by  turners. 

The  giiaiac,  or  gum,  spontaneously  exudes  from  the  tree,  and  concretes  in  very  pure  tears. 
It  is  imiiorled  in  casks  or  mats ;  the  former  containing  from  1  to  4  cwt.,  the  latter  generally 
less  than  1  cwt.  each.  Its  colour  difTers  considerably,  being  partly  brownish,  partly  reddish, 
and  partly  greenish ;  and  it  always  becomes  green  when  left  exposed  to  the  light  in  the  open 
air.  It  has  a  certain  degree  of  transparency,  and  breaks  with  a  vitreous  fracture.  When 
pounded,  it  emits  a  pleasant  balsamic  smell,  but  has  scarcely  any  taste,  although  when 
swallowed  it  excites  a  burning  sensation  in  the  throat.  When  heated,  it  melts,  diflusing, 
at  the  same  time,  a  pretty  strong  pungent  odour.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1'229. — (See  Vegct, 
Still.,  Lib,  of  Emerl,  Knowledge  ;  Thnnif^on's  Chemlstn/,  <.\c.) 

(GUAYAQUIL,  a  city  and  port  of  Colombia,  on  the  western  coast  of  South  America,  lat. 
2°  11'  21"  S.,  long.  79°  43'  W.  Population,  according  to  Captain  Hall,  20,000.  The 
town  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  about  6  or  7  leagues  from  (he 
Isla  Verde,  or  9  leagues  from  the  Isla  Putia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  opposite  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river.  Ships  bound  for  Guayaquil  generally  call  at  the  Isla  Pui'ia,  where  ex- 
pert pilots  may  be  had,  who  carry  them  up  to  the  town  by  night  or  by  day,  according  to  the 
state  of  the  tides.  The  town  is  old ;  but  as  the  houses  arc  of  wood,  and  it  has  frequently 
suffered  from  fires,  much  of  it  is  comparatively  modern,  and  has  a  good  appearance.  There 
is  a  dry  dock  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  where  several  ships  of  a  superior  construction 
have  been  built 

Notwithstanding  the  revolutions  to  which  it  has  been  subject,-Guayaquil  has  n  considerable  com- 
nierce.  Its  principal  article  of  export  is  cocoa,  of  which  large  quantities  are  shipped ;  and  next  to  it 
are  timber,  tobacco,  ceibo  wool  used  in  slufiing  mattresses,  &c.  The  principal  articles  of  import  are 
British  nianufactureil  cottons  nnd  hardware,  silks,  wine,  dour,  &c.  We  subjoin  an  account  of  the 
number  and  tonnage  of  the  vessels,  with  the  value  of  their  cargoes,  that  entered  and  cleared  nut  at 
Guayaquil,  iu  1835, 


^l! 


«h 


730 


GUERNSEY,  GUMS 


Biatomnnl  of  llm  Number  iinil  TniiimRo  of  nrlllNli  Vrtucln,  with  th-  Nature  niid  VuIiib  of  tlii-lr 
CnrKoui',  wliirli  enliTi-d  nnil  rleiiri'il  ul  the  Port  (if  OiiHyui|uil,  ilialtii|!iiiHliliig  tliu  Torli  to  and  Irtiin 
which  thu  luiiie  lullud,  In  IHSi. 


Porl». 

Iiiwtrdt. 

Oiiliranll. 

VokU. 

Tonnap. 

Valui  nt 
CarKiiM. 

Nalura  of  Cargoct. 

VutHla. 

Tonnagn. 

V,ilii«  of 
Carjnrt. 

Valptniu 

Sin  Hlfli    • 
lii'uil.iii  ■ 
Fill.  Aiciu 
Sit.  rinit 
I'.ill.i.. 
Malaga      ■ 

Ca.lil 
S.iii'ui'f«r 

I'uiiU 

Tout   . 

6 

n 

T70 

110 
2IJ 

n  > 

I3,'44« 

200 
•Wilis 
I6,MJ 

■ 

3  Briliili  inanuficlurM. 

1     ititio    aliit    wiiiti. 

3  flnur,    wliie^   and 

apvclo. 
DanKt, 
l)ltl<i. 
Ililtu. 
ShII. 

Ilritith  maniirichirrs. 
Wiiio  Ika.aiiil  Uriliill 

iiiaiiufactim**. 

4 

2 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

tou 

230 
gjj 

SIfl 
3.11 

itn 

■iM 

A. 

ail 

I4» 

li.mi 

ll.Uil 

l.uoi) 

2  Cocot,   2  lullaat. 

1  Tlmlier.    1  Dallait. 
t'ocua. 

Illllo. 
Illlln. 

IlllKl, 

Iblhil. 

3,0I<« 

84,«5_ 

• 

II 

^i,nso_  l_iM,«u 

Blntoniont  of  the  Niimhor  iinrt  Tnnnnpo  of  VphspIk,  with  the  Value  of  their  CBrgnc*,  which  entoreil 
InwiiriU  and  ctiiiiruil  oiitwiirdu  nl  thu  Port  of  (!iiayn(|uil,  diiitliigulHhinK  the  Coiiiitrli's  to  which  the 
Riiiiio  bi'lonupd,  in  the  Ypiir  Wii.—{Conauliir  Utlurn.) 


Countri«a 


Briliih   ■ 

Coliiniliiin 

lliiiinl  Niatea 

FreiK'h  • 

Sanljiiiin 

tlani>'Urr 

DiiihIi   • 

Mexicm 

ChilMn 

I'tiriivian 


Total 


luwanli. 

V«Hl(. 

Tnnnajf. 

Viluonf 
Cir^fKii. 

I.. 

It 

2,086 

34,47-. 

12 

1,727 

14,010 

la 

Mil 

4B,:»2 

4 

1,0  J7 

4,^0H 

S 

1,475 

tl.fl20 

1 

lot 

i,mio 

2 

407 

3,11(0 

13 

\.mi 

16,  KM 

II 

1,716 

2,'>,()S0 

43 

B,»S1I 

67,470 

m 

21,130 

2il,6K0 

(Ititwarits. 


Vewli. 


Tonnare. 


Tlir  rame  it 
culcrtd. 


Vilue  nf 


/,. 
2),436 

B,.ro 

71,7U/i 
7,W.'i 
10.714 
3,000 
ll,i'.(X) 
22,376 
\2.U\ 
40,OS9 

210,429 


Remarka. 


AhfiutonetlilH 
(<f  (lie  iiuni>'rr 
of  vcswli  ciitpr- 
t*\  M  I'eriiviaii, 
an>l  Miitie  eiilt^r- 
ed  11  Mrxican, 
licldiig  If)  lliia 
fxirt,  liut  were 
pu(  iinil'T  llinie 
cutiiurs  litr  lift. 
(rr  ^  |irotrclinn 
Hiir'ng  Itii*  rcvn- 
lulioii  iif  IIAI. 


For  ftirtlier  partirulars,  see  OUna,  roya/rc  Ilistorique  deVAmcrique,lom.  i.  pp.  141—178.;  HalV$ 
Voyage  to  Chili,  Peru,  Jj-c,  vol.  il,  pp.  101—138.,  tn.—Sup.) 

GUERNSEY.  For  tho  poculiar  regulations  to  be  observed  in  trading  with  Guernsey, 
Jersey,  (Sec,  see  iMPOUTATioy  and  Expobtatios. 

Gi;.MS,  RESINS,  GUM-RESINS,  In  commerce,  the  term  gum  is  not  only  applied  to 
gums  properly  so  called,  but  also  to  resins  and  gum-resins.  But  though  these  substances 
have  ninny  properties  in  common,  they  are  yet  sulFiciently  distinct. 

I.  Gum  is  a  thick  trnnsparrnt  fluid  that  issues  spontaneously  from  certain  species  of 
plants,  particularly  such  as  produce  stone  fruit,  as  plum  and  cherry  trees.  It  is  very  adhe- 
sive, and  gradually  hardens  by  exposure  to  tiio  atmosphere.  It  is  usually  obtained  in  small 
pieces,  like  tears,  moderately  hard,  somewhat  brittle  while  cold  ;  so  that  it  can  be  reduced 
by  pounding  to  a  fine  powder.  When  pure,  it  is  colourless :  but  it  hn.'j  commonly  a  yel- 
lowish tinge  ;  it  is  not  destitute  of  lustre  ;  it  has  no  smell ;  its  taste  'r  insipid  ;  its  specific 
gravity  varies  from  l'316l  to  1'4317;  it  readily  dissolves  in  water,  but  is  insnlublo  in 
alcohol.  Gum  is  extensively  used  in  the  arts,  particularly  in  calico  printing,  to  give  con- 
sistence to  the  colours,  and  to  hinder  them  from  spreading.  It  is  also  used  in  painting,  in 
the  manufacture  of  ink,  in  medicine,  &c. 

The  only  important  gums,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  are  gxim  Arabic  and  gum 
Senegal. 

1.  Gum  Arabic  (Pr.  Gomme  Arnbiqtte  ,•  It.  Comma  Arahica ;  Ger.  Arabiache  gummi  ,• 
Arab.  Tolh),  the  produce  of  the  Acacia  vera,  a  tree  growing  in  Arabia,  and  in  many  parts 
of  .\frica.  The  gum  exudes  naturally  from  the  trunk  and  branches,  and  hardens  by  expo- 
sure to  the  air.  "  The  more  sickly  the  tree  appears,  the  more  gum  it  yields ;  and  the  hotter 
the  weather,  the  more  prolific  it  is.  A  wet  winter  and  a  cool  or  mild  summer  are  unfa- 
vourable to  gum." — (Jackson's  Morocco,  p.  84.)  It  is  in  irregularly  sha]>cd  [lieces,  hard, 
brittle,  and  semi-transparent.  When  pure  it  is  almost  colourless,  or  of  a  pale  yellowish  hue; 
being  insipid,  inodorous,  and  dissolving  completely  in  the  mouth.  Specific  gravity  1-3 1  to 
1*43.  It  is  often  mixed  with  gum  Senegal.  East  India  giiin  Arabic  is,  though  a  useful,  a 
spurious  article,  not  being  tho  produce  of  the  acacia  vera,  but  of  other  species  of  |)lants. 
The  best  gum  is  either  imported  direct  from  Alexandria,  Smyrna,  Tripoli,  Mogadore,  Tan- 
gier, &c.,  or  at  second  hand  from  them  through  Gibraltar,  Malta,  and  the  Italian  ports. 
The  price  depends  principally  on  its  whiteness  and  solubility,  increasing  and  diminishing, 
according  as  the  article  has  more  or  less  of  these  qualities. — {Thomson's  Dispensatory,  and 
private  information.) 


turc  and  Value  of  ttielr 
iig  tlio  I'orta  to  and  rnim 


IwanU, 

iiu  of 

Nature  of  CxrKOct. 

til 

143 

7,124 

li,i\V 
l,:lia 
1,001) 

'iCocot.    Sbollul. 

1  Timber.    1  Billul. 

Cocoa. 

niiio. 

Dlllo. 
Ilitlli. 
Ilnll.lll, 

VM 

Cnrgni«,  which  entered 
0  CiituitriHB  to  which  the 


Rrmirki. 

ValiH!  of 

C.trt;**''' 

/.. 

2i,438 

v-ua 

7,M5 
10.714 
3,000 

II. .'.no 

M.376  , 
UMH 

40,0SS 

2I0,4M 

Abiralnnetlilnl 
I'f    the  iiunii'tr 
of  vcMrti  eiitpr. 
e*l  M  I'eruvian, 
nn.l  MHne  eiitrr. 
ed  ai  Mrxitan, 
trlotiK    to    rhla 
port,    but  were 
put  ut]tli'r  those 
colours  for  Ih^i- 
ler      protrction 
dur'nj(  llif  rrvo- 
lulioii  of  I8ai. 

I.  pp.  141—178. ;  mil's 

ding  with  Guernsey, 

is  not  only  applied  to 
lugh  these  siibstancea 

•m  certain  spccicfi  nf 
•CCS,  It  is  very  adhe- 
ally  obtiiiniM]  in  small 
hat  it  can  be  reduced 
'vis  commonly  a  yel- 
insipid ;  its  specific 
hut  is  insoluble  in 
printing,  to  give  con- 
n  used  in  painting,  in 

•im  Arabic  and  gum 

Arahisclie  gttmmi ; 

A,  and  ill  many  parts 

ind  hardens  by  expo- 

yiclds;  and  the  hotter 

"d  summer  are  unfa- 

Hha])ed  pieces,  hard, 

a  pale  yellowish  hue; 

lecific  gravity  1*31  to 

is,  though  a  useful,  a 

lier  species  of  plants. 

poll,  Mogadore,  Tan- 

nd  the  Italian  ports. 

ng  and  diminishing, 

I'a  Dispensalnry,  and 


GUNP0WD1.1. 


721 


At  nn  nvernirfl  nf  the  3  yrnm  ending  with  18.11,  the  iiim  Arubic  nntnreil  fnr  cnnmimptlnn  nmnuntpj 
tn  l;l,.^7lcwt  H  yiinr.  Prrvlmiily  tit  liiHt  yunr  (1^:13),  tlm  iliity  on  Kum  Ariililn  from  a  llrlllKh  pnHi'fNHlori 
WUH  nn.  n  rwt.,  nnil  from  nllior  pnrtit  l^ji.  t  htit  thii  iltity  on  it  iiikI  nil  other  riiiiin  Ih  mow  flind  nt  flu. 
a  rwt.  without  reiinrd  to  oriidn.  Of  7,7(11  cwt  of  Ktiiii  Ariihin  iinporli'd  iA  IKIII,  Tripoli,  iliirliiiry,  and 
Morijcco  fiirnlnhiiil  9,0111);  KKVpt,  &7U;  (lihriiltar,  l,.'>H7i  Italy,  l,(KI7;  Mnltii,  .1)17;  the  V,u»l  IiiiII.'k, 
),UW,  ftc.  The  ri'diiclliin  of  tin-  dtity  nn  fori'lun  ).'itiii  will  nioHt  prolinhly  occniilon  nn  iiicroniiH  of  ilio 
iiiipnrlH  from  Ihf  McdltiTrniii^tin  tiiid  IMoBiiiiori'.  TItn  price  of  Kiiin  Arnhie  In  hnnd  In  the  I.nndnii 
ntiirkut  wan.  In  Ditreniher,  lti.t3,— F.nst  Indiii,  from  3t«.  tu  tt^o.  pur  i;wt. ;  Turkey,  from  1UU«.  to  'Hit. 
pur  ilo. ;  niid  ll.irltury,  from  SUj.  to  1(X)«.  pi'r  dn. 

2.  Ouni  Stmfgul,  principally  brought  from  the  island  of  that  name  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
is  obtaiiiel  from  various  trues,  but  chielly  from  two;  one  called  Vcreck,  which  yields  a  whito 
gum ;  the  other  called  Nebuel,  which  yields  n  red  gum  ;  varitaies  of  tho  acacia  gummifera. 
(iiiiii  Arubic  is  very  often  mixed  with  gum  Senegal.  Tho  latter  is  nearly  as  pure  as  tho 
former,  but  it  is  usually  in  larger  masses,  of  a  darker  colour,  and  more  clammy  and  tena- 
cious. It  is  tho  sort  of  gum  princi[)ally  employed  by  calico  printers.  It  was  worth,  in  De- 
cember, 1833,  duty  ((!.».)  paid,  from  75,«.  to  78,«.a  cwt. — {Thomsun's  Clitrnintry,  T/wmson'j 
Dispenmtwy,  Aimlie's  Materia  liidlca,  i(C.) 

II.  lieniis,  for  the  most  jiart,  exude  spoiiiuneously  from  trees,  though  thoy  are  often  ol)- 
tained  by  artificial  wounds,  and  are  not  uncomnidiily,  at  first,  combined  with  volatile  oil, 
from  which  they  are  separated  by  distillation.  They  uro  solid  substaticcs,  naturally  brittle ; 
have  a  certain  degree  of  transparency,  and  a  colour  most  cominonly  inclining  tu  yellow. 
Their  ta.ste  is  more  or  less  acrid,  and  not  unlike  that  of  volatile  oils ;  but  they  have  no 
smell,  unless  they  happen  to  contain  some  foreign  body.  Tlmy  are  all  heavier  than  water,  their 
speeitlc.  gravity  varying  from  I'()1H2  to  M863.  They  dilfer  from  gums  in  being  insoluble 
in  water,  whether  cold  or  hot ;  while  they  are,  with  a  few  exceptions,  soluble  in  alcohol, 
especially  when  assisted  by  heat.  When  heated,  they  melt ;  and  if  the  heat  be  increased, 
they  take  fire,  burning  with  a  strong  yellow  flame,  and  emitting  a  vast  quantity  of  smoke. 
Common  rosin  furni.shes  a  very  perfect  example  of  a  resin,  and  it  is  from  this  substanco 
that  tho  whole  genus  have  deiiveil  their  name.  K.isin  is,  indeed,  fretjucntly  denominated 
resin.  Tho  principal  resins  are  Anlmi,  Eltmi,  Copal,  Lac,  Lahdanuin,  MukHc,  Jiosin, 
Sanduruch,  Tacumaliae,  &c. ;  which  see,  under  their  respective  names. — {T/iomnon'a 
Chemistry.) 

III.  Ginn-re.v'ns.a  class  of  vegetable  sub.stances  consisting  of  gum  and  resin.  They  dilTer 
from  resins  in  this — that  they  never  exude  spontaneously  from  tho  plant,  being  obtained 
either  by  bruising  the  parts  containing  them,  or  expressing  the  juice,  which  is  always  in  a 
state  of  emulsion,  generally  white,  but  sometimes  of  a  dilTerent  colour,  or  by  making  incisions 
in  the  plant,  from  which  the  juice  flows.  The  jXiice,  being  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  sun, 
is  condensed  and  inspissated,  till  it  forms  the  gum-resin  of  commerce.  Gum-resins  are  gene- 
rally opaque,  or,  at  li^ast,  their  transparency  is  inferior  to  that  of  resins.  They  are  always 
solid,  and  most  commonly  brittle,  and  have,  sometimes,  a  fatty  appearance.  When  heated, 
they  do  not  melt  as  resins  do;  neither  are  they  so  combustible.  Heat,  however,  commonly 
softens  them,  and  causes  (hem  to  swell.  They  burn  with  a  flame.  They  have  almost  always 
a  strong  smell,  which,  in  several  instances,  is  alliaceous.  Their  taste,  also,  is  often  acrid, 
and  always  much  stronger  than  that  of  resins.  They  are  usually  heavier  than  resins.  They 
are  partially  soluble  in  water,  but  the  solution  is  always  opaque,  and  usually  milky.  Alcohol 
partially  dissolves  them,  the  solution  being  transparent. 

The  most  cnitnnon  gum-rrsins  are  Alius,  Ammonia.  Eiipfiorbium,  Galbanum,  Gamboge, 
Myrrh,  Olibanum,  Sagapcnitm,  Scummnny,  &c. ;  which  see  under  their  respective  names. 
— (Tjoudon'x  Enci).  nf  Agriciilt.  ;   T/tom  mil's  Chemintri/.) 

GUNFOWDElt  (Gcr.  Puher,  Schinsspitlier  ,■  Du."  Buskruid;  Da.  Krudt,  Piilver  ; 
Svv.  Knit  ;  Fr.  Vmidre  ,-  It.  I'olvcre ,-  iSp.  and  Port.  I'olmra  ,•  Rus.  Poriich  ;  Pol.  Pruch  ; 
Tj.it.  Pulnis  pyrius).  This  well  known  inflammalile  powder  is  composed  of  nitre,  sulphur, 
and  charcoal,  reduced  to  powder,  and  mixed  intimately  with  each  other.  The  proportion  of 
the  ingredients  varies  veiy  considerably ;  but  good  gunpowder  may  be  composed  of  tho  fol- 
lowing proportions;  viz.  76  parts  of  nitre,  15  of  charcoal,  and  9  of  sulphur.  These  ingre- 
dients are  first  reduced  to  a  line  puwiier  separately,  then  mixed  intimatily,  and  f  trmed  into 
a  thick  paste  with  water.  After  this  has  dried  a  little,  it  is  placed  upon  a  kind  of  sieve  full 
of  holes,  through  which  it  is  forced.  By  this  process  it  is  divided  into  grains,  the  size  of 
which  depends  upon  the  size  of  the  holes  through  which  they  have  been  squeezed.  Tho 
powdiT.  when  dry,  is  put  into  barrels,  which  are  made  to  turn  round  on  their  axis.  By  thi.s 
motion  grains  of  gunpowder  rub  against  vach  other,  their  asperities  are  worn  off,  and 

their  surlaces  are  made  smooth.  The  powder  is  then  said  to  bo  glazed. — (Thumson'a 
Chcmii^try.) 

Dr.  Thomson,  wliose  learning  is  equal  to  his  science,  has  the  following  remarks  with 
reiipect  to  the  introduction  of  gunpowder  into  warlike  operations : — "  Tho  discoverer  of  this 
comjjound,  and  the  person  who  first  thought  of  applying  it  to  tho  purposes  of  war,  are  un- 
known. It  is  certain,  however,  that  it  was  used  in  the  fourteenth  century.  From  ccriaia 
archives  quotetl  by  Wieglcb,  it  appears  that  cannons  were  employed  in  Germany  before  the 
year  1372.    No  traces  of  it  can  be  found  in  any  European  author  previously  to  the  Uur« 

Vol.  I.— 3  P  91 


'  - 


ll-,; 


HI 


a! 


723 


GUNNY— HAIR. 


i'-f 


li-onth  century  ;  Imt  il  Rceinii  to  linvo  born  known  to  the  Ohinoiio  long  boforo  thiit  prriml. 
'I'lifio  in  ronnon  to  iRiIiovo  timt  cannon*  wcro  u.seil  in  llio  buttle  of  CreiiHy,  which  wiis  fou;;ikt 
in  rJlO.  Tiicv  wein  even  to  havo  been  nnrd  three  yearn  earlier,  at  tho  Hie^e  of  Al«ei»i« 
ui»;  but  befoic  this  tiini:  .hey  niUHt  have  been  known  in  (Jermany,  ai  there  is  a  iiic<-e  of 
onhiance  at  Atolierif.  on  wiiich  it  inscrilieil  the  year  1 :)().),  Koger  liaron,  who  died  in  1293, 
knew  thn  propertief)  of  p;unpowder;  but  it  doeH  not  follow  thut  he  was  iii'>|uaintcd  uilh  ita 
iippliiMtii'U  to  tire-arniM." — {Tlimnttia'a  Cktiiiislry.)  For  further  particr.ltir»  as  to  tho  intro- 
duction (ii  ciuinon,  see  ihut  article, 

Tliii  (iiiiiiiifticiiirc  nnd  wilcoiKnnpuwdnr  la  rfinlalnd  by  neverfil  «tntiileii.  Hy  the  13  Ooo,  S.  c.  fil.  It 
Ih  Himrtf't.  lliiil  nil  P'T*""  "lliill  """  nillln  or  iillicr  cliiliies  fur  miiklriB  giiniinwdur,  nr  iiiiimi(iicliiiliig 
llie  HiiMii  III  liny  v\  ay,  cxct'iil  In  niills  anil  iuIiit  |i1iiit«  wliic.li  with  nrluiillu  in  ntMenre  at  lliu  tliiiu  of 
la^nliK  th.'  IK  I,  (  r  u  liif  II,  ir  (iri'i  led  uI'liTwartls,  Irnvn  Ihth  miiirliniKMl  liy  ii  llcrnci!,  niiilrr  paiu  nf 
liirfiiltint  ilw  i;mt|ii)\vi!iT,  anil  '.'.«.  a  iiiuiml.  It  U  rnrtlicr  onnftcd,  Hint  no  mill  worki'd  hy  pestle,  nnil 
lifiiallv  ti>riiiiMl  a  pi'Hlli)  mill.  hImiII  In!  iii<nd  In  unikinK  Kunpiiwdcr,  niiilcr  the  aliiu't'-nirntlniird  pnially  ; 
Ulid  tliut  no  niiirt'  tliuii  IIIIIih.  iiI'  (.'iinpnwilrr,  nr  niutvriuls  lu  Ixi  tnudi!  iiitn  C'oijiowdi'r,  Hliall  he  inadu 
at  any  run'  tiini'  iiinlcr  H  Mhiil.'  pair  iif  iiiill-ntniic»,  (in  p;iin  (if  fiirl'i'llinR  all  iiliovi-  10  Ibo.,  anil  2j.  fnr 
cvi'i  J  piiiind  ;  nur  shall  nicir  than  lOcwt.  hi.'  ilrird  ui  any  uni'  utiivM  nr  pliiri'  at  any  nn«  tltni-,  nniler 
torfi'iiiirc  iif  nil  above  that  qnantlty,  nml  'J*  fur  cvi^ry  iimind  thiTHof.  The  pnwdcr  niill!i  (ircitcil  at 
llnllli!,  CrnwhiirHl,  S'lililli'Lti'iiiiihii,  ami  llrodr,  In  Sn^Hi^v,  prcvi<iu«ly  to  17T2,  uro  e.\oinplt'(l  fniiii  tlie 
lilii'vi'  rcL'iilaliiinH  ho  Car  as  nlilc!!  tn  thi'  iniiklnit  nf  I'liii:  fnwliiii!  piiwdiT. 

Nd  dealer  in  In  keep  tmiri'  Mian  'JdO  |li«.  of  [iiiwdcr,  iinr  any  pHrHiin  nnt  n  dealer,  nmre  limn  SOllis.,  in 
the  cities  iif  I.diiiliin  or  Wi'mnilnHter,  nr  within  'i  inili'si  Iherenf,  nr  witlilii  any  other  city,  boronuli,  or 
iiiiirkct  town,  or  I  iiilli'  tht^n  nf.  or  within  two  iiiileH  «\  tin:  kinii'n  palarex  nr  inai;a/.ini's,  nr  J  a  mile  of 
liny  parish  rhiin  li,  on  p^'.iii  i.f  forl'ellnre,  and  Is.  p  r  Ih. ;  cxrept  ill  llrenKed  mills,  nr  tii  the  uinuiint  nf 
SIXMhs.  for  the  nne  of  ((illreiieH,  wiihin  SIKl  yarilH  of  tlieni. 

Nnl  more  than  'l'>  barrels  lire  to  be  carried  hy  any  hind  ciirriape.  nor  innre  than  90O  barriiU  by  water, 
iinhss  Boiiii;  hy  Hea  or  coasivvise,  each  liarr'jl  iiot  to  coiilain  inore  than  lOOIIis. 

All  V  ■sseJH,  evi'i'pt  liiM  M  ijesly's,  coiniii)!  into  the  'I'hanieji,  are  to  put  on  nhorc,  at  nr  lielnw  niark- 
wall.  all  Hie  L'nnpowder  tiny  have  on  hoard  PxeeediiiL'  85  lbs.  Vesnels' oiitward  hound  lire  not  to 
lec(Mvi)  (Ml  hoard  mnre  than  'i.'ilbn.  of  i^nn powder  previously  to  their  arrival  at  Iliac kwall.  The  Trinity 
JIuiise  have  authority  to  appoint  Hearilii.rH  to  insp.Mt  bliipa,  anil  si^arch  for  giinpowder.  .\ll  the  pnn- 
piiHiler  found  aliove  2.')  lbs  ,  and  Hie  harnls  coniiiiiiinir  it.  and  2.-.  for  every  lb.  above  that  quantity, 
are  forfeited  .\'iy  piMson  ohstriiilitiL'  an  o(t;ier  HiiirclilnR  for  concealed  tnnpnwder  In  liable  to  u 
penalty  of  Id'.     'I  lie  [ilaceH  nf  deposit  fur  i;un powder  are  regiil  iteil  hy  the  AKleii.  :i.  c.  '..Ml. 

The  e.\'piirlatinii  of  ,minpowiler  may  be  prohibited  liy  order  in  coiiik  il.  Iim  Importation  is  prohibited 
on  pain  of  forriiliifi',e\iept  bv  licence  from  his  M  ijesly  ;  such  licenci!  to  he  granted  for  fiirnisliinji  Ilia 
Jlajesly's  .-toils  only.— (li  (in>.  1.  r.  Il)7.) 

The  act  1  \Vill.  -1.  r.  11.  iiroliiliits  the  nianiifaclnre  and  keeping  of  Knii|iowdpr  in  Ireland  liy  any  per- 
son wlio  ImH  nut  olitaliied  a  lii  eiice  from  the  lord  l.lenlriiant  ;  sinh  licences  may  he  HiiH|ienilcd  on 
iiotice  from  the  chief  secrel.iry,  and  any  one  selliiiL'  gunpowder  diiriiiL'  the  suspension  of  tiiicli  lirencu 
flnll  forfeit  .MH)/.  (iiinpowiler  iiiiikern  iiinler  this  act  are  to  return  iiionijily  nccounts  of  their  Btoek,  4tc. 
to  the  chief  secretary.  Tliia  act.  which  coiituiiis  a  vuriely  of  rudtiiclivu  claused,  was  liiiiilud  lu  one 
year's  diiralinii,  but  h  is  been  pridonited. 

GUNNY  (Hind,  Till ;  Hen.  6' lira"),  a  strong  coarse  sackcloth  manufactured  in  Bengal 
for  making  into  baijs,  sacks,  and  packing  generally,  answering  at  once  tho  two  purposes  for 
which  canvrtjsg  and  bu):!  are  used  in  Europe.  The  material  from  which  this  article  ismanu- 
liictured,  is  tlie  iJhro  of  two  jilants  of  the  genus  Corchorus;  viz.  Corc/iuriis  ulilorius,  and 
Corchimts  capauhris  (Bengali,  put)  ;  both,  but  particularly  the  first,  extensively  cullivateJ 
throuuhout  Lower  Bengal.  BeHidei<  a  large  domestic  consuinptioti  of  gumiy,  tho  whole  rice, 
)iadd\ .  wheat,  pulses,  8u^•ilr,  and  saltpetre  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  pepper,  coiree,  and 
other  foreign  produce  exported  from  Calcutta,  are  packed  in  bags  or  sacks  made  of  this 
article.  There  is  also  a  consiilerablc  exportation  of  iiumufacturcd  bags,  each  commonly 
capable  of  containing  two  mauiidH,  or  about  100  lbs.  weight,  to  Prince  of  Wales  Iskmd, 
Malacca,  Siin^iipoie,  Java,  and  Boiiiliny.  In  1H28-29,  tho  number  exported  from  Calcutta 
was  2,20.'5,"li(),  of  the  valiir  of  106,109  sicca  rupees,  or  about  10,000/.  sterling,  showing  the 
}iricc  of  each  sack  to  be  less  than  2rf. — (  Wallich  ;  lluxhitrirh  i  Bell's  Review  of  the  External 
Commerce  of  Ueii/snl.) 

GYPSUM,  OH  (SULPHATE  OF  LIME,  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  Continent, 
and  in  Derbyshire  and  Nottinghamshire.  When  reduced  to  a  powder,  and  formed  into  a 
paste  with  water,  it  is  termed  jil/iisttr  of  Paris,  and  is  much  uscil  for  forming  casts,  &c.  It 
is  also  used  for  laying  floors ;  and  hati  boon  advantageously  employed  as  a  manure. 


H. 


HAIR,  Hdman  (Ger.  Haare,  Menschen-hanr ;  Dit.  Hair;  Fr.  Cheveux ;  It.  ('uprJli 
umani  f  Sp.  Cal/ellns  ,-  Lat.  Cupilli).  "Human  hair  makes  a  very  considerable  article  in 
commerce,  especially  since  the  mode  of  perruqties  has  obtained.  Hair  of  the  growth  of  the 
northern  cnuiitries,  as  England,  &,c.,  is  valued  much  beyond  that  of  the  more  southern  ones, 
88  Italy,  .Spain,  the  southern  parts  of  France,  &c.  Good  hair  is  well  fed,  and  neither  too 
coarse  nor  too  slender;  the  bigness  rendering  it  less  susceptible  of  the  artificial  curl,  and 
disposing  it  rather  to  frizzle;  and  the  smallness  making  its  curl  of  too  short  duration.  Its 
length  should  be  about  25  inches ;  tho  inoro  il  falls  short  of  this,  the  less  value  it  bears." — 
(£ncy.  Brit.) 

JUiK  op  Beasts  (Gcr.  Haare,  Hithaare,-  Du.  Hair,-  Fr.  Pail,-  It.  and  Sp.  Ptloj  Lat, 


;  bffdro  that  ppriml. 
ly,  which  was  f<)ui;lkl 

iho   HIORO  of   Alm'lti" 

.«  thiTc  i«  a  ])'u'ce  of 

II,  wlio  died  ill  1203, 

ii<-(|uninlcd  w  ilh  iu 

I'.liirH  as  lo  tho  iiitro- 


I  till-  ISOno,  S.  c.  fil.  it 
.'(liT,  nr  iiiiiiiiiCiii'liii  luK 
iLtlenre  at  Ihu  tiiiiii  (if 
IliM'iii'fi,  iiikIit  palii  of 

worki'd  liy  ptiMllo,  niid 
,'t'-iiii'iitl<iii('(l  |ii!iiitlly ; 
;iiiwilor,  Mimll  l>i'  iiiiiilu 
iiiivi'  lOlbo.,  iiml  29.  Iiir 

II  nny  nn«  liiiii',  niiilpr 
inilcr  iiiilla  ttrKitcil  iit 
itc  cxeiiiplt'il  I'riiiii  tlio 

•r,  morn  limn  Wilis.,  In 
ntlii-r  lily,  bormiuli,  or 
mii/.iiM's,  (ir  S  II  niilr  of 
in,  or  III  lliu  uliiuiiiit  of 

,n  20O  lmrri:lii  by  wntcr, 

nre,  (It  or  lielnw  Illiirk- 
iviiril  hiiiiiid  uri!  iidt  to 
lliKkwall.  'I'lii'Triiiily 
i|)(iw(lrr.  All  till'  pnii- 
1.  hIiovr  Unit  qiiiiiilily, 
iipiiwiliir  Ih  liable  to  it 
L'li.  a.  c.  !5«. 
ii|iortiili<iii  ia  priiliibitfd 
allied  for  furiiisliing  Ilia 

•  in  Irolnnd  l.y  nny  ner- 
1  limy  be  KiiHiii'iulPil  (in 
pension  of  (iiicli  lirencu 
iiiiils  (if  Ihflir  Hlock,  &c. 
es,  was  liiiiitud  tu  one 

nufacturcd  in  Bengal 

tho  two  purposes  for 

1  this  article  is  manu- 

diurits  vlilorius,  imd 

'.xlciisivcly  cullivated 

jiiny,  the  whole  rice, 

jK'Ppcr,  colFoc,  and 

Hacks  made  of  this 

afjs,  each  commonly 

ice  of  Wales  Islanil, 

ported  from  Calcutta 

sterling,  showing  the 

'iew  of  the  External 

rts  of  the  Continent, 
and  formed  into  a 

ruling  ca»ts,  &c.  It 
a  manure. 


heveux ;  Tt.  Cupe.lU 
onsiderable  article  in 
of  the  growth  of  the 
more  southern  ones, 
fed,  and  neither  too 
e  artificial  curl,  and 
short  duration.  Its 
188  value  it  bears." — 

and  Sp.  Ptloi  Lat. 


IIAIR-POWDER,  HALIFAX. 


72 


Pellet),  The  hair  of  horsei  ii  cxIenRivcly  used  in  tho  manufacluro  of  cliairA,  lofaa,  inddloi, 
fic. ;  while  the  hair  or  wool  of  U^avom,  lmrr«,  rabbits,  Ac,  is  much  employed  in  the  nmnu- 
fucturc  (if  hats,  Ac. 

IIAIIM'OWDKU  (fier.  I'nclcr ,  Fr.  Voniirr  ,)  pmid.cr ,-  It,  Volvrrr  i/i  rlpri ;  Sp.  Vnhon 
ih  jaelufii),  in  UHcd  as  an  ornunu-iit  for  tl»e  hair,  and  generally  imide  fiom  starch  puUeriHed, 
anu  soinetiiiK-s  perfumed.  A  lax  of  I/.  '<\>i.  6d,  a  year  u  laid  upon  all  personM  who  wear  hair- 
powder.  Diili'rent  ^tiiUites  prohibit  the  mixing  of  hair  powder  with  starch  ur  alabaster. 
And  liiur-powder  niiiker-t  are  prohibited  having  alabaster  in  their  custoily. 

H.MilFAX,  the  ciipital  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  soiith-eaHt  coast  of  that  province,  lat.  44" 
30'  N.,  Ion.  ()3°  28'  \V.  It  is  Hitiinled  on  a  pcniiiHula  on  the  west  side  of  Cheliucto  Hay, 
and  has  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  America.  Population,  exclusive  of  the  military,  about 
18,00(1.  The  town  is  irregularly  built,  and  most  of  the  houses  are  of  wond.  'i'he  govorn- 
ment-hou.se  is  one  of  tho  most  iplendid  edifices  in  North  America.  Halifax  was  i'ounded 
in  1749. 

r<irf.— Tlic  bfHt  murk  in  jniliiii:  for  llnlifax  Is  Knmliro  ll|rbt-lioii«o,  nn  a  sinnll  Inland  ofl*  thn  cnpn  of 
the  same  mime,  on  tlii!  west  slilc  of  llii;  uiilriinco  to  llie  liiirliuiir,  in  Int.  41-'  'M>',  |oii|!.  lilt"  3S',  The 
liulit,  which  i»  ti.xed,  in  am  fircl  iiIkivii  the  bivcl  iif  the  hi  a  ;  and  u  dilidliinelit  of  artillery,  with  two 
!JI-piiiiiiilerH,  ia  iipmi  iliiiy  at  tlie  lii;ht-hoiise,  tlrinii  nt  refiiilar  iiilervi  '  iiriiig  the  roiitiniiaiice  of  the 
(IciKte  (i  «*  with  wbiili  liiiB  part  of  tlic  roacl  is  very  iiiiK  h  iiifcHli'd.  i  Halicr,  'I'nliltg  dm  I'riiiopalea 
I'uMiliynn  (Ji'nentphiiiiie.-,  \k''*  )  The  i'oiiri<e  into  the  liarlioiir  for  l.iineHlup-i.  utter  piiKHiii!.'  Suiiibro  liKliI, 
in  between  the  nialii  laiid  on  tlin  went  and  Miicnali't  Inland  on  tho  oust.  On  a  H|iit  projecuiii;  Iroiii  tlie 
latter,  ii  iiiilit-iioiini'  ban  recently  been  coiintriicled  ;  and  when  lliin  in  peeii,  Khlps  iiiiiy  run  in  without 
fear.  'I'he  liarbonr  in  definded  by  sflveral  pretty  xtroii^  lorlH.  Kliipn  iiMialiy  aii  hor  iibreast  of  the 
town,  where  tlie  iiarlioirr  is  rather  mure  llinn  u  mile  in  wiiltli.  Al'ler  criiilnally  nam  winu  to  about  i 
of  lliat  widlh,  it  suddenly  expands  into  u  noble  nlieet  of  water,  enlled  lledford  liasin,  roinpletely  l.iiid- 
loeked,  with  deep  water  throiiu'lio  It,  und  capable  of  aiToniiiiodatiiiif  the  wlnde  navy  of  (ireat  llrilain. 
Tbi.'  harbonr  is  aicensilile  at  all  tiinen,  and  in  rarely  impeded  by  ice.  There  in  an  e.vtenHive  royal  dock- 
yard at  Halifax;  which  during  war  in  an  iioportiint  naval  station,  beiii);  purtiiularly  well  calculated 
for  the  shidter,  repair,  ned  oiitllt  of  the  tieetn  criiiisini.'  on  the  American  manl  anil  in  the  \Vest  Indies. 
Mr.  .M'fireiror  lias  severely,  and,  we  believe,  jiiBtly,  eeiit^ared  the  project  for  the  reniovul  of  the  doclt- 
yard  from  Halifix  to  Ilerinnda. 

'J'railt;  ^-c.  af  Jlalifnr  iiiiil  .\'ien  SfofiVi.— Ilallfix  is  the  scat  ofn  considerable  (Ishery  j  hot  the  lirltish 
coIoiiIhIh  seem  in  be,  fur  what  reason  it  is  not  ea.^y  lo  say,  both  lens  enlerprinini,'  aiiil  lens  Miccei-nt'iil 
llnhers  than  the  New  Kniilaiiilern.  The  principal  trade  of  tin'  town  ninl  the  province  I"  wiili  the  Went 
Indies,  Great  Hritain.and  the  rnited  States.  To  the  former  they  export  dried  and  pii  kled  fish,  liinilier, 
roal.H,  iJriiidstoiieH,  rattle,  flour,  butter,  cheese,  oals,  polnloes,  /ic.  They  ex|iiirt  tbi^  same  urtb  le«  to 
the  soiillierii  ports  of  the  llniled  HtaleH,  and  (lypsiim  to  the  eastern  porisdf  ISevv  I'.intlaml.  To  tireat 
llrilain  they  send  tiiolier,  deals  ;  wli;ile,  cod.  and  seal  oil  ;  furs,  &c.  The  principal  exports  of  tinilier 
nn;  from  I'ictoii  on  tlie  St.  Lawrence.  The  iinporls  consist  priiir ipally  of  colonial  produce  from  the 
West  Indies  ;  nil  sorts  of  mannfactiired  zooils  from  (ireat  Britain  ;  and  of  Hour,  lumber,  iS:e.  from  the 
L'niliMl  .Slaten,  princjjKilly  for  exportation  to  tlie  West  Iiidlen. 

'I  he  noverninent  packets  sail  reKiilarly  once  a  moiiili  from  Halifax  to  Falniouth  ;  but  packet  ships  lo 
Liverpool  have  recenlly  been  established,  wliidi  are,  in  nil  respectn.  superior  to  llie  former.  There 
are  aino  reifiilar  packets'  frnin  Halifax  lo  Boston,  New  York,  and  the  West  Indies.  A  Htenm-boat  plies 
tonnlantly  beHveen  Ililifix  and  the  lillh;  lovvii  of  Uarlmoulli.  on  the  opposite  side  of tlio  harbour. 

In  1'>'2U  a  company  w.is  formed  for  niakln)!  a  canal  across  llie  country  Ironi  Halifax  to  the  basin  of 
Minus,  which  unites  with  the  boHoni  of  (lie  Bay  of  rnndy.  'I'he  navi'^alioii  in  formed,  for  the  most 
part,  by  Hliuheiiacndie  lake  nnd  river.  The  legislature  pave  l.'),(Ui(i;.  to  this  undertaking ;  but  it  has 
not  liilll(!rto  been  tnmpleted.  Tlie  excavated  part  of  the  tanal  is  fill  teut  wide  ut  top,  .'111  feet  nt  bottom, 
and  is  intended  lo  admit  vessels  drawing  8  feet  water.  It  seems  very  (]uestioiiable  whether  this 
canal  will  be  prnfitabli;  to  the  slianhohlern ;  b'lt  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  would,  if  finished,  be  of 
cnnslderalili'  service  to  tlie  trade  of  Halifax. 

Tliere  are  two  private  banking  companies  at  Halifax.  Accounts  are  kept  in  pounds,  shillings,  and 
pence,  the  same  ns  in  I'.ncl.ind,  and  the  weights  and  nieaeiires  are  also  the  same. 

About  inn  large  s<|iiare-rigged  vesselb,  and  about  the  same  nuinbcr  of  large  schooners,  with  several 
smaller  craft,  belong  to  Halifax. 

The  total  revenue  of  Nova  Hcotia  for  the  year  18.TI,  Including  balances  and  arrears,  was  S5,0iej. ; 
the  expenditure  daring  the  same  year,  exclusive  of  that  incurred  on  account  of  the  garrison,  being 
9!,87fl/. 

We  borrow  from  the  valuable  work  of  Mr.  M'Oregor  tho  f(dlowing  s^tatement  as  to  the  trade  of  Nova 
Scoiia  in  IS32:  - 


Produce  of  the  Fiitieriri  cxp'irU-d  tii  the  Year  eudlDg  61b  of 
Jaiiuiry,  IKIJ. 

leO.Cin  rivt.  dry  Mi,  ill  lOl. 
37,l.>4  lutrrls  pirklel  full,  at  Hit.    ■ 
8,641  htxvn  .^li.okcl  liciriii^H,  at  3i. 
701  tiiiu  oil.  .11  20(. 
61,919  ml  nkiuii,  at  l<.  Sd.  • 

Total       . 

/..       I.  </. 

80,120    0    0 
27.S(M  10    0 

1,2%    3    0 
14.0S0    0    0 

3,!>!)3  17    0 

127,43f>  10    0 

Produce  of  Agriculture, 

B.irli?v  iTi.l  nal>,  3  47'<  liusheU,  a(  it. 
FolilocB  and  lurni|u,  6.1,712,  at  It.  M. 
Oiliiu  jl,  7  l..\rrcls,  at  2U«.      - 
Vh».«ciid,  lOliinliilj 

Horned  catlle,  tioraes,  tlieep,  and  iwine,  926 
value           ..... 
Riiltcr,  ch  -eee,  and  lard,  Sj,72l  lbs.  value    • 
(  rai.biTrie^.  490  {rtltoiu 
A|i|i|rt,  2tiObirio'«     .... 
llet;f  aiul  |iork,  4:U  barreU    • 

Total 

L.     1.  d. 

347  IG    0 

4,!l3}  12    0 

7    0    0 

2  10    0 

4,630    0    0 

4,!Se    4    0 

24    6    0 

130    0    0 

1,302    0    0 

1S,5K1    8    0 

reduce  of  the  Mimn,  f-X|)Orte<l 

/.        I.   d. 

rn.il»,  12,020  dnldrons,  al  2'it. 

|j,0.!i    0    0 

Dillo,  fmm  Cijic  Breluu,  3li,ti,7  cbO  Irons    ■ 
(;v['tiuni,  4),'i()i4  toiiN,  ai  lOl. 

S-'.aVl  15    0 

22,7  i4    0    0 

D'tltn.  from  Cape  Itrelon,  biS  1-2  lona 

3  8    5    0 

GriiiJslones,  19,24U,  al  30l.     . 

28,8(J0    0    0 

T.ital 

104,329    0    0 

Produce  of  Ibe  Foresti. 

/..       ».    it 

Siuire  Umber.  3-*,eH  loni.  at  I5i.      ■ 

2!/,ei3    S    0 

D.aUanlimb  hinrlj,  Sl,gtl,000 

24,2Sl)    0    0 

l.illnvond,  2J8  loads 

2Ji    0    0 

SlAvt»,  2,7M.nOO          .... 

3.-.()9    0    0 

iihioub".  3,042.000      .... 

2,2-1  10    0 

Ilarids|.iki-s,  2,3C0        .            .            .            • 

ll'i    U    0 

(lar<,  |«de«,*;c.,  3,S94 

4r>   0   0 

Masts  anl  ,|t.irs,  642    .           .            .           - 

200    0    0 

II,,nps,22«,liO             .... 

114     1    3 

Value  of  lis.ber  stiirpol  from  Cape  Breton   - 

1,972    0    0 

Tolal 

62,447  to    3| 

'■I 


The  balance  of  exports  consists  of  various  articles,  transhipped,  princifiallv  West  India  produce, 
tea  from  Cbina,  jcc. 


724 


HAMS,  ItAMBUROII. 


Account  of  TOiXrli  •ni«r«i1  Inwnrd*  In  iha  Pnrt  of  IIuIIAk  nnil  Nnvt  >■> 
•ndlni  ftlli  uf  Juiiunry  Ib33 1  and  u(  tlhMit  cltmriKl  imlwitriK  .'r 


:r(<ii«;ii<lly,  In  Iha  Yftr 

.  "I  MUM. 


CwiilrtM. 


Illillnil  KlllKiliiin     • 
llirilKiiiix        ... 
()|'orli>  ... 

<<iii'rii>i-y  oiiil  Jrriey  - 
riiiii/.  .... 
Hiii)riiit         ... 

Mi'llH'l     .... 

Ilrliii'li  Writ  IntlliK 
I'l'ii'mtiiiriili  .        -        - 
llrilmli  N.  A.  rolnnli'l    . 
A/iiri'ri  mill  Miili'Irii 
Mnl.iU'i  mill  (iiliriiltnr    - 
KiirriKii  viiancla  from  Iiiilln  i 

r,iirii|>"        ... 
Unlli'il  Htnliia,  Drltliih  vi'uhi' 
l>lltn,         Ibruliin  venai! 
Ilrnxll    .... 
Miiiirltliit       ... 
Ciilllnn  ... 

Arrlrii  .... 
Kill  Jmii'lrn  .  -  . 
Ilnvuiiiiuli      ... 

TiiInU 


iDwinli. 


SiMllfc  I 


Tuu. 


lin 

9 
I 
3 


t 
\ 

I 

1,04(1 
!i 

7 


3117 

77 

It 

1 

I 


1 

l.'.IM)" 


n,4M 
•ut 

tlM) 
»70 


9.M 

87,(W:i 
'i'J7 

(1.1,(143 
IH7 
Ci3l 


:II,4I3 
7,mi 

l,:wi 

IH7 

»(H 


131 

i(i;t^5' 


M«n, 


fl,.1l7 

Id 

» 


l» 
41 

I,. 1(13 
W 

3,7M 
\'i 
4() 


1,.W0 
413 

IW 
10 

4M 


8 
0.U73' 


104 

1 


l,IUI 
4 

1 

SUN 
75 
lU 


3 

i,»ua 


(Bee  Atlirfgnr'f  Hriliih  ^mrrirn,  Uil  ril.  vol.  I.  p.  4H1.  4H3,  fcc. ;  MoortumU  Ultertfrom  Aiura  Stotia, 
utim  ;  I'upurt  Imil  btforr  lilt  t'lnaiict  Commillfr,  i^e.) 


faf 

H.VMS  ((iiT.  .Sc/i/»(^r»»  ,•  Y)u.  Uninmrn  I  Yr,  Jarnfmn.i  ,•  U.  Prnnciutt! ;  9p.  Jnmofifx  ; 
Run.  (ikitroku),  tho  thii(liM  of  tlio  hoi{  h.iUoiI  bdiI  drird.  V'ork,  HiiiiIm,  Wilta,  anil  Cuinlicr- 
liuiil,  ill  KmrIiiiu),  and  Diinifrios  nml  (iiilloway  in  Mcothiiul,  nro  tho  roiinlirH  nioHt  famniia  filr 
prixlucinj^  lino  haina.  TIiokii  of  Irt'liiiul  urn  coniparulivcly  coarso  niid  witlioiii  flavour. — 
(!S(Hi  Uu-oN.)  Tlio  linma  oi  I'ortngal,  VVcHtphalia,  uiid  Virginia,  aru  «X(|iiiiiitfly  llavoiircd, 
mid  aro  in  liigh  estimation.  Thi>  iinportD  of  hacon  and  Iiuiiih,  principally  the  Uttnr,  nmuuiit 
to  alioul  !,.'),')()  cwt.  a  year.     Tho  duty  ia  very  heavy,  being  no  loaa  than  !2S.<,  a  cwt. 

[Much  attention  ia  (mid  in  thr  United  Htatea  to  tho  ruring of  hama.  Thoao  from  Virginia 
and  New  Jersey,  eti|H>eialIy  the  Uurlington  haiiia  from  tho  hitter  atate,  aro  little,  if  at  all, 
inferior  to  tho  Weatphaliu.  Largt'  quuntiliea  of  them  are  cured  in  Maryland  and  Ohio,  and 
cxporteil  to  tho  other  atatca  of  tho  Union. — Am.  Ed.] 

HAMBURGH,  a  freo  Hansentie  city,  on  tho  north  bank  of  the  river  Elbe,  about  70 
miles  front  its  mouth,  in  lat.  53^  32'  "51"  N.,  Ion.  9°  5S'  37"  E.  Population,  ia.5,00(), 
Hamburgh  w  the  greatest  commercial  city  of  Germany,  and,  pcrhapa,  of  the  Continent. 
She  owes  this  distinction  principally  to  her  aituntioii.  The  Ellie,  which  may  bo  novigated 
by  lighters  as  far  as  Pniguc,  reiulera  her  tho  cnlrrpttt  of  a  vast  extent  of  country.  Advan- 
tage, too,  haabeun  taken  of  natural  facilities  that  extend  atiil  further  her  internal  navigation; 
a  water  communication  having  been  estaMished,  by  meana  of  Iho  Spree  and  of  artificial  cuts 
and  aluicea,  lietween  the  Elbti  and  the  Oder,  an<l  l>etween  the  latter  and  tho  Viftulu ;  ao  that 
a  considerable  part  of  tht^  produce  of  8ilesia  destined  for  foreign  markets,  and  some  even  of 
that  of  Poland,  ia  conveyed  to  Hamburgh.  —  (See  C»xai.».)  There  is,  also,  a  communi- 
cation by  means  of  a  canal  with  tho  Trave,  and,  consequently,  with  tho  Luliec  and  thu 
liultic,  by  which  tho  necessity  of  resorting  to  tho  dillicull  and  dangerous  navigation  of  the 
Sound  is  obviated.  Vessels  drawing  14  feet  of  water  come  up  to  the  town  at  all  times;  and 
vessels  drawing  18  feet  may  come  safely  u[>  with  the  spring  tides.  Tho  larjjeat  vessels  some- 
times load  from  and  unload  into  lighters  at  Cuxhaven.  The  trade  of  Hamburgh  embraces 
every  article  that  Germany  either  sells  to  or  Iniya  from  foreigners.  The  exports  principally 
consist  of  linens,  grain  of  all  sorts,  wool  and  woollen  cloths,  leather,  flax,  glass,  iron,  copper, 
■malts,  rags,  staves,  wooden  clocks  and  toys,  Rhenish  wines,  spelter,  Ace.  Most  sorts  of 
Baltic  articles,  such  as  grain,  flax,  iron,  pitch  and  tar,  wax,  «Stc.,  may  generally  be  bought  as 
choap  at  Hamburgh,  allowing  fur  ditt'crenco  of  freight,  as  in  the  jMirts  whence  they  wero 
originally  brought.  The  imports  consist  principally  of  sugar;  cofTee,  which  is  the  favourite 
article  for  aiieculative  purchaaes;  cotton  wool,  stuti's,  and  yarn ;  tobacco,  hides,  indigo,  wine, 
brantiy,  rum,  dye-woods,  tea,  pepper,  &c.  Ueing  brought  from  many  dilVerent  places,  there 
is  a  great  variety  of  quality  in  the  grain  found  at  Hamburgh  ;  but  a  largo  proportion  of  tho 
wheat  is  inferior.  Some  of  the  barley  is  very  good,  and  fit  for  malting.  'I'he  oata  are  feed 
of  various  qualities.  The  customs  revenue  is  found  to  amount,  one  year  with  another,  to 
from  30,000/.  to  35,000/.  The  rate  may,  jurhnpa — (see  post),  lie  taken,  on  imports 
and  exports,  at  a  rough  average,  at  5.<.  3(/.  per  cent,  which  would  give,  at  a  medium, 
12,380,0004  a  year  for  the  value  of  tho  trade  in  articles  subjected  to  duties;  and  adding 
S.UOO.OOO/.  for  the  trade  in  articles  exempted  from  duties,  wo  have  14,380,000/.  as  the  total 


>lt<  '•  '^  (RIIHI. 


I  iMtirifrom  A'ura  Scolia, 

nciutll  /  Sp.  Jiimonn  ,- 
IM,  Willi,  and  Cuiiilinr- 
DtinlioH  moHt  fiitnnu8  fiir 
ml  wiihiMit  fliivour. — 
v  tiX()uiiiiti'Iy  ll.ivoiired, 
iiilly  the  Inttnr,  aiiiuuut 
than  'i^n,  a  cwt. 
.  Those  from  Virginin 
itt>,  arc  little,  if  at  all, 
arylaiid  and  Ohio,  and 

river  Elbe,  ahotjt  70 

Population,  r^r),()00. 

ps,  of  the  Continent. 

irh  may  bo  novigatrd 

of  country.     Advan- 

or  internal  navigation ; 

CQ  and  of  artilk'ial  ruts 

1(1  tlio  Viiitula ;  ho  that 

ictH,  and  Rome  even  of 

'o  in,  also,  A  cnmmuiii- 

the  Lul)ec  and  tho 

rous  navigation  of  the 

town  at  all  timoH ;  and 

w  liirnpst  vpsscis  some- 

'  IhiMihurgh  embracer 

he  exports  principally 

X,  glass,  iron,  copper, 

<Scc.     Most  sorts  of 

gcjicrally  be  bought  as 

ts  whence  they   were 

which  is  the  favourite 

;o,  hides,  indigo,  wine, 

lillerpnt  places,  there 

argo  proportion  of  tho 

g.    'I'he  oats  are  feed 

^ear  with  another,  to 

be  taken,  on  imports 

d  give,  at  a  medium, 

to  duties ;  and  adding 

,380,000/.  as  the  total 


\\ 


HAMDUIKHI. 


7M 


■nnunl  value  of  the  imp  irt  and  export  tnide  of  the  (lort !  And,  ai  the  lurgent  portion  of  this 
iininen<«u  tnulo  i«  in  our  haiidH,  it  will  lie  in'ci'Mury  that  we  xhould  Iw  a  littlu  fuller  thuii 
ordinary  in  our  detuiU  iw  to  iIuh  great  ouiporiuui. 

.Armcf/.'  Arriiiintt  nri<  l<i>|it  ut  lliuiiliiiri{li  In  maret,  illvhiril  Into  Id  milii  or  ii'lilllltiKn  liilx,  iiiiil  tlis 
srliillinuii  lull!  i't  iilVfiiiiiiii  IiiIm. 

Ai'i'.iiiiiIpi  iiri>  iiIkii  ki'|it,  |iiirtli'iiliirly  In  iiirhiiiigiii,  in  poiiiiili),  i<rlill|||i|ti),  niiil  jieiiiH  KU'mlHli,  Tlie 
pmiiiil  CKiialaia  iifvl  rriiM  im,  :>{  Ihiili'm,  7)  ninna,  SO  nrhlllliiui  Kli'it<lali,  iiimI  SIO  iiriilua  I'Ii'iiiInIi. 

'I'lii'  iiiiiiildK  III  rir(  iiliiliMii  Ml  lliiiiil>iiri.'li  iiri'  iliviil'il  liim  dnniu  iinij  riirrrnt  Hu.itry.  Th'  liiriiii'r  run- 
RJHla  nl'ihii  aiiiiix  Inmrliii'il  In  ilin  linnkH  nl  iln'  biiiik  i>|i|iiiiii|i>  in  liic  iiiiini'a  nrilidaii  who  Imvii  <|i'|iiiiilli'i| 
ii|ii'i'lii  or  liiillioii  in  llii'  liank.  H.liiih  U  liilrliinlriiily  worili  iiImmiI  '.'.'I  jiir  imil.  inori'  tliiiii  rum  in  n,  lull 
llii*  iii'tH  la  I'oiiaiiirilly  V'lryliiK.     (I'lir  uii  ntccniiit  olllin  iliiiik  nl'  lliiinliiirtf,  hd'  IUnkn  (I  olu:lll^>.) 

or  iliii  loiiiN  In  I'Iri  iiliiiiini  iil  lliiiiilniriili,  llin  rlmlollnr  iMimoMnil  ilii<  rlxilojlnr  iiirrciil  ari!  the  iiio^l 
roiniiioii.  'I'liv  weliflil  nf  lint  foriiii'r  la  not  iiiiiroriii  i  lint  l)i.  Kill)  uailnmtia  It,  ut  ii  iii«iliiiiii,  hi  HIIIA 
tUiu-  vriiinii  piirit  nilvi-r  -  ■!;<.  HJii.  Tliu  ciirruiil  rlxilollar  -  :i|n  ;i  K'aiii*  'iii.ttlil.  wry  liuuily.  Tlis 
lluinlinriflivoiiM      n      l)«  .y. 

Tiikini!  iIm'  iih'  viiliiit  of  llie  rlxilnll'ir  liiinrii  nt  niV/nli'rllnff,  It  follnwi,  Dint  II.  alRrlliiK  ••  1.1  innrcs 
S7  ai'hilliiiiia  liiiiio,  nr  If.  ■li'llliiK  .'I.V.  \il,  rti>iiilali  hiiino.  No  ll\i>il  ;<(ii' or  <ixi'lianilii  I'lin,  lio»  i-Vur, 
liii  I'aiiililiHiiiiil  iii'twi'tni  l.otiilon  itiiil  ll.inilinrKli,  on  iiiiimnt  ol'llii'  llniliinlioii  ol'  hanco,  W.  alcrl.  10 
liiiirra  11  ai'hillliiita  llaintnirBli  fiiriiiniy.or  I  marc  nirri'iil   - 11  W/.  alurl.- -(AX/j/'.  Camhitl,  llnmburak.) 

Weightu  imil  .MiiiHiirffi.—Tho  coiiiiiiorilal  weiiilila  iiri', 

'■ll.ollin       ^  I  Oiliirn.       Itroiiiidii         •   I  I,Ih|ioiiiii|,    I   Sj  CVntncri  »  I  Hhl|ipolinil. 
ID  OuncvH  -  I  I'oiiiiil  N  l,ls|ioiiliilii  "  I  Ci'iitnir.      | 

tno  lliiinliiirKli  poniiiU  IlillH  Im.  iivolriliipolii '■  I'JII.'*  |I>h.  Troy  -  4H  1.1  kllogrnniinci-ONIbR,  of  Am* 
•trriliiin.     A  Nioiii'  III'  Max  Ih  'ii>  Ilia,     A  hIoiiii  ol'  wool  or  I'l'iillirra  In  III  IIm. 

In  eallinallou  llic  iiirriiiKii  ofiioiiilii,  lliu  Nlilii|ioiiliil  la  rrckoiied  ut  3Mllliii. 

Tim  inraanna  lor  liijtiida  aro, 


UOuaai'lM 
9  <iiiar!ii!ra 
U  Kani'iiH 


I  (inarlii'f. 
I  Kaimn 
I  Hiiiti|,'vn. 


i  Htnliffi'iiH 
4Vli-rt«U    ' 
.t  Kiincra 


(I  AhniH  or 
91  Anki'rii     ' 


1  Fuder. 


1  \  Irrtlll. 

'  I  Kiiiirr. 
I  Aliin  iir  4  Ankem. 

Thft  iillMi  h  iMiiial  III  ,1M.j,  iinil  tlin  fniliir  to  VUll,  KiiKllah  wImh  Kiillnnii. 

A  I'aaa  orwlnii  'liixhiiri  •DlirrriN.  Tliu  nxliol'i  or  IiovmIiimiI  ia  ol' viirliniii  itlinrnKlonn.  I  nxlinft 
I''r*'iirli  wlnu  "Iil2  to  ))l  HliilnjaiiH  ;  an  oxiliift  of  liriimly  Ol)  alulik'nia.  A  |ii|iii  orH|iaiiiHli  winu  -  IW  to 
IlklntiiliKviia.  A  Inn  oflKH'r  U  IHatiiligunit.  A  |il|iuul'oil  la  H'^WIIim.  nutt.  VV'linluoil  \a  mild  per  burrsl 
ut  II  aloi'kan     .18  Mil!!,  wliiu  KalloiiH. 

Tliu  dry  nmnaiiri'ii  iir«, 

•I  SpintH       =  I  Ilinitanil.   I     .1  Ka^R  ->  I  HcliBir.'!.   1  0   WlapR  -■=  1  I.nRt, 

'i  HIiiiliMilil  ■    I  Kaaii.  |    III  Hrlii'llVlH  "  I  Wlxii,         |    U  l^aat      -  1  Htuvk. 

The  T.nut  «  II'!!  Wlnclli-Hli'r  i|iiiirti<rR.     A  k)M!l  nt'iiialH  yii'liln  Iron  Hto  V  Inata. 

Till'  llainhiiritli  font  -'  II  SMI  l''iiKllah  Inilii'ii.  Thi!  Itliiiiolanil  l'o.>t,  naed  by  ciiitineerR  anil  land  Rlir« 
vuvorM,  -  I'i  ;ii)  lnclii'14.  Tim  Bralmiit  ell,  iiioBt  coiniiioiily  uaud  in  thii  iiiramiriMiit'iit  of  jjiitiii  goodR, 
•^aTftn.'i  liiclmn. 

A  ton  In  till)  ladinir  ofii  vlilii  Ik  Rcnernlly  rnckonrd  at  W  cubic  fret.  Of  thliiKR  that  htk  aold  liy  nnm- 
lirr,  n  croaa  iliouaainl  ^  I.WO;  u  iiroK*  hiiiidriid  "  \'ii)t  u  ring  -  f  10;  u  cunuiiun  or  auiult  lliuiuund  » 
1,110(1;  Ik  aliock 'fiO;  a  atoliiM  ^  21);  il  groan      rido/.i!n. 

KjimrlH.-Wf  ri'.Tol  lliat  no  inalnrlalH  ivxint  by  vvlilrh  It  In  posalblo  to  (rive  nny  ncronnt  of  the 
iliiantlty  anil  value  of  lhi>  dltfcrenl  arllilcH  exportid  from  ilaniliiirKh.-(l''or  Home  partlrnl'ir.t  ax  to  the 
turn  Iraile,  aee  (,'ohn  I.awh  anu  (John  Trade.)  I.lnena  aru  one  of  llm  nniiit  iniporlaiit  arlicluHof 
export.  They  nre  generally  tiold  by  the  piece  ;  lint  llieru  are  vreal  dillurenceg  In  the  dlmi'iiHloriH  of 
pieces  of  (liircntiit  dt'iioniiiintioiiH.  The  following  Table  la,  llierefore,  of  iinporlance,  uh  il  e.xhiliilH  the 
varloiiH  deHcriptloiiH  of  linen  uaiiully  niel  with  nt  llaniliiirgb,  wllh  the  b'ligth  and  liruudtli  ot  the 
dltl'urunt  plucea.     It  ulau  givua  thuir  coat  on  board,  in  alurling,  uu  lut  January,  Ib.'lU. 


Dneripliooi. 

Uogth. 

Yordf. 

Width. 
l-ardi. 

Bold. 

Ci«t  OH  Hmrd,  In  Slerlln«. 

£  «.    (/.      £  i>.    d.      £  s.   d. 

Platlllai  royalcR   .          .           - 

35 

per  piece. 

U  15  10  to  1   10     3  to  1  lU    4 

llrnwn  Hlieaiai 

33 

— 

0  12    0  —  0  19    2  —  1    4    2 

Uritunnina            ... 

7 

— 

0    3    9  —  0    7    7  —  0    9  10 

Ditto   .          .           .          - 

7 

II 

— 

0    7    7  —  0  12    1-0  IS    1 

Dowlas      .... 

67i 

1 

— 

1  11    9-2    5    4-2  12  11 

Crcaa  &  lu  Morlnix    - 

07* 

— 

113    3  —  3    0    6  —  4    3    2 

I.istndos    -           -           .           . 

43 

II 
A 

— 

0  IS    2—1    7    3-1  16    3 

While  shcetinga 

SO 

— 

119    4  —  2    8    5  —  3    0    6 

IMain  lawns           ... 

SJ 

1  .'-> 
I  (f 

— 

0    0  10  — 0  18    2—1  10    3 

Clear,  figured,  and  worked  lawng 

8J 

— 

0    7    7  —  0    0    1-0  13    7 

Arabias      .... 

211 

1 

I 
f 

— 

0    0    1-0  12    1  —  0  18    2 

Checks,  No.  2.            .           . 

Hi 

— 

0    4    0  —  0    5    4-0    6  10 

Striped  and  checked  books 

43 

:i 

per  3  pieces. 

0  13    3  —  0  15    1-0  18  11 

IIet>!4ia  rolla     ... 

35 

per  piece. 

0    9    1  —0  15     1-0  IS  11 

Miicn  for  coarse  bi'.gs 

35 

in 
Iff 

— 

0    9    1-0  15    1  —  1    5    8 

Osnaburghs    . 

-     - 

:    per  100    'i 
double  eiU  3 

3    9    7-4    3    2  —  4  10    9j 

Tecklcnbiirgha      ... 

-     . 

- 

— 

3    0    0  —  3  12    7  — 3  15    7 

The  Platillaa  and  Britannias  rome  principally  from  SilcRia;  the  Creas  from  I.u^atia,  &c.  Osna. 
liurgbK  are  made  uf  flu.xeu,  and  TecklenbnrgliH  uf  hempen,  yarn.  Lineim  arc  aold  with  a  diacnunt  of 
I  per  cent. 

Tiiipnrla.—We  Biibjoin  an  iiccniint  of  the  import.'*,  consuinption,  exports,  slock,  and  prices,  of  some 
of  the  principal  arliclca  imported  into  Hamburgh,  during  each  of  the  ten  yeara  ending  with  the  lat  of 
Jan.  183U. 

3f2 


I'l 


730 


HAMBURGH. 


u 


u 


.5 


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9-S. 
=  -•! 

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HAMBURGH. 


TOT 


SUppinir.—Thc  ships  nrriving  at  Ilnmhurgh  In  the  undermentioned  yenrg  (ending  30th  of  Septem- 
ber) have  been  us  undur : — 


From  the 

1828. 
12 

1S29, 

1830. 

1831. 

1832.    j 

1833. 

18.T1. 

18.35. 

lOiist  Indleii 

8 

13 

8 

8 

17 

21 

10 

Hrazil     - 

71 

85 

H2 

01 

03 

103 

79 

01 

VVuHi  Indies 

115 

84 

102 

129 

113 

130 

149 

131 

IIiiIIimI  States    - 

42 

40 

23 

42 

41 

41 

63 

41 

Mi'dllerranuan 

62 

63 

61 

61 

51 

62 

76 

(i5 

Spain     -           .           - 

15 

an 

20 

24 

20 

40 

36 

45 

I'lirtiiciil      .           -           - 

18 

16 

28 

16 

13 

17 

20 

36 

France  .           -           . 

H» 

61 

65 

■17 

107 

121 

1115 

MO 

Oieat  Uritnin 

S2U 

S87 

710 

6,')2 

672 

0.'>0 

OiO 

1,063 

Nutliiirlaiids 

312 

.50.1 

37.1 

280 

387 

5(10 

.109 

614 

Baltic           .           .           ■ 
Totals 

2U2 
1,5S4 

^38 

413 

385 

385 

5I?3 

645 

5S0 

_1,697_ 

1,9J2 

1,748 

I,S06 

2,576 

2,738 

2,815 

Repairnf  Shipn,  Sea  SliireK,  JJ-c— Materials  and  hiboiir  heini;  cheap.  Hamhiirph  may  he  repordcd,  in 
so  far  as  respects  (ixpeiise,  as  ii  I'avoiiralilo  place  for  careening  and  repairiiii;  ships  ;  hnt,  havin).'  no 
docks,  tluise  operalions  are  incoiivcnienlly  perlbriiied.  All  articles  of  provision  may  be  obtained  in 
gruat  abundance  and  at  inndurate  prices. 

An  Acfourt  of  the  Prices  of  llie  principal  Articles  of  Ships'  Provision  at  ff.nmbnrgh  in  1831,  stated 
in  Imperial  WeightB  and  Measures,  and  in  SliTling  Money. 


Jmuary   • 

Aiiril 

July  -       •       - 

Octoler    • 

foik. 

Peer. 

Butler  (rqtial 
In  Cork 
Thirli) 

Slilp  Breail. 

Seconds 
Flour. 

Kv'bni 
Cilci-se. 

Ft  as. 

.JaTiaicaltuni. 

PerHiri-fl 

of  200  ,bfc 

Nell. 

Pit  nirrel 

of  220  lln. 

Nell. 

Per  Cwt. 

Per  n.i-  of 
Ui  lbs. 
Nett. 

Per  1  artel 

of  11)6  Ibv           Per  lb. 
Nell. 

IVr, 
lini't'ri.il 
({itiitcr. 

l'i;r 
Tni|  ciial 
Gallon. 

I.  d.        k  d.    1.  d.        1.  d. 

48  0  to  50  0    45  0  to    0  0 
68  0  —  58  0    48  0  —  SO  0 
57  0  -  64  0    45  0  —  48  0 
none.           42  0  —  45  6 
.59  0  —  CO  0    42  0  —  45  0 

1.  rf;        *.  ff.'  s  d.        ...  ■!. 

61  0  to  70  0  1  13  6  to  14  6 

62  0—69  0     15  0—  17  0 
45  0—  58  0  '  13  0—  14  0 
50  0—74  0  i  12  0—    0  0 
54  0—  68  0  1  II  6—  12  0 

I.  d.       t.  d.\  d.           d. 
1-  n  to  2S  1)  1  1        lo  4  1-2 
.30  0—  32  Ol  4  1-4-  4  1  2 
21  0—27  0    4  1-2-  4  3-4 
2,1  0  —    0  0    4        —  4  1-1 
23  0  —    0  0    4        —  5 

...  rf.       ♦.  d. 
31  0  lo  .'57  n 
31  0— P3  6 
27  0  -  29  0 
29  0  —  33  6 
29  0  —  34  0 

>.  rf.       1.  rf. 
3    1  In  3    7 
3    2—4    1 
2    9— 3  10 
2    6-3    4 
2    3—33 

Fuel.-Co. 
Un. 

Fn  sh  I'l.et 
Kroh  piirt 

iti.    19  marcs 
23  marcs 

2'i.T.  6r'    to  3n,t 

,  -1.1.  2  .  to  5i. 

current,  or  about  22s.  6d,  per  ton,  nrilish  weiitlit,  in  lar  »e  qii.anf  ilifts. 
urr-nt,  or  about  2l3.  Gd,  per  ton,  British  weight,  iD  small  iiuaiititieit,  fic-e  on  boanl. 
per  cwt. 
li.  p.T  14  Mis. 

JV".  B  — The  prices  inrliide  the  cost  of  the  packnires  of  all  the  articles,  excepting  cheese  and  peas. 
In  September  and  October  no  pork  was  to  be  had  in  a  wholesale  way. 

Frcii'//fy.— The  ditlercnt  ship  atrents  engaged  in  the  trade  willi  fireiit  Ilritain  have  published  a  Talde 
of  frei|:lits ;  but  as  they  are,  notwitlistamlini;,  materially  iiitliieiiced  by  the  demand  at  the  time,  the 
season,  &c.,  it  seems  unnecessary  lo  insert  it. 

Qiiariinliiie  is  enforced.  «  hen  occiisinii  re(|iiire?,  at  Ilambiirgli,  and  Is  performed  near  Cnxhaven. 

7'iiri/.— The  cHPloins  duties  at  Ilambiirali  are  as  moderate  as  pessibli-.  beie);  only  i  per  cent,  drf 
tittlurcin  on  exports,  and  i  per  cent,  on  iinports  ;  but  in  trmh  they  are  not  (luite  so  much,  bi^injr  calcu- 
lated in  money  of  one  value  and  paid  in  iii..ney  of  less  value.  The  duly  is,  in  fact,  estiiiialed  Iti 
banco  marks,  while  it  is  paid  in  current  marcs,  which  are  more  than  20  per  cent,  undi'r  tlie  former; 
go  that  in  reality  the  import  duty  is  only  about  2-,1ihs  per  cent.  A  lew  years  nffo  il  was  1.;  per  cent., 
but  the  competition  of  the  Allona  niercliants,  where  there  are  no  diilies,  oblijied  the  authorilies  at 
Hamburgh  to  reduce  these  duties  to  the  present  level.  There  is  no  inspection  of  L'oods  at  tile  C'lis- 
tom-hotise.  The  merchant  makes  oath  to  the  nett  weight  of  the  iirlicle,  and  to  its  vuluf  .t  the  cur- 
rent prices  of  the  day,  and  on  this  the  duly  is  assessed. 

The  following  articles  rru  tree  from  both  import  and  export  duties,  viz. — 

1.  I.inen,  rags,  tiax  yarn,  hemp  yarn,  cotton  yarn,  raw  sheep  and  lamb's  wool. 

2.  Wheat,  rye,  oals,  barley,  buckwheat,  and  malt. 

3.  llnwrought  copper  and  brass,  plates  of  copper,  raw  zinc,  tinned  and  iinfinned  iron  plates. 

4.  Osh  and  coin,  unwroiight  gnUI  and  silver,  and  scrapings  of  the  precious  inelals. 

5.  Pamphlets  anil  printed  works, 

Jlrti(U.<i  free  frnm  lu.pt  ■!.  Diilij. 
1.  Timber,  staves,  and  fire  wood  brought  down  the  Elbe  or  in  carriages  into  the  city,  the  latter  with 

the  exception  of  that  coming  from  the  sen. 
S.  Merchandise  coming  by  post,  if  the  goods  for  the  same  individual  do  not  exceed  the  value  of  50 
marcs  banco. 

Arlidrs  free  from  F.rpart  Diitv. 

1.  All  articles  man>ifiicturcd  in  IIambiiii;h,  and  all  f  Teign  mannl'acliires  worked  up  in  the  city. 

2.  Small  packages  of  100  lbs.  weight  and  under,  provided  thiir  value  do  not  exceerl  100  marcs  banco. 
JV*.  W.— An  import  duty  of  4  scliillings  current  is  pavahle  upon  li'moii!!  and  oranges,  tor  the  whole 

chest  to  1,000  ;  2  schillings  current  for  the  i  i  lie.-it  to  .imi ;  and  for  casks  in  Ilie  same  proportion. 

Tlie  duties  are  the  same  whether  the  iinportatiuu  be  etl'ected  by  llambiirgh  or  by  foreign  ships. 
Exclusive  of  the  above  or  customs  duties,  most  .irtii  lea  of  provision  imporluil  fertile  consumption 
of  the  town  are  subject  lo  an  excise  diitv. 

Siaile  /)»(ie.t.— liesides  the  duties  levied  at  namburgli.  all  articles  p  issiiig  up  the  niie  lo  Haniburgh, 
whether  for  transit  or  not,  pay  diilies  to  Hanover  at  Hriii\fhaiiseii.  near  ><  ade.  These  duties  are 
rated  according  to  a  tnriti",  and  are  cmnpiiled  from  the  ship's  manifesl,  lells  of  lading,  and  lockets, 
which  have  all  to  be  sent  on  slinre  for  that  purpose.  On  some  ailiiles.  piirlicniarlv  those  of  llritish 
manufacture,  these  duties  are  very  Ilea,  v,  being  l're(|iienily  much  larger  lliai.  the  llambiirgh  duties: 
They  are  parlicularlv  grii'voiis,  ton,  frem  li.  .-'vv  iienalties  being  allai  IumI  even  lo  ll'e  sliulilest  nnin- 
te'itional  mistakes.  "  U  is  reallv  surprising,  con-nii.  ring  the  siuirce  of  Ibis  iiiiisaiii  e.  that  it  should  not 
have  been  abated  bmg  ago.  It  might,  at  all  events,  have  been  expected  ilial  llritish  ships  and  goods 
wr  iild  have  been  (\\einiiied  from  such  a  tax.  We  dii  1„  pe  that  sotni!  pnrliiin  of  the  pulilic  attention 
will  he  ilirecled  to  this  crNinu'  evil.  With  what  face  can  W(?  pnitest  agiiie^t  the  cnnduct  of  Prussia 
and  other  (;erinan  slates  in  throwing  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  frei;  navigiilioii  of  the  Kibe,  when 
we  siibiiiit,  wiihoul  a  munniir,  to  similar  proceedings  on  tlie  part  of  Hanover  ?— U'or  fiirlher  |iarticii- 
lara,  see  Htaui:.) 


t  ! 


'iV 


m 


m 


M    I 


I 


728 


HAMBURGH 


TS-aiuH  nnods  Hre  tutnlly  oxninptPil  from  duty,  They  aro  iiirli  only  n*  nrrive  At  Ilamhiirfih  direct, 
Biirt  wliii'li  nu)  nvlihor  sold  nor  vxrhnngcd  wliilr  in  the  city.  Tliu  lilicriy  nf  iriiiixit  in  liiiiiteil  to  the 
Itiriii  (if  3  niiiiiths  rroiii  the  linio  of  rooi:iviiiK  lliu  traii»it  tiikct ;  liiii,  iipoii  ii|iplicatioii  Iii'Iiik  iiiikIu  for 
n  iiroloiigiiiion  of  the  trnii  prcvioiisly  to  Ihr  oxpirntion  nf  the  lirFt  3  iii'>nth!i,  it  ia  granteil  on  piiy- 
tnent  of  j  per  cunt,  on  the  bunco  value  of  the  unoilsi ;  but  under  no  cir(  imtilnnreH  ii  tli«  term  ex- 
tended lieyond  6  months.  If  the  goods  bo  not  tiiun  exported,  tln^y  become  liable  to  the  ordi.iary 
dutiex. 

JWiri.'ttlion  nf  the  F.lbr,  Pilota/rt,  i^-c — The  momh  of  the  ribo  is  enrnndered  with  sand  banki.  The 
rlianmd  leudin,'.'  to  (;u\h:iviii  is  bounded  on  the  north  liy  tlie  Vogui  Saiid^  and  North  Grounds,  .ind  on 
the  south  liy  the  tSclniiirlni'  n  S.-imIs  and  NeiiwiTk  Islaiiil.  On  tin:  latter  there  are  !2  light-lioufidti  and 
*2  beaeons.aiid  lui  Ihn  Hcliuurhoui  is  another  lieiicon.  Tlie  liglit-hon>'eii  iiti  Neitwerk  Island  arc  about 
700  yards  apart  ;  the  inot-l  t-oinliiiiy,  wliiili  is  also  the  most  elevated,  belli);  in  lat.  M"  54'  S7"  N.,  Ion. 
8"  '2U'  411"  Ii',.  It  is  liih  fe(!t  lilL'h,  b''iiig  twice  the  liei(;lil  of  the  otiier.  'I'he  i  haniiel  is,  in  some  places, 
hardly  }  of  a  mile  wide.  'I'he  outer  red  buoy,  in  the  middle  of  the  channel,  at  ils  inoiiih,  hears  from 
Heligoland  1^.  E.  by  8.,  distant  nearly  2l)  iiiIIin.  lint  the  IichI  mark  in  eiitiriii).'  the  lOllie'  ix  the  tlouling 
li){lit,  or  signal  ship,  moored  a  miles  N.  \V.  by'N.  of  the  red  buoy,  in  II  falhcins  .at  low  water.  'I'liia 
vessel  never  leaves  Iter  station,  unless  coni|ii'lleil  by  ice  in  the  winter  season.  II)  nJKlit  sin'  exhiliita 
n  lantern  light,  38  teet  above  di^ck.  and  in  fofgy  weather  riiiL-s  a  bell  every  i|Uiirler  of  an  liniir.  A 
Becond  siL'iiai  ship  is  stationed  .'ii  miles  K.  I',  by  K,  from  llii^  fu'st,  at  ilie  \ve:^ii'riinii  .'^t  point  of  a  sand 
liank  dividing  the  fii-  w.iy  of  the  rivi^r.  She  is  rl;.'ged  like  a  iralliot,  to  dislingiiisli  her  by  day  frotn 
the  tirst  signal  ship;  ;ind  during  night  she  uxbibils  two  li;.'lits,  one  IH  I'eet  iilxivi^  tlie  other.  The  dis- 
tance froni  tlie  oiile:'  red  liiniy  to  (Juvliaven  is  about  10  iiiileH ;  thence  totiliickstadl  the  course  is  east, 
Similes;  from  the  latter  to  Viiadit  the  course  is  sciith-easierly,  U  miles  ;  and  then  I'asterly  to  llam- 
liuri!h,  I'^  miles.  'I  :>e  channel  throu^lioiit  is  niarkeil  with  lilai  k  and  w  liili:  Imoys,  w  bii  h  are  niiinln  red 
and  specifi<>d  in  the  charts.  The  black  niies  are  to  the  lett,  in  passing  up  the  river,  on  the  starboard 
or  riglil-hand  si(!<%  and  the  white  on  tlii!  larboard  side. 

Every  vessel  ciimiiig  from  sea  into  the  DIbe,  and  drawing  I  feet  water,  is  directed  to  lake  a  pilot  on 
hoard,  and  must  pay  pilotage,  though  she  do  not  take  one.  However  wi  II  the  signals,  liglils,  Iunk  cjiis, 
and  buoys,  may  le'  arraiigi'd,  an  experienced  pilot  is  very  nei  essary,  in  case  (I  a  fog  in  tlii!  niu'lii,  or 
of  a  storm.  To  Like  in  a  pilot,  a  vessel  must  lieave  to  by  tin'  pilot  galliot,  v.  Iin  ii  lii's,  in  go(,il  w  i  ailier, 
near  tlie  n:d  buoy,  and  in  bad  weather,  N.  i\.  K-  from  .Neiiwerk.  and  is  known  by  liavii,;;  at  the  llag- 
ctatl'an  admiral's  llag,  and  a  long  streamer  tlvingat  the  lop.  It'the  pibu  boat  have  no  pilot  on  board, 
or  if  the  weather  he  so  bad  that  tin!  pilot  cannot  leave  ler,  she  lowers  her  liag,  and  then  the  vessel 
romiiiL'  in  must  sail,  w  illi  the  signal  tor  a  |dlot  hoisted,  t<>  (^iixhaven,  and  heave  to  there,  wlnre  she 
is  certain  of  gelling  one. 

There  are  no  docks  or  (iiiays  at  Ilaniburgh:  and  it  is  sincnlar,  coii'ideri;  the  great  Iiiicle  of  the 
|iort,  that  none  have  been  roiislriicte''.  \essels  moor  in  tlic>  river  outside  .  piles  driven  iiiio  the 
ground  a  short  distance  from  sliore  ;  and  in  this  situation  tliey  are  not  e,\posei|  to  any  d  iii;;i  r  unless 
the  piles  Hive  way,  wlin  !i  rarely  liap;ieiis.  Tliere  is  ,a  sort  of  iiiiii'r  liarlnoir,  lurined  by  an  .inn  id'llie 
lllbe  which  runs  into  the  cily,  when!  small  craft  lie  and  ili.-charge  their  cargoes.  Larger  vessels  load 
niid  unload  from  tl'.eir  moorings,  by  me  ins  of  liL'bler^i.  These  carry  the  uoods  from  and  to  the  ware- 
lioiises  wliicii  front  tlie  vaiious  small  iiinis  and  cliaiinels  of  the  river,  and  IIk-  cmials  carried  from  it 
into  dilferent  pans  ol  the  city.     The  charges  on  account  of  lighierage  are  e.Mreiiii  ly  moderate. 

Pc'Tt  CAioj.'!'*.— Tlip  cliir:;p<  nf  a  pul.lic  na'lire  p.iyal»lc  Ijy  veMcIs 
eiiloriiir  the  p'.rt  of  llainlMiiicli.  u.jlAnli.^  an<l  Iik,  liti^,  aru  |)it(>!a:;e 
and  l.i>i:i!^.  'i  he  st'pariile  ileitis  of  vNliich  are  ^iveii  III  llif  follow* 
in;  1'aliln. 

I'tiitait  ttUit  l.atitaet:  ~'Y\w  V.AM^wrfM  eilots,  (crin-rilly  nitcik- 
ill?,  tikt  cUilf.e  nf  vtvrt;l!i  only  from  Ihc  Kid  Jlu  ^y  to  Fnuln.-j^h  or 
iAuiUuidt,  tilt:  titlola^t'  for  which  ii  regulatt^d  by  law  of  the  ISth 
01  Fcbnury,  tTjO,  .11  follow!  :— 


For  Mth  K""l  Hadili. 
MLlsurc  iviiich  1  \w 
draws  • 


653. 


St'" 


■II 

II 


.\tirks  Cunencv. 


Ve»pl?  cnrnio:  rior'.hwardi,  anJ 

COlIl.TS  .... 

All  vt'svls  inucks,  aiitl  kijru 
driuini  nine  tlian  4  feet; 
W3*er,  anil  in  talliit     •        •  I 

Vw-^rl!!  \.\\t\\  w  iih  mU  nr  com, 
vvljtTti'fver  (hey  may  coiiiei 
frniu I 

or  htllist,  \\\;c  one  thinl  ofj 
Ilie  c.irjo  coiisisliii^  of  piece 
?i->li  .....  I 
■*M  Is  h.Ien  vi'h  liiTrUtp 

All  ve«s('li  1.1  Ipo  With  wine,  nil,' 
viiirg.ir,  ii.Tiii  nil,  iron,  lent, 
fAck»Kt*t  nr  b.io<  anil  alli 
Vi'!>)et!i  eitiiiiii^  rrira  roreigu! 
pirti.  >vlie'IuT  h  Vu  or  nnt  * 

All  mnick-  piiii?  belwefn  Mol* 
laiil,  rricnlnril.  arvl  ll^iiii- ' 
burxh  Willi  piuce  |fnf>!i         •  ' 


2    0 


i    0 


3    0 


Kneliish 
Mi.iuy. 

7d~    t.  d 

4     3    t 


3    0    ;  2    4      3    6 


4    ii       3    6     5    3 


4    0 


6    0 


18     7    0 


)    |_fi    0    M  ^7    0 

Ifilf  P'kiagc  cuty  '-X.  It.  In  case  the  IlAmlur^h  v'lo*'  enfer.-i 
T«S"*^1  f>[ily  wiiliin  ifi.'  firs'  buoy  tipyinifi  'lie  R  >t  lia.  kt'ii,  S'ranjMy.  i 
or  Cmbavrn,  hilf  ItiP  a'x>vfi  i.it-utiniiel  pi|ii'i'<f  is  jiuil.     AN'  liVlf  [ 
ptloUi(e  iiiusi  be  paid  it  .ill  I'vr.its,  wtiellier  ibu  vcuel  has  taken  .i  { 
piitit  troui  the  pilot  (f  lUidl  or  not. 


Pilotafc  tanif4i, — The  A>o\e.  pilo',T;p  U  f.irrcJ  if  vessels  are 
trfiii^lit  .IS  far  ;i>  Fn^lv^di  ttr  (i;uJ.UniU,  ami  ^^^u■ll  tmui  Mi  is.  nf 
\»  iii'l  or  Wfithir,  which  si  Mmii  h;i[  [fi  ■*,  'hf  Hnnliir^h  piltiis  tako 
vessels  to  H'tttntUrgti  or  ^tMnnihU  n,  Ilu-y  ar-j  lo  pay,  witlmul  Jiv 
tiuciion— 

Manx  ni'icncy,  d.  i1g> 

To  Wittenhernh        •        -        •     I    0  14    0 

—  Ncumuhlpu  .        .        .     )     8  21    0 

Piktage  all  the  ll'nr  — Koi  pilotage  'he  whole  way  fr-^ni  Cut- 
havrn  In  ||anih»ri;li,  t^K'if  in  iiti  I  'hie  of  inh-h,  for,  ^eiicra'ly  speak* 
iii<,  llie  llamlmri^hjjilou  ilo  i.ot  IaWc  vessels  up  lieymirl  r.-nifi. 

yri'tn  lin.ith  in  f/atittiirzh.~\c^Ai]s  are  ^eiiP.:'lly  pilnlel  fniin 
IW'M-h  to  I(.iiiil>iirxh  by  l)Kiii<<li  or  iJaunvtii.iii  piltft;*,  ti>  whiuu  it  is 
cus'i-niary  to  p.iy  3  iiuVcji. 

//nii«'M)-maWir'f  Charpei.~T\\  a  CubIi  ni'lnniae  nr-Ier  df  tlip  IG.'h 
('I  DrceiiibL'r,  I'-tG,  tlie  llaiiil)uri;li  harljiiur-iiij&ter  h  uot  t-ntiil&l  to 
foes. 

J.astn^f  and  ('int'tn  h  i(.»r  C/iar:,'.!.— llritisb  an  I  nlhcr  fotPiim 
ve.s9r!li  pay  the  Btuio  aa  Itaiiiyitit;;li  ve!>.si'In.  For  clearitii(  in  and 
I'k-ariii);  nui,  no  K|).i<.i(tt  tti,tT|Eis  are  niailu;  vii>itiii(  the  port  if 
cniiH:<k'itxl  as  viit  vojage,  and  the  cliarj(>'j)  ni  vfui:'.!!  arc  paid  a« 
folhms: — 

For  vt^eU  arrived  with  cirgoet  from  the  undernienlioued  places: 
vi«.  :— 


'[Tie  Kast  Itii'if^ 

West  Iiidit-i,  North  and  S'u'h  Anieilra  - 

J'lrMK^al,  Sjiain,  and  ihc  Medi'tTraiiean  • 

'rhe  rear  ti\  the  KnropiMii  p)r'8 

IbMand.  Kv^'  t'ri.^Iind,  ihc  SVwer.  F.yder, 
I     aini  Juthii.1 

For  veH--fN   uni^er  20  cuiinirrcial  last-.* 
without  disiini'timi        .... 

Vessels  arrivii'fc-  and  depar'in^  in  tallist, 
(  f  upwania  uf  .0  ctiH.infMcial  lasii 

For  ill  vc.wi'Is  laden  ^vith  coali.  wwi  1.  or  turf,  ro  las'aire  id  paid, 
provided  they  do  not  tako  return    ars-u'*. 

//<•// /,rti.'/fifr.—\>s-,i'l'i  arrivinji  iri  hallast  and  dtparlini  with  a 
ca'-co  piy  hi'f  the  ab.)ve  iaB!i<e,  arnmlinif  In  their  destinnlion. 

iV.  B. —  Kurhiwivi;  of  the  a'nve  iliifn,  uliirh  are  all  renia'kably 
m"<le  ite.  ve»p|a  conuntt  tf  the  jmrt  of  Uanibiinrh  .ire  oblifet  to 
piy  ctrtiiii  duea  lo  Hanover,  fallwl  Mnie  or  lirnnshausen  <lues. 
i'lscsc  aro  rateil  aocor  tins  t"  lb"  number  of  Mie  vis-ePa  inanS,  ani 
an- riviT  aiid  above  the  Sttlo  dmiei  on  the  cargo.— (For  the  itriiii| 
aee  Stadc  ) 

•  It  is  difllfnlt  to  lie  .-Tnlnr  the  exact  niin  of  a  la-*!  In  n  ton,  hut 
j  it  may  he  takt'n  at  almni  b  ir  2  .'M  lo  I.     Hut  In  lUnthur^h  all  veft* 

ii'N  are  nietsurt' I  by  thf  Itailitiur-niaater  J  and  it  id  ujHm  bis  xtymxK 
that  the  Ii5ia)(o  ii  calr-ula  e>I. 


*  Sixteen  feet  Knj^Iiih  are  eiiual  to  17  fret  Ilanibnrjrh. 

Wfirehnvairity  ^t|!*trn1—'V\u^\y■^^  nut  Ih-cm  iiitro'Iitri  I  nt  II;iitiIiiirirli ;  imr,  frnm  the  smnlliip^n  of  tli*i 
duties,  is  11  hucessary,  tliuugti  it  wuuld  bccm  itiut  thu  tune  during  vvtiicU  gooils  urc  utluwod  lo  Uo  in 


'e  at  ITamhiirfrh  direct, 
'iiiiHit  ia  limited  to  tho 
initinn  lii.'iiiK  iiiiiile  for 
it  is  grantvil  on  pny- 
iiceH  i«  the  term  «x- 
iublo  to  the  urdiiary 

I'lth  sand  bniika.  Tho 
liirth  Ciroiindii,  iiid  on 
iru  'i  liKlit-houBiiH  and 
vvcric  Islinid  are  alioiit 
:it.  .■i3°M'S7"N.,  Ion. 
iK'l  151,  in  some  pinci'i, 
i(K  iiKiiiih,  hrarii  from 
lui  lllliiMH  Uiu  Homing 
.11  low  wilier.  Tlii3 
11}  nl^hl  sih'  <'.\liil)ita 
iiirlcr  of  III!  hour.  A 
iijH.^i  iHiiiit  of  :i  (.and 
ni!<h  her  hy  day  from 
tlio  oilirr.  Till!  iIIb- 
!i(ll  tin:  I'oiirsi;  i»  east, 
lii.'ii  <'ai<l>'rly  lo  iluni- 
i,  whirli  urn  iiiiinl'i  red 
vor,  on  the;  sturUoard 

cted  to  tiikp  a  pihit  on 

Ijiials,  MkUis,  lii.'aidiis, 
I  fo^!  in  Hid  niL'lii,  or 
lirti,  ill  (:o(.(|  u  I  ailiiT, 
y  haviii^  111  llic  ila^- 
ivo  111)  pilot  on  hoard, 
,  and  linn  the  visiJei 
e  10  there,  where  she 

lie  (jreni  liinle  of  Ihe 
[liles  ilriven  inio  the 
lo  any  ilaii;;ir  nnless 
nieil  liy  an  .inn  if  Hie 
l.arjier  vessels  load 
roni  and  lo  the  waro- 
iiiials  (arrie:!  I'roin  It 
lely  inodiirato. 

1  ',p  li  r.irnfj   if  vessels  .ire 

(id'l,  Alhi  ulit-ii  Iroui  Mil's,  of 

s  'lie  Hiinl'iirwh  |iil[ils  lake 

llu'y  apj  lo  Jiay,  willioul  Jil- 

f  ili'tciii-y,  d.  tit;. 

I    0  U    (i 

IN  ^10 

'Ur  whnlfi  way  fr^iji  Cut* 
nit".,  f'lr,  (:«iit'r.i'ly  8|ieak. 
■U  i.p  I'fyotiil  Z'.,M(/i. 
or  sciif  ■My  |iilijtp  I  fnim 
^ti.iii  pilots,  lo  whom  it  tl 

.,  ni-hoiise  oeltr  of  Urn  I6lh 
ur  iiiitoler  is  ool  t-iittilcl  to 

llrlliali  an  I  rlhcr  foifini 
ssels.  Y?r  cleariliif  in  nnd 
liuilu;  vi).ltiii{  llio  port  it 
l$<'4  (11  vckSi-^s  aiv  paiti  as 

the  uiideriiienlimied  plarnt 


For  eviTV 

CnililiMT- 

Slerling. 

(■111  Lt.I. 

M.rt,. 

I.t.    d. 

3    0 

n  3  s 

2    S 

0  .1    5 

2    0 

(li    4 

1     S 

0  1     » 

•r, 

0  12 

0  0  10  li 

,« 

. 

0    4 

0  0    3|.2 

>li 

0    8 

0  0    7 

or  turf,  r.n  In'ni^  id  paid, 

,ist  mill  ill  f.irtitu  with  a 
iif  t'l  tlifirilej-ttiintiou. 

1  irii  are  all  rc'ina'kalily 
llnii(;iin-h  nrc  (tMife'l  in 

t-  or  Ijriirishaiisrn  dues. 

'f  'lit*  vrsi'fl'*  inints,  aiii 
le  cargo. —(For  t!ie  itcuts, 


ll>i<    ill  n.MMliiH.'li  .ill  vi^ 
ui'l  it  u  ii|'(iii  Ills  rt-jKirt 

'    smilllllP^H  of  tli3 

0  uliuuoii  lo  be  in 


HAMBURGH. 


720 


trartfiUu  ni\2h\  Im  mhnntTff^oii.tly  cxte(i'l<Ml.  Thn  wtircIimiHc  ront  of  a  qimrfi'r  (tf  whont  mny  bo  about 
\itf.  stf'riiiii;  |MT  niiiMiIi,  anil  ot*  n  ton  nt  Hii^far,  about  \hi.  ;  but  Ihcif;  nn*  no  fUrd  rtilfii. 

Cu-^'ttm-hiiuKC  HtijiihitfHn.  ~  Ow  iiiitHtii;,;  Stiwlc,  ttiu  itiiiHirrK  oi*  vi!(*y('lH  iiiiiHt  Bt'iid  \\\i\\x  papcm,  iii- 
ctiiihuL,'  Llir  iii.-uiit'ot.  bills  oC  bi(liii<f,  aiwl  ntrkriH.  oi)  mIioio,  that  tbe  uinoiint  of  ttit!  Km<b!  {Iiiilofi  iiiny 
bf!  rrikrilati'il.  On  Un*  vi'>i^  -I'n  riiviil  \\\  lluiubnr.'li.  thr  Iirokor  n»|>orti^  b'^r  to  tbt;  ("iisunii-bouni',  urid 
j,ivi'H  liM  trti;iraritni;  Inr  jciyiiii'iit  d!"  t!»f  'ItilicH  ;  lie  nib<'r  (b'livi»rH  brr  |Mipt!iH,  or  uiubMtaki'H  to  di-liviT 
llh'iii  :iH  HiKMi  an  lii.'v  cmrijo  mit  I'mm  ^^l;ul^^  ami  upon  a  rcctilpt  bninir  prtuliiritU  for  llio  HUaW  iliilb;H 
by  Ibn  Iliiiiov'cri:!!!  iiultioritics  at  II  iiiihiir^b,  tln^  vchscI  in  allovviMl  (o  iiiilo  i<l.  On  rbaiiiif;,  a  nianirrrtt 
of  Hh!  niiiwMrd  ( ar^in,  luL'ciImr  wllli  lb»!  coiisoirH  (crliliratt!  ol'lhn  (■ffjiilarily  of  ibo  Hliip'H  piipcrs, 
niti((!  Im!  pri»(bic«ii  at  ibn  ru.-.i.nn-boiHo  by  ilio  broker,  wlio  obtaiiiH  in  rMtirn  a  nltjaranro  nirniiraie, 
aiitb-'riHlTij;  tin*  w^nM  \u  iru  to  nca. 

Credit,  Hrukeniirf..  tij-r. — AlinoHi  all  I'ood:!  are  8obl  fr)r  n mty  nionny,  witti  an  ulluwunre  of  I  [tnr  riMit. 
for  (lisconnl.  Huniotinn':*,  bnt  nut  uiitV<M]n(intlyt  Hub'H  arc;  made  at  'i  nr  A  luoritliH*  credit,  and  in  sio'li 
cists  a  iiii,'li(jr  i>r!(-.o  Im  obtained  tlmii  for  cuhIi.  Sointniatt'd  HU^ar  is  Htild  to  llm  ungar  bakur  ui.  IhtH 
credit. 

IbiilNirs  arc  poniiivcly  f(trbl(blrn  to  net  as  nicrchanln  or  factors.  T|»ey  aro  HcoiiDud  by  tlia  Huimte, 
and  must  conform  to  rbe  etitablidbed  regiibitiotiB. 

lirnktrage  i^  p.iiil  u'lin'ly  by  the  8Pll«r,  ami  amnuntB  to— 

"  KivH  nixihii  per  rent,  im  i-oltnn,  cotlini  twiil,  coci  a.  rochiiii!.i!, 
cojiptT,  III  'I't,  iii<'jf;o,  iit-Miuf-iutDreil  K'X'''^*  luiiiticeiii,  Mi^^iir,  niitl  trn**. 

"Oni*  piT  rt'iit.  iin  .iiitif'lto,  cHiiphire,  ciiiiinnioii.  carlamnns*, 
"UHi.T*.  cl'ivfi*,  'Iru^i  iKii  dt-ii'miiiiated*,  Hr(ir  skiua,  dyo  wwhU, 
RiiiBi;*,  la  ap»,  ni.ii'o*,  ntitiniiirs*',  jn'iipRr,  pinicnln.  jmlaiihes,  IVni- 
Villi  Inik,  ipuTritmn  Ijai^,  ricu*'.  Mlt|M!lre,  B:inaj«rilla*,  slirllftc*, 
tuinriii'I.i*,  lo!,:if('(i  iji  j&iv-  **  aii'l  IoIlICCo  blflim*  nf  the  gnnvtii  of 
tho  I'liiti-il  HI.ilt*s  iif  Anif lira,  wlnte  oil*,  viiifllneo*. 

•' iV.  H.  'I'l.tacci  Htciiis*  c'f  all  oljier  orJuiii.  senari,  and  olher 
niaiiiir'irtiiri''l  t'llacro,  p.iy  2  per  cent.;  ail  other  Itaf  and  lull  to- 
bacco*, I  1-2  ptr  cent. 

'•0(10  and  a  half  per  cent,  nn  wine,  l^nndy,  riini,  and  arnck,  if 
sold  ill  |nrc'  liauio'inlin?  tn  3,0^'i0  marcs  IfancD  ,ind  njiwarda. 

"Two  pif  ct;nt,<)ii  ditro,  ('  r  n.iIih  i)f  and  umler  3,000 niirca  tianco. 

"  In  ai;rtion  the  «i-Mintc  tiri'kir  is  i-ntitled  to  I  1*2  per  ctMit.  and  tiui 
purch.iNini!  t>n>kei-  to  2  iht  ci'nt.,  without  rc^anl  to  the  unouiit." 

All  ailicl.n  iiiarkid  (*'>  pav  the  l.rokeragt-  Ijeforc-uirnti'mFd,  if  thr 
qiianiiiv  sold  ainroinia  tnui'd  inairt  Itanco,  or  h(<IUT ;  fnr  iioaller 
li>'a  (if  IcM  tliaii  tiOO  riiarcB  tKincn,  awt  down  to  IM  niarcB  lancn,  the 
liniktri?^  is  paid,  wirh  the  addition  nf  (hip  half,  and  nnilrr  l.'JO 
niar.n  banco,  the  itoulile  is  allowed.  AD  olhcr  nirrcliandiHi-  pays 
1  1-2  percent,  at  i(;a<it  for  hiIis  not  exceediiif;  150  inarca  iLinri. 

It  '\H.  linwe\('r,  to  he  observed,  'hat  all  aognientalinni,  in  propnr- 
li'jn  1(1  the  ainomd  sold,  am  nnly  in  (*«■  iinderst(^»od  f'-r  vaIv  by  |riv.\tr 
cnliael.  anri  mA  for  thr.se  hy  auction  ;  and  even  n"^'  inr  siirh  priv.itf 
e-'lis,  wh<Ti'  :i  brriker  tiai  ma  !♦■  the  purcliiiac  of  a  Uf^er  niiiinlity  of 
|ft())s  ^\Jf^\\•  the  Mid  anionnl  of  O'Xl  niairs  banco,  .and  ha«  .iflrrwardu 
ttivided  it  into  sntalk-'  lnt«, 

C'-iuit'ouM  nf  .S'n/i.— /niporf/.— Coffii*  is  notd  per  pttnrtd  in  Rcliill. 
biiicn  ;  iliscHiiit,  I  uer  crnl. ;  K'>^'d  weiiht  1-2  per  i  rat.  Tare  is  :ui 
fi'llows:  viz,  on  ca»l<9,  r'-d  urik^ht ;  on  baiiof  1 10  llm.  or  les*,  2  lU. ; 
shove  130  lbs.  MtA  not  abov.  'si)  i(is.,  3  Ibn. ;  ahnvn  HO  \\».  and  not 
exc'idinjcaOOIIw.,  4  lb«.  iH'  M'.iha  bales  of  al»oiit  300  Ibi.,  U  lbs.; 
ifti00IK,3<»IIis.    Onltourl.  n  sin'rle  hales,  2  Ilfl, ;  on  diiut>le,  4  Iho. 

C'otl«ri  is  sold  jier  lb.  in  brhil!.  laiicn;  iliscount,  I  per  cent.;  fimA 
^i-iiild.  I  per  ceil'. ;  t.»rR  nn  h.iU's  VVc-^t  In'Iian  and  North  Ameriran, 
4  piT  rent.;  on  8(pi:»rp  balei,  6  per  Cent.;  on  Bombay  and  Sural 
tuie*,  H  per  cent,  j  on  liourlKin  ba'es  and  Maiull  i  ier<in'»,  li  per  t  rut.; 
on  Canitras  and  (Juiana  small  lenms,  10  per  ct^tit.  For  tlie  n'nola* 
l>nn  of  the  Slate  duty,  a!l  p.ack'^gL-s  should  be  called  b.ai^,  and  not 
Liles,  in  'he  bill  of  ladiu((. 

Krjst  India  piece  goods  are  soil  per  nlcre,  in  in;irc«  Inuro;  dis- 
c:)Utit,  I  p  r  cent.  For  Mviiii?  iii  the  .SfaiU-  tinty,  if  inon-  tli.in  'Xt 
}>\ei:t:%  aitj  in  a  bale,  the  niindier  of  pieces  slioula  nut  Iju  menliontxl 
ill  Die  bill  ')f  lailin^,  hot  only  ttie  number  of  bales. 

Flour  is  Mild  per  100  lbs.  ni  marrs  currency,  nnrcTtaln  -anio;  dls- 
fninil  I  percent.;  (rood  weiaht,  I  percent.;  tare,  20  Ilis   perhnrrel. 

ru-<lic  is  sold  per  100  Ibx.  in  marcs  currency  ;  aeio,  20  per  c^nt. ; 
diieouut,  I  per  cent. ;  Rooil  weinht,  1  per  cenr. ;  am!  freijuently  an 
aliiMvance  in  weinIU  is  made,  if  llie  wood  is  not  very  solid. 

IndiiTo  IS  told  per  lb.  in  schiU.  Iianco  ;  discniint,  1  p'*r  cent. ;  rood 
weli;ht,  t-2  per  cent. ;  (iti>.  if  in  serous  upwards  of  120  lbs,,  22  lb;.; 
)i.  \2  serons  less  than  120  Hi.,  20  Ibx.  ;  in  chests,  real  tare. 

l,oj(wo(Mt  iis  w)Id  like  fusiic— .V.  //.  To  avoid  a  hifih  Siad.'  <tuly, 
the  nett  weight  of  all  dye  wutkls  should  t>e  stated  in  the  bills  of 
ladini;. 

Tbe  usual  chnrire  for  rommisBion  is,  on  Bales  2  prr  ront.  and  1  per  cont.  for  rW  credere,  if  Hwrh 
paarantot!  bi»  renuired  ;  on  pnrcbaaes,  2  per  cont.  Undur  pa;  ;'Iar ;  zroemeniH,  tlic  rales  tjoniulinics 
vary  considerably  fmiri  the  above. 

Hankin/r^  Insuranre,  i^-c.~roT  an  account  of  ihe  Hank  of  Ilambnr;:b,  .-no  (W.mkh  (I'mukkin).  All 
8oru  of  insaranren  are  edVcted  at  Hanilnir^'b.  A  mnniiip.ii  re;nilat'ini  nunpcU  Ihe  iiisnr  nice  of  all 
htnisert  within  tin;  citv,  the  rate  varying  according  to  the  nnmlier  of  tiri's,  imd  the  unioind  nf  loss. 
Mariiiij  insurance  is  prinripally  effected  by  joint  stock  coiniianii's,  cl  w  bichlhere  are  si'veral ;  tli.'ir 
rninpeiitiiin  has  reditred  the  premiums  to'tbe  bnvest  level.  Mid  the  bii-^iness  is  tiot  \in<ii'r.-4lood  to  bo 
protiiable.  The  hiL'li  dniies  on  policie.^  of  insurance  in  tlii^i  ctM.i.iry  has  led  to  ihe  iiisurim;  nf  a  t'tuid 
many  Kn(.'li.sh  shiiis  at  ilanibtirc;h.  I/fe  insurame  is  not  pro-"riited  in  (Jernnr^y  to  any  cotislib'rahln 
extent;  hut  bume  of  ibu  English  companies  have  ngenlH  lu  i-.\  wlio  aio  said  U'^t  tube  very  scru- 
ptiloiis. 


Pepper  1^  sold  per  lb.  in  iirhill.  Ii"ii''n  ;  diiconn',  1  per  cent  ;  mo«l 
weiirht,  i.i  per  cent.;  lut!,  il  in  simli!  baici  of  :i(>0  Ibn,,  .i  jbi. ;  m 
d'luldti  liale4,  li  lliN. 

({uenilnin  Inrk  is  solil  per  11)0  lli%.  In  in  ires  currtney ;  aitin,  iV 
per  cent.;  tlismimt,  2  per  cent.;  rjod  wiiMii',  I  Per  v  nt,  'lode- 
iirmine  the  Lite,  the  Ann'rle;wi  tare  1^  rednn  d  l*  llambutxh  wetpht, 

Hice  is  wdl  |>er  lOIHbu.  in  iinrm  bajuo;  disntnnt,  I  per  ctiit.  [ 
({(Mill  uri>,*hl.  1  iHT  eriit.j  laie,  itil;  ami  sitiierdjiro  fur  tietces, -t  llw.j 
fi)r  l.ilier.-es.ilhr  ' 

niini  is  ifdd  |»T  :Wi  «iuirts  in  rixdoll.  euirrtiry,  nifio  iincerlaiii. 

SmC.ir,  raw  and  tUyed,  i^  ahII  per  lb.  in  haneo  Knutn.  rt-iili  a  m- 
btleiif  S  2  3>|it  i^ie!'  cent. ;  diHe.iunt  I  per  ci'ni.,  anil  hom«iinie<t  1  t-2 
pTciut. ;  Ilrizd  '.r  ll^tv^mn.ib  chi-4,  eo*nl  weij.'hi,  3  I  p.-r  een'.  : 
real  lire;  super-'are,  10  lbs.  for  Ilraril,  and  5  lt>s  f^r  Il.ivaniiHli 
.^U(<ar.  per  rtiest.  Muscovados  in  ('.'v.^kH,  irood  wiitrtil,  1  per  cent.; 
Iirti,  It  the  ciskH  weikch  upwanln  of  1,000  lbs.,  IH  pur  ct-nl.  :  if  lesa, 
20  per  ei>nt.  (  layud  nu^nn,  K^kxI  weidit,  I  per  cent,  ;  lan-,  10  per 
irn'.  Kist  India  MHar^,  In  o;iir«,  K'Hid  ueiffh  ,  3-4  per  cftd. ;  t.iro 
{'•r  w  hite,  4  to  5  Ills. ;  f.ir  Ijrowii,  ti  to  7  lbs. 

Te;i, ;  er  lb.  in  M-liitl.  currency,  nifi  >  <iiicert.-iln  ;  discount,  1  prr 
tent.;  »C'"id  weixli'.  1-2  per  ecnt,  'J'iru  of  b  di'ia.  in  rlieils  of 
too  IbH  ,  ru  ||.«.  :  of  I  ^  to  IH)  Ibi.,  ir,  IIm  All  bl:ick  t<  I,  'iH  Ib^., 
I:ire  ;  irriiii.  21  ib"i.  For  Ihe  re/ula'ioo  (if  the  Si.ide  iMity,  tJiB  imtt 
wei;<bt  diould  lik<'WiMi  lie  ntniiiioiied  in  Ihe  bit)  of  ladinic. 

'fill  ircn,~  U  tf  IiiliHriM  |i  Hold  pi-r  Hi.  In  scbill.  biunn,  .ii.io  uncer- 
tain ;  discount,  )  I  2  per  ertd. ;  ic»''d  wei^l|t,  I  per  et-nb  ;  i.im  i*r 
cask,  SO  Itii.  Hra/il  leaf  in  si'ioi.t;  \\w  fy  per  rent,  in  rolls; 
cinisfer,  in  ti.it.kets  nf  nlHint  IW)  IIm.  ;  «oo.|  woi^ht,  I  Ih,  pi  r  basket; 
t:uv,  M  lbs.  if  Iti.'l  ekot  h  p"  ked  np  in  linen,  :ind  U  lli!..  if  will), 
out  linin.  I'ortn  Heo  rdN,  ^  :  d  weiltid,  I  per  eeiit, -,  no  tare,  nt 
l!ie  r(>tU  are  wrifli'd  by  IhdiiMilves  bi:>vil  riiils,  in  sei-fiim  nf  400 
t'l  f^TO  lbs  ,  ^re  uitd  per  lb.,  In  nchdiln.'*  t«iieo;  trn  wl  wii[;)ii,3-4 
per  frnt  ;  ts'e,  H  lbs.  pt-r  serm;.  Tn*  4epu  stems  per  100  lbs.,  in 
marcH  curiemy,  aiji'i  uncuratn;  dmnm',  I  1-2  iwr  c-nt  ;  ntKtd 
wi-ik'ht,  I  per  rent.;  Inre,  if  in  t.\^k\  rn.d  wuikM  ;  if  jinckiKl  up 
with  onli,  2  In  1 1  'T  retit.  AccnrdiiK  ti  tho  lhicknes»  of  the  in|iu, 
>h  'b^  ri'  !.■*  a  Ri'  4'  duri  reni'e  in  the  Sfa  !e  duty  f-r  the  dillerenl  sorti 
of  tiili.n'.'o,  it  is  nfeeiiirv  that,  on  'hijipiiic  leaf  tohnnn,  thera 
sb<"il  I  Ije  ino'-rl-'t  ill  tli.>  \  ill  of  bidii.vf,  Am/  Tohni  >,  ondlliric  'ha 
nrixhl.  With  t'ib.a<fl'>  in  rnlN,  onlv  'lie  iiuinIkt  of  picka/is  cm- 
talniiiK  roll  tnl'iiT' ,  an<l  the  nntl  v\ei|^hl,  "i'houl  invntiuninK  tho 
inind(ijr  1 1  roll*.  ^biiM  >I  ippear  In  the  Ii'dl  of  1  xMuf. 

Ci'iM  (windnw)  IS  «ild  per  rh»iil,  i.i  man'H  currency,  aijio  uncer- 
tain; other  kIim  wan!  pf^r  pi'->^..  dozen,  or  liiinilitd,  in  M'liiltiugsor 
nnrcH  nirreney,  with  iiuferl.iin  aifio ;  diteoiiut,  I  percent, 

llatrs'  wimlis  b  1 1  |k  r  i  lbs.,  in  inircu  currency,  .a^io  uncortalti ; 
dix'oniit,  I  per  '•■nt. 

Hue  ^kirl■  ('.toinn,  iftv)  ar«t  i'dd  per  100  iiiercs^  in  rind  01. 
banco.     liiiuiau,  ^rcy.  |)"r  I<>.1  pieces,  in  rixitoll.  ninco.     VVtiite,  is 


m  UTS  cnnriK  y,  aitin 
Iron  it  Boi.I  per  lOO  1..- 

count,  1  t>er  eem. 
f'nppei  ,>s'iM  per  too: 
The  ej(tiaiiite.  bu*iiiH'!' 

ni  Its  the  liUidneMof  the 

towns  have  tlwir  bills  n^ ,. 


dtniinit,  1  per  cent. 

.hill,  curiency,  a^^io  uncertain  j 


dii- 


.  in  Bchill.  Iianc  ' ;  'li^count,  I  per  cent. 
Kilt*  at  H:iii(i)nii{h  ix  vrrv  ftteai ;  for  be- 
er, ni'i-ft  fif  the  merclitnts  in  tlie  iulaud 
iiated  there. 


fl(ni*iT//'/n/.— Cf'nMder'n?  tho  vast  number  of  merrhaiits  and 
UaKi."  piiiple  :tt  H;iiiib!ir»;li  bankni|»'ey  diK's  not  I'efiii  t"  t,e  nf  fi-c- 
qurnt  oicittrenee.  iturin^  the  3  viar<  endiiif  with  1H2I,  the  nnni- 
ber  of  declarud  bankiupts  and  tlie  amount  of  their  debta  were  u 
under  :— 


P9 


20. 

18.10. 

IKil. 

Ainniiiit  of 
liclil». 

Nun  1  ■  r 

of  ll.i  k- 

rupti 

Anionnl  of 
Ilcbls. 

/,. 

Ilt.'i-il 

N'llMli  IT 

of  llink- 
riip'.& 

117 

AinoiiTil  of 
Ualilj. 

inii.ais 

03 

A. 
277,615 

lint  this  ftccnun*  does  not  incln  le  thft  fallnres  le'tlet  liy  private 
CfuniirMni't.'.  and  -f  wliieli  no  pid  lir  uolice  is  taken,  The  inere.»>>e 
lu  isi:  IS  ut\  ini{,  in  a  great  nicuur  ,  tu  Uie  tailurt*,  for  111,000/.,  of 


A  cnnipany  which  hsd  t.-it  their  money  lni|  p.vlden'ly  on  hnuteif 
Ac.  Muifiof  the  t.nK>u*«ft  iian>ne)'-d  at  tian  ^uT,:!h  t>i'inu  on  ctnii- 
ints^ton  and  fr.r  neroimt  ttt  imuBiii  al^r'ni  t,  tiii>  :Ailnre(>f  iiiri'ii;n  miT- 
chants  i*  A  prexnleni  nmree  of  biinkrnptrv.  Anotiit-r  sm-ne  I'f 
baiikinptey  it  l"i»e*  on  j[(*>ls  impirtr-d  orijtiHM  on  spti  ulalion, 
and  oedrHonally  lo**.  %  in  tbe  fiiii.lH,  in  w  bi<  b  a  ir-'-'id  de.d  of  iraiidi'in^ 
giiesoii  hen-,  'f  xpuiitive  livii-tr  U  no'  iniriv  w  prevalent  a  souiiti 
nf  Kanknipb  v  Vt-vf  as  in  I-oriit-iu  md  olh*T  pinues. 

Tlie  "iw  if  ItaiidmriO  n-r-k*  »  3  cia'sti.-i  M-.kiupl^;— the  n^ro^ 
tuii.iif,  ile'c.iieltv,,iinl  tlL'fmi.ihdent.  1 1 .'  Iii.**  clasi*  Coi.s.sti  nf 
llior«-  wlnwe  li-'fij*  »iiow  that  ndsf  irtnnr  alotie  ha»,  oiTismne-l  t.io 
hnikruplcy;  tint  tin*  |  o-ty  tin*  aH  ab-n«  lived  within  hit  I'rnlMble 
income,  ant  e.n  nwonnl  to  his  a»*i)(neri  comple'ely  It  all  bii 
losoi-B.  WliMver  i«  adhidB-d  bv  the  court  to  belong  to  thin  class 
('vliicti  lonlaint  hot  few  in  number),  is  eonitldeied  entirely  fice 
imm  Ins  debts,  nr^d  is  not  snbtrrt  lo  be  calbrd  upon  heieafer.  Thtt 
Bti'nidind  iiiORt  mimerotis  rli-s,  eoi'tiins  Ihrse  lenned  "careless** 
Ini.kmpts.  Thi-e  am  |..Tsoti«  «ti-i  luve  ••■teicl  into  •iwMla'ionl 
i-i.ciT.I<tis  tliuir  mt.iii\  \\ho  bive  gone  ou  for  a  coiisidurablo  tiojt 

U2 


:#i 


730 


MANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


after  Ihev  fniinfl  thrip  sflRiin  In  irreir,  who  hnvn  livp-l  tifyoml  their  [  ti^cwttiriM,    Fvery  •»  vrir^  thn  rhim  miy  bf  rf pMtM,   All  cawlt^ 

Kru  ii'lf'i-  tnl'0  O'lilineil  in  [iliviu  f'lr  a  poriixi  nr3'>i  6  iiiniitllA;  »ii  (,  :  clii^  oiiiit.iiiii  tliii  *' fntiKlnInil'i  b.tiikniplH,  vvlimni  I  ill').'  In  lij  im- 
fiifivi'ti-il  thcv  Iiavc  nut  p:uil  :l  ilivl.lnvl  nf  II)  piT  n'ni.,  nisy  lifl  pris'Mlnl  .(rcnr.lin(  («  llin  cXIiMil  nf  llirir  fnniiii,  for  k  iimitf,  I  iwriixl 
r.illcl  iiltnn  fttr  pivinrnl  of  tlirip  il  ht  .ificr  "S  yr-ir*  f-nm  liirir  li'r-  nr  cvrn  for  life,  limiilM  l)fin<  if  inirn-il  inrxpil'lo  f'f  tii'l'liit*  any 
thirer.  tf  ft  cl4im  Im*  niiiii*  by  miy  crolilorifitr  tiiii  iipvi  if  tiiin-,  !  olliiv  wh.ilevur.  Siitiuiil  a  iKiiilinipt  .ilmriiirl,  lip  la  i-alli*.I  iipiin  br 
tin)  i»»ukr  ipl  i»  i)Iili<i'J  to  pAy  wliilcvtr  Hinn  ho  in  iiblr  fir  thu  lii>  |  niiiilic  nivfrtiifinrnl  In  ip|iii.^r  by  :i  ctirl.iin  l.ty,  in  ilrfmll  nf  wliicn 
nitv  (if  lr»  en  ditorn.  lit'  nin^t  «wr.li  th.it  In;  nnnnt  piy  my  Ihine.nr  In*  In  n  ljiili(i>il  :i  frin  liili'iit  bnikriipt,  iillil  Ins  liaino  is  piistpil  up  on  ft 
n  I  il  t)vt  n  crrtaln  sum,  vvilbmit  ilnprivin-;  ninisrlf  anu  his  f.unilyof  '  bhck  biwril  on  thw  Kx(li.ini(n. 

Cidtdn.'/ii;!.— ri'r.'iirnnrs  cnnnnt  rsliilillcli  tlittnisplvofi  as  iiitfrrliiiiiH,  iir  carry  on  niiy  hiiNiiii'sti  in 
tlii'ir  i»vii  iiiinios,  III  lluiiiliiir;;li,  williiitit  lii'ciiiiiinv  l)iii'Klii'rK  ;  iinil  m  hi'  iiianiiracliiritiH,  limy  iiiiint 
hIm>  inlir  till'  L'liilil  iir  riirpuratiitii  |>i'<iili<ir  to  lli(>  Iriiiii*  Ihi^y  iiii'tiii  In  fnilitw.  Iltit  tn  Iiitiiiiki  il 
liiirithiT  (ini!  Ins  only  to  ciniti'ly  willi  ii-riiilii  I'liniio  iinil  pay  ci-rliiln  I'l't^s,  wliiili  ilo  imt,  in  nil,  I'xiieril 
Ifl/.  Ii<  iliiMi  liitrniiii'H,  in  tiie  uy«  iil' tilt)  law,  a  IIuinbnrj{li  snli'itct ;  anil  uiijnys  ull  lliu  riglitd  anil 
privili'iri''<  (>r  a  tmlivi.'. 

(I'luitil  Reiiuirks.  —  Tim  tr.iiln  of  Ilamlmrph  is,  in  n  i  it  iiirnsiire,  passive;  that  ia,  it 
i1i'|ii'tiils  iiiiin"  on  the  vnrviiiii  vvaiit-iaml  policy  i>f  others  thiui  on  its  own.  There  is  nothiii;} 
ol'siu'li  vital  iiii|iorlaiice  as  tiie  free  iiavii;atioii  of  thi!  Illlte  to  the  prosperily  of  Hiiiii!nir|J!li, 
and,  iiiileeil,  of  all  the  countries  ihroiitjh  which  it  IIovvh.  This,  too,  is  a  iiiutttjr  of  pnriiiinmiit 
coiisei|U(iu"e  as  respects  our  interests;  for  thti  I']11)0  is  the  irrand  inlet  l>y  whicli  liritisli 
niaiiufietiires  I'lml  their  way  into  some  of  the  richest  and  most  e\teiisive  ljiiro))i^iin  (•ouiilries. 
'I'hr  principle  thai  t!io  naviiration  of  the  Klhe,  the  Khine,  the  \Ve:fer,  t&e.  should  liis  ipiilo 
free  aloiiu;  their  whole  counstt,  was  distinctly  laid  down  l>y  the  ('onsress  of  Vienna  in  1815. 
But  no  (reiieral  tarilV  of  duties  heintr  tlien  eslalili-ihed,  this  declaration  has  hitherto  had  no 
practical  ciVoet.  Prussia,  who  is  endeavouriii'j;  to  holster  up  asysleiii  of  home  manufactures, 
has  laid  heavy  transit  duties  on  articles  passin..;  by  the  Ellie,  and  has  jirevailed  on  Anhalt, 
and  some  of  the  smaller  stales,  to  f>llow  her  e\.im])io.  These  duties  amount,  on  some  of 
the  coarser  sorts  of  British  woollen  ijooils,  to  no  less  than  60  per  cent,  ud  miliireni,  and  are, 
even  when  liij;htesl,  a  irrent  obstacle  to  trade.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  just  sense  of  iheir  own 
real  interests  may,  at  no  distant  period,  ooeu  tlio  cyos  of  the  (lerinan  i^overninents  to  tho 
impolicy  of  siicli  proceeding'*-  It  is  in  an  especial  manner  for  the  iiiti^rest  of  Saxony, 
Austria,  and  l^iigland,  that  these  duties  should  be  aboli.-.hed  ;  and  iheir  inllnence  in  tlii! 
diet,  if  properly  exerted,  mit;ht  countervail  that  of  Prussia.  So  loinr,  however,  as  the.  Stado 
duties  are  kept  u|),  it  would  be  folly  to  imagine  that  inuch  attention  shoidd  he  paid  to  our 
remoiistraiices  a',^ainst  tho  Prussian  duties.  If  we  cannot  prevail  on  Hanover  to  emancipato 
our  commerce  from  o|ipressive  restrictions  and  burdens,  we  need  hardly  expect  to  succeed 
with  any  other  power.  Were  the  Stade  duties  and  those  in  the  upper  paits  of  the  EIlio 
wholly  aliolishcil,  wf  have  lilile  doubt  that  in  a  dozen  years,  the  trade  of  llamliur^di  ^voiiM 
he  nearly  doubled  ;  an  increase,  which,  liowevcr  advanta'.;eou.s  to  her,  would  be  I'ar  more 
advaiitau;eous  to  the  extensive  countries  of  which  she  is  the  grand  emporium. 

In  riiiiipilJMir  tills  iirlirU'  we  li  ivi-  inaile  use  ul  Oililii's  Kurnprnn  Cnmim-  re,  pp.  ll'i — 139;  Runlinsi'g 
K»i'i;ii'ii/i  I'l'iiim'-rcr,  pp.  Mi  Hi';  itie  Di'^iinminii-e  tin  Ciimiiifrcr  {Kiicij.Jf  .lioiliiiiif),  Inini!  i  pp.  .11 — Xi; 
anil  of  llu"  ('i)V.7/.ii',<  1)1"  Bertnhirir,  (iosflrr  ami  Co.,  J)iiilcrf:iii\,  I  lube  r,  a  Co.,  iiiiil  iiillcr  eniiii'^it  incr- 
cliants.  We  have  also  lioi'ii  niiii'li  imli'lileil  to  Mr.  CoiikiiI  Caiiiiiitff\.  in.iicer.-.-  lo  the  Circiilur  Querir.t, 
'I'hat  riinclioiiiry  lias  n^iilicil  to  ll>»'  varinns  iinestiuns  snlnnillcil  to  Inai  in  a  way  lli.it  ilnt'S  iiinal  creilil 
to  hi-i  iiiiliis'ry  ai'il  inlclli^'i'iici'.  I  roin  llic  ciri'iiinslaiici'  iiriin  i;t!icial  ri'tiirns  bcini,'  piililislinil  or  iiii- 
t.iiiialili"  at  II  iinliiiri:h,  llie  ri'tarns  .)!' iinpiirts  ilvon  almvi' iiiiisl  not  lie  ri'i;aril>'(l  as  utille  (icciiriU--, 
llioiis.'li  I  lie  errors  lliey  involve  caiiiiol  he  nialerial.  They  are  priii,;ii)iilly  taktiii  Iroin  Bcrenberg  ami 
Co.'i  Cir.-iilar. 

[Tlic  c  iininercial  intercourse  of  the  United  States  with  Hamburgh  is  not  at  all  etjual 
to  th.it  which  they  carry  or.  wi'li  Broim-n,  notwithstanding  tlie  lar:,'i^r  ])opulation  of  tho 
•'inner  city,  and  its  advantages  of  .situation  on  the  Elbe,  which  is  navigable  from  the  sea  up 
to  it  1>y  m. 'reliant  vessels  of  almost  any  biirA-n. 

Hamburgh  participates  very  little  in  the  transportation  of  emigrants  from  Germany  to  thi:< 
country-  It  receives  from  us  eiily  about  3000  hogshciids  of  toliacco  yearly.  A  good  deal 
of  ipiercitron  bark,  of  no  great  value  liowever,  ib  annually  shipped  to  it  from  Pliiladelphiii, 
either  directly  or  by  v^ay  of  Neur  Vork. 

The  E.ist  Inilia  ni--rchants  »'.  Salem,  Massachu****,  send  every  year  some  of  their  ships, 
laden  with  teis  and  other  gooiis.  from  ' 'anton  directly  to  Hamburgh,  or  to  ('owes  and  a 
market,  whence  they  proceed  to  Ifaiiiburgh,  if  advices  from  that  port  be  f;  vouiahle. 

Considerable  quantities  of  Silesia  linens,  for  which  Hamburgh  is  the  chief  entrepot  in 
Genu mv.  were  some  ye.irs  ago  evp  irted  to  the  Uinled  States,  and  then  icarlv  all  re-exported 
to  South  .\iiierica  ami  ihe  West  Indk»'s.  This  trade  is  now  couduclni  without  the  iii'-^r- 
vention  of  this  country.  The  Ckirgoe<»  we  ni  w  receive  from  fb<'  p  ft  of  Hamlmr;li  conmst, 
like  those  from  Breineii,  of  a  variety  of  Oernian  mannf.iclure!"  ,rny...-it'd  from  liw  interior, 
t  i^tthor  with  .some  hair-cloth  made  in  th.  •  jlace  itself,  and  used  In  .lur  c.ibinet-makers.  It 
in  cheaper  than  the  c«)rrespoiiiling  Enghiiri  arliclu,  and  is  of  u  tuleirably  good  ijuality. — 
Am.  /•;'/.] 

H.WSR ATIO  LEAGUK.  an  a.snociation  of  the  principal  rir^s  of  the  north  of  Ger- 
many,  i'russia.  <Scc.,  for  the  Iiot^.r  carrying  on  of  coin;nerce,  an  1  fir  their  mutual  safety 

le,  ciiti- 
t 


id  defence.     This  eonfeu  'racy,  so  celelirated  in  the  earlv   history   of  !:io  leni  Huro| 


tribuled  in  no  ordinary  degrei 


ntrodi 


blessings  of  civili/.alion  and  gc 


governmcii 


into  the  ^»ortll.     The  cxton«tun  awr'  ^jrotection  of  commerce  was,  however,  its  main  object 


TTV 


IIANSEATIC   LEAGUE. 


731 


1  ma?  bfl  r«wiitM.  All  parnlwi 
H  olljce*  nf  nrinfiir.  'I'ikj  Ihiid 
CrupH,  wti'i  ^r>-  liiMi'  tn  l>j  im« 
Iii*ir  fnU'ln,  for  a  liinitr.  I  periii'l 
Irn-tl  iiiramliln  of  linl'liiiic  any 
1  nliNnitiil.  lit^  i«  rnllf'i  upiiii  bv 
ciM-t.uii  li.w,  in  ikfi'ill  i>f  which 
t,  iiiiil  Iii9  liaina  is  pustfil  u)>  nu  & 

rry  on  ntiy  ImsincHU  in 
iiMilacltiriMH,  limy  imiHt 
low.  Hut  lo  hi'i-oiiiii  ix 
■h  do  not,  In  all.  rxredl 
joys  ull  till!  riglitri  antl 

1,  passive;  that  is,  it 
■n.  'I'luMO  is  notiiiii;} 
<|)i'rily  of  H;»inlmr(»li, 

I  malt(!r  of  pnraiinmiit 
ilct  liy  whiili  Uritisli 
i^  IjnrojM'an  nmnlrifn. 

tStc.  should  ho  (iiiito 
■is  of  Vioniin  in  181.5. 

II  has  tiithcrto  had  no 
f  iioinc  iiinmifacliiics, 
4  lircvaili'ii  oil  Anhiklt, 
aiiiouiil,  on  soino  of 
.  cif  valtireiii,  and  arc, 
iiist  sotisc  of  ihi'ir  own 
I  i;ov('minunts  to  tho 
10  intorost  of  Saxony, 
llioir  inlliionco  in  tin; 
liowovor,  as  tlio  Stailii 
I  should  he  paid  to  our 
lanovor  to  iMiian(:iiial() 
iidly  expert  to  suceecil 
[lor  |)aits  of  the  Elho 
i  of  Hamhiirj;!!  would 
er,  would  1)0  far  more 
porium. 

pp.  11'!— 13!);  R(ir,l.tns:'.i 
tiiiue),  toini!  I  |i[i.  tl — ■I'.i; 
111(1  ii'hrr  pniii.'Mit  niiT- 
lii  tlu  Cirniliir  (iiirrir!<. 
'iiy  lliat  (loi's  iMpial  i-ri'ilit 
f!  hi'iiii;  pnblislK'il  or  ol>- 
ircli'd  as  ciiiili;  Hccurat^-. 
kiMi  from  Bcveiiber^'  aiiU 

[h  is  not  at  nil  eijua! 

or  population  of  the. 

igahle  from  iho  so.i  up 

from  Germany  to  this 

yearly.     A  ?ooil  deal 

it  from  ''hiludelphia, 

ir  some  (if  their  ships, 
h,  or  t()  (Jowcs  and  a 

':  voniahle. 
the  ehief  entrepot  in 
(•arlv  all  re-oxported 
1  wil.hont  the  iiH^T- 
ii  Hamlio'  .li  eon"nt, 
cd  tVoin  Iiic  interior, 
II  i-.ihiiiel-mukors.  It 
■alily  ).^ood  (juality. — 

of  tho  north  of  Ger- 
for  ttieir  miilual  sufety 
Kio  !ern  Kurope.  eon- 
and  ijood  i;overnmeMt 
■•ever,  its  main  ohjeit 


aril  Iitinre,  a  short  account  of  it  may  imt  ho  deemed  mlRplaceJ'in  a  work  of  this  dcsrrip* 
tiuii. 

l)n'!;ln  and  l'ro<rref!.i  iif  tJif  llmnfiillc  Lem^ufi.  —  Hamhurffh,  fonntled  hy  Charlemaijne 
in  the  ninth,  and  I.nhock,  (oiind  .d  ahout  the  miiMlo  of  tho  twelfth  rentnry,  wnro  tho  earliont 
liieiMliors  of  tho  TioaKiin.  'I'lin  distaneo  hetwoen  thnin  not  beintj  very  oonsiderahle,  and  bcin:; 
alike  intoreHted  in  the  rppressiim  of  those  disorders  to  whieh  most  parts  of  Kurope,  and 
parlienlarly  the  coast  of  tlio  Kallic,  were  a  prey  in  the  twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  fourteentli 
centuries,  they  early  formed  an  intimatt!  political  tmion,  partly  in  the  view  of  maintaining  a 
8afi!  intercourse  hy  land  with  each  other,  and  partly  for  the  protection  cf  navigation  froin 
the  attaeks  of  the  pirates,  with  which  every  sea  was  at  that  time  inf(,hted.  'J'here,  is  no 
very  distinct  evidence  as  to  the  period  when  this  alliance  was  conHnmmated  ;  some;  ascrihe 
its  ori'.;in  to  the  year  1 1(>9,  others  to  the  year  1200, and  others  to  the  year  124 1.  Uut  the  most 
I)rohahlo  opinion  seems  to  he,  that  it  would  grow  up  by  slow  dej^roes,  and  ho  perfected 
according  as  the  advanta!»e  derivniilo  from  it  became  more  ohviovis,  8iicli  was  the  ori(i;in  of 
till!  llanseatic  Iicague,  no  called  from  the  old  Teutonic  word  kansa,  sig'.iifyiiig  an  a>(sociation 
or  confederacy. 

Adam  of  Bremen,  who  flourished  in  the  eleventh  century,  is  the  ,...ic.sl  write- wlio  has 
giveii  any  information  with  respect  to  the  commerce  of  the  countries  lyiiiR  roui' ',  the  Hitltic. 
And  from  the  errors  into  which  he  has  fallen  in  describii.!;  the  northern  iiin'  .'astern  shores 
of  that  sea,  it  is  evident  they  had  been  very  littli!  freiinentcd  and  not  at  -.11  known  in  hia 
time.  Hut  from  the  bec;inninp;  of  the  twelfth  (vmtnry,  the  procuress  of  commerce  and  navi- 
gation in  the  north  was  exceedingly  rajiid.  The  countries  which  .stretch  alone;  the  bottom 
of  the  I'altic,  from  Holstein  to  Russia,  and  which  had  been  occupied  by  barharou.s  tribes  of 
Sclavonic  origin,  were  then  subjugated  by  the  kings  of  Denmark,  the  dukes  of  Saxony,  and 
other  princes.  The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  being  extenniiiatod,  their  pla';e  was  tilled 
by  (Jermau  colonists,  who  founded  the  towns  of  Stralsund,  Itostock,  Wisiner.  itc.  Prussia 
and  Poland  were  afterwards  subjugated  by  the  Ghrislian  princes  an(l  the  Knights  of  the 
Tt^utonic  Order.  So  that,  in  a  comparatively  short  period,  the  foundations  of  (Mvilisition 
and  iho  arts  were  laid  in  countries  whoso  barbarism  had  ever  remained  impervious  to  the 
Roman  power. 

The  cities  that  were  established  alonp;  t;ie  coast  of  the  Baltic,  anil  even  in  the  interior  of 
the  countries  bordering  upon  it,  eagerly  joined  the  H.msealic  confederation.  They  were 
indebted  to  the  merchants  of  Lutieck  for  supplies  of  the  commodities  produced  in  more  ci- 
vilised countries,  and  they  looked  up  to  them  for  |)rotect.ion  against  the  barbarians  by  whom 
they  were  siirroiindi^d.  'I'he  progress  of  the  Leigue  w;is  in  conse(pi(!iic<!  singularly  rapid, 
i'revioiisly  to  the  end  of  the  thirteenlh  century,  it  embraced  eveiy  considerable  city  in  all 
thosi!  vast  f'ountriea  extendintr  from  Livonia  to  Holland,  and  was  a  match  for  the  most  power 
fid  inoiiarcbs. 

Tlie  llanseatic  ronfederacy  was  at  its  highest  degree  of  power  and  fi|)lendour  during  the 
f)urteentli  and  (ifteenth  centuries.  It  then  comprised  iVi'in  t)0  to  80  cities,  which  wero 
ilistriSuted  into  1  cla.sses  or  ciri  les.  Lubei'k  was  at  the  head  of  the  first  circle,  and  had 
under  it  Ifaiiiburgh,  BreirMMi,  Uostock,  Wismar,  &c.  Cologne  was  at  the  head  of  the  second 
circle,  with  2!l  towns  under  it.  nrunswii'k  was  at  the  head  of  the  third  circle,  consisting  of 
13  town«.  Dant/.ic  was  at  the  head  of  the  fourth  circle,  having  under  it  8  towns  in  its 
vicinity,  uesiiles  several  that  were  miri;  remote.  The  sujiremo  authority  of  the  League  wag 
ve-ted  in  the  deputies  of  tin;  ditlerent  towns  assembled  in  cong\(!ss.  In  it  they  discu-fsed  all 
their  measures;  decided  upon  the  sum  that  each  city  should  contribute  to  the  common  fund; 
anil  u|i()n  the  ([ueslions  that  arose  between  the  confederacy  and  other  powers,  as  well  as 
those  thai  froipieiitly  aro.se  between  the  dilferent  inembcr.s  of  the  confederacy.  The  place  for 
the  Hieeling  of  congress  was  not  llxed,  hut  it  was  most  frO(pientlv  beM  at  Ijubeck,  which 
was  .•  )iisid('rod  as  the  capital  of  the  F.eav'Ui!,  and  there  its  archives  were  kejit.  Some- 
times, however,  congresses  were  held  at  llambiirgh,  (/ologiie,  and  other  towns.  They  met  once 
every  3  year.s,  or  offcner  if  occasion  reijuinNl.  The  letters  of  convocatioii  specilied  iha 
principal  subjects  which  would  most  probably  be  brouglit  under  di.scussion.  Any  one 
might  be  chosen  for  a  deputy  ;  and  the  congress  consi-teil  not  of  merchants  only,  but  also  of 
clergymen,  lawyers,  artists,  &c.  When  the  delilx^rations  were  coniduded.  the  decrees  wero 
formally  communicated  to  the  magistrates  of  the  cities  at  the  bend  of  eacli  circle,  by  whom 
they  were  subse(|nently  C()mmnnicaled  to  those  below  them  ;  and  the  most  vi'gorous  mea- 
sures were  adopted  for  carrying  them  into  ellect.  One  of  the  burgomasters  of  Lubeck 
|)resided  at  the  meetings  of  congress;  and  durintr  the  recess  the  magistrates  of  that  city  had 
llie  sole,  or  at  all  events  the  piiiici|)d,  direction  of  the  atl'airs  of  the  League. 

besides  the  tovsns  already  mentioned,  there  were  others  Ihat  were  denominated  confed- 
erated cities,  or  allies.  The  lulter  neither  'jonlributed  to  the  common  fund  of  the  League, 
nor  sent  lieputies  to  Coiigicss;  even  the  members  wire  not  all  on  the  same  footing  in  rc.s[)ec.t 
to  privileges:  and  the  internal  i ommotions  by  vvlii>-h  it  was  freipieiilly  agitated,  partly  origi- 
nating in  this  cause,  and  partly  iti  the  discordant  inteiesis  and  conllicting  (ireteiisions  of  the 
\lillercnt  citie.-i,  materially  linpairtd  the  power  of  the  confederacy.     Uiit  in  desj,ite  of  theso 


'WW 


1, 
H 


1  i 


,1 


! 


.!  ( 


73* 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


*^Sr 


disadvantages,  the  Lea^^ue  succeeded  for  a  lengthened  period,  not  only  in  controlling  its  own 
rflractory  im-tnitprs,  but  in  muking  itself  respected  and  drcnded  l)y  otluirs.  It  produced  able 
generals  and  admirals,  skilful  politicians,  anil  some  of  the  most  enterprising,  successful,  and 
wealthy  merchants  of  modern  times. 

As  the  power  of  the  confederated  cities  was  increased  and  consolidated,  they  became  more 
anibitiuus.  luHteiid  of  limiting  their  cHbrts  to  the  mere  advancement  of  commerce  and  their 
own  protection,  they  endeavoured  to  acquire  the  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  the  North,  and  to 
exercise  the  same  sort  of  dominion  over  the  Baltic  that  the  Venetians  exercised  over  the 
Adriatic.  For  this  purpose  they  succeeded  in  obtaining,  partly  in  return  for  loans  of  money, 
and  partly  by  force,  various  privileges  and  immunities  form  the  northern  sovereigns,  which 
secured  to  them  almost  the  whole  foreign  commerce  of  Scandinavia,  Denmark,  Pru.sMJu, 
Poland,  Russia,  &;c.  They  exclusively  carried  on  the  herring  fishery  of  the  Sound,  at  the 
same  time  that  they  endeavoured  to  obstruct  and  hinder  the  navigation  of  foreign  vtis.scU  in 
the  Daltic.  It  should,  however,  be  observed,  that  the  immunities  tlioy  enjoyed  were  mostly 
indis])ensable  to  the  security  of  their  commerce,  in  consequence  of  the  barbarism  that  then 
prevailed;  and  notwithstanJinc  their  attempts  at  monopoly,  there  cannot  bo  the  shadosv  of  a 
(luubt  that  the  progress  of  civilisation  in  the  North  was  prodigiously  accelerated  by  the  influ- 
ence and  ascendancy  of  the  Hanseatic  cities.  They  rejjressed  piracy  by  sea  and  robliery  by 
land,  which  must  have  broken  out  again  had  their  power  been  overthrown  before  civilisation 
wes  fully  established;  they  accustomed  the  inhabitants  to  the  pritu'.i[)les,  and  set  before  them 
the  example,  of  good  government  and  subordination;  they  introduced  amongst  them  conve- 
niences and  enjoyments  unknown  by  their  ancestors,  or  de'pisod  by  them,  and  inspired  them 
with  a  taste  for  literature  and  science;  they  did  for  ibr  people  round  the  lialtic,  what  tho 
Fhccnicians  had  done  in  remoter  ages  for  those  round  tlie  Mediterranean,  and  deserve,  equally 
with  them,  to  be  placed  in  the  first  rank  amongst  the  benefactors  of  mankind. 

"In  order,"  as  has  been  justly  observed,  "  to  accomplish  their  purpor-e  of  rendering  tho 
Baltic  a  large  field  for  the  prosecution  of  commercial  and  industrious  pursuits,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  instruct  men,  still  barbarous,  in  the  rudiments  of  industry,  and  to  familiarise  them  in 
the  principles  of  civilisation.  These  great  principles  were  laid  by  the  confederation,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  the  lialtic  and  the  neiL^iiliouring  seas  hi\d,  by  its  means, 
become  freciueiited  routes  of  communication  between  tb;:  North  and  the  South,  Tho  people 
of  the  former  were  enabled  to  follow  the  progress  of  the  latter  in  knowledge  and  industry. 
The  forests  of  Sweden,  Poland,  <tc.  gave  place  to  corn,  hemp,  and  flax ;  the  mines  were 
wrought,  and  in  return  tnc  produce  and  manufactures  of  the  South  were  imported.  Towns 
and  villages  were  erected  in  Scandinavia,  where  huts  only  were  before  seen:  the  skins  of  the 
Dear  mid  the  wolf  were  exchanged  for  woollens,  linens,  and  silks:  learning  was  introduced; 
and  printing  was  hardly  invented  before  it  was  pr.ictised  in  Denmark,  Sweden,  &c." — {Cat- 
tciiii,  Talilcuu  (le  la  Mer  Balfir/ue,  torn.  ii.  p.  175.) 

The  kings  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway  were  frequently  engaged  in  hostilities  with 
the  Hanse  towns.  'I'hey  regarded,  and,  it  must  be  admitted,  not  without  pretty  good  reason, 
the  privileges  acquired  by  the  League,  in  their  kingdoms,  as  m  many  usurpations.  But 
their  eiforts  to  abolish  these  privileges  served,  for  more  than  'Z  centuries,  only  to  augment 
and  extend  them. 

"On  the  part  of  the  League  there  was  union,  subordination,  and  money;  whereas  the  half- 
eavage  Scandinavian  monarchies  were  full  of  divisi.ms,  factions,  and  troubles;  revolution  was 
immediately  followed  by  revolution,  and  feudal  aMiirciiy  was  at  its  height.  There  was  another 
circumstance,  not  less  importjint,  in  favour  of  the  Hanseatic  cities.  The  popular  governnients 
established  amongst  them  pos.se.sHtnl  the  reiyect  and  confidence  of  the  iiihabitants,  and  were 
able  to  direct  the  public  energies  i'lr  the  noom  of  the  state.  The  astonishing  prosperity  of  tho 
confederated  cities  wits  not  wholly  the  etiect  of  commerce,  'J'o  the  undisciplined  armies  of 
the  princes  of  the  Nor'h — artT'ics  compiled  of  vassals  without  attachment  to  their  lords — the 
cities  opposed,  bes;  ■  ■  '.he  ■  :  ,ior  nobles,  who.<e  services  they  liberally  rewarded,  citizens 
accustomed  to  dansre'-  uud  resolved  to  defend  their  liberties  nnil  |)roi)erfy.  Their  military 
operations  were  con^'  ^ed  and  directed  by  .  nncil  com])osed  of  men  of  tried  talents  and 
cx|M>rience,  devoter;  :  heir  country,  responsible  to  their  fellow  citizens,  and  enjoying  their 
confldcnre.  It  was  litielly,  however,  on  their  uiariiie  firces  that  tile  cities  dei)ended.  They 
employed  their  ships  indilierently  in  war  or  conimeroe,  so  tbiit  their  naval  urniaments  were 
fitted  out  at  comparatively  small  ex p»»nse.  Exclusive,  too,  of  these  favourable  circuinstances, 
the  fortifications  of  the  jirincip,!!  cities  were  looked  upon  as  inipregnalile ;  and  as  their  com- 
merce si  4  iplied  them  abundantly  with  all  sorts  of  pnv.  isii)ns,  it  need  not  excite  our  astonish- 
ment tli.it  Lubcck  alone  was  able  to  carry  on  wars  with  the  surrounilinj;  inonarchs,  and  to 
tcriiiinate  ihem  with  honour  and  ailvanlage;  aii<I  still  les.s  that  the  League  should  long  have 
•njojed  a  decided  preponderance  in  the  North." — {L'Art  t/e  vi'riJJjr  Its  Daliis/.i'""  partie, 
tontviiu  p.  204.) 

The  rxurpsttion  of  piracy  was  one  of  the  objeets  which  had  oiiginally  led  to  the  formation 
of  the  Lrague,  and  which  it  n«'ver  ceased  to  pni.secule.  ()wi"g,  however,  to  the  barbarism 
then  io  imiversaiy  prevaicnt,  aud  tho  countenance  ojionly  given  by  many  priuces  and  nobles 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


738 


1  controlling  its  own 
■H,  It  produccil  able 
Mng,  Buccessful,  and 

],  they  beoamo  more 
'  commerce  anil  their 
of  the  North,  and  to 
i  exercised  over  the 
1  for  loans  of  money, 
rn  sovereigns,  which 
Denmark,  Prussia. 
of  the  Sound,  nt  the 
of  foreign  vesacls  in 
Bojoyed  were  mostly 
barbarism  that  then 
it  bo  the  shadow  of  a 
i^lcralcd  by  the  influ- 
y  sea  and  robbery  by 
vn  before  civilisation 
,  and  set  before  them 
mongst  them  coiive- 
rn,  and  inspired  them 
the  Baltic,  what  tho 
and  deserve,  equally 
iklnd. 

MT-ii  of  rendering  the 
ursuits.  it  was  nec^s- 
o  familiarise  them  in 
confederation,  and  at 
!  had,  by  its  means, 
South.  The  people 
wiedge  and  industry, 
lax  ;  the  mines  were 
c  imiiortnd.  Towns 
L'en :  the  skins  of  tho 
ling  was  introduced ; 
wcden,  &c." — {Cat- 

cd  in  hostilities  with 

pretty  good  reason, 

y  usurpations.     Hut 

es,  only  to  augment 

y ;  whereas  tho  half- 
ibles;  revolution  was 

There  was  another 
popular  governments 
ihabitants,  and  were 
ing  prosperity  of  the 
isciplined  armi*'s  of 
t  to  their  lords — llie 
y  rewanlcd,  citizens 
rty.  Their  military 
of  tried  talents  and 

and  eiiJDyin;;  their 
s  dei)cniled.  They 
al  armaments  were 
ruble  circumstances, 

;  and  as  their  cum- 
exeitc  our  astoiiish- 
<X  iiionarchs,  and  to 
II'  should  ioii'^  have 
'«)■  Dales,  3"'"  partie, 

I  to  the  fori  nation 
to  tlie  barbarism 
y  priiices  and  nobles 


to  those  engaged  in  this  infamous  profession,  it  wai*  not  posnible  wholly  to  root  it  out.  But 
the  vigorous  elforts  of  the  League  to  abate  the  nuisance,  though  not  entirely  successful,  sened 
to  render  the  navigation  of  the  North  Sea  ami  the  Baltic  comparatively  secure,  and  were  of 
signal  advantage  to  commerce.  Nor  was  this  tho  only  mode  in  which  the  power  of  tbo 
confederacy  was  directly  employed  to  promote  tho  common  interests  of  manKmd.  'J''lieir 
exertions  to  protect  shipwrecked  mariners  from  tho  atrocities  to  which  they  had  been  subject, 
and  to  procure  the  restitution  of  shipwrecked  property  to  its  legitimate  owners,*  though,  most 
probably,  like  (lieir  exertions  to  repress  piracy,  a  consequence  of  selfish  considerations,  were 
in  no  ordinary  degree  meritorious;  and  contributed  not  less  to  the  advancement  of  civilisation 
than  to  the  security  of  navigation. 

Factories  hehm^in^  ta  the  League, — In  order  to  facilitate  and  extend  their  commeicial 
trnusartions,  the  League  estabUshed  various  factories  in  foreign  countries;  the  principal  of 
which  were  at  Novogorod  in  Russia,  London,  Bruges  in  the  Netherlands,  and  Bergen  in 
Norway. 

Novogorod,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Volkof  with  the  Imler  Iiake,  was,  for  a 
lengthened  period,  the  most  renownf-d  emporium  in  the  north-eastern  parts  of  Europe.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  inhabitants  obtained  considerable  privileges  that 
laid  the  foundation  of  their  liberty  and  prosperity.  Their  sovereigns  were  at  first  subordinate 
to  the  grand  dukes  or  czars  of  Russia;  but  as  the  city  ond  the  conliiinous  territory  increased 
in  popula'ion  and  wealth,  they  gradually  usurped  an  almost  absolute  independency.  The 
power  of  these  sovereigns  over  their  subjects  seems,  at  the  same  time,  to  have  be(?n  exceed- 
ingly limited ;  and,  in  eifect,  Novogorod  otight  rather  to  bo  consiilcred  as  a  republic  under  tho 
jurisdiction  of  an  elective  magistrate,  than  as  a  state  subject  to  a  regular  line  of  hereditary 
monarchs,  possessed  of  extensive  prerogatives.  During  the  twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  Novogorod  formed  the  grand  entrepot  between  the  countries  to  the  east  of  i'oland 
and  the  Hanseatic  cities.  Its  fairs  were  frequented  by  an  immense  concourse  of  people  from 
all  the  surrounding  countries,  as  well  as  by  numbers  of  merchants  from  the  Hanse  towns, 
who  engrossed  the  greater  part  of  its  foreign  commerce,  and  who  furnished  its  markets  with 
the  manufactures  and  products  of  distant  countries.  Novogorod  is  said  to  have  contained, 
doring  its  most  flourishing  period,  towards  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  upwards  of 
400,000  souls.  This,  however,  is  most  probably  an  exaggeration.  But  its  dominions  were 
then  very  extensive;  and  its  wealth  and  power  seemed  so  great  and  well  established,  and  tho 
city  itself  so  im|)regnable,  as  to  give  rise  to  a  proverb.  Who  can  resist  tho  Gods  and  great 
Novogorod  1  Quia  contra  Dm^  el  magnum  Nuvogordiam  ? — {Cuxe's  Trdvils  in  the  North 
of  Europe,  vol.  ii.  p.  80.) 

But  its  power  and  prosperity  were  far  from  being  so  firmly  established  as  its  eulogists,  and 
thoec  who  had  only  visited  its  fairs,  appear  to  have  supposed.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  Ivan  Vassilievitch,  czar  of  Russia,  having  secured  his  dominions  against  tho 
inroads  of  the  Tartars,  and  extended  his  empire  by  theconqucst  of  someof  the  neighbouring 
princi])dlities,  apsorted  his  right  to  the  principality  of  Novogorod,  and  supported  his  preten- 
sions by  a  formidable  army.  Had  the  inhabitants  been  animated  by  the  spirit  of  unanimity 
and  patriotism,  they  might  have  defied  his  eftbrts ;  but  their  dissensions  facilitated  their  eon- 
quest,  and  rendered  them  an  easy  prey.  Having  entered  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
Ivan  received  from  the  citizens  the  charter  of  their  liberties,  which  they  either  wanted  courage 
or  inclination  to  defend,  and  carried  offun  enormous  bell  to  Moscow,  that  has  been  long  re- 
garded with  a  sort  of  superstitious  veneration  as  the  palladium  of  the  city.  But  notwith- 
stK'iding  the  despotism  to  which  Novogorod  was  subjoct,  during  the  reigns  of  Ivan  and  his 
succes.sors,  it  continued  for  a  considerable  period  to  be  the  largest  as  well  as  most  commercial 
city  in  the  Kus^^an  empire.  The  famous  Richard  Chancellour,  who  pi  ssed  through  Novo- 
gorod in  ITiS'l,  in  his  way  from  the  Court  of  the  Czar,  says,  that  "nex.  cnto  Moscow,  'he 
city  of  Novogorod  is  reputed  the  chiefest  of  Rus-ia ;  for  although  it  be  in  majestic  inferior  to 
V,  yet  in  greatness  it  goeth  beyond  it.  It  is  the  chietesi  and  greatest  mart  town  of  all  Mus- 
covy; and  albeit  the  emperor's  seat  i«  not  there,  but  at  Moscow,  yet  the  (^ommodiousness  of 
the  river  falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  whereby  it  is  well  frequented  by  merchants,  makes 
it  more  famous  than  Moscow  itself." 

But  the  scourge  of  the  destroyer  soon  after  ttU  on  this  celebrated  city.  Ivan  IV.,  havinfj 
discovered,  in  1570,  a  correspondence  between  some  of  the  princijial  citizens  and  the  King 
of  Poland,  relative  to  a  surrender  of  the  citv  into  his  hands,  pnni.shed  them  in  the  most  in- 
human manner.  The  slaughter  by  which  the  bloodthirsty  barbarian  sought  to  sritisfy  his  re- 
venge was  alike  extensive  and  iiidiscriininating.  TV  criiie  of  a  few  'Uizensvras  made  'i 
pretext  for  the  massacre  of  25,000  or  30.00t).  Novmin^nxl  wver  reoovefe«4  ff  n  this  ''•»'«<liiil 
blow.     It  still,  however,  continued  to  be  a    'ace  of  C(»»s,.;cral'iir»  t.rsvle.  untij  tfn  ion  of 

Pctersburgh,  which  immediately  becimic  the  seat  of  th*t  oraiaxncetlvu*    .ad  formerly  coiitAi 

♦  A  scries  of  renoliitions  were  unaniitioiisilv  (iBrced  ../  Iiy  tli«-  fofft-Jiis  frc(incnting  ffie  port  of 
Wisliy.  Olio  (if  tlic  priiwipiil  ci!i:i(ifiiiiiiH  of  III.   tiat'iif.  m  12«7,  pi<  v.*))!)?  t.r  the  rcstoralioii  of  »lup- 
wruikeil  proimrty  lo  iin  orijiin:;!  .jwriKrH,  ami  lliiciilfiiiiij;  to  ejotl  t'rniu  \,\m"  cumodiiLiiiUufirtaliiriuit," 
tiny  ciiy  tliiii  did  not  act  coiifuraiablv  to  llic  rigulu;»'/tis  laid  down. 
Vol.  I.— 3  (^ 


! 


• 


I'* 


'I 


f 


734 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


i 


•t  Novnfl[orotl.  Tho  ilogrraiklioii  of  this  ill-falc<l  city  is  now  complete.  It  is  at  present  an 
;iic()iisi(|i>riili|u  pliiuo,  with  ii  populittion  uf  about  7,UUU  ur  H,UUU ;  iiiid  it)  rtiiiiiirkiililu  only  for 
ilti  liixtDiy  uiiii  Biitii|iiiticii, 

Till)  iiicrclmnlH  of  tlit'  llanHii  towns,  or  HiiniurJs,  iis  tlu'y  vvoro  tlion  cotninonly  tortnnd, 
were  CHtalili-ilu'il  in  Loiiilou  at  a  vory  early  porii)il,  and  tlioir  factory  liore  was  of  coiixicierable 
lii,n;niiii(lo  and  iin|iortuncc.     'I'liHy  cnjoyod  vurioiH  privilcifiin  and  iininuiiilioA;  tlioy  wore 
poriiiiliod  to  govern  IhiMnwIvcs  by  iht-ir  own  laws  and  rci,'ulalions;  tlm  custody  of  ono  of  tho 
gates  of  ihH  city  (lJi>^hop^^Jalo)  was  coininittrd  to  their  oaro  ;  and  tho  ^llltie^^  on  various  aortf 
of  iinpovted  coiumoditiesi  were  corisideralily  rciluced  in  their  favour.     'J'liese  priviloges  neces- 
s^irily  excited  the  ill-will  and  animosity  of  the  l'>ni{lis!i  nierchants.     The  Hansards  wer» 
every  now  an>l  then  accused  of  acting  with  bad  faith ;  of  iiitroducin.;  (Mininoilities  as  theii 
own  that  were  really  the  prodticu  of  others,  in  order  to  enable  thcin  to  evade  the  duties  with 
which  they  oui?ht  ti  have  been  chiirijed  ;  of  capriciously  extruding  the  list  of  (owns  belonffing 
to  tho  assoei.ition  ;  ami  o'ntructing  tho  coininerce  of  the  l'ln.;lish  in  the  Hallio.     KlVorls  wero 
cimtinuaily  making  to  bring  these  disputes  to  a  termination ;  but  as  they  really  nrvw  out  of 
the  privilege.i  granted  to  and  claimed  by  the  Hansards,  this  was  found  to  be  impossible.    The 
latter  wt:re  exposed  to  many  indignities;  and  their  factory,  which  was  situated  in  Thames 
Street,  was  not  uofrecpiently  attacked.     The  League  (^xerled  themsidvos  vigorously  in  de- 
fence of  their  privileges ;  and  having  declared  war  against  Ktigland,  they  succeeded  in  ex- 
cluding our  vessels  fr.un  tlie  Ualtic,  and  acted  with  such  energy,  that  Hilward  IV.  was  glad 
to  come  to  an  accommodation  with  them,  on  terms  which  were  any  thing  but  honourable  to 
the  English.     In  the  treaty  for  this  |iurpose,  nogolialed  in  1471,  the  privileges  of  the  mer- 
chants of  the  Hanse  towns  wore  renewed,  and  tlio  king  assigned  to  them,  in  absolute  pro- 
perly, a  large  space  of  ground,  with  the  buildings  upon  it,  in  Tha.nesSireet,  denominited  the 
tUeol  Yard,  whence  the  Hanse  merchants  have  beeji  comniotdy  denominated  the  Association 
of  the  iSteel  Vard  ;  the  property  of  their  establishments  at  Huston  and  Lynn  was  also  sccurod 
to  iheni ;  ihc  king  engaged  to  allow  no  stranger  to  participate  in  their  privileges ;  one  of  tho 
articles  bore  that  tho   Hanse  merchants  should  be  no  longer  subject  to  tho  judges  of  tho 
English  Admiralty  Oonrt,  but  that  a  particular  tribunal  shoidd  be  formed  for  tho  easy  and 
speedy  settlement  of  all  disputes  that  might  arise  between  them  and  the  English;  and  it  was 
furliier  agreed  that  the  particular  privileges  awarded  to  the  Hanse  merchants  should  bo  j)ub- 
lisheil  as  often  as  the  latter  judged  projjcr,  in  all  ihe  sea-port  towns  of  England,  and  such 
Englishmen  as  infringed  upon  tliem  should  be  ))unisl-ed.     In  return  for  these  concessions  the 
English  acipiired  tho  liberty  of  freely  trading  in  tin  Hallic,  and  especially  i"  the  port  of 
Dantzic  and  in  Prussia.     In  IWH.  all  direct  co.nmerc  '■  with  the  Netherlands  being  suspended, 
the  trade  fell  into  the  hands  of  tlie  Hanse  merchanlf ,  whose  commerce  was  in  conse.|uenco 
very  greatly  extended.     Hut,  acc.>rding  as  the  spirit  of  commercial  enterprise  awakened  in 
the  nation,  and  as  the  benefits  resulting  from  the  piosecution  of  foreign  trade  cam    to  bo 
lietter  known,  the  privileges  of  the  Hanse  merchant'  became  more  and  more  olinixions. 
They  were  in  consequence  considerably  modilied  in  vhe  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  Henry 
A' III.,  and  were  at  length  wholly  abolished  in  1597. — (A:ihrs()n''ii  Hiff.  Com.  Aimo  147 1,  i^c.) 
The  dill'erent  individuals  belonging  to  the  factory  in  London,  as  well  as  those  belonging  to 
the  other  factories  of  the  League,  lived  together  at  a  couiinon  table,  anil  were  enj  lined  to 
observe  the  strictest  celibacy.     The  dirccti»)n  of  the  factorv  in  London  was  entrusted  to  an 
ulderman,  i  assessors,  ond  9  councillors.     The  latter  wero  sent  by  the  cities  forming  the 
dillerent  classes  into  whicli  the  League  was  divided.     Tiio  business  of  these  functionaries  was 
to  devise  means  for  extending  and  aecuring  the  privileges  and  commerce  of  the  association; 
to  watch  over  the  operations  of  the  merchants;  and  to  adjust  uny  disputes  that  might  arise 
amongst  the  niemlHirs  of  the  confederacy,  or  between  them  and  the  Enghsh.     The  league 
endeavoured  at  all  times  to  promote,  as  much  as  |x)ssible,  the  employment  of  their  own  ships. 
In  pursuanc- of  this  object,  they  went  so  far,  in  1447,  as  to  forbid  the  importation  of  English 
merchandise  into  the  confederated  cities,  except  by  their  own  vessels.     Out  a  regulation  of 
this  sort  could  not  be  carried  into  full  ellect ;  and  was  enforced  or  modiilcd  acconling  as  cir- 
cumstances were  favourable  or  adverse  to  the  pretensions  of  the  League.     Its  very  existence 
was,  however,  an  insult  to  the  English  nation  ;  and  the  irritation  produced  by  the  occasional 
attempts  to  act  upon  it,  contributed  materially  to  the  subversion  of  the  privileges  tlie  Hanseatic 
merchants  had  acquired  amongst  us. 

By  means  of  their  lactory  at  Bergen,  and  of  the  privileges  which  had  been  cither  granted 
to  or  usurped  by  them,  the  League  enjoyed  for  a  lengthened  period  the  monopoly  of  the  com- 
merce of  JNorway. 

But  the  principal  factory  of  the  League  was  at  Bruges  in  the  Netherlands.  Bruges  be- 
came, at  a  very  early  period,  one  of  the  first  connnercial  cities  of  Europe,  and  the  centre  of 
te  most  extensive  trade  carried  on  to  the  north  of  Italy.  The  art  of  navigation  in  the 
Irteentii  and  fourt«'enth  centuries  was  so  iniiierfect,  that  a  voyage  from  Italy  t )  the  Uidtic 
and  back  again  could  not  be  performed  in  a  single  season;  and  hence,  for  the  sake  of  their 
Uintual  coii'-enience,  the  Italian  and  Hanseatic  merchants  ileterniined  on  establishing  a  rnf- 
gaziiie  or  store-house  of  their  respective  products  in  some  iiiterniediutc  situation.     Bruges 


HARBOUR. 


735 


It  is  at  present  an 
rtiiimrkulile  only  for 

I  commonly  toniiwl, 
WHS  of  coiiKklerable 
imiiiliiirt;  tliuy  wore 
ustoily  of  OIK!  of  th# 
lio.s  on  viirious  sort* 
cHo  |ii-iviloi![(M  ni'ces- 
riui  IluuHiirdrt  wer» 
('.oiiiiiKiititii'x  m  thiiii 
viilo  tlu)  iliitii'u  with 
it  of  lowiiH  iM'lonpfing 
liiUio.     KlVorls  wero 
^  ri'ully  Krow  out  of 
I  he  importsibln.    The 
Hiluuteil  ill  Tliamcd 
OS  vigorously  in  do- 
loy  sucr.i'odeil  in  ex- 
•Mvvuril  IV.  was  );liiJ 
iiu;  but  lionourui)lc  to 
rivili'Ri'S  of  tlio  mer- 
lii'iii,  iu  absolute  pro- 
r(M^t,  diMioMiiiwIrMl  tb.e 
luti'il  llu!  Assixriatiou 
yun  was  also  seiMind 
irivilcRL's;  oiio  of  tho 
to  tho  juilu;i!s  of  tho 
iii'J  fiir  ihti  easy  and 
'  lOuglish;  and  it  was 
'lianls  nhould  bo  jiul)- 
if  IjiiKliiud,  and  sufh 
these  conccsHions  the 
bcially  iti  tho  |)i)rt  of 
ind8boiiiKSiis|)i'nded, 
was  in  conso.|uoiico 
torpriso  awakiDcd  in 
ijn  trade  cam    to  bo 
md  more  olitiixious. 
mry  VII.  and  Henry 
'««/.  Anno  1471,  i^r.) 
as  those  belon^iu^  to 
uid  wero  cnj  lined  to 
was  entrusted  to  an 
e  cities  formini?  the 
'SO  functionaries  was 
;c  of  the  association ; 
(utes  that  tnii^ht  arise 
t^ish.     The  leai^ue 
It  of  iheir  own  ships, 
iiportation  of  En':;lish 
Uut  a  regulation  of 
lied  aci'ording  as  cir- 
,     Its  very  existence 
ed  by  the  occasional 
vilcges  the  Hanseatic 

1  been  cither  granted 
monopoly  of  the  com- 

rlan  Is.  IJrugcs  bc- 
e,  and  th-;  centre  of 
of  navisjation  in  the 
111  llaly  t )  the  Unltic 
lor  the  salii'  of  their 
m  establishing  a  mn- 
t!  situation.     Bruges 


WM  fixnd  upon  for  tliis  purpose ;  a  distinction  which  it  seems  to  have  owed  as  much  to  tho 
freedom  enjoyed  by  tho  iiilinbitanls,  and  the  liberality  of  the  government  of  tlie  I,ow  (Coun- 
tries, IIS  to  tho  eonveniency  of  its  situation.  In  consequence  of  this  preference,  Uruges 
speedily  rose  to  the  very  highest  riink  among  commercial  cities,  and  bccaire  n  place  of  vast 
wealth,  (t  was  at  once  a  Htii|>lo  for  Knglish  wool,  for  the  woollen  and  linen  innnufictures 
of  the  Netherlands,  for  tho  timber,  hemp,  and  llax,  |iilch  and  t:ir,  tallow,  corn,  '^'sh,  ashes, 
/(.'('.  of  tho  North;  and  for  the  H|iices  aud  Indian  curnmodilleH,  as  well  as  their  doiii>'.stie  ma- 
nufactures iinjiorted  by  tlie  Italian  mcrehantH,  Tho  fairs  of  Uriiges  were  the  best  freiiuentcd 
of  any  in  Kuro^ie.  Iiiidovieo  (luiceiardini  mentions,  in  his  Ikucriptlnn  (if  llic.  Lnir  Cdiin- 
triei,  that  in  the  year  1318,  no  fewer  than  5  Venetian  gallenses,  vessels  of'  very  considi-rablo 
burden,  arrived  in  Uriiges  in  order  to  dispose  of  their  cargoes  ot  the  fair.  The  Hanseatic 
merchants  were  the  principal  purchasers  of  Indian  commodities;  they  disposed  of  them  in 
the  ports  of  tho  Ualtic,  or  carried  thom  up  the  great  rivers  inli  the  lieart  :»f  (fermany.  The 
vivifying  ellects  of  this  commerco  were  every  where  li-lt;  the  regular  intercourse  opened  be- 
tween the  nations  in  the  north  and  south  of  Kurofie  made  them  Kensiblo  of  their  mutual 
wants,  and  gave  a  wonderful  stimulus  to  tho  spiiit  of  industry.  This  was  jiarticularly  tho 
case  with  regard  to  the  Netherlands.  ManuliicturcH  of  wool  and  (lax  had  been  established 
in  that  country  as  early  as  the  ago  of  Charlemagne ;  and  the  resort  of  foreigners  to  their 
markets,  and  the  great  additional  vent  that  was  thus  opened  for  their  manufactures,  made 
them  be  carried  on  with  a  vigour  and  success  that  had  been  hitherto  unknown,  'i'hese  cir- 
cumstances, combined  with  the  free  spirit  of  their  institutions,  and  the  moderation  of  tho 
government,  so  gieally  promoted  every  elegant  and  useful  art,  that  the  Netherlands  early  be- 
cnnie  tho  most  civilised,  best  cultivated,  richest,  and  most  populous  country  of  Kurope. 

Decline  nf  /he  Uunnenllc  League. — From  the  middle  of  the  iilteciith  century,  the  pnwcjr 
of  the  confederacy,  though  still  very  formidable,  bcj^an  to  diM-lino.  This  was  not  owing  to 
any  misconduct  on  tho  (lart  of  its  leaders,  but  to  the  progress  of  that  improvement  it  had 
done  so  much  to  promote.  The  superiority  enjoyed  by  the  League  resulted  as  much  from 
the  anarchy,  confusion,  and  barbarism  that  prevailed  throughout  the  kingdoms  of  the  North, 
as  from  the  good  government  and  order  that  distinguished  tlie  towns.  Uut  a  distinction  of 
this  sort  could  not  bo  permanent.  The  civilisation  which  had  been  at  first  eonlincd  to  the 
cities,  gradually  sjiread  from  them,  as  from  so  many  centres,  over  the  contiguous  country. 
Feudal  anarchy  was  every  where  superseded  by  a  system  of  subordination ;  arts  and  indus- 
try wore  dill'used  and  cultivated  ;  and  the  authority  of  government  was  at  length  fuiiily  es- 
tablished. This  change  not  only  rendereil  the  princes,  over  whom  tho  Iicague  had  so  fre- 
quently triuiniihed,  sujicrior  to  it  in  jiower;  hut  tho  inhabitants  of  tho  countries  amongst 
which  the  conll'deiated  cities  wero  scattered,  having  learned  to  entertain  a  just  ,sense  of  tho 
advantages  derivable  from  coniiiieree  and  navigation,  could  not  brook  the  superiority  of  the 
association,  or  hear  to  see  its  members  in  possession  of  immunities  of  which  they  were  de- 
prived: and  in  ad(liti<m  to  these  circumstances,  which  must  speedily  have  occasioned  the 
dissolution  of  the  League,  tho  interests  of  the  dillerent  cities  of  which  it  consisted  became 
daily  more  and  more  opposed  to  each  other.  Lubeck,  Hamburgh,  liremen,  and  tho  towns 
in  their  vicinity,  were  latterly  the  only  ones  that  had  any  interest  in  its  maintenance.  'l"ho 
cities  in  Zealand  and  Holland  joined  it,  chielly  because  they  would  otherwise  have  been  ex- 
cluded from  the  commerce  of  the  Baltic  ;  and  those  of  Prussia,  Poland,  and  Ku.ssia  did  the 
same,  because,  had  they  not  belonged  to  it,  they  would  have  been  shut  out  from  all  inter- 
course with  strangers.  When,  however,  the  Zealandors  and  Hollanders  became  sufficiently 
powerful  at  sea  to  be  able  to  vindicate  their  right  to  the  ffo  navigation  of  the  Baltic  by  force 
of  arms,  they  immedialdy  seceded  from  the  League ;  and  no  sooik.t  had  the  ships  of  the 
Dutch,  the  English,  &c.  begun  to  trade  directly  with  the  Polisli  and  Prussian  Hanse  towns, 
than  these  nations  also  embraced  the  first  opportunity  of  withdrawing  from  it.  The  fall  of 
this  great  confederacy  was  really,  therefore,  a  consequence  of  the  improved  state  of  society, 
and  of  the  (levelo[iment  of  the  commercial  spirit  in  the  dilfercnt  nations  of  Eurojie.  It  was 
most  serviceable  so  long  as  those  for  whom  its  merchants  acted  as  factors  and  carriers  were 
too  barbarous,  too  much  occupied  with  other  matters,  or  destitute  of  the  necessary  capital 
and  skill,  to  act  in  these  capacities  for  themselves.  When  they  were  in  a  situation  to  do 
this,  the  functions  of  the  Hanseatic  merchants  ceased  as  n  matter  of  course;  their  confede- 
racy fell  to  pieces  ;  and  at  the  middle  of  the  seventh  century  the  cities  of  Lubeck,  Hamburgh, 
and  Bremen  were  all  that  continued  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of  the  League.  Even  to 
this  day  they  preserve  the  shadow  of  its  power ;  being  acknowledged  in  the  act  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  (Jermanic  confederation,  signed  at  Vienna,  the  8th  of  June,  181.5,  as  free 
Hanseatic  cities. — (From  an  article  in  No.  13,  of  the  iureigii  Quurtirly  lieview,  contii- 
buted  by  the  author  of  this  work.) 

HAKBOUK,  H.VVEN,  on  PORT,  a  piece  of  water  communicating  with  the  sea,  or 
with  a  navigable  river  or  lake,  having  depth  sufficient  to  float  ship'-  of  considerable  burden, 
where  there  is  convenient  anchorage,  and  wheie  ships  may  lie,  load,  and  unload,  screened 
from  the  winds,  and  without  tho  reach  of  tho  tide. 

iiualiUes  vf  a  good  Harbour,  —  There  is  every  variety  in  the  form  and  ijuality  of  har- 


,1 


'l 


738 


HARBOURS. 


boun.  Thoy  are  eilher  natural  or  ffrtiAcinl ;  but,  however  formeil,  a  rooJ  hnr1)t>ur  hHouI  i 
biive  Mifl'i'  HMit  depth  of  water  to  xliiiit  tho  largest  shiim  at  nil  tinie<t  ol'  the  tiilu  ;  it  siiut.lil 
be  ea!<y  ol'acceM,  without  having  too  wide  an  entrance;  the  Imttoin  Hhuuld  I''  cloaii  ntid  )(<  <>''  < 
and  Bhi|)»  HJioidd  beabie  toliocluRo  alongHido  quays  or  piers,  thattheexpi'i'.sc  :iiul  iiiciiiivi>iiie  ico 
of  Idudinit  and  unloading  'jy  means  of  lighters  may  lie  avoided.  ^Ii  -t  U  'ig  in  a  Imrlaur 
that  i«  liind-lockod,  and  surrounded  by  high  grounds  or  buiidingx,  are,  at  ouci',  without  the 
reach  of  storms,  tidcK,  and  currents ;  and  may,  in  most  cases,  be  easily  protoclfd  from  huHtilo 
atb>'  -s.  Bar  harbours  are  tliose  that  have  imrs  or  banks  at  their  onlruiuuM,  and  do  not, 
thereti)re,  admit  of  tlie  ingress  or  ogrex't  of  large  ships  except  at  high  lA'dtor.  TluHe  are  iiiost 
commonly  river  harbours;  the  sund  and  mud  brought  down  by  the  uircuni,  and  driven  back 
by  the  waveA,  naturally  forming  a  bar  or  bank  at  their  mouths. 

Hen!  lirUiih  Hurloum.  —  Good  harbours  are  of  essential  importani'>- to  a  muritimf'  nation; 
and  iuinionso  sums  have  been  expended  in  all  countries  ambitious  of  naval  or  cc'innerciul 
greutness  in  their  improvement  and  formation.  Portsmoutti,  Millurd  Haven,  and  the  (Jove 
of  i'ork  are  the  fmeiit  hurboiirs  in  the  Uritish  islands,  being  surpassed  by  very  few,  if  any, 
in  the  world.  Of  these,  I'o,  sinouth  is  entitled  to  the  pro-e/ninence.  'I'hiH  admiralije  har- 
bour i>  about  as  wide  at  its  mt)iith  as  tlie  Thames  it  Westminster  Bridge,  expanding  within 
into  n  noble  buKin,  almost  sutUrit  nt  to  contai'i  the  whole  navy  of  Great  Britain.  Its  entrance 
is  nil  ihstrufted  by  any  bar  or  slmllow  ;  and  it  has,  throughout,  water  adei|uatu  to  float  the 
largest  men  of  war  nt  the  lowest  t  Ics.  The  anchorage  ground  is  excellent,  and  it  is 
entirely  free  from  sunken  rockx,  sitinl  I  inhs,  or  any  similar  obtitruetions.  The  western  nido 
of  the  harbour  is  formed  hy  the  island  o  "  I'ortsea ;  and  on  its  south-western  extremity,  at  the 
eiitranci-  to  the  harbour  is  sitimted  the  town  of  Portsmouth,  and  its  largo  and  imp.irtant 
Miliiirb  i'ortsea.  Here  are  dock^  and  other  establishments  for  the  building,  repair,  and  oiitlit 
of  ships  of  war,  coiislrtieted  upon  n  very  larjje  scale,  and  furnishrd  with  every  coiiveniency. 
The  fortilications  that  protect  thin  great  naval  tli'pul,  are  superior,  both  as  resjiects  strengtli 
and  exiciil,  to  any  other  in  tlie  kingdom.  "Thus,"  to  use  the  words  of  Dr.  Campbell,  "  it 
ap[ieard  tlitit  i'ottamouth  derives  from  nature  all  the  prerogatives  the  inont  fertile  wits  and 
most  intelligent  judges  could  devise  or  desire;  and  ihatthede  have  been  well  seconded  by  art, 
witluiut  coiiHideration  of  expense,  which,  in  national  improvements,  is  little  to  be  regarded. 
Add  to  all  (his,  the  striking  excellence  of  its  situation,  which  is  such  as  if  Providence  had 
expressly  detcn. lined  it  for  thai  use  to  which  wo  see  it  applied,  —  the  bridii  i^;  the  jiower  of 
France,  and,  if  I  may  so  speak,  the  pccuhar  residence  of  Neptune."  —  (^Hiirvey  of  Great 
Brifiiiii,  vol.  i.  p.  ;5T().) 

Portsmouth  hnrbour  hos  the  additional  and  important  advantage  of  opening  intrf  the  cele- 
brated ro.i.l  oi' 'Spithead,  between  the  Hampshire  coast  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  forming  a  solo 
and  convvnlciit  retreat  for  the  largest  fleets. 

Milfurd  H.ivcn  dioply  indents  the  southern  part  of  Pembrokeshire.  It  in  of  groat  extent. 
Olid  has  niany  Mibu  linate  bays,  creeks,  and  roads.  The  water  is  deep  and  the  anchorn;ro 
grunnd  excellent;  u.ul  being  completely  land-locked,  ships  lie  as  safely  as  if  they  were  in 
dock. 

Cork  harl.iour  has  a  striking  resemblance  to  that  of  Portsmouth,  but  is  of  larger  extent; 
it  has,  like  it,  a  narrow  entrance,  leading  into  a  capacious  basin,  alTording  u  secure  asylum 
for  any  number  of  ships. 

Ph  mouth,  which,  after  Portsmouth,  is  the  principal  naval  depot  of  England,  has  an 
admiittble  double  harbour.  The  roadstead  in  Plymouth  Sound  has  recenlly  been  much 
impr>jvv?d  by  the  construction,  at  a  vast  expense,  of  a  stupendous  breakwater  more  than 
1,700  yards  in  length.  This  artificial  bulwark  protects  tfie  ships  lying  inside  from  the 
elTeets  -jf  the  heavy  swell  thrown  into  the  Sound  by  southerly  and  south-easterly  winds. 

London  stands  at  the  head  of  the  river  ports  of  Great  Britain.  Considering  the  limited 
course  of  the  Thames,  liero  if,  pnbably,  no  river  that  is  navigable  for  large  slii|  •)  at  so  grcut 
a  distance  from  the  sea,  or  whose  mouth  is  less  obstructed  by  banks.  London  is  mainly 
indebted  for  the  unrivalled  magnitude  of  her  commerce  to  her  favourable  situation  on  this 
noble  river ;  which  not  only  gives  her  all  the  advantages  of  an  excellent  port,  accessible  at 
all  times  to  the  largest  ships,  but  renders  her  the  emporium  of  the  extensive,  rich,  and  popu- 
lous country  comprised  in  the  bahin  of  the  Thames. 

The  Mersey,  now  the  second  commercial  river  in  the  empire,  is  more  incommoded  by  banks 
than  the  Thames ;  and  is  in  all  respects  inferior,  as  a  channel  of  navigation,  to  the  latter. 
Still,  however,  it  gives  to  Liverpool  very  great  advantages;  and  the  new  channel  that  has 
recently  been  di.^^covered  in  the  banks  promises  to  be  of  much  importance  in  facilitating  the 
access  to  and  from  the  port. 

Bristol  and  Hull  are  both  river  ports.  ^  Owing  to  the  extraordinary  rise  of  the  tide  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  the  former  is  accessible  Is  the  largest  ships.  The  Humber  is  a  good  deal 
impeded  by  banks,  but  it  is  also  navigable  as  far  as  Hull,  by  very  large  vessels.  The  Tyne 
admits  vessels  of  very  considerable  burden  as  for  as  Newcastle,  which,  next  to  London,  is  the 
fflosi  important  port,  for  the  extent  of  the  shijiping  belonging  to  it,  of  any  in  the  empire. 


HARDWARE. 


737 


a  gnod  harbour  shDuM 
w  of  tho  t'uli! ;  it  nlioi.lil 

luulill"  flP'i"  ""J  t!' '"' « 
penm' and  ilin>iiviMlic.  11(1 

III    ^  IvMii?  ill  "  liatl.mr 

0,  at  Olid',  williiiut  the 

ly  proUxlfd  from  liostilo 

oiilraiuHM,  mid  do  not, 

water.     TluHti  aro  iiMst 

oueurii,  and  driven  back 

ir«>  to  a  maritim'^  nation ; 
I  of  naval  or  i-iMiiinorcial 
,rd  Haven,  and  tho  Cove 
,»»od  by  very  few,  if  any, 
cc.  Thii4  uduiir*l>lH  hur- 
jridRO,  expanding  within 
■eat  Urilain.  Uh  entrance 
tcr  adeiiuato  to  lloat  tho 
d  is  excellent,  and  it  i* 
Miona.  The  western  wide 
.western  extremity,  at  tho 

itK  lar^o  and  important 
Imildinj?.  repair,  and  outfit 
1  with  every  conveniency. 
both  as  respects  strength 
ords  of  Dr.  Campbell,  "  it 

the  moMt  fertile  wits  and 
been  well  Hooonded  by  art, 
us,  is  little  to  be  regarded, 
such  as  if  Providence  had 
-tho  bridli  1^  the  power  of 
ane"  —  ii>!irvey  (if  Orml 


of  opening  intrf  the  ccl<v 
of  Wight,  forming  a  safo 


us 


lire.    It  M  of  great  extent, 
deep  and  the  anchorage 
safely  as  if  they  were  in 

_.  but  is  of  larger  extent ; 
affording  a  secure  asylum 

epbt  of  Englond,  has  an 
has  recently  been  much 
j8  breakwater  more  than 
ps  lying  inside  from  tlio 
south-easterly  witids. 
Considering  tho  limited 
for  largcshii  s  at  so  great 
anks.  London  is  maitdy 
.vourable  situation  on  this 
xcllent  port,  accessible  at 
extensive,  rich,  and  popu« 

lore  incommoded  by  banks 

navigation,  to  tho  latter. 

tho  new  channel  thai  has 

oitancc  in  facilitating  tho 

ary  rise  of  the  tide  in  tho 
lie  H umber  is  a  good  deal 
^arge  vessels.  The  Tyne 
ch,  next  to  London,  is  the 
of  any  in  the  empire. 


1  the  principal  foreign  commercial 
■'      ilii'ir  respective  titles.     Tho 
I'  Brest,  Toulon,  and  Cher- 
truction  of  a  gigantic  break- 
he  principal  jwrts  for  tho 


Thn  shallnwneM  of  the  Clyde  from  Greenock  up  to  Glasgow  has  been  a  «eriou*  draw- 
back upon  the  commercial  progress  of  the  latter.  Largo  sums  have  been  expended  in 
attempts  to  contract  tho  cnurso  and  to  deepen  the  Itcd  of  tho  river;  and  they  have  Ihmmi  so 
far  successful,  that  vcHsels  of  150  tons  burden  may  now,  generally  speaking,  ascend  to  tho 
city  at  all  times  of  the  tide.  But  there  scorns  little  probability  of  its  ever  liecoming  suilalilu 
for  the  navigation  of  ships  of  pretty  large  burden. 

Generally  speaking,  the  harbours  on  the  cast  coasts,  both  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
are,  with  the  exception  of  the  Thames,  very  inferior  to  those  on  the  south  and  west  coasts. 
Several  harbours  on  tho  shores  of  Sussex,  Kent,  Lincoln,  Ac,  that  once  admitted  pretty 
Isrge  Hhips,  are  now  completely  choked  up  by  sand.  Largo  sunis  have  licen  expended  upon 
the  ports  of  Ynrntnuth,  Boston,  Sunderland,  Leith,  Dundee,  Aberdeen,  &c.  Dublin  har- 
bour being  naturally  bad,  and  obstructed  by  a  bar,  a  now  harbour  has  been  formed,  at  a  groat 
expense,  at  Kingstown,  without  the  bar,  in  deep  water.  There  has  also  been  a  large  outlay 
upon  the  harbours  of  Donaghadee,  Portpatrick,  &c. 

For  an  account  of  the  shipping  belonging  to  the  dilTi^rent  ports  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, the  reader  ii  referred  to  the  article  Siiips  in  thi~  >rk.  The  charges  on  account  of 
Docks,  Pilotage,  &c.  are  specifled  under  these  irticir 

Fareiqn  Hitrbonrs  and  Porh. — Tho  reader  will 
harbours  dcscril)ed  in  this  work  at  considerable  i 
principal  French  ports  for  the  accommodation  of 
bourg.     The  latter  has  been  very  ;;reat!y  improve 
water,  and  the  excavotion  of  immense  basins.     I ;. 

Spiinish  navy  are  Ferrol  and  (Jarthagena.     Croii-<i  uli  is  the  |.,iiicipal  rendezvous  of  tho 
Russian  navy ;  Landscrona  of  that  of  Sweden  ;  and  the  Helder  of  that  of  Holland. 

Law  of  England  a»  to  llarbnnrs. — The  anchorage,  Ac.  of  ships  was  regulated  by  severol 
statutes.  But  most  of  these  regulations  have  been  repealed,  modified,  or  rc-cnactcd  by  the 
51  Geo.  3.  c.  149. 

Tills  act  authnri!<C9  the  Ailmlrnlty  to  provide  fur  the  moorings  of  his  Majesty's  stilpsi  and  prnhlhlts 
any  private  ship  rniiii  ristuniiiK  tlienitn.  It  fiirthcr  iiatliorlzus  llii;  Ailiniriilty  In  prohlliit  tho  hrraming 
of  iiiiy  ship  or  vessel  iit  any  plncB  or  places  on  slinre  they  may  think  Hi ;  and  tn  point  nut  the  plnces 
where  private  ships  shall  deposit  the  gunpowder  they  may  have  on  hoard  exceeding  5  lbs. — ())  6.)  It 
priihibllB  the  iiae  ofany  fire  on  board  any  ship  or  vessel  timt  is  being  breamed  in  any  port,  Inrbour, 
or  haven,  between  the  hours  of  II  In  the  evi'iilng  and  5  In  the  morning,  from  the  1st  of  October  tn  the 
31st  of  March  inclusive,  and  between  the  hours  of  II  in  the  evening  and  4  In  the  morning,  from  the 
1st  of  April  to  the  30lh  of  September  Inclusive  :  nnd  It  prohibits  the  melting  or  boiling  of  any  pitch, 
tar,  tallow,  &c.  within  ^50  yards  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships,  or  of  his  Majesty's  ilnck-ynrils.  By 
another  section,  the  keeping  of  guns  shotted,  and  the  firing  of  the  siime  in  iiiyport,  is  prohibited 
nnder  a  penalty  of  Sx.  for  every  gnn  kept  shotted,  and  10s.  fir  every  gun  discharged— (J  9.)  The 
sweeping  or  creeping  for  anchors,  &c.  within  thf'  distance  of  150  yards  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships 
of  war,  or  of  his  Majesty's  moorings,  is  prohibited  under  a  penalty  of  lOI.  fur  every  olTcnce. —  ({  10.) 
The  loading  and  unloading  of  ballast  is  also  regulated  by  this  statute ;  but  fur  the  provisions  with 
respect  to  It,  sec  Hali.ast. 

HARDWARE  (Ger.  Kurze  waanti;  Ha.  Yzerkramery ,•  Da.  Isenkramvarer ;  Sw. 
Jurnkranif  Fr.  CUnqnaillerle,  Qiilncaillerie  ,■  It.  Chincaglio ;  Sp.  Quinquilleria  ,•  Port. 
Quiiicalharla ,-  Rus.  Mjelotzchnue  towarii),  includes  every  kind  of  goods  manufactured  from 
metals,  comprising  iron,  brass,  steel,  and  copper  articles  of  all  descriptions.  Birmingham 
and  Sheffield  are  the  principal  seats  of  the  British  hardware  manufactures ;  and  from  these, 
immense  quantities  of  knives,  razors,  scissars,  gilt  and  plated  ware,  fire-arms,  &c.  are  sup- 
plied, as  well  for  exportation  to  most  parts  of  tho  world,  aa  for  home  consumption. 

Tho  hardware  manufacture  is  one  of  the  most  important  carried  on  in  Great  Britain ;  and 
from  the  abundance  of  iron,  tin,  and  copper  ores  in  this  country,  and  our  inexhaustible  coal 
mines,  it  is  one  which  seems  to  be  established  on  a  very  secure  foundation.  The  late  Mr. 
Stevenson,  in  his  elaborate  and  excellent  article  on  tho  statistics  of  England,  in  the  Edin- 
btirrh  Enct/clopaed'a,  published  in  1815,  estimated  the  value  of  all  the  articles  made  of  iron 
at  10,000,000/.,  and  the  persons  employed  in  the  trade  at  200,000.  Mr.  Stevenson  esti- 
mated the  value  of  all  the  articles  made  of  brass  and  copper  at  3,000,000/.,  and  the  persons 
employed  at  50,000:  and  he  further  estimated  the  value  of  steel,  plated,  and  hardware  arti- 
cles, including  toys,  at  4,000,000/.,  and  the  persons  employed  at  70,000.  So  that,  assuming 
these  estimates  to  be  nearly  correct,  the  total  value  of  the  goods  produced  from  different  sorts 
of  metals  in  England  and  Wales,  in  1815,  must  have  amounted  to  tho  sura  of  17,000,000/., 
and  tho  persons  employed  to  330,000. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  this  estimate,  in  so  far,  at  least,  as  respects  the  value  of  tho 
manufacture,  was  at  the  time  rather  too  high  ;  but  at  this  moment  it  is  most  probably  within 
the  mark.  There  has  been  a  very  extraordinary  augmentation  of  the  quantity  of  bar  and 
pig  iron  produced  within  the  last  15  years;  and  tho  rapid  increase  of  Birmingham  and 
Sheffield,  as  well  as  of  the  smaller  seats  of  the  hardware  manufacture,  shows  that  it  haa 
been  increased  in  a  corresponding  proportion.  We  have  been  assured,  by  those  well  ac- 
quainted with  most  departments  of  the  trade,  that  if  to  the  iron  ond  other  hardware  manu- 
factures of  England  be  added  lliose  of  Scotland,  their  total  aggregate  value  cannot  now  ba 
2  a2  93 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


738 


HARPOONER,  HATS. 


renkonec]  at  less  than  17,50&,000/.  a  year,  affording  direct  employment,  in  the  various  de* 
partments  of  the  trade,  for  at  least  360,000  persona. 

Fall  of  Prices. — Owinjt  partly  to  the  reduced  cost  of  iron,  but  incomparably  more  to  im- 
provements in  manufncturinj^,  a  very  extraordinary  fall  has  taken  place  in  the  price  of  most 
hardware  articles  during  the  last  IS  or  15  years.  In  some  articles  the  fall  exceeds  80  per 
cent. ;  and  there  are  few  in  which  it  does  not  exceed  30  per  cent.  In  consequence,  the 
jioorest  individuals  are  now  able  to  supply  themselves  with  an  infinite  variety  of  commo- 
dious and  useful  articles,  which  half  a  century  ago,  were  either  wholly  unknown,  or  were 
too  dear  to  be  purchased  by  any  but  the  richer  classes.  And  those  who  reflect  on  the  im- 
portance of  the  prevalence  of  habits  of  cleanliness  and  neatness  will  readily  agree  with  u« 
in  thinking  that  the  substitution  of  the  convenient  and  beautiful  hardware  and  earthenware 
household  articles,  that  are  now  every  where  to  be  met  with,  for  the  wooden  and  horn  arti- 
cles used  by  our  ancestors,  has  been  in  no  ordinary  degree  advantageous.  But  it  is  not  in 
this  respect  only  that  the  cheapness  and  improvement  of  hardware  is  essential.  Many  of 
the  most  powerful  and  indispensable  tools  and  instruments  used  by  the  labourer  come  under 
this  description ;  and  every  one  is  aware  how  important  it  is  that  they  should  be  at  once 
cheap  and  efficient 

Account  of  the  real  or  declared  Value  nf  the  different  Articles  of  Hardware  exported  Orom  Great  Bri- 
tain to  Foreign  Countries,  during  the  Year  ended  Stb  of  January,  1833. 

Brass  and  copper  mnnufuctures  ..... 

Hardware  and  cutlery  ---.... 

-'  Iron  nnd  Bteel,  wroufifhf  nnd  unwrou|!ht         .  .  _  . 

'    Mathemntical  and  optical  instnimcnts  .... 

.,.    Plate,  plated  ware,  jeweliery,  and  watches   .  .  .  - 

Tin  and  pewt'ir  wares  (exclusive  of  unwrought  tin) 

Total  ... 

The  exports  of  the  same  articles  during  the  year  ended  5th  of  January,  1820,  were  as  follows  :— 

£       s.    d. 
Brass  and  copper  manufactures  ......  653,859  13    S 

Hardware  and  cutlery  ........        1,459,510  19    7 

Iron  and  steel,  wrought  and  unwrought  (mathematical  InBtrunientg  not  specified)  624,446    6    1 
Tin  and  pewter  wares  (exclusive  of  unwrought  tin)  ...  187,81110    7 


£       $.    d. 

916,286    4    0 

1,433,397  17    5 

1,189,350  10    3 

16,430  18    5 

173,617  13    1 

343,191    5  10 

£3,973,014    9 

8 

Total 
Increase  of  the  exports  of  183'iovcr  those  of  1810 


•     £3,915,630  II    8 
-     £1,056,383  18    0 


The  East  Indies  and  China  are  by  fHr  the  most  important  markets  f.;r  our  brass  and  copper  manu- 
(Hctures.  The  total  exports  of  these  articles,  in  Ib31,  atnountt>d  to  803,134/.;  of  which  they  took 
.^48,0151.,  the  United  Statc<i  169,5632.,  and  France  91.580/.  Of  the  total  exports  of  hardware  and  cutlery 
in  1831,  amounting  to  I,633,'t3g2.  the  United  States  took  no  leas  than  998,4692.!  Th»  British  possessions 
in  North  America  and  the  West  Indies  were  the  next  most  important  customers ;  but  the  exports  to 
them  both  did  not  amount  to  l'M,O00l.  The  United  Slates,  and  the  possessions  now  reforred  to,  take 
tire  greatest  quantity  of  iron  and  steel ;  the  exports  to  the  former,  in  1831,  being  348,707/.,  and  those 
to  the  latter  315,3231.  The  United  Btatcs  take  nearly  a  half  of  our  exports  of  plate  and  plated 
ware,  ttc. 

HARPOONER,  the  man  that  throws  the  harpoon  in  fishing  for  whales.  By  35  Goo.  3. 
c.  92.  §  34.,  no  harponner,  line  manager,  or  boat  steerer,  belonging  to  any  ship  or  vessel 
fitted  out  for  the  Greenland  or  Southern  whale  fisheries,  shall  be  impressed  from  the  said 
service ;  but  shall  be  privileged  from  being  impressed  so  long  as  he  shall  belong  to,  and  be 
employed  on  board,  any  ship  or  vessel  whatever  in  the  fisheries  aforesaid. 

HATS  (Ger.  Hiite,-  Dn.  Hocdcn,-  Fr.  Chapeaux;  It.  Cappelli;  Sp.  Somhrtrns ;  Rug. 
Schlupii),  coverings  for  the  head  in  very  general  use  in  Great  Britain  and  mjny  other  coun- 
tries, and  known  to  every  hotly.  They  are  made  of  very  various  forms  and  sorts  of  mate- 
rial. They  may,  however,  be  divided  into  two'  great  classes,  viz.  those  made  of  fur,  wool, 
silk,  &c.,  and  those  made  of  straw ;  the  former  being  principally  worn  by  men,  and  the 
latter  by  women. 

Hats  (Fuk,  Woot,  ktc). — ^The  manufacture  of  this  description  of  hats,  which  is  one 
of  very  considerable  importance  and  value,  was  first  noticed  as  belonging  to  England  in  the 
14th  century,  in  refcrejicc  to  the  exportation  of  rabbit  or  coney  skins  from  the  Netherlands. 
About  a  century  afterwards  (1463),  the  importation  of  hats  weus  prohibited.  A  duty  of 
]0».  ad,  a  hat  was  substituted  for  this  absolute  prohibition  in  1816,  and  is  still  continued, 
''^he  following  instructive  details  with  respect  to  the  species  of  hats  manufactured,  their 
value,  &c.,  have  been  obtained  from  the  highest  practical  authority  ;  and  may,  wc  believe, 
be  safely  relied  on : — 

I.  Stuff  BiUt.—"  is  term  Is  applied  by  the  trade  only  to  the  best  description  nf  hats,  or  to  those 
brought  to  the  highest  perfection  in  London.  Smco  the  introduction  of  "waterproofing,"  it  is  found 
unneceiisary  to  use  so  valuable  a  material  as  beaver  in  the  foundation  or  frainc-wnrk  oflliebcst  hats. 
Instead  of  it,  fine  seasoned  backs  of  Etiglish  coney  wool,  red  Vigimla  wool,  Dutch  carroted  coney 
wool,  and  a  iniall  quantity  of  tine  Saxony  lamb's  wool,  are  employed  with  equal  advantage. 

The  covering,  i. «.  the  "  napping,"  of  tlic  best  qualities  is  a  mixture  oichttk  beuvcr,  with  white  and 


HATS. 


739 


the  various  de« 

biy  more  to  ini- 
le  price  of  most 
exceeds  80  per 
msequencc,  the 
riety  of  commo- 
iknown,  or  were 
sflect  on  the  im- 
ly  agree  with  us 
ind  earthenware 
1  and  horn  arti- 
3ut  it  is  not  in 
ntial.  Many  of 
lurer  come  undei 
lould  be  at  once 


fld  from  Great  Brl* 
833. 

£,        s. 

91fl,«6    4 

1,433,287  17 

1,189,250  10 

16,430  18 

173,617  13 

243,191    S 


d. 
9 
5 
3 
5 
1 
I  10 


E3,972,014    9    8 


ere  «»  follows  :— 
£       s.    d. 
653,859  13    5 
1,459,510  19 
id)  924,448    8 
187,811  10 


7 
1 
7 


£2,915,630  11    9 
£1,056,382  18    0 

8  and  copper  manu- 
of  which  they  took 
ardwnre  and  cutlery 
|n  Britisli  possessions 
•  but  the  exports  to 
nw  refi^rrcd  to,  tnke 
248,707<.,  and  those 
of  plate  and  plated 

is.  By  35  Geo.  3. 
[any  ship  or  vessel 
Ksed  from  the  said 
\\  belong  to,  and  be 

Sombreros;  Rus. 

many  other  coun- 
and  sorts  of  mate- 
Imade  of  fur,  wool, 

by  men,  and  the 

hats,  which  is  one 
J  to  England  in  the 
In  the  Netherlands. 
Ibiled.  A  duty  of 
lis  still  continued, 
lianufactured,  their 
may,  wo  believe, 

.  of  hnts,  or  to  those 
|>roofinp,"  it  is  found 
fcork  of  I  he  best  hnts. 
Iiitch  cnrrotcd  coney 
1  advantage. 
liver,  wiUi  white  ana 


brown  stage  beaver,  or  seasoned  beaver,  cnrnmonly  called  "  tuooms."  Inferior  staffs  are  napped  with 
mi.Ttures  of  stage  bciiver,  nutria,  hares'  wool,  and  musquash. 

Of  late  yenrs,  hats  have  been  much  reduced  in  weight.  This  Is  principally  owing  to  the  new  me- 
thod of  "  waterproofing,"  which  is  effected  in  the  bodies  of  the  hats  prior  to  their  being  napped.  The 
elastic  properties  of  the  gums  employed  for  this  purpose,  when  dissolved  in  pure  spirits  of  wine,  give 
a  hndy  to  the  stuffs  which  allows  a  good  deal  of  their  weight  lo  be  dispensed  with. 

Not  20  yenrs  ago,  96  ounces  of  stuff  were  worked  up  into  1  dozen  ordinary  sized  hats  for  gentlemen; 
at  pri'sent,  from  33  to  34  ounces  only  are  required  to  complete  the  same  quantity.  It  is  proper  to  ob- 
serve  that  the  heavy  duty  on  English  spirits  of  wine  Is  very  injurious  to  the  manufacture,  as  it  causes 
tlie  employment  of  inferior  dissolvents,  as  naphtha  and  gas  spirit,  which  injure  the  gums. 

The  innnufncture  of  the  best  hats  employs  in  London  nearly  1,0U0  makers  and  finishers,  besides 
givingemployment  to  nearly  3,000  men  in  Gloucestershire  and  Uerbyshire,  in  body-making  and  ruf- 
fing.   The  gross  returns  amount  to  about  640,0002. 

2.  Plated  Hau. — Next  to  fine  hats  are  those  designated  "  plated,"  so  called  from  the  plate,  or  nap- 
ping, being  of  a  distinct  or  superior  nature  to  the  foundation  or  body.  The  Intter  is  generally  formed 
of  Kent,  Spanish,  or  Hhopshire  wool ;  while  the  former  consists  uf  a  mixture  of  fine  beuvur,  hares' 
wool,  musquash,  nutria,  and  English  back  wool.  From  the  cheapness  of  coni  and  the  purity  of  the 
water  in  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  Staffordshire,  the  whole  of  the  plating  trade  is  engrossed  by  them. 
The  men  employed  in  the  3  counties,  including  apprentices,  do  not  exceed  3,000.  The  total  amount 
of  returns  amount  to  about  1,080,000/.,  inclusive  of  bonnets,  and  children's  fancy  beaver  hats. 

3.  Fell  Hats  and  Cordiet  are  the  coarsest  species,  being  made  wholly  of  Kent,  Shrnpshire,  and  Italian 
wools.  Cordies  are  distinguished  by  a  fine  covering  of  camel  or  goal  hair.  A  very  large  trade  was  at 
one  time  carried  on  in  these  articles :  but  since  the  introduction  of  caps,  and  the  manufacture  of  infe- 
rior plates,  the  returns  have  sunk  from  l,000,000{.  to  scarcely  150,000/.!  Atherstone,  Rudgeley,  Bristol, 
and  Newcastle-under-Line,  are  the  principal  places  where  they  are  manufactured. 

4.  Silk  Hats,  made  from  silk,  plush,  or  shag,  manufactured  at  Coventry,  Banbury,  and  Spitalfields, 
form,  at  present,  a  very  important  branch  of  the  hat  trade.  Many  thousand  dozens  are  exported  to 
Italy,  Gibraltar,  the  Cape,  Sydney,  and  Van  Uiemeu's  Land.  Little  progress  was  made  in  this  arti- 
cle for  the  first  quarter  of  a  century  after  its  invention,  in  consequence  of  the  hard  appearance  which 
the  cane  and  willow  frame -work  necessarily  gave  the  hats;  but  now  that  beaver  liat  bodies  have 
been  used,  as  well  as  those  of  lawn  and  muslin,  this  difficulty  has  been  overcome,  and  silk  hats  have 
us  soil  an  outline  and  as  great  a  variety  of  shapes  as  beaver  hats.  London  alone  producer  nearly 
150,000  dozen  silk  hats  annually  ;  and  the  quantity  manufactured  in  Mancliester,  Liverpool,  Birming- 
ham, and  Glasgow,  is  estimated  at  upwards  of  100,000  dozen  more,  making  a  total  of  above  2j0,0(i0 
dozen.  Large  quantities  of  the  wool  shells,  used  as  the  foundations  or  frame- work,  are  made  in  Ire- 
land by  the  aid  of  machinery.  The  workmen  are  distinct  from  beaver  hatters ;  and,  owing  to  the 
competition  of  labourers,  the  trade  has  advanced  in  a  greater  ratio.  This  brancli  gives  employment 
to  about  3,000  men. 

5.  MaeMneri/,  as  applied  to  Hats. — Mr.  Williams,  an  American,  introduced,  a  few  years  since,  ma- 
chinery for  the  bowins>,  breaking  up,  and  felling  wools  for  hats.  The  opposition  of  the  journeymen 
body-makers,  who  refused  to  assist  in  the  necessary  process  termed  basininff,  caused  it  to  be  laid 
uside  :  it  is  now  used  only  in  the  preparation  of  the  shells  required  for  silk  hats,  which,  as  already 
observed,  are  principally  made  in  Ireland. 

Mr.  Edward  Ollerenshaw,  of  Manchester,  began,  in  1824,  the  finishing  of  hats  by  the  aid  of  iniichi- 
ncry,  but  the  pertinacious  opposition  of  the  men  prevented  his  accomplishing  this  desirable  oliject. 
Lately,  Mr.  Johnson  of  Edinburgh  obtained  a  patent  fur  machinery  calculated  to  effect  very  important 
improvements  in  the  art  of  rufiing  or  covering  llic  bodies  of  hats.  But  we  understand  that  the  oppo- 
sition of  the  workmen  has,  also,  made  him  lay  aside  his  invention. 

6.  Summary  of  Results. 


HaU. 

Filled 
Stuira 
Wo.  lis* 
Eilk   ■ 


Valw. 
L 

•  1,080,000 

•  640,000 

•  160,000 
.   540,000 

«. 

0 
0 
0 
0 

i. 
0 
0 
0 
0 

£.  2,420,000 

0 

0 

*  Including  felted  caps  for  loldien. 


Dtdared  Toltu  of  Hati  exported,  IS32. 
All  lorti,  63,854  dozen  .  •    170,188 

Offlciai  Valtu. 
Beaver  and  fell!          ....    114,963 
All  other 14,377 


A. 
0 


Tohl  number  of  men  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  beavir 

hats 17,000 

Ditto,  silk  halt 3,000 


Hats  (Straw). — It  is  most  probable  that  the  idea  oi  plaiting  straws  was  first  sui!»gested 
by  the  making  of  baskets  of  osiers  and  willow,  alluded  to  by  Virgil,  in  his  Pastorals,  aa 
one  of  the  pursuits  of  the  agricultural  population  of  Italy.  We  are  ignorant  of  the  period 
when  the  manufacture  of  straw  plait  first  became  of  importance  in  that  rauntry ;  but  it  ap- 
pears from  Coryat's  Crudities,  published  in  1611,  that  "the  most  delicate  strawen  hats'' 
were  worn  by  both  men  and  women  in  many  places  of  Piedmont,  "  many  of  them  having 
at  least  an  hundred  seames."  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  art  of  straw  [ilaiting  must 
have  arrived  at  great  perfection  upwards  of  two  centuries  since ;  but  it  does  not  appt^ar  to 
have  been  followed  in  England  for  more  than  GO  or  70  years,  as  it  is  within  the  remem- 
brance of  some  of  the  old  inhabitants  of  the  straw  districts,  now  alive,  that  the  wives  and 
daughters  of  the  farmers  used  to  plait  straw  for  making  their  own  bonnets,  before  straw 
plaiting  became  established  as  a  manufacture.  In  fact,  the  custom,  among  the  women  in 
England,  of  wearing  bonnets  at  all,  is  comparatively  modern :  it  is  not  yet  100  years  since 
*'  hoods  and  pinners"  were  generally  worn,  and  it  was  only  the  ladies  of  quality  who  wore 
8ma!!  silk  hats. — (See  Malcolm's  Manners  and  Customs.) 

British  Plait. — The  straw  plait  district  comprises  the  counties  of  Bedford,  Hertford,  and  Bucking- 
ham, being  the  most  favourable  for  the  production  of  the  wheat  straw,  which  is  the  material  cliififiy 
used  in  Eiigliind.  The  manufacture  is  also  followed  in  some  places  in  Essex  and  Suffolk,  but  very 
partially  in  other  counties.  Durinj  the  late  war,  the  importation  of  straw  hats  from  Leghorn  having 
in  a  great  measure  ceased,  an  extraordinary  degree  of  encouragement  was  given  to  our  domestic  ma- 
nufacture, and  a  proportional  degree  of  comfort  was  derived  liy  the  aL'ricnItural  labourers  in  these 
filnccB,  by  the  wives  and  children  of  whom  it  was  chiefly  followed.  This  produced  competition.  »nd 
ed  to  an  improvement  of  the  plat  by  splitlivg  the  straw,  which  had  formerly  been  used  entire— to  a 
more  careftil  selection  of  the  straw  itself— and  also  to  iinprnvements  in  finishing  and  bleaching.  So 
•uccessful  was  straw  plaiting  at  this  period,  that  it  has  been  ascertained  that  women  bave  earned  aa 


i"l, 


||! 


I- 


Vf 


in 


:if^ 


15 


740 


HATS. 


much  at  SI*,  a  WAek  ft>r  their  labour.  (Sea  EvUenet  on  tU  Poor  ta»t,  p.  TTl.)  But  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  wnr,  Leghorn  half  again  came  into  the  market ;  and  from  their  auneriority  in  fliioneiii  ctilnur, 
and  durabtllty,  they  ipredily  acquired  a  preference  over  eur  home  manumcture,  which  coniequently 
bepan  In  decline.  Btill  the  wagei  continued  good,  at  the  fhahinn  nf  wearing  Dunitahie  draw  hata 
had  gradually  ealabliihed  Itielf  over  the  country,  which  kept  up  the  demand  mr  them ;  and  many  in- 
dividual! abandoned  the  working  of  pi/taw  laee  (another  dnmeetic  manufhcture  peculiar  to  Bedfordand 
Bucks,  which  in  1830  had  fVkllen  into  decay  owing  to  the  application  of  machinery),  and  betook  tliem- 
RPlvpii  to  atraw  plaitinit,  aa  a  more  prnfltable  employment.  With  the  view  uf  improving  the  condition 
of  the  atraw  pluiteri,  who  from  their  increased  numberR  were  reduced  to  great  diatreas,  and  enabling 
ttieni  tu  meet  the  for.iitn  competition,  the  Society  of  Arts,  in  the  years  1833  and  1837,  held  nut  pre- 
niiuma  for  the  aucceaarUl  application  of  some  of  our  native  grasses  or  straw,  other  than  the  wheat 
straw  in  general  uae,  and  fur  improvements  In  plaiting,  flniahing,  and  Mcacliing.  Many  specimena 
were  sAUt  to  the  9'iciety  i  and,  amongst  other  candidKtea,  Mr.  Parry,  nf  London,  In  1633,  received  the 
large  silver  niedai  for  an  imitation  and  dRscriptinn  ofthc  innde  nf  plaiting  the  Leghorn  hats.  Mr.  Cob- 
bett,  alan,  who  bad  contributed  samples  of  plaiting,  made  from  19  different  sorts  nf  grass  Indigenous  to 
Engiiind,  received  a  similar  reward.  The  pubiicatinn  of  these  contributions  in  the  Society's  Transac- 
tiuns  was  followed  by  the  moat  beneficial  results  to  the  British  manufacture.  Our  native  graaaes 
were  uut  found  to  promise  much  succeas,  owing  to  the  brittlennas  of  their  stems  and  the  uneveniiesa 
of  their  colour;  But  Mr.  Parry's  communication  was  of  especial  importance,  as  the  straw  of  Tuscany 
speedily  became  an  arllcle  of  import,  lie  Immediately  set  the  example,  by  teaching  and  employing 
above  TO  women  and  children  to  plait  the  straw  by  the  Italian  method  ;  and  it  is  peculiarly  gratifying 
tu  observe,  as  an  evidence  of  its  success,  that  while  the  importation  of  Leghorn  bats  has,  during  the 
Inst  few  years.'been  on  the  decline,  tAe  unmanvfaetured  material  ka»  been  progressively  on  the  increase. 
This  straw,  which  is  imported  at  a  nominal  duty  of  Id.  a  cwt.,  is  chiefly  plaited  in  our  straw  districts; 
and  the  Tuscan  plait,  which  pays  a  duty  of  7s.  per  lb.  has  likewise  been  largely  imported,  and  made 
up  into  bonnets  in  this  country,  of  equal  flneiiess  and  beauty  to  the  genuine  Leghorn  hat. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  manufacture  more  deserving  nf  encouragement  and  sympathy  than  that  of 
straw  plait  as  it  is  quite  independent  of  machinery,  and  is  a  domeatic  and  healthful  employment,  af- 
fording sub.ilBtence  to  great  numbers  nf  the  families  nf  agricultural  labourers,  who  without  this  re- 
source would  be  reduced  to  parish  relief  By  the  estimate  of  an  intelligent  individual,  intimately 
acquainted  with  the  manufacture,  it  is  considered  that  every  score  (or  SO  yards)  of  plait  consumes  a 
pound  of  straw  in  the  state  in  which  it  is  bought  of  the  farmer;  that,  at  an  average,  every  plaiter 
makes  1.1  yards  per  diem ;  that  in  the  counties  of  Hertford,  Bedford,  and  Bucks,  there  are,  at  an  ave- 
rage, 10,000  scores  brought  to  market  every  day,  to  make  which  I3,.SOO  persons  (women  and  children) 
must  be  employed.  In  Uaaex  and  Suffolk,  It  la  estininted  that  3,000  scores  are  the  daily  produce,  to 
make  which  about 3,000  persons  are  employed;  and  about  4,000  persons  more  must  be  employed  to 
convert  these  quantities  into  bonnets.  Including  other  places  where  the  nmnuflicture  is  carried  on 
in  Enfiland,  there  are,  perhaps,  in  all,  about  30,000  (lersons  engaged  in  it.  The  earnings  of  the  women 
and  children  vary  from  3rf.  to  3».  6d.  per  score,  or  from  U.  6d.  lo  10s.  per  week.  There  are  7  descrip- 
tions of  plait  in  general  use  ;  viz.  telinle  Vnnflnble  (the  flrst  introduced),  plaited  with  7  entire  straws  ; 
tplit  straw,  introduced  about  30  years  since  ;  patent  Dunstable,  or  double  7.  formed  nf  14  split  straws, 
every  3  wetted  and  laid  together,  invented  abnut  39  years  since  ;  Deronshire,  formed  of  7  split  strawa. 
Invented  about  10  years  since;  Luton  plait  (an  imitation  of  whole  Dunstnhle),  fiirmed  of  double  7,  and 
coaraer  than  patent  Dunstable,  invented  about  10  yeara  since ;  Bedford  Leghorn,  formed  of  33  or  dou- 
ble 11  straws,  and  plaited  similarly  to  the  Tuscan  ;  and  Italian,  firmed  of  II  split  straws.  But  there 
are  otiier  varieties  in  fancy  straw  plait,  not  generally  in  demand  for  the  home  tride,  but  chiefly  re- 
quired for  exportation ;  such  as  the  backbone,  nf  7  straws ;  the  lustre,  of  17  straws ;  the  wave  of  33 
straws;  and  ifiamonti.  of  33  straws.  There  were  other  plaits,  called  rii«(te,  of  4  coarse  straws  split; 
and  pearl,  of  4  small  straws  entire ;  but  these  are  now  superseded.  The  principal  markets  are  Luton, 
Dunstable,  and  St.  Aiban's,  where  the  plait  is  usually  brought  every  morning  by  the  piaiters,  and 
bought  by  the  dealers. 

But  the  advantages  which  followed  the  publication,  by  the  Society  of  Arts,  of  the  various  attempts 
to  improve  the  trade,  were  not  confined  to  England.  Messrs.  J.  &  A,  Muir,  of  Greenock,  (who  sub- 
sequently sent  specimens  to  the  Society,  and  received  3  dilfereiit  medals),  were  in  consequence  at- 
tracted 10  the  manufacture,  and  in  1833,  established  straw  plaiting,  in  imitation  of  Leghorn,  in  the 
Orkney  Islands,  with  singular  success,  adopting  rye  straw,  dwarfed  liy  being  grown  on  poor  land,  as 
the  material  best  suited  for  the  purpose.  In  the  estimation  of  persons  largely  employed  in  the  trade 
in  London,  hats  manufactured  in  Orkney,  are  quite  equal,  bnth  in  colour  and  quality,  to  those  of  Leg- 
horn ;  indeed,  some  nf  the  plait  sent  tu  the  Society  was  so  fine,  as  to  be  capable  of  making  n  hat  of  80 
n)WR  in  the  brim,  being  equal  to  10  or  II  rows  in  an  inch ;  but  we  learn  with  regret  thut  the  preva- 
lence of  mildew  in  that  humid  climate  is  so  inauspiciouH  to  the  blenching  uf  ttie  straw,  that  it  is  equal 
to  50  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  crop.  I'othia  circumstance,  and  to  the  tow  prices  of  Leghorn  hats 
nf  late  yeart<,  is  to  be  ascribed  the  difficulty  they  have  had,  even  with  the  protecting  duty  of  31.  Ss. 
per  dozen,  in  withstanding  the  competition  of  the  foreign  manufacturer.  In  their  letter  to  the  Society 
of  Arts,  of  the  I0!h  of  February,  1846,  Meaars.  Muir  stated, — "  We  had  luat  year  about  5  acres  of  atraw, 
which  will  produce  about  12,000  score  of  plait,-  appose  on  the  average  of^  3  score  to  the  hat,  will  be 
4,000  hats,  not  more.  We  think  them  one  hundredth  part  of  the  consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
These  4,000  hats  may  give  to  the  manufacturer,  in'"  ':ig  his  proilt,  5,000f.  For  seed  and  atraw  7 
acres  of  land  would  be  required,  and  in  n:anufactt'  '  peraons  would  be  constantly  employed  all 

t!ie  year.    We  suppose  the  conaumption  of  Legho.  to  be  not  less  than  900,000/.  in  the  UnilCil 

Kin^cdnm  :  now  were  these  all  made  by  our  own  ii  ,'  ^b  population,  700  acres  of  poor  land  would 

bii  required,  and  50,000  persons  would  be  employed  iii  t:.-  manufacture."— (rrajts.  of  Soc.  Jlrtt.)  The 
piaiters  in  Orkney  were  earning,  in  1837,  only  from  3«.  to  is.  6d.  pet  week,  and  since  that  period  the 
trade,  it  is  understood,  has  declined. 

Italian  Plait.— In  Italy,  the  manufacture  Is  principally  followed  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Florence, 
Pisa,  Sienna,  and  the  Vul  d'Arno,  in  the  Duchy  of  Tuscany;  and  it  is  also  established  at  Venice  and 
other  places.  There,  as  in  England,  It  is  purely  a  domestic  nianufhcture,  and  the  produce  is  collected 
by  dealers  who  go  round  the  country.  There  is  no  means  of  estimating,  with  any  degree  nf  accuracy, 
the  number  of  individuaia  employed,  as  the  government  is  entirely  unprovided  with  slatialical  data, 
and  is  even  opposed  to  any  being  collected.  But  supposing  that  England  took  about  a  third  of  the 
Italian  mantifacture  (and  it  is  believed  that  we  have  taken  nearer  a  hnll'),  it  would  not  appear  that, 
even  in  the  most  prosperous  times,  more  than  30,000  persons  could  have  been  engaged  in  it. 

The  description  of  atraw  used,  which  is  cultivated  solely  for  the  purposes  of  the  manufacture,  and 
not  for  the  grain,  is  the  trilieum  turgidum,  a  variety  of  bearded  wheat,  which  seems  to  differ  in  no  re- 
spect from  the  spring  wheat  grown  in  the  vale  nf  Evesham  and  other  parts  nf  England. — (Trans,  of 
Soe.  .Sris.)  After  undergoing  a  certain  preparatory  process,  the  upper  parts  of  the  stems  (being  flrst 
sorted  as  to  colour  and  thickness)  are  formed  into  a  plait  of  generally  13  straws,  which  is  afterwards 
knitted  together  at  the  edges  into  a  circular  shape  called  a  "flat,"  or  hat.  Tlie  flneness  of  the  tials  la 
determined  by  the  number  of  rows  of  plait  which  coniiiose  them  (counting  from  the  bottom  of  the 
crown  to  tlie  edge  uf  the  brim),  and  their  relative  flneness  ranges  from  about  No.  3U  tu  60,  being  the 


It  at  the  eoncluilon 
In  fliieneiii  colniir, 
vhlch  coiiiequuntly 
initable  straw  hats 
lem  ;  and  many  in- 
iiliarto  Bedrnriiand 
I,  and  hetook  tliem- 
ovtng  the  condition 
■tresi,  and  enabling 
1887,  held  nut  prn- 
ler  than  the  wheat 
.  Many  ipecimena 
n  1689,  received  the 
lorn  hati.  Mr.  Cob- 
ffrata  Indlgenoui  to 
Society's  Trnnsac- 
Our  native  graasei 
ind  the  uneveniieaa 
le  straw  of  Tuscany 
ling  and  employing 
lecullarly  gratifying 
lats  has,  during  the 
mly  on  the  inertoit. 
our  straw  districts; 
imported,  and  made 
rn  hat. 

ipaihy  than  that  of 
fill  employment,  af- 
'lio  without  this  re- 
dividual,  intimately 
of  plait  consumes  a 
erage,  every  plaiter 
hero  are,  at  an  ave- 
omen  and  children) 
:he  dally  produce,  to 
lust  be  employed  to 
'iicture  is  carried  on 
rnings  of  the  women 
fhcre  are  7  descrip- 
'ith  7  entire  straws ; 
1  nf  14  split  straws, 
ned  or7  split  straws, 
med  of  double  7,  and 
formed  of  22  or  dou- 
:  straws.  But  tlirre 
ride,  but  chiefly  re- 
iwB  ;  the  vave  of  83 
oarse  straws  split; 
markets  are  Luton, 
by  the  pluiters,  and 

be  various  attempts 
rcenock,  (who  sub- 
in  consequence  nt- 
of  Leghorn,  in  the 
II  on  poor  land,  as 
ployed  in  the  trade 
ity,  to  those  of  Leg- 
'  making  a  hat  of  ttO 
[ret  that  the  prevu- 
raw,  that  it  Is  equal 
;eB  of  Leghorn  hats 
cting  duly  of  3J.  St. 
letter  to  the  Society 
out  Sacres  of  straw, 

to  the  hat,  will  be 
lie  United  Kingdom. 

seed  and  straw  7 
tantly  employed  all 
,000<.  in  the  Unittd 
of  poor  land  would 
of  Soc.  Jru.)  The 
nee  that  period  the 

irhood  of  Florence, 
ished  at  Venice  and 
produce  is  collected 
degree  of  accuracy, 
1th  statistical  diita, 
bout  a  third  of  the 
Id  not  appear  that, 
grd  in  it. 

e  manufacture,  and 
IS  to  differ  in  no  re- 
gland.— ('yrojis.  of 
e  stems  (being  first 
^hlch  is  afterwards 
ness  of  the  flats  is 
the  bottom  of  the 
.  2U  to  60,  being  the 


HATS. 


741 


rows  contained  in  the  breadth  of  the  brim,  which  Is  generally  8  inches.  They  are  afterwards  assnrtrd 
into  Int,  2d,  and  3d  qualities,  which  are  determined  by  the  cotoitr  and  texture ;  the  most  faultless  being 
denominated  the  1st,  while  the  most  defective  is  described  as  the  .Id  quality.  These  qualities  are 
much  InfluKhCKd  by  the  season  rtf  the  year  in  which  the  straw  is  plaited.  Spring  is  llie  most  favoura- 
ble, not  only  for  plaiting,  but  for  blenching  and  finishing.  The  dust  and  perspiration  in  guminer,  and 
the  benumbed  fingers  of  the  workwomen  in  winter,  when  they  are  compelled  to  keep  within  their 
smoky  huts,  plaiting  the  cold  and  wet  straw,  are  equally  injurious  to  the  colour  of  the  hats,  which 
no  bleaching  can  Improve.  The  flats  are  afterwards  made  up  in  cases  of  10  or  80  dozen,  assorted  In 
iirogreagive  numbers  or  qualities,  and  the  price  of  the  middle  or  avt'rage  number  governs  the  whole. 
The  Broiti  make  he:irs  the  liighost  repute,  and  the  Signa  Is  considi'red  secondary  ;  which  names  are 
given  to  the  flats  from  the  northern  districts  where  they  are  plaited.  Florence  is  the  priiici|ial  market, 
and  the  demand  Is  chiefly  from  England,  France,  Germany,  and  America ;  but  tiie  kinds  mostly  re- 
quired are  the  lower  numbers;  the  very  finest  hats,  and  particularly  of  late,  being  considered  too  ex- 
pensive for  the  buyers. 

The  importation  of  Leghorn  straw  hats  has  very  sensibly  decreased  of  late  years,  owing  totha 
change  of  fashion  in  favour  of  silk  bonnets,  and  also  the  prevailing  and  increasing  practice  of  English 
dealers,  from  the  high  duty  on  the  manufactured  article.  Importing  the  straw  plats,  and  the  straw  itself 
for  the  purpose  of  being  knitted,  plaited,  and  finished  in  this  country.  This  has  been  attended  witii 
serious  consequences  to  the  poor  straw  pluiters  ofTuacany,  many  of  whom  have  abandoned  the  trade 
and  betaken  themselves  to  other  occupations,  particularly  to  the  working  of  red  woollen  cups  fur 
Greece  and  Turkey  ;  Immense  quantities  of  which  have  been  exported  from  Leghorn  since  the  peace. 
With  thb  view  of  counteracting  the  ruinous  effects  which  our  high  duty  entailed  on  their  trade,  the 
merchants  and  dealers  in  Tuscany,  interested  In  the  straw  hat  manufacture,  petitioned  their  govern- 
ment, in  IS.'lO,  to  remonstrate  with  ours  on  the  subject;  but  this  remonstrance,  if  ever  made,  was  not 
likely,  from  tlie  condition  of  our  own  population,  to  be  very  favourably  received. 

The  following  prices  of  different  numbers  and  qualities  of  Leghorn  hats  are  considered  such  as 
Would  encourage  the  work-people  in  Tuscany  to  produce  good  work : — 


No.  SO. 
40. 
43. 

Fint  qualitr. 

Second  Quality. 

Tbird  Qualify. 

Tuuan.                   Englith. 

£    8.    d. 

11  lire       =       0     7    4 

31    —       -       0    14    0 

86    —        =       0    17    4 

7'tucan.                    Englith. 

£    i.     d. 

10  lire        "       0     6    8 

80    —        -        0    13    4 

25    —        =        0    16    8 

ru'con.                    EiigUih. 
£    1.    d. 

8  Pre       >       0     5    4 
18    —        ■=       0    12    0 
33    —        -        0    IS    4 

The  straw  for  plaiting  a  No.  30.  at  8  lire,  costs  3  lire,  about  1«.  id.  English ;  for  blenching  and  finish- 
ing, I  lira  =  8((.;  the  estimated  loss  of  rows  in  a  mass,  that  either  go  up  into  the  crown  in  the  process 
of  finishing  and  pressing,  or  that  must  be  taken  from  the  brim  to  reduce  it  to  London  measure  (23 
inches),  may  be  calculated  nt  1  lira  more,  or  Hd.  As  it  requires  not  less  than  0  days  for  plaiting  and 
knitting  the  hat,  there  therefore  remains  only  4  lire,  or  2«.  6d.  Englith,  for  a  veek'n  work  I  Cheap  as 
subsistence  may  be  on  the  continent,  surely  this  miserable  pittance  is  not  calculated  to  excite  the  envy 
of  the  poorest  labourer  in  England.  But  the  earnings  of  the  straw  pluiters  solely  depend  on  their 
abilities  and  industry.  The  straw  is  furnished  to  them  to  be  plaited  and  knitted,  nnd  they  are  paid 
accordine  to  the  number  or  fineness  of  tiie  hat.  Some  of  the  Broiii  women  have  earned  us  much  us 
4  lire,  or  about  2s.  0c/.  to  3s.  per  day,  when  hats  were  at  the  highest,  (calculating  the  time  in  which 
they  can  plait  and  knit  a  liat,  at  8  days  for  a  No.  30.,  and  a  fortnight  for  a  No.  40.) ;  and  these  chosen 
few  still  earn  about  Is.  6d.  per  day  ;  but  taking  the  whole  pluiters,  tlie  following,  in  the  opinion  of  a 
house  largely  interested  in  the  trade  in  Italy,  may  be  considered  as  a  fair  calculation  of  the  average 
wages  which  have  been  paid  during  the  lust  15  years: — 

Women  earned  per  diem.  In  the  year  1817,  Is.  6d. ;  1810-20,  Sd. ;  1823-S,  U.  M. ;  1826-7,  M. ; 
1828-32,  &d.  Men,  for  ironing  he  huts,  4s.  a  day ;  ditto,  for  pressing  and  washing.  Is.  6d.  to  ia. ; 
women,  for  picking  straw.  Is.  to  Is.  id. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  imports  into  England  of  Italian  straw  hats,  straw  plait,  and  un- 
manufactured straw,  during  the  last  13  years  : 


Veut. 

Hall  or  Bonnets  of  Sinn-. 

Plaillni;  of  Straw. 

Unmanufactured  Straw.     | 

Imported. 

Erijortod. 

Consump- 
tion. 

Nell  Re- 
venue. 

Imported. 

Elported. 

Coniuinp. 
lion. 

Nell  Ite. 
veiiue. 

Imported. 

Nett  Re- 
venue. 

Ao. 

No. 

tfo. 

L. 

Va. 

Lbt. 

Ll». 

L. 

LU. 

L. 

1^0 

82,510 

2.6.i8 

71,929 

20,469 

2 

2 

t 

I&2I 

141.412 

2,633 

120,068 

3^1.365 

44 

30 

28 

1822 

143.223 

12„')95 

117,029 

34,-i37 

HIS 

623 

447 

tiU3 

\is<m 

19,910 

121,631 

35,360 

4,2U 

1.034 

8,679 

I99,4.V2 

6,075 

I9i,r>68 

5i,77l 

4,23;i 

4.9I« 

4,170 

lil29 

327,040 

9.2SI 

247,447 

69,047 

14,037 

1I,8W 

10.073 

629 

S3 

\»l» 

231,607 

13,433 

204,974 

&»,I4-. 

(l,S36 

p-ii 

6.916 

.5,S84 

435 

36 

1827 

23;l,8i3 

I2,*14 

2r.,6.|0 

72,4f8 

3,928 

904 

3.917 

3,350 

787 

79 

Mm 

3ill,072 

8,377 

274906 

77.7S4 

S..'>U2 

2D3 

6,  too 

4.333 

4,199 

420 

IKiS 

160.193 

27,030 

234.M4 

66,393 

6,282 

487 

3,340 

2,!<M 

6,l)=iO 

603 

IKK) 

162,660 

34,132 

K*.!il\ 

47,7ti0 

8.IK3 

7:.« 

7,NS4 

6,(i«) 

1N,il-6 

l,S-<9 

I8»l 

84,0ii6 

24,9'.0 

93,947 

26,614 

23,3)4 

2.102 

16.430 

13,2!.7 

22„'»44 

2,232 

1102 

169,433 

3-.,.:7l 

60,!s3O 

t7,M9 

19,109 

1,603 

17,911 

16,174 

48,054 
The  dutv, 

811 
from  1820  to 

Thedul 
diameter  \ 

f  on  hat.^  of 
■as,  duriitK  t 

less  than  23 

le  atjove  pe 

inches  in 
iod,  31.  8l. 

The  rati 
was  17i.  p 

of  duty,  du 
:rlb. 

ring  the  ab< 

ve  period, 

IS23,   w.as  2 

3  per  cent.  ; 

1832,  IC  per 

now  Id.  per 

per  dozen 

above  22  ii 

clicj,«.  16l 

cent.    It  is 
cwt. 

We  are  indebted  for  this  very  e.xcellent  article  on  straw  hats  to  Mr.  Robert  filater,  of  Fore  Stieei, 
London. 

[The  value  of  Leghorn  and  ether  straw  hats  imported,  chiefly  from  England,  France,  and 
Italy,  into  the  United  States,  on  the  average  of  five  years,  ending  on  the  30th  of  Sc|itemher, 
1838,  amounted  to  $439,301,  that  of  hats  of  fur,  wool,  and  loathcr,  imported  almost  wholly 
from  the  first  mentioned  country,  amounting  only  to  Si 6,834  ;  and  about  $30,000  in  value 
of  the  former  description  of  hats  are  re-exported.  Haf.s  of  domestic  manufacture,  to  the  value 
annually  of  $176,997,  have  been  also  exported,  for  the  most  part  to  France,  South  Ame- 
rica, Texas,  and  the  West  India  Islands, — Am.  Ed.] 


1 

m\ 

! 

6 

1 

i       '» 

r; 

-1 

■' 

Ciii 

; 

1  It 

■■»■ 

i* 

'1 

# 


t 


742 


HAVANNAH. 


HAYANNAII,  on  HAVAfS'A,  a  largo  and  flourishing  city,  situated  on  tho  north  coait 
of  the  noble  islanil  of  Cuba,  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  the  Morro  castle  being,  according  to 
Humboldt,  in  lat.  33°  8'  15"  N.,  Ion.  8S°  22'  46''  W.  The  population,  exclusive  of  troops 
and  strangers  (which  may  amount  to  25,000),  is  probably  not  far  short  of  115,000.'  In 
(817,  the  resident  population  amounted  to  83,508 ;  viz.  37,885  whites,  9,010  free  coloured, 
13,:.*B1  free  blacks,  2,543  coloured  slaves,  and  21,790  black  slaves.  The  port  of  Havanns** 
is  tho  finest  in  tlio  West  Indies,  and  one  of  the  best  in  the  world.  The  entrance  is  narrow, 
but  the  water  is  deep,  without  bar  or  obstruction  of  any  sort,  and  within  it  expands  into  & 
magniflcent  bay,  capable  of  accommodating  1,000  large  ships;  vessels  of  tho  greatest 
draught  of  water  coming  close  to  the  quays.  The  city  lies  along  the  entrance  to,  and  on 
the  west  side  of,  the  bay.  The  suburb  Regia  is  on  the  opposite  side.  The  Morro  and 
Punta  castles,  the  former  on  tho  east,  and  the  latter  on  the  west,  side  of  the  entrance  of  tho 
harlwur,  are  strongly  fortified,  as  is  tho  entire  city ;  the  citadel  is  also  a  place  of  great 
strength ;  and  fortifications  have  been  erected  on  such  of  the  neighlM>uring  heights  as  com" 
mand  the  city  or  port  The  arsenal  and  dock-yard  lie  toward  the  western  angle  of  the  bay, 
to  the  south  of  the  city.  In  tho  ciiy,  the  streets  are  narrow,  inconvenient,  and  filthy ;  but 
in  the  suburbs,  now  as  extensive  as  the  city,  they  are  wider  and  better  laid  out.  Latterly, 
too,  the  police  and  cleanliness  of  all  parts  of  the  town  have  materially  improved. 

From  Its  poslttnn,  which  coinmnndg  both  Inlels  to  tho  fJulf  of  MrxIco,  ila  grciit  Rtreiigth,  nnd  excel- 
lent hiirboiir,  Iluvanimli  ia,  in  a  pulitirnl  point  of  view,  by  fhr  thi;  inoet  important  inaritiniu  station  in 
the  West  IndieK.  As  n  commercial  cily  it  nlso  ranks  in  the  first  cIhsh  ;  heing,  in  this  renpuct,  Beonnit 
to  none  in  the  New  World,  New  York  only  excepted.  For  a  long  period,  lliivannah  en|troR«ed  almnst 
the  whole  foreign  trade  of  Cuba;  bnt  since  the  rcliixation  of  the  old  colonial  Bysteni,  viirioiis  ports, 
such,  for  inxtnnce,  na  Mutnnzas,*  that  were  hardly  known  3U  years  ago,  have  become  places  iif  great 
ronimerciul  importance.  Tlie  rapid  extension  of  the  connnerce  of  llavunnah  is,  therefore,  entirely 
to  be  asrrihi'd  to  the  freedom  it  now  enjoys,  and  to  the  great  increase  of  wealth  and  population  In  the 
city,  and  genirally  throughout  the  island. 

The  advance  of  Cuba,  during  tho  last  half  century,  has  been  very  great ;  though  not  inoro,  perhaps, 
than  might  have  been  expected,  from  its  natural  advantages,  at  least  since  its  ports  were  freely  opened 
to  foreigners.  In  IWO.  It  is  at  once  the  largest  and  the  beat  situated  of  the  West  India  ialanda.  It  is 
about  OOj  niiica  in  length  ;  bnt  ita  breadth  from  north  to  aouth  no  where  exceeds  117  miles,  and  is  in 
many  places  miicli  less.  Ila  total  area,  exclusive  of  that  of  the  numerous  keys  and  islands  attached 
to  it,  is  about  31,!i00  square  niilrs.  The  climate  is,  generally  siieaklng,  delightful ;  the  refreshing  sea 
brcezra  preventing  tho  heat  from  ever  becoming  exceasive,  and  lilting  it  for  the  growth  of  a  vast  va- 
riety of  producia.  Hurricanes,  which  are  so  dnatructive  in  Jamaica  and  the  Caribbee  islands,  are  here 
comparatively  rare,  and  when  they  do  occur,  fur  less  violent.  The  soil  is  of  very  vnrioua  qualities : 
There  is  a  considerable  extent  of  swampy  niarahes  and  rocks  unfit  for  any  sort  of  cultivation  ;  but 
thero  is  much  soil  that  is  very  superior,  and  capable  of  affording  the  most  luxuriant  crops  of  sugar, 
coffee,  maize,  Ice.  The  ancient  policy,  now  fortunately  abandoned,  of  restricting  the  trade  of  the 
Island  to  i  or  3  ports,  caused  all  the  population  to  congregate  in  their  vicinity,  neglecting  the  rest  of 
the  island,  and  allowing  some  of  the  finest  land  nnd  bestsiluations  for  planting,  to  remain  unoccupied. 
But  since  a  different  and  more  liberal  policy  has  been  followed,  population  has  begun  to  extend 
itself  over  all  the  most  fcrliliMlistricts,  wherever  thoy  are  to  be  met  with.  The  first  regular  census 
of  Cuba  was  taken  in  1775,  when  the  whole  resident  population  aiiioiintod  I70,;<70  souls.  Since  this 
period,  the  increase  haa  been  us  follows  :— 1791, 278,H0i  1IJ17,  5Sl,tHI8  ;  and  lti27, 7(>i,Kt)7 ;  exclusive 
of  strangers.     S%  e  subjoin  a 

Clasaiflcation  of  the  Population  of  Cuba  according  to  the  Censusca  of  1775  and  1827. 


wiiim      .... 

FrM  mulattoei    ... 

FreelilacJu 

SUvct          .... 

Total    . 

1175. 

1827.                                      1 

Mai,. 
64,s5i 
10.021 
5,939 

2M74 

FtmaU. 

4l<,^ 
9,0U6 
b,6i9 
15,562 

Total. 
93419 
I9,0i7 
11,558 
44,336 

MnU. 

I6!<,ti.>3 

23,91)4 
lli3,2lX> 

Ftmale. 

I4J,39S 
29,456 
2.>,079 

10J,8.>2 

Total. 

311,051 
57,514 
4S,9>0 

286,942 

99,809 

71,061 

110,370         1         4(n,g(»        1        300,5l>2 

704,487 

We  radiljr  diieover,  twm  thii  Tabl«,  that,  In  Iha  term  of  S2 
yeen,  from  1775  to  1827,  the  incraaie  of  the  (lilftreDt  daasea  of  the 
|iopuljitiou  bu  been  »  rollowi  :— 


The  while  imle  popuUtion  iDcmued 
The  white  female  — 


rrom  To  Per  ct. 
64,555  I68,S!13,  or  209 
40,8<M     142,398,-248 


The  free  mulatto  male  population 
Thp  free  niutilto  ff  male      — 
The  free  t(l.icli  male  — 

The  free  black  frniale         — 
The  ilave  (bl  ick  and  iiiulallo),  male 
The  alave  (black  aud  mulalto),  feutale 


To      Per  ct. 

28,05!),  or  180 
29,456,  —  at! 
23,904,  —  301 
25.076,  —  315 
28,774  IW,290,— '17 
15,562  103,602,  —  666 


rmm 
10,021 
9.006 
6,»:-i0 
6,l»9 


A  very  large  part  of  the  rapid  increase  of  the  black  population  is  to  be  ascribed  to  the  continuance 
of  the  slave  trade;  which,  unfortunately  for  the  real  intcre.sts  of  the  island,  has  been  prosecuted  of 
late  years  to  an  extent,  and  with  a  vigour,  unknown  to  any  former  period.  From  1811  to  1835  there 
were  imported  into  Cuba  185,1100  African  s;.iv>'s:  of  which  niinilier  llfl,000  are  said  to  have  been  en- 
tered at  the  Havaimah  Ciistom-hnuiie  between  1811  and  18'J0!  Since  1825,  the  imports  of  slaves  are 
understood  to  have  increased  ;  and  were  believed,  indeed,  to  be  about  as  great  in  1833  as  ever,  not- 
willietanding  the  trade  was  to  have  entirely  ceaacd  in  lHiO.—{Hepiirt  of  1833  on  IVtst  India  Culonie/i, 
Minutes  vf  Ktiiirnre,  p.  (M.)  It  is,  hoides,  supposed  thai  the  slaves  were  under-rated  in  the  census  of 
1837;  so  that,  perhaps,  the  entire  popiilulloii  of  ihe  island  is,  at  present,  little,  if  at  all,  under  UOfl.OOO. 
The  planters  of  Cuba  derive  considuiable  assistance  from  free  labourers,  mostly  of  an  Indian  mixed 
breed,  who  work  for  moderate  wages.  They  are  not  much  employed  in  the  fields,  but  in  other  branches 
of  labour ;  and  particularly  in  bringing  the  sugar  from  the  interior  to  the  shipping  ports. 


*  In  1837,  Matanzas  had  a  population  of  15,000  souls.  During  the  same  year,  its  imports  were 
valued  at  1,387,600  doll  ira,  and  its  exports  at  I,717,il47  dollars  ;  and  231  vessels  entered,  and  251  clear- 
ad  from  its  port.  We  have  looked  into  our  latest  Gazetteers,  but  to  no  purpose,  for  any  notice  of  this 
place.  Those,  indeed,  who  know  that  Ihe  best  of  these  publications  seta  down  the  population  of  Ha- 
vauiiuh  at  35,000,  will  probably  think  that  this  was  very  unnecessary  labour. 


on  the  north  cout 
icing,  according  to 
exclusive  of  troops 
t  of  115,000.'  In 
,010  free  coloured, 
port  of  Havann»»' 
ntranco  is  narrow, 
it  expands  into  il 
Is  of  the  greatest 
ntranco  to,  and  on 

The  Monro  and 
he  entrance  of  tho 

a  place  of  great 
ig  heights  as  com* 
1  angle  of  the  bay, 
It,  and  filthy ;  but 
aid  out.  Latterly, 
iroved. 

mrength,  and  excel- 
t  mnritiniu  elation  in 
this  reopuct,  senoiul 
uh  engro88i!(l  aliiinst 
8t«iii,  viirii»i8  porta, 
come  pliiceR  of  great 
s,  titcreroru,  entirely 
iiid  population  in  tba 

h  not  inoro,  perhaps, 

8  were  ftecly  opened 
India  ialands.    It  is 

9  117  miles,  and  is  in 
nd  islands  attached 
I ;  the  refreshing  sea 
growth  of  a  vast  va- 
ibee  islands,  are  here 
ry  various  qualities : 
:  of  cultivation;  but 
rinni  crops  of  sugar, 
ing  the  trade  of  the 
^(fleeting  the  rest  of 

rcmnin  unoccupied, 
ns  begun  to  extend 
tirst  regular  census 
iO  souls.  Bince  this 
7,  TOt,6(i7 ;  exclusive 


T5  and  1827. 

27.                                   1 

lale. 

Tiilal. 

!,398 

311,061 

,456 

57,514 

,079 

48,9^) 

l,(>.-|2 

286,943 

1,582 

704,487 

From      To     Pir  d. 

10,021     38,059,  or  180 

9.006    29,436,-221 

6,ikW    23,904,-301 

bfiia    3.'i.0';«,  —  Mr, 

28,774  I'ASSO,  —  -11 

15,5 

(ii  103,602,  —  566 

X 


to  the  contintiance 
been  prosecuted  of 
1811  to  1825  there 
id  to  have  been  en- 
iports  of  slaves  are 
n  1833  as  ever,  not- 
Vtat  India  Cvlunies, 
ted  in  the  census  of 
all,  under  900,000. 
of  an  Indian  mixed 
ut  in  other  branches 
ports. 


ir,  its  imports  were 
:ered,  and  251  clenr- 
r  any  notice  of  this 
e  population  of  Ua- 


HAVANNAH. 


^43 


Tlis  tHlclm  prtiMliwtlf  nportml  rmn  Cub*  ire,  Mpr  of  Iha 
ioMt  r)iulilv,  cntlVtt,  tnlMrcd,  Ik-m*  wax,  lutiiry,  liintlMrs,  Ac  Of 
IhMO,  lh«  flnl  It  ilrcliti-iltv  Ihf  (riml  liM|M)rl:iiil.  'Mm  follnwlnf 
MaleniDUli  kliow  lli»  itiloniiliinit  iricnuie  that  Itaa  taken  placr  in  tlie 
nxportitinn  uf  ibii  lUple  arlicli! : — 

Aecounl  o(  Iha  Eiportatlon  of  8unr  tma  Havunh,  rtopi  1760 
In  1K>3. 
Boat,  <il  400  lU.  i'M. 

mn  1760  lo  1767  Ifl.UOO  IS,2on,000 

itro— nun  SM.irio  37.2iio,ikic 

rSO— 1800  1111,091  44,OI>i,400 

1900—1810  177,998  71,199,200 

I             I8IU  —  1830  207,696  83,078,400 

f             1)-M— 18U  S->0,384  100,I'VI,MIO 

I        InlMO  371,01,13.4  I08,405,MX) 

IHi7  30I,9'>4|.J  I0',98l,800 

1828  2118,186  107,4.14.400 

1819  2fiO,8W  104,342.800 

1830  20->,732  117.092.800 

1831  27U,;UO  llO,S.12,(Xe 
1833  397,  Vi7  119,022,800 
I8!U  284,921  1I3,97U,0U0 

This  is,  however,  only  the  Custom-house  report, 
the  country 


llaM 


But  IhviiiMh  tuvlnit  f—fi  (■>  It  Ih*  onlr  port  ftn  Iha  rxpcrta* 
tloti  of  ■ucir,  Ri  it  wai  in  fiirnirr  tinic,  we  iitutl  a<lv«r1  tii  Ilia  hails 
of  the  olher  liorl,,  lo  ntttrfiii  a  corn  c»  .wet  ulit  of  the  whole  rximrtf 
of  luKir.    Tfie  fnl'owliiK  arr  the  Cuttoiii.bpuia  returnt  for  It427i  — 
■•-•■"■  •        99,351,137    'U. 

6,013,1173    - 

375,275    — 

•       !K13«4,K44»  — 

10,361,337    — 

351,450   — 

12,.WP    — 

I30,IIIX}   — 


l!l|Jortf  of  tujiar  froui  Mataniiih 

—  Siiili^ffo    « 

—  NuaviUa  > 

—  Malan»i  • 

—  Trinidad   • 

—  Hol^uio    • 

—  Maiiuuillt 


Rut  ai  the  Ctintotn.houM  rcporti  are  foumted 
u|)on  the  aMiini|i)ir>ii  lh»l  3  Imix  of  lu^ir  weifhi 
hut  15  arriilMM  (37  >  lU.),  while  ill  (run  wei«lit 
is  ifier  d«(liirliiij(  Iha  lire,  at  leinl  10  atrit^f 
(400  Ibi.),  thry  id.t  lo  thfir  aiof^unt  oue  BixteeuUi 
(it  alioulil  tM  oue  fUteeoih),  vix.    - 


Total    •    149,973,106   Ihi. 


9,131,818   n«. 


1.16.l5!i,9.'4    II 1. 


Makinf  a  total  of 

A  great  deal  of  sugar  lias  been  sningirled  out  of 
The  e.\piirl8  from  Haiiliiigu  in  1837,  tie  given  aliiive,  are  certainly  niinh  under  their  real 
ainoiiut ;  for  at  that  perind,  and  for  3  or  4  venrs  after,  the  customs  utRcers  coiinivcil  whli  tho  planterH 
to  defraud  the  revenue,  iinil  carried  tlieir  (fepredatioiis  to  such  an  extent,  thiit  tlio  duties  becatno  no- 
minal merely,  and  the  olflciul  roturna  are  in  no  degree  to  be  dep<!iided  upmi.  t^ubseiiuenlly,  however, 
these  otlicers  were  diHiiiiascd;  and  tliero  is  reason  to  thinic  that  tho  returns  have  since  biien  morn 
accurate,     lint  smuggling  is  still  extensively  practised,  particularly  from  the  unliceiiHed  imrts. 

It  appears  frnm  the  subjoined  account  (No.  III.),  tlial  ther«  Iiuk  been,  since  18'27,  a  great  increase  in 
the  exports  of  sugar,  the  quantity  sblppi^d  from  tho  varidus  licenseil  iiorts  of  llie  island,  having 
amounted,  iti  1833,  to  7,tt3t,.'i53  arrobas,  l!HI,0i;i,8-2.'i]|)8.  lint  to  this  we  inay  siifely  add  at  least  one 
fourth  part  forshipiiients  from  the  unlicensed  ports,  and  what  was  otlicrwise  sent  out  ol'  tlic  cnunlry 
witlmut  any  oihcial  notice  ;  so  that  tlie  entire  export  of  sugar  from  Cuba,  at  present,  cannot  be  less 
than  230,000,000  Ilia.,  or  rather  mote  tliaii  1 10,000  tons  i 

Next  to  sugar,  colfee  is  the  most  valuable  proilnctioii  of  Cuba.  Its  cultivation  has  increased  wllli 
unprecedented  rapidity.  In  1800,  there  were  about  bO  plantations  in  the  island  ;  In  IH17,  there  were 
77l>;  and  in  1837,  there  vvcrti  no  fewer  than  3,007,  of  at  least  10,000  trees  eacli !  In  1801,  Hie  exporta- 
tion frnm  lluvannah  was  1,350,000  Ihs.;  in  IH09,  it  amounted  to  8,000.000  is.;  from  1MI5  to  l.^SO,  it 
averaged  annually  18,180,300  His. ;  and,  in  Ih37,  it  ainoiiiitiMl  to  3.5,h37,175  lbs. !  Tlie  exports  friun  the 
other  ports  liavu  increased  with  e(|iial  rapidity.  They  nnioiinled  in  1837,  to  I4,'.:03,<100  lbs.:  making 
the  total  ex|Hirtation  for  that  year  50,03U,,'i8l  lbs.  The  low  prices  seem  lo  have  chcclted  the  growtli, 
or,  ut  all  events,  to  have  diminished  the  exports  of  cotfee  from  Cuba  in  1838,  1830,  and  1830 ;  but  siiicii 
the  last  mentioned  year,  they  have  more  than  recovered  tlieir  old  level.  The  ti>tal  exports  in  183:i 
atnounteil,  according  to  the  Custom-house  returns,  to  3.560,:i50  arriibas,  or  6I,3.')U.07A  lbs.;  but,  as 
in  the  case  of  sugar,  cotisiderahle  additions  niUHl  be  made  to  this  n»'''nlity  to  get  the  true  export.  In 
the  Cuslom-house  estimates,  cutfee  bags  are  supposed  uniformly  to  weigh  IM)  lbs.,  though  it  Is  well 
known  that  tliey  frequently  exceed  that  limit.  The  exports  in  I><;i3  were  distributed  as  folbiwa  ;  viz. 
from  the  Ilavannah,  47,333,100  <)s. ;  Matatizas,  6,433,075  lbs. ;  all  other  purls,  10..'j(l3,>>00  lbs. 

Tobacco  ditlers  much  in  quality ;  but  tlie  cigars  of  Culm  are  considered  the  liiiest  in  the  world. — 
(Hee  TuBAccu.)  Formerly,  tlie  culture  and  sale  of  tlii$  important  plant  were  inotiopolii-.ed  by  Govern- 
Dieiit ;  but  since  1831  Ibis  monopoly  has  been  wholly  relinquished,  tliero  being  no  longer  any  restric- 
tions either  on  the  growth  or  the  sale  of  the  article.  The  cultivator  |iays  a  duty,  which,  however,  in 
to  a  great  extent  evaded,  of  I  per  cent,  ad  valorem  upon  his  crop.  In  coiiseqiicnce  of  tlie  freedom  tlius 
given  to  llie  business,  the  culture  and  exportation  of  tcbacco  are  both  rapidly  extending  ;  so  much  so, 
that  the  exp<irls  of  cigars,  which  amounted  in  1836  to  only  197,104  arrobaa,  had  increased  to  017,713 
arrobns  in  1833 ! 

or  93,768  hbds.  of  molasses  exported  in  1833, 46,633  were  from  Ilavannah,  and  31,630  from  Matanzns. 

Wax  and  honey  of  excellent  quality  are  largely  produced  in  Cuba,  and  form  considerable  articles  uf 
trade. 

The  principal  imports  consist  of  corn  and  grain  of  all  sorts,  chiefly  from  the  United  States  and  Spain; 
cotton,  hardware,  and  earthenware  goods  from  England ;  linens  from  Hamburgh,  liremen,  the  Nether- 
lands, Ireland,  &c. ;  silver  and  gold  from  Mexico  and  South  America;  indigo  and  cochineal  from 
ditto ;  wines,  spirits,  liqueurs,  fruits,  &c.,  from  France  and  Spain ;  lumber,  dried  tish,  and  salt  provi- 
aions,  frnm  the  United  States,  Newfoundland,  Slc.  ;  with  every  article,  in  short,  that  an  opulent  coin- 
liltniity,  in  a  tropical  climate,  without  manufactures,  requires. 

I.  ClassiAed  Account  of  the  Articles  of  all  sorts,  and  their  Value,  imported  into  Cuba  in  1831, 1833, 

and  1833. 


Ailiclea. 


F-iqulili,  fix.— Winex,  ipiritx,  beer,  oil,  *e. 
Proviaions,  vix.— Pork,  beef,  jerked  bfef,  kc 
Spicei,  viz.— ('innainon,  clovw,  pepper,  Ac 
rruill,  viz. — (Hives,  almonds,  raisins,  8tc. 
Agricultural,  vix  —Flour,  rice,  peas,  beans,  potatoet.  ftc. 
OiTicerief,  vix.— Ijirt),  t>uUer,  che«<se,  caudles,  8<»ap,  Ac 
Fish,  vix.— Herrings,  cod,  anchovies,  4c.     • 
Collons  and  mercery  .... 

Woollens 

Linens  ....... 

I.eather  (ondi  ..... 

Silks 

Wood,  vix.~DeaIs,  hoops,  casks,  ftc.  .  • 

Hardware       ...... 

Melals,  viz.— Copper,  Iron,  lead,  Sc. 

Gold  coin       .  •  .... 

Silver  coin      ...... 

Ghis  ware      ...... 

Earthenware  ..... 

Dye  Btutrs,  as  logwood,  iDdi([o,4e.    ... 

Conlase  •  •  ... 

Hooks  and  paper        -  ... 

Me<licinps        ..... 

Perfumery       .  .  .  •  • 

Jewellery         ..... 

All  other  articlai       .... 


Total 


1831. 

1S32. 

1833. 

L. 

L. 

L. 

265,552 

276,562 

329,202 

204,1  to 

105,733 

281,602 

11,715 

14,129 

18,209 

31,220 

22.434 

2S,8J0 

1^97,520 

872,373 

726,543 

264,104 

2l,im 

8:2,206 

56.205 

64,  ,77 

63,135 

314,337 

3i-2,TB3 

386,2M 

60.039 

52,770 

62,143 

472,'i48 

614,194 

372,714 

118,1108 

93.514 

79,243 

94.641 

115,909 

82.389 

121,257 

12.S9I9 

155,036 

117,270 

I33,6(]2 

162,261 

30502 

18,557 

1S,223 

177,298 

77,858 

192,853 

22,065 

41.346 

302,113 

I9,5^3 

20,560 

IIM.16 

31,211 

27,1^17 

19,169 

49,518 

31.894 

50,631 

.1t2 

10,S9« 

30,518 

34,10(1 

4i,it» 

43,348     . 

30,7.'iB 

25,100 

2?,7l-'9 

»,m 

8,530 

8,919 

U\: 

6(184 

8,131 

115,691 

107,820 

140,635 

3,249,.M6 

5,976,130 

3,H:6,396       j 

*  The  exports  from  Matanzas  in  1833  were  57,740,100  lbs. 


!?' 


1 1: 


II  r 


II 


744 


HAVRE. 


II.  Account  of  the  Quantitipi  n(  the  prlnclnnl  Artlcloii  of  PrndiirA  expnrtpil  Trom  the  varinut  llceued 
Port*  of  the  Inland  of  t'libn,  fruiii  IHlHi  to  IH33,  both  Iricliiilvc. 


Ton. 

8u||U. 

Rum. 

McilMIM. 

Colh*. 

Wm. 

imr 

TiiUco. 

Cipra. 

wfmi&ar. 

Piftt, 

i'cpil. 

.fiT(lA(M. 

Jfrr&fU. 

J'tulMit, 

^noltu. 

im 

e,i37.U80 

ll.'«7 

«ti,WO 

1.773,:98 

U.MS 

7H,6^I 

197,  M 

INT 

^il'^i* 

2,4-.; 

7.|,0'3 

i,OUI,jh3 

2J,4UJ 

7»,:ra 

li>7,l.<tll 

\H» 

«.M7,u(H 

■i,nn 

l>«,l-UI 

1,,1M,(«S 

UI,IU4 

10,031 

110.33^ 

lUt 

«,Ma,4M 

4.Mi 

M.W 

1,731),J67 

»3,llil 

liviO' 

243,443 

liUO 

7,WW,»!8I 

i.M; 

eMIt 

l,:9H,1B8 

3.V4I 

100,1 ',» 

407, 1'i 

■Ml 

T,l!ll>l 

a,-:!* 

W,(lul 

3,130,39^ 

til.NiO 

117,4^4 

331,433 

IK12 

7,iM,ll3 

».4m 

100.  ru 

i,M9,iW 

30,M3 

76  430 

44ll.l.:3 

itoa 

7,IUIAi3 

3,iI1 

K,m 

2^,3U 

4I,S36 

02,473 

til7,7l3 

III.  An  Account  of  the  Value  of  the  Trade  between  Cuba  and  other  Countriei  in  1833,  at  uicettalned 

by  the  Customi'  Rvturni. 


CountriM. 

Imporlf. 

Gxpnrti. 

CountriM, 

Inipnrti. 

£x|)Ortl. 

/. 

L. 

L. 

L. 

S|»lii 

tM.\M     • 

88.V3IT 

NethrrlADila     ... 

42.417 

6.\69l 

Siiulh  Amtriea 

S»\ti83 

40!I9 

Porluial 

9.401 

4,'''41 

The  lUuH  Towu      . 

ll)«,325 

3l3,;i,MJ 

HuHia  .... 

10,971 

207  33* 

The  Uiiilcd  iilalet       ■ 

».'«,4»l 

913,934 

Swf  Jen  url  OoDDork  . 

7,138 

l.5,MiT 

Omi  BriUia  • 

SS'-.S-T 

H!9,7»7 

Turkfy 

I3,!:31 

t'raiin 

19.1,337 

lin,C9l 

FnniEn  produce  in  thii«  of 

lUly    .... 

I0,7M 

47,ftl0 

Cuha  .... 

t9,49S 

2<'i,42S 

But  a  cnnRidornble  portion  of  the  imports,  cipecially  of  thnie  from  Bpaln.  are  not  intended  for 
connumptlon  in  Cuba,  but  are  lent  there  merely  <n  tntrepOt,  or  till  it  be  found  convenient  to  ehlp 
them  for  other  markcti. 


IV.  Account  of  the  Number  of  Veaiela  that  entered  the  Port  of  Hnvannah  from  Foreign  Coiintriea 
in  1831,  1833,  and  1833,  apecifying  the  Countriea  to  wiiich  tuch  Veiauls  belonged,  and  their 
Tounage. 


Spanlth 

Americtii 

HanieTowM 

D.ioitb  • 

French 

Nelherludi   • 

Euitliih 

PortuKueee     * 

Pruuua 

Sirdlniu 

SwedJih 

llaooveriaa    • 

Tutcau 

Mecklenburgh 

Ruauiio  • 


riigi- 


Total! 


Shipi. 

r<«u. 

as* 

4t,T58  f.2 

49ll 

8S,I0S  1-3 

2i 

4,226 

8 

1,078 

18 

3.li7» 

8 

1, 0X7  2.3 

M 

6,403  1.4 

2 

142 

a 

293  3-4 

4 

7H2  3-4 

1 

280 

MhflSa  14 


Shift. 

32.4 

4S9 

34 

II 

18 

26 

69 
4 
I 

I 
I 
1 


Turn. 
38.636.1.4 
8l,9'i7  12 
6.344 
8313 
4,0«7 
4,764 
I2,V>8  1.2 
S48 
22!  12 
2.'2  1-2 
2M) 
2.'16 
193  34 


1833. 


1,048 


fr 

Tlort. 

w,-w 

fi09 

9I,«!!4  l-i 

26 

4,S0O 

10 

I,';29 

48 

io,ic2  \a 

8 

1,4-7 

46 

9,067  1-2 

6 

494 

1 

390 

6 

93912 

8 

l,0«l  1.2 

2 

'36614 

1^9 
176 


108,393  1.3 


Dtttie».—k  etHtom*  duty  U  charf^  nn  mntt  articln  pxported  and 
.mimrrcd.  In  Ittitf,  the  dutirt  on  imTH>rti  nmduceti  4,lfi4,493  dol- 
Un  beinc  equal  to  an  nd  vaUvem  duly  of  18  13  per  cent,  on  the  im* 
|H>rli  uf  that  veir.  The  duiirx  on  exitorli  during  'ho  uiiie  year  prr>> 
fluced  ), 114,641  dnilan,  «qual  to  an  ad  valorem  i\\i\y  of  IS  1-2  per 
cent,  nn  their  amount.  According  to  the  taritT.  the  duties  nn  most 
iiniwrlod  ar'iclet  are  fixed  at  either  ^4  or  30  per  cent,  ad  valcrrem  ; 
but  all  t^p-iDish  produrtt  importtrJ  from  (lie  {reniniiilii  in  Spanish 
tottonis  (tfxctpt  flour,  which  |>ay8  I  !-2  dollar  per  Urrul),  pay  only 
fi  1-4  per  cent,  duly  ;  and  when  imported  in  foreign  bottonm,  they 
iMy  12  per  cent,  less  than  the  duties  nn  cormpondin?  fnrt\fn  articles. 
I'tine  iiroducis  make  about  a  ihinl  part  of  the  imports,  t'util 
lately,  tW  export  duly  on  s>i<ar  was  much  complained  of,  bnu^  to 
hi^h  as  2  3-t  dollan  a  boi ;  but  in  the  course  of  1 833  it  was  re* 
duccd  to  little  more  than  1  dollar,— a  reiuciiou  which  Ms  been  of 
material  consequence  to  the  plxn'ers.  Merchandise  that  hu  once 
paid  the  dmirs  ori  importation,  pays  nothing  on  expnrtitinn. 

CuHum-luiute  Rfgulai \rn».~  K.very  maMer  of  a  vpsst-l  is  bound  to 
havr,  on  his  arrivnl,  ready  fjf  delivery  to  the  brnrditis  nffiiers  r>f  tha 
mvenue,  ttvo  manifests,  contrining  a  detailed  statenniit :  f  bik  c-in^o; 
and,  in  the  act  of  handln?  tlitin  over,  is  to  write  the reon  the  h'lur 
when  he  so  delivers  them,  t.ikir?  care  Miat  iht-y  he  coiinti'rs:a;ne"i  by 
the  hoarding  officers  Wi'hin  \i  hours  fntro  thai  time  he  niay 
make  any  alteration  he  pleases  lu  the  said  m^nif»is,  or  deliver  in 
new  ones  correcle-I.  After  the  expintton  of  these  12  hours,  no 
ulteralion  will  be  (Ktrmitted.  (ioods  not  DianitVstt-it  will  be  confis- 
cated without  retu'^ty  ;  and,  if  iheir  value  shnuid  not  excent  1,000 
dollars,  mastent  of  vessels  will  be  liable  to  pay  a  penally  of  doulde 
the  amount  of  .uch  non-insuifcsled  goods:  irthrydn  exccel  that 
turn,  and  Monz  to  th*;  master,  or  come  consigned  to  hiui,  bis  ves- 
sel, freight,  and  o'.her  emilumenti,  will  be  forfeited  to  (lie  re* 
venue.  Goods  over- manifested  will  pay  dutin  its  if  they  were  on 
board.  Goods  om  mnifested,  but  clainiel  in  time  by  a  consignee, 
will  ho  delivereil  up  to  the  latter;  but  the  master,  in  this  rase,  will 
be  subject  to  a  fine  iraual  in  amount  to  that  of  buch  goods.  Gnh)  and 
•ilver,  nut  manifette'i  by  either  captilu  or  cnn8i<(nee,  ire  liab'e  to  a 
duty  of  4  per  cent.  Gooih  falling  short  of  the  qunutity  nanifesled, 
when  landed,  and  not  being  inc'uded  in  any  invoice  of  a  consignee, 
will  render  the  mas'er  iialjle  to  a  penalty  of  200  doll  in  for  i-ach 

5iackige  kofillij.gshnrl.'  Every  consignee  is  obliged  (o  pre«out  his 
(ivnice  or  note  of  goods,  wilbm  48  hours  after  the  arrival  of  a  vcs* 
•el ;  if  not,  such  piodn  are  liable  to  2  per  cent,  extra  (!uty.  The 
•amo  is  tlic  case,  if  such  note  do  not  coulaiu  a  sUtemeut  of  the  num- 


ber of  pleeet,  contents,  quality,  weight,  and  mea<"ure.  All  gnodi 
imimrred  in  vessels  exceeding  HO  tons  burthen,  except  perishable 
pmvi»ion3,  bulky  articles,  and  liqi.'ors,  may  Iw  put  in  degKnit  for  an 
iivd('ll:ii(e  lenn.  paying  I  per  cent,  inward  an)  1  per  cent,  outward 
duty  on  the  value,  each  yt-ar.  When  entered  for  home  consump- 
tion, they  are  liable  to  the  corresfMinding  duty.  If  sold  in  deposit, 
the  exporter  n:iys  the  outward  duty. 

Tutmaft  />uru.— Spanish  vessels,  5  reals  per  ton.  Other  nations, 
20  reah  per  ton  :  in  case  of  arrival  and  dt- parture  in  hallas',  none ; 
arriving  in  disti-ess,  4  reals  per  Ion,  but  full  duties  if  the  cargo  be 
landed  or  taken  in. 

tVharf  />u/tw.— Spanish  Twsels,  6  reals  per  day.  O'her  nationt, 
19  reals  per  day  for  each  100  Ions  of  their  regiit'er  metsurement. 

3foHi«.— One  diiHar  r=  8  rt'als  phte  =  20  reals  vellon.  One 
doubloon  e=  l7dollsra.  The  merchanla  reckon  444  dollan  ^^  \00l., 
or  I  dollar  =s  4f.  M.  very  nearly.  There  is  an  eijiort  duty  of  I  per 
cent,  on  guld,  an  1  2  per  cent,  on  silver. 

Wc  g/iff  finrf  -IfiiiMireJ.— One  qniilal  =  100  lira.,  or  4  armbai  oC 
25lbi.;  100  Ihs.  Spanish  B=  101  3-4  lbs.  Kiii^llfh,  or  46  kilograminei. 
lOS  varas  -^  100  yards;  <40  v.inis  s^  1(>G  French  ells  or  aunes;  81 
vnr,iH=r  iOOnabnnl  ells:  108  varas  ^=  160  Ilnnibunch  ells,  I  fanen 
=  3  bushels  nearly',  or  100  Ibi.  Sjaniuh.  An  arrubaof  wiDeorspiriti 
=  4-1  Kiiglish  vvme  gallons  neirly. 

The  Spanish  au  hnritics  disgraced  thrmsi  Ives  by  'he  coimtenince 
which  they  p.vf  to  piralical  l>andiMi  that  infested  "many  of  the  porte 
cf  Cuhi  during  Ihc  la  e  contest  bet»veeii  Spain  ird  lit  r  revo'trd  colo» 
nii-B,  an ).  on  prt* tencc  of  cruising  ariii'st  the  Mexicans  and  Ooloni* 
biiPB,  committed  all  sorts  of  enormities.  The  con.merce  of  the 
I'nitnl  SlJics  siifirred  so  much  from  their  attacks,  tb.it  the^  wrr« 
otiii^'d  to  send  a  considtmlile  squadron  toat'ick  tlni  batiditti  m  their 
strongholds,  and  to  nblain  Ihat  redress  they  bid  in  vain  sought  from 
the  govenimert  of  the  island  ;  but  we  aie  not  sure  that  the  DuUance 
is  as  yet  eittirely  abated. 

In  c.impiling'lhia  anirle,  we  have  consulted  Htmboldt's  standard 
work,  tl;e  Kt$(f  Pol  t-que  fvr  I'hU  de  CiiM,  Pari*.  It26;  and  <he 
Sni-plcmeiit  (Talltnv  Simintn^nr)  t'lcreio,  I'ari',  |t'3I;  the  excellent 
abstract  of  the  Cuadio  Eiirutiitin  de  Cu!a.  pnb'ishcl  at  Havaniiah 
in  IS29,  in  the  ^Mierican  Qfwrtcrly  Review  for  June  1830 ;  the  /liii- 
I'tin  da  Sccuee-s  O'^^nnphuiuti,  inin.  xxil.  p.  33S. ;  J'ninutt'i 
I  Notex  on  Af.jico,  pp.  2:9—298.  (Knf.  ed.) ;  Pajint  pulli$hul  ^y 
Jicxtrd  of  Tradr,  jart  iii.  pp.  648—652. ;  and  firivtUt  cvmmunica* 
ttoiu  from  intelligent  British  merchants  established  at  Havannah. 


HAVRE,  OR  HAVRE  DE  GRACE,  a  commercial  and  strongly  fortified  sea-port  town 
of  France,  on  iHo  English  channel,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  on  its  northern  bank,  in 
IsU  49°  29'  14''  N.,  Ion.  O*'  6'  38"  E.    Population  24,000. 


he  variniii  Ilcenaed 


f 

C'O. 

Cliin. 

IM. 

^f10/4U. 

*\ 

197,  M 

(t 

lt.7.1ltil 

31 

9lO,3J-> 

(U 

343,443 

',<) 

407.1 'J 

■>* 

331,4311 

M 

41(1,  l>3 

75 

617,711 

833,  a»  aicertnlned 


nn%. 

Kx|iort«. 

I. 

4  IT 

M,e<» 

401 

4,''4S 

»7I 

xniiM 

138 

I.^NiT 

• 

l3,tS3 

4M 

2«V42« 

e  not  iiitpnded  for 
lonveniitnt  to  ihip 


I  Foreign  Coiintrios 
elonged,  and  tbeir 


833. 

llifl, 
J7S 

4«,?47 

S09 

si,«:4  I'S 

26 

4,500 

to 

l,7» 

48 

I0,IC'2  1-3 

8 

l,4"7 

46 

9,067  1-2 

5 

494 

1 

290 

6 

939IS 

e 

l,Ofil  1.2 

2 

366  l-S 

1 

)li» 

' 

176 

148 

168,^93  1-2 

■ntl  mnnire.  All  gnod§ 
trthen,  MCfiit  prriiihabis 
t>t>  put  ill  ueimsil  fnr  an 
an  I  I  per  cetit.  outward 
terej  for  hnn)e  couiump- 
-'uty.    If  aold  Id  deposit, 

pertnn.  Other  nationi, 
wrture  in  lallas',  none; 
1  duties  if  the  cargo  be 

per  day.    O'her  DAt{oQ«| 
■ejfii'er  nietiurement. 
=  20  reali  vellon.    On* 
rknn  444  doll^in  =^7  lOOf., 
an  eijrort  duty  of  1  p«r 

)00  11)8.,  or  4  arrobat  of 
;li«h,  or  46  kitosnimiiies. 
'rrticti  frtls  or  autim;  61 
[{.iniliurkch  ells.  1  fanen 
arruba  of  wiuQ  or  spirlti 

Ives  hy  'he  cnnntpnance 
iffsted  iii»ny  of  the  porti 

in  ipJ  h<  r  rcvn'tnl  coIo* 

le  Mi-xlcmi  niid  dclont* 

The  con.mcrce  of  tha 

attncka,  th.it  thry  wrrtt 
,firk  th«'  haiuiitt;  m  their 

hid  in  vain  Bought  fro-n 
ot  Mire  tbal  ihe  ouiaoca 

*ed  Humbnldt'i  atandanl 
M,  r.iri'.  1E<26;  and  iha 
lVi%l»>31;  the  excellent 
piil>'ishc)  at  Ilavatinah 
far  June  1830;  the /Jii|. 
jcil.  p.  33:t. ;  Pointett't 
Papen  pullnhid  fry 
nd  prtviUt  Cfmmi/iiica- 
hiished  at  Uavannab. 


sea-port  town 
or  them  bank,  ia 


HAVRE. 


746 


Alsrtiiur.~TlM  hirhonr  of  Havre  Cfiniliti  of  3  tmlns,  Incloieil 
within  Iha  w.ilU  nf  the  town,  alT'inliiif  accfttnnKHlaii'in  fi)r  alKiul 
4&0  ihipi.  CaiHi  de  It  Ifevr,  turmmt  'he  n'lrlhern  eitrenijty  of  the 
Seine,  tin  N.  N.  W,  rmin  Havre,  dixtant  ahout  i  l-i  miles.  It  li 
•levatL-ct  IW  f^et  alMiva  the  levrl  of  ihe  a  a,  an'l  ii  surtfi^uiile'J  hy  3 
k4hl-'iouv-t  ^0  feai  high.  1  hew,  which  are  3i'i  feer  apar'.  eihftiil 
powerful  ftxMl  lijthls.  There  is  ai>'^  a  hrllliinl  harUmr-lifhl  ai  thu 
enlniDce  to  the  port,  on  the  citn-nilty  of  the  western  Jttiy.  Hat  re 
has  2  ma  litea  Is.  I'he  gm\  or  outer  mail  is  al>nul  k  leaiue  from 
the  port,  and  rather  more  th.iR  1-2  leat'i"  VV.  9.  W.  fr»im  Cape  dn  ta 
Heve :  the  little  or  inner  nial  is  alHiut  1-2  Irainie  from  the  port, 
and  ebniit  3  4  of  a  mile  S.  S,  R.  fnun  Ca,\m  de  la  Heve  Thuy  are 
tcparttH  liy  the  v*ati  liank  callfl  J^eclit;  twtwecn  which  and  the 
tau  called  Itt  iSfauM  d»  la  Fad*  is  the  west  paaaaga  to  the  port. 


The  Tine,  or  eniithem  psimj^,  lies  between  the  last  menllnurd  bank 
and  that  of  Amfir.  tn  the  grral  rnal  there  li from  6 to 7  l-Jfa'h<>nia 
water  at  ebb  ;  and  in  the  little,  from  3  to  3  1-3.  Lt{{«  "hips  nlwsvf 
lie  ju  the  rormer.  The  risi  of  the  tide  is  fnini  22  to  27  fret ;  and  hf 
taking  ndvantaM  of  it,  Ihe  larieat  clan  of  merchmtnien  enter  th« 
(Hirt.  The  wafer  in  the  hnrtxinrdiiM  not  hrxin  perceiitibly  to  sutn 
side  tilIalMiut3  Itours  after  hi^h  water,— a  peculiarity  avrilied  la 
Ihe  ctirreiit  down  the  Seine,  acnias  the  cntranre  (o  thf  harlKiur.beioff 
iufficienlly  powerful  tn  dam  up  fur  a  while  the  walti  in  the  Ulter. 
I^rice  Heeli,  takJnx  advanta^  of  this  circuma'anre,  aie  able  lo  Irava 
Ihe  port  in  a  aingle  tide,  and  gel  to  sea,  even  though  thr  wind  should 
be  unfavourable  —(See  /fan  of  Havft^  pub)  iihvd  l)V  Mr,  LawU  ; 
Annuain  du  Commtnt  Martftfme  Jar  1833,  p,  211.  i  t'ouJMr  fur 
ttf  Phart$^  p.  69,  fcc.) 


TVarftf,  ^c— Havre  bfllnfti  tn  fhct,  the  principal  sea-port  of  ParU,  moit  of  the  colontal  and  other  fo- 
reiRn  protliicts  deilliied  for  tho  cnnsuinption  of  that  city  are  Imported  Into  It.  It  hai  also  a  considera- 
ble trade  of  Itrf  own.  The  principal  articles  of  uxport  are  silk  and  woollen  atufTs,  Ince,  gloves, trinkets, 
perfumery,  Burffundy,  Chainpnffiie,  and  other  wines,  brandy,  books,  &c.  Besides  colonial  products 
and  spices,  the  Imports  principally  consist  of  cotton,  Indigo,  tobacco,  hides,  dye  woods.  Iron,  tin,  dried 
fish,  &c.    Grain  and  flour  are  sometimes  Imported  nndsometimeaexpnrted. 

Monirg,  HVi;7AM,  and  ^f  usurer  same  as  those  of  the  rest  of  France.— (See  Bokdeavx,  and  Weiqhts 

AND  MkaSUREH.) 

It  is  f!HtiiniitHd  that  tho  entire  vnttie  of  the  dilTerent  articles  Imported  Into  Havre,  in  1830,  amounted 
to  ^0,000,000  francs,  or  nboiit  10,000,000<.  sterling.  Of  this  siitn,  the  cotton  imported  was  estimated  at 
36,000.000  fr. ;  the  sufffirs  of  the  French  colonies  at  44,000,000  fr..  and  those  of  ffirotf^n  connlries  at 
6,000,000  fr. ;  cofTee  14,000,000  fr. ;  indiff 0,2,000,000  fr.;  tobacco  4,000,000  fr.,  &c.  The  customs  duties 
at  Havre  diirlnff  the  same  year  amounted  to  2^,870,535  fr.,  tieing  nearly  1 1  per  cent.  u|>on  tlie  eHtimnted 
value  of  the  imports.  Them  entered  the  port,  in  tho  same  year,  1,481  French  and  other  ships,  coming 
from  foreign  countries  and  the  colonies  of  France,  nnd  2,095  coasting  vessels,  including  tliose  navigat- 
ing the  river  ;  03  ships  entered  en  rtldche  and  in  ballast. — {Bulletin  dea  Sciences  Qio^raphiquea,  torn. 
xvl.  p.  3W.  and  tom.  xxiil.  p.  370.) 

^rrivaU.—ln  1833,  there  entered  the  port,  44  ships  from  Martinique,  78  from  Ouadaloiipe,  213  frora 
the  United  Btates,  30  from  Brazil,  1  from  Peru  and  Chili,  23  from  IIuyll,0  from  Mexico,  II  from  Monte- 
Video  and  Buenos  Ayres,  3  from  Colombia,  10  from  the  Havannah  and  St  lago,  1  from  Rt.  Thomas,  3 
fi'om  Cayenne,  3  from  Senegal,  4  from  the  Isle  de  Bourbon  and  the  Mauritius,  6  from  the  East  Indies* 
3  from  China,  and  11  from  the  whale  fishery]  iu  all,  447.— (.^Mnuairs  du  Commerce  Maritime,  toiu.  ii.  p. 
843.) 

The  total  arrivals  at  Havre  tn  1833  were 


French  ahlpi  frnm  foreign  countries 

— — —  rrcnch  coloo!ea     • 

■    '    "^        coasters     •  •  • 

from  (he  cod  ud  whale  fUhery 


FurcifD  vessels 


Ship). 
250 

Tmnaii. 
44,934 

Crow. 

2,536 

130 

3i,72l 

1.643 

2,521 

1 59.093 

9,328 

14 

4,940 

424 

495 

125,029 

Total*,      •    3,410         366,717 


In  reipect  to  the  Imports  of  cotton,  Havre  ii  to  the  other  French  Porta,  what  Liverpool  is  to  the  other 
port!  of  England.    We  iiibjoin  an 

Account  of  the  Impnrti  of  Cotton  Into  France  in  183!)  and  1834,  with  tho  Stocks  on  Hand,&c.,  speci- 
fying in  detail  t|ie  Imports  and  Stocks  of  Havre  and  Mameillus. 


IS33. 

1834.                                               1 

Stock,  lilJu. 
Hivrc 
ManeillM  . 
Othsr  Furl, 

Importi, 
Havre 
Maneilln  ■ 
OtlierFaite 

Sold. 
Havre 

Maneillei   . 
Other  Torn 

United 
Statea. 

Brull. 

Eiypi. 

Otlier 

SortF. 

Total  in 

dilTfreut 

Porti. 

United 
Stain. 

Bniil. 

EWP'- 

Other 

Sorii, 

Total  in 

diiri:renl 

Porta. 

Balfi. 
16,270 
1,150 
930 

Balei. 
549 

Bala. 
750 

Bala. 

181 

I,3i:0 

850 

Bala. 
17,000 
3,200 
l.SOO 

Bala. 
29,832 
3,911 

1,400 

Bala. 

3,340 

350 

100 

Bala. 
'6,63J 

Bala 

829 

4,1U7 

1,500 

BaUt. 
34,000 
l.,.X0 
3.000 

18,370 

549 

730 

2,331 

22,000 

35,143 

3,790 

6,632 

6,435 

62,C<» 

181,611 
21,470 
14,239 

22,410 

2,127 

726 

'37,280 

6.283 

16,ni2 
4,285 

210,304 
76.819 
I9,2J0 

184,057 

19,6ii7 
18,074 

14,2)8 
2,822 

7W 

20,243 
1ol243~ 

■  1  ,' ) 
19,7..  1 

201,447 
54,251 
23,974 

217,320 

25,263 

37,250 

26,580 

306,443 

221,798 

17,872 

168,049 
19,709 
13,789 

19,619 

1,777 

626 

31,398 

5,636 
13,20j 
3,635 

193,304 
55,089 
18,0.10 

194,180 
23,078 
18,874 

15,698 

3,172 

742 

23^75 

3.W2 
13,626 

5,358 

213,440 
63,2il 

24,»74 

301.665 

iO0,W 

22,022 

31,399 

22,476     !     276,443 

2M,t32  1     19,512 

23,375 

22,646 

IJniteil  SI.1IM. 

Bra 
lia 

' 

zil. 

Ewpt. 

Other  Stirti. 

Total. 

Slock,  lilJaii.1 
Havre 

Marteiltes  - 
Other  Porn 

£35. 

; 

Baitt. 

19,700 
600 
600 

WO 
30 

Balet. 
3,500 

Bala. 

300 

8.000 

1,2» 

Bala. 

I       30,000 
) 

Arcorlinr  lo  the  Anicricin  oflicial  account.,  there  were  .^hipped  for  Fnnce,dnrinK  the  vear  enrled  30th  of  September,  1833,  76.812,449  Iba. 
of  cnllon,  valuFi  at  8,843.339  .Inllin.  The  eiporti  la  England  during  the  fame  year  were  238,241,746  IU.,  valued  at  26,2M,9~0dollan! 
— (/"apeu  laid  t;/o«  Congrai,  tii  of  April,  1834.) 

For  the  quantities  of  sugar  and  coffee  imported  into  Havre  in  the  years  1829,  IS30, 1831,  and  I83'3, 
see  pott. 

We  avail  nurnelvps  of  this  opportunity  to  lay  before  our  renders  the  following  official  stalo- 
ments  Its  to  the  Foreipn  Trade  nnti  Navigation  of  France  for  1833. 

On  thj  ne.xt  pa^o  will  hi-  found  nn  account  of  the  valiU!  of  the  diflerent  descriptions  of  gnoils  (ex- 
clii!<ive  of  coin  and  hullion)  imported  into  and  exported  from  France  in  1833,  specifying  the  mode  in 
which  they  were  impnrt(>d  and  exported  ;  the  value  of  Ihe  imported  goods  eiitored  fnr  home  con- 
sumption, with  the  duty  thereon,  and  on  the  exports.— (^i/minutration  dei  Douanes,  lii33,  p.  4.) 
Voi»I.-3R  94 


flu 


I:' 


^       \\ 


'i 


1% '  3 


746 


HAVRE. 


I 


i 

G 

e 

M 

u 

a 

H 


so 


>« 


II 


1i 

En 


#t 


Hi 


Jr 


i^_'^  jtolijj    of    of-        --of    a>g-ui-'cjY. 


i 


'*»'Bd-'»''"2g'$-a"6«'-iS''"2' 


^ 
^ 


•FS. 

h 


«<«& 


w'-vr-'rf    tf    3cef    ofr>frf— 


I 


I 


.14. 


i 


••3 


•si 

.l5 


.1. 

3 

s 

"4" 


11 

a  u 


■ggl 


11 

.a 


»*' 


3  K. 


X| 


If;.-  r  'I  3  ££.".« 


ii 


i 


& 


£1 


IMI 


I 


Mm 

*"  to  in  I-  f 


111 


•I 


HAVRE. 


747 


I 


fi  i  ^  p  plipi  m  f 


833!  piK%m 


irfrf  -' 


-•ofV 


:3§5;^S^3?,73;p.5Pg;irs3;ap.P^|.|6?35|«  •  •BJS^  i?|i3E!?3Sa 


Isl-MiiP'plilil-Pl*^ 


s|-- 


h,J{v».s^i 


&-    a; 


ad'  ■* 


'3gl 


1  =  8   I      a.a 


III 


■SES 


•ll 


•Sf 


5-fl^ 


l.»tS 


•9-3 


•:C 


sitS^sliS 


8i:!f 


f 

a. 

^3 


■if       ^ 

lilli 


ll- 


?=|a|l| 


^sl 


■S-S^l-f 


,    4)  S.  ( 

£.^  Els 


11 

aft 


5"   ■Ss.? 


f' 'il  • 


i  B 


748 


HAVRE. 


!    «f pppiip IJIJU    »      SI 


!P52|5ii}3i»5KP*W3l  "WS"  i5^?l  ES' 


3 

i 


-'Ssf 


Z'itZ' 


I      I 
5     I 


.9 
II 


is' 


..II 
'll 

SO  — 

'  '  *  if  ?■?-. 

f-.S  5  ^  S 

..mil 

lg,pT  "-"'■•■  ■ 


II 
Mi 

C.9 


'■i'3 


"11,1 

liiili 


1 
8 

u 

II 


,  »; 


IS 


I 


HAVRE. 


749 


JWm,— Ofufrnl  e»iiiiii«r(«,  nn  iip|ill«(t  to  Immrli,  moiini  nil  nrtlrliti  Itnportitd  hy  ioR  nr  Und,  wllhntit 
in(|iilrln|  wh«lh«r  lhi>y  Krx  liitnnilitil  In  hn  ciitiatimril,  r«-<ii|HirtKil,  or  wnri  hniund.  Sfttial  eomHitnt, 
•■  ap|)lliiil  In  Irnimrti,  in«ani  iiirh  liii|inrted  trilclim  ■■  hava  bovii  •diiilllod  I'ur  hiima  ciiiiiiuiii|>lliin, 
undiT  piyiiirnt  ofihn  ciintunii)  ilullea. 

TliH  aiiiiiH  diitliii'lloii  iihlnlna  In  ruLilInn  tn  txporti.  Otntrat  etmmirr;  In  thU  rnaa,  iiifnna  nil 
•X|Mirt«d  urtlelna,  wllhotil  r«(ard  tn  thnir  origin  |  wlill*  if4eial  catnaMrta  nianni  lueh  only  ai  ara  pro- 
dticed  by  Ilia  anil  or  iimnulUciurni  of  Franca. 

Acciiiint  of  the  Qiiantlllei  nt  the  dlfTt^rnnt  Rnrti  of  Rnlinn,  flitinr,  CnlTlia,  1ndl|o,  Ike.,  Imported 
inio  ilnvrn,  diirlnf  IHJ3,  1834,  1833,  \Kii,  and  IMII,  with  llie  Hlucjia  of  L'utlon,  ttc,  e.ilatlng  on  tlin 
lat  of  January,  l»36.— {Journal  du  llavrt,  3d  January,  IbSti.) 


Cotialrlai  wkMMt  thajp  eama. 

Impnrta                                               | 

Morki  let  of 
Jeuuirir,  lii38. 

111,800 

ItU. 

1184. 

ins. 

IMI. 

1(31. 

CalMi. 
If.  N.  Amarlc*         •          •  balM 
llniil                     •          •    — 
Utiwrwrti   •          .          •    - 

Biurlnn                           •    ttp 
Havuiiuli  mi  St.  Juo      •  buui 
Brull                    .          .     _ 
UilMrmrti  .          .          •     — 

kkrUiilqui  iMiauailaloaiM,  l>Mt, 

Ultto-          .          .          ■    - 

illiio.          .          .          ■    — 

Bourbon       ■       *  >           •  balH 

Hiyli,  (llfwt            -           *   b:tn 

Ditto '          .          •          •  euiii 

V.irloiu  other  lorli  •          •  b*i|i 

Dliio-          •          •          •    tn. 

UltUi'          .         •          .hbdi. 

Indie  >, 

Eul  Inillu       •          .      clmM 

American          •          -      leroiii 

Cocoa                   •           .  pack>(a< 

Ten           •                    •      chMli 

Hidee        •          •          .          No, 

iM,aiw 

ia,iM3 

t;»ii 

1(4,017 

1111,100 

11,410 

8,11* 

I(J,M4 
l»,lf« 
1,43» 

114,118 

14,006 
1,379 

114,909 

9ai,4l( 

iio,Ma 

1(4,118 

I37,M1 

8A,M9 

17,MD 

17 

(81 

4,1  IS 

971 

,,0J. 

1,4IM 

74,030 

11 

I9,IM 

80 

1,3(1 

9,8|8 

1,170 
4,916 

180,140 

89,430 

97,838 

1 

471 

»,»8T 

l,M4 

l,MI 
49,719 

'  73,118 
3fl« 
8M 

8,BS5 
Ml 

9,745 

7.308 

10B,!UU 

80,*10 

tn*' 

7 
I,RI1 

s,8«a 

111,810 

M 

71,M1 

BOS 

1,311 

7,114 
l3,iU» 
I1H,094 

48.000 

"•T7 

(0 

6,813 

1,149 

4,a«o 

130 
l,Mt 

WT 

3,170 

M 

4,774 

8,1SH 

I33,1W 

ta,4M 
98,170 

WIS 

m 

S,/SM 
1,01)1 

W4 

9,731 

191 

n,MS 

138 

4ia 

378 
1,818 
9,800 

m.'ioo 

•,1100 

ll>. 

1,110,1X10 

m 


Summary  Bintement  of  the  Commerce  of  Franca,  during  the  Year  1833. 


IMmKTS. 


Imperii. 


Mntarltl  for  nennhclurinf  ' 
Do.    lor  eoniunipUan 
Roe 
Wrau|ht      • 

Totnli    ■ 


Morchandlu  loiporteil. 
(Ovneml  Coimiierca.) 


Fraru$. 
903,lijO,/>ai 

138,0)1. IM 
17,816,419 


467,1 17,!'9 


Bjr  Land. 


Fmna, 
136,347,133 

I4,S75,9!I7 
7i,136,3»3 


I16,1S^»7^ 


Toltl. 


Frana, 
439,017,798 

150,^97,188 
I03,OJO,771 


603,275.751 


Merchandiia  enlerfrl  fbr  Contumption. 
(Spaclil  Coniinerea.) 


Value. 


rratm. 
344,U4,04I 

111,914,800 

34,6«9,830 


491,137,471 


Duty  raceltad. 


Frttfia. 
41,831,677 

63.6W.IM4 
(,178,S66 


101,898,816 


EXPORTS. 


Eipoile. 


Raw  - 

Manufndarad 


Tolali 


French  Merchandlw. 
(OflDcral  Commerce.) 


By  Sea. 


fVano. 
K»,311i,084 
34S,0W,475 


680,408,859 


By  Land. 


rnince. 
68,501,669 
167,406,186 


216,007,753 


Total. 


France. 
983,fil9,6<j] 
601,488,860 


766,316,311 


French  Merchandlia. 
(Special  Commerce.) 


Value. 


frano. 
t64,6f>3,01T 
404,771,017 


659,415,064 


Duly  recalved. 


fiana. 

8.'t<,»77 
417,603 


l,lJ6,Sn 


NAVIGATION. 


ArrlTale. 


French 
Foraifn 

Totali 


Shipa. 


JVo. 
S,WI 
6,116 


8,676 


Ton- 
nage. 


T'oiu. 
368,157 
611,73) 


9e0,$91 


Merchandiie  imported. 
(Oeneiml  Commerce.) 


Colonfei.       '<•"'*»• 


fVance. 
64,093,116 


64,096,115 


Frana. 
214,0-,«,I3( 
I88,'J63,8(5 


408,011,964 


ToUI. 


fraficr. 
178,163,354 
188,963,816 


467,117,179 


DrpiTtvm 


French 
Foreign 

Totali 


Shipa. 


ATo. 
3,675 
4,580 


8.156 


Ttin- 


Tom. 
318,840 
461,028 


781,868 


French  and  Foreign  MerchudlK, 
(OenenI  Commerce.) 


French 
Colonlaa. 


Frarut, 
41,019,864 


41,619,!I64 


Foreign. 


Fruites, 
197JIS.49I 
310,460,101 


807,778,696 


TotaL 


/ranee. 
239,948,358 
3IO,i60,10[ 


660,408,669 


WAREHODSG  TRADE. 


Value  of  merchandiie;  — 

In  warehouae  on  the  Slit  of  December,  1833 

Entered  during  the  year  IS3S 


JBy 
(By 


imp.rl.tlon     .  .|Ji,7.|, 

change  of  wanbouee 


{For  connmplion  •         • 

For  m^iportation  •  jlj^ 

By  change  oT  wmiebouie 

h  wiretonee  on  the  Slat  of  Deeembar,  I83S 


rranea. 
97J64,577 
408.195,497) 
10,901,009  V  440,139,117 
14,042,670 

Totnl    _._• .   637,491,70«' 


424,633,6(8 


111,960^111 


3b2 


'li      i 


tMffJSJ 


750 


HAVRE. 


Bummary  Statement— cond'nued 


TRANSIT  TRADR. 

BOUNTIES,  COIN,  lie 

Eip<>rti. 

Value  of  Art  relet,  which,  pauing  through  FruDCfl 
in  traiuitu,  have  been  despatched  in  183J. 

Bounties:—                                                                              Ftanet. 
Value  of  eiporta,  with  bounty  ....     99,AiO,9l6 
Reciivul  for  Iraunliea 18,18j,t)34 

Coin  and  bullion!-- 

The  trade  in  coin  and  bullion  is  not  taken  into  account 

in  the  ahnve  itatentent  of  iinp(irt<t  and  exports- 
Value  of  importa.iud  exports  of  coin  aiid  Mmporta    -    l90,:nj6,Kl1 
bullion                                               iuporla    •     ii!),tl45,13l 

Seilures  :— 

Amount  of  seizuira  on  importation      .          .          -       I,I7I,SC0 

By  Frrnch 
Shipa. 

By  Fnreifn 
.Shipa. 

Franen 
1,0' 1,930 
27,K)6,OW 

By  Laud. 

Ftann. 
2(I,W»,I12 
23,NJ9,760 

Total. 

Raw  prrHl. 
\Januuc. 

Tutili 

Fmiiti. 
2i,66i.!Kil 
9,7t>i,189 

35,4^^1,190 

Frann. 
47,ai3,US 
60,838,032 

2t<,24&,033 

44,197,872'  107,871,055 

Prirea  of  Commodilim,  Duty  paid  and  in  Bond,  Tares,  Commercial  Movances,  ^-n. — These  important 
pnrtit'iilnrii  iiiiiy  he  lenrncil  by  the  inspection  of  tlie  gulijoined  Price  Current  for  tlie  Bocond  weelt  of 
September,  lti3H.  Tlie  diities  on  the  urticles  mentioned  nrn  niao  given;  bnt  it  {»  mnt<t  prnlialiie  that 
Boine  of  these  will,  at  no  very  distant  period,  be  varied.  But  the  other  particulars  embodied  in  it  will 
always  render  it  an  important  document. 


Havre  Price  Current,  15th  of  September,  1830. 


' '  '               Duty  paid.  In  Bond.      1 

Fr.  U.  Ft.  et.  Fr.  cl.  Ft.  d.  ' 
Ashea,  perSOIiil. 

i'ol,  New  York         •           ■    67    0  to  0    0  0    0  to  0    0 

dii.  •          -           .           -00.00  00-00 

I'iiiland      ■           •           -SOSO-OO  00-00 

KiiMia  Casan         .           -53    0-00  00-00 

Feirl,  An\erican       -           -67    0-00  00-00 

do.    -           -           -           -00-00  00-00 

Duty  on  nett  weiiht :  bv  French  vesnels  frnin  European  WTts,  9  fr. 

90  ct-  i  (mm  elsewhere,  6  fr,  23  ct.    By  foreign  vesaels,  ll  fr.  65  ct. 

— (S<-e  cxreplions  at  Note  A.) 

Coniinercial  and  Custuni-house  tare,  12  per  cent 


Bark  (Ji'suils'),  per  I  2  kil. 

I/trtisa      ....    nominal  1  SO  to  0 

Callvsuyi,  curled  -  -        do.  I  35  •  2 

do.  Ilal   ■  .  ■  .do.  I  35   ■   2 

Duty  on  nett  weinht !  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  whatever, 
I7l-2ct.  From  countries  westof  Cape  Horn,  13  3-4  ct.  By  foreign 
vfssc's,  55  ct. 
Custnni-house  tar>  rin  chests,  12  per  cent. ;  nn  serons,  2  per  cent. 
Cotiiiiierri.il  tart- :  on  cases,  real ;  on  serons  of  70  kil.  and  up- 
s>arls,  8  kil. ;  of  40  kil.  and  upwards,  6  kil. ;  and  of  20  kil.  and  up- 
wards, 4  kil. 


Cotton,  per  1-2  kit. 
Upland  ■ 

Alabama  and  Tennessee 
Mobile  - 
I./iuisiana  . 

E»ea  Island 
Fernanibuco 
Bahia     . 
Maranham 
St.  Domingo 
faila      - 
Sural  and  Benjral 


Duty  paid. 
Fr.  ct.  Fr,  it. 


In  Bond. 
Fr.  ct.  Fr.  cl. 


I  12  to    I  67        1     1  to    I  46 


10 
I  12 
1  12 
3    0 

I  .to 

I  30 

0  0 

1  35 

I  35   . 
0  M 


1  47 
I  70 
I  77 
6  50 
1  95 
1  83 

0  0 

1  45 
I  43 
090 


099 
1  1 
I     I 

0  0 

1  19 
I  19 

none. 
I  24   -    I  34 
0    0-00 
0    0-00 


I ; 

I  59 
I  66 

0  0 

1  84 
1  74 


Bees*  wajt  pep  1 2  kil. 

' 

North  American  vetlow 

1  90to  2    0 

nnminal 

Ntw  Orleans,  do. 

-     1  BO   -    1  90 

nniniii.il 

RiiuK 

2    0   •  2  10 

nominal 

Hivannah 

-    1  7.)   .    !  M) 

noniinal 

Senegal 

•00-00 

0    0-00 

Duty  on  tpnm  weight :  by  Krf  nth  vessels  from  Gurop-*  in  port*, 
6  1-2  ct. ;  from  etsewhcre,  4  2-5  ct.  I)y  foreign  veaeli  'Oixi  any 
port  whatrver,  8  I  •  *  ct.~(See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

Conimercial  tare :  real. 

Caaia  lignea^  per  1-2  kiL 

in  niata      .  .  •  .    nominal  0  70  to  0  72 

io  chests    .  -  .  •    nominal  0  72   .  0  75 

Duty  on  nett  vrei^ht :  bv  French  vessels  from  the  East  Indies^  18 
1-3  ct. ;  from  elsewhere,  33  2-3  ct.    By  fiireign  vessels  from  any  port 
wliatever»5;>ct.—  !St'e  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
Custom -hmiie  tare  :  nn  chests,  12  per  cent. ;  on  matt|  2  per  cent. 
Comnr.ercial  tare :  real. 

Cochine.it,  per  I  2  kil. 

■IIver>-,  from  ord.  to  fine        -    0    Oto  0    0       10  60  to  10  75 

fojy,  do.  do.    -  -  •    0    0  .   0    0       10    0  - 10  25 

black,  do.  do.  •  .  •    0    0   •  0    0       II    0  -1123 

Duty  on  nett  "eipht :  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  whatever, 

82  1-2  ct.    By  foreign  vessels  do.  89  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

Cuslom-house  tare  ;  in  casks,  12  per  cent. ;  in  serons,  2  per  cent. 

Commercial  tare:  re^l. 

Cocon,  Caraccas,  per  l*2ktl.  •    nominal  1  10  to    I  15 

Guayaquil  ■  -  >        none  0  50  •   0  5 1 

Bra/il      •  •  •  by  French  vessels    0  60  •   0  62 

Triiiidai  •  -  •  none  0    0        0    0 

Puty  ftn  ttetl  weight  t  by  French  vessels  from  the  French  cnlo* 
BiHti,  22  cl.  J  from  counlriea  'vwt  of  Cape  Ifitni,  27  1-2  ct. ;  from 
EnroiM-an  ports  52  M  ct. ;  from  elsewhere.  30  1-4  cl.  By  foreign 
vevtU  from  any  port  whatever,  67  3-4  ct— (See  exceptions  at 
Note  A.) 
Cuitnm-hnuie  tare  :  on  ca^ks,  12  per  cent ;  on  ban.  3  per  cent 
Commercial  tare:  on  cadts,  real ;  on  bags,  2  per  cent 

Coffee,  per  1-2  kil. 

St.  l)omingo,  from  ordinary  > 
fofine    -  -  -     5 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico    • 
I..a  Giiayra        ... 
Bio         • 

Java,  Sumatra^  and  Fadang 
Mocha 


Duty  nn  nett  weight :  on  Inn;  or  short  staple,  by  French  vessels 

-  1  from  the  French  colonies,  2  3.4  ct. ;  from  Eumjtean  porln,  (Turkey 

^  I  excepted),  16  1-2  ct.;  from  the  East  Indies,  6  1-2  ct. ;  from  other 

0     conntries,  II  ct.    By  for  isn  vessels  (except  from  Tiiik(;y)t  '■*  I  4ct. 

I(y  Frcnrh  vessels  trom  Tuikey,  8  14  ct. ;  by  foreign  vessels  from 

Turkey,  13  3*4  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A  ) 

Cnstum-hnii^e  tare  :  6  per  ctnt.  un  bales  of  50  kil.  and  above,  and 
8  per  cent,  on  bales  under  50  kil. 

Commercial  tare ;  on  United  Stales'  cotton*,  6  per  cent,  cords  oif ; 
on  Brazil  cottons,  4  per  cent. ;  on  St.  Domingo,  in  liales,  6  per  cent.; 
on  Cumana  and  Caraccas,  7  kil.  per  seron  atiove  40  kil. ;  and  6  kil. 
per  seron  of  40  kil.  and  under. 

Draft :  2  kil.  on  Sea  Uland  and  Bengal ;  3  kil.  on  all  other  de- 
scriplioni  in  bales  exceeding  50  kil. :  and  1  J-2  kit.  uimn  bales  under 
50  kil. 

Elephants' teeth,  per  1-2  kil.  •    3  60  to   8    0  none 

Duty  on  nptt  weight :  whole  or  in  pieces  of  nmre  than  I  kil.  by 
French  vessels  fn>m  Senetjal,  13  3-4  ct. ;  from  other  Africm  settle- 
ments, 22  ct. :  from  ttie  Eist  Indies,  19  1-4  ct. ;  from  ebeubrre,  30 
1-4  ct.  By  foreign  vessels  from  any  ])ort  whatever,  3S  1-2  cl. 
Pieces  of  I'kil.  and  under,  double  the  above  duties.~(See  exceptions 
at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  and  Custom-house  tare:  real. 


OOtoOO       063  to  065 


0 

0 

0 

1    0  •    I  30 

1  40   -    1  45 


0  -  0 
0  .  0 
0  .  0 


073 
0  75 
0  62 
0  0 
0    0 


I    0 

0  0 
0  75 
0  0 
0    0 


Duly  on  nett  weight;  by  French  vessfl'  *"r;:rM  the  E.ast  Indies  42 
9-10  cl. ;  from  European  [Kirts,  55  ct. ;  irom  elsewhere  52  1-4  ct. 
By  foreign  veweis  from  any  port  whatever,  57  3-4  ct.— (See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 
Otmtmn-hiMise  tare :  on  casks,  12  per  cent. ;  on  Ingi,  2  per  cent. 
Commercial  tare :  on  casks  real ;  on  bags,  2  per  cent. ;  nn  Mocha 
coffee  the  tire  runs  from  4  1-2  to  12  12  kil.  upon  bales  of  75  to 
200  kil. 


Copper,  South  American,  per  1*2  kil. 
Russian  an''  British 


1  10  to   I  12       none,  nom. 

1  l)   •    I  20       none,  nom. 

Duty  on  gross  weight;  «y  French  \es^els  from  European  ports, 

I  1*10  ct. ;  from  ehewlicre,  1 1-20  ct.    By  foreign  vessels  from  any 

|iorl,  wlialever,  I  13-20  ct.— (S)e  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

Coounercialtare:  rciL 


Gums,  Senegal,  per  i-2  kil. 

-    1  2510 

0    0 

1  20to   0 

0 

E.  India  copal,  scrapetj 

.20. 

2    S 

0    0-0 

0 

copal,  soft,  not  scraped 

.    0  60   . 

0  55 

0    0-0 

0 

shellac,  orange  - 

.     1  92   - 

1  93 

nominal 

do.  ftirnet 

•    1  liO   - 

I  82 

nominal 

do.  liver 

.     1  45    - 

1  .55 

nomitial 

Duty  on  Senegal,  gross  weight:  bv  French  vessels  from  Senegal, 
5  1-2  cl. ;  from  European  ports,  13  3-4  ct. ;  fn)m  elsewhere.  II  ct 
By  foreign  vessels  from  any  port  wlualever,  16  1-2  ct.— \See  excep< 
tions  at  No*e  A.) 

Oinmiercial  (are  :  on  casks,  real ;  on  bagR,  2  per  cent. 

Duty  on  copal,  nett  weight:  l.y  French  vessels  from  the  East  Tn» 
diet,  27  1-2  ct. ;  from  Etiropean  i)()rf.s,  55  ct. ;  fn>m  eNewhcre,49 
1-2  ct.  By  foreiifn  vessels  from  any  iwrt  whatever,  tW  3-4  cL— (See 
exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

Cnmni.Tcial  tare :  real. 

Duty  on  shellac,  nett  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  the  East  In- 
dies, 77- 100  ct. ;  fitmi  else\vhere,2  1-5  ct.  By  fDrcisii  vessels  from 
any  port  whatever,  327  2CM)ct.— (Sec  exceptions  at  Nole  A.) 

Commercial  tare;  real. 

Hops  American      -  •  -00  to   00       00    none 

Duty  on  neit  weight:  bv  French  ves<fls  from  .inv  port  wh.itever, 
33  fr.'per  50  kil.  By  foreign  vessels,  36  fr.  2  1-2  "ct.— (See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 

Commercial  tare :  on  bales,  2  iwr  cent. 
Hides,  perl -i  kit. 

Buenos  Avttn    -  •  -0  76  to  090       00  to  00 

rernitnbucoand  Bahia,  sal*C(l     0  47-0ti5       00*00 
Rio  Janeiro       -  -  -070-084        00-00 

Carthagena  and  Caiaccas         -0  55-060        00>GO 
South  Americm  horse  hides,   ^ep    0  •   65  0       0    0-00 

Duty  on  gross  weight :  by  French  veswls  from  European  itorfs, 
5  1-2  ct.;  from  elsewhere,  2  3-4  ct.  By  fnreiitn  vessels  from  any 
port  w  hatever,  8  1-4  cl.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A  ) 

Five  tinll  liiile*  are  adniiliel  among  H)0  hides  wiiliout  allowance, 
and  1  kil.  is  allowed  fir  every  bull  hi'le  at)ove  that  number  to  thu 
extent  of  12 ;  when  more  tliaa  12  the  allowance  is  coQiitliouai. 
Horse  hair,  per  1>2  kil. 

Bueo'iB  Ayres,  short      •  -    1    6  to    I  lU  none 

from  mixed  to  long    -  •    1  15   ■    I  75  nr.rie 

Duty  on  gross  weight:  by  French  and  foreign  vessels,  1  3-8  ct.— 
(Sue  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
Cominercial  tare  :  real, 
(ndigo,  |H'r  1-2  kil. 

Bengal  •  .  -00  to   00       00  to   06 

superfine  violet  and  blue        •     II  6D   •  II  75        0    0-0 
do.  violet  ud  purple  •         •    10  60- 10  76      00*01 


to  arcount 
?orti. 

hri|iortt    " 
Mporli    • 


99,260,916 


1,171,50) 


—These  important 
lie  socond  week  of 
iiio?t  pioliiihle  that 
embodied  in  it  will 


ty  mW. 
c(.  >V.  d. 

2  to   I  57 
0  ■   I  47 


I  70 
1  77 
6  50 
I  95 
1  »5 

0  0 

1  45 
-  1  45 
0-090 


In  Bond. 
Fr.  ct.  Fr.  ct. 

1    1  to   I  48 
0  99  -   I  3« 


I    I 
I    I 

0  0 

1  19 
1  19 

none. 
1  94   •    1  34 
0    0.00 
0    0-00 


I  59 
I  68 

0  0 

1  84 
I  74 


0    0 

1  20  to   0 

0 

•i    6 

0    0-0 

0 

0  55 

0    0-0 

0 

1  fl-. 

nnminal 

1  82 

nnniinat 

1  55 

nnmiiiM 

rt  il.-i|ilf ,  by  French  veise1« 
n  Euro|iniu  |»)rH,  (Turkey 
idiM,  6  1-2  CI.  i  from  other 
EplfmmTuikcj),  W  1  4  ct. 
;t. ;  tiy  foreign  vessel*  from 
ole  A  ) 
es  of  fiO  kil.  and  above,  and 

ittonii,  6  per  cent,  cords  otf ; 
niiiifco,  in  l>ale«,  6  per  cent.; 
in  above  40  kil.  j  .iniiekil. 

ral ;  3  kil.  on  all  other  de- 
d  I  \-i  kil.  u|ion  li.ile>  under 

60  to  8    0  none 

ces  of  niitr«  than  1  kil.  hy 
;  from  other  Africin  jetlle- 
1-4  ct.  J  fnim  ebcu  hcri',  30 
(lort  whatever,  39  1.2  ct. 
>ve  dutia.— i:<ee  exceptions 

eil. 


m 


■ench  vessels  from  Senegal, 
front  elsewhere,  I)  ct 
r,  16  1-2  ct.— vSee  excep- 

^npi,  2  per  cent, 
vessrls  from  the  Fast  In- 
ct. ;  fr-om  eNewhcre,  49 
whatever,  68  3-4  cL— (See 

1  vessels  from  the  East  In- 
By  foreign  vessels  from 
eptioits  at  Nu(e  A.) 

0    0       0    0    none 
*  fioiii  ,inv  port  whatever, 
i  fr.  2  1-2  ct." tSee  excep- 


8to090  on  to  00 

0  65  0    0-00 

0  8.1  0    0-00 

.   0  60  0    0   -   C    0 

65  0  0  0-00 
Mils  from  European  i>nrts, 
y  foreiiin  vessels  from  any 
at  Nole  A  ) 

0  hides  without  allowance, 
above  that  ruimbcr  to  the 
>wance  is  couJitioual. 


6  to    1  lU 
5   •    I  75 
forcijn  vessels, 

none 
nr.ne 
1  38  cl.- 

)(o  0    0       0 
b  - 11  75       0 
a  -10  76      0 

Oto  0    « 
0  ■  0 
0  •  0   • 

OP' 


HAVRE. 


■JfW 


Udigo,  1)00  violet  and  Jo.  - 

rood  and  tnldd),  violet 

do.  red  do. 

luperflno  red   ■ 

good  do. 

orJin.  lo  fine  copper   • 
Eopliaa 

M'l.lru,  ordin.  to  fiue     ■ 
MaoilU,  do. 
GuateniaU^  flnrei 

•nbre  lalwnle  • 

cortea  .  -  - 

Caraccaa 


Dutr  paid. 
Fr.ei.  rr.d. 
10    0  •  10  85 


9  2A 

9  75 
10  0 
9  3) 
7  SO 
6    0 

6  50 

5  0 

7  75 
723 

6  fiO 
0 


75 

la  0 
i(r25 

9  50 
9  0 
8    0 

7  fiO 

8  0 
S  0 
760 
7  25 
825 


To  Bond. 
Pr,  et.  IV.  ct. 
0    0.00 


none 
0  .  0 
0  .  0 
0  •  0 
0   -  0 

none 


Duty  on  nett  weii lit :  hy  French  vnaela  from  all  placfs  ofgroivth 
nut  of  Europf ,  27  1-2  ct. ;  from  European  ports^  1  fr.  &?  ct.  j  fruin 
elsewhf^re,  110  ct.  By  foreign  vtsKla  froui  any  port  whatever,  2  fr. 
120  cl.— (Ste  eiceptions  at  Nole  A.) 

Cufttom'houH  tare :  on  cheats,  caski|  and  aerona,  real,  or  at  the 
option  of  the  importer,  12  per  cent,  on  cheita  or  ca:iki,  and  9  per 
cent,  on  seroni. 

Commercial  tare;  on  easki  or  chesta,  real:  on  ieron»  of  100  to 
110  kil.,  1 1  kil. :  on  do.  of  b5  m  S9  kil.,  10  kil. :  ou  do.  of  70  to  84 
kil ,  9  kil. ;  on  da  of  50  to  69  kil.,  7  kil. 

Allowance:  1  kil.  per  cheat. 

Ucdye,  perl-2kil.  *  •    3    Oto   5  40       0    0  to  0    0 

Duty  on  nett  weight:  by  French  veaaela  from  the  East  ludiee  27 

1*2  ct  ;  from  etaewhere,  ^1  14  ct.    By  foreign  veaaels  from  any 

|ort  whatever,  55  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  and  customhouie  tare  i  real. 

Ixadt  German,  per  50  kil.  -    35  50  to  3'j  87        nominal 

Spanish  and  Hriliah    •  -    35  50   -  36  fc^?         nnminal 

Duty  on  jroaa  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  whoever, 
S  fr.  75  ct.  By  foreign  veasels,  3  fr.  85  ct— (See  eiceptioua  at 
^ote  A.) 

Fepper,  light,  per  1-2  ki).    •  '079  to   080       00  to  00 

Duty  on  nett  wei)?lil :  by  French  veaselt  from  llie  East  Indies,  and 
from  countries  west  of  Cape  Horn,  S^  ct. ;  frr>ni  elsewhere.  44  ct. 
By  foreign  veaaels  from  any  port  whatever,  57  3*4  cU— (See  eicep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 
Cuatoin-hnuK  tare :  on  bags,  3  per  cent. 
Commercial  tare :  on  single  bags,  2  per  cent. 

Pimento,  per  1-2  kil. 

Jamaica  >  -  •    French  vessel       0  60  to  0    0 

Tobago  •  •  •  none  0    0   >  0    0 

Duty :  by  French  vessels  from  the  East  Indies  and  from  rountrira 

west  of  Cape  Horn, 24  3-4  ct.j  from  elsewhere,  49  1-2  cl.  By  foreign 

vessels,  63  1  4  ct 

Tares:  as  f.r  pepper. 
(Quercitron,  per  50  kil. 

Philadelphia  '  -         ^-    16    Oto  16  12       0    Oto  0    0 

New  York      -  •  •    14  75   -  15    0       0    0-00 

Duty  on  grosa  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  Eun'pran  ports, 

3  fr.  85  ct. ;  from  otner  countries,  2  fr.  20  ct.    By  foreign  vessels 
from  any  purt  whatever,  4  fy.  95  ct.— (See  exceptions  al  Note  A.) 

Commercial  tare:  12  per  cent. 

(j'^= '.•iiver,  per  1^2  kil.     •  •    4  30  to   4  40        nominal 

Duty  on  gross  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  what- 
ever, 1 1  ct.  By  fnn  i^n  vessels,  12 1-10  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  .\.) 

Commercis-u  tare :  reaL 
Rice,  Carolina,  1835,  per  50  kil.  •  23  60  to  26  0  0  OtoO  0 
Dutv  on  gross  weii^ht:  by  French  ve-ssels  from  places  of  growth 
out  01  Europe,  I  fr.  37  1-2  ct. ;  by  do.  ;rom  places  of  growth  in 
Europe  2  fr.  20  ct  ,  by  do.  from  European  poris,  nr  troni  l'i«l- 
niont  by  land,  3  fr.  30  ct.  By  foreign  vessels  from  any  port  what* 
ever,  or  by  land  from  any  country  whatever,  Piedmont  excepted, 

4  fr.  25  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  tare  i  12  per  cent 

Siltpetre,  crude,  per  50  kil.  •       nominal  41    0  to  41  50 

Nitrate  of  SO.U  -  -00-00       24    0-00 

Duly  on  nett  weight:  by  French  vesMls  from  countritt  out  of 
Europe,  8  fr.  25  ct. ;  from  elsewhere,  11  fr.  By  foreign  vessels 
from  ar.y  port  whatever,  13  fr.  75  ct  Nitrate  of  soda  by  French 
vessels  from  countries  out  of  Europe,  8  fr.  25  ct ;  from  elsewhere, 
II  fr.    By  foreign  vesMis,  13  fr.  7j  ct. 

Cusioin-honse  tare  :  2  pi  r  cent. 

ConmuTcial  tare :  6  kit.  per  double  bale  (rf  the  coitomary  form. 
Sarsnjnrilla,  per  1-2  kil. 

Caraccas  -  -  •        nominal  I  25  to    1  50 

Mexico  -  -00-00       0  95-10 

Ilonduras         ...        nominal  1  25   -   1  50 

Duty  on  nott  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  European  ports,  55 
cl. ;  from  elsewhere,  41  14  ct.  By  foi^gn  vessels  from  any  port 
whatever,  68  3-4  ct.— (See  exceptiDiis  at  Note  A.) 

Custom  house  tare :  on  bales,  2  per  cent. 

Commercial  tare:  on  bales,  according  to  broker's  estimation  J  on 
naked  bundles,  the  cords  are  deducted. 
Skins,  deer,  each        -  -  -1  75  to  60       OOtoOO 

Duty  per  50  kil.  on  gross  weight:  by  French  veasbla  from  any 
port  whatever,  55  ct    By  foreign  vessels,  60  1-2  ct— (8ee  exceptions 
at  Note  A.) 
Speller,  per  50  kil.  •  -    2S  50  to  29  50  none 

Duly  on  grow  weight:  6  (•2  ct  per  50  kil.  without  dislinctiou  of 
flag  or  derivation. 


Duty  paid, 
Fr,  ct.  Fr.  d. 

none 
0  0-0 
0    0-0 


In  Boa*!. 

Fr.  ct.  Fr.  A 

0    0-45    0 

0       42    0   -44    0 

0       20  50   .38    0 


Sugar,  brown  to  yellow 
Braxil,  white 

bmwn  to  yellow 
Benares  •  •  -   nnm.  by  Fr.  ves.  38    0   •  45    0 

Manilla  •  >  •    nom.  by  Fr.  vcs,  38    0-45    0 

Duty  on  nett  weight  t  raw  sugars  not  white,  by  French  vessels 
from  the  Eail  Indies,  44  f r. ;  from  European  ports,  r)2  fr.  25  ct } 
fnxn  cUewhere,  46  fr.  r^  ct  hyfort;ign  vessels,  3;'j  fr.  Itiw  sugars, 
white  or  cUyett,  without  dialinction  of  quality  or  mole  of  Tibrica- 
lion,  by  French  vessttls  from  the  East  Imlies,  4[i  Ir.  50  ct. ;  from 
European  ports,  57  fr.  75  ct  j  from  elsewhere,  52  fr.  25  ct.  By 
foreign  vessels,  66  fr.— (See  ckcepiiona  at  Note  A.) 

Custom-house  tare  :  on  cheats,  12  per  cent, ;  on  single  bags,  2  per 
Cf-nt. ;  on  double  bags,  4  per  cent. 

Ciimmerciol  tare;  Havannah  and  St  Jago,  chests,  13  per  cent) 
Brazil,  17  per  cent }  on  bags  uuder  75  kit,  5  kil.  [H^r  bag ;  do.  on  7& 
kil.  and  upwards,  6  kil. 
Tallow,  Russia,  per  50  kit  •    61    0  to  62    0  none 

Duty  on  gross  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  whatever, 
5  fr.  50  ct  By  foreign  vessels,  7  fr.  15  ct.— (See  exceptions  tt 
Note  A.) 


Commercial  tare :  12  per  cent. 

Tea,  Imperial,  |ier  1-2  kil. 

■  6  nto 

S2j 

3  70  to 

4    0 

Guripowder 

.60- 

6  35 

424    . 

427 

H)son   ■ 

-    4  90  - 

6    0 

3  10   - 

660 

Youni;  hyson     - 

-    380   - 

3  90 

0    0   ■ 

0    0 

Hyson  skin 

•    3  20  • 

325 

1  65   . 

1  70 

I'ckoe    • 

.40- 

6    0 

3  75   - 

460 

Souchonff 

•    2!i5   ■ 

3    0 

1  GO   ■ 

1  75 

Pouclionj 

■    4  30   - 

4  30 

I  90    - 

1    U 

Duly  on  netl  weiitht ;  by  French  vessels  from  Ihe  Eist  Indies,  fi 
1-2  ct;  from  China  6ti  ct.;  from  elsewhere,  2  fr.  75  ct.    By  fortign 
vessels  from  any  poit  whatever,  3  fr.  30  ct.— (See  exceptioot  at 
Note  A.) 

Cuainm-house  tare:  real. 

('ommercial  tares  r)ii  imperial,  gunpowder,  young  hyson,  anJ 

pekoe,  10  kil.  per  cheKt ;  on  hyson,  and  hyson  skin,  9  kil. ;  on  sou* 

chone,  13  kil. ;  on  half  chests  and  txtxes,  conventional. 

Tin,  Banca,  pur  1-2  kil.       -  -    1  74   -    1  76       0    0-00 

British   •  •  ■  -    1  70   •   1  72  none 

Peruvian  -  ■  -    1  CO   •    1  63  none 

Duty  on  gross  weipht :  by  French  vessels  from  the  East  Indiet. 
27  1-2  ct. ;  from  elsewhere,  I  fr.  10  ct.  By  foreign  vessds  froui 
any  port  whatever,  2  fr.  20  ct  per  50  kit— (See  exception!  at 
Note  A.) 

Commercial  tare :  on  casks  real. 

TortorseslirII,perl-2kil.  •  .    35    Oto 45    0       0    OtoO    0 

Uuty  on  netl  wtiglit :  by  French  vessels  from  Ihe  E.ist  Indies,  55 
ct ;  fiom  Chin3,44  ct ;  from  European  porta,  1  fr.  10  ct, ;  from 
elsewhere,  82  12  ct    By  foreign  vessels,  1  fr.  65  ct— (See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 
Customhouse  tare ;  on  casks  or  cues,  12  per  cent. 
Commercial  tare  :  on  casks  or  cases,  real. 
Whalebone,  per  1-2  kil. 

uorttiern  •  •  ■    2  ^0   -  3    0        nominal 

Boulliern  -  -  -1^8-190       00-00 

Duty  ou  gross  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  wfaatever, 
16  1-2  ct    By  foreign  vessels,  19  1-4  ct. 
Commeicial  tare:  real. 
Allowance :  le  per  cent,  on  soathem  bone. 
Woods,  per  50  kil, 

Logwoo  I,  Campeachy  -    9  75  to    10    0       0    0  to  0    0 

Hon'luras      -  -  -    8  SO  -     8  73  none 

St  Domingo-  •  -725-750       00-00 

Fustic,  Cuba     •  •  -    9  75  •    10    0       0    0-00 

bautA  Martha  -  -19    0-2250       00-00 

Pemambuco  -  -  •  92    0   •  125    0       0    0-00 

Duty  on  gross  weight:  Brazil,  by  French  vessels  from  European 

rrts,  4  fr.  40  ct ;  from  elsewhere,  2  fr.  75  ct    By  foreign  vessels, 
fr  60  ct    Other  dye-woods,  by  French  vessels  from  tne  French 
colonies,  44  ct. }  from  European  jnrts,  1  fr.  65  ct :  from  elsewhere. 


nne4< 

39  25  to  31 

0 

nono 

50    0    -63 

0 

none 

0    0-0 

(1 

none 

0    0   -56 

0 

82   12  ct, 
Nole  A.) 
Allowance : 


By  foreign  vessels,  3  fr.  30  ct— (See  exceptions  at 
to  2  per  cent. 

Explanatory  RmiarkM. 

The  above  duties  include  the  sur-tax  of  10  per  cent ;  the  custom- 
houKe  aJifkits  the  real  t.ire  whenever  tlie  importer  desires  it 

Kfte  A.— The  treaties  of  reciprocity  entered  into  with  the  coun- 
tries hereafter  mentioned  introduce  the' following  deviations  from  the 
above  rates  of  duty. 

United  Sfo/cf.— The  produce  of  Ihe  United  States,  except  that  of 
the  fisheries,  direct  from  the  Uiiitetl  Stites,  in  United  tilaiea  vessels, 
pays  the  same  duty  as  if  imi>orted  by  French  vessels  from  the  United 
Slates. 

ErnziU  and  Mtxtrc—Thc  produce  of  the  Brazils  and  Mexico, 
{mt«rted  direct  in  nilional  vessels,  enjoys  also  the  above  privilege. 

£/ig/aitrf,— The  province  of  Africa,  Asia,  or  America,  imported 
from  any  country  \vh:itevpr  in  British  vessels,  or  from  any  port  of 
the  British  dominions  in  Europe,  either  by  French  or  foreign  ves- 
sels, can  only  be  mfuiitled  in  hnnrl  for  re'ex[)ortiiion. 

The  -wme  regijlation  is  applicable  to  all  European  produce  (oxccpl 
tbat  of  (ire.it  Drittin  atid  its  possessions  in  Eunipe),  when  imported 
by  British  vcisrls  from  other  porta  than  those  of  Great  Britain  or  iti 
possessidus  in  t^urope. 

The  weight  of  50  kil.  is  equal  to  110  4-5  lb.  English,  or  100  lb. 
Entliah  are  eiinal  lo  45  35-100  kil.,  and  the  cwt  equal  to  50 
79100  kil. 

C'refli(.~4  1-2  months,  except  on  coffee,  pimento,  pepper,  quick- 
silver, an<l  claved  tugais,  whicn  are  solu  at  3  1-2  montlu,  auu  wheat 
at  2  1-2  montKs. 


Sugar,  p:;r  50  kil. 

Martinique  and  (Hud. 
liav.innah,  white 

yellow 
St  Jago,  while 

Trade  between  France  and  England, — Nothing  can  more  strikingly  illustrate  the  mise- 
rable effects  of  commercial  restrictions,  than  the  present  state  of  the  trade  between  Great 
Britain  and  France.  Here  we  have  two  countries  of  vast  wealth  and  population,  near  neigh- 
bours, and  eich  possessing  many  important  articles  that  the  other  wants,  and  yet  the  Inter- 
cuurse  between  them  is  inconsiderable.    At  a  distant  period  this  was  not  the  caae.    Pre 


n 


in. 


763 


HAVRE. 


rv 


Natioation  or  Fbancc,  183J. 
I.  Account  chowing  the  Bhipa,  with  their  Tonnage  and  Crewi.tliat  entered  the  different  rorts  of 
France  in  1833,  apecifying  tlioge  that  entered  each  and  diitingulijiing  between  French  und  Foreign 
Shipi.— (^iim<iiM(ra««ii  des  Douanet  for  1833,  p.  396.) 


Fbrtfc 


Bayoniw 
Bordeaux 

Other  \MrXt 
IWhellB 
Naiiln  • 

Dihcr  port! 
L'Urient 
Bml     - 
Saint  Malo 
Chfrbourg 
Rourn    • 
Havre    - 

Other  porti 
Abtievlll* 
Bnulnipie 
nunkitfc  • 
Difne  ■ 
Toulon  • 
MarM-illet 

Other  portt 
Moatpellier 
Firpipiaa 
Baalia     ■ 

Total! 


Natlpitloa  carrlwl  on  jointly  with  the  Foniitner. 


rmch  Stlf. 


SMpt. 

Tmn. 

lit 

63} 

lit 

SD,II3 

1 

71 

123 

16 

12,990 

8 

2tU 

S 

231 

tf> 

877 

lis 

4,9m 

24S 

7,318 

Hit 

10,235 

iUO 

44.934 

lit 

1,237 

18 

990 

405 

17,243 

145 

10,350 

40 

1,113 

Rt 

5,947 

1,006 

93,973 

IK 

721 

171 

11,277 

91 

2,730 

i«l> 

3,738 

S,17J 

262,  lOJ 

C»»u>. 

72 

1,974 

10 

9S8 
29 
18 

7S 

1,138 

783 

88 

2,7E8 

1,079 

163 

S.10 

7,264 

83 

1,083 

427 

t,o;i 


m 


Tonlga  Shipi. 


Carrylni  tha 

riaf  of  the 

(^untriet 

whence  they 

came. 


Other 
Flap. 


If. 
113 
205 
2 
102 

90 
4 

27 

63 
115 
172 

97 
470 
12« 

isi; 

1,014 

'■■■« 

SI 

1,135 

3 

1B71 

26 
76 


Tmn.  Sk. 

3,5<I6  17 

84,450  94 

280!  • 

21,059  7 

14,7-8  34 

316.  • 

3,693  3 

8,5541 

9,187  6 

19,210  2 

6,981;  12 

121,369  25 

21,049  2 

24.394'  3 

«!tOie  4 

12,165  76 

198:  • 

3,083'  13 

135,309  390 

109     4 

9,203;   14 

9^ 
1,614'     7 


ronn. 

1,460 

14,329 

'672 
5,618 


390 


601 
164 
9t« 

3,6C0 
2U0 
295 
60O 

6,-19 


M,25 
130 


Nariplion  wierveJ  to  Freuch  Shipa. 


Colonial  Tnda, 


90 


nnn. 
IT,09( 


Cnw. 
1,005 


580 

32,721 

176 

4,959 


24,691 


B45 


1,846 

10 

239 


1,315 


Cod  and  Whale 
Fubery. 


90 


Tmn. 

4M 

4,545 

3,F85 

1,039 

79 


7,409 
1,983 

4,940 

1,716 

384 

516 

5,081 


11,056 

ii'sie 


Crlli'. 
94 
459 

453 

174 

7 


2,478 
liStS 

421 
195 

49 

90 

1,060 


161 


Coaaliog  Trade. 


Shin. 

m 

2,472 
2,962 
12,140 
2,668 
7,136 
8,0IC 
11,061 
3,668 
3,019 
e.525 
2,521 
2,147 
l,C3SI 
236 
980 
851 
1,914 
4.127 
3,296 
1,332 
1,177 
2,548 


Tonna^t, 
15,688 
134,l»i9 
54,t>9l ; 
S76,T.'6: 
105,465 
W,303 
186,738 
I47,.'>94 
■  14.425 
102,98;; 
I4l<,cg6 
159.003 
6.>,«li; 
fc7,f28. 
lO.MI ' 
67,543 
10.715, 
84,551 
237,906 
I4S740 
78,^25' 
38,4861 
36,633 


Cma. 

l,im 

13,949 

8,361 

44,556 

9,5.12 

20,664 

30,144 

36,487 

15,781 

13,067 

13,261 

9,328 

7,409 

£,40e 

1,113 

5.191 

2,!!37 

9.563 

19,229 

13,333 

7,395 

5,679 

13,519 


3,175  262,I0J.22,859    4,394  519,880  721  102,915  488  96,048    5,224  381   48,695  3,005_78,123  2,523,692  808,478 
Tolall. 


Pan. 

Bayonne 
Borde^itX 

Other  ports 
Ro<hrl1e 
Nantei 

Other  porta 
L'Orlent 
Rrat   - 
SaiDi  Mala 


Shipt. 

nmnan. 

442 

21,868 

3,032 

231.712 

2,565 

65,042 

12,284 

41)2,465 

2,95, 

155.715 

7,146 

138,980 

8,043 

191052 

11,129 

157,025 

3,969 

137,225 

Portt. 

Chrrbouff 
Rnaen  • 
Hivn  • 

Other  ports 
Abbeville 
B  iiitoipie 
Duokirk 
Difne  • 


SA.pi. 

Taimatt. 

3,479 

13.5,648 

2,748 

ie4,S8l 

3,410 

366,717 

2,301 

86,873 

1,844 

:*M,067 

1,695 

97,076 

1,459 

96,807 

m 

21,026 

Parti. 
Toulon 
Maraeillet 

Other  porta  • 
Moiilr^liier     • 
Perpli;nan 
Biitia  • 

General  (otil 


Shipi. 
2,040 
6.831 
3,319 
l,69t 
1.294 
2,797 

87,180 


TbnnaeL 
94.5A 
667,161 
148.703 
102.099 
4.'I,I33 
42,J64 

3,553,9lT' 


(For  Tahle  II.  see  next  page.) 

viously  to  the  atxession  of  William  III.,  the  import  of  wine  only  from  France  amounted  to 
about  13,500  tuns  a  year,  our  imports  of  brandy  and  other  articles  being  proportionally  large. 
But  Louis  XIV.  having  espoused  the  cause  of  the  exiled  family  of  Stuart,  the  British  govern* 
ment,  not  recollecting  that  the  blow  they  aimed  at  the  French  would  also  smite  their  own 
subjects,  imposed,  in  1693,  a  discriminating  duty  of  8/.  a  tun  on  French  wine,  and  in  1697 
rased  it  to  no  less  than  33/.  a  tun !  It  is  probable  that  this  excess  of  duty  would  have  been 
repealed  as  soon  as  the  peculiar  circumstances  in  which  it  originated  had  disappeared,  had 
not  the  stipulations  in  the  famous  commercial  treaty  with  Portugal,  negotiated  by  Mr.  Me> 
thuen,  in  1703,  given  it  permanence.  But,  according  to  this  treaty,  we  bound  ourselves  for 
the  future  to  charge  one  third  higher  duties  on  the  wines  of  France  imported  into  England, 
than  on  those  of  Portugal ;  the  Portuguese,  by  way  of  compensation,  binding  themselves  to 
admit  our  woollens  into  their  markets  in  preference  to  those  of  other  countries,  at  a  fixed 
and  invariable  rate  of  duty. 

Though  very  generally  regarded,  at  the  time,  as  the  highest  effort  of  diplomatic  skill  and 
address,  the  Methuen  treaty  was,  undoubtedly,  founded  on  the  narrowest  and  most  contracted 
Tiews  of  national  interest ;  nnd  has,  in  consequence,  proved,  in  no  common  degree,  injurious 
to  both  parties,  but  especially  to  England.  By  binding  ourselves  to  receive  Portuguese 
wines  for  two  thirds  of  the  duty  payable  on  those  of  France,  we,  in  effect,  ;nve  the  Portu- 
guese growers  a  monopoly  of  the  British  market ;  at  the  same  time  that  we  excluded  one  of 
the  principal  equivalents  that  the  French  had  to  offer  for  our  commodities,  and  provoked 
them  to  retaliate.  This,  indeed,  was  no  difficult  task.  Unhappily,  they  were  but  too  ready 
to  embark  in  that  course  of  vindictive  policy  of  which  we  set  them  the  example;  so  that 
prohibitions  on  the  one  side  being  immediately  followed  by  counter-prohibitions  on  the 
other,  the  trade  between  the  two  countries  was  nearly  annihilated  !  But  the  indirect  were 
Btill  more  injurious  than  the  direct  consequences  of  this  wretched  policy.  It  inspired  both 
parties  with  feelings  of  jealousy  and  ilislike,  and  kept  them  in  the  frowning  attitude  of  mu- 
tual defiance.  Each  envied  the  other's  prosperity,  and  bein;T  disposed  to  take  fire  at  even 
fancied  encroachments,  the  most  frivolous  pretexts  were  sufficient  to  engage  them  in  contests 
that  have  filled  the  whole  world  with  bloodshed  and  confusion.  But  had  things  Iteen  left  to 
their  natural  course, — had  an  unfettered  commercial  intercourse  been  allowed  to  grow  up 
between  the  two  countries, — the  one  would  have  formed  so  near,  so  vast,  and  so  profitable  a 
market  for  the  produce  of  the  other,  that  they  could  not  have  remained  long  at  war  without 
occasioning  the  most  extensively  ruinous  distress,— diatresa  which  no  government  would  bfl 


HAVRE. 


788 


different  Ports  of 
reiich  and  Fotelin 


uch  ship*. 


Couting  Trade. 


n.  Account  ihowing  the  total  Number  of  Bhipi,  with  their  Tonnan  and  Crewi,  entcied  inwardi  In 
the  dliferent  Porli  of  France  In  1833,  ipecifyiiig  the  Coiintrlei  whence  tbey  came,  and  dittlngulih- 
Ing  between  rier      and  Foreign  Shipi.— (.4d«iii<((ra(i«n  ie$  Douanet  for  1833,  p.  396.) 


Ttrnnaf.   Cma. 
I5,6S8     IMO 

w,m  i3,e4» 

M.l9li  8,3(JI 
316,7J6;  44,536 
I0IS,465  8,M2 
13t,303  20,e«4 
186,738  30,144 
I47,'>94  3«,4S7 
IH.'IZ'i    19,-81 

ir,2,SS.i    

l4Nt!)6 
I59.C03 

6J,eii: 

t.7,f2», 

10,801 

67,M3 

19,715, 

K4,»il 

S37,90«  I9,»9 
I4S740    13,333 

78,.'Z5      7,39» 

39,4801    6,673 

36,633    13,319 


78,lt3  2,523,632  306,478 


2D5 
2,4« 
2,362 
2,140 
2,«afl 
7,136 
8,010 
11,061 
3,6t)» 
3,019 
2.52ft 
2,521 
2,147 
l,C3S 
236 
980 
651 
1,914 
4.127 
3.2% 
1,332 
1,177 
2,r>48 


13,037 
13,261 
9,328 
7,409 
6,406 
1,113 
6.191 

2,pa7 

9.563 


Shift. 

Tbnnan, 
94,5A 

2,040 

6.83I 

667,161 

3,319 

146,700 

1,694 

102.099 

1.294 

43,131 

8,797 

42,364 

87,180 

3,653,218 

nri 


•ance  amounted  to 

oportionally  large. 

;he  British  govcm- 

amite  their  own 

ne,  and  in  1697 

would  have  been 

disappeared,  had 

iated  by  Mr.  Me- 

>und  ourselves  for 

ed  into  England, 

ing  themselves  to 

untries,  at  a  fixed 

)Iomatic  skill  and 
most  contracted 
degree,  injurious 
«eivo  Portugueso 
^ive  the  Portu- 
excluded  one  of 
es,  and  provoked 
ere  but  too  ready 
example ;  so  that 
ihibitions  on  the 
the  indirect  were 
It  inspired  both 
attitude  of  mu- 
take  fire  at  even 
them  in  contests 
lings  lieen  left  to 
wed  to  grow  up 
id  so  profitable  a 
g  at  war  without 
rnmcnt  would  be 


f.oaiulai. 


RiMi>         ...... 

Sweden        ...... 

Norwijr       ...... 

Denmark      ...... 

PniMie         ...... 

Huieeatie  TowH     .         .         .  >  • 

Hollind 

Beliium       ...... 

Euglend  (Oibnitar,  Malta,  ate.)     . 

I\>nugal  (Madein,  Cape  de  Veide  Iilaadi,  Akki) 

IH«in  (the  Caaarietf  .  .  .  . 

Auilria 

Sardinia 

TwoSiciliee 

Tincaajr,  Roman  StatCB,  Lueet       •  •        .. 

Oraece,  and  iu  iilanda  in  the  Archineligo 
Turkey,  and  ila  iilaula  in  Ihe  Aichfpela|o 

AlKiera         ...... 

Mhcr  Slatee  oT  Barttarr      .  .  .  . 

Other  territoriei  in  Africa  .  .  .  . 

India,  Engliih  poaeHioiia  ■  .  .  . 

nutch  do.      •  •  .  .  • 

French  do,     .  .  .  .  ■ 

China  ...... 

Cochin  China,  Fhilippioei,  fee.      .  .  • 

United  Statea  .  .  ,  .  . 

Hayti  ...... 

Engliih  pooeiaiona  in  Aneric*      .  .  . 

Spaiiiihdo.  ...... 

IMniihdo*    •...-. 

Bnuil 

Meiico        ...... 

Colombia     ...... 

Peru  (Lower  Pent)  .  .  .  .  • 

Chili 

Rio  de  la  Plata,  Monte  Video,  Buenoe  Ayrae 

Martinique  ...... 

Ouadaloupe  .....  . 

Cajenne       ...••. 

Senenl        ...... 

Botima      ...... 

Total  of  rreaeh  ihipi 
ridienr,  cod  .  .  .  .  . 

whale 

Coaatinf  trade,  in  the  lanie  lea 

from  one  tea  to  the  other    ■ 
interior  navigation  ... 

Totali 


Fraieli. 

ForaigB. 

earning  the  Flaga  of 
the  Country  whence 

Other  FUgh 

they  came. 

To 

'"Ti'lSff- 

CreiA 
648 

^ff 

TVrmofi. 
11,068 

Cma 
641 

Ihipi- 
W 

ronnan  Cma 
83,611  il.3£8 

S 

'600 

44 

168 

30,918 

>.*" 

1 

380 

14 

» 

838 

6i 

682 

104,9*7 

6,234 

8C 

8,860 

161 

1 

68 

6 

34 

3,066 

193 

80 

1,403 

86 

s 

317 

81 

163 

32,064 

l,39e 

4(1 

s^ 

318 

ST 

8,160 

846 

66 

6,470 

343 

81 

3,490 

148 

16 

1,003 

IS 

74 

7,418 

489 

60 

6,788 

355 

M 

41483 

380 

II 

1,160 

6« 

V       " 

1,317 

71 

911 

35,064 

6,641 

1,633 

119,360 

13,889 

^     11 

8,489 

116 

86 

7,200 

488 

1 

70 

1 

7 

788 

66 

616 

36,077 

3,083 

636 

17,771 

4.112 

67 

8,0S4 

680 

7 

807 

60 

84 

33,906 

l.lll 

17 

3,610 

315 

(99 

37,635 

3,086 

415 

19,688 

2,9(18 

83 

ion 

306 

72 

10,718 

1,001 

171 

35,378 

8,208 

16 

1^1 

141 

ISO 

6,634 

878 

86 

6,k»0 

664 

187 

12,693 

1,189 

3 

3i8 

31 

30 

6,009 

4(» 

3 

364 

38 

68 

9,042 

627 

8 

306 

26 

36 

6,756 

340 

30 

8,067 

308 

• 

• 

• 

1 

830 

18 

71 

8098 

685 

• 

• 

• 

33 

4,870 

Ka 

114 

il,9t>3 

898 

• 

• 

", 

64 

8,148 

637 

3 

606 

36 

14 

8,018 

460 

• 

• 

. 

3 

8(4 

41 

4 

1/168 

61 

3 

>70 

62 

a 

767 

37 

3 

716 

86 

6B 

16,616 

768 

888 

86,848 

4,103 

3 

184 

34 

41 

8,648 

486 

4 

1,641 

« 

48 

11,013 

644 

3 

321 

32 

10 

2,ra6 

113 

6 

1,018 

71 

1 

850 

13 

1 

^56 

II 

43 

9,572 

661 

I 

330 

15 

II 

8,985 

183 

17 

3,708 

834 

" 

. 

. 

4 

M5 

37 

16 

3,088 

179 

* 

. 

• 

1 

804 

10 

S 

408 

31 

6 

1,542 

88 

12 

4,388 

861 

■ 

. 

. 

187 

II 

114 

88,513 

1,506 

138 

38,165 

*'S12 

83 

4,486 

288 

80 

8,139 

180 

70 

87,736 

1,833 

3,661 

358,167 

88,080 

368 

43^8 

7,828 

12 

4  767 

406 

66.606 

1,837.612 

239,863 

1,369 

189,767 

11,314 

20,162 

386,333 

67,301 

82,065 

2,830,484 

344,503 

4,394 

618,820  38,811 

731 

102,815 

6SH 

willing  to  inflict  on  its  subjects,  and  to  which,  though  the  government  were  willing,  it  ia 
most  probable  no  people  would  be  disposed  to  submit  A  free  trade  between  England  and 
France  would  give  these  two  great  nations  one  common  interest.  It  would  occasion  not  only 
a  vast  increase  of  the  industry,  and  of  the  comforts  and  enjoyments  of  the  people  of  bod^ 
countries,  but  would  be  the  best  attainable  security  against  future  hostilities.  '<  We  know," 
said  Mr.  Villicrs,  in  his  very  able  and  instructive  speech  (15th  of  June,  1830),  "  that  British 
enterprise  will  fetch  the  extremest  points  on  earth  in  the  business  of  exchange ;  but  here  are 
the  shores  of  France  nearer  to  England  than  those  of  Ireland  itself — nay,  Bordeaux  is  com- 
mercially nearer  to  London  than  it  is  to  Paris ;  and,  but  for  the  lamentable  perversion  of  the 
gifts  and  dispositions  of  nature,  and  of  the  ingenui^  of  man — the  highways  of  commerce  be- 
tween these  countries — the  seas  which  surround  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  wash  the 
shores  of  France,  should  literally  swarm  with  vessels,  engaged,  not  only  in  the  interchange 
of  material  products,  but  in  diffusing  knowledge,  and  stimulating  improvement ;  in  creating 
everywhere  new  neighbourhoods ;  in  consolidating  international  dependence ;  in  short,  in 
drawing  daily  more  close  the  bonds  of  international  peace  and  confidence,  and  thus  advanc- 
ing, while  they  also  served  to  confirm  and  secure,  the  peace,  the  civilisation,  and  the  happi- 
ness of  Europe."* 

The  commercial  treaty  which  Mr.  Pitt  negotiated  with  France  in  1786,  was  the  first  at- 
tempt to  introduce  a  better  system  into  the  trade  between  the  two  countries ;  and  it  is  one  of 
the  few  treaties  of  this  description  that  have  been  bottomed  on  fair  and  liberal  principles. 
But  ihe  Revolution  in  France,  and  the  lengthened  and  bloody  wars  by  which  it  was  follow- 
ed, toCally  suppressed  that  mutually  beneficial  intercourse  which  had  begun  to  grow  up 
under  Mr.  Pitt's  treaty  ;  and  when  peace  was  again  restored  in  1815,  the  French  govern- 
ment unwisely  resolved  to  continue  the  system  of  Napoleon,  and  to  exclude  most  sorts  of 

•  We  reitret  to  have  tn  add,  that  this  was  one  of  the  last  public  appearances  made  by  Mr.  Villiera. 
He  died  in  December,  1833,  at  the  early  age  of  31.  His  death  was  a  imtionni  loss  that  will  not  easily  he 
repaired.  Few  have  ever  entered  upon  public  life  with  better  dispositions,  more  enlarged  and  cbm- 
prebensive  views,  or  a  more  sincere  desire  to  promote  the  happiness  of  their  species. 

95 


J 


k 


5 

m 


14 


itn 


HAVRE. 


foreign  products  for  Whinh  a  Rubstitnte  could  bo  found  at  home !  But  the  wide-«pread  db> 
tretw  that  has  resulted  from  this  absurd  policy,  and  the  more  general  diffusion  of  sounder 
notions  as  to  the  real  sources  of  public  wealth,  will,  it  may  be  confidently  predicted,  at  no 
distant  period,  induce  the  government  of  France  to  adopt  a  less  illiberal  and  irrational  sys- 
tem.— (See  BonnEAVX.)  The  equalisation  of  the  wine  duties  in  this  country  will  accele- 
rate this  desirable  result.  It  shows  the  French  that  we  are  no  longer  influenced  by  the 
prejudices  in  which  the  discriminating  system  originated  ;  and  that  we  are  ready  to  deal 
with  them  on  the  same  fair  and  equal  terms  as  with  any  one  else.  In  this  respect  the  mea- 
sure is  entitled  to  the  highest  praise ;  and  we  have  no  d  'ibt  that  it  will  be  the  harbinger  df 
others  of  the  same  kind— of  a  reduction  of  the  exorbita  duties  on  brandy,  for  example— 
both  here  and  in  France.  The  statesman  who  shall  succeed  in  abolishing  the  restraints  on 
the  commerce  of  the  two  countries,  will  reader  the  most  essentiaT  service  to  them  both ;  and 
not  to  them  only,  but  to  all  the  world,  the  furthest  parts  of  which  have  been  harassed  by 
their  wars.  It  admits  of  demonstration,  that,  under  a  free  system,  the  trade  with  France 
would  be  incomparably  more  importAnt  and  valuable  than  that  with  Russia,  the  United  States, 
or  any  other  country.  And  we  trust,  should  another  edition  of  this  work  be  called  for,  that 
we  shall  have  to  congratulate  the  public  on  the  opening  of  this  "  broad  and  deep"  channel 
of  employment. 

The  following  Tables,  prepared  expressly  for  this  work,  give  a  pretty  complete  view  of  the 
trade  with  France.  Brandy,  madder,  silk  manufactures,  flax,  wine,  gloves,  &c.  are  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  import  *,  for  the  raw  and  throWn  silk  comes,  as  already  mentioned,  almost 
wholly  from  Italy.  Brass  and  copper  manufactures  are  by  far  the  most  important  of  all  the 
articles  we  send  to  France,  at  least  through  the  regular  channels.  It  will,  probably,  sur- 
prise some  of  our  readers  to  learn  that,  in  1832,  the  real  or  declared  value  of  the  silk  goods 
manufactured  in  tliis  country  and  exported  to  France,  amounted  to  no  less  than  7.5,187/. ! 
This  is  an  instructive  commentary  on  the  sinister  auguries  of  those  who  predicted  the  ruin 
of  our  manufacture  by  French  competition,  in  consequence  of  the  subversion  of  the  old  mo- 
nopoly system  in  1825.  The  most  important  of  the  other  articles  of  export  are  cottons, 
woollens,  sheep's  wool,  hardware  and  cutlery,  horses,  tin,  &c. 

A  glance  at  the  first  of  the  following  Tables  will  sufficiently  explain  the  real  causes  of  the 
depressed  state  of  the  French  trade.  The  duty  of  22».  6d.  a  gallon  on  brandy  is,  probably, 
about  the  nt  plut  ultra  of  fiscal  rapacity.  The  duties  on  wine,  verdigris,  gloves,  &c.  are  all 
very  much  beyond  the  mark.  Till  they  be  adequately  reduced,  the  trade  with  France  can 
never  be  any  thing  but  inconsiderable,  compared,  at  least,  with  what  it  ought  to  be. 


I.  Account  nf  the  Imports  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  France,  specifying  the  Quantity  and  Value 
of  each  Article,  and  the  Amount  of  Customs  Duty  paid  tliereon,  during  the  Year  1833;  with  the 
Customs  Duty  received  on  each  Article. 


SfMiMof  Imporii 


Annotto         ... 

BoolB  .... 

Boot!,  shon  ud  (ilotha 

Cbioi  and  Mrthcnwira 

Clock*  ... 

Cottoa  maiinractiim  o(  Euroiw 

E«i!i    .... 

rial    .... 

Flovrcn,  inlScIal 

Olan  bollla,  oonuaM  • 

Hal>,ili*«r     • 

I^Mther  gloni 

LiiMD,  cuibrlci         '  • 

Madder  •  • 

Madder  root    • 

Needlework  and  embrolderx 

Ojntera 

Prune* 

SUk,  r*w 

throwa   .  •  . 

wule      ... 
Silk  manufaetiirci^  vi«.i 

Silk  or  latia  •  • 

Oauie       ... 

Crape        ... 

Veliet        - 

L«oe,  nllliiieiT,  ke.  kc.  • 
Skine,  (oal,  undioied 
kid,dreMd      • 
Umb,  taooed  or  dnend 
Solrtii,  bnudy 

Tojra    .... 
Verdigrif        ... 
Wine,  Franeb 
Wool,  •herp'i  • 
Woollen  nunuractan* 
All  oUier  article* 


Amount  of  Cua- 

DenomiBationi. 

QuantlHe* 
Imported. 

Official  Value  of 
the  Importa. 

lonu  Dutiaa  re- 
ceived on  eacb 
Article  im- 

ported. 

L. 

■L. 

lb>. 

9,441 

944 

11 

cwt 

r;i8i 

11,073 

6,042 

pairs 

4B,59l 

9,4W 

3,634 

declared  value 

£.  8,88S 

8,823 

tfilt 

i.  80,193 

«a593 

6,018 

— 

I.  6,363 

6,3«.'» 

775 

aunber 

6},6'il,t43 

17,391 

19,341 

cwf. 

31,512 

66,5S8 

131 

dtclared  nlue 

£.3,160 

2,160 

524 

quaria 

667,749 

13,137 

7,649 

number 

9,904 

518 

l,3«t 

pain 

1,013,106 

37,sn 

27,195 

nieeea 

44,'i:-,2 

21,719 

UI93 

%t 

39,690 

84,885 

8,006 

33,391 

216,039 

2,321 

declared  valne 

L.  I«,649 

l^649 

4,676 

bndieli 

77,950 

98,256 

6,848 

cwt. 

3823 

3,004 

6,121 

M*. 

749,417 

424,669 

3,064 

145,289 

17S,32» 

48,6» 

— 

<i7,01S 

25,701 

116 

_ 

74,723 

148,458 

«,gm 

^ 

48,171 

184,2)4 

68,737 

... 

15,510 

33,346 

I2,K1 

.. 

7,790 

20,824 

8,«S 

declared  Talue 

i.  53,702 

63,702 

16,3» 

number 

ao,!i98 

1,691 

240 

664,019 

ii,gt>i 

8,319 

_ 

5,nR9 

SI 

95 

proof  itallottt 
decUml  value 

2.8I7,3W 

060,428 

1,799,947 

L.  1,230 

1,230 

149 

lb>. 

44,0H9 

2.';98 

>S! 

•allona 

I9T,I57 

33,231 

65,M7 

Ml* 

1,973 

49 

83 

declared  nlu 

£.  61,749 

61,749 

9,341 

«aliia 

1V)tal    -  L. 

331,211 

84,674 

2,4^,894 

9,171,949 

ride-apread  (lit* 
ion  of  flouniler 
ircdicted,  at  no 
irrational  eya- 
ry  will  accclo- 
uenced  by  the 
(  ready  to  deal 
aspect  the  mea« 
16  harbinger  df 
,  for  example — 
he  restraints  on 
hem  both ;  and 
en  harassed  by 
de  with  Franco 
e  United  States, 
B  called  for,  that 
1  deep"  channel 

plete  viewoftho 
iic.  are  the  prin- 
entioned,  almost 
)ortant  of  all  the 
1,  probably,  sur- 
)f  the  silk  goods 
J  than  75,187/.! 
redieted  the  ruin 
n  of  the  old  mo- 
port  are  cottons, 

■eal  causes  of  the 
indy  is,  probably, 
;love9,  &c.  are  all 
with  France  can 
it  to  be. 

luantity  and  Value 
lar  1832;  with  the 


944 

,013 
4^9 
,823 
,SD3 
,!W 
,3SI 
,558 
,160 
,137 
518 
,»« 
,719 
,68S 
,039 
649 
it58 


,3» 
,701 

,469 
,234 
,346 
,824 
,70J 
,G»I 
,861 
SI 
,418 
,S30 
.798 
,231 
49 
,749 
,411 


,891 


■L, 
II 

6,041 

3,e34 

9,376 

6,C48 

77« 

19,341 

^31 

624 

7,649 

1,381 

27,196 

12,IJM 

8.008 

2,311 

4,678 

6,846 

6,121 

3,064 

48^S» 

ll» 

40,909 
89,737 
11,201 
8,«5 
16^ 

9,3^9 

9,494 

S3 

9,341 
94,674 


».«71,M9 


■MS 


HAVRE. 


ivn 


,  n.  Account  of  the  Exporti  of  nritUh  and  Irish  Produce  nnd  Mnnufacturei  from  the  ITnhed  Kinidom 
to  France,  ipecifying  the  Quantity  and  Value  of  each  Article,  during  the  Year  1833. 


SpeciM  of  Eiporti, 


A|iatliecu]r  mm 

Apparal 

Beer  and  ale    ■ 

Booki,  priated 

Bnue  ud  copper  muiufuctures 

Cabinet  and  uphotiterr  warn 

Chcm 

Coali   .... 

Cotton  maanfiictana  * 

Ditto    .... 

Eirihenware  of  all  lorta 

Glan  of  all  aorta 

Hardwan  and  euUerj 

Honea  ... 

Iron,  pig 

bar  and  bolt       .         * 

catt  and  wroQKht 
l.ead  and  ahot  .  > 

Leather  and  saddlery  . 
Liiiena  ... 

Litharge  of  lead 
Machjner;  antt  mill-work 
Mualeal  loalruineiita  . 
FUnters*  coloura  and  materiala 
Plate  of  ail  rer 
Silk  gooda  manulactuied  in  the  United 
Bpenuacetl  ... 
Stationery 
Steel,  unwroueht 
Tin,  unwrougfat  • 
Tin  and  pewter  warea,  and  tin  platea 
Whalebone  ... 
Wool,  sheep'a  •  . 

Woollen  manufacturea 
All  other  articlea 


Klngdoi 


Denoninatlnna. 


ewt 
value 
luna 
cwl. 

TaliN 
cwt. 
tone 
jardi 
value 

piecea 
value 
cwt. 

numbei 


value 
jparda 
cwt. 
value 


ouDcea 
value 
cwt. 

value 

Cwtt 

value 
cwt 
Iba. 
value 


Quantitln 
exported. 


Official  Value  of 
Britiih  and  Irish 
Produce  and  Ma- 
Dubeturea  ex- 
ported. 


1,023 

651-1 
243 

a«;2e7 

160 
41,008 

4,687,087 

96,376 

3,973 
589 
2,759 
1,668 
1,063 
661-2 

991,961 
19 


4,028 

'  1,009 

'  1,851 
8,608 

701 
736,4^ 


Total    -  L. 


L. 

2,013 

4,441 

m 

973 

I9I,8» 

2,217 

II>1 

40,887 

188,308 

74 
10,101 
6,290 
2,759 
16,567 
32,918 

ess 

1,156 

14,S26 

9 

4,626 

1,742 

2,295 

1,812 

87,909 

7,561 

3,048 

2,638 

31,0.55 

7,399 

3,503 

26,3(3 

45,310 

106,062 


849,270 


Declared  Value 
of  British  and 
Irlah  Produce 
and  Mai.ufac. 
tureaei  ported. 


L. 
8,22s 

4,441 

975 

147^93 

2,117 

658 

11,119 

61,324 

3,670 

1,738 

139 

28,2C0 

26.995 

9,548 

9,119 

11,831 

804 

1,948 

I4,7M 

19 

4,628 

1,742 

2,195 

1,528 

76,187 

6,177 

,      3,048 

3,261 

99,473 

7,399 

6043 

38,.541 

4.%  187 

106,660 


8:4,791 


It  would  seem,  from  thd' subjoined  accounts,  as  if  the  imports  into  Great  Britain  from  Franot 
very  much  exceeded  the  exports,  the  official  value  of  which  amount  to  only  848,270/.  a  yeat. 

Account  of  the  Amount  in  Official  and  BenI  Value  of  all  British  Gxports  to  France,  in  each  Year  sinco 
1814;  distinguishing  those  of  British  from  Colonial  Produce;  also,  an  abstract  of  the  Ainoi>nt  ir 
Olflcinl  Value  of  ail  Imports  from  France  in  each  Year,  as  far  as  the  same  can  be  made  up  duclni 
that  Time. 


Tean. 

Official  Value  orim- 

ports  Into  the  United 

Eingdom. 

Official  Value  of  Exporta  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Dfclared  Value  nf 

Brilbh  and  Irish 

Produce  and  Msim- 

fsctuns  exported 

from  tbe  United 

Kingdom. 

British  and  Irish 

Produce  anil  Mauu. 

factuns. 

Foreign  and  Colonial 
Merchmdise. 

Total  Exports. 

£      ».    d. 

£       t.   d. 

£       s.    d. 

£        s.  d. 

£       a.    d. 

1814 

740,226  10    0 

377,799    9    7 

1,867,913  19    4 

3,245,713    8  11 

582,703  15    0 

1815 

754,373    8  11 

214,823  15    9 

1,',28,856    5    3 

1,413,680    1    0 

998,291  10    1 

1816 

417,789  IT    8 

321,070    4  11 

1,31.1,151  17    8 

1,634,222    2    7 

407,699  11    4 

1817 

527.865  13    6 

596,753    7    0 

1,054,261    9    9 

1,651,014  16    9 

1,003,486  12   7 

1818 

1,162,423  15    7 

318,860  19    1 

877,919  13    0 

1,1116,763  12    1 

369,503  14    9 

18ia 

642,011  14    3 

248,078    0    9 

7.34,779    9  10 

982,857  10    7 

299,493    6    8 

1880 

775,132    5    6 

334,081.  13    2 

829,814    9    6 

1,163,901    1    8 

390,744  10    3 

1821 

865,616  13    9 

382,404    3    4 

1,037,100  15    5 

1,419,504  17    9 

438,865  18    5 

182) 

878,272  15    0 

346,810  15    1 

839.150  11    4 

1,185,961    6    5 

437,009    2    5 

1823 

1,11.%800    7    0 

241,837  12  11 

74.1,574  16    4 

985,411    9    3 

349,6?6    4    1 

1824 

1,556,733  17    5 

280,198    9    9 

864,500  16    4 

1,124,999    6    1 

338,635    8  11 

1825 

1,835,084  13    0 

279,213    3    7 

892,102  18    1 

1,171,615    1    8 

360,709  10    1 

1826 

1,217,426    0    6 

426,819  13    9 

656,124  10    9 

1,082,014    4    6 

488,138    6    7 

1827 

2,625,747  11  10 

416,736    0    8 

133,503  12    6 

550,2-29  13    2 

446,951    0    9 

1828 

3,178,825    3    9 

418,945    2    7 

195,497    9    2 

614,412  11     9 

498,937  13    0 

1829 

2,080,993  10  10 

509,921    1    3 

337,866  11    6 

frl7,817  12    9 

49l,3)-8    3  11 

1830 

2,388,483  14  11 

486,284    0    1 

181,065    1    5 

667,319    1    6 

475,881    3    2 

1831 

3,056,1.54  12    4 

635,927  13    5 

256,081  19    7 

392,009  13    0 

602,688    0    0 

1832 

2,452,894    0    0 

848,270    0    0 

- 

- 

674,791    0    0 

But  though  the  fact  were  so,  it  would  not,  as  some  appear  to  suppose,  afford  tho 
shadow  of  a  foundation  for  the  statements  of  those  who  contend  that  the  trade  with  France 
is  a  losing  one.  A  man  carries  nothing  but  money  to  the  baker's  shop,  or  the  butcher'b ; 
and  yet  it  is  not  said  that  he  is  injured  by  dealing  with  them,  or  that  he  should  become  baker 
or  butcher  for  himself.  We  buy  certain  aiticles  from  France,  because  we  find  we  can  pro- 
cure them  from  her  on  more  reasonable  terms  than  from  any  otlicr  country ;  for,  were  •* 
otherwise,  does  any  one  suppose  we  should  send  a  single  ship  to  her  ports  1  Whether  wo 
«arry  on  our  intercourse  with  the  French  by  sending  them  returns  in  bullion  or  ordinary 
products,  is  of  no  consequence  whatever.  We  may  be  assured  that  bullion  is  not  sent  to 
another  country,  unless  it  be  more  valuable  there  than  here ;  that  is,  unless  its  exportation  be 
for  our  advantage. — (See  Balance  of  Trade.J  In  point  of  fact,  however,  we  very  rarely 
■end  any  bullion  to  France ;  and  the  proof  of  this  is,  that,  since  the  peace,  the  exchange  wilii 


Vll 


7ff6 


HAWKERS  AND  PEDLARS. 


Paria  hu  iMen  oftener  in  our  favour  than  against  ua.  Wlien  the  bilia  drawn  by  the  Freneb 
3n  ua  exceed  those  we  draw  on  them,  the  balance  is  usually  paid  by  bills  on  Holland  and 
Hamburgh,  where  there  ia,  at  all  times,  an  excess  of  British  produce.  It  is  idle,  therefore, 
to  attempt  to  revive  the  ridiculous  cry  as  to  the  disadvantageousneas  of  the  French  trade,  be- 
cause the  imports  from  France  exceed  the  exports !  The  imports  into  all  commercial  coun- 
tries uniformly  exceed  the  exports ;  and  the  facts  brought  forward  as  a  ground  of  complaint 
against  the  French  trade,  is  the  strongest  recommendation  in  its  favour.  Perhaps,  howeveri 
it  may  be  consolatory  to  those  who  are  so  alarmed  at  the  excess  of  imports  from  France,  to 
be  tokl  that  it  u  to  a  great  extent  apparent  onlv.  As  already  observed,  large  quantities  of 
ailk  and  other  produce  from  Italy,  come  to  us  through  France,  and  are  reckoned  among  the 
imports  from  that  country,  when  they  are  in  reality  imports  from  Italy.  Taking  thia  cir- 
cumstance into  account,  it  will  be  found  that  the  discrepancy  between  the  exports  to  and  im» 
ports  from  Franco  is  immaterial. 

HAWKERS  AKD  PEDLARS.  It  is  not  very  easy  to' distinguish  between  hawkers  and 
pedlars.  Both  are  a  sort  of  itinerant  retail  dealers,  who  carry  about  their  wares  from  pUee 
to  place ;  but  the  former  are  supposed  to  carry  on  business  on  a  larger  scale  than  the  latter. 
They  are  subject  to  the  same  regulations. 

liegulaliont  at  to  Hawkers  and  Pedlari. — The  legislature  has  always  looked  with  suspi- 
cion upon  itineraiit  dealers ;  and  has  attempted,  by  obliging  them  to  take  out  licenses,  and 
placing  them  under  a  sort  oi  surveillance,  to  lessen  their  numbers,  and  to  hinder  them  from 
engaging  in  dishonest  practices.  But  the  resident  dealer  has  so  many  advantages  on  his 
side,  that  these  precautions  seem  to  be  in  a  great  measure  superfluous.  It  should  also  be 
recollected,  that  before  shops  were  generally  established  in  villages  and  remote  districts, 
hawkers  and  pedlars  rendered  material  services  to  country  people ;  and  even  now  the  compe- 
tition which  they  excite  is  certainly  advantageous. 

By  the  90  Geo.  3.  c.  41,,  hawkers  and  pedlnrs  are  to  pay  an  annual  licence  duty  of  41, ;  and  if  they 
travel  with  n  horse,  asa,  or  other  beust,  hearing  ur  drawing  burden,  they  are  subject  to  an  additional 
duty  of  4Z.  for  each  beast  so  employed.  The  granting  of  licences,  and  management  of  the  duties,  are, 
by  n  late  act,  placed  under  the  control  of  the  coinroissioners  of  stamps. 
'Ilawlcnrg  and  pediarn,  unless  householders  or  residents  in  the  place,  are  not  allowed  to  sell  by  auc- 
tion to  the  hlgheiit  bidder :  penalty  .'>0/.— halftn  the  informer,  the  other  halfto  the  king.  But  nothing 
ill  the  act  extends  to  hinder  any  person  from  selling,  or  exposing  to  sale,  any  sort  of  goods,  in  any 
public  market  or  fair ;  or  to  hinder  a  hawker  or  pedlar  from  seliing  in  a  hired  room,  where  he  Is  not  a 
resident,  provided  such  sale  is  not  by  auction. 

Every  huwker,  before  he  is  licensed,  must  produce  a  certificate  of  good  character  and  reputation, 
signed  by  the  cler^ryman  and  two  reputable  inhabitants  of  the  place  where  he  usually  resides. 

Every  hawker  must  have  inscribed,  in  Roman  capitals,  on  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  every  pack, 
box,  trunk,  case,  cart,  or  other  vehicle,  in  which  he  shall  carry  his  wares,  and  on  every  room  and 
shop  \n  which  he  shall  trade,  and  likewise  on  every  hand-bill  which  he  shall  distribute,  the  words 
"  Licensed  IUwkeb."  Fenalty,  in  default,  101.  Unlicensed  persons,  wrongfully  using  this  designa- 
tion, forfeit  10{. 

Hawkers  dealing  In  smnggled  goods,  or  In  goods  fraudulently  or  dishonestly  procured,  are  punish- 
able by  forfeiture  of  licence,  and  incapacity  to  obtain  one  in  future,  besides  being  liable  to  all  the  other 
peniiltiei,  forfeitures,  &c.  applicable  to  such  illegal  dealing. 

By  Stat.  0  Geo.  4.  c.  80.  it  is  enacted,  that  any  person  or  periions  hawking,  selling,  or  exposing  to 
sale,  any  spirits  on  the  streets,  highways,  Jtc,  or  in  any  boat  or  other  vessel  on  the  water,  or  in  any 
place  otiier  than  those  allowed  in  this  act,  shall  forfeit  such  spirits  and  Ifl0<.  for  every  such  ofTence. 
Any  person  may  detain  a  hawker  of  spirits,  and  give  notice  to  a  peace  oliicer  to  carry  the  offender 
befbre  a  justice. 

Hawkers  trading  without  licence  are  liable  to  a  penally  of  10{.  So  also,  if  they  refuse  to  show  their 
licence  on  the  demand  of  any  parson  to  whom  they  otIVr  goods  for  sale,  or  on  the  demand  of  any 
Justice,  mayor,  constable,  or  otiier  peace  officer,  or  any  nIAcer  of  the  customs  or  excise.  By  5  Geo.  4. 
c.  83.,  hawkers  trading  without  a  licence  are  punishable  as  vagrants. 

To  forge  or  counterfeit  a  hawker's  licence  incurs  a  penalty  of  300{.  To  lend  or  hire  n  hawker's 
licence  subjects  lender  and  borrower  to  401.  each,  and  the  license  becomes  forfeited.  But  the  servant 
of  a  licensed  hawker  inny  travel  with  the  licence  of  his  master. 

Hawkers  trading  without  a  licence  are  liable  to  be  seized  and  detained  by  any  person  who  may  give 
notice  to  a  constable,  in  order  to  their  being  carried  before  a  justice  of  peace.  Constables  refusing  to 
assist  in  the  execution  of  the  act  are  liable  to  a  penalty  of  Wl. 

Nothing  ill  the  act  extends  to  proliibit  persons  from  selling  fish,  fruit,  or  victuals ;  nor  to  hinder  the 
maker  of  any  home  inanufactur.)  from  exposing  his  gnndH  to  sale  in  any  market  or  fair  in  every  city, 
borough,  town  corporate,  and  market  town  :  nor  any  t inker, cooper,  glauer,  plumber,  harness-mender, 
or  other  person,  from  going  about  and  carrying  the  materials  necessary  to  their  business. 

A  single  act  of  selling,  as  a  parcel  of  handkerchiefs  to  a  particular  person,  is  not  sufticlent  to  con- 
stitute a  hawker  within  the  meaning  of  the  statute.— (Aez  v.  LiMi,  B.  613.) 

By  the  52  Geo.  3.  c.  IDS.,  no  person,  being  a  trader  in  any  goods,  wares,  or  manufactures  of  Great 
Britain,  nnd  selling  the  same  by  Kholeiale,  shall  be  deemed  a  hawker ;  and  all  such  persons,  or  their 
agents,  selling  by  wholtiole  only,  shall  go  from  house  to  house,  to  any  of  their  customers  who  sell 
again  by  wholesale  or  n^tail,  without  being  subject  to  any  of  the  penalties  contained  in  any  act 
touching  hawkers,  pedlars,  and  petty  chapmen. 

No  person  committed  uiidur  these  acts  for  non-payment  of  penalties  can  be  detained  in  custody  foi 
B  longer  period  than  3  months. 

Hawkers  exposing  their  goods  to  sale  in  a  market  town,  must  do  it  in  the  market-place. 

Persons  hawking  tea  without  a  licence  are  liable  to  a  penalty,  under  SO  Geo.  3.  c.  41. ;  and  even 
though  they  had  a  licence,  they  would  be  liable  to  a  penalty  for  selling  tea  in  an  unentered  place. — 
{Chitt^'s  edit,  of  Bum's  Juttice,  vol.  ii.  p.  1113.) 

Any  person  duly  licensed  to  trade  as  a  hawker  and  pedlar  may  set  up  any  lawfVil  trade  in  any  place 
\vht> re  he  is  resident,  though  he  have  nut  served  any  apprenticeship  to  'he  same,  and,  if  prosecuted, 
he  may  plead  the  general  issue,  and  have  duuhle  costs.— (See  Ckilty't  edit,  of  Bum's  JiutUe,  vol,  U. 
lip.  H03-l«l.} 


■Si 


masem 


HAY,  HEMP. 


787 


r  and  reputation, 


ed  in  custody  foi 


The  hawkers'  and  prdlnrs'  duty  proriiired  In  \93i,  V,MV.  grnis  revenue ;  the  charges  nf  co  lection 
are  very  heavy,  ainounlins  to  betw-en  SMOl.  and  60001,  whatever,  Iherefure,  may  be  th«  olbei 
•dvantnges  of  this  ta.x,  it  cannot,  certainly,  be  said  tu  be  very  product.,  e. 

[In  the  United  States,  as  in  Great  Britain,  there  are  prejudices  against  pedlan ;  which, 
here  tm  there,  have  led  to  the  enactment  of  legislative  regulations  concerning  tlicm.  For  a 
■pecimen  of  these  the  reader  is  referred  to  PurdotCs  Digest  of  the  Lawa  of  Pennsylvania, 
under  the  head  of  Pcdlara.— ylm.  Ed,] 

HAY  (Ger.  Hew  i  Du.  Hovi  .•  Ft.  Foirtt  It.  Fieno;  8p.  Hmo ;  Lat  Fanuni),  any 
kind  of  grass  cut  and  dried  for  the  food  of  cattle.  The  business  of  hay-making  is  said  to  be 
better  understood  in  Middlesex  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  kingdom.  The  groat  object  is 
to  preserve  the  green  colour  of  the  grass  aa  much  as  possible,  and  to  have  it  juicy,  fresh,  and 
free  from  all  sort  of  mustinesa. 

The  Rale  of  hny  within  the  hilla  nrinortnlity,  and  30  miles  of  the  cities  of  roiidnn  and  WRRtminiter, 
it  reKUliited  \\y  \\w  act  30  C.eo.  3.  c.  88.  It  e.ihcta.  Hint  all  h»y  shall  he  nolil  by  ilic  liinil  of  36  triisses, 
ench  Uut*  wnijiliing  .'^6  lbs.,  excupt  new  h:iy,  which  is  to  weigh  tiUIhg.  till  tliu  -Ith  of  September,  nnd 
Bfl  rwnrds  .56  IIm.  only;  »n  Ihiit  till  the  4lh  of  Aepteiiiber  a  loud  of  hay  weigliH  e.xiictly  n  ton,  but 
thereafter  only  18  cwt.  The  clerk  of  the  market  ia  bound  to  keep  a  reuuiiir  bnok  fur  the  inapectioa 
of  the  public,  Rpucifying  the  names  of  the  seller,  the  buyer,  the  galesmnn,  and  the  price  of  each  lond. 
Salesmen  mid  fuctnrs  nru  prohibited  from  dealinii  on  their  own  ai-coiiiit. 

There  are  three  public  niiirkets  in  the  melropniis  fur  tiie  sain  of  buy  nnd  rtraw ;  Whitechnpel, 
flmithficld,  nnd  the  llaymarket. '  An  net  (II  Oeo,  4  c.  14.)  hnsi  been  obtuiiiud  fur  tlic  removal  of  the 
market  froiu  the  Haymurket  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Regent's  I'ark :  but  tlie  removal  has  not  yet  taken 
place. 

Strnw  is  sold  by  the  load  nf  36  trusses,  of  36  lbs.  each,  innking  in  all  II  cwt.  64  lbs. 

It  is  ofHrmed,  wo  know  not  with  what  foundation,  that  considerable  frauds  are  perpetrated  in  the 
sale  of  hay  and  straw. 

HEMP  (Ger.  Hanf;  Du.  Hennip,  Kennip,-  Dn.  Hamp ;  Sw.  Hampa,-  Fr.  Chanvret 
It.  Canape  {  Sp.  Canamo;  Rus.  Konapli,  Kcnopel  ,•  Pol.  Konopc)  a  valuable  plant  (the 
Cannabis  sativu  of  Linnaius),  supposed  to  be  a  native  India,  but  long  since  naturalised  and 
extensively  cultivated  in  Italy,  and  many  countries  of  Europe,  particularly  Russia  and  Poland, 
where  it  forms  an  article  of  primary  commercial  importance.  Itia  also  cultivated  in  dilTcrent 
parts  of  America,  though  not  in  such  quantities  as  to  supersede  it»  importation.  It  ia 
stronger  and  coarser  in  the  fibre  than  flax ;  but  its  uses,  culture,  and  management,  are  pretty 
much  the  same.  When  grown  for  seed,  it  is  a  very  exhauBting  crop ;  but  when  pulled  green, 
it  is  considered  as  a  cleaner  of  the  gpround.  In  this  country,  its  cultivation  is  not  deemed 
profitable ;  so  that,  notwithstanding  the  encouragement  it  has  received  from  govurnnient, 
and  the  excellent  quality  of  English  hemp,  it  is  but  little  grown,  except  in  some  few  districts 
of  Suffolk  and  Lincolnshire.  The  quantity  raised  in  Ireland  is  also  inconsiderable. — {^Lou- 
dun's  Encye,  of  Agricult.) 

Exceedingly  good  liuckataek  is  made  from  hemp,  for  towels  nnd  common  tablecloths.  Low-priced 
hempen  cloths  nre  a  general  wear  fdr  husbandmen,  servants,  nnd  hiboiiring  mnnnl'acturers ;  the  lietter 
sorts  for  workina  farmers  nnd  tradesmen  in  the  country  ;  and  tlio  finer  ones,  J  wide,  are  preferred  iiy 
some  gentlemen  for  strength  and  warmth.a  They  pnsseds  this  advantage  over  Irish  and  other  linens, — 
that  their  colour  improves  in  wearing,  while  that  of  linen  deteriorates.  Uiit  the  |:rcnt  consumption 
of  hemp  is  in  the  manufacture  of  Eailcloth  nnd  cordage,  for  wliich  purposes  it  is  pecniinrly  fitted  by 
the  strength  of  its  fibre.  English  hemp,  when  properly  prepared,  is  snid  to  be  stronger  than  that  of 
every  other  country,  Russia  not  excepted;  nnd  would,  therefore,  mnkc  the  best  cordage.  It  is,  how- 
ever, hut  little  used  in  tliut  way,  or  in  the  making  of  sailcloth;  being  principally  made  into  cloth  fur 
the  uses  already  stated. 

Hemp  has  been  cultivated  in  Bengal  from  the  remotest  nntiquity, but  not,  as  in  Europe,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  being  manufactured  into  cloth  uiul  cordage.  In  tlie  Hindu*  economy  it  serves  as  n  substitut.. 
for  malt ;  a  favourite  inti>.\icating  liquor  called  bunga,  being  produced  from  it !  This,  also,  is  tlie  use 
to  which  it  is  applieil  in  Eaypt.— (.Vi/iii/rji'*  Orient.  Cummcrce,  i^e.) 

Tlie  price  of  hemp  fluctuated  very  much  during  the  war.  In  cnns.iqnence  of  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  its  importation,  it  stood  at  a  very  high  level  frnin  1);0.'<  to  1814.  Tlii.s  was  the  princip.'il  ciri'umstnnce 
that  originally  broiisht  iron  culiies  into  use;  and  the  extent  to  which  they  are  imw  iiitroduceii,  has 
co:'trihuted  materially  to  diminish  the  consumption  and  importation  of  hemp. — {Tuoke  on  High  and 
Loic  Prices,  2d  ed.  p.  315.) 

Of  530.H'20  cwt.  of  undressed  hemp  imported  in  1S31,  500,^03  were  broneht  fron!  Russia,  9,472  from 
the  East  Inilies,  7,4n.'j  frutu  Italy,  2,262  from  the  Piiilippine  Islands,  2,218  froiii  the  United  Stntec,  and 
some  small  (luaiitilies  from  a  few  other  places.  The  duly  (in  hemp  W'js  reduced  in  1832,  frnm  4».  Sd. 
to  Id.  per  cwt. ;  a  reduction  which,  cimsideriiig  the  iiiipurtuucc  of  cordage,  and  other  articles  made 
of  hemp,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  verv  great  advantage. 

We  borrow  the  following  pRrliculars  with  respect  to  the  hemp  trade  of  Pctersburgh,  from  the  work 
of  Mr.  Ilorrisow  im  the  cnmmerce  of  tliat  city  : — 

Ifewp  forms  a  very  important  arlii  le  of  export  from  Petersbnrgh,  nnd  deserves  particular  notice.  It 
is  assorted,  according  to  its  quality,  into  clean  hemp,  or  firsts;  out-slivt  hcwp,  or  seconds;  half -clean 
hemp,  or  thirds;  and  hemp cixlilla. 

Of  the  first  3  sorts,  there  nre  annually  exported  about  2,000.000  poods,  the  greatest  part  in  English 
ond  American  hntlonis.  It  is  brought  to  Fetersbiirsli  from  the  interior,  beyond  Moscow,  iiy  water; 
and  its  quality  depends  very  much  on  the  coiiiiirv  in  wliicli  it  is  preducfd.  That  broiiglit  frnm 
Karatsliev  is  the  best;  next  to  this, that  produced  in  iielev;  hemp  from  Gshatsk  is  considered  inferior 
to  the  latter. 

As  soon  as  the  hemp  is  brought  down  in  the  spring,  or  in  the  course  of  the  summer,  it  is  selected 
and  made  up  in  limidles;  both  operations  being  perfuriiied  by  swnrn  selectors  (bratkers)  and  binders 
appointed  by  government  for  this  purpose;  and  it  is  u  well  known  fact,  that  this  is  done  with  great 
impartiality  and  exactness. 

A  bundle  of  clean  hemp  weighs  from  55  to  65  pocds ;  ditto  out-shot,  48  to  55  ditto  j  ditto  half-clean, 
40  to  45  ditto.— (I  pood  -^  ;ieibs.  avoirdupois.) 
Vot.  I.— 3  S 


r..  i 


708 


HEMP. 


nindlnr  If  hemp  Ih  paid  for  at  the  rate  nf  3  rouhlni  SO  copeekR  fir  el*an,  9  rniihles  for  out-ihot,  ind 
1  roiilile  nO  copRcki  fnr  knlf-eUan,  per  ImiikIIo  ;  nne  tialf  l(  piild  bv  the  leller,  and  the  other  hair  by  th« 
imrchiiier,  and  i*  chnrsed  nccnrdinRly  by  their  nxenti. 

The  expeimu  (if  Bi'li'ctiii!;  hump  \n  Ad  copt-ckii  per  bKrcuvltz  («r  10  pnndu),  and  la  tho  lame  for  every 
•ort.  To  iivory  liiimlln  of  inanrted  hump  in  nttncliiMl  a  ticket  wllli  ihc  nnme«  of  Iho  Bclijctor,  hinder, 
and  n»  ner,  and  the  dnie  and  year.  Every  hiindin  hav  aUo  atiixed  to  It  n  piece  ut'  lend,  etaiiipnd  on 
one  aide  with  the  name  of  iha  nelector,  and  on  the  other  with  thu  lort  nf  hemp  and  tliu  tlino  when  it 
wan  aelcctcd.  Vlin  external  innrka  orKood  hciiip  urn,  Ita  being  nf  an  eiinnl  green  cnlniir  and  freo  from 
epills  ;  bnt  ila  eood  i]iiality  U  proved  liy  thit  alrenKlh  of  fibre,  which  ahniild  be  One,  thin,  and  long- 
I'he  first  sort  ihnuld  be  qiiilu  clean  and  free  from  apllla  ;  the  oiiNaAut  ii  leaa  in;  and  the  Aa//-Wrai* 
contalna  a  hiIII  greuter  portion  of  apllla,  and  la  moreover  nf  mixed  (|iinlitlci  and  cidonrs. 

A<i  a  perfect  knowli'dgo  nf  the  qtmlltied  of  hemp  and  flax  can  only  be  acniiired  by  experience  and 
attention,  agenla  nanally  employ  men  conatantly  occupied  In  tliia  biiaineia;  by  which  nieana  they  are 
pure  of  eulling  gnodn  of  the  heat  quality,  and  hrivc  the  beat  chance  nf  giving  aatlaf:iction  to  their  prin> 
4'lpnla;  b<>c»ii!>(>,  alihnnph  Iho  hemp  la  selected  liy  aworn  nelectnra,  yet,  owing  to  the  qiiiintity  of 
iHiHlneaa  and  the  epecd  with  which  It  ninat  ho  exccnied.  Ice.  there  are  nf^cn  great  dilfercncoa  in  the 
anmc  aorta.  The  chiirgeg  are  in  tliia  way  aomewhat  increased  ;  hut  thia  la  trldlng  In  cnnipariaon  of 
the  advantage  gained.  The  part  leparated,  or  picked  nut  in  cleaning  homp,  la  cfillud  hemp  euUilla  ;  it 
is  generally  made  up  In  aninll  hnndlea  of  I  pood,  which  are  again,  when  shipped,  bound  together  in 
larce  bnndlea,  each  conaUting  of  about  30  aniull  nnea. 

rurticulnr  care  mnat  he  taken  to  ship  hemp  and  tlax  In  line  dry  weather ;  If  it  gel  wet,  it  heats  and 
U  totally  spoiled.  Kor  this  reason  every  veaael  taking  in  hemp  or  flax  la  furnished  with  mats  to  pre- 
vent its  getting  damp.  Hump,  being  Hunt  and  bulky,  is,  when  stowed,  forced  into  thu  hold  by  meant 
iif  winches,  which  renders  ilio  operation  of  loading  rather  slow. 

It  may  be  taken  aa  a  general  rule,  that  the  pricea  nf  hemp  are  higheat  In  the  months  of  May,  June, 
July,  and  the  early  part  nf  August,  the  demand  for  thia  article  being  then  groateat,  and  the  exportation 
to  North^merica  being  principally  effected  at  this  season.  Ag:iin,  the  prices  of  hemp  are  lowest 
In  the  month  of  September  ;  tlie  reason  of  which  la,  that  the  less  opulent  hMmp-morchantE  return  at 
the  end  of  this  month  to  their  own  country,  in  ordw-r  to  make  new  purchases  for  tho  ensuing  yearj 
and  rather  than  he  detained,  sell  the  remainder  of  their  stock  inme  roubles  below  the  market  price. 
This  cau<ies  a  general  decline ;  although  an  unu.sual  demand  for  tho  article  happening  at  the  same 
lime,  or  political  events  or  rumnnra,  occaaiumilly  produce  a  contrary  effiict.  Two  large  warehouses, 
called  ambtirea,  are  buili  in  Petorsburgh  for  thu  special  pur|ioie  of  huuslng  homp,  wiier^e  thu  greatest 
order  is  observed. 


Accouut  of  the  Total  Export  of  Ilcmp  from  Peteraburgh  during  the  last  Eight  Years,  specifying  the 
Quantiliea  exported  In  British,  American,  and  other  Foreign  Ships. 


Tatn. 

Id  nritiiJi  Shl|» 

American 

Oilier  ForeijD  Mhipi. 

Granil 
Tolal. 

Clean. 

Oul4hot. 

dun. 

Tnltl  In  Brl. 
n>liShi|it. 

Total. 

Clean. 

Oul-ihot. 

Hair- 
clean. 

ToUl  in 
Fortun 
Shipi. 

P.^du 

Prmii. 

Padt. 

/"WV/f. 

PmU. 

PoaHt. 

/^»rff. 

P.»<f.. 

P.KKlt. 

Piiidt. 

1895 

l,0iW,l)52 

101,033 

15M.17 

1,355,239 

330,1.52 

101,114 

140,911 

99,945 

3.50,l.30 

2,011,514 

1836 

911,931 

73,750 

111,975 

1,127,059     210,963 

18,5,013 

186,105 

125,130 

490,878 

1,841,500 

1S87 

1,011,931 

.10,9.59 

100,301 

1,215,191     288,700 

lf:0,!)63 

114,155 

128,099 

409,817 

1,91.1,711 

1N38 

859,753 

100,098 

103,741 

1,009,601     2y2,(;52 

192.302 

1,50,130 

128,822 

471,254 

1,813,.501 

1S29 

3.!1,719 

213,4.52 

95„'i03 

033,731     139,.-,07 

3'>,947 

91,937 

108,31 1 

812,185 

1,015,496 

1830 

481,000 

2(2,004  {  187,355 

9,V2,9I3  1    Hfiil 

43,181 

157,0-29 

101,9i0 

300,159 

I,32;t.l2l 

1831 

CS2,970 

202,011  i  210,919 

1,096,50«  i  277,881 

21,181 

81,498 

57,109 

100.088 

1,534,475 

1833 

617,237 

107,155     273,0.18 

1,058,030     331,482 

92,380 

120,703  1  929,961 

443,014 

1,835,556 

Sixty  poods  of  hemp  and  40  poods  of  codllla  make  a  last  &t  Petorsburgh;  03  poods  make  an  English 
ton.— (pp.  47—52.) 

Riga  hemp  fetches  a  higher  price  than  that  nf  Petershurgh.  It  Is  divided  into  3  sorts:  viz.  rein, 
rhine,  nr  clean,  nul-ahot,  and  pass  hemp.  Thu  following  are  the  prices  of  hemp,  duty  paid,  as  quoted 
ill  the  London  markets,  Duccmber,  1833: — 

Hemp,  East  India,  d.p, 

Petershurgh,  clain  ... 

:   if  ■'■  '  •  out-shot 

half-clean  ... 
Riga  rblne      -  .  •  - 

We  subjoin  a  statement  of  the  various  charges  on  the  exportation  of  hemp  from  Petershurgh,  and 
on  ita  importation  into  this  country. 


£   a. 

J.      £    ». 

d. 

0    0 

0  to    0    3 

0  per  ton 

25  10 

0-26     0 

0     - 

24     0 

0-24  10 

0     — 

21     0 

0  —  21  10 

0     — 

29    0 

0—0    0 

0      — 

Clean  Hemp.— I  buudle  «  63  p<xxli  a  1  ton* 


Ihi*r,  3  TW.  60  cop.  per  bcrcovi^x 
,A<1(l'iiirn'«l  Juty,  lu  percent. 
QuuaotiDe  duty,  1  ptsr  ceut 


Ci«*om*hous*  chirfes,  4  per  cent.     .          .           .  . 

R  'aiviiiK,  tvfi^hin>,',  nnd  sliippins,  3  3-t  rou.  per  bundle  • 

llrnrkiii,!,  ^0  otp.  per  liercovUl         .           .            -  - 

BiTiiliiiK,  -10  aii),  per  ditto      •           .           .           ■  . 

J.i*1itrra^e  .iri'l  .itlcml.nire  tn  Croi  atadt,  8  mu.  per  bundle  • 
RtibiiKliiig,  2  1*4  rr>u.  per  buuile,  1-2  charged 
Brokenijtff  60  coji.  per  too    >           -          •          • 


I- 


£.4} 


BrokcrA^e,  1*2  per  cent. 

Oimminion  and  extra  charges,  3  per  cent. 

HjiHipe  on  (infta,  1  4  per  cent.  I ,.«  ,„,  „„, 


Cliargei  of  imiwrtalioD  per  Ion,  taking  the  price  at  40'.  ptr  (on 


r 


Insurance,  uy  !/.« in-l  policy  •  •  •  >    0 

Fn-iiht,  alt.  b'rf.  per  Ion  •  •  •  •  -2 

Cus'iinis  and  Rimta  duiu  -  •  •  >  -4 

Laudiri<  cliir^oi      •  •  •  ■  •  •    0 

S-'ujid  ituei  •          •  •  •  •  •  "0 

Disc  mill,  3  3-4  per  ceut  •  -  .  •    | 

Urukerage   .           -  •  •  •  •    0 


«.    d. 


10    0 
5    0 


Per  too,  £.  10     5   0 

In  the  above  calrulation*  no  allowance  is  made  Tor  damage; 
nhich,  if  care  be  tiken  lu  Hfloct  a  ^ood  vtwcl  and  an  eaily  sc:isnn, 
dot:.^  II'  t  amount  to  nuicn.  Tht*  estimatts  nre  nearly  thebiwait  m'ea 
of  charsttj.  The  tn>unince,  in'leed,  is  B'>n)eliniei  as  liiw  an  lit.  6rf. 
per  cent.,  and  policy*.  That,  however,  is  only  in  the  very  ear.ieit 
part  of  (lie  season ;  il  rises  (o  ^l.  per  cent,  in  thu  autumn, 
OtU*fwt  Htmp.—X  bundle  =  63 poodi s  1  ton. 

R-7U.  cop, 
Ftied  charges  -  -  >  •    46    II 

Other  charic  ■  same. 

/ialj-cUan  Jltmp.—l  1'2  bundle  =  63  poode»  1  ton. 
„      .  I  R<M.eop, 

Filed  thar^e*  •  •  -   48    Tl 

Oiuer  charges  same. 


ISMM 


«K 


fhr  oui-$hot,  ind 
other  half  by  tht 

•Bine  fur  evury 
m^lnctnr,  hindur,  ' 
Riiri,  (lainimd  on 
liu  llino  when  It 
nr  nnd  frno  from 
!,  thin,  nnil  lnnf> 
nd  the  half -clean 
rs. 

r  experience  and 
I  niHiina  they  nre 
Inn  to  tlieir  prin- 

Iho  quantity  of 
ilTiircnccg  In  the 
in  coni|mrlHon  of 
I  hemp  ciidilla ;  It 
)und  together  in 

wet,  it  hcnta  and 
vlth  niiim  to  pre- 
tu  hulil  by  meant 

Ii9  of  Mny,  June, 
1  the  e.xportnlinii 
leinp  ore  lowest 
v.hiintE  retnrn  at 
le  enaiiing  year; 
llie  market  price, 
ling  at  thi!  same 
irge  wuruliou^es, 
lier^  the  greute«t 

ra,  specifying  the 


Gnnil 

'otil  in 

TouU. 

ortUn 

jhipi. 

I'.mti. 

yujiji. 

id,  130 

2,011,514 

i>li,S7H 

1, 841,500 

)!t,.sir 

1,01.1,711 

i,a5» 

l,833,.50l 

2,IW 

l,lll,VI!)0 

)(>,!j() 

l,3S3.iai 

JI),(H8 

1,534,175 

;:),oit 

1,835,53« 

make  an  English 

sorts :  viz.  rein, 
paid,  as  (luutcd 

cr  ton 


Pctersburgh,  and 


price  at  40^  prr  ton. 
L.    ».    d. 

•  0    10   6 

■  2    12    6 

■  4 

■  0 

■  0 

•  I 

•  0 


13  8 

10  0 

5  0 

10  0 

4  0 


Per  Ion,  L.  10     5   0 

s  mxde  Tnr  d.-imi^e ; 
'I  an<l  an  early  scnson, 
nearly  the  litweitt  m'ea 
niei  as  Inw  m  lis,  ad, 
ly  in  tile  very  ear.ieit 
he  autumn. 
>odj  =*  1  ton. 

Kiu.  cop, 
■    46    II 

>  poodi  ta  1  ton. 

BtM.  CM, 

•  48   n 


'     HEMPSEED,  HERRINGS  AND  HERRING  FISHERY.    759 

'  iemp  the  produce  or  mnnnfnrttire  of  Europo  mny  not  ho  imported  into  tlie  United  Kinirdnm  tat 
lloTjie  cnnsnniption,  except  in  llri(ii>h  siilpi ,  nr  In  ships  of  tiie  cmihtry  of  whicli  it  is  thii  produce,  or 
from  which  it  is  imported,  under  penally  of  forfeiting  thj  same  and  I00{.  by  the  ninster  of  tlie  ship.— 
<3  A  4  Hill.  4.  c.  51.  ii  9.  iind  it.) 

lli'iMP  (Manilla),  ccimmonly  culled  Manilla  while  rope.  Mr.  Crawford  gives  tlio  fullowiiig  nccnuni 
of  this  urliclK  :— 'Of  the  wild  banana,  one  kind  (Mn»a  lettilh)  grows  In  viist  iibiinduiiie  In  some  of  tlie 
most  nortlicriy  of  the  splcn  iiilunds.  In  the  great  island  of  Miiidiinun,  in  thu  I'hillp.'tines,  it  lllls  ext)'n> 
live  forests.  From  lli«  tlliroiis  liiirk  i>r  epidermis  Is  mantifiictiiii'd  a  kind  of  clolh,  In  fretjuenl  use 
■niong  the  natives.  It  ulsn  nfTirds  the  muteri.-il  of  the  most  vnliiiildc  cordage  wliich  thf  Indigenous 
prnducts  of  the  Archipc'luuo  yield.  This  is  known  lo  our  traders  uiid  niivlgalors  under  lite  nuiiii;  of 
Manilla  rope,  and  Is  equally  applicable  to  cables,  and  to  standing  or  running  rigging."— (//ur.  «/ 
Mrrkijitlaeo,  vol.  I.  p.  412.) 

Hemp  (Indian),  or  8unic.  This  consists  of  the  fibre  of  the  erotnlariajiivrea,  a  totally  dilf.'reiit  plant 
from  the  eannabia  tolifa,  which,  ns  iiirvady  stated,  is  never  used  by  the  llindons  for  clolh  or  cordage, 
I9uiin  is  grown  in  various  pliires  of  llindnslan.  The  strongesl,  wliltfst,  and  most  durable  species  if 
produced  at  Coinercolly.  During  those  periods  of  the  lute  war  when  the  Intercourse  with  the  llullie 
was  interrupted,  and  hemp  bore  an  enormous  price,  liirie  quantities  of  sunn  were  im;mrted ;  but  the 
fibre  being  compRrutively  weak,  the  article  was  not  found  lo  answer,  nnd  the  impurtutiim  has  since 
been  discontinued.— (..4/t/AurH's  Orient.  Commerce;  private  Uifurmation.) 

[Hemp  is  importrd  into  the  United  i^ates  chiefly  from  Rusma:  the  annual  value,  on  an 
tvcra^o  nf  the  three  years  ending  September  30th,  1838,  imported  from  that  country,  being 
f4r)0,U00,  while  the  whole  im|)ortation  of  it  amounted  lo  $603,934.  The  annual  value  nf 
all  urticlcs  manufactured  from  hemp,  sail  duck  being  the  principal  of  these,  imported  during 
the  same  period,  amounted  to  $681,117,  of  which,  ^519,967  were  from  Ru-^sia.  An 
average  tjuantity  of  these  articles,  to  the  value  of  about  $100,000,  wa^  ro-ex|K>rted ;  for  the 
most  part  to  Cuba  and  the  other  West  India  islands,  and  to  South  America. — Am.  Ed,] 

HEMP-3EED  (Fr,  Chenevis,  Chenevi  ,•  Oct.  Ilanfsaat ,-  It.  Cannupticcia ;  hai.  Semen 
eannabinum  I  Rus.  Konopfjanoe  Semja),  tho  seed  of  hemp.  The  best  hiimp-seed  is  that 
which  is  briglilest,  and  will  not  break  when  rubbed.  It  is  used  cither  as  seed,  or  for  crushing 
for  oil,  or  as  food  for  fowls.  Being  loaded  with  a  duty  of  2/.  per  quarter,  it  is  but  little  im- 
ported into  this  country. 

HERRINGS,  Asn  HERRING  FISHERY.  The  hcrriug  (Clupei  harenirus  of  Liii- 
niBus)  is  a  fish  too  well  known  to  require  any  description.  It  is  every  where  in  high  esteem, 
Loth  when  fresh  nnd  when  salted. 

"  Herrings  are  found  from  the  highest  northern  latitudes  yet  known,  as  low  as  the  northern 
coasts  of  France.  They  are  met  with  in  vast  shoals  on  the  coast  of  America  as  low  as 
Carolina.  In  Chesapeake  Bay  is  an  annual  inundation  of  those  lish,  whi-'h  cover  the  shore 
in  such  quantities  as  to  become  a  nuisance.  We  find  them  again  in  the  seas  of  Kamtschatka ; 
and  probably  they  reach  Japan.  The  great  winter  rendezvous  of  tlio  herring  is  within  the 
arctic  circle:  there  they  continue  for  many  months,  in  order  to  recruit  themselves  after  the 
fatigue  of  npawning ;  the  seas  within  that  space  swarming  with  insect  food  in  a  far  greater 
d«gree  than  those  of  our  warmer  latitudes,  'i'his  mighty  army  begins  to  put  itself  in  motion 
in  spring.  'J'hey  begin  to  appear  olfthe  Shetland  Isles  in  April  and  May.  These  are  oniy 
the  forerunners  of  the  grand  shoal,  which  comes  in  June ;  and  their  api)earance  is  marked  by 
certain  signs,  such  as  the  numbers  of  birds,  like  gnnnets  and  others,  whicli  follow  to  prey 
on  them ;  but  when  the  main  body  approaches,  its  breadth  and  depth  is  such  as  to  alter  the 
appearance  of  the  very  ocean.  It  is  divided  into  distinct  columns  of  H  or  6  miles  in  length, 
and  3  or  4  in  breadth;  and  they  drive  the  water  before  them,  with  a  kind  of  rippling. 
Sometimes  they  sink  for  the  space  of  10  or  15  minutes,  and  then  rise  again  to  the 
surface ;  and  in  fine  weather  reflect  a  variety  of  splendid  q^lours,  like  a  field  of  the  most 
precious  gems. 

"  The  first  check  this  army  meets  in  its  march  southward,  is  from  the  Shetland  Isles, 
which  divide  it  into  two  parts :  one  string  takes  to  the  east,  the  other  to  the  western  shores  of 
Great  Britain,  and  fill  every  bay  and  creek  with  their  numbers :  the  former  proceed  towards 
Yarmouth,  the  great  and  ancient  mart  of  herrings ;  they  then  pass  through  the  British  Chan- 
nel, and  after  that  in  a  manner  disappear.  Those  which  take  towarils  the  west,  after  oflering 
themselves  to  the  Hebrides,  where  the  great  stationary  fishery  is,  proceed  to  the  north  of 
Ireland,  where  they  meet  with  a  second  interruption,  and  are  obliged  to  make  a  second 
division :  the  one  takes  to  the  western  side,  and  is  scarcely  perceived,  being  soon  lost  in  the 
immensity  of  the  Atlantic;  but  the  other,  that  passes  into  the  Irish  Sea,  rejoices  and  feeds 
the  inhabitants  of  most  of  the  coasts  that  border  on  it.  These  brigades,  as  we  may  call  them, 
which  are  thus  separated  from  the  greater  columns,  arc  often  capricious  in  their  motions, 
and  do  not  show  an  invariable  attachment  to  their  haunts. 

"  This  instinct  of  migration  was  given  to  the  herrings,  that  they  might  deposit  their  spawn 
in  warmer  seas,  that  would  mature  and  vivify  it  more  assuredly  than  those  of  the  frozen 
zone.  It  is  not  from  defect  of  food  that  they  set  themselves  in  motion  ;  for  they  come  lo  us 
full  of 'fat,  and  on  their  return  are  almost  universally  observed  to  be  lean  and  miserable. 
What  their  food  is  near  the  pole,  we  are  not  yet  informed ;  but  in  our  seas  they  feed  much 
on  the  oniseus  marinus,  a  crustaceous  insect,  and  sometimes  on  their  own  fry. 

"They  are  full  of  roe  in  tlie  end  of  June,  and  continue  in  perfection  till  the  btgiiming  of 


J   -1 


760 


HERRINGS  AND  HERRING  FISHERY. 


winter,  when  they  depoiit  their  ipnwn.  The  young  herrinKi  beiiin  to  nppronrh  the  nhonea 
ill  July  and  Augutt,  ami  are  thon  from  }  an  inch  to  2  inchoii  luiii;.  Though  we  have  no 
particurliir  authoilty  fur  it,  yi't,  ae  very  fuw  young  herring*  are  fount!  in  our  Mas  duiing 
winter,  it  aceme  moat  certuin  that  they  niuiit  return  to  their  pnrontiil  hiiuntN  beneath  the  ire. 
Boine  of  the  old  herring*  continue  on  our  cooat  the  whole  year." — {I'tnnunt's  Driluh 

The  herring  wne  unknown  to  the  ancients,  being  rarely,  if  ever,  found  within  the  Mcdi* 
terranean.  The  Dutrli  are  naid  to  have  engnRed  in  tlie  flihory  in  1 104,  The  invention  of 
picliling  or  salting  hcrringH  in  ascribed  to  ono  BeukvU,  or  BcukeUon,  of  Diervliet,  near  Hloya, 
who  died  in  13tt7.  The  emperor  Charles  V.  viHilcd  his  grave,  and  ordered  a  magnificent 
tomb  to  be  erected  to  his  memory.  Hince  this  early  period,  the  Dutch  have  uniformly  main- 
tained their  ascendency  in  the  herring  fishery ;  but,  owing  to  the  Reformation,  and  the 
relaxed  oliscrvanro  of  Lent  in  Catholic  countries,  the  demand  for  herrings  upon  the  Conti- 
nent is  now  far  loss  than  in  the  fourteenth  and  lifVeenth  centuries. 

Importanet  of  lk$  Htrring  FitUry.  Progrtti  of  it  U  Orisl  AWfiils.— Tlirre  i«,  pfirlinps,  nn  branch 
of  hiiluntry,  itie  lni|M)rlniicu  urwiilcli  hsi  l)e«n  lo  much  ofor-raled  n«  Hint  oftlie  hvrrlii|i  lUliery.  For 
morn  thnn  Iwii  centiirlua,  comimny  after  cmnpniiy  him  been  fiiriiiH<t  fur  iu  proHvciitliin,  nnhiiig  vlllnges 
have  betn  biilll,  plrrii  cnnitriiclAil,  Domds  siiil  roiiilntlons  «atahMihi!(l,  and  vnat  muni  expxndiul  In 
Itoiiiitiui,  and  yet  lli«  tUhfry  rciuiiliii  In  a  very  TeeblH  aiul  luiliuullhv  BlutR.  Thu  I'ltlHu  csliiiiuit'ii  thai 
linve  been  luiiK  current  wilt)  rcKpi-ct  In  the  extent  mid  viiluit  of  thu  l)iitch  hcrrliin  h*hf  ry,  cunlrllMilod 
more,  perhnna,  than  nny  ihliiR  cluo,  to  the  rnrinnllun  nf  iMiiKgerntvd  mil  Ions  of  thu  linpurtnncn  of  this 
buiinfiM.  That  tho  Jlolliindert  prnteciiled  It  to  a  ftroater  iixteni,  ond  with  fur  griiulur  incccia,  than 
any  otiier  penpin,  li,  Indued,  inoit  truo.  Tlisre  U  not,  liowrvrr,  the  ahiidnw  nf  a  {riiuiid  fur  lieliovlng 
that  they  ever  einplnyt'd,  iia  hna  nftrn  been  aliiled,  w  lut  4511,000  Inilivliluula  In  thu  tlnhi^ry  nnd  the 
eniplnyiiinnta  iniinediiituly  eiihHervhtnt  to  it.  We  qneai  <n  whotlii'r  ttiry  ever  employed  ao  mnny  nt 
50,000.  At  Iho  tliiiu  when  lliu  Dutch  curried  on  the  linhery  to  Ihu  (ircutKal  extent,  llin  entire  populiillnn 
nf  the  Hoven  United  I'ruvlncoa  did  not  cerlsinly  exceed  9,400,000;  and  deduclInK  n  hnlf  for  women, 
and  from  a  half  tn  two  ililrda  of  tho  remaining  1,900,000  for  hoya  nnd  old  men,  it  would  follow,  accord- 
ing to  tho  alatcnient  in  queatlon,  thnt  every  iihle-hodlcd  nmn  in  llollniid  niuat  have  been  cngRgcd  In 
tho  herring  H.ihery  !  It  \*  uatonUhing  how  audi  riilieiiloimly  exaKSeruled  nccoiinia  ever  obtnined  nny 
circuhilliin  ;  nnd  lillll  mure  ao.  Unit  tliey  ahiinld  have  liecii  referred  to  and  quoted  without,  npiiarently, 
any  doubt  being  ever  entert.iined  of  their  authenticity,  down  to  niir  own  tiiiiea!*  Had  they  been 
sifted  ever  in  little,  their  falaehood  would  have  been  obvioiiai  and  we  should  have  saved  many 
hundreds  ufthouauiida  of  pdiinds  that  havo  been  thrown  away  in  attempting  tu  rival  that  wbich 
never  existed. 

It  would  be  impoaalble,  within  the  limits  tn  which  thia  nrtkle  must  lie  conflnod,  tn  give  nny  delnlted 
account  of  the  various  nilempts  tlini  hnve  been  iiiadi!  at  ilifferunt  iierlods  to  oncouriigH  and  bolster  up 
the  herring  lishery.  In  IT4U,  In  puisunnce  of  n  recomniendntlon  in  hia  MnJoHty's  i<puech  at  thu  opening 
of  parliament,  nnil  of  n  report  of  n  cominitteo  nf  the  House  of  Conininna,  .M)0,000{.  wns  suliscrilied  fni 
cnrryiiigon  the  tiaheriea,  under  n  corporation  called  "The  Society  of  the  I'reo  Britlsli  Fishery."  The 
Prince  of  Wales  wits  chusuii  governor  of  the  Society,  which  was  puirnnlsed  by  men  of  the  lirst  rank 
and  fortune  in  thu  Slate.  I)ut  this  iSociely  did  not  trust  uniirely  to  Us  own  etliirts  for  success.  The 
duties  wetH  remitted  upon  tho  suit  used  In  the  llsheriea ;  and  beaidea  this  reasonable  encouragement, 
a  high  tonnage  bounty  was  granted  upon  every  buss  fllted  out  for  th.';  deep  sen  fishery.  In  conia- 
quence,  many  vessels  were  sent  out,  as  Dr.  Smith  hus  truly  stated,  not  to  cutch  herrings,  but  to  tatth 
the  bouHif ;  and  to  such  an  extent  was  thia  nbusu  carried,  that  in  \i'>0,  when  the  tonnage  bounty  was 
60«.,  the  almost  inrredible  sum  of  \i^l.  7/<.  fid.  was  paid  as  lionnty  upon  trerij  barrel  vf  merekuiitablt 
herrinpt  that  was  pruUiiced .'— ( IVettlih  vf  JVatinne,  vol.  ill.  p.  atiO.  JU'  C'kj/i>c/i'«  eil.)  Hut,  not  withstanding 
this  encouragement,  such  was  llie  waste  and  niismaiiiigement  of  the  Company's  att'airs,  that  It  was 
speedily  destroyed.  Dr.  Smith  says,  that  In  HOt  liardly  u  vestige  remained  of  its  having  over  been  in 
existence. 

But,  notwithstanding  this  ill  success,  a  new  company  was  formed,  for  nearly  the  aame  objects,  in 
1T80,  of  which  Cieurge  III.  was  patron.  It  hiis  had  nearly  tliu  same  fate,  "  For  a  season  or  two,  busses 
were  fitted  out  by  the  soi-iety ;  but  If  every  herring  caught  had  carried  a  ducat  In  its  mouth,  the 
expense  of  its  capture  would  scarcely  have  been  repaid.  The  bubble  ended  by  the  society  for  llehinK 
in  the  deep  sea  becoming  a  kind  of  building  society,  for  purchiising  ground  in  Hituations  where  curers 
and  flshermen  find  it  convenient  to  settle,  and  selling  or  letting  It  In  small  lots  tn  tliem,  at  such 
advance  of  price  us  yields  something  belter  than  li!-liiiig  proliis." — (f^ee  an  u.xccllont  article  on  the 
Herring  Fiskirti,  in  the  11th  Number  of  the  Qiiartertg  Juvrrittl  of  Jgrieullure.) 

In  1808,  a  fresh  attempt  was  made  for  the  improvement  and  extension  of  the  fishery.  The  act  4S 
Gen.  3.  established  a  distinct  set  of  commissioners  for  the  superinleiidence  of  all  mailers  connected 
with  the  fishery,  and  authorised  them  to  appoint  a  Rulllrient  niimbor  of  fishery  otilcers.  to  be  stationed 
at  the  ditierent  pons,  whose  duty  it  is  tn  see  thnt  thu  various  regulations  with  respect  to  the  gutting, 
pnchiug,  lie.  of  the  herrings,  and  the  branding  of  tlie  barrels,  are  duly  carried  Into  effect.  In  1801),  a 
bounty  of  31.  per  ton  was  granted  on  all  vessels  employed  in  the  deep  sea  herring  lishery,  nf  above  60 
tons  burden,  but  payable  only  on  100  tons  ;  and  in  18'J0,  a  boiinly  of  !2l>.  per  ton,  which,  under  certain 
specified  circumstances,  might  be  Increased  to 50s.,  was  granted  on  all  vessels  of  from  Ifi  tn  (iO  tons,  fitted 
out  for  the  shore  herring  fishery  ;  nnd,  exclusively  of  these  bounties  on  the  tonnage,  a  bounty  of  is.  a 
barrel  was  allowed  on  all  herrlnKS  cured  gutted  during  the  6  years  ending  the  .Oth  of  April,  I'JlJ,  and  a 
bounty  of  So.  Hit.  a  barrel  on  their  exportation,  whether  cured  gutted  or  ungiitted.  During  the  II  years 
ending  the  Mli  of  April,  Ib'JO,  the  bounty  on  herrings  cured  guited  was  -Is.  a  barrel. 

It  is  stated  in  the  article  already  referred  to,  that  the  cost  of  a  barrel  of  cured  herrings  is  about  I6«. ; 
the  h.tif  going  to  the  fisliernian  for  the  green  fish,  the  other  half  to  the  ciirer  for  barrel,  huII,  and  labour. 
The  bounty  of  4s.  a  barrel  wus,  tiierefore,  equal  to  hulfltie  value  of  the  herrings  us  sold  by  the  fisher- 
man, and  to  one  fourth  o(  their  value  as  sold  by  the  curer!  In  consequence  of  this  forced  system,  the 
fishery  was  rapidly  increased.  The  following  statement,  extracted  from  the  Hepurt  of  the  C'ommiS' 
tioners  of  the  fishery  Bon.rd,  dated  1st  October,  1830,  shows  the  progress  it  has  made  since  IbOU: — 


*  They  seera  to  have  been  first  set  forth  in  a  treatise  ascribed  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh ;  nnd,  what  i» 
▼ery  singular,  they  were  admitted  by  De  Witt  into  his  excellent  work,  thu  7Vue  Interest  of  Holland. 
They  have  been  iinpllcitly  adopted  by  Mr.  Barrow,  iu  the  article  Fisheries  in  Itie  Suppltmcnl  to  the 
Kncytlopadia  Britanuica. 


irniirh  the  «horM 
)ugh  we  have  no 
our  icat  duiing 
II  beneath  the  ice. 
'mnanl'M  BritUh 

within  the  Modi* 
The  invention  of 
trvliet,  near  Hliiya, 
ed  a  ningniflrcnt 
0  unifuruily  main- 
irmation,  and  the 

upon  the  Conli- 


pftrhnp*,  no  branch 
LTrliiu  lUliery.  For 
Ion,  fliihiiiK  vlllnRea 

mini*  exponritid  In 
lulaa  cilliiiaii;!  that 
Itflivry,  conirlliiilMil 
I  liiipiirlancn  of  thia 
imtiir  micrcsi,  than 
;riiiiii(l  fur  liellovlnf 
Ihu  nvliury  niiil  Iha 
i|ilciyeil  lu  ninny  na 
in  uiitire  populalinn 
{  u  linir  for  woman, 
luM  fiilluw,  accord- 
ro  been  rniraged  In 
t  ever  olitRinvd  any 
.-lllinnl,  npimrcialy, 
;!*    Had  tliKy  been 

linve  iiived  nianv 
u  rival  that  wblch 

togivn  nnydelnilRd 

irnKK  and  bolnter  up 

uech  at  Ihu  opening 

wnfi  miliHcrUiiid  for 

lnh  Fishery."    The 

lun  of  the  ttfNt  rank 

I  I'or  ■ucci'Di.    The 

bl(>  piiciiuriigcnient, 

flahery.    In  coiiie- 

rriiiKx,  hut  to  catch 

niiaKo  bounty  waa 

rcl  vf  merchuntabla 

notwllliatnndlng 

tt'iiirs,  that  it  waa 

luviiig  ever  been  in 

iiinie  objects,  in 
lion  or  tivo,  biisiiea 
in  \u  month,  the 
Bociety  for  flehUiK 
Ions  where  curera 
to  tlieni,  at  luch 
lent  article  on  the 

hery.  The  act  49 
nialters  connected 
rs.  to  bo  stationed 
lect  to  tlie  gutting, 
effect.  Ill  ItJOt),  a 
hery,  of  above  60 
ich,  under  certain 
lA  to  HO  tons,  ntted 
a  bounty  oif  it.  a 
Aiiril,  1^15,  and  a 
uring  the  11  yeara 

ings  is  about  16*. ; 

, Halt,  and  labour, 
gold  by  the  fisher- 
I'orced  gystuin,  the 
rl  of  tke  t'«iiimf»- 

1  since  IbOO: — 


igh :  and,  what  ia 
ntereat  of  Holland- 
^uppltmcnl  to  the 


HERRINGS  AND  HERRING  FISHERY. 


m 


Akatrael  of  the  Total  Quantity  of  White  Herrings  cured,  branded  for  Bouniy,  nnd  exported,  in  so  Air 
as  tlia  same  have  bean  hrnught  under  the  Cognisance  of  the  UlHcers  of  lh«  KinbTv,  Irom  ilm  ist  or 
June.  1809,  when  the  Hysteiu  hitherto  In  force  for  Iha  Entouragenient  of  ihe  Urillnh  Herring  Huliery 
look  place,  In  the  Slh  of  April,  1830  >  distinguishing  each  Vuar,  and  the  llerrlngi  cured  (>ult»d,  Irom 


those  cured  tingutled. 
rrtd$.  Part  I.) 


rmoiift 

Tiilil  Ouulil]!  of  llmlop 
•iind. 

Yotkl 

britHl*l  fur 
Buuuijr. 

TsUI  ViualHr  ol  tUrriii|« 
upurtwl. 

OullKl. 

UmuUad. 

TdIiI. 

OulMil. 

UiKUllH. 

Tnl.l. 

BamU. 

Maml: 

Mamti. 

BarnU. 

iloma. 

MarrtU. 

tamU. 

Period  extending  from  1st  nf  ) 

June,  1809,  to  »th  of  April,   ■ 

fOIA                                                                                  % 

41,948 

47,eS71 

90,1891 

Sl,701 

11,063} 

34,784} 

S9,St8 

leio         -       -       - 
Year  ending  Sib  of  April 

,1811 

09,430 

2f.'3S* 

91,897 
111,519 

99,068} 

18,880 

19,353 

38,133 

1813 

79,919 

39,004 

58,430 

87,901 

35,850 

63,830 

^^ 

1813 

89,900 

63,987t 

I53,4HH 

70,027} 

40,1(10} 

69,635 

109,785 

•■•_ 

1814 

93.931 

57,611 

110,543 

38,181} 

34,929 

83,474} 

118,403} 
141,305} 

«■«• 

181) 

109,373} 

M,7fl7 

160,139 

83,376 

68,03.8 

73,367} 
3tU43} 

<MI 

18IH 

1.19,081 

3rt,670» 

102.651 

116,436 

81,544} 

107,688 

O^ 

1M17 

155,770 

3«,507t 

193,3434 

l«),0|8l 

1 19,480} 

33,148 

1.18,638} 

wav 

1818 

3O4,370i 

83,49«| 

327,«)l 

183,089} 

118,117} 

14,1(3 

163,339} 

•HBB 

1819 

303.7771 

37,1  IHi 

340,891 

270,022 

^il3,:iOI} 

14,860} 

327,163 

^MMB 

1830 

347,190} 

35,301 

382,491} 

301»,700} 

3I4,0UA 

9.420 

35.1,516 

aiBM 

1821 

413,308 

38,887} 
31,897} 

443,195} 

363.873 

389,445,1 

6,360 

294,805} 

'-             .   •*«•• 

isn 

3Ul,C3(il 

316,543} 

363,305} 

313,8911  • 

3,1)05} 

314,990 

>  1              •■■*,'  ' 

1823 

329,037 

2.1,833 

918,869 

303,110 

Ifi9,4.'i9 

985} 

170,443 

•av 

1834 

.^^5,450 

50,710} 

393,190} 

30<),63l 

338,505 

1,135 

839,630 

■■H* 

1835 

303,397 

44,208} 
!)9,ll.ft} 

347,665} 

370,8441 

201,8^2 
317,053; 

131 

208.016 

■■i* 

1830 

340,118 

.'I79,233» 

391,432} 

30 

817,073} 

II  r  n 

1837 

95»,I7U 

39,334 

388,495} 

833.000 

16.5.741 

6»5 

166,400 

*                          ^^^m 

1838 

339,300 

60,418 

399,778 

379,317} 

310,760 

803 

311,659 

.Hi^ 

1839 

300,3l3i 

55,737 

355,979} 

334,827 

202,813} 

3,062 

205,875} 
181,654} 

II 

1830 

380,933^ 

48,0>U} 

339,557 

318,418} 

177,770 

3,878} 

-^~ 

1631 

371,096 

66,374    1  439,370 

837,085 

360.976 

3,927 

304,903 

On  looking  at  this  Table,  It  Is  seen  that  the  flihery  made  no  prngreKs  under  the  new  system  till  1819, 
when  the  bonnly  was  raised  In  4*.  This  Is  a  sulflclent  proof  of  liie  factitlouH  and  unnntiirul  state  of 
the  business.  Its  exteiiHlon,  under  the  clrcuinatances  In  question,  inaleiid  of  atfordliiK  any  proof  of 
its  being  in  a  really  flourishing  condition,  was  distinctly  the  rever«e.  IndivldunlH  witlioul  capital,  liut 
who  obtained  loans  sufficient  to  enable  Ihem  to  acquire  boats,  barrels,  salt,  &c.  on  the  rrudii  of  iha 
bouniy,  entered  in  vast  numbers  into  the  trade.  The  market  wiis  most  commonly  glutted  with  flab; 
and  yet  the  templatiiin  held  out  by  the  bounty  cauaed  it  to  be  still  further  overlouiled.  Great  Injury 
was  consequently  done  to  those  fish  curera  who  poaaeaaed  capital;  and  even  the  fiahtrmtn  were 
injured  by  ihe  system.  "Most  of  the  boata  employed  in  the  flahery  never  touch  the  water  but  during 
0  weeka,  from  Ihe  middle  or  end  of  July  to  the  middle  of  Beplenilier.  They  are  owned  and  sailed, 
not  by  regular  tisheriiien  following  that  vocation  only,  but  by  tradesmen,  ani:i||fiirmerN,fnrni-servaiits, 
and  other  landsmen,  who  may  have  sufficient  skill  to  manage  u  bout  at  that  season,  but  who  do  not 
follow  the  aea  except  for  Ihe  6  weeks  of  Ihe  herring  fishery,  when  they  go  upon  a  kind  of  gambling 
apnculation,  of  earning  a  twelvemonth's  income  by  6  weeks*  work."— (.QuorteWu  Journal,  No.  It. 
p.  653.) 

It  has  been  often  said.  In  vindication  of  the  bounty  system,  that  by  extending  the  fishery  it  extended 
an  important  nursery  for  seamen ;  but  the  preceding  Htatemeiit  allows  tliiit  aiich  iiaa  not  been  the  effect. 
On  tile  contrary,  it  line  tended  to  depri'sa  the  condition  ol'tlie  genuine  flKlieriiiaii,  liy  bringing  a  host  of 
Interlopera  into  the  field  ;  nnd  it  liua  alao  been  nrejudiclal  to  the  little  t'arniers  and  tradesmen,  liy  with- 
drawing their  attuntion  iVom  their  peculiar  business,  that  they  may  embark  in  wliat  has  hillierto  been 
little  len  than  a  sort  of  lottery  adventure. 

These  consequences,  and  tlie  increasing  amount  of  the  sum  paid  for  bounties,  at  length  induced  Iho 
government  to  adopt  a  different  syatciii ;  and  by  an  act  paaaeil  in  182,'),  the  houiity  nf  2k.  Hit.  on  exported 
nerrliiga  was  made  to  cease  in  1826,  and  Is,  was  annually  deducted  from  the  bounty  of  4«.  n  barrel  paid 
on  gutted  herrinxs.till  it  ceased  in  1830.  Time  has  not  yet  been  afforded  to  learn  the  full  effect  of  thin 
measure.  We,  however,  linve  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  it  will  be  most  mlvaiitagcous.  The  fore- 
going Table  shows,  that  though  the  quantity  of  herrings  taken  and  exported  in  lt;29  and  183U  fell  off, 
there  was  a  material  increase  in  18,11.  This  is  the  more  encouraging,  n»  there  cnn  be  Mule  doubt  that 
the  supply  will  lienceforth  be  proportioned  to  the  real  demand ;  while  the  genuine  flsliermen,  and 
those  curers  who  have  capital  of  their  own,  will  no  longer  be  injured  by  the  cuinpetitlon  of  landamen, 
and  of  persons  trading  on  capital  furnished  by  government. 

Tile  repeal  of  Ihe  salt  laws,  and  of  the  duty  on  salt,  which  preceded  the  repeal  of  Ihe  bounty,  must 
bo  of  signal  service  to  the  flsliery.  It  is  true  that  salt  used  in  the  fisheries  was  exempted  from  liio 
duty  ;  but,  in  order  In  prevent  the  revenue  from  being  defrauded,  ko  many  regulations  were  enacted, 
and  the  difflcutties  nnd  penalties  to  which  the  lishermen  were  in  conaei|uencii  subjected  were  so  very 
great,  that  some  of  them  chose  rather  to  pay  the  duty  upou  the  salt  thiy  made  une  of,  than  to  i:uder- 
take  compliance  with  the  regulotions. 

It  is  much  to  he  regretted,  that  when  government  repealed  the  bounty,  it  did  not  also  abolish  the 
"Fisliery  noard,"  and  the  officers  and  regulations  it  had  appointed  and  enacted.  So  long  as  the 
bounty  existed,  it  was  i|uite  proper  that  those  who  claimed  it  should  be  subjected  to  such  regulations 
as  government  chose  to  enforce ;  but  now  that  it  has  been  repealed,  we  see  no  reason  whatever  wliy 
the  fishery  slinuld  not  be  made  perfectly  free,  and  everyone  allowed  to  prepare  his  herrinics  as  be 
thinks  best.  It  is  suid,  indeed,  that  were  there  no  inspection  of  the  fish,  frauds  of  all  sorts  wniilil  be 
practised  :  that  the  barrels  would  be  ill  made,  and  of  n  deficient  size  ;  that  the  fish  would  not  lie  pni- 
perly  packed  ;  that  the  bottom  nnd  middle  of  tlie  barrels  would  be  filled  with  bad  oiiesi,  and  n  few  flood 
ones  only  placed  at  the  top;  that  there  would  not  be  a  sufficiency  of  pickle,  &c.  Hut  it  Is  obvious 
that  the  reasons  alleged  in  vindication  of  the  official  inspection  kept  up  in  the  herring  fi.<hery,  luiu'lit 
be  alleged  in  vindication  of  a  similar  inspection  in  almost  every  other  brunch  of  industry.  It  isi  iu 
point  of  fact,  utterly  useless.  It  is  an  attempt,  on  the  part  of  government,  to  do  that  for  tlieir  sulijectis, 
which  they  can  do  far  better  fur  themselves.  Supposing  the  official  inspection  were  put  an  end  to,  tli« 
merchants  and  others  who  buy  herrings  nf  the  curers  would  thfrnsclves  inspect  tiie  barrels:  and  wliil* 
any  attempt  at  fraud  by  the  curers  would  thus  he  eirectually  obviated,  they  would  be  left  at  liberty  tu 
prepare  their  herrings  in  any  way  tliat  they  pleased,  witliout  being  compelled,  as  at  present,  to  folluvr 


^!' 


383 


96 


1 


763 


HIDES. 


only  one  avfinm,  or  In  prcpara  fluh  In  lb*  ram*  way  for  tlia  tibial  of  lh«  poor  m  A)r  thnio  of  the  rich 
0<>  thr,  iiiiiiicd,  In  It  frnm  linlnR  trii«  ihnt  tlir  InniHirilori  iyilim  lendi  to  put  down  Irlrkiiry,  thni  tlivri 
ti  niiirli  roniiin  to  llilnk  llml  lt«  cirurl  la  directly  lliti  riiv«ri«.  Tlia  <ure«WaKcr  atitri'Ut-d  liy  tiiu  DlDcvri 
ll  liny  Ihlna  hut  itrlct  i  and  the  olttcliil  brani  la  orien  iiffixvd  to  bnrrala  whli  li,  wcru  ll  nut  fur  lli< 
UHili>iii-rvi-T  I'liiiAdiiiica  thut  la  too  Oeqtiantly  pluc«d  In  It  by  tlia  iinwury,  wiiuld  lla  iin  tlia  ciirar'i 
liiiiida.    It  la  riillfr  a  aiMMirlly  nxaliiat  Ilia  di'lcrilon  cif  fraud,  llinn  n|iilnat  Ita  axlatHiica. 

Thi!  ■rand  nhit-ut  of  Ihn  lirrrlng  llahnry  "  Ikmrd"  Ima  lipiin  to  anfnrca  audi  a  ayalpin  nf  curing  a* 
wiMil'l  Tir'nc  llrillah  linrrliin-i  to  n  luvitl  wllli  llioait  nf  tliu  Dutch.  In  thia,  linwcvvr,  lliuy  liiiva  com- 
idrti'lv  Ihilcd  I  Dutch  licrrliixa  gi'narally  IVlcliIni  doubin,  and  aoiiintlinva  I'viin  thrai^  tliiiva  Ihn  prJCHul 
HrltlHii  Iwrrliiira  In  every  iniirket  iif  Kuriipu.  NiiUher  li  thIa  to  be  wondered  nt.  Thi)  conauniera  nt 
Dutch  herrlnga  nru  the  Inhiililtnnia  ol'  thn  Nmlierlaiida  and  of  tha  Ueriimii  tuwna,  wliu  uae  than 
rnllivr  aa  a  luxury  limn  na  un  article  of  fotxl,  and  who  do  not  grudge  thit  prlre  thiit  la  neceaaiiry  It 
llHve  Ihein  In  lliu  llnrnt  ordiir.  Tiiii  conauiiiHra  uf  llrllUh  herrlnga,  on  tha  other  hnnd,  are  the  negruHf 
iif  the  Weal  Indlea,  and  tha  poor  of  Iritliind  and  Hcntlund,  Chaapnoaa  la  the  prime  rvi|ulaltn  In  tlif 
oatiiiiiitinn  of  audi  puraona  ;  nnd  nothing  run  be  inoru  rntlrvly  nbaiird,  than  Hint  a  piihlli'  llmird  ahnuld 
nnitoiirnur  In  nnforcu  the  flah  rnrera  to  ndnpt  audi  n  ayaleiu  In  the  |ir«|iaration  of  liorrlnua  Ui  nina) 
Inl'iilllbly  ralaa  their  price  bnyoiid  the  nieana  of  thiiHC  by  whom  they  are  boiinht.  Wh.v  ahoiild  not  the 
laate  ol^tliu  conaiiinera  lie  conaulted  a*  much  in  tlila  na  In  uny  thing  i-lae  I  ll  would  not  bo  ninr* 
ridlculoua  to  attitnipl  tu  have  all  cheeau  niadt  of  tho  aania  richnaaa  and  Huvour  ua  ritiltun,  than  It  It 
to  attempt  to  bring  up  all  herrlnga  to  the  alandard  of  the  Dutch. 

We  do,  therefore,  lin|)e  that  a  agxiedv  einl  niny  be  pul  to  Ihia  lyalem  t  and  that  our  leiiialatora  nnd 
patrluta  will  cenae  to  torment  theniaelvni  with  achi'Uiua  for  tliu  ImproveinenI  of  tliu  llalieriea.  Tha 
very  beat  thing  thiy  can  do  for  thaiii  la  to  let  them  alona.  It  la  not  a  buaineaa  that  reiiuinta  nny  aorl 
of  adventltioua  cncoiirageinVnt.  Every  nbataclo  to  the  enay  liilrnductlnii  of  IIhIi  into  London  unit 
oilier  placea  ought  ci'ruinly  to  be  removed  i  but  all  direct  Intarfarelicui  with  the  llahcry  are  awe  to 
be  In  the  hiHt  degree  jHirnlcloua. 

Of  the  IHI.OJt  harrela  of  lierrlngi  exported  from  Orent  Urilain  In  the  year  ending  the  Sih  of  April, 
)8.10,  HV.UM)  went  to  Ireland,  67,673  to  placai  out  uf  Europe,  (chlelly  the  Weat  Indiva),  and  31,309  to 
pittcea  in  Kuropo  other  than  Ireland. 

HIDES  (Gcr.  Huute  .•  Du.  Huiden  /  Ft.  Peaux  ,•  It.  Cuojai  Sp.  Pelhjos,  P!tle» ,  Rui. 
Kcuhi),  fignify,  generally,  the  skins  of  beaots;  but  the  term  is  more  particularly  applied  to 
those  of  large  cattle,  such  as  bullocki,  cows,  horses,  &c.  Hides  are  raw  or  grccii ;  that  is, 
in  the  state  in  which  they  are  taken  ufTthe  carcase,  or  dressed  with  salt,  alum,  and  saltpetre, 
to  prevent  them  from  putrefying;  or  they  are  cured  or  tanned.  The  iiides  of  Houth  A  me* 
rica  ore  in  the  higheiit  repute,  and  vast  quantities  of  them  are  annually  imported  into  Ureat 
Britain,  Large  quantities  are  also  imported  from  various  parts  of  tlto  Continent;  and  from 
Morocco,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  &c. 

Ilia  Mujeaty  is  autlinrlaed  to  prohibit,  by  proclamation  or  order  In  council  publlilied  In  the  London 
Oaittle,  the  i'mporlation  of  any  hidea  or  ikiiia,  hnrna  or  lioofn,  or  any  other  part  of  nny  cattle  or  benat. 
In  order  to  prevent  any  contugiuua  diateroper  from  being  brought  into  the  kingdom.— (3  &  4  H'Ul.t. 
c.  53.  i  08.) 

An  Account  of  the  Wnlght  of  the  IIid<>R  Imported  Into  the  United  Kingdom  In  each  of  the  Htiven 
Yeora  ending  with  IKI3,  and  the  Ucvenue  nnniially  derived  from  the  M.-inie ;  apecifytng  the  Coun- 
tries whence  llie  llidea  were  ini|)orted,  with  the  Uuantitiei  brougiit  from  each. 


;  J 


Countriei  from  wliicll 
imitnrlrtt. 

I82S. 

1827. 

1929. 

18291 

llht. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Unlantud  H\it>- 

Cuif.    or>.{l«. 

Cwt,   qn.lU. 

CvX.    qrt.llt. 

Cud.  q 

t'uif    mtbt 

Cwf.   orli;*. 
10,262:    2  22 

tV(.  <tr.(li. 

ItuMia  • 

»,4M 

1    7 

14,792 

3    2 

14,484 

2  21 

17,180 

0    6 

tifiti 

1    6 

8,771    U  16 

Sweden  ud  Norway  • 

. 

7 

0  15 

3 

0    5 

1 

0    0 

101 

020 

38    1  26 

78    1126 

l)«iim»rk 

i^ 

3    3 

12,919 

0  14 

12,338 

3   6 

4,994 

0  II 

2,476 

1    6 

9,142    1    0 

7,2.-,6    0  20 

IVuMia 

eM 

0    9 

2,074 

3  27 

6.775 

3  15 

2.943 

220 

3,098 

2  16 

tOi    1  18 

197    0  24 

Oornunjr 

t.'iiiled  NBllierliiiJi     • 

M.itO 

2  23 

33,386 

2  22 

38,3J5 

1  23 

23,3VI 

323 

31,944 

1  10 

23,534    2    0 

I8,K)4    0  27 

lli,747 

3  24 

2I,'.I» 

0  27 

27,289 

a  2 

19, 102 

2  26 

2J,«66 

1    4 

19,463   3  15 

11,846    Sll 

frauM 

422 

0    8 

182 

0  16 

Forlugnt,  Mjblcin,  and 

Ibe  Ab-.rei    • 

293 

1    7 

■ 

13 

1  19 

> 

> 

■ 

■ 

• 

119  Oli 

Spain  aod  the  Canarin 

1 

222 

. 

> 

■ 

• 

■ 

• 

30   2   9 

0    0    6 

Gibraltar 

2,003 

2    0 

1,239 

223 

l|232 

17 

1,808 

1    4 

1,362 

027 

1,781    0  17 

1,061   0  16 

Italy     ■ 

» 

1    0 

Turkey 

I.0J8 

2  13 

, 

. 

• 

. 

342 

0    0 

2,260 

0  12 

4,784    1    0 

4   222 

Africa,  »ij.  Morocco   • 

I0,8(U 

1    fl 

668 

0  17 

3 

2   4 

64 

OIS 

• 

60   0  0 

Sieri-a     Leocie     end 

coast   ti)  Cape  of 

(Wjod  n-iie 

1,^8 

2    9 

3,111 

127 

2,875 

2  17 

3,686 

225 

8,334 

2  18 

3,602    1    6 

3,673   2  27 

Ca|je  nf  Cioul  Hope 

an.1  Ea^ltrli  coa«l 
Eaat  Indira  (includioK 
111*  Miuriliui) 

ifoa 

3  27 

12,207 

1    3 

12,963 

120 

13,844 

0  22 

19,967 

1  21 

16,900    1    4 

13,193   3  14 

J,S« 

0    9 

1,111 

1  25 

3,322 

3  12 

3,603 

1  19 

6,104 

0  19 

3,376   0  6 

10,739   0  26 

New  South  Wain  and 

V.-in  IJieMieii'*  I.ajiil  • 

SI8 

2  16 

1,167 

I    7 

1,112 

3    1 

3,131 

1  10 

3,946 

0  13 

6,662    0  11 

,719   2    1 

SfiUth  Sra  Ulinda  and 

Southern  ri8her> 

3 

3  18 

4 

0    0 

IS 

3  12 

6 

2  IS 

• 

• 

• 

as  2  12 

Briliih  Nnrlli  Anien- 
can  c.lonies             ■ 

>,4M 

0     1 

I.OW! 

220 

1,948 

1  22 

973 

3  24 

1,052 

2    6 

615    2  25 

399   3  11 

llritiah  Wot  Indiea     • 

3,-73 

2  27 

4,23S 

1  13 

4,-.37 

0  24 

2,922 

2  25 

2,6:2 

3    2 

2,498   3    6 

1,807    2  16 

Foreign  do. 

173 

1  11 

62 

1  13 

201 

3  2'] 

13 

2  ir> 

86 

2    « 

.50    3    • 

ti.  s.  of  America 

12,162 

3  26 

II, M9 

0    7 

19,627 

3  II 

20,1(3 

3    7 

I6,oao 

026 

4,206    1  13 

12,316   0  13 

Meiico 

• 

2,474 

0  24 

73 

026 

67 

2    2 

3,946 

2  17 

163    1    3 

1,428    1   a 

Guatemala 

. 

. 

l,3i6 

2    4 

446 

0    8 

49 

0    8 

> 

. 

239    0    3 

C'llnnibia 

eii 

3  12 

l,0--i4 

1  20 

l,4}4 

2  21 

1,197 

2  24 

1,242 

0  l« 

239    0    3 

289    120 

Brazil   • 

16,IM 

1  12 

12,947 

2  II 

23,547 

3  17 

3,207 

0    1 

11,238 

2  19 

13,204    1    0 

17,787    1    S 

S'aief  of  the  Rio  de  la 

Plata 

'.ifiZt 

0  II 

6,'i99 

3  18 

40,605 

3    9 

1.16,049 

3  18 

174,422 

0  10 

146,008    2  11 

6n,643   0  4 

Chill    ■ 

7.M9 

1  19 

6,36li 

2  19 

ll,2«6 

1    3 

3.434 

3  16 

6,417 

3  26 

4,096    1  17 

1,253   2   2 

Peru     • 

2,011 

3  13 

H4 

3    7 

1,726 

1  17 

2,332 

3  22 

3,817 

2    8 

653    4    8 

2,938    127 

Guemwy,  Jersey,  Al- 

ftenif-y,    am    Man, 

foreun 

11(1 

1    9 

2S4 

1  15 

134 

2    7 

10 

1  22 

• 

. 

604    1    C 

452    1    3 

Do.     do.     produce  of 

36  No. 

IIS 

2  14 

37 

3  27 

> 

• 

■ 

. 

8    10 

302   0   0 

Total 

aud  98  No. 

1  and  \H  No. 

121  No. 

and  163  No. 

104,243 

3  24 

I52,4d4 

0  IS 

2«,975 

3  16 

2i«,4l6 

"fa 

339,773 

0  24 

271,477    3    2 

i86,9ia  3  a 

and  M  No. 

and  98  No. 

,  mi  \hZ  N.J 

and  121  No. 

aud  l63  No. 

HOGSHEAD— HOPS. 


m 


An  Aeeounl  of  ibt  W«)|hl  ot  tiM  Hld'i  Unpnttei—tmHnntd. 

*     Countrin  from  whkh 
Inipi"^. 

IMS. 

|«7. 

IM. 

lUt.                 IMO. 

IMI. 

IW. 

RuMil    • 
l>fitlit«rk 
I'riift*!*    •           •            ■ 

^•lh•rUllllt 

I'miiCA   • 

Hail   livlin  (IndudlM 

lliiMaiiii  lUt) 
llri!lih  Nurth  Aiuirlcu 

ClildlllM 

Driilih  Wnt  Iiblln       • 

V.  ±  of  Aunrkca 

nnlll     • 

Ihlll       ■ 

Ciuoriiity,    iinty,    Al- 

ilrriitv,    (lid    Min, 

rurvlfii 
Do.     00.     pradun  o( 

Tnl.l       • 

/tic'     i.lVr 

/|.<*'i.  /f.du. 

1,1144       ■ 

M,UM 
l,9M  Si,3l3 

Mil 
Huh, 

l,VJ« 

l,W« 

l^  )lj 

/Mr 

1,40. 
7;^ 

'm 

l(U,liM 

7,«J0 

1 

- 
7,tMI 

Hxdn. 

(70 

SI 
»3 

iM,*7a 

JVikM 

Nui: 
//«/.i 

NOW 

104 

tM.0 
Miite. 

',t»l 

l\t 
1,740 

I4,«7I 
Hl,<l« 

Km. 

1,0. '« 

.I».r 
//lAi. 

M 

KVUI 

<7,«I4 

Ml* 

50,410 

A'o.  0/ 
3,ilU 

%ill» 

clAir 
H.ikl 

M 

l«,033 
li,>l* 

77,t4» 
JJ0,4I7 

iiu<:\  .i/uf 

M  ./  •     //li<u, 

l,i<d 

III 

13,142 

•        33,7U 

M 

:     '•'15 

«,I73 
1,114  iin,0M 

Thd  rain  of  dulu  nn  lli«  IiIiIr^  Imported  during  th«  above  yuan  ware  the  innie  a*  thoio  now 
ClisruoU  I  I'ur  which,  loe  Taiiifi'. 


Amnunt  of  Duty  recoived  on  Foreign  and  ( 

-.'Innlot  Hid 

H*. 

I'otinnfdhliln      • 
T»jiuiid     ilo, 

T.ilnl 

\m. 

Il*i7. 

1..        1.  d. 

26,3)8  19    3 
3,^19    B    0 

tr». 

lUK. 

1830. 

IMI. 

IM2. 

/..     1.  d. 

24,41)1  14    6 
1  747  IJ    4 

/-       1.  d. 

34.IMI  1.)    0 
9,M1    1    4 

37,3<)3  16    4 

L       ..  d. 

3TH79  II     S 
2,:IH8   2    a 

L.       1.  d 

u,^^»  iH  6 
ir'U7  N  e 

/..        I.  d 

32,SI4    9    N 
1,1)37    2    3 

/.         1.  d. 
21,212    2    9 

1,170  13    2 

26.]3n    0  10 

th,m    7    3 

JW,7«7  14    1 

43,H76  11    0 

33,1,41  II  II 

2S,4I2  It  II 

Illdeii  and  Rkini  paying  duty  hy  welRliI,  may  b«  (l«livered  frnin  the  bonded  wnrehnuiea,  nn  the 
pnrtii'i  entering  an  nvtsrnge  weight,  due  care  bnlng  taken  that  the  lockurii  ucluiilly  relally  and  reweigh 
the  hidei  and  nkiuH  on  dclivory  1  niid  In  the  cato  nf  dullvery  for  cxiMirliUinii,  to  cxpruna  In  cart  nnlea 
the  exact  iiuiniifr  ik'llveri'd  from  tlio  wurchiiuiio,  in  order  In  ciiiibiH  llie  «x|Hirt  (•llU'er  on  the  qii!\y  to 
check  the  i|iiniiilty  (  unit  liic  un-rt'hant  le  to  indoric  on  tlie  cotket  niid  l>ill  the  tolal  number  and  weight 
•hipped,  beforu  tlie  veaael  ia  sulFured  tu  clear.— (Cuat^tiia  Order,  4th  Dec.  IH'it.) 

[See  Ihpobth  ash  Exronrn. — Am.  Ed.] 

HOGSHEAD,  a  mcafliiro  of  rapacity,  containing  53^  Imperial  galloni.  A  hogshead  ii 
equal  ti)  ^  a  pipe. — (See  Wkioiits  \su  MKAftuuRH.) 

IIOLID.X  VS,  ure  uniluDitooJ  to  lie  tiione  days,  exclusive  of  Sundays,  on  which  no  rrj^lar 
public  busincfd  ia  traiiflactcd  at  particular  public  olFiceg.  They  are  either  fixed  or  variable. 
Tiiey  arc  nut  the  anmo  for  all  public  ofliccB.  Those  l;upt  at  the  Uank  of  England  have 
recently  been  reduced  a  full  half. 

The  variul/k  huHdat/a  are,  Ash' Wednesday,  Good  Friday,  Easter  Monday  and  Tucstlay, 
Holy  Thursday,  Whit  Moixlay  and  Tuesday. 

It  ia  enacted  by  atat.  BOko.  4.r.  106,  i  1,1,  that  nohnlidaya  ahall  he  kept  by  the  cuatnma  oxcnpt  Chrlat- 
mni-duy  nnd  Good  Friday,  tlie  King'a  birthday,  and  auch  days  as  inny  lie  appointed  by  proclumatlon 
for  I  lie  [iiiriioHe  of  a  general  fiiat. 

The  7^8  Gen.  4  c.  53.  }  Id.  eimcta  that  no  holidnya  shall  lie  kept  n»  the  Excise,  excopl  Chriationa- 
day  and  Gnod  Kriday,  the  birthdays  nf  hia  Majngty  and  the  l*riiice  of  Wnli-a,  Ihe  aiiniveraarles  of  Ihe 
Realnrulion  of  (;i)url0!>  II ,  nnd  or  bin  Majealy'a  enrunntion,  and  such  d  lya  aa  may  be  ap|Hiliited  by 
procianiatinn  for  the  ccluliratlon  nf  a  general  faat,  or  such  diiya  aa  umy  bu  appointed  as  holidays  by 
any  warrant  iaaned  for  that  purpose  by  the  Lords  of  the  Trcanury. 

HONEY  (Du.  Honi'f;,  Huning;  Fr.  Mid.-  Ger.  Hume:,-  It.  Mrle.-  Lat.  Mel,-  Rua. 
Med  {  Sp.  Mel),  a  vegetable  juice  collected  by  bees,  "  Its  flavour  varies  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  flowers  from  which  it  is  collected.  Thus,  the  honeys  of  Minorca,  Narbonne, 
and  England,  are  known  by  their  flavours ;  and  the  honey  prepared  in  different  parts  even 
of  the  same  country  dilTers.  It  is  separated  from  the  comb  by  dripping,  and  by  expression: 
the  first  method  aftords  the  purest  sort ;  the  second  separates  a  less  pure  honey ;  and  a  still 
inferior  kind  is  obtained  by  heating  the  comb  before  it  is  pressed.  When  obtained  frota 
young  hives,  which  have  not  swarmed,  it  is  denominated  virifin  honey.  It  is  somctimea 
adulterated  with  flour,  which  is  detected  by  mixing  it  with  tepid  water:  the  honey  dissolves, 
while  the  flour  remains  nearly  unaltered." — {Th'/iinoii's  IHn/ienmtfin/.) 

By  Stat.  23  Eliz.  c.  8.  §  4.,  all  vessels  of  honey  arc  to  bo  marked  with  the  initial  Ictterb 
of  the  name  of  the  owner,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  6,v,  8rf. ;  and  contain,  the  barrel  33  gallons, 
the  kilderkin  16  gallons,  and  the  firkin  8  gallons,  or  forfeit  .'i.f.  for  every  gallon  wanting; 
and  if  any  honey  sold,  bo  corrupted  with  any  deceitful  mixture,  the  seller  shall  forfeit  the 
honey,  &c. 

HOPS  (Ger.  Ilopfen  ,•  Du.  Hoppe  ,•  Fr,  Hnublon ,-  It.  Luppoll,  linmcandoU  ,•  Sp.  Obion  ; 
Rus.  Ch.'utl  I  Lat.  Humnlus  Lnpulus).  The  hop  is  a  purenniul  rooted  plant,  of  which 
there  are  several  varieties.  It  has  an  annual  twining  stem,  which  when  sup]ported  on  poles, 
ur  trees,  will  reach  the  height  of  from  12  to  20  feet  or  more.  It  is  a  native  of  Britain  and 
most  parts  of  Europe.    Wb£D  (be  bop  was  first  used  for  preserving  and  improving  beer,  01 


I 


Hi 


(1    I 


n 


4 

'■,(41 


^ 


764 


HOPS. 


;!■ 


cultivated  mr  that  purpoae,  ia  not  known — (see  Alk)  ;  but  its  culture  was  introduced  into 
this  country  from  Flanders  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Hops  are  flrHt  mentioned  in  the 
Statute  Book  in  1 553,  in  an  act  5  &  6  Edward  6.  c.  5. ;  and  it  would  appear  from  an  act 
passed  in  1603  (1  Jac.  I.e.  18.),  that  hops  were  at  that  time  extensively  cultivated  in  Eng- 
land. Waller  Blithe,  in  his  Improver  Improved,  published  in  1649  (3d  ed.  1653,  p.  240.), 
has  n  chapter  upon  improvement  by  plantations  of  hops,  in  which  there  is  this  striking  pas- 
sage. He  observes  that  "  hops  were  then  grown  to  be  a  national  commodity :  but  that  it 
was  not  many  years  since  the  famous  city  of  London  petitioned  the  parliament  of  England 
against  two  nuisances ;  and  these  were,  Newcastle  coals,  in  regard  to  their  stench,  &c.,  and 
hops,  in  regard  they  would  spoyl  the  tante  of  drink,  and  endanger  the  people :  and  had  the 
parliament  been  no  wiser  than  they,  we  had  been  in  a  measure  pined,  and  in  a  great  measure 
btnrvcd ;  which  is  just  answerable  to  the  principles  of  those  men  who  cry  down  all  devices,  or 
ingenious  discoveries,  as  projects,  and  thereby  stifle  and  choak  improvement." 

xriHr  the  Imps  have  been  picked  and  dried,  llio  brightest  and  finest  are  put  into  pncttcts  or  linn 
bac^iiiif,  and  the  brown  into  coarse  nr  hcuvy  bngginir.  The  former  are  chiefly  used  in  the  brewing  of 
fine  alKii,  and  the  Inner  by  the  porter  brewcis.  A  pncltet  of  hops,  if  they  be  j^ood  in  qniility,  wcil  cnrcd, 
and  tl)!lit  trodden,  will  weiiih  abont  Ucwt.;  and  a  ba^  of  hops  will,  nnder  the  same  conditionH,  weigh 
about  °Jf  cwl.  If  the  wci^sht  of  either  exceeds  or  falln  much  slinrt  of  this  nicdinin,  there  is  reason  to 
suspect  thiit  the  hops  are  of  an  inferior  quality,  or  have  been  badly  manufactured.  The  brighter  the 
colour  of  hopH,  the  greater  is  the  estimation  in  which  they  are  held.  Farnhuni  hops  are  reckoned 
best.  The  u.xpense  of  farming  liop  plantations  is  very  great,  amounting  in  some  instances  to  from  TO/, 
to  loot,  an  acre ;  and  the  produce  is  very  uncertain,  tlic  crop  being  frequently  insuliicient  to  defray  the 
expeniies  of  cultivation. 

The  hop  growers  are  placed  under  the  surveillance  of  the  excise,  a  duty  of  Sr/.  per  lb.  being  laid  on 
nil  hops  produced  in  this  country.  A  hop  planter  is  obliged  to  give  notice  to  the  excise,  on  or  t)ef(iro 
the  Ut  of  August  eacli  year,  of  the  number  of  acres  he  has  in  cultivation  ;  the  situation  and  number 
of  his  oasts  or  kilns  for  drying;  the  place  or  places  of  bagging,  whicli,  with  the  sturerooms  or  ware- 
rooms  in  wiiich  the  packages  are  intended  to  be  lodged,  are  entered  by  the  oH'icer.  No  hops  can  bn 
removed  from  the  rooms  thus  entered,  before  they  have  been  weighed  and  marked  by  a  revunuu 
officer  ;  wiio  marks,  or  ouglit  to  mark,  its  weight,  and  the  name  and  residence  of  tlie  grower,  upon 
each  bag,  pocket,  or  package.  Conntcrfeiling  the  olTicer's  mark  is  prohibited  under  a  penalty  of  100<., 
and  defacing  it  under  a  penally  of 'iU<.  A  planter  or  grower  knowingly  putting  hops  of  did'crent  quali- 
ties nr  value  into  the  same  bag  or  package,  forfeits  20/.  And  any  person  mixing  with  hops  any  drug, 
or  other  thing,  to  change  or  alter  the  colour  or  scent,  shall  forfeit  5/.  a  cwt.  on  all  tlie  hops  so  changed 
or  altered.  The  malicious  cutting  or  destroying  of  hop  plantations  may  be  punished  liy  transportation 
beyond  the  seas  for  life,  or  any  term  not  less  ilian  7  years,  or  by  Imprlsunnient  and  hard  labour  in  a 
common  gaol,  for  any  term  not  exceeding  7  years. — (Loudon's  Ency.  of  ^j;riculturt\ ;  Stevenson's 
Surrei/;  Unrn's  Justice,  i^-c.) 

The  duty  on  hops  of  tin;  growth  of  Great  Britain,  produced,  in  1832,  !24I,77W. ;  of  which  sum  the 
Rncliesler  district  paid  75,861/.  Ws.  IO(/.,the  Sussex  Sti.UlO/.  13*.  Si/.,  and  tin!  (;anterbii;y  iSXWl.  18«.2(/. 
The  number  of  acres  occupieil  by  hop  plantations  in  that  year  were  47,101 ;  of  which  there  were  in 
the  Rocliester  district  12,M0,  in  Sussex  8,514,  in  Hereford  11,9.10,  and  in  Canterbury  7,b02.  During  the 
game  year  there  were  703,153llis.  of  British  hops  exported.  Of  fortign  hops  11,107  lbs.  were  imported, 
and  50,113  llis.  exported.— (P«W.  Paper,  Nos.  90.  lUiJ.  and  217.  Sess.  1833.) 

Hops  exported  from  Great  Britain  arc,  on  being  again  imported,  to  be  treated  as  foreign,  whether 
originally  so  or  not. 

[It  was  for  a  long  time>  doubted  whether  the  hop  was  a  native  of  America  ;  but  the  fact 
has  been  settled  by  the  rescarciics  of  our  botanists,  by  whom  it  has  been  found  growing 
spontaneously  on  the  banks  of  the  Oiiio,  Missouri,  Mississippi,  and  other  .\mcrican  rivers. 

Hops  were  early  cultivated  in  the  United  States  for  the  breweries,  and  as  an  article  of 
commerce ;  and  their  cultivation  is  now  extensively  carried  on  in  New  York,  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire,  and  Maine,  to  the  North,  and  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  to  tlie  West. 
In  Pennsylvania  they  have  almost  ceased  to  be  cultivated. 

The  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  was  the  first  of  tiic  State  governments  to  pass  a  law 
for  the  inspection  of  hops ;  and  its  example  has  been  followed  by  nearly  all  tlie  hop  grow- 
ing States  on  the  sea-board.  By  the  inspection  laws,  no  hops  can  be  shipped  from  the  State 
they  are  raised  in,  even  to  an  adjoining  State,  without  having  bijen  inspected. 

Hops  are  cultiv.itcd  in  yards  or  plantations,  and  arc  raised  from  cuttings  of  the  female 
plant,  in  hills  containing  from  5  to  6  plants ;  and  they  are  supported  by  poles  15  to  20  feet 
in  hcii;ht.  They  ripen  and  are  gathered  about  the  iirst  week  in  September,  when  they  are 
dried  in  kilns.  When  so  dried,  they  are  oblige;!  by  the  inspection  law  to  remain  10  days 
previous  to  bagging ;  after  which  they  are  sent  to  tlie  inspector's  odice  for  inspection,  who 
assorts  them  into  three  qualities, — 1st  and  2d  sort,  and  refuse.  The  average  price  of  hops 
is  16  cents  per  pound.  .\  difference  of  2  cents  per  pound  is  usually  made  between  the  1st 
and  2d  sorts.  Each  bale  of  hops  is  marked  t)y  the  inspectors  with  the  year  of  its  growtli, 
its  quality,  and  the  inspector's  nriine.     The  average  weight  of  a  bale  of  hops  is  200  pounds. 

Such  hops  as  grow  on  rich  lands,  along  the  river  hottitms,  arc  generally  of  a  dark  col/ur 
and  strong  flavour.  Lands  of  this  description  often  produce  2,000  pounds  to  the  acre.  On 
the  U|ilands,  they  are  of  a  paler  colour,  and  finer  flavour ;  although  the  produce  per  aero 
seldom  exceeds  700  pounds.  In  this  climate,  hops  rapidly  lose  their  fine  flavour,  and  are 
generally  used  the  season  they  are  raised.  If  kept  over  the  summer,  their  quality  depre- 
ciates to  such  an  extent,  that  they  rarely  command  one  half  the  price  they  did  at  first. 

Hops  htive  been  exported  fr^-vi  the  United  States,  principally  to  France  and  Germany. 
The  high  duties  imposed  on  the  importation  of  them  into  Great  Britain  prevents  any  from 
being  sent  tu  that  country,  unless  after  a  failure  of  the  crops  there  has  occurred. — Am  EJ.] 


-  ■»*«r»J*ii.— wiB-E^ic   - 


HORN,  HORSE. 


765 


tvas  introduced  into 
it  mentioned  in  the 
appear  from  an  act 
y  cultivated  in  Eng- 
led.  16&3,  p.  240,), 
I  is  thin  Btriliing  pas- 
modity:  but  that  it 
rliament  of  England 
icir  stench,  &c.,  and 
people :  and  had  the 
id  in  a  great  measure 
'  down  all  devices,  or 
nent." 

It  into  pnckcta  or  finn 
laed  in  tliK  brewing  ot' 
ill  qiiiilily,  well  fiircil, 
nine  coiiilitiunH,  weigh 
mil,  tliere  is  reason  to 
ed.  The  briglitcr  ttio 
ini  hops  are  reckoned 
3  instnnces  to  from  70/. 
BUtllcient  to  defray  the 

/.  pur  Ih.  being  laid  on 
hi!  excise,  on  or  befnro 
situation  and  number 
e  sturerooms  or  ware- 
icpr.  No  hops  nan  bn 
marked  by  a  revenim 
;e  of  the  grower,  upoii 
nder  a  penalty  of  1001., 
hops  of  different  qiiali- 
ig  with  hops  any  drug, 
ill  the  hops  so  changed 
Ishcii  by  irniisportation 
I  and  hard  labour  in  a 
ricultum ;   Stevenson's 

ll.i  of  which  sum  the 
terbti;y  48.tW9/.  18«.8(/. 
f  which  I  here  were  in 
iiiry7,b0'2.  During  the 
107  lbs.  were  hnported, 

d  aa  foreign,  whether 

ncrica  ;  but  the  fact 
)ccn  found  growing 
r  American  rivers, 
ind  as  an  article  of 
w  York,  Massachu- 
Jiuna,  to  tlie  West. 

ments  to  pass  a  law 
y  all  tlie  hop  grow- 
ppcil  from  the  State 
irtoJ. 

tings  of  the  female 

poles  in  to  20  feet 

nbcr,  when  they  are 

to  remain  10  days 
for  inspection,  who 
rage  price  of  hops 
ide  between  the  1st 
year  of  its  growth, 
tops  is  200  pounds, 
lly  of  a  dark  col-ur 
ds  to  the  acre.  On 
c  produce  per  aero 
e  flavour,  and  are 
their  quiility  dcpre- 
ley  did  at  lir.st. 
nee  and  Germany. 

prevents  any  from 
curred. — Ant  Ed.] 


HORN  (Du.  Hoom ;  Pr.  Come  ,•  Oer,  Horn  /  Lat.  Comu),  a  substance  too  well  known 
to  require  any  description.  Horns  are  of  very  considerable  importance  in  the  arts,  bcin^ 
applied  to  a  great  variety  of  useful  purposes.  They  are  very  extensively  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  handles  for  knives,  and  in  that  of  spoons,  combs,  lanterns,  snutT-horna,  &c.  When 
divided  into  thin  plates,  horns  are  tolerably  transparent,  and  were  formerly  used  instead  of 
glass  in  windows.  Glue  is  sometimes  made  out  of  the  refuse  of  horn.  We  annually 
import  considerable  quantities.  At  an  average  of  1831  and  1832,  the  entries  of  foreign 
horn  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  15,766  cwt. 

HORSE  (Ger.  Pferd .-  Du.  Paardi  Da.  Hait .•  Sw.  Hdst ,-  Fr.  Crieual,-  It.  Cavallo.- 
Sp.  Cabullo;  EuB.  Losrhad {  Pol.  Koii;  Lai.  Equus ;  Gr.  "Ib-toc),  a  domestic  quadruped 
of  the  highest  utility,  being  by  far  the  most  valuable  acquisition  made  by  man  among  the 
lower  animals. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  horses  in  Britain.  The  frequent  introduction  of  foreign  breeds, 
and  their  judicious  mixture,  having  greatly  improved  the  native  stocks.  Our  race  horsea  are 
the  fleetest  in  the  world ;  our  carriage  and  cavalry  horses  are  amongst  the  handsomeiit'  and 
most  active  of  those  employed  for  these  purposes ;  and  our  heavy  draught  horses  are  the 
most  powerful,  beautiful,  and  docile  of  any  of  the  large  breeds. 

dumber  and  lvalue  of  Horses  in  Great  Britain. — The  number  of  horses  used  in  Great 
Britain  for  different  purposes  is  very  great,  although  less  so,  perhaps,  than  has  been  generally 
supposed.  Mr.  Middleton  (Survey  of  Middlesex,  2d  ed.  p.  639.)  estimated  the  total  number 
of  horses  in  England  and  Wales,  employed  in  husbandry,  at  1,200,000,  and  those  cm[i!oyed 
for  other  purposes  at  600,000.  Dr.  Colquhoun,  contrary  to  his  usual  practice,  reduces  this 
estimate  to  1,500,000  for  Great  Britain :  and  in  this  instance  we  are  inclined  to  think  Ids 
guess  is  pretty  near  the  mark.  The  subjoined  ofl:icial  statements  give  the  numtiers  of  the 
various  descriptions  of  horses  in  England  and  Wales,  which  paid  duty  in  1814,  when  those 
used  in  husbandry  were  taxed;  and  the  numbers,  when  summed  up,  amount  to  1,204,307. 
But  this  account  does  not  include  stag^  coach,  mail  coach,  and  hackney  coach  horses,  nor 
docs  it  include  those  used  in  posting.  Poor  persons  keeping  only  one  horse  were  also 
exempted  from  the  duty ;  as  were  all  horses  employed  in  the  regular  regiments  of  cavalry 
and  artillery,  and  in  the  volunteer  cavalry.  In  Mr.  Middleton's  estimate,  already  referred  to, 
he  calculated  the  number  of  post  chaise,  mail,  stage,  and  hackney  coach  horses,  at  100,000; 
and  from  the  inquiries  we  have  made,  we  are  satisfied  that  if  we  estimate  the  number  of 
such  horses  in  Great  Britain,  at  this  moment,  at  125,000,  we  shall  be  decidedly  beyond  the 
mark. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be  fairly  estimated  that  there  are  in  Great  Britain  from 
1,400,000  to  1,500,000  horses  employed  for  various  purposes  of  pleasure  and  utility.  They 
may,  probably,  be  worth  at  an  average  from  12/.  to  15/.,  making  their  total  value  from 
18,000,000/.  to  22,500,000/.  sterling,  exclusive  of  the  young  horses. 

Tnftiunce  of  Railroads  on  Horses. — The  statements  now  made,  show  the  dependence  that  ought  to  be 
placed  on  the  estimates  occasionally  put  forth  by  some  o.'  the  promoters  of  railroads  and  steam  car- 
riages. These  gentlemen  are  pleased  to  tell  us,  that,  by  superseding  the  employment  of  horses  in 
public  conveyances,  and  in  the  regular  carriage  of  gnod'i,  the  adoption  of  their  project  will  enable 
1,000,000  horses  to  be  dispensed  with ;  and  that,  as  each  horse  consumes  as  much  food  as  H  men,  it 
will  at  once  provide  subsistence  for  8,000,000  human  beingii !  To  dwell  upon  the  absurdity  of  such  a 
statement  would  be  worse  than  useless ;  nor  should  we  have  thought  of  noticing  it,  but  that  it  has 
found  its  way  into  a  report  of  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons.  It  is  sufficient  to  observe,  that 
though  all  the  stage  and  mail  coaches,  and  all  the  public  wagons,  vans,  &c.  employed  in  the  empire, 
were  superseded  by  steam  carriages,  100,000  horses  would  not  certainly  be  rendered  superduous.  The 
notion  that  1  hors?  consumes  as  much  us  8  men,  at  least  if  we  suppose  the  men  to  be  reasonably  well 
fed,  is  too  ridiculous  to  deserve  notice. 

The  facility  with  which  horses  may  be  stolen  has  led  to  the  enactment  of  several  regulations  with 
respect  to  their  sale>  &c.  The  property  of  a  horse  cannot  be  conveyed  away  without  the  express  con- 
sent of  the  owner.  Ilencp,  a  ftonrt /irfe  purchaser  gains  no  property  in  a  horse  that  has  been  stolen, 
unless  it  be  bought  in  a/air,  or  an  open  market.  It  is  directed  that  the  keeper  of  every  fair  or  market 
shall  appoint  a  certain  open  place  for  the  sale  of  horess,  and  one  or  more  persons  to  take  toll  there, 
and  keep  the  place  from  10  in  the  forenoon  till  sunset.  The  owner's  property  in  the  horse  stolen  is 
not  altered  by  a  sale  in  a  legal  fair  unless  it  be  openly  ridden,  led,  walked,  or  kept  standing  for  on« 
hour  at  least,  and  has  been  registered,  tat  viMt.\i  the  buyer  is  to  pay  Id.  Sellers  of  horses  in  fairs  or 
markets  must  be  known  to  the  toll-takers,  or  to  some  other  creditable  person  known  to  tlicin,  who 
declares  his  knowledge  of  them,  and  enters  the  same  in  a  book  kept  by  the  toll-taker  for  the  purpose. 
Without  these  formalities,  the  sale  is  void.  The  owner  of  a  horse  stolen  may,  notwithstanding  its 
legal  sale,  redeem  it  on  payment  or  tender  of  the  price  any  time  within  6  months  of  the  time  of  the 
theft.— (Bum'jj  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Ckitly'a  ed.  vol.  iii.  p.  264.) 

In  order  to  obviate  the  facility  afforded  by  means  of  slaughtering  houses  for  the  disposal  of  stolen 
horses,  it  was  enacted  in  17bO  (26(ieo.3.c.  71.),  that  all  persons  keeping  places  for  slaughtering  horses, 
geldings,  sheep,  hogs,  or  other  cattle  not  killed  for  butcher's  meat,  shall  obtain  a  licence  from  the 
quarter  sessions,  first  producing  from  the  minister  and  churchwardens,  or  from  the  minister  and  3 
Bunstantial  householders,  a  certificate  of  their  fitness  to  be  entrusted  with  the  management  and  car- 
rying on  of  sucli  business.  Persons  slaughtering  horses  or  cattle  without  licence  are  guilty  of  felony, 
and  may  be  whipped  and  imprisoned,  or  transported.  Persons  licensed,  are  bound  to  affix  over  tlie 
door  or  gate  of  the  place  where  their  business  is  carried  on,  in  legible  characters,  the  words  "Li- 
censed for  slatiffhterin^  Horses,  pursuant  to  an  ^ct  passed  in  the  SOtA  Year  of  his  Majesty  King  Geo.  Ill," 
The  parishioners  entitled  to  meet  in  vestry  are  authorised  to  choose  annually,  or  oftener,  inspectors, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  take  an  account  and  description,  fee.  of  every  living  horse,  jLc.  that  may  be  brought 
to  such  slaughtering  houses  to  be  killed,  and  of  every  dead  horse  that  may  be  brought  to  be  flayed. 
Fersoni  bringing  cattle  are  to  be  asked  an  account  of  theaiselves,  and  if  it  be  not  deemed  satisfactory. 


iM 


HORSE  DEALERS. 


they  may  be  enrrleil  before  a  Jiiitiee.  This  act  dnei  not  extend  to  ciirrlcri,  feUmongeni,  tannen,  or 
persons  killing  aged  or  diiteinpRred  cattle,  for  the  purpose  of  using  or  curing  tlieir  hides  in  tliuii 
respective  businesses;  hut  thfse,  or  any  other  persons,  who  shall  knowingly  or  wilfully  kill  any 
■nund  or  useful  horse,  jcc,  shall  for  every  such  otie nee  forfeit  not  more  thnn3U<.,and  not  less  tlinn  W, 
The  stealing  of  horries  or  other  citttle  is  a  cnpital  crime,  pnnishabie  by  death.  Tlie  ninliciously 
wounding,  maiming,  killing,  &.c.  of  horses  and  other  cattle,  is  to  he  puiiisiied,  at  the  discretion  of  thu 
court,  by  irnnsportation  beyond  sens  for  life,  for  any  term  not  less  than  7  years,  or  by  imprisonment 
for  any  term  not  exceeding  4  years ;  and  if  a  male,  he  may  he  once,  twice,  or  thrice  publicly  or  prl- 
rately  whipped,.>hould  the  court  so  direct.— (7  k,  8  Oto.  4.  c.  S9.  {  33. ;  7  &  8  Oeo.  4.  c.  30.  i  16.) 

Tho  duties  begin  to  be  charged  as  soon  as  horses  are  used  for  drawing  or  riding,  and  not 
previously. 

An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Horses  charged  with  Duty  in  the  Years  ending  the  5th  of  April,  1819, 
ISSS,  and  1833,  the  Rates  of  Duty,  and  tlie  Produce  of  tho  Duties. 


Horm  med  for  rldinj  or 
ilrawini  carriigo,  and 
charged  at  progreMive 
rates  t 

Penoni  keepios  1           • 

—  a 

—  3 

—  4 

—  s 

—  6 

=      2"  : 

—  1010  12   . 

—  13-18   . 

—  17 

—  18 

—  19 

—  20  fc  upwaidi 

Total      . 

Roraea  let  to  hire  • 
Rice  honra 

Other  horses  and  mules  t 
Not  wholly  used    in   huv 

handry    . 
Borset  used  bonaftiU  <n  hus- 
bandry, 13  hands  high  and 

above 
Do.  for  husbuidry  or  other 

purposes  of  labour,  under 

13  hands 
Horses  belonging  to  small 

termers,  under  901.   rent, 

keeping  not  mora  than  2 

horses     - 
HoTses  used  for  riding  or 

drawing  carriages,  and  not 

eiceeding  13  hands 
Hones  rode  by  farming  bai< 

litis         ... 
Do.  by  butehon^  whers  1 

only  Is  kept 
Do.  when  2  are  kept  solely 

for  trade  . 
Hones  not  chargeable  to  any 

not  exempted 
Mulct 

Totals      - 

1814. 

1825. 

1332. 

No.  of 
Honea. 

Rales  of 

Duty  for 

each 

Hone. 

1,1.  d 
2  17    6 

4  14    6 

5  4    6 
S  10    0 
5  116 

5  16    0 

6  19    6 
6    1    6 
6    7    0 
6    7    6 
6    8    0 
6    9    0 
6  10    0 
6  12    0 

Amount  of 
Duty. 

No.ol 
Horses. 

Rales  of 

Duly  for 

each 

Hone. 

Amount  of 
Duly. 

No.  of 
Honea. 

Rates  of 

Duty  for 

each 

Horse. 

Amount  ol 
Duty. 

161,123 

31,842 

12,774 

7,612 

3,670 

3,060 

3J;2 

^20 

2,076 

IM 

SI 

144 

38 

1,343 

L.      I.   d 
463,223  12    6 

130,453    9    0 

66,744    3    0 

41,1-66    0    0 

20,460    S    0 

17,748    0   0 

20,147  14    0 

4,374    0    0 

13,201  13    0 

4-53  IS    0 

3i6    8    0 

923  16    0 

247    0    0 

8,896  16    0 

116,529 

27,418 

10,2-' 1 

5,749 

3,190 

2,172 

2,2:9 

585 

1,486 

620 

34 

54 

133 

1,018 

L.  t.  d 

1  8   9 

2  7    3 
2  12    3 
2  15    0 
2  IS    9 
2  18    0 

2  19    9 

3  0    6 
3    3    6 
3    3    9 
3    4    0 
3    4    6 
3    5    0 
3    6    0 

L.      1.  d. 

167,blO    8    6 

61,775    0   6 

26,869    2    3 

15,807    0    0 

8,892    2    6 

6,299  13    0 

6^t<08  10    3 

1,776  18    8 

4,718    1    0 

1,657  10    0 

108  16    0 

174    3    0 

433    5    0 

3,369    8    0 

123,663 

31,073 

10,740 

6,84  i 

3,210 

2,138 

2,204 

632 

1,364 

719 

SI 

123 

76 

1,142 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

£.      t.  d. 

177,772  15   0 

73,409  19   8 

28,03S    5    0 

16,073  IS    0 

9,947  17    6 

6,200    4    0 

6,3M    9    0 

1,615  19   0 

4,299  19    0 

2,291  16    3 

163   4    0 

406   7    0 

247    0   0 

3,763  12    0 

228,57» 

-        • 

813,378  II    6 

171,447 

-        • 

309,178    2    0 

182,873 

-       • 

329,839    2    0 

l,4S4 

560 

m,(K5 
722,963 
35,816 

38,010 

2  17    6 
2  17    6 

1    1    0 

0  17   6 

0   3   0 

0   S   0 

■        • 

4,180    S    0 
1,610    0    0 

I8S,876    6   0 

632,50}   2   6 

6,372   8   0 

5,701  10   0 

•  • 

•  • 

• 

1,702 
711 

19,121 
1,251 
3/»9 
1,08S 

112,989 
410 

1    8    ft 
1    8   9 

1    1    0 

1    6   0 

1    B   t 

0  10   6 
for  the 
2d  horse 
0  10   6 
0  10   6 

2,446  12    6 
1,022    1    3 

2o,orr  1  0 

1,963  15    0 

4,296  13    9 

569  12    6 

69.319    4    6 
215    S    0 

2,073 
997 

24,639 
1,438 
3,364 

1,213 

123,728 
348 

do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 

24)79  18    8 
1,433   3    9 

25,870  19   0 

1,797  10  0 

4,835  IS   0 

636  16  6 

64,937    4   0 
182  14    0 

l,904W7 

310,805 

340,678 

Eiemptient.—lies\Ae»  the  above  account  of  the  horses  charged  with  duty,  we  have  been  favoured, 
by  the  Stamp  Office,  with  an  account  of  the  numbers  exempted  from  duty  in  1832.  This  account  is  not, 
however,  to  be  relied  on ;  inasmuch  as  very  many  of  those  whose  horses  are  not  liable  to  the  duties 
never  think  of  making  any  returns.  By  not  attending  to  this  circumstance,  we  inndverlently,  in  llie 
former  edition  of  this  work,  under-rated  the  number  of  horses  engaged  in  certain  departments  of 
Industry. 

Thn  rates  of  duty  payable  at  present  (1834)  on  horses  are  the  same  as  those  specified  in  the  above 
Table  for  I^^5  and  1832.  A  hnrse  bond  Jide  kept  nnd  usually  employed  for  the  purpose  of  husbandry, 
on  a  farm  nf  less  value  than  30<U.  n  year,  thoiigli  occasionally  useii  as  a  riiliiig  liorsf,  is  exenipted  from 
the  duly.  And  htislmndry  horses,  wiiatever  may  be  the  value  of  the  farms  on  wliich  tliey  are  kept, 
may  be  rndc,  free  of  duty,  to  and  from  any  place  to  which  a  burden  shall  have  been  i^urrled  or  lirought 
back ;  to  procure  medical  assistance,  and  to  or  from  markets,  places  of  public  worship,  electioni  of 
members  of  parliament,  courts  of  justice,  or  meetings  of  commissioners  of  taxes. 

Drood  mares,  while  kept  for  the  sole  purpose  of  breeding,  are  exempted  from  all  duty. 

Horses  may  he  let  or  lent  for  agricultural  purposes  without  any  increase  of  duty. 

Mules  employed  in  carrying  ore  and  coal  are  exempted  from  any  duty. — (See  the  Statutes  in  Chit- 
ly'e  edition  of  Bum's  Justice,  vol.  v.  tit.  .^ssesied  Taxes.) 

French  Trade  in  ffor»«s.— The  horses  of  France  are  not,  speaking  generally,  nearly  so  handsome, 
fleet,  or  powerful,  as  those  of  England.  Latterly,  however,  the  French  have  been  making  t'reat 
efforts  to  improve  the  breed  of  horses,  and  have,  in  this  view,  been  making  large  importations  from 
England  and  other  countries.  At  an  average  of  the  5  years  ending  with  1827,  the  excess  of  horses 
Imported  into  France,  above  those  exported,  amounted  to  about  13,000  a  year. — (Bulletin  des  Scienees 
Otographiqties,  torn,  xix.  p.  5.)  The  Imports  from  England  have,  in  some  late  years,  amounted  to 
■early  2,000  horses. 

HORSE  DEALERS,  persons  whose  business  it  is  to  buy  and  sell  horses. 

Every  person  carrying  on  tho  business  of  a  horse  dealer  is  required  to  keep  a  book,  in  which  ha 
kbnll  enter  an  account  of  the  number  of  the  horses  Kept  by  him  for  sale  and  for  use,  specifying  the 


tmmmmmmms 


HUNDRED  WEIGHT. 


767 


Uitionperir,  tannen,  or 
g  their  hidea  in  Uieii 
Y  or  wilfully  kill  any 
,nnd  not  tesH  tlinn  10(. 
ith.  The  miilicioiiply 
t  the  discretion  of  ihu 
8,  or  by  InipriHonnient 
tiirice  publicly  or  prl- 
■■0.  4.  c.  30.  i  l(i.) 

ig  or  riding,  and  not 


he  5th  of  April,  1819, 
ties. 


1332. 

Rain  of 

jf     Duly  for 

Amount  of 

M.       each 

Duly. 

Hone. 

(Same) 

£.      f.  d. 

69   {    a>    S 

177,772  IS    0 

,  I8».) 

m        do. 

73,403  19    8 

40        do. 

2S,0i4    6    0 

4)        do. 

16,073  IS    0 

10        do. 

8,947  17    6 

38         do. 

6,200    4    0 

04         do. 

6,»84    9    0 

at      do. 

l,«IS  19    0 

54         do. 

4,299  19    0 

I»         do. 

2,291  16    3 

SI        do. 

163    4    0 

28        do. 

408    7    0 

76        do. 

247    0   0 

42        do. 

3,76i  12    0 

ITS      - 

329,839    2    0 

73       do. 

2J)T9  18    9 

97        do. 

1,433   3   9 

W        do. 

29,870  19   0 

M        do. 

1,797  10  0 

SI        do. 

4,S3S  IS   0 

13        do. 

636  16  6 

18        do. 

64,937   4  0 

18        do. 

182  14    0 

78 

hnvR  been  favoured, 

This  account  is  not, 

int  liable  to  the  duties 

inadvertently.  In  the 
rtain  departments  of 

pecified  in  the  above 
iiirpnse  of  husbandry, 
rae,  in  K.\einpt«d  from 
which  tliey  are  kept, 
en  carried  or  liroiight 
worship,  electioM  of 

11  duty, 
fty. 
he  Statutes  in  Chit' 

nearly  so  handsome, 
e  been  making  ureal 
ge  importations  from 
the  exceiis  of  horses 
■(BHlletin  des  Scieniet 
e  years,  amounted  to 


duties  to  which  the  same  are  respectively  liable ;  this  honk  is  to  be  open,  at  all  reasonable  times,  to 
the  inspection  of  the  officers ;  and  a  true  copy  of  the  sums  is  to  be  delivered  quarterly  to  the  assessor 
or  assessors  of  the  parish  in  which  the  party  resides.  Penalty  for  non-cimipliance,  30<.— (43  Oeo.  3. 
c.  161  )  Horse  dealers  are  assessed,  if  they  carry  on  their  business  in  the  metropolis,  3SJ. ;  and  if 
elsewhere,  13i.  Id*. 

Account  specifying  the  Number  of  Horse  Dealers  in  Great  Britain,  In  1831 ;  distinguishing  between 
those  in  the  Metropolis  and  the  Country ;  with  the  Rates  of  Duty  on  each  Class,  and  the  Produce 
of  the  Duties.— (Palters  yublished  by  the  Board  of  Trail,  vol.  ii.  p.  45.) 


.  Wilhln  the  Cittea  of  London  and  Wealmlnaler, 
•    SI.  .Marylehooe,  St.  Fancrai,  wl  Weekly 
Bllla  of  Nlorlalily. 

Id  any  other  Fart  of  Gnat  Britain. 

Total  Number  of  Ron* 
Dealen. 

Niimber 
aivMed. 

Rate  of 

Cbaife. 

Amount  of 
Duty. 

Number 
aiaemd. 

Rate  of 
Charge. 

Amount  of 
Duty, 

Number 
aueised. 

Amount  of 
Duly. 

T4 

L.    $.  d. 
2i    0    0 

L-    :  d. 
1,850    0    0 

963 

L.  t.  d. 
12  10    0 

L.      ..   d. 
12,037  10    0 

1,037 

L.       >.  d. 

13887  10    0 

HUNDRED  WEIGHT,  a  weight  of  112  lbs.  avoirdupois,  generally  written  cwt. 


END  OF  VOL.  I. 


.,« 


rses. 

)  a  book,  in  which  ha 
>r  use,  apaclfylni  Ibo 


